Итоги спутникового мониторинга нефтяного загрязнения

ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɨɧɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ Ɂɟɦɥɢ ɢɡ ɤɨɫɦɨɫɚ. 2014. Ɍ. 11. ʋ 4. ɋ. 111–126
ɂɬɨɝɢ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɘɝɨ-ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ Ȼɚɥɬɢɤɢ ɡɚ 2004-2013 ɝɝ.
ȿ.ȼ. Ȼɭɥɵɱɟɜɚ 1, Ⱥ.Ƚ. Ʉɨɫɬɹɧɨɣ 2,3
1
Ⱥɬɥɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɨɤɟɚɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢɦ. ɉ.ɉ. ɒɢɪɲɨɜɚ ɊȺɇ
Ʉɚɥɢɧɢɧɝɪɚɞ, 236022, Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ
ȿ-mail: bulycheva.lena@gmail.com
2
ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɨɤɟɚɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢɦ. ɉ.ɉ. ɒɢɪɲɨɜɚ ɊȺɇ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 117997, Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ
3
Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɢɦ. ɋ.ɘ. ȼɢɬɬɟ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 115432, Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ
ȿ-mail: kostianoy@gmail.com
ȼ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ
ɸɝɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ Ȼɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ ɡɚ 2004-2013 ɝɝ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɚ ɦɟɠɝɨɞɨɜɚɹ ɢ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɚɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ
ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ. ɋ 2005-2006 ɝɝ. ɩɨ 2011 ɝ. ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ
ɩɹɬɟɧ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ. Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɭɦ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɫɟɧɧɟ-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ,
ɱɬɨ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ, ɫ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɦɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɬɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɩɹɬɟɧ ɩɨ ɊɅɂ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ
ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɪɚɣɨɧɵ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɩɹɬɟɧ. ɉɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɮɨɪɦ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɹɬɟɧ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɘɝɨ-ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ Ȼɚɥɬɢɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɨɪɫɤɢɟ ɫɭɞɚ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɣɨɧ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɟɟ ɋɚɦɛɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ ɫ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚɦɢ
ɤ ɩɨɪɬɭ Ȼɚɥɬɢɣɫɤ. Ɂɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 2004-2013 ɝɝ. ɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɚ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɧɟɮɬɟɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ
ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɵ D-6 ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ. ɋ 2004 ɝ. ɩɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɝɨ
ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ «Ʉɪɚɜɰɨɜɫɤɨɟ» (D-6) ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞ ɊɎ ɜ ɸɝɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ Ȼɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ.
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ: Ȼɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɟ ɦɨɪɟ, ɪɚɞɢɨɥɨɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ, ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ, ɦɟɠɝɨɞɨɜɚɹ ɢ
ɫɟɡɨɧɧɚɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡ ɞɪɟɣɮɚ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɩɹɬɟɧ.
ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
Ȼɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɟ ɦɨɪɟ – ɷɬɨ ɦɟɥɤɨɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɵɣ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ
ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɭɞɨɯɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɱɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɭɹɡɜɢɦɵɦ ɤ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɸ. ɋ 2004 ɝ. ɩɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ «Ʉɪɚɜɰɨɜɫɤɨɟ»
(ɦɨɪɫɤɚɹ ɥɟɞɨɫɬɨɣɤɚɹ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɚɹ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɚ (ɆɅɋɉ) D-6) ɈɈɈ «ɅɍɄɈɃɅ-ɄɆɇ» ɢ
ɪɹɞɚ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɘɝɨ-ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ Ȼɚɥɬɢɤɢ (Kostianoy et
al., 2004, 2005, 2006; Ʌɚɜɪɨɜɚ ɢ ɞɪ., 2011; Ȼɭɥɵɱɟɜɚ, Ʉɨɫɬɹɧɨɣ, 2011; ɇɟɦɢɪɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɞɪ.,
2011; Ʉɨɫɬɹɧɨɣ ɢ ɞɪ., 2012; Ȼɭɥɵɱɟɜɚ, 2012; Kostianoy, Lavrova, 2014; Lavrova et al., 2014,
Bulycheva et al., 2014). Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ: ɟɠɟɞɧɟɜɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɨɥɨɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɩɹɬɟɧ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ
ɦɨɪɹ ɩɨ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɪɫɤɢɯ
ɫɭɞɨɜ AIS, ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɩɹɬɟɧ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢ-
111
ɡɧɚɧɧɨɣ HELCOM ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɒɜɟɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ
ɝɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɢ (SMHI) Seatrack Web, ɫɛɨɪ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɢɞɪɨɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ.
