Мелкомасштабные вихри Черного моря

Ɇɟɥɤɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɟ ɜɢɯɪɢ ɑɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ
Ⱥ.Ƚ. Ʉɨɫɬɹɧɨɣ1, Ⱥ.ɂ. Ƚɢɧɡɛɭɪɝ1, ɇ.Ⱥ. ɒɟɪɟɦɟɬ1, Ɉ.ɘ. Ʌɚɜɪɨɜɚ2, Ɇ.ɂ. Ɇɢɬɹɝɢɧɚ2
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ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɨɤɟɚɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢɦ. ɉ.ɉ. ɒɢɪɲɨɜɚ ɊȺɇ,
117997 Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, ɇɚɯɢɦɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɫɩɟɤɬ 36
E-mail: kostianoy@online.ru;
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ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɊȺɇ,
117997 Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, ɭɥ. ɉɪɨɮɫɨɸɡɧɚɹ 84/32
E-mail: olavrova@iki.rssi.ru
ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɤ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɜɢɯɪɟɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɨɤɟɚɧɟ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ
ɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɡɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɟ ɜɢɯɪɢ ɫ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦɢ 30–100 ɤɦ. ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ
ɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɤɟɚɧɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɭɸ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɢɯɪɟɣ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ (ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɪɚɞɢɭɫɚ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ Ɋɨɫɫɛɢ). ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɨ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ. ȼɢɯɪɢ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɢɯ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ, ɧɟɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɠɢɡɧɢ. ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɩɨ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɦɭ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɭ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ 10 ɥɟɬ ɜ ɩɪɢɛɪɟɠɧɵɯ ɡɨɧɚɯ ɑɟɪɧɨɝɨ, Ʉɚɫɩɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ Ȼɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɟɣ,
ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɨɥɨɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɦ (2.5–25-75 ɦ), ɧɚɦɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɢɯɪɟɣ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɫ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ ɨɬ ɫɨɬɟɧ ɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɞɨ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɚ ɤɢɥɨɦɟɬɪɨɜ. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɥɤɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɯ
ɜɢɯɪɟɣ ɜ ɩɪɢɛɪɟɠɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɑɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ ɢ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ: ɑɟɪɧɨɟ ɦɨɪɟ, ɦɟɥɤɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɟ ɜɢɯɪɢ, ɪɚɞɢɨɥɨɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ,
ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ, ɦɨɪɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ.
ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɤ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɜɢɯɪɟɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɨɤɟɚɧɟ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɡɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɟ ɜɢɯɪɢ ɫ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦɢ 30–100 ɤɦ.
ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɤɟɚɧɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ
ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɭɸ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɢɯɪɟɣ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ (ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɛɚɪɨɤɥɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɭɫɚ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ Ɋɨɫɫɛɢ Rd). ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɧɟ
ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɨ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ. ȼɢɯɪɢ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɢɯ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ, ɧɟɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɠɢɡɧɢ. Ɉɛɥɚɞɚɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦɢ,
ɦɟɧɶɲɢɦɢ Rd (ɞɥɹ ɑɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ Rd § 15–20 ɤɦ), ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ
ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɢɧɮɪɚɤɪɚɫɧɵɯ (ɂɄ) ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɤɢɥɨɦɟɬɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ
ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɩɨ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɦɭ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɭ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɹɞɚ ɥɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɜ ɩɪɢɛɪɟɠɧɵɯ ɡɨɧɚɯ ɑɟɪɧɨɝɨ, Ʉɚɫɩɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ
Ȼɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɟɣ, ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɨɥɨɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ,
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ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɦ (2.5–25–75 ɦ), ɧɚɦɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ
ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɢɯɪɟɣ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɫ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ ɨɬ ɫɨɬɟɧ ɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɞɨ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɚ ɤɢɥɨɦɟɬɪɨɜ. ɇɚ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɪɚɞɢɨɥɨɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɢɯɪɢ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɫɥɢɤɨɜɵɦ ɩɨɥɨɫɚɦ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɥɢɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɢɡ-ɡɚ
ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɢɛɪɟɠɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɚɯ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨ-ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ (ɉȺȼ) ɤɚɤ
ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɥɢɧɢɣ
ɤɨɧɜɟɪɝɟɧɰɢɣ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ «ɩɪɨɪɢɫɨɜɵɜɚɸɬ» ɜɢɯɪɢ ɧɚ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɯ. ȼ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɥɤɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɯ ɜɢɯɪɟɣ ɜ ɑɟɪɧɨɦ
ɦɨɪɟ ɢ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ɇɟɡɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɟ ɜɢɯɪɢ ɑɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ
Ɉɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɨɞɨɨɛɦɟɧ ɫ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɦɢ ɦɨɪɹɦɢ ɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ (100–150 ɦ)
ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɝɨ (ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ) ɫɥɨɹ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɚɹ ɫ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɪɟɡɤɨɝɨ ɩɢɤɧɨ-ɯɚɥɨɤɥɢɧɚ,
ɛɥɨɤɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ,
ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɑɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɢ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ. ɍɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɟɫɫɚ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨ-ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɚ ɛɟɪɟɝɭ ɢ ɜ ɩɪɢɛɪɟɠɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ (ɫɬɨɤɨɦ ɪɟɤ,
ɨɬɯɨɞɚɦɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɤɭɪɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɡɨɧ, ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɦɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɥɚɦɢ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.), ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɷɜɬɪɨɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɜɨɞ ɲɟɥɶɮɨɜɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɧɚ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɜ
ɑɟɪɧɨɦ ɦɨɪɟ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɜɨɞɨɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɢɛɪɟɠɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɨɣ ɢ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɜɨɞɧɵɦ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɨɦ (ɤɚɤ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɜɨɞ ɲɟɥɶɮɚ), ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɩɟɪɜɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ɇɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɂɄ- ɢ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɨɜ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚ
ɫɞɟɥɚɥɢ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɵɦ ɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɢɧɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ
ɑɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɷɬɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɡ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɯɟɦ ɨɛɳɟɣ
ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɜ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ ɑɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ. Ɍɢɩɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ
ɑɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɡɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɟ (~20–100 ɤɦ) ɜɢɯɪɢ, ɜɢɯɪɟɜɵɟ ɞɢɩɨɥɢ, ɫɬɪɭɢ,
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ. ɇɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 20 ɥɟɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɴɟɦɨɤ ɫ ɦɟɡɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɦ (5–10 ɤɦ), ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɦ (250 ɦ - 1 ɤɦ ɢ 1 ɫɭɬɤɢ), ɚɥɶɬɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɨ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜ TOPEX/Poseidon ɢ ERS-1, 2 (7 ɤɦ ɢ 5-10 ɫɭɬɨɤ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɪɢɮɬɟɪɨɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ
ɫɥɨɹ ɫɨ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ ɞɚɸɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɢɧɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɯ ɦɟɡɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ, ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɢɯ ɧɚɢ249
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ, ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɯ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ, ɨɛ ɢɯ
ɜɥɢɹɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ (ɈɑɌ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɯ ɪɨɥɢ ɜ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɢ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɨɞɨɨɛɦɟɧɟ ɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ ɑɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɡɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɨɣ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɑɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ, ɟɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɨɣ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɟɣ ɜɨɞ, ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɟɬɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɚɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ (ɫɦ. [1-7]).
Ɋɚɞɢɨɥɨɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɥɤɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɛɪɟɠɧɵɯ ɜɢɯɪɟɣ
Ɋɚɡɪɟɲɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɂɄ- ɢ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ (250 ɦ – 1 ɤɦ), ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɨɜ MODIS ɂɋɁ Aqua/Terra ɢ AVHRR ɂɋɁ NOAA, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ
ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɢɡɭɱɚɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɟɡɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɟ ɜɢɯɪɟɜɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ
20 ɤɦ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɨɛɥɚɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ. ɉɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɠɟ ɤ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɞɢɨɥɨɤɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɞɢɨɥɨɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɚɤɜɚɬɨɪɢɢ ɑɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ [8] ɞɚɥɢ ɧɚɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɜɢɯɪɟɜɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɯ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ (1–10 ɤɦ)
(ɫɦ. [9–16]), ɱɟɦ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɲɟ ɦɟɡɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɟ ɜɢɯɪɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɚ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚɯ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɵ, ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɢɯɪɟɜɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ. ȼɢɯɪɢ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɭɞɨɜɵɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɢɯ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ, ɧɟɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɠɢɡɧɢ (ɨɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɱɚɫɨɜ ɞɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɞɧɟɣ).
