Исследование вариаций вегетационного индекса NDVI

ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɚɪɢɚɰɢɣ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚ NDVI
ɚɪɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ əɤɭɬɢɢ
ȿ.ȼ. ȼɚɪɥɚɦɨɜɚ, ȼ.ɋ. ɋɨɥɨɜɶɟɜ
ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɤɨɫɦɨɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɚɷɪɨɧɨɦɢɢ ɢɦ. ɘ.Ƚ. ɒɚɮɟɪɚ ɋɈ ɊȺɇ
677980 ɝ. əɤɭɬɫɤ, ɩɪ-ɬ Ʌɟɧɢɧɚ, 31
E-mail: varlamova@ikfia.ysn.ru
Ⱦɥɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɚɪɢɚɰɢɣ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɪɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ əɤɭɬɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ (19982009) ɪɚɞɢɨɦɟɬɪɚ AVHRR (ɂɋɁ NOAA), ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɋɄȺɇɗɄɋ (ɂɄɎɂȺ ɋɈ ɊȺɇ, ɝ. əɤɭɬɫɤ).
ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚ NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index).
ɇɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ əɤɭɬɢɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɵ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɬɟɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ 30ɯ30 ɤɦ: ɬɪɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɜɨɫɬɨɤɟ ɢ ɨɞɢɧ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ əɤɭɬɢɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɦɚɣ – ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ. ɉɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɞɢɨɦɟɬɪɚ AVHRR,
ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɵ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɞɟɤɚɞɧɵɟ, ɫɟɡɨɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɝɨɞɨɜɵɟ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ NDVI. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ
AVHRR, ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ Ɋɨɫɝɢɞɪɨɦɟɬɚ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɱɢɫɥɚ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ. ɉɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɨ
ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ,
ɱɬɨ ɡɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1998-2009 ɧɚ ɮɨɧɟ ɫɥɚɛɨɣ, ɧɨ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɣ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɧɟ ɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɟɠɝɨɞɨɜɵɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ NDVI ɜ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ
(2006-2009), ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ NDVI ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɤɟ əɤɭɬɢɢ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɵɣ ɫɩɚɞ NDVI ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɫɹ ɜ 2001-2005. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɫɩɚɞ ɫɨɜɩɚɥ ɫ ɮɚɡɨɣ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ 23-ɦ ɰɢɤɥɟ.
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ: NOAA, AVHRR, ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɢɧɞɟɤɫ, NDVI, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ.
ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɚ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɯ ɲɢɪɨɬɚɯ [1], ɱɬɨ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ. ɉɨɱɬɢ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɬɭɧɞɪɨɜɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɚ ɜɟɱɧɚɹ ɦɟɪɡɥɨɬɚ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɝɟɨɤɪɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ (ɦɟɪɡɥɨɬɧɵɯ) ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɚɯ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɝɪɚɞɚɰɢɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ
ɤɪɢɨɥɢɬɨɡɨɧɵ (ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɟɱɧɨɦɟɪɡɥɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɢ ɢɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ,
ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɢ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ) ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ 15-25 ɥɟɬ [2]. Ƚɥɭɛɨɤɨɟ ɩɪɨɬɚɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɪɡɥɨɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɧɟɫɬɢ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɵɣ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ ɢ ɩɨɞɫɬɢɥɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɨɬɚɥɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɭɫɢɥɢɬɶ ɩɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ [3]. Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɝɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɡɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɨɛɳɭɸ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ, ɜ ɬɨɦ
ɱɢɫɥɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ.
Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɥɢ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡɨɜ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɪɹɞɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ. ȼɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ: ɬɢɩ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɜɨɞ
(ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɱɜɵ), ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɹ, ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɢ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ (ɮɟɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ). Ɋɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɬ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢɡ226
ɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɚ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɦɟɡɨɮɢɥɥɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɢɫɬɶɟɜ ɢ ɜɥɚɝɨɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɢɯ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɟɬɚ ɢɯ ɥɢɫɬɜɨɣ. Ɂɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ
ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡɨɜ ɜ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦ ɢ ɛɥɢɠɧɟɦ ɢɧɮɪɚɤɪɚɫɧɨɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚɯ ɨɬ ɢɯ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɨɧɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ [4].
ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ
ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɨɧɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɧɟɨɫɩɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜ – ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ
ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ, ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɫɩɟɤɬɪ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɟɲɟɜɢɡɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɬ.ɩ. – ɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ.
ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ
ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧ ɞɥɢɧɧɵɣ ɪɹɞ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɞɢɨɦɟɬɪɨɜ AVHRR, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɋɄȺɇɈɊ (ɂɄɎɂȺ ɋɈ ɊȺɇ,
ɝ. əɤɭɬɫɤ) ɫɨ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɟɪɢɢ NOAA [5-7] ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1998–2009 ɝɝ. ɉɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɢ
ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ AVHRR ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɢɧɞɟɤɫ NDVI
(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) [8], ɤɨɪɪɟɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɫ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɦ ɡɟɥɟɧɨɣ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ, ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥɚ. ɇɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ əɤɭɬɢɢ
ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɵ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɬɟɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ (ɪɢɫ. 1) ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ ~30ɯ30 ɤɦ (ɬɪɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɤɟ ɢ ɨɞɢɧ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ əɤɭɬɢɢ), ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɥɫɹ NDVI ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɦɚɣ–ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɚ
AVHRR ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɞɟɤɚɞɧɵɟ, ɫɟɡɨɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɝɨɞɨɜɵɟ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ NDVI ɬɟɫɬɨɜɵɯ
ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ AVHRR, ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ Ɋɨɫɝɢɞɪɨɦɟɬɚ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɡɨɧɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɱɢɫɥɚ
ȼɨɥɶɮɚ, ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɵ Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɤɨɣ ɝɪɢɧɜɢɱɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɫɟɪɜɚɬɨɪɢɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɧɚɦɢ ɫ ɜɟɛ-ɫɚɣɬɚ http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/greenwch/spot_num.txt.
Ɋɢɫ. 1. Ɋɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ʋ 1, 2, 3, 4
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Ɉɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 2 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɬɪɟɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɦ (ʋ1, 2, 3) ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɵɟ ɜɚɪɢɚɰɢɢ NDVI. ɍɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɩɪɨɧɭɦɟɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɲɢɪɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ
«ɫɟɜɟɪ-ɸɝ». Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ (ʋ1) ɢ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɥɟɜɚ ɩɨ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɫɢ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ NDVI (ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɟɣ), ɫɩɪɚɜɚ – ɱɢɫɥɚ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ (ɤɪɭɝɥɵɦɢ ɬɨɱɤɚɦɢ), ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
(ɲɬɪɢɯɨɦ) ɢ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ (ɲɬɪɢɯ-ɩɭɧɤɬɢɪɨɦ). ɉɪɹɦɵɦɢ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɣ ɢ ɲɬɪɢɯ ɥɢɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɬɪɟɧɞɵ NDVI ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ.
Ɋɢɫ. 2. ɋɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɵɟ ɜɚɪɢɚɰɢɢ NDVI, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɤɚ əɤɭɬɢɢ
ɢ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1998-2009
Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɪɢɫ. 2, ɡɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɚɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɵ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɫ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɜɚɥɚɦɢ NDVI. ɉɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ NDVI ɜɟɞɟɬ ɫɟɛɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ. ɋ 1998-2001 ɧɚ ɮɚɡɟ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɚ 23-ɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ NDVI. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ, ɧɚ ɮɚɡɟ ɫɩɚɞɚ
ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ (2001–2005), ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ NDVI. ȼ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɥɟɬ ɧɚ ɮɨɧɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɤɢɟ ɜɚɪɢɚɰɢɢ NDVI, ɧɨ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɡɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɚɹ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ
ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ NDVI.
Ɋɢɫ. 3. ɋɟɡɨɧɧɵɣ ɯɨɞ NDVI (1998-2009) ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ʋ1-4 ɢ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɵɣ ɯɨɞ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ (1979-2009)
ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ʋ 1, 4
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ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 3 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1998-2009 ɫɟɡɨɧɧɵɣ ɯɨɞ NDVI ɢ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1979-2009 ɫɟɡɨɧɧɵɣ ɯɨɞ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ (ʋ1) ɢ ɸɠɧɨɝɨ
(ʋ4) ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ. NDVI ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɣ (ʋ1) ɢ ɲɬɪɢɯ (ʋ4) ɤɪɢɜɵɦɢ, ɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ –
ɤɪɭɝɥɵɦɢ ɬɨɱɤɚɦɢ (ʋ1) ɢ ɲɬɪɢɯ-ɩɭɧɤɬɢɪɨɦ (ʋ4). ɋɥɟɜɚ ɩɨ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɫɢ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɵ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ NDVI, ɫɩɪɚɜɚ – ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ.
