novyy-teoretiko-eksperimentalnyy-podhod-k-raschetu-rasprostraneniya-toksichnyh-gazov-pri-pozhare-v-pomeschenii

ÌÎÄÅËÈÐÎÂÀÍÈÅ ÏÎÆÀÐÎÂ
Ñ. Â. ÏÓÇÀ×, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîôåññîð, çàñëóæåííûé äåÿòåëü íàóêè ÐÔ,
íà÷àëüíèê êàôåäðû èíæåíåðíîé òåïëîôèçèêè è ãèäðàâëèêè, Àêàäåìèÿ ÃÏÑ
Ì×Ñ Ðîññèè (Ðîññèÿ, 129366, ã. Ìîñêâà, óë. Áîðèñà Ãàëóøêèíà, 4; e-mail: puzachsv@mail.ru)
Å. Â. ÑÓËÅÉÊÈÍ, ïðåïîäàâàòåëü êàôåäðû ïîæàðíîé áåçîïàñíîñòè â ñòðîèòåëüñòâå,
Àêàäåìèÿ ÃÏÑ Ì×Ñ Ðîññèè (Ðîññèÿ, 129366, ã. Ìîñêâà, óë. Áîðèñà Ãàëóøêèíà, 4;
e-mail: skynet01@mail.ru)
ÓÄÊ 614.841
ÍÎÂÛÉ ÒÅÎÐÅÒÈÊÎ-ÝÊÑÏÅÐÈÌÅÍÒÀËÜÍÛÉ ÏÎÄÕÎÄ
Ê ÐÀÑ×ÅÒÓ ÐÀÑÏÐÎÑÒÐÀÍÅÍÈß ÒÎÊÑÈ×ÍÛÕ ÃÀÇÎÂ
ÏÐÈ ÏÎÆÀÐÅ Â ÏÎÌÅÙÅÍÈÈ
Ðàññìîòðåíû äâå õàðàêòåðíûå ñõåìû òåðìîãàçîäèíàìè÷åñêîé êàðòèíû ïîæàðà ïðè ãîðåíèè
òâåðäûõ è æèäêèõ ãîðþ÷èõ âåùåñòâ è ìàòåðèàëîâ â ïîìåùåíèè. Ðàçðàáîòàíà ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíàÿ ìåëêîìàñøòàáíàÿ óñòàíîâêà. Ïðîâåäåíî ñîïîñòàâëåíèå ðåçóëüòàòîâ ðàñ÷åòîâ ñðåäíåîáúåìíîé ïëîòíîñòè ìîíîîêñèäà óãëåðîäà, ïîëó÷åííûõ äëÿ ïîëíîìàñøòàáíîãî ïîìåùåíèÿ ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì àíàëèòè÷åñêîãî ðåøåíèÿ èíòåãðàëüíîé ìîäåëè è çîííîé ìàòåìàòè÷åñêîé ìîäåëè,
ñ ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûìè äàííûìè. Ïîêàçàíî, ÷òî ðàñ÷åò ïëîòíîñòåé òîêñè÷íûõ ãàçîâ â ïîëíîìàñøòàáíîì ïîìåùåíèè ìîæíî ïðîâîäèòü ñ ó÷åòîì òîëüêî ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûõ çàâèñèìîñòåé âûøåóêàçàííûõ ñðåäíåîáúåìíûõ ïëîòíîñòåé îò ñðåäíåîáúåìíîé òåìïåðàòóðû áåç èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ
óäåëüíûõ êîýôôèöèåíòîâ âûäåëåíèÿ òîêñè÷íûõ ãàçîâ.
Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: ïîæàð; ãîðåíèå; òîêñè÷íûå ãàçû; ïîäîáèå; êîýôôèöèåíò òåïëîïîòåðü.
DOI: 10.18322/PVB.2016.25.02.13-20
Ââåäåíèå
Ïî ñòàòèñòèêå áîëåå ÷åì â 80 % ñëó÷àåâ ïðè÷èíîé
ñìåðòè ëþäåé íà ïîæàðàõ ÿâëÿåòñÿ îòðàâëåíèå ïðîäóêòàìè ãîðåíèÿ [1, 2], ïîýòîìó ìàòåìàòè÷åñêîå ìîäåëèðîâàíèå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ òîêñè÷íûõ ïðîäóêòîâ ãîðåíèÿ ïðè ïîæàðå ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé âåñüìà
àêòóàëüíóþ çàäà÷ó [3–5].
 íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ìàòåìàòè÷åñêèå ìîäåëè ðàñ÷åòà äèíàìèêè îïàñíûõ ôàêòîðîâ ïîæàðà (â òîì ÷èñëå êîíöåíòðàöèé òîêñè÷íûõ ïðîäóêòîâ ãîðåíèÿ) â
ïîìåùåíèè ïîëó÷èëè äîñòàòî÷íîå ðàçâèòèå äëÿ ðåøåíèÿ ïðàêòè÷åñêèõ çàäà÷ ïîæàðíîé áåçîïàñíîñòè,
â ÷àñòíîñòè ðàñ÷åòà ïîæàðíûõ ðèñêîâ [6].
Èñõîäíûå äàííûå ïî âûäåëåíèþ òîêñè÷íûõ ïðîäóêòîâ ãîðåíèÿ ïðåäñòàâëåíû, íàïðèìåð, â ó÷åáíîì
ïîñîáèè [7] è â ìîíîãðàôèè [5]. Îäíàêî ïðèâåäåííûå â ýòèõ ðàáîòàõ (êàê è â äðóãèõ ïóáëèêàöèÿõ) áàçû
äàííûõ ïî ñâîéñòâàì ãîðþ÷èõ ìàòåðèàëîâ èìåþò
äâà îñíîâíûõ íåäîñòàòêà:
îãðàíè÷åíî êîëè÷åñòâî òîêñè÷íûõ ãàçîâ (ÑÎ, ÑÎ2
è HCl — â [7], äîïîëíèòåëüíî ê [7] äëÿ ðÿäà ãîðþ÷èõ ìàòåðèàëîâ â [5] ïðèâåäåíû äàííûå ïî
âûäåëåíèþ HCN, NOx, Ñ3Í4Î);
îãðàíè÷åíî êîëè÷åñòâî ãîðþ÷èõ âåùåñòâ è ìàòåðèàëîâ.
 ñâÿçè ñ ðàñøèðåíèåì èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ â ñòðîèòåëüñòâå íîâûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ è èçäåëèé, â òîì ÷èñëå
íà îñíîâå ïîëèìåðîâ, ãîðåíèå è òëåíèå êîòîðûõ ñîl
l
ïðîâîæäàåòñÿ âûäåëåíèåì áîëüøîãî êîëè÷åñòâà òîêñè÷íûõ ïðîäóêòîâ ãîðåíèÿ, ïîëó÷åíèå èñõîäíûõ äàííûõ ïî âûäåëåíèþ òîêñè÷íûõ ãàçîâ ñòàíîâèòñÿ âñå
áîëåå àêòóàëüíîé ïðîáëåìîé.
Êîëè÷åñòâî âûäåëÿþùèõñÿ ïðè ïîæàðå òîêñè÷íûõ ãàçîâ îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ õèìè÷åñêèì ñîñòàâîì è êîíöåíòðàöèåé ãàçîîáðàçíûõ ïðîäóêòîâ ãàçèôèêàöèè
òâåðäûõ è æèäêèõ ãîðþ÷èõ âåùåñòâ è ìàòåðèàëîâ,
à òàêæå òåðìîãàçîäèíàìè÷åñêèìè óñëîâèÿìè ïîæàðà [2, 7].
 íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ýòà ïðîáëåìà âñå åùå íå ðåøåíà ñ òåîðåòè÷åñêîé è ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîé òî÷åê
çðåíèÿ èç-çà ñëîæíîñòè ôèçèêî-õèìè÷åñêèõ óñëîâèé ïðîòåêàíèÿ ïðîöåññîâ ãàçèôèêàöèè è ãîðåíèÿ,
à òàêæå íåîïðåäåëåííîñòè õèìè÷åñêîãî ñîñòàâà ñîâðåìåííûõ ñòðîèòåëüíûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ. Êðîìå òîãî,
ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíî íàéäåííûå çíà÷åíèÿ óäåëüíûõ
êîýôôèöèåíòîâ îáðàçîâàíèÿ òîêñè÷íûõ ãàçîâ ïîëó÷åíû, êàê ïðàâèëî, â ðåçóëüòàòå ìåëêîìàñøòàáíûõ
ýêñïåðèìåíòîâ, êîòîðûå íå âîñïðîèçâîäÿò ïîëíîìàñøòàáíûõ òåðìîãàçîäèíàìè÷åñêèõ óñëîâèé ïðîòåêàíèÿ ïîæàðà â ðåàëüíûõ ïîìåùåíèÿõ.
 íàñòîÿùåé ðàáîòå, ÿâëÿþùåéñÿ ïðîäîëæåíèåì
ðàáîò [5, 8, 9], ïðåäñòàâëåíû ðåçóëüòàòû ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîãî è òåîðåòè÷åñêîãî èññëåäîâàíèÿ çàâèñèìîñòè ìàññîâûõ êîíöåíòðàöèé òîêñè÷íûõ ãàçîâ
(íà ïðèìåðå ìîíîîêñèäà óãëåðîäà) îò òåìïåðàòóðû
ñìåñåé ïðîäóêòîâ ãîðåíèÿ è âîçäóõà, îáðàçóþùèõñÿ
© Ïóçà÷ Ñ. Â., Ñóëåéêèí Å. Â., 2016
ISSN 0869-7493 ÏÎÆÀÐÎÂÇÐÛÂÎÁÅÇÎÏÀÑÍÎÑÒÜ 2016 ÒÎÌ 25 ¹ 2
13
ÌÎÄÅËÈÐÎÂÀÍÈÅ ÏÎÆÀÐÎÂ
â ìåëêîìàñøòàáíîé ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîé óñòàíîâêå,
à òàêæå ðàññìîòðåíèÿ âîçìîæíîñòè ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ ïîëó÷åííûõ äàííûõ íà ðåàëüíîå ïîëíîìàñøòàáíîå ïîìåùåíèå áåç èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ óäåëüíûõ êîýôôèöèåíòîâ âûäåëåíèÿ òîêñè÷íûõ ãàçîâ.
Ïîñòàíîâêà çàäà÷è
Ðàññìîòðèì äâå õàðàêòåðíûå ñõåìû òåðìîãàçîäèíàìè÷åñêîé êàðòèíû ïîæàðà â ïîìåùåíèÿõ ñ ñóùåñòâåííî ðàçëè÷àþùèìèñÿ ðàçìåðàìè ïðè ãîðåíèè
òâåðäûõ è æèäêèõ ãîðþ÷èõ âåùåñòâ è ìàòåðèàëîâ:
ñõåìà ¹ 1 — ïðîöåññ ãîðåíèÿ ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì
âûòÿæíîé âåíòèëÿöèè äëÿ óäàëåíèÿ ïðîäóêòîâ
ãîðåíèÿ èç ìåëêîìàñøòàáíîé êàìåðû (ðèñ. 1,à);
ñõåìà ¹ 2 — ïîæàð â ïîëíîìàñøòàáíîì ïîìåùåíèè ñ ìàëîé ïðîåìíîñòüþ èëè íà íà÷àëüíîé
ñòàäèè ïîæàðà, êîãäà ÷åðåç ïðîåìû ïðîèñõîäèò
òîëüêî âûòåñíåíèå ãàçîâîé ñðåäû ïîìåùåíèÿ
íàðóæó (ðèñ. 1,á).
 êà÷åñòâå òîêñè÷íîãî ãàçà áóäåì ðàññìàòðèâàòü
ìîíîîêñèä óãëåðîäà.
Íåîáõîäèìî îïðåäåëèòü ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûå è
òåîðåòè÷åñêèå çàâèñèìîñòè ñðåäíåîáúåìíîé ïëîòíîñòè ìîíîîêñèäà óãëåðîäà îò ñðåäíåîáúåìíîé òåìïåðàòóðû ãàçîâîé ñðåäû ïðè ïîæàðå â ðàññìàòðèâàåìûõ ìåëêî- è êðóïíîìàñøòàáíûõ ïîìåùåíèÿõ.
l
l
âàòåëüíûé èçëó÷àòåëü 4 è äåðæàòåëü îáðàçöà 5 íà
ïîäâèæíîé îñíîâå.
Êàìåðà ñãîðàíèÿ îáúåìîì 3·10–3 ì3 âûïîëíåíà èç
ëèñòîâîé íåðæàâåþùåé ñòàëè òîëùèíîé 2,0±0,1 ìì.
Íà áîêîâîé ñòåíêå êàìåðû èìååòñÿ îêíî èç êâàðöåâîãî ñòåêëà äëÿ íàáëþäåíèÿ çà îáðàçöîì ïðè èñïûòàíèÿõ, à òàêæå øèáåðíûå îòâåðñòèÿ äëÿ èçìåíåíèÿ
ðåæèìà èñïûòàíèÿ.
Ýêñïîçèöèîííàÿ êàìåðà ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé êóáè÷åñêèé îáúåì (0,5887 ì3) ñ êîíóñîîáðàçíîé âåðõíåé ÷àñòüþ. Íà äâóõ áîêîâûõ ñòåíêàõ êàìåðû óñòàíîâëåíû øèáåðíûå îòâåðñòèÿ.
Äåðæàòåëü îáðàçöîâ ðàçìåùåí íà ýëåêòðîííûõ
âåñàõ (ñ ïîãðåøíîñòüþ íå áîëåå ±1 ìã), ðàñïîëîæåííûõ íà ñïåöèàëüíîì ïîäâèæíîì ñòîëå 7.
Ðàáî÷èé ó÷àñòîê 12 äëÿ èçìåðåíèé ïðåäñòàâëÿåò
ñîáîé ñòàëüíóþ òðóáó ñ âíóòðåííèì äèìåòðîì 50 ìì,
ñîåäèíåííóþ ñ ýêñïîçèöèîííîé êàìåðîé. Çà ðàáî÷èì ó÷àñòêîì ðàñïîëîæåí âåíòèëÿòîð 13 ñ ðåãóëèðóåìûì ðàñõîäîì ãàçîâîé ñìåñè, óäàëÿåìîé èç ýêñïîçèöèîííîé êàìåðû.
Äëÿ íåïðåðûâíîãî êîíòðîëÿ òåìïåðàòóðû â ýêñïîçèöèîííîé êàìåðå è íà ðàáî÷åì ó÷àñòêå èñïîëüçîâàëàñü íèçêîèíåðöèîííàÿ áðîíèðîâàííàÿ òåðìîïàðà 14 ñ äèàïàçîíîì èçìåðåíèé îò ìèíóñ 40 äî
+1100 °Ñ ñ ïîãðåøíîñòüþ íå áîëåå ±1,5t (°Ñ).
Ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíàÿ óñòàíîâêà
è ìåòîäèêà ïðîâåäåíèÿ ýêñïåðèìåíòîâ
Ñõåìà ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîé óñòàíîâêè ïðåäñòàâëåíà íà ðèñ. 2. Êàìåðà ñãîðàíèÿ 1 ñîåäèíåíà ñ ýêñïîçèöèîííîé êàìåðîé 2 ïåðåõîäíûì ðóêàâîì 3,
îñíàùåííûì óñòðîéñòâîì òåïëîâîãî áëîêèðîâàíèÿ.
 êàìåðå óñòàíîâëåí ýêðàíèðîâàííûé ýëåêòðîíàãðå-
Ðèñ. 1. Ñõåìà òåïëîìàññîîáìåíà â ìåëêîìàñøòàáíîé êàìåðå ïðè ðàáîòå âûòÿæíîé âåíòèëÿöèè (à) è â ïîëíîìàñøòàáíîì ïîìåùåíèè ñ ìàëîé ïðîåìíîñòüþ èëè íà íà÷àëüíîé
ñòàäèè ïîæàðà, êîãäà ÷åðåç ïðîåìû ïðîèñõîäèò òîëüêî âûòåñíåíèå ãàçîâîé ñðåäû ïîìåùåíèÿ íàðóæó (á): 1 — îãðàæäàþùèå êîíñòðóêöèè; 2 — ãîðþ÷èé ìàòåðèàë; 3 — ñìåñü
ïðîäóêòîâ ãîðåíèÿ è âîçäóõà; 4 — ñèñòåìà äûìîóäàëåíèÿ;
5 — íàïðàâëåíèå äâèæåíèÿ âîçäóõà ÷åðåç îòêðûòûé ïðîåì;
Gä — ìàññîâûé ðàñõîä ñèñòåìû äûìîóäàëåíèÿ, êã/ñ; Y —
ñêîðîñòü ãàçèôèêàöèè ãîðþ÷åãî ìàòåðèàëà, êã/ñ
14
Ðèñ. 2. Ñõåìà ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîé óñòàíîâêè: 1 — êàìåðà ñãîðàíèÿ; 2 — ýêñïîçèöèîííàÿ êàìåðà; 3 — ïåðåõîäíîé ðóêàâ;
4 — ýëåêòðîíàãðåâàòåëüíûé èçëó÷àòåëü; 5 — äåðæàòåëü îáðàçöà; 6 — øèáåðíûå îòâåðñòèÿ; 7 — ñòîëèê äëÿ âåñîâ; 8 —
äâåðöà ýêñïîçèöèîííîé êàìåðû; 9 — äâåðöà êàìåðû ñãîðàíèÿ; 10 — âåíòèëÿòîð; 11 — çàñëîíêà (ïåðåãîðîäêà) ïåðåõîäíîãî ðóêàâà; 12 — ðàáî÷èé ó÷àñòîê; 13 — âåíòèëÿòîð;
14 — òåðìîïàðà; 15 — çîíä ãàçîàíàëèçàòîðà (äëÿ èçìåðåíèÿ
êîíöåíòðàöèé ÑÎ, ÑÎ2 è Î2); 16 — çîíä òåðìîàíåìîìåòðà
(äëÿ èçìåðåíèÿ ñêîðîñòè ãàçîâîãî ïîòîêà)
ISSN 0869-7493 ÏÎÆÀÐÎÂÇÐÛÂÎÁÅÇÎÏÀÑÍÎÑÒÜ 2016 ÒÎÌ 25 ¹ 2
ÌÎÄÅËÈÐÎÂÀÍÈÅ ÏÎÆÀÐÎÂ
Äëÿ êîíòðîëÿ ïëîòíîñòè òåïëîâîãî ïîòîêà, ïàäàþùåãî íà îáðàçåö, ïîäâåðãàåìûé èñïûòàíèÿì, ïðèìåíÿþòñÿ âîäîîõëàæäàåìûé äàò÷èê òèïà Ãîðäîíà è
ðåãèñòðèðóþùèé ïðèáîð ñ äèàïàçîíîì èçìåðåíèé
îò 0 äî 100 ìÂ. Ïîãðåøíîñòü èçìåðåíèÿ ïëîòíîñòè
òåïëîâîãî ïîòîêà íå ïðåâûøàåò ±8 %.
Äëÿ íåïðåðûâíîãî êîíòðîëÿ ñîñòàâà ãàçîâîçäóøíîé ñðåäû íà ðàáî÷åì ó÷àñòêå èñïîëüçóåòñÿ ìíîãîêàíàëüíûé ãàçîàíàëèçàòîð (íà ðèñ. 2 óêàçàí åãî èçìåðèòåëüíûé çîíä 15), èçìåðÿþùèé êîíöåíòðàöèþ
îêñèäà óãëåðîäà â äèàïàçîíå îò 0 äî 1 % îá. ñ äîïóñòèìîé ïîãðåøíîñòüþ ±10 %, äèîêñèäà óãëåðîäà —
îò 0 äî 5 % îá. ñ äîïóñòèìîé ïîãðåøíîñòüþ ±10 %,
êèñëîðîäà — îò 0 äî 21 % îá. ñ äîïóñòèìîé ïîãðåøíîñòüþ ±10 %.
Ñêîðîñòü äâèæåíèÿ ãàçîâîé ñìåñè âäîëü îñè ñèììåòðèè ðàáî÷åãî ó÷àñòêà èçìåðÿåòñÿ ñ ïîìîùüþ òåðìîàíåìîìåòðà (íà ðèñ. 2 óêàçàí åãî èçìåðèòåëüíûé
çîíä 16) â äèàïàçîíå îò 0,1 äî 30 ì/ñ ñ ïîãðåøíîñòüþ èçìåðåíèé ±0,5 ì/ñ.
Ãîðþ÷èå ìàòåðèàëû èñïûòûâàëèñü â ðåæèìå ïëàìåííîãî ãîðåíèÿ, êîòîðûé îáåñïå÷èâàåòñÿ ïðè òåìïåðàòóðå èñïûòàíèÿ 750 °Ñ è ïëîòíîñòè ïàäàþùåãî òåïëîâîãî ïîòîêà 60 êÂò/ì2.
Ïðåäâàðèòåëüíî âçâåøåííûé îáðàçåö ìàòåðèàëà, èìåþùèé êîìíàòíóþ òåìïåðàòóðó, ïîìåùàþò â
äåðæàòåëü îáðàçöà (âêëàäûø). Ñ ìîìåíòà âûõîäà
ýëåêòðîíàãðåâàòåëüíîãî èçëó÷àòåëÿ íà ñòàáèëèçèðîâàííûé ðåæèì îòêðûâàþò çàñëîíêó ïåðåõîäíîãî
ðóêàâà è äâåðöó êàìåðû ñãîðàíèÿ. Âêëàäûø ñ îáðàçöîì áåç çàäåðæêè ïîìåùàþò â äåðæàòåëü îáðàçöà, ïîñëå ÷åãî äâåðöó êàìåðû ñãîðàíèÿ çàêðûâàþò.
 ïðîöåññå èñïûòàíèé íà ðàáî÷åì ó÷àñòêå (ñì.
ðèñ. 2) â ðåæèìå ïîñòîÿííîãî ìîíèòîðèíãà ôèêñèðóþòñÿ íà îñè ñèììåòðèè ïðîòî÷íîé ÷àñòè (ðàáî÷èé
ó÷àñòîê) ïîêàçàíèÿ êîíöåíòðàöèé (% îá.) ÑÎ, ÑÎ2,
Î2, òåìïåðàòóðû, ñêîðîñòè òå÷åíèÿ ãàçîâîé ñìåñè è
èçìåíåíèå ìàññû îáðàçöà.
