E ?C'!=31!O3a ?#W+)3=+==YM =!O35 ]7?=?;3Q+E735 3 E?O3!9[=Y5 E?%+G Distr. GENERAL E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/12 2 July 1996 RUSSIAN Original: ENGLISH/SPANISH 7?;3EE3a A? AC!%!; Q+9?%+7! A@*8@<4FF4b B@ BD,*JBD,0*,>4` *4F8D4<4>"P44 4 2"V4H, <,>\T4>FH& E@D@8 &@F\<"b F,FF4b AJ>8H 8 BD,*&"D4H,:\>@6 B@&,FH84 *>b ?EIU+EG%9+=3+ ]7?=?;3Q+E73M, E?O3!9[=YM 3 7I9[GIC=YM AC!% %:4b>4, *,bH,:\>@FH4 4 D"$@R4N <,H@*@& HD">F>"P4@>":\>ZN 8@DB@D"P46 >" &F,FH@D@>>,, @FJV,FH&:,>4, &F,N BD"& R,:@&,8", & R"FH>@FH4 ^8@>@<4R,F84N, F@P4":\>ZN 4 8J:\HJD>ZN BD"& 4 BD"&" >" D"2&4H4,, F JR,H@< FJV,FH&J`V4N <,0*J>"D@*>ZN BD4>P4B@&, >@D< 4 FH">*"DH@&, @H>@FbV4NFb 8 *">>@<J &@BD@FJ )@8:"* ',>,D":\>@(@ F,8D,H"Db GE.96-13060 (R) E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/12 page 2 E?)+C/!=3+ AJ>8HZ %&,*,>4, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 6 ="J8" 4 H,N>48" 4 BD"&" R,:@&,8" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 - 59 I. A. AD"&@ >" JR"FH4, & 8J:\HJD>@6 042>4 4 B@:\2@&">4, D,2J:\H"H"<4 >"JR>@(@ BD@(D,FF" 4 4N BD"8H4R,F8@(@ BD4<,>,>4b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - 16 G=7, B,D,*"R" H,N>@:@(44 4 8@>8D,H>Z, BD"&" R,:@&,8" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 - 59 AD"&@ >" 2*@D@&\, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 - 32 AD"&@ >" B4H">4, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 - 43 AD"&@ >" HDJ* 4 FBD"&,*:4&Z, 4 $:"(@BD4bH>Z, JF:@&4b HDJ*" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 - 49 AD"&@ >" 4>L@D<"P4` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 - 59 ;,0*J>"D@*>Z6 BD"&@&@6 D,04<, 8"F"`V46Fb *,bH,:\>@FH4 G=7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 - 70 III. E@2*">4, >@&ZN <,0*J>"D@*>ZN <,N">42<@& D,(J:4D@&">4b . . . . 71 - 85 IV. ;,0*J>"D@*>@, F@HDJ*>4R,FH&@ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 - 102 B@*N@* F JR,H@< 4>H,D,F@& R,:@&,8" . . . . . . 103 - 124 B. II. V. ="J8" 4 H,N>48": E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/12 page 3 %&,*,>4, 1. =" F&@,6 F@D@8 F,*\<@6 F,FF44 & 1995 (@*J A@*8@<4FF4b & D,2@:`P44 1995/31, FFZ:"bF\ >" B@:@0,>4b IFH"&", & 8@H@DZN (@&@D4HFb, RH@ @*>@6 42 P,:,6 ?D(">42"P44 ?