ɋ 2006 ɝ. ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɊȺɇ (ɂɄɂ ɊȺɇ) ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɫ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɦ ɨɤɟɚɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɊȺɇ (ɂɈ ɊȺɇ) ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɥ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɜɨɞ
ɩɪɢɛɪɟɠɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɵ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ Ⱥɡɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɑɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɟɣ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɹ ɩɪɢɟɦ, ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɸ ɪɚɞɢɨɥɨɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ [8–16]. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɢɯɪɟɣ ɦɚɥɵɯ
ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɛɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɞɢɨɥɨɤɚɬɨɪɚ ɫ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɚɩɟɪɬɭɪɨɣ (SAR) ɂɋɁ
ERS-2 ɢ ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɨɥɨɤɚɬɨɪɚ ɫ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɚɩɟɪɬɭɪɨɣ (ASAR) ɂɋɁ Envisat, ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 25–75 ɦ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɨɥɨɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɯ (ɊɅɂ) ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɬɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ
ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɢɯɪɟɣ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ, ɫ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ ɨɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɤɢɥɨɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɞɨ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɚ ɤɢɥɨɦɟɬɪɨɜ (ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɢɯɪɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɯ
ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ). ȼɢɯɪɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɢɦɟɸɬ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɫɩɢɪɚɥɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɣ ɜɢɞ ɢ ɜ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɦ
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɰɢɤɥɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ [8–16].
ɇɚ ɊɅɂ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɢɯɪɢ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɫɥɢɤɨɜɵɦ ɩɨɥɨɫɚɦ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɩɥɟɧɤɚɦɢ ɉȺȼ, ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɧɚ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɬɟɩ250
ɥɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɝɨɞɚ. ɉɥɟɧɤɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɜɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɬɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɢɯ ɫɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɸɬ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ
ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚ. ȼɨɜɥɟɤɚɹɫɶ ɜ ɨɪɛɢɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɩɥɟɧɤɢ ɉȺȼ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ
“ɩɪɨɪɢɫɨɜɵɜɚɸɬ” ɜɢɯɪɢ ɧɚ ɊɅɂ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɫɥɚɛɨɝɨ ɢ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɬɪɚ [9, 17]. Ɉɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɊɅɂ, ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ [8–
16], ɫ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɣ ɭɩɚɤɨɜɤɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɫɩɢɪɚɥɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɰɢɤɥɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɢɯɪɟɣ
ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ 2.5–10 ɤɦ ɜ ɩɪɢɛɪɟɠɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1 (ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɤɚɞɪɚ – 50 ɯ 50 ɤɦ).
Ɋɢɫ.1. Ɏɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ ɊɅɂ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ 16 ɮɟɜɪɚɥɹ 2007 ɝ., ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɟɥɤɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɯ ɰɢɤɥɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɢɯɪɟɣ
Ɇɟɥɤɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɟ ɜɢɯɪɢ, ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ
ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ «Google ɉɥɚɧɟɬɚ Ɂɟɦɥɹ» ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɦɨɡɚɢɤɭ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ (QuickBird) ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɢ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ (0.6–2.44 ɦ) ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɦ, ɧɚ 1–2 ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɩɪɟɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɦ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɠɟ ɪɚɞɢɨɥɨɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ [8–16]. ɋɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ
ɜɵɫɨɤɚ – ɨɞɢɧ ɤɚɞɪ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ 10 ɯ 10 ɤɦ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɨɬ 1.6 ɞɨ 2.2 ɬɵɫ. ɞɨɥɥ. ɋɒȺ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ
ɬɢɩɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ (ɚɪɯɢɜɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɤɚɡɧɵɯ), ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ. ȼ
2009 ɝ. ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɟɦ ɧɚɛɨɪɨɦ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɚɤɜɚɬɨɪɢɢ ɑɟɪɧɨɝɨ
ɦɨɪɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɛɵɥ ɜɵɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɞɚɬɭ ɷɬɢɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ, ɢɦɟɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɦɟɥɤɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɯ ɜɢɯɪɟɣ. Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ 2010 ɝ.
ɦɨɡɚɢɤɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɚɤɜɚɬɨɪɢɢ ɑɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɭɛɪɚɧɚ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ.
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Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɢɦɟɬɪɭ ɜɫɟɣ ɩɪɢɛɪɟɠɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɑɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥ ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɰɟɥɵɣ ɪɹɞ ɦɟɥɤɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɯ ɜɢɯɪɟɣ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ 1–10 ɤɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɸ ɜɨɞ ɫ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɜɡɜɟɫɢ ɢɥɢ ɉȺȼ.
ȼɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 2–7 ɜ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɭɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ
ɜɢɯɪɟɣ.
