КОНТРОЛЬ СЕВООБОРОТА ПАХОТНЫХ ЗЕМЕЛЬ СЕВЕРНОГО

ɄɈɇɌɊɈɅɖ ɋȿȼɈɈȻɈɊɈɌȺ ɉȺɏɈɌɇɕɏ ɁȿɆȿɅɖ
ɋȿȼȿɊɇɈȽɈ ɄȺɁȺɏɋɌȺɇȺ ɉɈ ȾȺɇɇɕɆ TERRA/MODIS
ɍ.Ɇ. ɋɭɥɬɚɧɝɚɡɢɧ, ɇ.Ɋ. Ɇɭɪɚɬɨɜɚ, Ⱥ.Ƚ. Ɍɟɪɟɯɨɜ
ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɆɈɇ ɊɄ, ɭɥ. ɒɟɜɱɟɧɤɨ, 15, Ⱥɥɦɚɬɵ, 050010,
ɬɟɥ: 73272 939360, ɮɚɤɫ: 73272 918077, e-mail: nmuratova@mail.kz
ɉɚɪɨ-ɡɟɪɧɨɜɵɟ ɫɟɜɨɨɛɨɪɨɬɵ – ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɡɟɦɥɟɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɦ Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧɟ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɟɜɨɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɡɚɩɚɫ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɢ ɮɢɬɨɫɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɞɨɛɪɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɝɟɪɛɢɰɢɞɨɜ. Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɨɤ ɡɟɪɧɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɩɚɪɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɥɟɣ,
ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ, ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ TERRA/MODIS. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɡɚ ɡɟɪɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɭɝɨɞɶɹɦɢ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧɚ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ 2001 ɩɨ 2004 ɝɨɞɚ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ
ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɩɚɪɨ-ɡɟɪɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɟɜɨɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ. ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɡɟɪɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɫɟɜɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɚ ɭɪɨɠɚɣɧɨɫɬɢ.
ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɪɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɣ Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧ ɫ ɟɟ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɟɣ, ɛɨɝɚɬɨɣ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ ɢ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ – ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɢ
ɜɧɟɞɪɢɬɶ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɛɨɪɚ
ɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɜ ɪɚɡɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. ȼ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ
ɪɨɥɶ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɫɵɝɪɚɬɶ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧɚ.
ȼ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ – ɷɬɨ
ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɢ
ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɦ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ ɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɯ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ (ɨɬ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ ɞɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɤɪɭɝɚ) ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ.
Ɉɠɢɞɚɟɦɨɟ ɜɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧɚ ɜ ȼɌɈ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɟɬ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɧɚɞ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬ. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ ɷɬɨ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɡɟɪɧɨ. ɋɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɜɨ
ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ «ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ» ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶɸ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ
ɞɨɬɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɟɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɣ. Ʉɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɹ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɞɟɲɟɜɨɣ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ, ɲɢɪɨɤɨ
ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɧɚɞ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɫ
ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɞɥɹ Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧɚ. ɉɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɫɬɶ
ɡɟɪɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɪɵɧɤɚɯ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ. Ɉɩɵɬ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɡɟɪɧɨɫɟɸɳɢɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɨɜ Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ [1-5].
ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɩɚɪɨ-ɡɟɪɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɟɜɨɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɫɨ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɚ TERRA/MODIS. ɗɬɨ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤ,
ɟɠɟɫɭɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɜɫɸ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɸ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɋɜɵɲɟ 12 ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɨɜ ɹɪɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɫɟɜɨɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧɚ (ɪɢɫ. 1) ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɡɟɪɧɨɜɵɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ, ɫɪɟɞɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɲɟɧɢɰɚ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɬɢɩɚɦɢ ɫɟɜɨɨɛɨɪɨɬɨɜ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɦ Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɨ-ɡɟɪɧɨɜɵɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ. ɋɟɜɨɨɛɨɪɨɬ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɞɜɭɯɩɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ (ɨɞɢɧ ɝɨɞ ɩɚɪ, ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɡɟɪɧɨɜɵɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ) ɞɨ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɩɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ. Ɏɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɟ ɫɟɜɨɨɛɨɪɨɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɭɪɨɠɚɣɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ.