$X,*4>,>>ZN ="P46 b&:b,HFb @FJV,FH&:,>4, <,0*J>"D@*>@(@ F@HDJ*>4R,FH&" & D"2D,T,>44 <,0*J>"D@*>ZN BD@$:,< ^8@>@<4R,F8@(@, F@P4":\>@(@, 8J:\HJD>@(@ 4 (J<">4H"D>@(@ N"D"8H,D" 4 & B@@VD,>44 4 D"2&4H44 J&"0,>4b 8 BD"&"< R,:@&,8" *:b &F,N, " H"80, BD4>4<"b &@ &>4<">4, %,>F8J` *,8:"D"P4` 4 AD@(D"<<J *,6FH&46, & 8@H@DZN B@*R,D84&",HFb >,@$N@*4<@FH\ F@(:"F@&">>ZN JF4:46 & P,:bN @$,FB,R,>4b BD42>">4b ^8@>@<4R,F84N, F@P4":\>ZN 4 8J:\HJD>ZN BD"& >" >"P4@>":\>@<, D,(4@>":\>@< 4 <,0*J>"D@*>@< JD@&>bN, BD@F4:" ',>,D":\>@(@ F,8D,H"Db B@*(@H@&4H\ *:b ,, D"FF<@HD,>4b >" F@D@8 &@F\<@6 F,FF44 *@8:"* @ &:4b>44 *,bH,:\>@FH4 4 D"$@R4N <,H@*@& HD">F>"P4@>":\>ZN 8@DB@D"P46 >" &F,FH@D@>>,, @FJV,FH&:,>4, &F,N BD"& R,:@&,8", & R"FH>@FH4 ^8@>@<4R,F84N, F@P4":\>ZN 4 8J:\HJD>ZN BD"& 4 BD"&" >" D"2&4H4,, F JR,H@< FJV,FH&J`V4N <,0*J>"D@*>ZN BD4>P4B@&, >@D< 4 FH">*"DH@&, @H>@FbV4NFb 8 *">>@<J &@BD@FJ. 2. % BJ>8H, 3 ^H@6 D,2@:`P44 A@*8@<4FF4b H"80, BD@F4:" ',>,D":\>@(@ F,8D,H"Db BD,*:@04H\ BD"&4H,:\FH&"<, <,0BD"&4H,:\FH&,>>Z< 4 >,BD"&4H,:\FH&,>>Z< @D(">42"P4b< BD,*FH"&4H\ 4>L@D<"P4` B@ ^H@<J &@BD@FJ. 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A@ F@FH@b>4` >" 31 <"b 1996 (@*" @H&,HZ $Z:4 B@:JR,>Z @H F:,*J`V4N BD"&4H,:\FH&, FB,P4":424D@&">>ZN JRD,0*,>46 ?D(">42"P44 ?$X,*4>,>>ZN ="P46, " H"80, <,0BD"&4H,:\FH&,>>ZN 4 >,BD"&4H,:\FH&,>>ZN @D(">42"P46: a) BD"&4H,:\FH&": !D(,>H4>Z, ',D<">44; b) @D(">Z 4 FB,P4":424D@&">>Z, JRD,0*,>4b ?D(">42"P44 ?$X,*4>,>>ZN ="P46: ),B"DH"<,>H B@ ^8@>@<4R,F8@6 4 F@P4":\>@6 4>L@D<"P44 4 ">":42J B@:4H484, +&D@B,6F8"b ^8@>@<4R,F8"b 8@<4FF4b, ]8@>@<4R,F8"b 8@<4FF4b *:b 9"H4>F8@6 !<,D484 4 7"D4$F8@(@ $"FF,6>", 7@>L,D,>P4b ?D(">42"P44 ?$X,*4>,>>ZN ="P46 B@ H@D(@&:, 4 D"2&4H4`, AD@(D"<<" ?D(">42"P44 ?$X,*4>,>>ZN ="P46 B@ @8DJ0"`V,6 FD,*,, I>4&,DF4H,H ?D(">42"P44 ?$X,*4>,>>ZN ="P46, ;,0*J>"D@*>"b @D(">42"P4b HDJ*", %F,<4D>"b @D(">42"P4b 2*D"&@@ND">,>4b, %F,<4D>Z6 $">8, ;,0*J>"D@*>Z6 &":`H>Z6 L@>*, ?D(">42"P4b ?$X,*4>,>>ZN ="P46 B@ BD@<ZT:,>>@<J D"2&4H4`; c) <,0BD"&4H,:\FH&,>>"b @D(">42"P4b: _0>Z6 P,>HD; E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/12 page 4 d) >,BD"&4H,:\FH&,>>Z, @D(">42"P44: !LD48">F8"b "FF@P4"P4b @$D"2@&">4b & P,:bN D"2&4H4b; !<,D48">F8"b "FF@P4"P4b `D4FH@&; ;,0*J>"D@*>"b 8@":4P4b "M"$4H"H"; ;,0*J>"D@*>"b 8@>L,*,D"P4b F&@$@*>ZN BD@LF@`2@&; %F,<4D>"b L,*,D"P4b >"JR>ZN D"$@H>48@&. !<,D48">F8"b "FF@P4"P4b `D4FH@& H"80, >"BD"&4:" 4>L@D<"P4`, B@:JR,>>J` B@ *">>@<J &@BD@FJ @H F:,*J`V4N @D(">42"P46: E,H\ "HD,H\,(@ <4D"", ;,0*J>"D@*>Z6 L@>* *:b D"2&4H4b F,:\F84N D"6@>@& (;KCE), ;,0*J>"D@*>"b "FF@P4"P4b B@ BD@$:,<"< (,>,H4R,F84N D,FJDF@&, $Z:4 H"80, B@:JR,>Z 2"b&:,>4b D,(4@>":\>ZN F@&,V">46 BD,*FH"&4H,:,6 8@D,>>ZN >"D@*@& B@ &@BD@FJ @ F@ND">,>44 4 2"V4H, 2>">46 8@D,>>ZN >"D@*@&, L4>">F4DJ,<ZN AD@(D"<<@6 D"2&4H4b ?D(">42"P44 ?$X,*4>,>>ZN ="P46 (AC??=), 4 ),8:"D"P4b =A?, _=7G!)