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ
ɋ 2004 ɝ. ɞɥɹ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɪɚɞɢɨɥɨɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ
ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ (ɊɅɂ) ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜ ENVISAT ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɚ (ESA) (ɞɨ
ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɢɡ ɫɬɪɨɹ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɚ ɜ ɚɩɪɟɥɟ 2012 ɝ.), RADARSAT-1 Ʉɚɧɚɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɚɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɚ (CSA) (ɞɨ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɢɡ ɫɬɪɨɹ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɚ 29 ɦɚɪɬɚ 2013 ɝ.) ɢ RADARSAT-2 ɆɚɤȾɨɧɚɥɶɞ, Ⱦɟɬɬɜɢɥɟɪ ɢ ɉɚɪɬɧɟɪɵ (MDA, Ʉɚɧɚɞɚ). ɉɪɢɟɦ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɊɅɂ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɧɨɪɜɟɠɫɤɢɦ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɦ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɦ Kongsberg Satellite Services (KSAT) ɜ Ɍɪɨɦɫɺ. ɋ ɚɩɪɟɥɹ 2013 ɝ. ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɊɅɂ ɫɨ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜ COSMO-SkyMed-1, -2, -3, -4 ɂɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɨɝɨ
ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɚ (ASI) (ɪɢɫ. 1).
Ɋɢɫ. 1. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɊɅɂ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜ
ɫ 2004 ɩɨ 2013 ɝ.
ɂɡ ɪɢɫ. 1 ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ 2004-2011 ɝɝ. (ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ 2004 ɝ. ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ ɜɟɥɫɹ ɫ
ɢɸɧɹ ɩɨ ɞɟɤɚɛɪɶ) ɨɛɳɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɊɅɂ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ
181-214, ɱɬɨ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɤɪɭɝɥɨɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ. ȼ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɨɞɢɧ
ɫɧɢɦɨɤ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɥɫɹ ɧɚ 1,7-2 ɞɧɹ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ
ɫɴɟɦɤɚɦɢ ɦɟɧɹɥɨɫɶ ɨɬ 12 ɱɚɫɨɜ ɞɨ 2 ɫɭɬɨɤ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɥɚɫɶ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɩɹɬɟɧ. ɋ 2011 ɝ. ɨɛɳɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɊɅɂ ɫɬɚɥɨ
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɬɶɫɹ, ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɜɵɯɨɞɨɦ ɢɡ ɫɬɪɨɹ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɚ ENVISAT ɜɟɫɧɨɣ 2012 ɝ. (144
ɊɅɂ), ɡɚɬɟɦ, ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɚ RADARSAT-1 ɜɟɫɧɨɣ 2013 ɝ. (133 ɊɅɂ). ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ
112
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɫɴɟɦɤɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ
ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɚɞɢɨɥɨɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜ, ɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬ
ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ.
ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɊɅɂ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɪɹ ɘɝɨ-ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ Ȼɚɥɬɢɤɢ ɫ 12.06.2004 ɩɨ
31.12.2013 (ɜɫɟɝɨ 1737 ɫɧɢɦɤɨɜ, ɪɢɫ. 1) ɛɵɥɨ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ 1171 ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɟ ɩɹɬɧɨ
(ɪɢɫ. 2).
Ɋɢɫ. 2. ɋɜɨɞɧɚɹ ɤɚɪɬɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɩɹɬɟɧ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɊɅɂ
ɫ 12.06.2004 ɩɨ 31.12.2013
ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɦɵ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɦɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɦ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ Ʉɪɚɜɰɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɛɵɥ ɜɵɛɪɚɧ
ɢɡ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ 70%-ɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɫɧɢɦɤɚɦɢ (ɪɢɫ. 3) ɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬɢ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɤɭɞɚ ɜɨɲɟɥ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɣ ɫɟɤɬɨɪ (ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ (ɂɗɁ) ɊɎ) ɘɝɨ-ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ Ȼɚɥɬɢɤɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɂɗɁ Ʌɢɬɜɵ ɢ
ɩɪɢɥɟɝɚɸɳɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɞɨ 18° ɜ.ɞ.
113
Ɋɢɫ. 3. ɉɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɘɝɨ-ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ Ȼɚɥɬɢɤɢ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɫɧɢɦɤɚɦɢ,
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ 2006-2013 ɝɝ.
Ɋɢɫ. 4. ɋɜɨɞɧɚɹ ɤɚɪɬɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɩɹɬɟɧ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɊɅɂ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ
ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ Ʉɪɚɜɰɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ 2004-2013 ɝɝ.
ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɩɹɬɟɧ
114
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 4 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɫɜɨɞɧɚɹ ɤɚɪɬɚ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɩɹɬɟɧ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 2004-2013 ɝɝ. ȼɫɟɝɨ ɜ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ 608 ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɩɹɬɟɧ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɠɟ ɩɹɬɟɧ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɨ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ
ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ. ɉɹɬɧɚ,
ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɫɭɞɨɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɬɪɚɫɫ Ȼɚɥɬɢɤɢ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɂɗɁ
ɒɜɟɰɢɢ ɸɠɧɟɟ ɢ ɸɝɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɟɟ ɨ. Ƚɨɬɥɚɧɞ (ɪɢɫ. 2).