Èíòåãðàëüíàÿ ìîäåëü ðàñ÷åòà
òåïëîìàññîîáìåíà
 ðàáîòå [8] ïîêàçàíî, ÷òî ñðåäíåîáúåìíàÿ ïëîòíîñòü òîêñè÷íîãî ãàçà ìîæåò áûòü îïèñàíà çàâèñèìîñòüþ
r ã.ñð = K ( L ã Q íð ) ,
(1)
ãäå rã.ñð — ñðåäíåîáúåìíàÿ ïëîòíîñòü òîêñè÷íîãî
ãàçà, êã/ì3;
K — êîýôôèöèåíò ïðîïîðöèîíàëüíîñòè ìåæäó
ñðåäíåîáúåìíîé ïëîòíîñòüþ òîêñè÷íîãî ãàçà è
îòíîøåíèåì L ã Q íð , Äæ/ì3;
Lã — óäåëüíûé êîýôôèöèåíò îáðàçîâàíèÿ òîêñè÷íîãî ãàçà;
Q íð — íèçøàÿ ðàáî÷àÿ òåïëîòà ñãîðàíèÿ ãîðþ÷åãî ìàòåðèàëà, Äæ/êã.
Êîýôôèöèåíò ïðîïîðöèîíàëüíîñòè íå çàâèñèò îò
ñâîéñòâ ãîðþ÷åãî ìàòåðèàëà, ðàçìåðîâ ïîìåùåíèÿ
è ïëîùàäè îòêðûòîé ïîâåðõíîñòè ãîðþ÷åãî ìàòåðèàëà è ÿâëÿåòñÿ ôóíêöèåé òîëüêî òðåõ ïàðàìåòðîâ,
õàðàêòåðèçóþùèõ òåðìîäèíàìè÷åñêóþ êàðòèíó ïîæàðà [8]:
(2)
K = f (Tñð , T â , j ) ,
ãäå Tñð — ñðåäíåîáúåìíàÿ òåìïåðàòóðà ãàçîâîé ñðåäû, Ê;
Tâ — òåìïåðàòóðà âîçäóõà â ïîìåùåíèè, Ê;
j — êîýôôèöèåíò òåïëîïîòåðü, ðàâíûé äîëå òåïëîòû, âûäåëèâøåéñÿ â î÷àãå ãîðåíèÿ è ïîñòóïàþùåé â îãðàæäàþùèå êîíñòðóêöèè ïîìåùåíèÿ
èç âñåãî îáúåìà ïîìåùåíèÿ.
Äëÿ ñõåì ïîæàðà ¹ 1 è ¹ 2 [8]
K =
3,5 × 105 Tñð - T â
.
1- j
Tñð
(3)
Ïðèíÿâ K/Q íð = r*, ïðåîáðàçóåì âûðàæåíèå (1)
ê âèäó:
rã.ñð = r* Lã ,
(4)
ãäå r* — õàðàêòåðíàÿ ïëîòíîñòü, çàâèñÿùàÿ òîëüêî
îò òåïëîôèçè÷åñêèõ ïàðàìåòðîâ ïîæàðà è ãîðþ÷åãî ìàòåðèàëà, êã/ì3.
Çîííàÿ ìîäåëü ðàñ÷åòà
òåïëîìàññîîáìåíà
Èñïîëüçóåòñÿ òðåõçîííàÿ ìîäåëü äëÿ íà÷àëüíîé
ñòàäèè ïîæàðà, êîãäà ÷åðåç ïðîåìû ïðîèñõîäèò òîëüêî âûòåñíåíèå âîçäóõà ïîìåùåíèÿ íàðóæó. Îáúåì
ïîìåùåíèÿ ðàçáèò íà òðè çîíû: êîíâåêòèâíóþ êîëîíêó, ïðèïîòîëî÷íûé ñëîé è çîíó õîëîäíîãî âîçäóõà [7].
Âûñîòà íèæíåé ãðàíèöû ïðèïîòîëî÷íîãî ñëîÿ
íàõîäèòñÿ èç ðåøåíèÿ îáûêíîâåííîãî äèôôåðåíöèàëüíîãî óðàâíåíèÿ, ïîëó÷åííîãî èç çàêîíà ñîõðàíåíèÿ ýíåðãèè äëÿ ïðèïîòîëî÷íîãî ñëîÿ áåç ó÷åòà äåéñòâèÿ ðàáîòû ñèñòåìû äûìîóäàëåíèÿ è ïðèòî÷íîé
âåíòèëÿöèè [7]:
(1 - j )
dzê
Gê
Q
=- ïîæ
,
râ Fï
dt
cp râ Tâ Fï
(5)
ãäå zê — ðàññòîÿíèå îò îòêðûòîé ïîâåðõíîñòè ãîðþ÷åãî ìàòåðèàëà äî íèæíåé ãðàíèöû ïðèïîòîëî÷íîãî ñëîÿ, ì;
t — âðåìÿ, ñ;
Gê — ìàññîâûé ðàñõîä ãàçîâîé ñìåñè, ïîñòóïàþùåé èç êîíâåêòèâíîé êîëîíêè â ïðèïîòîëî÷íûé ñëîé, êã/ñ;
râ — ïëîòíîñòü âîçäóõà â ïîìåùåíèè, êã/ì3;
Fï — ïëîùàäü ïîòîëêà ïîìåùåíèÿ, ì2;
Qïîæ — ñêîðîñòü òåïëîâûäåëåíèÿ â ïîìåùåíèè,
Âò; Qïîæ = hyóä Q íp Fã ;
h — ïîëíîòà ñãîðàíèÿ;
ISSN 0869-7493 ÏÎÆÀÐÎÂÇÐÛÂÎÁÅÇÎÏÀÑÍÎÑÒÜ 2016 ÒÎÌ 25 ¹ 2
15
ÌÎÄÅËÈÐÎÂÀÍÈÅ ÏÎÆÀÐÎÂ
yóä — óäåëüíàÿ ñêîðîñòü ãàçèôèêàöèè ãîðþ÷åãî
ìàòåðèàëà, êã/(ì2·ñ); yóä = Y/Fã ;
Fã — ïëîùàäü îòêðûòîé ïîâåðõíîñòè ãîðþ÷åãî
ìàòåðèàëà, îõâà÷åííîé ãîðåíèåì, ì2;
ñð — óäåëüíàÿ èçîáàðíàÿ òåïëîåìêîñòü ñìåñè
ãàçîâ, Äæ/(êã·Ê).
Íà÷àëüíîå óñëîâèå (ïðè t = 0) èìååò âèä: zê = Í – d
(ãäå Í —âûñîòà ïîìåùåíèÿ, ì; d — òîëùèíà ñëîÿ
ìàñëà èëè îáðàçöà äðåâåñèíû, ì).
Ìàññîâûé ðàñõîä â ñå÷åíèè êîíâåêòèâíîé êîëîíêè îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ ïî ôîðìóëàì [10]:
ïðè z > zïë:
13
Q
(1 - c ) ö
53
+
G = 0,071æç ïîæ
÷ z
1000
è
ø
(6)
+ 1,8 × 10-6 Q ïîæ (1 - c ) ;
ïðè z £ zïë:
35
Q
(1 - c ) ö
(7)
G = 0,032 æç ïîæ
÷ z,
1000
è
ø
l
l
ãäå z — êîîðäèíàòà ïîïåðå÷íîãî ñå÷åíèÿ êîëîíêè,
îòñ÷èòûâàåìàÿ îò îòêðûòîé ïîâåðõíîñòè ãîðþ÷åãî ìàòåðèàëà, ì;
zïë — âûñîòà ïëàìåííîé çîíû, ì;
25
æ Q ïîæ (1 - c ) ö
z ïë = 0166
,
ç
÷ ;
1000
è
ø
c — êîýôôèöèåíò òåïëîïîòåðü èç çîíû êîíâåêòèâíîé êîëîíêè;
G — ðàñõîä ñìåñè ãàçîâ ÷åðåç ñå÷åíèå êîëîíêè,
íàõîäÿùååñÿ íà âûñîòå z, êã/ñ.