-IX, 1996 (@*. !LD48">F8"b "FF@P4"P4b @$D"2@&">4b & P,:bN D"2&4H4b >"BD"&4:" <"H,D4":Z, B@:JR,>>Z, @H %F,<4D>@(@ L@>*" BD4D@*Z, E,H4 ,&D@B,6F84N =A? 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A@<4<@ B@:JR,>>@6 4>L@D<"P44, & >"FH@bV46 *@8:"* &8:`R,>Z <"H,D4":Z, 8@H@DZ<4 D"FB@:"(",H F4FH,<" ?D(">42"P44 ?$X,*4>,>>ZN ="P46, &8:`R"b, & R"FH>@FH4, <,0*J>"D@*>Z, *@(@&@DZ, *@8:"*Z 4 4FF:,*@&">4b, B@*(@H@&:,>>Z, @D(">"<4 B@ BD"&"< R,:@&,8". 3FH@R>484 4>L@D<"P44 J8"2">Z 8"8 & F"<@< H,8FH,, H"8 4 & F>@F8"N, B@<,V,>>ZN & 8@>P, >"FH@bV,(@ *@8:"*". ="FH@bV46 *@8:"* F:,*J,H D"FF<"HD4&"H\ &8JB, F@ FBD"&@R>Z< *@8J<,>H@<, B@*(@H@&:,>>Z< ',>,D":\>Z< F,8D,H"D,< B@ &@BD@FJ @ F&b24 <,0*J @FJV,FH&:,>4,< BD"& R,:@&,8", 4 & R"FH>@FH4 <,0*J>"D@*>@ BD42>">>ZN BD"& >" HDJ* 4 >" F@2*">4, BD@LF@`2@&, 4 <,H@*"<4 D"$@HZ 4 *,bH,:\>@FH\` HD">F>"P4@>":\>ZN 8@DB@D"P46 (E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/11). 5. 9`$Z, *@B@:>4H,:\>Z, 2"<,R">4b 4 BD,*:@0,>4b, B@:JR,>>Z, ',>,D":\>Z< F,8D,H"D,< & F@@H&,HFH&44 F ,(@ BD@F\$@6, $J*JH 8@<B4:4D@&"H\Fb 4 BD,*FH"&:bH\Fb & *@$"&:,>4bN 8 >"FH@bV,<J *@8:"*J. 6. % >"FH@bV,< *@8:"*, D"FF<"HD4&"`HFb B@F:,*FH&4b *,bH,:\>@FH4 4 <,H@*@& D"$@HZ G=7 *:b B,D,*"R4 H,N>@:@(44 4 4>L@D<"P44, " H"80, 4N &:4b>4, >" @FJV,FH&:,>4, BD"& R,:@&,8", & R"FH>@FH4 ^8@>@<4R,F84N, F@P4":\>ZN 4 8J:\HJD>ZN BD"& 4 BD"&" >" D"2&4H4, F JR,H@< FJV,FH&J`V4N <,0*J>"D@*>ZN BD4>P4B@&, >@D< 4 FH">*"DH@&, @H>@FbV4NFb 8 *">>@<J &@BD@FJ. % (:"&, I *@8:"*" ">":424DJ`HFb &@BD@FZ BD"& R,:@&,8", F&b2">>Z, F B,D,*"R,6 H,N>@:@(44 4 4>L@D<"P44; & (:"&, II D"FF<"HD4&",HFb <,0*J>"D@*>Z6 BD"&@&@6 D,04<, 4<,`V46 @H>@T,>4, 8 G=7; & (:"&, III 42JR",HFb &@BD@F @ >,@$N@*4<@FH4 F@2*">4b >@&@(@ <,0*J>"D@*>@(@ <,N">42<" D,(J:4D@&">4b; & (:"&, IV BD4&@*bHFb F@@H&,HFH&J`V4, >@D<Z, 8"F"`V4,Fb <,0*J>"D@*>@(@ F@HDJ*>4R,FH&"; 4 (:"&" V B@F&bV,>" >,@$N@*4<@FH4 BD4>bH4b B@*N@*", @D4,>H4D@&">>@(@ >" 8@>8D,H>@(@ R,:@&,8", BD4 D,T,>44 BD@$:,<, D"FF<"HD4&",<ZN & (:"&, I. 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AD4 ^H@< $Z:@ B@*R,D8>JH@, RH@, B@F8@:\8J "F@&D,<,>>@, @$V,FH&@ J0, @$:"*",H *@FH"H@R>Z<4 D,FJDF"<4, @D(">42"P4@>>Z<4 &@2<@0>@FHb<4, H,N>48@6 4, F:,*@&"H,:\>@, & E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/12 page 17 F@FH@b>44 *@FH4(>JH\ ^H@6 P,:4", :48&4*"P4b (@:@*" b&:b,HFb "@$V,6 @$b2">>@FH\` &F,N FHD"> <,0*J>"D@*>@(@ F@@$V,FH&", & @F@$,>>@FH4 D"2&4HZN FHD"> 4 FHD">, FB@F@$>ZN @8"2Z&"H\ B@<@V\" (BJ>8H 1). 