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɹɬɟɧ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɪɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɭɞɨɯɨɞɫɬɜɨ (ɪɢɫ. 5).
Ɋɢɫ. 5. ɋɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɹɬɟɧ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɤ ɨɛɳɟɦɭ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɩɹɬɟɧ
ȼ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɘɝɨ-ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ Ȼɚɥɬɢɤɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɡɚɩɚɞɭ ɨɬ ɋɚɦɛɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɟ ɤ Ʉɚɥɢɧɢɧɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɦɭ ɤɚɧɚɥɭ
(ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ Ȼɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɚ), ɤɭɞɚ ɫɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɭɞɨɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɬɪɚɫɫ ɫ ɫɟɜɟɪɚ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɞɚ
(ɪɢɫ. 6) (Bulycheva et al., 2014). Ɋɚɣɨɧ ɹɤɨɪɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɹɧɤɢ ɭ ɜɯɨɞɚ ɜ Ʉɚɥɢɧɢɧɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ, ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɢ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɚɹ
ɚɤɜɚɬɨɪɢɹ ɸɝɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ Ȼɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ, ɚ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ, ɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ Ȼɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ
ɦɨɪɹ (Kostianoy et al., 2006; Ʌɚɜɪɨɜɚ ɢ ɞɪ., 2011; Ȼɭɥɵɱɟɜɚ, Ʉɨɫɬɹɧɨɣ, 2011; Ʉɨɫɬɹɧɨɣ ɢ
ɞɪ., 2012; Ȼɭɥɵɱɟɜɚ, 2012; Kostianoy, Lavrova, 2014; Lavrova et al., 2014, Bulycheva et al.,
2014). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɩɹɬɟɧ ɤ ɫɟɜɟɪɭ ɨɬ ɋɚɦɛɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɬɚ ɉɢɨɧɟɪɫɤɢɣ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɵɦɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɪɵɛɨɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɭɞɚ, ɧɟ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ AIS (Bulycheva et al.,
2014), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɫɭɞɨɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɬɪɚɫɫɵ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɩɨɪɬ Ʉɥɚɣɩɟɞɚ ɢ ɜ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ Ȼɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ (ɪɢɫ. 6).
Ʉ Ʉɥɚɣɩɟɞɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɭɞɨɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɬɪɚɫɫ ɫ ɡɚɩɚɞɚ ɢ ɸɝɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɨɬɱɟɬɥɢɜɨ ɩɪɨɱɟɪɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɩɹɬɟɧ
(ɪɢɫ. 6). ȼ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɟɮ115
ɬɹɧɨɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɟ ɫ ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɭɞɨɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɬɪɚɫɫ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ Ʉɥɚɣɩɟɞɭ, Ʉɚɥɢɧɢɧɝɪɚɞ, Ƚɞɵɧɸ ɢ Ƚɞɚɧɶɫɤ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɟɟ ɤɨɫɵ ɏɟɥɶ (ɪɢɫ. 6). ȼ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɆɅɋɉ D-6 ɡɚ 10-ɬɢ ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɝɨ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ. Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɪɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɨɛɟɪɟɠɶɹ Ʉɭɪɲɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɫɵ. ɗɬɨ, ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɭɞɨɯɨɞɫɬɜɚ (Bulycheva et al., 2014), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ
ɬɟɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɧɨɫɹɬ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞ, ɫɟɜɟɪ, ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɤ.
Ɋɢɫ. 6. Ɋɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɩɹɬɟɧ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ
ɜ 2004-2013 ɝɝ. ɧɚ ɮɨɧɟ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɜ AIS
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 7 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ. ɇɚ ɊɅɂ ɫɨ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɚ RADARSAT-2, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ 13.09.2013 ɝ. ɜ 05:09 UTC, ɛɵɥɚ ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɭɬɟɱɤɚ ɧɟɮɬɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɫ ɫɭɞɧɚ ɫ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɚɦɢ 55°24'53,73" ɫ.ɲ.
19°46'58,82" ɜ.ɞ. (ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɟɥɤɨɣ). Ⱦɥɢɧɚ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɝɨ ɩɹɬɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɚ 43 ɤɦ,
ɨɛɳɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ 72 ɤɦ2. ɉɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ AIS ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɥɨɫɶ
ɝɪɭɡɨɜɨɟ ɫɭɞɧɨ «Ɂɚɦɨɫɤɜɨɪɟɱɶɟ», ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɜ ɩɨɪɬ Ȼɚɥɬɢɣɫɤ (ɪɢɫ. 8).