Ñðåäíÿÿ òåìïåðàòóðà â ñå÷åíèè êîíâåêòèâíîé
êîëîíêè Òê (Ê) îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ ïî ôîðìóëå [7]:
Tê = Tâ +
Q ïîæ (1 - c )
.
cpG
(8)
Ñðåäíèå ïëîòíîñòü è òåìïåðàòóðà ñìåñè ãàçîâ
â ïðèïîòîëî÷íîì ñëîå íàõîäÿòñÿ èç ðåøåíèÿ ñîîòâåòñòâåííî äèôôåðåíöèàëüíîãî óðàâíåíèÿ çàêîíà
ñîõðàíåíèÿ ìàññû ïðèïîòîëî÷íîãî ñëîÿ è óðàâíåíèÿ ñîñòîÿíèÿ èäåàëüíîãî ãàçà [7]:
d (r ïñ Vïñ )
= Gê;
dt
(9)
p ïñ = r ïñ R Tïñ » p â ,
(10)
ãäå rïñ — ñðåäíÿÿ ïëîòíîñòü ãàçîâîé ñìåñè â ïðèïîòîëî÷íîì ñëîå, êã/ì3;
Vïñ — îáúåì çîíû ïðèïîòîëî÷íîãî ñëîÿ, ì3;
ðïñ — ñðåäíåå äàâëåíèå â çîíå ïðèïîòîëî÷íîãî
ñëîÿ, Ïà;
R — ãàçîâàÿ ïîñòîÿííàÿ (ïðèíèìàåòñÿ, ÷òî ãàçîâûå ïîñòîÿííûå âîçäóõà è ñìåñè ïðîäóêòîâ ãîðåíèÿ ñ âîçäóõîì ðàâíû [7]), Äæ/(êã·Ê);
Tïñ — ñðåäíÿÿ òåìïåðàòóðà ãàçîâîé ñìåñè â ïðèïîòîëî÷íîì ñëîå, Ê;
ðâ — äàâëåíèå íàðóæíîãî âîçäóõà ïðè z = 0, Ïà.
16
Ñðåäíÿÿ ïëîòíîñòü òîêñè÷íîãî ãàçà â ïðèïîòîëî÷íîì ñëîå îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ èç çàêîíà ñîõðàíåíèÿ ìàññû
óêàçàííîãî âûøå ãàçà [7]:
d (rã.ïñ Vïñ )
dt
= YL ã ,
(11)
ãäå rã.ïñ — ñðåäíÿÿ ïëîòíîñòü òîêñè÷íîãî ãàçà â ïðèïîòîëî÷íîì ñëîå, êã/ì3;
Y — ñêîðîñòü ãàçèôèêàöèè ãîðþ÷åãî ìàòåðèàëà, êã/ñ.
Óðàâíåíèÿ (5), (9) è (11) ðåøàþòñÿ ÷èñëåííûì
ìåòîäîì Ðóíãå–Êóòòà 4-ãî ïîðÿäêà òî÷íîñòè [11].
Èñõîäíûå äàííûå
Ðàçìåðû ïîëíîìàñøòàáíûõ ïîìåùåíèé ïðèíèìàëèñü ðàâíûìè 5´5´15, 10´10´10 è 20´20´25 ì.
Ðàññìàòðèâàëèñü ñëåäóþùèå ãîðþ÷èå ìàòåðèàëû [7]:
òâåðäàÿ ãîðþ÷àÿ íàãðóçêà — õâîéíûå äðåâåñíûå ñòðîéìàòåðèàëû: Q íð = 13,8 ÌÄæ/êã; yóä =
= 0,0063 êã/(ì2·ñ); wë = 0,0585 ì/ñ; LCO = 0,024
(ãäå wë — ëèíåéíàÿ ñêîðîñòü ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ
ïëàìåíè ïî ïîâåðõíîñòè òâåðäîãî ãîðþ÷åãî ìàòåðèàëà, ì/ñ; LÑÎ — óäåëüíûé êîýôôèöèåíò îáðàçîâàíèÿ îêñèäà óãëåðîäà);
æèäêàÿ ãîðþ÷àÿ íàãðóçêà — ìàñëî òðàíñôîðìàòîðíîå: Q íð = 41,9 ÌÄæ/êã; yóä = 0,03 êã/(ì2·ñ);
LCO = 0,122; tñò = 10 ìèí èëè tñò = 20 ìèí (ãäå
tñò — âðåìÿ ñòàáèëèçàöèè ãîðåíèÿ, ìèí).
Ïðè ðàñ÷åòå ïîëíîìàñøòàáíîãî ïîìåùåíèÿ êîýôôèöèåíò òåïëîïîòåðü j ïðèíèìàëñÿ ðàâíûì 0,6.
 ñëó÷àå ìåëêîìàñøòàáíîãî ïîìåùåíèÿ ñðåäíåå çà
âðåìÿ èñïûòàíèé çíà÷åíèå j îïðåäåëÿëîñü èç ðàñ÷åòà ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ïîëíîé ñèñòåìû óðàâíåíèé
èíòåãðàëüíîé ìîäåëè [6].
Íà÷àëüíûå óñëîâèÿ çàäàâàëèñü ñëåäóþùèìè: Tâ =
= 293 Ê; ðâ = 1,013 · 105 Ïà.
l
l
Ðåçóëüòàòû ÷èñëåííûõ è íàòóðíûõ
ýêñïåðèìåíòîâ è èõ àíàëèç
×èñëåííûå è íàòóðíûå ýêñïåðèìåíòû ïðîâîäèëèñü äî òåìïåðàòóðû ãàçîâîé ñìåñè âíóòðè ïîìåùåíèé, íå ïðåâûøàþùåé êðèòè÷åñêîãî çíà÷åíèÿ äëÿ
÷åëîâåêà, ðàâíîãî 70 °Ñ [7]. Ïðè òåìïåðàòóðå âûøå
70 °Ñ ÷åëîâåê ãèáíåò îò òåïëîâîãî îæîãà.
Çàâèñèìîñòè ñðåäíåîáúåìíîé ïëîòíîñòè ìîíîîêñèäà óãëåðîäà îò ïîâûøåíèÿ ñðåäíåîáúåìíîé òåìïåðàòóðû ïðåäñòàâëåíû íà ðèñ. 3 äëÿ ñëó÷àÿ ãîðåíèÿ õâîéíûõ äðåâåñíûõ ñòðîéìàòåðèàëîâ, íà ðèñ. 4
— äëÿ ñëó÷àÿ ãîðåíèÿ òðàíñôîðìàòîðíîãî ìàñëà.