Ɇɟɥɤɢɟ ɤɪɟɫɬɶɹɧɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɮɟɪɦɟɪɫɤɢɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɵɟ ɫɟɜɨɨɛɨɪɨɬɵ. ɇɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɩɲɟɧɢɰɚ ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɛɟɫɫɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ.
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɟɜɨɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɡɚɩɚɫ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɢ ɮɢɬɨɫɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɨɟ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɟɣ. ɉɟɪɜɚɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɚɪɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɩɨ ɡɚɩɚɫɭ ɭɫɜɨɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɢ
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɡɚɫɨɪɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ, ɡɚɫɨɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ, ɚ ɡɚɩɚɫ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɩɚɞɚɟɬ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɫɟɜɨɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ ɜɚɠɟɧ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɭɪɨɠɚɣɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɥɭɱɲɟɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɡɟɪɧɚ.
302
1. ɉɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɫɨɤ ɡɟɪɧɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɩɚɪɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɥɟɣ
Ʉɪɭɩɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɜ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧɚ (ɨɬ 200 ɞɨ 400 ɝɚ)
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ (100-300 ɦ) ɞɥɹ
ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɢɯ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɬɢɩɢɱɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶɸ 400 ɝɟɤɬɚɪ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɟɣ 8ɯ8 ɩɢɤɫɟɥɟɣ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ TERRA/MODIS (ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ 250 ɦ). Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɸɬ
ɲɢɪɨɤɭɸ ɩɨɥɨɫɭ ɫɤɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɟɠɟɞɧɟɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɹɪɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɫɟɜɨɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧɚ.
ɋɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ TERRA/MODIS, ɤɚɧɚɥɵ: 1 – 620-670 ɧɦ ɢ 2 – 841-876 ɧɦ ɫ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɦ
250 ɦ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɟɡɨɧɨɜ (ɚɩɪɟɥɶ-ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ) 2001-2004 ɝɨɞɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ
ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɟɣ. ȼ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɡɨɧɚ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɬɪɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɹɪɨɜɵɦɢ ɩɨɫɟɜɚɦɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵ. ɗɬɨ (1) ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫɟɜɚ (ɦɚɣ - ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɢɸɧɹ), ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɫɩɚɯɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɹɯ; (2) ɤɨɥɨɲɟɧɢɟ – ɰɜɟɬɟɧɢɟ (ɤɨɧɟɰ ɢɸɥɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ) - ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨ 2 ɤɚɧɚɥɟ ɭ ɡɟɪɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɫɟɜɨɜ (ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦ ɡɟɥɟɧɨɣ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ); (3) ɫɨɡɪɟɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɭɛɨɪɤɚ (ɤɨɧɟɰ ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ - ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ). ȼ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɨɥɹ ɫ ɩɨɠɟɥɬɟɜɲɟɣ
ɢ ɜɵɫɨɯɲɟɣ ɫɨɥɨɦɨɣ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ 1-ɦ ɢ 2-ɦ ɤɚɧɚɥɚɯ. Ʉ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɢɡ
ɢɦɟɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɚɪɯɢɜɚ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɛɟɡɨɛɥɚɱɧɵɟ, ɧɚɞɢɪɧɵɟ ɫɧɢɦɤɢ ɜ
ɜɵɲɟɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ. ȼ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɨɧɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɦɚɫɨɤ.