116
Ɋɢɫ. 7. Ɏɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ ɊɅɂ ɨɬ 13.09.2013 ɝ. ɫɨ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɚ RADARSAT-2
Ɋɢɫ. 8. Ɍɪɟɤ ɫɭɞɧɚ «Ɂɚɦɨɫɤɜɨɪɟɱɶɟ» ɫ 02:13 UTC ɩɨ 05:33 UTC 13.09.2013 ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɞɨɥɶ
ɩɹɬɧɚ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɊɅɂ ɜ 05:09 UTC. www.marinetraffic.com
Ɇɟɠɝɨɞɨɜɚɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ
ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɦɟɠɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɦɟɠɫɟɡɨɧɧɨɣ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɪɹ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɊɅɂ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɩɹɬɟɧ ɡɚ 2004-2013 ɝɝ. (ɪɢɫ. 9), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ
ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɝɨ ɩɹɬɧɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɥɚɫɶ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɹɬɟɧ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɤɨ117
ɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ (ɪɢɫ. 10). ɉɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɹɬɟɧ ɧɚ ɊɅɂ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɤɟɬɚ ArcGIS 9.2.
ɋ 2006 ɩɨ 2011 ɝ. ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɩɹɬɟɧ (ɫɨ 113 ɞɨ 21), ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɊɅɂ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɝɨ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ (ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɫ 370 ɞɨ 70 ɤɦ2) (ɪɢɫ. 9). ɗɬɢ ɰɢɮɪɵ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɚɦɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɥɟɬɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɥɢ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɭɬɨɤ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɚɹ ɦɟɠɝɨɞɨɜɚɹ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɤ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɸ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɘɝɨ-ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ Ȼɚɥɬɢɤɢ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ,
ɱɬɨ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ HELCOM ɡɚ 1988-2011 ɝɝ. ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɚɹ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɞɥɹ
ɜɫɟɝɨ Ȼɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ (Kostianoy, Lavrova, 2014). ȼ 2012 ɝ. ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɟɥ ɪɟɡɤɢɣ
ɫɤɚɱɨɤ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɩɹɬɟɧ ɢ, ɤɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ, ɨɛɳɟɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ. ȼ 2013 ɝ. ɩɪɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɩɹɬɟɧ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɚɫɶ
ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɦ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɦ
ɩɹɬɧɨɦ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɦ 13.09.2013 ɝ. (ɪɢɫ. 7).
Ɋɢɫ. 9. Ɇɟɠɝɨɞɨɜɚɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ
ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɩɹɬɟɧ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ Ʉɪɚɜɰɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɝɨ
ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ 2004-2013 ɝɝ.
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɊɅɂ, ɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɦɟɠɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɧɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɹɬɟɧ ɧɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɊɅɂ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 10, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɩɹɬɟɧ ɫ 20052006 ɝɝ. ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɥɨɫɶ ɞɨ 2011 ɝ., ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɟɥ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɤɚɱɨɤ. ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ 2005 ɝ. ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɊɅɂ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ
ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ 0,65 ɩɹɬɧɚ, ɚ ɜ 2011 ɝ. - 0,11, ɬ.ɟ. ɧɚ 9 ɊɅɂ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɨɞɧɨ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɟ ɩɹɬɧɨ.
118
Ɋɢɫ. 10. Ɇɟɠɝɨɞɨɜɚɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɩɹɬɟɧ, ɧɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɊɅɂ ɜ 2004-2013 ɝɝ.
ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ: ɤɚɤɨɜɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɝɨ ɩɹɬɧɚ
ɢ ɤɚɤɨɜɚ ɟɟ ɦɟɠɝɨɞɨɜɚɹ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 11 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɹɬɧɚ
ɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɨɬ 1,9 ɞɨ 5,4 ɤɦ2. ɍɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ 2013 ɝ. ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɵɦ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɜɨɦ ɫ ɫɭɞɧɚ 13.09.2013 (ɪɢɫ. 7).
Ɋɢɫ. 11. Ɇɟɠɝɨɞɨɜɚɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ (ɤɦ2) ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɝɨ ɩɹɬɧɚ
ɜ 2004-2013 ɝɝ.
ɋɟɡɨɧɧɚɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ
ɉɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɨɣ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɘɝɨ-ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ Ȼɚɥɬɢɤɢ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɹɬɟɧ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɣ ɢ ɲɬɨɪɦɨɜɨɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɝɨɞɚ (ɨɫɟɧɶ-ɡɢɦɚ) ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɬɟɩɥɵɦɢ ɫɟɡɨɧɚɦɢ ɝɨɞɚ (ɪɢɫ. 12), ɱɬɨ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɞɢɨɥɨɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɩɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜɟɬɪɚ (2-10 ɦ/ɫ) (Ʌɚɜɪɨɜɚ ɢ ɞɪ., 2011). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɫɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɦɭ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɷɦɭɥɶɫɢɢ «ɜɨɞɚ ɜ ɧɟɮɬɢ» ɢ «ɧɟɮɬɶ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ», ɱɬɨ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɩɥɟɧɨɤ (ɇɟɦɢɪɨɜɫɤɚɹ,
2004, 2013).