Èç àíàëèçà äàííûõ íà ðèñ. 3 äëÿ ñëó÷àÿ ãîðåíèÿ
õâîéíûõ äðåâåñíûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ ìîæíî ñäåëàòü ñëåäóþùèå âûâîäû:
îòëè÷èå çíà÷åíèé ïëîòíîñòè ìîíîîêñèäà óãëåðîäà, ïîëó÷åííûõ ïðè îäèíàêîâîì ïîâûøåíèè
l
ISSN 0869-7493 ÏÎÆÀÐÎÂÇÐÛÂÎÁÅÇÎÏÀÑÍÎÑÒÜ 2016 ÒÎÌ 25 ¹ 2
ÌÎÄÅËÈÐÎÂÀÍÈÅ ÏÎÆÀÐÎÂ
ëåííûìè êðèâûìè 5 è 7, ñ äîñòîâåðíîñòüþ 0,831,
êðèâîé 6 — ñ äîñòîâåðíîñòüþ 0,032.
Îòëè÷èå òåîðåòè÷åñêîãî çíà÷åíèÿ ïëîòíîñòè ÑÎ
îò ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîãî ìîæíî îáúÿñíèòü âëèÿíèåì
äâóõ ôàêòîðîâ:
óäåëüíûé êîýôôèöèåíò îáðàçîâàíèÿ ÑÎ ïðèíèìàëñÿ ïî áàçå äàííûõ [7], à íå áûë èçìåðåí íåïîñðåäñòâåííî â ýêñïåðèìåíòàõ;
êîýôôèöèåíò òåïëîïîòåðü â ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîé
óñòàíîâêå ïðèíèìàëñÿ ñðåäíèì çà âðåìÿ ïðîâåäåíèÿ ðàñ÷åòîâ.
Èç àíàëèçà äàííûõ íà ðèñ. 4 äëÿ ñëó÷àÿ ãîðåíèÿ
òðàíñôîðìàòîðíîãî ìàñëà ìîæíî ñäåëàòü ñëåäóþùèå
âûâîäû:
îòëè÷èå çíà÷åíèé ïëîòíîñòè ìîíîîêñèäà óãëåðîäà, ïîëó÷åííûõ ïðè îäèíàêîâîì ïîâûøåíèè
òåìïåðàòóðû ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì èíòåãðàëüíîãî
ïîäõîäà (âûðàæåíèå (4), êðèâàÿ 1) è çîííîé ìàòåìàòè÷åñêîé ìîäåëè (êðèâûå 2–4), íå ïðåâûøàåò 17 %;
ïëîòíîñòü ìîíîîêñèäà óãëåðîäà, ïîëó÷åííàÿ ñ
èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ôîðìóëû (4) (êðèâàÿ 1), ñîâïàäàåò ñ ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûìè äàííûìè (êðèâàÿ 5)
ñ äîñòîâåðíîñòüþ 0,894.
Èç âûøåñêàçàííîãî ìîæíî ñäåëàòü çàêëþ÷åíèå,
÷òî ðåçóëüòàòû ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûõ èññëåäîâàíèé â
ìåëêîìàñøòàáíîì ïîìåùåíèè äëÿ ðàññìîòðåííûõ
èñõîäíûõ äàííûõ ìîæíî ðàñïðîñòðàíÿòü íà êðóïíîìàñøòàáíîå ïîìåùåíèå ïðè äîïóñòèìûõ ïîãðåøíîñòÿõ, óêàçàííûõ âûøå.  äàëüíåéøåì ïî ìåðå îòëàäêè ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîé óñòàíîâêè çíà÷åíèÿ LCO
è j áóäóò óòî÷íÿòüñÿ.
l
l
l
Ðèñ. 3. Çàâèñèìîñòè ñðåäíåîáúåìíîé ïëîòíîñòè îêñèäà óãëåðîäà îò ïîâûøåíèÿ ñðåäíåîáúåìíîé òåìïåðàòóðû ïðè ãîðåíèè õâîéíûõ äðåâåñíûõ ñòðîéìàòåðèàëîâ, ïîëó÷åííûå òåîðåòè÷åñêè (1–4) è ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíî (5–7): 1 — ôîðìóëà (4)
(j = 0,9); 2 — çîííàÿ ìîäåëü (20´20´25 ì, j = 0,6); 3 — çîííàÿ
ìîäåëü (5´5´15 ì, j = 0,6); 4 — çîííàÿ ìîäåëü (10´10´10 ì,
j = 0,6); 5 — Wâò = 0,007¸0,0133 ì3/ñ, j = 0,9; 6 — Wâò =
= 0,005¸0,009 ì3/ñ, j = 0,97; 7 — ïðè åñòåñòâåííîì äûìîóäàëåíèè, j = 0,92; Wâò — îáúåìíûé ðàñõîä âåíòèëÿòîðà ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîé óñòàíîâêè, ì3/ñ; DTñð = Tñð – Tâ — ïîâûøåíèå ñðåäíåîáúåìíîé òåìïåðàòóðû, °Ñ
l
Çàêëþ÷åíèå
Ðèñ. 4. Çàâèñèìîñòè ñðåäíåîáúåìíîé ïëîòíîñòè îêñèäà óãëåðîäà îò ïîâûøåíèÿ ñðåäíåîáúåìíîé òåìïåðàòóðû ïðè ãîðåíèè
ìàñëà òðàíñôîðìàòîðíîãî, ïîëó÷åííûå òåîðåòè÷åñêè (1–4)
è ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíî (5): 1 — ôîðìóëà (4) (j = 0,75); 2 — çîííàÿ ìîäåëü (10´10´10 ì, j = 0,6, tñò = 20 ìèí); 3 — çîííàÿ ìîäåëü (10´10´10 ì, j = 0,6, tñò = 10 ìèí); 4 — çîííàÿ ìîäåëü
(5´5´15 ì, j = 0,6, tñò = 10 ìèí); 5 — Wâò = 0,001¸0,0098 ì3/ñ,
j = 0,75
Ïðåäëîæåí íîâûé ïîäõîä ê ðàñ÷åòó êîíöåíòðàöèé òîêñè÷íûõ ïðîäóêòîâ ãîðåíèÿ ïðè ïîæàðå â ïîëíîìàñøòàáíîì ïîìåùåíèè ñ ïîìîùüþ èíòåãðàëüíîé è çîííîé ìîäåëåé òåðìîãàçîäèíàìèêè ïîæàðà,
â êîòîðîì â îòëè÷èå îò òðàäèöèîííîãî [6, 7, 12, 13]
íå èñïîëüçóþòñÿ óäåëüíûå êîýôôèöèåíòû âûäåëåíèÿ òîêñè÷íûõ ãàçîâ. Íîâûé ìåòîä çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ â
ñëåäóþùåì:
ïðîâîäèòñÿ èññëåäîâàíèå ðàññìàòðèâàåìîãî ãîðþ÷åãî ìàòåðèàëà â ïðåäëîæåííîé ìåëêîìàñøòàáíîé ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîé óñòàíîâêå ñ öåëüþ
ïîëó÷èòü çàâèñèìîñòè ñðåäíåîáúåìíûõ ïëîòíîñòåé òîêñè÷íûõ ãàçîâ îò òåìïåðàòóðû (äî 70 °Ñ);
âûïîëíÿåòñÿ ðàñ÷åò çàâèñèìîñòè ñðåäíåîáúåìíîé òåìïåðàòóðû (èíòåãðàëüíàÿ ìîäåëü) èëè
ñðåäíåîáúåìíîé òåìïåðàòóðû ïðèïîòîëî÷íîãî
ñëîÿ (çîííàÿ ìîäåëü) îò âðåìåíè ñ íà÷àëà ïîæàðà ñ óòî÷íåíèåì êîýôôèöèåíòà òåïëîïîòåðü;
äëÿ êàæäîãî ìîìåíòà âðåìåíè ïîæàðà ïî ðàñ÷åòíîé ñðåäíåîáúåìíîé òåìïåðàòóðå èëè ñðåäíåîáúåìíîé òåìïåðàòóðå ïðèïîòîëî÷íîãî ñëîÿ
l
l
l
òåìïåðàòóðû ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì èíòåãðàëüíîãî
ïîäõîäà (âûðàæåíèå (4), êðèâàÿ 1) è çîííîé ìàòåìàòè÷åñêîé ìîäåëè (êðèâûå 2–4), íå ïðåâûøàåò 12 %;
ïëîòíîñòü ìîíîîêñèäà óãëåðîäà, ïîëó÷åííàÿ ñ
èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ôîðìóëû (4) (êðèâàÿ 1), ñîâïàäàåò ñ ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûìè äàííûìè, ïðåäñòàâ-
l
ISSN 0869-7493 ÏÎÆÀÐÎÂÇÐÛÂÎÁÅÇÎÏÀÑÍÎÑÒÜ 2016 ÒÎÌ 25 ¹ 2
17
ÌÎÄÅËÈÐÎÂÀÍÈÅ ÏÎÆÀÐÎÂ
îïðåäåëÿþòñÿ ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå ñðåäíåîáúåìíûå
ïëîòíîñòè òîêñè÷íûõ ãàçîâ ïî ïîëó÷åííûì ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûì çàâèñèìîñòÿì ñ ïîïðàâêîé íà
êîýôôèöèåíò òåïëîïîòåðü â ïîëíîìàñøòàáíîì
ïîìåùåíèè.