43. % ),8:"D"P44 F@*,D0"HFb F:,*J`V4, B@:@0,>4b, 8"F"`V4,Fb @$:"FH,6 <,0*J>"D@*>@(@ F@HDJ*>4R,FH&", 8@H@DZ, F&b2">Z F >"JR>Z<4 2>">4b<4 4 H,N>@:@(4,6 4 P,:\ 8@H@DZN 2"8:`R",HFb & @8"2">44 (@FJ*"DFH&"< B@<@V4 & @FJV,FH&:,>44 4N <,0*J>"D@*>@(@ @$b2"H,:\FH&" - & F@@H&,HFH&44 F ;,0*J>"D@*>Z< B"8H@< @$ ^8@>@<4R,F84N, F@P4":\>ZN 4 8J:\HJD>ZN BD"&"N - "J:JRT4H\ <,H@*Z BD@42&@*FH&", ND">,>4b 4 D"FBD,*,:,>4b BD@*J8H@& B4H">4b BJH,< T4D@8@(@ 4FB@:\2@&">4b H,N>4R,F84N 4 >"JR>ZN 2>">46..." 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G"8, >"BD4<,D, @(D">4R4H,:\>"b BD"8H48" & @H>@T,>44 B,D,*"R4 H,N>@:@(44, @HFJHFH&4, &@2<@0>@FH,6 *:b BD@L,FF4@>":\>@6 B@*(@H@&84 >" D"$@R,< <,FH, 4 >,*@FH"H@R>Z, FH4<J:Z & B:">, BD@*&40,>4b B@ F:J0$, <,FH>ZN F@HDJ*>48@& <@(JH 2"HDJ*>4H\ BD4@$D,H,>4, >,@$N@*4<ZN 8&":4L48"P46 4 L@D<4D@&">4, >"P4@>":\>ZN BD@<ZT:,>>ZN 4 >"JR>ZN 8"*D@&. % ^H@< *@8J<,>H, H"80, B@8"2">@, 8"84< @$D"2@< G=7 <@(JH @(D">4R4&"H\ &@2<@0>@FH4 (@FJ*"DFH& F H@R84 2D,>4b E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/12 page 19 @FJV,FH&:,>4b B@:4H484 *:b @$,FB,R,>4b B@:>@6 4 BD@*J8H4&>@6 2">bH@FH4, 8"8 ^H@ HD,$J,HFb & BJ>8H, 2 FH"H\4 6 ;,0*J>"D@*>@(@ B"8H" (E/CN.4/1421, BJ>8HZ 114-124). % ^H@< *@8:"*, H"80, D"FF<"HD4&",HFb &@BD@F @ *,bH,:\>@FH4 G=7 & 2@>"N ^8FB@DH>@6 @$D"$@H84 4 @H<,R",HFb, RH@ & &ZF@8@FB,P4":424D@&">>ZN *@R,D>4N BD,*BD4bH4bN & ^H4N 2@>"N 4 & JF:@&4bN @(D">4R,>>@(@ BD@42&@*FH&" BD@*J8P44 >" BD,*BD4bH4bN, D"FB@:@0,>>ZN & D"2&4&"`V4NFb FHD">"N 4 & <,>,, D"2&4HZN D,(4@>"N BD@<ZT:,>>@ D"2&4HZN FHD">, B,D,*"R" >"&Z8@& B,DF@>":J & BD4>4<"`V,6 FHD">, <@0,H @8"2"H\Fb <4>4<":\>@6. 49. ):b *,H":\>@(@ ">":42" &@BD@F" @ &@2*,6FH&44 *,bH,:\>@FH4 G=7 4 4N <,H@*@& D"$@HZ >" <,0*J>"D@*>@ BD42>">>Z, BD"&" >" HDJ* &>4<">4, A@*8@<4FF44 @$D"V",HFb >" ^H@H *@8J<,>H, 8@H@DZ6 F:,*J,H D"FF<"HD4&"H\ & F@&@8JB>@FH4 F >"FH@bV4< *@8:"*@<. 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AD4 ^H@< >"BD"T4&",HFb &Z&@* @ H@<, RH@ B@:>@, @FJV,FH&:,>4, BD"&" >" H@R>J` 4>L@D<"P4` 4 E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/12 page 22 F@$FH&,>>@, <>,>4, HD,$J,H >":4R4b D"2>@@$D"2>ZN FD,*FH& <"FF@&@6 4>L@D<"P44 4 *,<@8D"H4R,F8@6 4 HD">FB"D,>H>@6 L@D<Z JBD"&:,>4b. G,>*,>P4b 8 8@>P,>HD"P44 FD,*FH& <"FF@&@6 4>L@D<"P44 & DJ8"N >,$@:\T@(@ R4F:" HD">F>"P4@>":\>ZN 8@DB@D"P46 B@*DZ&",H @F>@&>@, JF:@&4, *:b @FJV,FH&:,>4b BD"&" >" 4>L@D<"P4` 4 F&@$@*>@, &ZD"0,>4, F&@,(@ <>,>4b. E:,*J,H D"2D"$@H"H\ <,0*J>"D@*>Z, 4 >"P4@>":\>Z, >@D<Z, 2"BD,V"`V4, L@D<4D@&">4, <@>@B@:46 & @$:"FH4 FD,*FH& <"FF@&@6 4>L@D<"P44 4 B@@VDb`V4, D"2D"$@H8J F@@H&,HFH&J`V,6 B@:4H484. 