119
əɜɧɵɣ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɩɪɢɲɟɥɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɫɟɧɧɟɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ (ɪɢɫ. 13). ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɜɟɫɧɨɣ ɢ ɥɟɬɨɦ 2006 ɝ.
Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɥɨ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨɟ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ, ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɜ 2010-2011 ɝɝ. ȼ 2012 ɝ. ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ
ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɲɟɥɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɫɧɭ, ɚ ɜ 2013 ɝ. – ɧɚ ɨɫɟɧɶ.
(ɚ)
(ɛ)
Ɋɢɫ. 12. ɋɟɡɨɧɧɚɹ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɩɹɬɟɧ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɊɅɂ ɫ 2004 ɩɨ 2013 ɝɝ.: ɚ) ɦɟɠɝɨɞɨɜɚɹ; ɛ) ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɚɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɫɟɡɨɧɧɚɹ
ɋɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɩɹɬɟɧ (ɪɢɫ. 14) ɢ ɢɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ
(ɪɢɫ. 15) ɧɚ ɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɢ ɞɧɟɜɧɵɯ/ɜɟɱɟɪɧɢɯ ɫɧɢɦɤɚɯ ɧɟ ɜɵɹɜɢɥɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɧɢɰɵ, ɱɬɨ
ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ 2010 ɝ. ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɬɶ
ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɢ ɜɟɱɟɪɧɢɯ ɫɧɢɦɤɚɯ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɚ. ɗɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɥɢɫɶ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɫɛɪɨɫɚ ɧɟɮɬɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɫ ɫɭɞɨɜ ɜ ɞɧɟɜɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɭɬɨɤ, ɯɨɬɹ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɫ 2008 ɩɨ 2011 ɝɝ. ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɥɨ ɧɨɱɶɸ (Ȼɭɥɵɱɟɜɚ, Ʉɨɫɬɹɧɨɣ, 2011).
120
(ɚ)
(ɛ)
Ɋɢɫ. 13. ɋɟɡɨɧɧɚɹ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɫ 2004 ɩɨ 2013 ɝɝ.:
ɚ) ɦɟɠɝɨɞɨɜɚɹ; ɛ) ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɚɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɫɟɡɨɧɧɚɹ
(ɚ)
(ɛ)
Ɋɢɫ. 14. Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɩɹɬɟɧ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɢ ɜɟɱɟɪɧɢɯ
ɊɅɂ ɜ 2004-2013 ɝɝ.: ɚ) ɦɟɠɝɨɞɨɜɚɹ; ɛ) ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɚɹ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ
121
(ɚ)
(ɛ)
Ɋɢɫ. 15. Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɢ
ɜɟɱɟɪɧɢɯ ɊɅɂ ɜ 2004-2013 ɝɝ.: ɚ) ɦɟɠɝɨɞɨɜɚɹ; ɛ) ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɚɹ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɉɪɨɝɧɨɡ ɞɪɟɣɮɚ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɞɨɛɧɵɦ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɟɧɧɵɦ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɢ
ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɩɹɬɟɧ ɜ Ȼɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɦɨɪɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɒɜɟɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɢ (Seatrack Web, SMHI). ɗɬɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɚɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɧɚɦɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɝɨ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ
Ʉɪɚɜɰɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ (D-6) ɫ 2004 ɝ., ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɪɚɡɥɢɜɨɜ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɫɭɞɨɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɬɪɚɫɫɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ Nord Stream ɧɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ Ȼɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ (2006-2010) (Kostianoy et al.,
2006; Ʌɚɜɪɨɜɚ ɢ ɞɪ., 2011; Ȼɭɥɵɱɟɜɚ, Ʉɨɫɬɹɧɨɣ, 2011; Ʉɨɫɬɹɧɨɣ ɢ ɞɪ., 2012; Kostianoy, Lavrova, 2014). Ɇɨɞɟɥɶ Searack Web ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɩɨɛɟɪɟɠɶɹ ɋɚɦɛɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ ɢ Ʉɭɪɲɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɫɵ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɟ D-6 (Kostianoy et al., 2006; Ʌɚɜɪɨɜɚ
ɢ ɞɪ., 2011; Kostianoy, Lavrova, 2014).