Äëÿ ïîâûøåíèÿ òî÷íîñòè ðàñ÷åòîâ íåîáõîäèìî
îïðåäåëÿòü óäåëüíûé êîýôôèöèåíò îáðàçîâàíèÿ òîêñè÷íîãî ãàçà è êîýôôèöèåíò òåïëîïîòåðü íåïîñðåäñòâåííî ïðè ïðîâåäåíèè ýêñïåðèìåíòîâ íà ïðåäëîæåííîé ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîé óñòàíîâêå.
ÑÏÈÑÎÊ ËÈÒÅÐÀÒÓÐÛ
1. Áåëåøíèêîâ È. Ë. Ñóäåáíî-ìåäèöèíñêàÿ îöåíêà ñîäåðæàíèÿ öèàíèäîâ â îðãàíàõ è òêàíÿõ ëþäåé,
ïîãèáøèõ â óñëîâèÿõ ïîæàðà : àâòîðåô. äèñ. … êàíä. ìåä. íàóê. — ÑÏá., 1996. — 24 ñ.
2. Èëè÷êèí Â. Ñ. Òîêñè÷íîñòü ïðîäóêòîâ ãîðåíèÿ ïîëèìåðíûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ: Ïðèíöèïû è ìåòîäû
îïðåäåëåíèÿ. — ÑÏá. : Õèìèÿ, 1993. — 136 ñ.
3. NFPA 269. Standard test method for developing toxic potency data for use in fire hazard modeling. —
Quincy, MA : National Fire Protection Association, 2003. — P. 269-1–269-18.
4. Levin B. C. New research avenues in toxicology: 7-gas N-gas model, toxicant suppressants, and genetic toxicology // Toxicology. — 1996. — Vol. 115, No. 1-3. — P. 89–106. DOI: 10.1016/s0300-483x(96)03497-x.
5. Ïóçà÷ Ñ. Â., Ñìàãèí À. Â., Ëåáåä÷åíêî Î. Ñ., Àáàêóìîâ Å. Ñ. Íîâûå ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ î ðàñ÷åòå íåîáõîäèìîãî âðåìåíè ýâàêóàöèè ëþäåé è îá ýôôåêòèâíîñòè èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ïîðòàòèâíûõ ôèëüòðóþùèõ ñàìîñïàñàòåëåé ïðè ýâàêóàöèè íà ïîæàðàõ. — Ì. : Àêàäåìèÿ ÃÏÑ Ì×Ñ Ðîññèè, 2007.
— 222 ñ.
6. Ïóçà÷ Ñ. Â. Ìåòîäû ðàñ÷åòà òåïëîìàññîîáìåíà ïðè ïîæàðå â ïîìåùåíèè è èõ ïðèìåíåíèå ïðè
ðåøåíèè ïðàêòè÷åñêèõ çàäà÷ ïîæàðîâçðûâîáåçîïàñíîñòè. — Ì. : Àêàäåìèÿ ÃÏÑ Ì×Ñ Ðîññèè,
2005. — 336 ñ.
7. Êîøìàðîâ Þ. À. Ïðîãíîçèðîâàíèå îïàñíûõ ôàêòîðîâ ïîæàðà â ïîìåùåíèè. — Ì. : Àêàäåìèÿ
ÃÏÑ ÌÂÄ Ðîññèè, 2000. — 118 ñ.
8. Ïóçà÷ Ñ. Â., Ïóçà÷ Â. Ã., Äîàí Â. Ì. Ê îïðåäåëåíèþ ïîêàçàòåëÿ òîêñè÷íîñòè ïðîäóêòîâ ãîðåíèÿ
ãîðþ÷èõ âåùåñòâ è ìàòåðèàëîâ â ïîìåùåíèè // Ïîæàðîâçðûâîáåçîïàñíîñòü. — 2011. — Ò. 20,
¹ 4. — Ñ. 4–13.
9. Ïóçà÷ Ñ. Â., Ñóëåéêèí Å. Â., Àêïåðîâ Ð. Ã., Äóòîâ Â. È. Ïîâûøåíèå äîñòîâåðíîñòè ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûõ ìåòîäîâ îïðåäåëåíèÿ ïîêàçàòåëÿ òîêñè÷íîñòè âåùåñòâ è ìàòåðèàëîâ // Ïîæàðîâçðûâîáåçîïàñíîñòü. — 2013. — Ò. 22, ¹ 2. — Ñ. 29–37.
10. NFPA 92B. 1990 NFPA Technical Committee Reports —Technical Guide for Smoke Management
Systems in Malls, Atria and Large Areas. — Quincy, MA : National Fire Protection Association, 1990.
11. Êîðí Ã., Êîðí Ò. Ñïðàâî÷íèê ïî ìàòåìàòèêå äëÿ íàó÷íûõ ðàáîòíèêîâ è èíæåíåðîâ. — Ì. : Íàóêà,
1968. — 720 ñ.
12. McGrattan K., Klein B., Hostikka S., Floyd J. Fire Dynamics Simulator (Version 6). NIST Special Publication 1018. — Gaithersburg : National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2013. — 149 p.
13. Welch S., Rubini P. SOFIE: Simulation of Fires in Enclosures. User Guide. — United Kingdom, Cranfield : Cranfield University, 1996. — 340 p.
Ìàòåðèàë ïîñòóïèë â ðåäàêöèþ 21 äåêàáðÿ 2015 ã.
Äëÿ öèòèðîâàíèÿ: Ïóçà÷ Ñ. Â., Ñóëåéêèí Å. Â. Íîâûé òåîðåòèêî-ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûé ïîäõîä ê
ðàñ÷åòó ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ òîêñè÷íûõ ãàçîâ ïðè ïîæàðå â ïîìåùåíèè // Ïîæàðîâçðûâîáåçîïàñíîñòü. — 2016. — Ò. 25, ¹ 2. — Ñ. 13–20. DOI: 10.18322/PVB.2016.25.02.13-20.