3*,4, F@*,D0"V4,Fb & *@8:"*, ;,0*J>"D@*>@6 8@<4FF44 B@ 4FF:,*@&">4` BD@$:,< 8@<<J>48"P44 (7@<4FF4b ;"8$D"6*"), 8@H@DZ6 $Z: BD,*FH"&:,> >" ',>,D":\>@6 8@>L,D,>P44 _=+E7? & 1980 (@*J, *"`H >,@$N@*4<Z, @D4,>H4DZ & @H>@T,>44 B@:4H484, >,@$N@*4<@6 *:b @$,FB,R,>4b ("D">H4D@&">>@(@ @FJV,FH&:,>4b ^H4N BD"&. II. ;+/)I=!C?)=Y5 AC!%?%?5 C+/3;, 7!E!_U35Ea )+aG+9[=?EG3 G=7 60. ;,0*J>"D@*>Z6 BD"&@&@6 D,04<, 8"F"`V46Fb *,bH,:\>@FH4 G=7, BD,*FH"&:b,H F@$@6 F@R,H">4, BD"&4:, >@D< 4 DJ8@&@*bV4N BD4>P4B@&, >@FbV4N &2"4<@2"&4F4<Z6 N"D"8H,D 4 *,6FH&J`V4N & D"<8"N >@D<"H4&>@6 <,0*J>"D@*>@6 F4FH,<Z. A@F8@:\8J *,bH,:\>@FH\ G=7 @8"2Z&",H &:4b>4, >" F"<Z, D"2:4R>Z, "FB,8HZ 042>4, &8:`R"b HDJ*@&Z, @H>@T,>4b, F4FH,<J 2*D"&@@ND">,>4b, BD@42&@*FH&@ BD@*@&@:\FH&4b, ^8@>@<4R,F8J` FL,DJ, @8DJ0"`VJ` FD,*J, H@D(@&:` 4 B,D,*"RJ H,N>@:@(44, <,0*J>"D@*>@, F@@$V,FH&@ & 70-N (@*"N BD4FHJB4:@ 8 B@4F8"< &F,@$X,<:`V4N, <>@(@FH@D@>>4N 4 J>4&,DF":\>ZN <,N">42<@&, FB@F@$>ZN D,(J:4D@&"H\ 4N LJ>8P4@>4D@&">4,. 61. A,D&Z, *&, B@BZH84 JFH">@&:,>4b <>@(@FH@D@>>4N 4 &F,@$X,<:`V4N DJ8@&@*bV4N BD4>P4B@& $Z:4 BD,*BD4>bHZ - BD"8H4R,F84 @*>@&D,<,>>@ - ?D(">42"P4,6 ?$X,*4>,>>ZN ="P46 4 ?D(">42"P4,6 B@ ^8@>@<4R,F8@<J F@HDJ*>4R,FH&J 4 D"2&4H4` (?]EC). ?$FJ0*,>4, D"2D"$@H">>ZN ?]EC DJ8@&@*bV4N BD4>P4B@& b&4:@F\ D,"8P4,6 8DJB>,6T4N BD@<ZT:,>>@ D"2&4HZN FHD"> >" ^8@>@<4R,F84, 4 B@:4H4R,F84, 42<,>,>4b, 4<,&T4, <,FH@ & >"R":, 70-N (@*@&. ?*>@&D,<,>>@ F ^H4< & 1974 (@*J ]8@>@<4R,F846 4 E@P4":\>Z6 E@&,H ?D(">42"P44 ?$X,*4>,>>ZN ="P46 F@2*": 7@<4FF4` B@ HD">F>"P4@>":\>Z< 8@DB@D"P4b<, >" 8@H@DJ` $Z:" &@2:@0,>" 2"*"R" L@D<J:4D@&">4b 8@*,8F" B@&,*,>4b, @$b2"H,:\>@(@ *:b G=7. 62. 7@*,8F, B,D,(@&@DZ B@ 8@H@D@<J &,:4F\ *@ 1992 (@*", H"8 4 >, $Z: BD4>bH. ]H@ BD@42@T:@ B@ BD4R4>, 8DJB>ZN D"2>@(:"F46 <,0*J BD@<ZT:,>>@ D"2&4HZ<4 4 D"2&4&"`V4<4Fb FHD">"<4, >"BD4<,D & F&b24 F@ FFZ:8@6 >" <,0*J>"D@*>@, BD"&@ 4 & F&b24 F &8:`R,>4,< FH">*"DH@&, 8"F"`V4NFb D,04<" & @H>@T,>44 G=7. G,< >, <,>,,, 8"8 @H<,R":@F\ 7@<4FF4,6 B@ HD">F>"P4@>":\>Z< 8@DB@D"P4b<, "D"2D"$@H8" FH">*"DH@& B@&,*,>4b HD">F>"P4@>":\>ZN 8@DB@D"P46 & BD4>4<"`V4N FHD">"N >, $Z:" F@BDb0,>" F@ 2>"R4H,:\>Z<4 HDJ*>@FHb<4, 4 8 1981 (@*J $Z:4 D"2D"$@H">Z BD@,8HZ $@:\T4>FH&" B@:@0,>46, 8"F"`V4NFb *,bH,:\>@FH4 HD">F>"P4@>":\>ZN 8@DB@D"P46. ]H4 B@:@0,>4b E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/12 page 23 BD,F:,*@&":4 @$VJ` P,:\ <"8F4<":\>@(@ J&,:4R,>4b &8:"*" HD">F>"P4@>":\>ZN 8@DB@D"P46 & BD@P,FF F@P4":\>@-^8@>@<4R,F8@(@ D"2&4H4b FHD"> 4N *,bH,:\>@FH4 4 F&,*,>4b 8 <4>4<J<J 4N B@H,>P4":\>@(@ @HD4P"H,:\>@(@ &@2*,6FH&4b" 22/. 