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɟɠɟɞɧɟɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɹɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɚ ɧɚ 48 ɱɚɫɨɜ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ 01.01.2013 ɩɨ
31.12.2013 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɟ D-6 ɧɟɮɬɶ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɞɪɟɣɮɨɜɚɥɚ ɛɵ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞ, ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɤ, ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪ, ɢ ɜ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ - ɧɚ ɸɝ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɢ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟɮɬɶ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɚ
ɧɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɥɨ ɛɵ ɩɨɛɟɪɟɠɶɹ Ʉɭɪɲɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɫɵ (ɪɢɫ. 16).
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɪɟɣɮɚ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɭɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɝɢɞɪɨɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ (ȺȽɆɋ), ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɆɅɋɉ D-6. ɉɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ
ɜɟɬɪɨɜ ɨɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɪɭɦɛɨɜ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥɚɫɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ: ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɟ ɜɟɬɪɚ 17,8%,
ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɵɟ 16,2%, ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɟ 14,8%, ɸɠɧɵɟ 11,2% (ɪɢɫ. 17).
122
Ɋɢɫ. 16. Ɍɪɚɟɤɬɨɪɢɢ ɞɪɟɣɮɚ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɜɚ ɫ ɆɅɋɉ D-6
ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ Seatrack Web
Ɋɢɫ. 17. Ɋɨɡɚ ɜɟɬɪɨɜ ɜ 2013 ɝ. ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ȺȽɆɋ ɧɚ D-6
ȼɵɜɨɞɵ
ɋ 2004 ɝ. ɩɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ
«Ʉɪɚɜɰɨɜɫɤɨɟ» (D-6) ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞ ɊɎ ɜ ɸɝɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ Ȼɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ Ȼɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ
(ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɊɎ ɜ Ɏɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɥɢɜɟ) ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ. Ɂɚ ɜɟɫɶ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ ɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ,
ɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɨɬ ɆɅɋɉ D-6, ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ. Ɋɚɣɨɧɚɦɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨɝɨ ɨɛɧɚ123
ɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɩɥɟɧɨɤ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɭɞɨɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɬɪɚɫɫɵ Ȼɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɘɝɨ-ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ Ȼɚɥɬɢɤɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɣɨɧɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɤɜɚɬɨɪɢɹ ɤ ɡɚɩɚɞɭ ɨɬ
ɋɚɦɛɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɩ-ɨɜɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɤ ɩɨɪɬɭ Ȼɚɥɬɢɣɫɤ. ɉɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɮɨɪɦɵ
ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɩɹɬɟɧ ɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ AIS ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɮɬɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɭɞɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ.
ɋ 2005-2006 ɝɝ. ɩɨ 2011 ɝ. ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɹɬɟɧ ɢ
ɢɯ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ. Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɭɦ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɫɟɧɧɟ-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɱɬɨ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɦɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ
ɞɥɹ ɞɟɬɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɩɹɬɟɧ ɩɨ ɊɅɂ.
Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ: Ⱥɜɬɨɪɵ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɈɈɈ «ɅɍɄɈɃɅ-ɄɆɇ» ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɞɢɨɥɨɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ. Ʉɨɫɬɹɧɨɣ Ⱥ.Ƚ. ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɥ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ
ɝɪɚɧɬɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɚ (ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ʋ14-17-00555).
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
124
Ȼɭɥɵɱɟɜɚ ȿ.ȼ. ɇɟɮɬɹɧɨɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɪɹ ɜ 2006-2009 ɝɝ. ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɞɢɨɥɨɤɚɰɢɢ / ȼ ɤɧ.: ɇɟɮɬɶ ɢ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ Ʉɚɥɢɧɢɧɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. Ɍ. 2: Ɇɨɪɟ. Ʉɚɥɢɧɢɧɝɪɚɞ:
əɧɬɚɪɧɵɣ ɫɤɚɡ, 2012. ɋ.518-529.
Ȼɭɥɵɱɟɜɚ ȿ.ȼ., Ʉɨɫɬɹɧɨɣ Ⱥ.Ƚ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɸɝɨɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ Ȼɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ ɜ 2006-2009 ɝɝ. // ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɨɧɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ Ɂɟɦɥɢ ɢɡ ɤɨɫɦɨɫɚ. 2011. Ɍ.8. ʋ 2. ɋ. 74-83.
Ʉɨɫɬɹɧɨɣ Ⱥ.Ƚ., Ʌɢɬɨɜɱɟɧɤɨ Ʉ.ɐ., Ʌɚɜɪɨɜɚ Ɉ.ɘ., Ɇɢɬɹɝɢɧɚ Ɇ.ɂ., Ȼɨɱɚɪɨɜɚ Ɍ.ɘ., Ʌɟɛɟɞɟɜ ɋ.Ⱥ.,
ɋɬɚɧɢɱɧɵɣ ɋ.ȼ., ɋɨɥɨɜɶɟɜ Ⱦ.Ɇ., ɋɢɪɨɬɚ Ⱥ.Ɇ. Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ ɜ
2004-2005 ɝɝ. / ȼ ɤɧ.: ɇɟɮɬɶ ɢ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ Ʉɚɥɢɧɢɧɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. Ɍ. 2: Ɇɨɪɟ. Ʉɚɥɢɧɢɧɝɪɚɞ:
əɧɬɚɪɧɵɣ ɫɤɚɡ. 2012. ɋ. 483-518.