ɂɡ ɪɢɫ. 3 ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɸɠɧɨɝɨ
ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɟɡɨɧɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɢ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɤɪɢɜɵɦɢ. ɇɨ, ɬɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ. Ɋɚɡɧɢɰɚ ɜ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɦ (ʋ1) ɢ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɸɠɧɵɦ (ʋ4) ɢɡ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ.
Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ əɧɨ-ɂɧɞɢɝɢɪɫɤɨɣ ɧɢɡɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɩɥɸɫɨɜɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɢɸɧɟ, ɫ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɦɟɫɹɰɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɪɚɫɬɢ NDVI ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ, ɤ ɧɚɱɚɥɭ ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɬɭɬ ɠɟ ɫɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ
ɫɩɚɞɨɦ. ɋɟɡɨɧ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɢ «ɸɠɧɨɝɨ» ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɞɨɥɢɧɟ ɭ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɹ
ɪɟɤɢ Ʌɟɧɵ ɢ Ⱥɥɞɚɧɚ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɭɸ ɮɚɡɭ ɫ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɢɸɧɹ ɢ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ
ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɢɸɥɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ. Ɉɬɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ
ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɦɚɹ ɦɟɫɹɰɚ.
ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɋɢɛɢɪɶ, ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ əɤɭɬɢɹ, ɩɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɝɨɞɨɜɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ
(250-300 ɦɦ) ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɡɨɧɟ ɩɨɥɭɩɭɫɬɵɧɶ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ
ɜɟɫɧɨɣ ɢ ɨɫɟɧɶɸ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ «ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɢ» ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ ɜ ɫɟɡɨɧ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɢ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ, ɩɨɞɩɢɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɬɚɣɤɨɣ ɜɟɱɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɡɥɨɬɵ. Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɨɬɬɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɥɟɬɚ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɷɬɨ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ: ɛɨɥɶɲɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɜɥɚɝɨɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ
ɨɬɬɚɣɤɢ ɜɟɱɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɡɥɨɬɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɵɣ ɪɨɫɬ NDVI ɤ ɤɨɧɰɭ ɥɟɬɚ.
Ɂɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ
ɉɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ȾɁɁ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ. Ɂɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɨɞɢɧɧɚɞɰɚɬɶ ɥɟɬ (1998-2009) ɩɪɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɣ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ) ɢɧɞɟɤɫ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɜ ɬɭɧɞɪɨɜɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ. Ȼɵɥɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɵ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɨɦ ɯɨɞɟ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚ. ɂɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɯ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɫɟɜɟɪɚ əɤɭɬɢɢ.
Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɟ ɩɨ ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɊȺɇ ʋ16/3.
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ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɟɦɟɪɡɥɵɯ ɛɨɥɨɬ ɤɪɢɨɥɢɬɨɡɨɧɵ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ. ɋɨɜɪɟ-
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Research of variations of NDVI vegetation index of Yakutia arctic zone
E.V. Varlamova, V.S. Solovyev
Yu.G. Shafer Institute of Cosmophisycal Research and Aeronomy of SB RAS (IKFIA SB RAS),
677980, Yakutsk, 31 Lenin ave.
E-mail: varlamova@ikfia.ysn.ru
A long–term of data (1998-2009) of AVHRR radiometer (NOAA satellites), received at the station SCANECS (IKFIA SB RAS, Yakutsk) were used to research variations of vegetation index of Yakutia arctic zone. In this work we
used values of NDVI vegetation index (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index). Four test sites with sizes 30x30
km on territory of Yakutia have been selected: three sites in the north-east and one in central Yakutia. To investigate
test sites the data received during the vegetation period may – september were used. AVHRR data have been
processed. Decadal, seasonal and annual averaged values of NDVI have been calculated. In addition to AVHRR
measurements, Rushydromet data were used to assess the temperature and humidity of test sites. Average values of
Wolf number were used as an indicator of solar activity. Comparison of the data obtained was conducted. Analysis
of vegetation index dynamics shows that during the monitoring period 1998-2009 on the background of overall
increase in temperature and humidity despite noticeable interannual variations of NDVI in minimum solar activity
(2006-2009) general decrease of NDVI in north-eastern of Yakutia is observed. Particularly strong decline phase of
NDVI was observed for period 2001-2005. It may be noted that this declination has coincided with a phase of decreasing solar activity in the 23rd cycle.
Keywords: NOAA, AVHRR, vegetation index, NDVI, temperature, humidity, solar activity.
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