63. C"2D"$@H">>Z, ?]EC DJ8@&@*bV4, BD4>P4BZ *,bH,:\>@FH4 <>@(@>"P4@>":\>ZN BD,*BD4bH46, BD4>bHZ, & 1976 (@*J, BD,*FH"&:b`H F@$@6 @F>@&>@6 *@8J<,>H, BD4<,>4<Z6 8 BD@<ZT:,>>@ D"2&4HZ< FHD">"<. I2846 B@ F&@,<J (,@(D"L4R,F8@<J @N&"HJ, @> >, b&:b,HFb J>4&,DF":\>@ BD4<,>4<Z<. +(@ P,:\ 2"8:`R",HFb & H@<, RH@$Z B@@VD4H\ 8@DB@D"P44 8 &>,F,>4` B@24H4&>@(@ &8:"*" & ^8@>@<48J FHD">-JR"FH>4P. '@FJ*"DFH&"<R:,>"< H"80, D,8@<,>*J,HFb F@HDJ*>4R"H\ F@ FHD">"<4, >, &N@*bV4<4 & R4F:@ JR"FH>48@&, & R"FH>@FH4 F D"2&4&"`V4<4Fb FHD">"<4, BJH,< F@*,6FH&4b @FJV,FH&:,>4` G=7 B@24H4&>@(@ &8:"*" & B@&ZT,>4, $:"(@F@FH@b>4b 4 JF:@&46 042>4 &F,(@ >"F,:,>4b. % D"2*,:,, B@F&bV,>>@< @$V,6 B@:4H48,, 42:"("`HFb @F>@&>Z, @$b2">>@FH4 G=7, & R"FH>@FH4, 8"F"`V4,Fb >,@$N@*4<@FH4 JR4HZ&"H\ @$V,B@:4H4R,F84, 2"*"R4 BD4>4<"`V,(@ (@FJ*"DFH&", & @F@$,>>@FH4 ,(@ P,:4 4 BD4@D4H,HZ & @$:"FH4 ^8@>@<4R,F8@(@ 4 F@P4":\>@(@ BD@(D,FF", &8:`R"b BD@<ZT:,>>@, 4 D,(4@>":\>@, D"2&4H4,, 2"V4HJ @8DJ0"`V,6 FD,*Z 4 4>H,D,FZ B@HD,$4H,:,6, F@2*">4, D"$@R4N <,FH, B@@VD,>4, 4>>@&"P4@>>@6 *,bH,:\>@FH4 4 B,D,*"RJ H,N>@:@(44. 64. % 1977 (@*J F@&,V">4, ;,0*J>"D@*>@6 @D(">42"P44 HDJ*" BD4>b:@ GD,NFH@D@>>`` *,8:"D"P4` BD4>P4B@&, 8"F"`V4NFb <>@(@>"P4@>":\>ZN BD,*BD4bH46 4 F@P4":\>@6 B@:4H484, - J>4&,DF":\>Z6 F H@R84 2D,>4b F&@,(@ BD4<,>,>4b, >@ >, 4<,`V46 @$b2"H,:\>@(@ N"D"8H,D" 8@*,8F B@ &@BD@F"< 2">bH@FH4 4 B@*(@H@&84 8"*D@&, JF:@&46 HDJ*" 4 HDJ*@&ZN @H>@T,>46. % ^H@6 ),8:"D"P44 JFH">"&:4&"`HFb BD"&" 4 @$b2">>@FH4 BD"&4H,:\FH&, D"$@H@*"H,:,6 4 BD@LF@`2@& 4 2"8:"*Z&"`HFb @F>@&Z B"DH>,DF84N @H>@T,>46 F 8"0*@6 42 FH@D@>, >,FJV,6 BD@B@DP4@>":\>Z, @$b2">>@FH4 B@ "8H4&42"P44 ^8@>@<4R,F8@(@ 4 F@P4":\>@(@ D"2&4H4b. 65. %ZD"$@H8" & 70-, 4 80-, (@*Z &ZT,JB@<b>JHZN *@8J<,>H@&, & @F@$,>>@FH4 7@*,8F" B@&,*,>4b ?D(">42"P44 ?$X,*4>,>>ZN ="P46, BD4&,:" 8 L@D<4D@&">4` Db*" <,0*J>"D@*>ZN FH">*"DH@& *,bH,:\>@FH4 G=7. A@ <>,>4` 7@<4FF44 B@ HD">F>"P4@>":\>Z< 8@DB@D"P4b<, "JF4:4b D"2&4&"`V4NFb FHD"> B@ L@D<4D@&">4` $@:,, FBD"&,*:4&@(@ <,0*J>"D@*>@(@ ^8@>@<4R,F8@(@ B@Db*8" BD4&,:4 8 D"2D"$@H8, Db*" >@&ZN 8@>P,BP46 4 BD4>P4B@&, & R"FH>@FH4 BD4>P4B" B@FH@b>>@(@ FJ&,D,>4H,H" >"* BD4D@*>Z<4 D,FJDF"<4 4 B@>bH4b D"2&4H4b 8"8 2"8@>>@(@ FHD,<:,>4b >"P46 4 >"D@*@&, RH@ 4<,:@ &"0>Z, BD"8H4R,F84, B@F:,*FH&4b *:b 4>&,FH4P4@>>ZN @H>@T,>46" 23/. 66. 7"8 F:,*FH&4,, $Z: @BD,*,:,> Db* @$V4N 8@>P,BP46, BD4<,>4<ZN B@ @H>@T,>4` 8 G=7 4 &ZH,8"`V4N 42 @F>@&@B@:"("`V,(@ BD4>P4B" (@FJ*"DFH&,>>@(@ FJ&,D,>4H,H" 4 (@FJ*"DFH&,>>@6 `D4F*48P44. 