English
NEW UNITED THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH
TO THE CALCULATION OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF TOXIC GASES
IN CASE OF FIRE IN THE ROOM
PUZACH S. V., Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Honoured Science Worker
of the Russian Federation, Head of Thermal Physics and Hydraulic Department,
State Fire Academy of Emercom of Russia (Borisa Galushkina St., 4, Moscow, 129366,
Russian Federation; e-mail address: puzachsv@mail.ru)
18
ISSN 0869-7493 ÏÎÆÀÐÎÂÇÐÛÂÎÁÅÇÎÏÀÑÍÎÑÒÜ 2016 ÒÎÌ 25 ¹ 2
ÌÎÄÅËÈÐÎÂÀÍÈÅ ÏÎÆÀÐÎÂ
SULEYKIN E. V., Lecturer, Fire Safety in Building Department,
State Fire Academy of Emercom of Russia (Borisa Galushkina St., 4,
Moscow, 129366, Russian Federation; e-mail address: skynet01@mail.ru)
ABSTRACT
There are considered two typical schemes of the thermodynamic picture of the fire when burning solid
and liquid combustible substances and materials: the combustion process with the use of exhaust
ventilation to remove combustion products from small-scale chamber and fire in a full-scale room
with a small square of holes or at the initial stage of fire, when through the openings occurs only
a displacement of the gaseous environment of the room to the outside.
It is presented the analytical dependence for the calculation of the average volume density of toxic
gas in the case of the above mentioned schemes of fire development. It is shown that the density does
not depend on the properties of the combustible material, the size of the room and exposed surface area
of combustible material.
Three-zone mathematical model of initial stage of fire in the room is described.
Small-scale pilot plant is created for realizing the combustion process with the use of exhaust
ventilation to remove products of combustion.
The results of calculations of the carbon monoxide density, obtained for full-scale fire using analytical solution of the integral model and zonal mathematical model, are compared with the experimental data.
It is shown that the calculations of densities of toxic gases in full-scale room can be performed
taking into account only the experimental dependencies of the above mentioned densities from
the temperature without using specific coefficients for the release of toxic gases. The accuracy of such
calculations is sufficient to solve practical problems.
On the basis of obtained results it is suggested a new approach to the calculation of the spread of
toxic combustion products during a fire in a full-scale room, which, unlike traditional, is the following:
it is conducted experimental research of combustible material in the proposed small-scale pilot
plant with the aim of obtaining dependencies between average volume densities of toxic gases and
temperature (up to 70 °C);
dependencies volumetric average temperature (integral model) or volumetric average temperature of under ceiling layer (zonal model) on the time the fire started are calculated, as well as
the value of the coefficient of heat losses;
the corresponding average volumetric densities of toxic gases are defined by the corresponding
obtained experimental curves using the calculated average volume temperature or average
volume temperature of under ceiling layer for each point in time of fire.
l
l
l
Keywords: fire; burning; toxic gases; similarity; heat losses coefficient.
REFERENCES
1. Beleshnikov I. L. Sudebno-meditsinskaya otsenka soderzhaniya tsianidov v organakh i tkanyakh
lyudey, pogibshikh v usloviyakh pozhara. Avtoref. dis. kand. med. nauk [Forensic medical assessment
of the content of cyanide in the organs and tissues of people who died in a fire. Abstr. cand. med. sci.
diss.]. Saint Petersburg, 1990. 24 p.
2. Ilichkin V. S. Toksichnost produktov goreniya polimernykh materialov: Printsipy i metody opredeleniya [Toxicity of combustion products of polymeric materials: Principles and methods of determination]. Saint Petersburg, Khimiya Publ., 1993. 136 p.
3. NFPA 269. Standard test method for developing toxic potency data for use in fire hazard modeling.
Quincy, MA, National Fire Protection Association, 2003, pp. 269-1–269-18.
4. Levin B. C. New research avenues in toxicology: 7-gas N-gas model, toxicant suppressants, and genetic
toxicology. Toxicology, 1996, vol. 115, no. 1-3, pp. 89–106. DOI: 10.1016/s0300-483x(96)03497-x.
5. Puzach S. V., Smagin A. V., Lebedchenko O. S., Abakumov E. S. Novyye predstavleniya o raschete neobkhodimogo vremeni evakuatsii lyudey i ob effektivnosti ispolzovaniya portativnykh filtruyushchikh
samospasateley pri evakuatsii na pozharakh [New ideas about the calculation of necessary time of evacuation of people and the effectiveness of using a portable filter self-rescuers during evacuation at fires].
Moscow, State Fire Academy of Emercom of Russia Publ., 2007. 222 p.
ISSN 0869-7493 ÏÎÆÀÐÎÂÇÐÛÂÎÁÅÇÎÏÀÑÍÎÑÒÜ 2016 ÒÎÌ 25 ¹ 2
19
ÌÎÄÅËÈÐÎÂÀÍÈÅ ÏÎÆÀÐÎÂ
6. Puzach S. V. Metody rascheta teplomassoobmena pri pozhare v pomeshchenii i ikh primeneniye pri
reshenii prakticheskikh zadach pozharovzryvobezopasnosti [Methods for calculating the heat and mass
transfer in a fire at the premises and their application in solving practical problems of fire safety].
Moscow, State Fire Academy of Emercom of Russia Publ., 2005. 336 p.
7. Koshmarov Yu. A. Prognozirovaniye opasnykh faktorov pozhara v pomeshchenii [Forecasting of fire
hazards in the case of indoor fire]. Moscow, State Fire Academy of Ministry of Interior of Russia Publ.,
2000. 118 p.
8. Puzach S. V., Puzach V. G., Doan V. M. K opredeleniyu pokazatelya toksichnosti produktov goreniya
goryuchikh veshchestv i materialov v pomeshchenii [To definition of toxic potency of combustion products of combustible materials in compartment]. Pozharovzryvobezopasnost — Fire and Explosion
Safety, 2011, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 4–13.
9. Puzach S. V., Suleykin E. V., Akperov R. G., Dutov V. I. Povysheniye dostovernosti eksperimentalnykh metodov opredeleniya pokazatelya toksichnosti veshchestv i materialov [Increasing the validity
of experimental definition of substance and material toxic potency]. Pozharovzryvobezopasnost —
Fire and Explosion Safety, 2013, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 29–37.
10. NFPA 92B. 1990 NFPA Technical Committee Reports — Technical Guide for Smoke Management Systems in Malls, Atria and Large Areas. Quincy, MA, National Fire Protection Association, 1990.
11. Korn G., Korn T. Spravochnik po matematike dlya nauchnykh rabotnikov i inzhenerov [Mathematical
handbook for scientists and engineers]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1968. 720 p.
12. McGrattan K., Klein B., Hostikka S., Floyd J. Fire Dynamics Simulator (Version 6). National Institute
of Standards and Technology. Special Publication 1018. Gaithersburg, 2013. 149 p.
13. Welch S., Rubini P. SOFIE: Simulation of Fires in Enclosures. User Guide. United Kingdom, Cranfield,
Cranfield University, 1996. 340 p.
For citation: Puzach S. V., Suleykin E. V. Novyy teoretiko-eksperimentalnyy podkhod k raschetu
rasprostraneniya toksichnykh gazov pri pozhare v pomeshchenii [New united theoretical and experimental approach to the calculation of the distribution of toxic gases in case of fire in the room].
Pozharovzryvobezopasnost — Fire and Explosion Safety, 2016, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 13–20. DOI:
10.18322/PVB.2016.25.02.13-20.
20
ISSN 0869-7493 ÏÎÆÀÐÎÂÇÐÛÂÎÁÅÇÎÏÀÑÍÎÑÒÜ 2016 ÒÎÌ 25 ¹ 2