Ʌɚɜɪɨɜɚ Ɉ.ɘ., Ʉɨɫɬɹɧɨɣ Ⱥ.Ƚ., Ʌɟɛɟɞɟɜ ɋ.Ⱥ., Ɇɢɬɹɝɢɧɚ Ɇ.ɂ., Ƚɢɧɡɛɭɪɝ Ⱥ.ɂ., ɒɟɪɟɦɟɬ ɇ.Ⱥ. Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɣ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ ɦɨɪɟɣ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ. Ɇ.: ɂɄɂ ɊȺɇ, 2011. 470 ɫ.
ɇɟɦɢɪɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɂ.Ⱥ. ɍɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɵ ɜ ɨɤɟɚɧɟ (ɫɧɟɝ-ɥɟɞ-ɜɨɞɚ-ɜɡɜɟɫɶ-ɞɨɧɧɵɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɢ) // Ɇ.: ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɦɢɪ,
2004. 328 ɫ.
ɇɟɦɢɪɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɂ.Ⱥ. ɇɟɮɬɶ ɜ ɨɤɟɚɧɟ. Ɂɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɨɤɢ. Ɇ.: ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɦɢɪ, 2013. 439 ɫ.
ɇɟɦɢɪɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɂ.Ⱥ., ɋɢɜɤɨɜ ȼ.ȼ., Ȼɭɥɵɱɟɜɚ ȿ.ȼ. ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ Ʉɪɚɜɰɨɜɫɤɨɟ Ȼɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ // Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞɵ ɊȺɇ. 2011. ɋ. 520-525.
Bulycheva E., Kuzmenko I., Sivkov V. Annual sea surface oil pollution of the south-eastern part of the Baltic
Sea by satellite data for 2006-2013. Baltica, Vol. 27, Special Issue, Vilnius, 2014, P. 9-14.
Kostianoy A.G., Lavrova O.Yu. (Eds.) Oil pollution in the Baltic Sea. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg,
New York. 2014. Vol.27. 268 pp.
Kostianoy A.G., Lebedev S.A., Litovchenko K.Ts., Stanichny S.V., Pichuzhkina O.E. Satellite remote sensing
of oil spill pollution in the southeastern Baltic Sea // Gayana, 2004. Vol. 68. No. 2. Part 2. P. 327-332.
Kostianoy A.G., Lebedev S.A., Soloviev D.M., Pichuzhkina O.E. Satellite monitoring of the Southeastern
Baltic Sea. Annual Report 2004. Kaliningrad: Lukoil-Kaliningradmorneft, 2005, 36 p.
Kostianoy A.G., Litovchenko K.Ts., Lavrova O.Yu., Mityagina M.I., Bocharova T.Yu., Lebedev S.A.,
Stanichny S.V., Soloviev D.M., Sirota A.M., Pichuzhkina O.E. Operational satellite monitoring of oil spill
pollution in the southeastern Baltic Sea: 18 months experience // Environmental Research, Engineering and
Management, 2006. N4 (38). P.70-77.
Lavrova O.Yu., Mityagina M.I., Kostianoy A.G., Semenov A.V. Oil pollution in the Southeastern Baltic Sea in
2009-2011 // Transport and Telecommunication, 2014. V.15. N4 (in press).
Results of satellite monitoring of sea surface oil pollution
in Southeastern Baltic Sea in 2004-2013
E.V. Bulycheva 1, A.G. Kostianoy 2,3
1
Atlantic Branch of P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology RAS, Kaliningrad 236022, Russia
ȿ-mail: bulycheva.lena@gmail.com
2
P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology RAS, Moscow 117997, Russia
3
S.Yu. Witte Moscow University, Moscow 115432, Russia
ȿ-mail: kostianoy@gmail.com
The results of satellite monitoring of oil pollution in the Southeastern Baltic Sea in 2004-2013 are discussed in the
paper. Interannual and seasonal variability of oil pollution is investigated. From 2005-2006 to 2011 there was a
steady decline in the number of oil spills and their total area. Maximal oil pollution is observed in spring and summer, which is probably due to favorable hydrometeorological conditions for the detection of oil spills in radar images. Peculiarities of spatial distribution of oil pollution and areas of oil spills location are revealed. The most polluted area are waters west of the Sambian Peninsula, including the shipping routes to the Port of Baltiysk with approaches. According to the analysis of the shapes of detected oil spills, it was concluded that the main polluters of
the sea surface in the Southeastern Baltic are vessels. No oil spills originated from the oil platform D-6 was detected
in 2004-2013. From 2004 to the present time satellite monitoring of the “Kravtsovskoe” (D-6) oil field is the only
operational tool for oil pollution control of the sea surface waters of the Russian Federation in the Southeastern Baltic Sea.