7 ^H4< 8@>P,BP4b< @H>@F4HFb F@$:`*,>4, <,FH>ZN 2"8@>@& 4 BD"&4:; >,@HX,<:,<Z6 FJ&,D,>4H,H (@FJ*"DFH& >"* F&@4<4 BD4D@*>Z<4 $@("HFH&"<4 4 D,FJDF"<4; BD"&@ 8"0*@(@ (@FJ*"DFH&" JFH">"&:4&"H\ JF:@&4b, BD4 8@H@DZN G=7 <@(JH LJ>8P4@>4D@&"H\ & D"<8"N ,(@ >"P4@>":\>@6 `D4F*48P44; BD4&,D0,>>@FH\ G=7 E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/12 page 24 ^8@>@<4R,F84< 4 F@P4":\>Z< P,:b< 4 2"*"R"< BD4>4<"`V,6 FHD">Z; @H8"2 @H >,2"8@>>@6 BD"8H484 & <,0*J>"D@*>ZN H@D(@&ZN F*,:8"N; 4 >,&<,T"H,:\FH&@ &@ &>JHD,>>4, B@:4H4R,F84, *,:" BD4>4<"`V,6 FHD">Z. 67. E@&F,< >,*"&>@ %F,<4D>Z6 $">8 4 %G? B@BZH":4F\ F@2*"H\ <,N">42< D,(J:4D@&">4b 4>&,FH4P4@>>ZN 4 *DJ(4N &@BD@F@&, F&b2">>ZN F G=7. 7 R4F:J >@D<"H4&>ZN B@:@0,>46 4 FHDJ8HJD & D"<8"N %F,<4D>@(@ $">8" @H>@FbHFb: CJ8@&@*bV4, BD4>P4BZ 1992 (@*", 8"F"`V4,Fb D,04<" BDb<ZN 4>@FHD">>ZN 4>&,FH4P46 24/, ;,0*J>"D@*>Z6 P,>HD B@ JD,(J:4D@&">4` 4>&,FH4P4@>>ZN FB@D@& (37E3)) 4 ;>@(@FH@D@>>,, "(,>HFH&@ B@ ("D">H4D@&">4` 8"B4H":@&:@0,>46 (;!'7). AD"&4:" %G?, 8"F"`V4,Fb *,bH,:\>@FH4 HD">F>"P4@>":\>ZN 8@DB@D"P46, F@FD,*@H@R,>Z & HD,N F@(:"T,>4bN: E@(:"T,>44 B@ F&b2">>Z< F H@D(@&:,6 <,D"< & @$:"FH4 8"B4H":@&:@0,>46 (G;7); E@(:"T,>44 B@ H@D(@&Z< "FB,8H"< BD"& 4>H,::,8HJ":\>@6 F@$FH&,>>@FH4 (G!A3E); 4 ',>,D":\>@, F@(:"T,>4, B@ H@D(@&:, JF:J("<4 ('!GE). 68. % B@*(@H@&:,>>@< _=7G!) *@8:"*, @ <4D@&ZN 4>&,FH4P4bN 2" 1994 (@* H"80, JB@<4>",HFb H@H L"8H, RH@ & H,R,>4, B@F:,*>4N >,F8@:\84N :,H "?]EC 42JR":" P,:,F@@$D"2>@FH\ D"2D"$@H84 >@&@(@ <>@(@FH@D@>>,(@ 4>&,FH4P4@>>@(@ F@(:"T,>4b. ]H4 JF4:4b $Z:4 @$JF:@&:,>Z H@6 H@R8@6 2D,>4b, RH@, N@Hb FJV,FH&J`V4, *@(@&@D,>>@FH4 FZ(D":4 F&@` B@:@04H,:\>J` D@:\ & F@2*">44 :4$,D":\>ZN 4>&,FH4P4@>>ZN D,04<@&, >@&Z6 <,0*J>"D@*>Z6 4>&,FH4P4@>>Z6 8:4<"H HD,$J,H ,*4>@(@ &F,@$X,<:`V,(@ F&@*" BD"&4:, 8"F"`V4NFb A33". ':"&>"b 2"*"R" H"8@6 *@(@&@D,>>@FH4 $J*,H 2"8:`R"H\Fb & *@FH40,>44 "&@2<@0>@ $@:,, &ZF@84N FH">*"DH@& :4$,D":42"P44 4 2"V4HZ 4>&,FH4P46" 25/. 69. ?H<,R":@F\, RH@ B@ D"2:4R>Z< BD4R4>"< &F, ^H4 <,DZ & P,:@< $:"(@BD4bHFH&J`H G=7 4 $J*JH BD4&@*4H\ 8 *":\>,6T,<J >"DJT,>4` D"&>@&,F4b <,0*J G=7 4 BD"&4H,:\FH&"<4 BD4>4<"`V4N FHD">, " H"80, @(D">4R"H H@H >"$@D 2"8@>>ZN >"P4@>":\>ZN ^8@>@<4R,F84N FD,*FH&, 8@H@DZ<4 D"FB@:"("`H FHD">Z *:b @FJV,FH&:,>4b 8@>HD@:b 2" @B,D"P4b<4, F&b2">>Z<4 F 4>@FHD">>Z<4 4>&,FH4P4b<4. % ^H@6 F&b24 F:,*J`V4, @$,FB@8@,>>@FH4 $Z:4 &ZF8"2">Z & 4>L@D<"P4@>>ZN F@@$V,>4bN, B@:JR,>>ZN @H _0>@(@ P,>HD", !LD48">F8@6 "FF@P4"P44 @$D"2@&">4b & P,:bN D"2&4H4b 4 !