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɩɚɪɨ-ɡɟɪɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɟɜɨɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ ɦɚɫɨɤ ɡɟɪɧɨɜɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ ɢ ɩɚɪɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɨɥɟɣ. Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɨɤ ɹɪɨɜɵɯ ɡɟɪɧɨɜɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ
ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɨɧɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɟɫɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɚ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɛɥɢɠɧɟɣ ɢɧɮɪɚɤɪɚɫɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ (TERRA/MODIS ɤɚɧɚɥ 2), ɮɢɤɫɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɹɯ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ ɩɨɱɜ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫɟɜɚ, ɢ ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɤɨɥɨɲɟɧɢɹ [2,3], ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɟ ɜɟɫɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɚɫɟɹɧɨ ɡɟɪɧɨɜɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɣ. Ɉɫɟɧɧɢɣ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɨɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɟɪɧɨɜɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ ɢɡ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɹɪɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɫɟɜɨɜ. ȼ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɦ
Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧɟ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɹɪɨɜɵɟ ɡɟɪɧɨɜɵɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɨɧɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɣ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɹ ɫɜɵɲɟ 90 % ɨɬ ɩɨɫɟɜɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ.
Ɋɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɥɟɣ, ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ, ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ TERRA/MODIS (1,2 ɤɚɧɚɥɵ) ɧɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɟɣ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 2 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɡɟɪɧɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɩɚɪɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɡɨɧɚ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɱɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɢɸɥɹ ɩɪɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɟ ɡɟɥɟɧɨɣ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ ɧɚ ɡɟɪɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɥɹɯ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɨɜ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ
ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɡɟɪɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɫɟɜɨɜ ɢ ɩɚɪɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɨɥɟɣ.
2. Ɋɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫɟɜɨɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɟɜɨɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɭɪɨɠɚɟɜ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɲɟɧɢɰɵ ɢ ɹɱɦɟɧɹ ɜ Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧɟ. ɂɡɥɢɲɧɹɹ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɟ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɭɪɨɠɚɢ, ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɟ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ (6080 ɰ/ɝɚ). ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ ɡɚ ɪɭɛɟɠɨɦ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧ ɜ Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧɟ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɞɨɛɪɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɝɟɪɛɢɰɢɞɨɜ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɹɯ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ. ɗɬɨɬ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɜɨɡɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɥɟɣ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɫɨɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɟɣ, ɧɨ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɭɬ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɩɚɫɵ ɭɫɜɨɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɚɡɨɬɚ.
Ɇɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɚɪɨ-ɡɟɪɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɟɜɨɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɫɨɤ
ɩɚɪɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɟɤɭɳɭɸ ɦɚɫɤɭ ɹɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɟɜɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɟɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɩɨ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚɦ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɚɪɚ. Ɍɚɤ ɩɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ 4-ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɹɪɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɫɟɜɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɫɟɜɨɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɡɨɧɚ 2004 ɝɨɞɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɵ ɦɚɫɤɢ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɫ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɚɪɚ, ɜɬɨɪɨɣ,
ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɢ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɨɣ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ (ɪɢɫ. 3). Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ
ɡɨɧɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɡɚɤɚɡɭ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɊɄ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɹɪɨɜɵɯ ɡɟɪɧɨɜɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ ɩɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɫɟɜɨɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ (ɪɢɫ.4).
Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɟ ɩɨɝɨɞɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɩɹɬɢ ɥɟɬ (1999-2003) ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɟɜɨɨɛɨɪɨɬɨɜ. ɇɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɢ ɩɚɪɨɜ ɫ 7% - ɜ 2002 ɝɨɞɭ ɞɨ
11% ɜ 2004 (ɪɢɫ. 5). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɬɟɤɭɳɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɟɜɨɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɟɳɟ ɞɚɥɟɤɚ ɨɬ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧɚ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯɩɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ (25 % ɩɚɪɨɜ).