Keywords: The Baltic Sea, radar images, oil pollution, oil spills, interannual and seasonal variability of oil pollution, oil spill drift forecast.
References
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Bulycheva E.V. Neftianoe zagriaznenie poverhnosti moria v 2006-2009 gg. po dannym sputnikovoj radiolokacii (Oil pollution of the sea surface in 2006-2009 based on satellite radiolocation), In: Neft' i
okruzhajuschaia sreda Kaliningradskoj oblasti. Tom 2: More (Oil and the environment of the Kaliningrad
Region. Vol.2: The sea). Kaliningrad: Yantarny skaz, 2012, pp. 518-529.
Bulycheva E.V., Kostianoy A.G. Rezultaty sputnikovogo monitoringa neftianogo zagriaznenija yugovostochnoj chasti Baltijskogo moria v 2006-2009 gg. (Results of satellite monitoring of oil pollution in the
Southeastern Baltic Sea in 2006-2009), Sovremennye problemy distantsionnogo zondirovaniya Zemli iz kosmosa, 2011, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 74-83.
Kostianoy A.G., Litovchenko K.C., Lavrova O. Yu., Mitiagina M.I., Bocharova T.Yu., Lebedev S.A.,
Stanichny S.V., Solov'ev D.V., Sirota A.M. Kompleksnyj operativnyj sputnikovyj monitoring v 2004-2005
gg. (Integrated operational satellite monitoring in 2004-2005), In.: Neft' i okruzhajuschaia sreda
Kaliningradskoj oblasti. Vol. 2: More (Oil and the environment of the Kaliningrad Region. Vol.2: The sea).
Kaliningrad, Yantarny skaz, 2012, pp. 483-518.
Lavrova O.Yu., Kostianoy A.G., Lebedev S.A., Mitiagina M.I., Ginzburg A.I., Sheremet N.A. Kompleksnyj
sputnikovyj monitoring morej Rossii (Integrated satellite monitoring of Russian seas), Moscow: IKI RAN,
2011, 470 p.
Nemirovskaya I.A. Uglevodorody v okeane (sneg-liod-voda-vzves'-donnye osadki) (Hydrocarbons in the
ocean (snow – ice – water - suspended matter - bottom sediments), M.: Nauchny Mir, 2004, 328 p.
Nemirovskaya I.A. Neft' v okeane. Zagriaznenie i prirodnye potoki (Oil in the ocean. Contamination and
natural fluxes), M.: Nauchny Mir, 2013, 439 p.
Nemirovskaya I.A., Sivkov V.V., Bulycheva E.V. Soderzhanie i sostav uglevodorodov v rajone mestorozhdenija Kravtsovskoe Baltijskogo moria (Content and composition of hydrocarbons in the Kravtsovskoe oil
field region, the Baltic Sea), Doklady RAN, 2011, pp. 520-525.
Bulycheva E., Kuzmenko I., Sivkov V. Annual sea surface oil pollution of the south-eastern part of the Baltic
Sea by satellite data for 2006-2013. Baltica, Vol.27, Special Issue, 2014, pp. 9-14.
Kostianoy A.G., Lavrova O.Yu. (Eds.) Oil pollution in the Baltic Sea. Springer-Verlag, 2014, Vol. 27,
268 pp.
Kostianoy A.G., Lebedev S.A., Litovchenko K.Ts., Stanichny S.V., Pichuzhkina O.E. Satellite remote
sensing of oil spill pollution in the southeastern Baltic Sea, Gayana, 2004, Vol. 68, No. 2, Part 2, pp.327-332.
125
11.
12.
13.
126
Kostianoy A.G., Lebedev S.A., Soloviev D.M., Pichuzhkina O.E. Satellite monitoring of the Southeastern
Baltic Sea. Annual Report 2004, Kaliningrad: Lukoil-Kaliningradmorneft, 2005, 36 pp.
Kostianoy A.G., Litovchenko K.Ts., Lavrova O.Yu., Mityagina M.I., Bocharova T.Yu., Lebedev S.A.,
Stanichny S.V., Soloviev D.M., Sirota A.M., Pichuzhkina O.E. Operational satellite monitoring of oil spill
pollution in the southeastern Baltic Sea: 18 months experience, Environmental Research, Engineering and
Management, 2006, No. 4 (38), pp.70-77.
Lavrova O.Yu., Mityagina M.I., Kostianoy A.G., Semenov A.V. Oil pollution in the Southeastern Baltic Sea
in 2009-2011, Transport and Telecommunication, 2014, Vol. 15, No. 4 (in press).