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 2 ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɩɨɫɟɥɤɨɜ ɏɨɫɬɚ ɢ Ʉɭɞɟɩɫɬɚ ɜ ɩɨɥɟ ɜɡɜɟɫɢ ɨɬɱɟɬɥɢɜɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɚɧɬɢɰɢɤɥɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɜɢɯɪɶ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 7 ɤɦ. ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɜɡɜɟɫɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɧɨɫ
ɜɨɞ ɪɟɤɚɦɢ Ɇɡɵɦɬɚ ɢ ɉɫɨɭ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɸɝɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɟɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ. ɉɪɢɛɪɟɠɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɨɤ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɜɡɜɟɫɢ ɲɢɪɢɧɨɣ ɞɨ 2.5 ɤɦ ɭ
Ⱥɞɥɟɪɚ ɩɪɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞ (ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɈɑɌ) ɜɨɜɥɟɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɯɪɟɜɨɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɩɨɫ. Ʉɭɞɟɩɫɬɚ ɢ ɜɵɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ 7–8 ɤɦ ɨɬ ɛɟɪɟɝɚ ɧɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɩɨɫ.
ɏɨɫɬɚ, ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɹ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɵɣ ɜɨɞɨɨɛɦɟɧ ɜ ɩɪɢɛɪɟɠɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɚɯ. ɉɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɢɯɪɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɛɪɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɚɹ ɫ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ.
Ɋɢɫ. 2. Ⱥɧɬɢɰɢɤɥɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɜɢɯɪɶ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 7 ɤɦ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɏɨɫɬɵ
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 3 ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ Ȼɚɤɚɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɫɵ (ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɟ ɩɨɛɟɪɟɠɶɟ Ʉɪɵɦɚ) ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɰɢɤɥɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɜɢɯɪɶ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 4 ɤɦ. ȼɢɯɪɶ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɟ ɜɡɜɟɫɢ, ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɡɦɭɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɞ ɭ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɵ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ
ɜɟɬɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ. ȼɢɯɪɶ ɦɨɝ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɛɬɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɫɵ ɩɪɢɛɪɟɠɧɵɦ
ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ.
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Ɋɢɫ. 3. ɐɢɤɥɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɜɢɯɪɶ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 4 ɤɦ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ Ȼɚɤɚɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɫɵ (Ʉɪɵɦ)
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 4 ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɋɨɱɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɰɢɤɥɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɜɢɯɪɶ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 2 ɤɦ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ 5 ɤɦ ɨɬ ɛɟɪɟɝɚ (ɩɨɫ. Ɇɚɦɚɣɤɚ, ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞ ɋɨɱɢ). ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɩɢɪɚɥɟɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɜɢɯɪɶ ɩɪɨɪɢɫɨɜɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɸ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɪɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɉȺȼ. ɋɭɞɹ ɩɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɸ «ɯɜɨɫɬɚ» ɜɢɯɪɹ, ɰɢɤɥɨɧ ɦɨɝ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɬɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɪɹ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɸɝɸɝɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɤ, ɬ.ɟ. ɧɚɜɫɬɪɟɱɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɸ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɜɢɯɪɹ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɜɢɞɧɚ ɜ ɩɨɥɟ ɉȺȼ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɞɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɩɨɥɟ ɜɡɜɟɫɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɚ ɩɨ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ.
Ɋɢɫ. 4. ɐɢɤɥɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɜɢɯɪɶ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 2 ɤɦ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ 5 ɤɦ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɋɨɱɢ
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ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 5 ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɩɨɫ. Ɇɵɫɯɚɤɨ ɜ ɩɨɥɟ ɉȺȼ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɢɯɪɟɜɨɣ ɞɢɩɨɥɶ ɜɢɯɪɶ ɫ
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ ɨɤɨɥɨ 2 ɤɦ (ɲɢɪɢɧɚ «ɲɥɹɩɤɢ»). Ⱦɢɩɨɥɶ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɜɞɨɥɶ
ɛɟɪɟɝɚ ɫ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɤɚ ɧɚ ɸɝɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞ ɢ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɡɜɚɧ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɟɬɪɨɜɵɦ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɦ. ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɉȺȼ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɨɫ. Ɇɵɫɯɚɤɨ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ, ɜɵɧɨɫɢɦɵɟ ɢɡ
ɚɤɜɚɬɨɪɢɢ ɐɟɦɟɫɫɤɨɣ ɛɭɯɬɵ ɢ ɇɨɜɨɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɬɚ.