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Ɂɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɜɫɟ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɩɨ ɝɨɞɚɦ ɢɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɚɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ
ɡɟɪɧɨɫɟɸɳɢɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧɚ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 2001-2004 ɝɨɞɨɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɡɟɪɧɨɜɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɭ ɭɪɨɠɚɣɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɨɜɟɞɟɧ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɡɟɪɧɨɜɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɩɚɪɨ-ɡɟɪɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɟɜɨɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ. Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɬɨɱɧɨɦɭ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɸ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɵ ɡɟɪɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧɚ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ.
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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Sultangazin U., Muratova N., Doraiswamy P., Terekhov A. Estimation of weed infestation in spring crops using MODIS
data // Proceeding of IGARSS’2003. Toulouse. France. July 21-25, 2003.
ɋɭɥɬɚɧɝɚɡɢɧ ɍ.Ɇ., Ɇɭɪɚɬɨɜɚ ɇ.Ɋ., Ɍɟɪɟɯɨɜ Ⱥ.Ƚ. Ɋɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɡɟɦɥɟɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɢ Ƚɂɋ // ȼ ɫɛ. Ʉɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧɟ. Ⱥɥɦɚɬɵ. ROND. 2002. ɫ. 240 – 247.
Terekhov A., Muratova N. Agriculture Land Use Recognition by Multi-temporary Middle Resolution Satellite Data in
Northern Kazakhstan // Proceedings of IGARSS’2002. Toronto. Canada. June 24-28, 2002. v. I. p. 2787-2789.
Ɂɚɤɚɪɢɧ ɗ.Ⱥ., ɋɩɢɜɚɤ Ʌ.Ɏ., Ⱥɪɯɢɩɤɢɧ Ʉ.ɉ.,, Ɇɭɪɚɬɨɜɚ ɇ.Ɋ., Ɍɟɪɟɯɨɜ Ⱥ.Ƚ. Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɨɧɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ
ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟ Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧɚ. Ⱥɥɦɚɬɵ. ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ «Fɵɥɵɦ». 1999. 176 p.
ɋɭɥɬɚɧɝɚɡɢɧ ɍ.Ɇ., Ɇɭɪɚɬɨɜɚ ɇ.Ɋ., Ɍɟɪɟɯɨɜ Ⱥ.Ƚ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢ
ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɡɟɪɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ // ȼ ɫɛ. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɨɧɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ Ɂɟɦɥɢ ɢɡ ɤɨɫɦɨɫɚ. ɂɄɂ ɊȺɇ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2004, ɫ. 291-297.
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Ɋɢɫ. 1. ɋɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɚɹ ɦɚɫɤɚ ɹɪɨɜɵɯ ɡɟɪɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɫɟɜɨɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧɚ.
Reflectance, ch2
0,4
0,35
0,3
0,25
0,2
A
0,15
B
0,1
0,05
0
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
days
Ɋɢɫ. 2 Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ (MODIS, ɤɚɧɚɥ 2) ɩɲɟɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ (A) ɢ ɩɚɪɨɜɨɝɨ (B) ɩɨɥɟɣ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɢ
ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ (0 - 1 ɦɚɹ).
Ɋɢɫ. 3 Ɏɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ ɤɚɪɬɵ ɩɚɪɨ-ɡɟɪɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɟɜɨɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ 2004 ɝɨɞɚ ɞɥɹ Ⱥɤɦɨɥɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ.
306
%
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
ɨɬɥ
ɯɨɪ
ɭɞɨɜɥ
1 ɤɭɥɶɬ
2 ɤɭɥɶɬ
ɩɥɨɯ
ɨɱ.ɩɥɨɯ
3 ɤɭɥɶɬ
Ɋɢɫ. 4. Ⱦɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɡɟɪɧɨɜɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɝɨɞɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɚɪɚ.
Ʉɨɫɬɚɧɚɣɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ, 2004 ɝɨɞ.
11%
8%
7%
1
2
3
4
74%
Ɋɢɫ. 5. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɚɪɨ-ɡɟɪɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɟɜɨɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ 2004 ɝɨɞɚ ɞɥɹ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧɚ. 1 – ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɚɪɚ, 2 - ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.
307