Ɋɢɫ. 5. ȼɢɯɪɟɜɨɣ ɞɢɩɨɥɶ ɫ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ 2 ɤɦ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɩɨɫ. Ɇɵɫɯɚɤɨ
Ɋɢɫ. 6. ɐɢɤɥɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɜɢɯɪɶ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 1 ɤɦ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɜɵɬɨɤɚ ɪɟɤɢ Ɇɡɵɦɬɚ
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ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 6 ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɪɟɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɪɟɤɢ Ɇɡɵɦɬɚ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɜɡɜɟɫɢ
ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɩɟɧɞɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨ ɛɟɪɟɝɭ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ 1 ɤɦ ɨɬ ɭɫɬɶɹ ɢ ɫɜɨɪɚɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɰɢɤɥɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɜɢɯɪɶ ɜ ɸɝɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ, ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɢɛɪɟɠɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɪɟɱɧɵɟ ɩɥɸɦɵ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɬɪɚ
ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɛɪɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɟɪɩɟɧɞɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨ ɜ ɦɨɪɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɡɚɤɪɭɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɥɟɜɨ ɢɥɢ ɜɩɪɚɜɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɫɬɶɹ. ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɫɹ ɜ
ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɛɪɟɠɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ Ⱥɞɥɟɪɚ. Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɢɯɪɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɚɦ ɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɤ, ɩɪɢɞɚɸɳɢɣ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɦɭ ɫɥɨɸ ɦɨɪɹ.
Ɋɢɫ. 7. Ⱥɧɬɢɰɢɤɥɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɢɯɪɢ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 2 ɢ 1 ɤɦ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɩɨɫ. ɒɚɯɟ
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 7 ɭ ɩɨɛɟɪɟɠɶɹ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɩɨɫ. ɒɚɯɟ ɜ ɩɨɥɟ ɜɡɜɟɫɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɜɚ ɚɧɬɢɰɢɤɥɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɢɯɪɹ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 2 ɢ 1 ɤɦ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɣ ɜɢɯɪɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɧɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɭɫɬɶɹ
ɪɟɤɢ ɒɚɯɟ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɡɜɚɧ ɫɬɨɤɨɦ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɪɟɤɢ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɦɟɥɤɢɣ ɜɢɯɪɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɫɞɜɢɝɨɜɨɣ ɧɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɛɪɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɦɵɬɵɟ
ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɹ ɜɡɜɟɫɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɦɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɥɤɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɯ ɜɢɯɪɟɣ ɜ ɩɪɢɛɪɟɠɧɨɣ
ɡɨɧɟ ɑɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ:
1)
ɜɟɬɪɨɜɨɣ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫ;
2)
ɫɞɜɢɝɨɜɚɹ ɧɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɣ;
3)
ɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɤ;
4)
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɢɯɪɟɣ ɢ ɢɯ ɞɢɫɫɢɩɚɰɢɹ;
5)
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɦɟɥɤɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɦɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɣ
ɥɢɧɢɢ (ɨɛɬɟɤɚɧɢɟ ɦɵɫɨɜ ɢ ɛɭɯɬ).
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Ɂɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ
ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɡɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɨɣ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɜɨɞ ɑɟɪɧɨɝɨ
ɦɨɪɹ, ɨɧɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɚ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ, ɚ ɜ ɬɟɫɧɨɣ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɨɛɳɟɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɨɜɨɣ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ – ɫ ɈɑɌ, ɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɈɑɌ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɦ ɜɟɬɪɨɜɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ – ɷɤɦɚɧɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɤɚɱɤɨɣ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ. ȼ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ (ɰɢɤɥɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ) ɡɚɜɢɯɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɹ ɜɟɬɪɚ ɧɚɞ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɑɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬ ɨɛɳɟɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɨɜɭɸ ɰɢɤɥɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɸ
ɜɨɞ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɨɟ ɜɟɬɪɨɜɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɟɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɨ (ɜ ɧɟɦ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɧɟɫɭɳɢɟ ɮɥɭɤɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚ, ɨɬ ɫɢɧɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɨ
ɦɟɠɝɨɞɨɜɨɝɨ), ɬɨ ɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɜɨɞ ɑɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɣ. Ɉɞɧɚ ɢɡ
ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɹɪɤɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɷɬɨɣ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ – ɦɟɡɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɚɹ ɜɢɯɪɟɜɚɹ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɟɟ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ – ɛɚɪɨɤɥɢɧɧɚɹ ɧɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɈɑɌ, ɛɭɪɧɨ
ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɣ ɷɤɦɚɧɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɤɚɱɤɢ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ. ȼ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɧɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɈɑɌ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɦɟɚɧɞɪɵ ɢ ɜɢɯɪɢ,
ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ (2–6)Rd ɢ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɦ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 100 ɤɦ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɢ ɞɨɥɝɨɠɢɜɭɳɢɟ (ɞɨ 8 ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ) ɜɢɯɪɢ ɢ ɜɢɯɪɟɜɵɟ ɩɚɪɵ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɣ ɤ ɛɟɪɟɝɭ ɜɨɞɨɨɛɦɟɧ ɢ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɭɸ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɈɑɌ.
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɞɢɨɥɨɤɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ (2.5–25–75 ɦ) ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɪɢɛɪɟɠɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɑɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɫɩɢɪɚɥɟɜɢɞɧɵɯ, ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɰɢɤɥɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɜɢɯɪɟɣ ɫ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦɢ 1–10 ɤɦ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɨɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɱɚɫɨɜ ɞɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɫɭɬɨɤ. ɋɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɣ
ɜɤɥɚɞ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɢɯɪɟɣ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞ ɩɪɢɛɪɟɠɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɨɢɡɦɟɪɢɦ ɫ ɜɤɥɚɞɨɦ, ɜɧɨɫɢɦɵɦ ɈɑɌ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɛɪɟɠɧɵɦɢ ɚɧɬɢɰɢɤɥɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɜɢɯɪɹɦɢ [4, 12, 14].
ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɥɤɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɯ ɜɢɯɪɟɣ ɜ ɨɤɟɚɧɟ ɧɚɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɭɠɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ
40 ɥɟɬ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɡɚ ɜɫɟ ɷɬɢ ɝɨɞɵ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɟ ɬɚɤ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ ɧɚ ɷɬɭ ɬɟɦɭ (ɫɦ.
[18–25]). Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɷɬɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ȿɳɟ ɜ 1986 ɝ. ɋɤɚɥɥɢɉɚɭɷɪɚ [18] ɨɬɦɟɬɢɥ: «ɉɨɱɬɢ ɩɨɜɫɟɦɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ (ɫɩɢɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɢɯɪɟɣ) ɜɫɹɤɢɣ
ɪɚɡ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɫɭɛɦɟɡɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɚɹ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɜɨɞ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɛɥɢɤɟ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ,
ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɜɨɞ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɦ
ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɟ. Ɍɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɢ ɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ».
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Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ
Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɚ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ «Ɇɟɥɤɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɟ ɢ ɦɟɡɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɟ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɜ ɨɤɟɚɧɟ ɩɨ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹɦ in situ» ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ
ɉɪɟɡɢɞɢɭɦɚ ɊȺɇ ʋ 20 ɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɟ ɝɪɚɧɬɚ ɊɎɎɂ ʋ 10-05-00428-ɚ «Ɇɟɥɤɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɟ ɜɢɯɪɢ ɢ ɬɨɧɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɦ ɲɟɥɶɮɟ».
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Small-scale eddies in the Black Sea
A.G. Kostianoy1, A.I. Ginzburg1, N.A. Sheremet1, O.Yu. Lavrova2, M.I. Mityagina2
1
P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences
36, Nakhimovsky Pr., Moscow, 117997, Russia
E-mail: kostianoy@online.ru;
2
Russian Space Research Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences,
84/32, Profsoyuznaya Str., Moscow, 117997, Russia
E-mail: olavrova@iki.rssi.ru
Despite increased attention to the study of vortical processes and dynamics in the ocean, the most known, studied
and described are meso-scale eddies with the size of 30–100 km. A huge number of factors and a variety of conditions in the real ocean determine an inevitable fragmentation of information about the processes of formation, development and dynamics of small-scale eddies (smaller than Rossby radius of deformation). Systematic research
addressing this problem, so far has not been conducted, mainly for technical reasons. Small-scale eddies are very
hard to investigate by traditional methods and techniques because of their small size, unsteadiness, spontaneity of
their appearance and a short lifetime. During the satellite monitoring of the sea surface, conducted in the coastal
zones of the Black, Caspian and Baltic Seas during the last 10 years, on radar and optical images of the sea surface
obtained with high spatial resolution (2.5–25–75 m), we observed a large number of vortices of small size with diameters ranging from hundreds of meters to tens of kilometers. Examples of small-scale eddies observations in the
Black Sea coastal zone are shown and reasons for their generation are discussed.
Keywords: the Black Sea, small-scale eddies, satellite radar imagery, satellite high resolution optical imagery, sea
surface.
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