<,D48">F8@6 "FF@P4"P44 `D4FH@& (The Uruguay Round, 1995; South Letter; Third World Network, Third World Economics; Declaration of NGOs, UNCTAD-IX, 1996; Réseau des ONG européen sur les questions agro-alimentaires et le développement (RONGEAD), GATT Briefing: Sur la propriété intellectuelle et le commerce international; Consumer Unity and Trust Society, The Freezing Effect; Rural Advancement Foundation International and Genetic Resources Action International): ") >4 & CJ8@&@*bV4N BD4>P4B"N %F,<4D>@(@ $">8", >4 & F@(:"T,>4bN %G? >, F@*,D04HFb B@:@0,>46, 8"F"`V4NFb *,bH,:\>@FH4 4>@FHD">>ZN 4>&,FH@D@& B@ @H>@T,>4` 8 BD4>4<"`V4< (@FJ*"DFH&"<; @>4 8"F"`HFb :4T\ B@&,*,>4b BD4>4<"`V4N (@FJ*"DFH& B@ @H>@T,>4` 8 4>@FHD">>Z< 4>&,FH4P4b<. %F, ^H4 *@8J<,>HZ FB@F@$FH&J`H 4 *"`H :,(":\>Z, BD"&" <,0*J>"D@*>@6 ^8@>@<4R,F8@6 ^8FB">F44, &8:`R"b 4>@FHD">>Z, E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/12 page 25 4>&,FH4P44, BD4 @HFJHFH&44 8"84N-:4$@ BD"&4:, 8@H@DZ, <@(:4 $Z BD,*@H&D"H4H\ @HD4P"H,:\>@, &:4b>4, H"8@6 *,bH,:\>@FH4. ?>4 b&:b`HFb R"FH\` (:@$":\>ZN H,>*,>P46, >"BD"&:,>>ZN >" BD4&:,R,>4, 4>@FHD">>ZN 4>&,FH4P46 BJH,< @H8DZH4b DZ>8@&, BD4&"H42"P44 (@FJ*"DFH&,>>ZN BD,*BD4bH46 4 JF:J( 4 @F:"$:,>4b <,N">42<@& 4 (@FJ*"DFH&,>>@(@ 8@>HD@:b >"* *,bH,:\>@FH\` H"84N BD,*BD4bH46 (South Letter, 1993/94; GATT Briefing: Sur la propriété intellectuelle et le Commerce international, 1990; The Freezing Effect, 1996; Declaration of NGOs, UNCTAD-IX, 1996; Third World Economics, September 1994, January 1996); b) & F:JR", %G? >4R,(@ >, (@&@D4HFb @ ,, B@:>@<@R4bN B@ @H>@T,>4` 8 G=7. 7D@<, H@(@, @HFJHFH&4, @L4P4":\>@(@ @BD,*,:,>4b G=7 2"HDJ*>b,H &Zb&:,>4, F@@H&,HFH&J`V,6 8@<B">44, B@F8@:\8J, FHD@(@ (@&@Db, F BD"&@&@6 H@R84 2D,>4b @>" >, FJV,FH&J,H. %<,FH, F H,< 8 FHD">"<, 8@H@DZ, >, &ZB@:>b`H F@(:"T,>4b, <@(JH BD4<,>bH\Fb F">8P44. AD4<,>,>4, F@(:"T,>46 $J*,H @FJV,FH&:bH\Fb >, F B@<@V\` >,2"&4F4<@(@ FJ*,$>@(@ @D(">", " B@FD,*FH&@< H@D(@&ZN F">8P46, RH@ B@&ZF4H Jb2&4<@FH\ $@:,, F:"$ZN FHD">. 7D@<, H@(@, &8:`R,>4, & `D4F*48P4@>>Z, B@:>@<@R4b %G? BD"& 4>H,::,8HJ":\>@6 F@$FH&,>>@FH4, H"84N, 8"8 B"H,>HZ 4 <48D@@D(">42<Z *:b P,:,6 B"H,>H>@6 2"V4HZ, 4>&,FH4P44, JF:J(4 4 8@<B:,8F>"b F4FH,<" JD,(J:4D@&">4b FB@D@&, B@2&@:4H ,6 BD4>4<"H\ 8@<B:,8F>Z, @H&,H>Z, <,DZ, RH@ D"FT4D4H B@:>@<@R4b ^H@6 @D(">42"P44. A,D,*"R" B@* 8@>HD@:\ %G? &@BD@F@&, >"BDb<J` >, F&b2">>ZN F H@D(@&:,6, >@ @H>@FbV4NFb 8 8"H,(@D44 BD@$:,<, 4<,`V4N 8 >,6 @H>@T,>4,, <@0,H B@FH"&4H\ B@* J(D@2J FJ&,D,>>J` BD,D@("H4&J (@FJ*"DFH& 8@>HD@:4D@&"H\ F&@4 D,FJDFZ 4 D,T"H\ &@BD@FZ, >"N@*bV4,Fb B@* 4N `D4F*48P4,6 (South Letter, 1992/93 and 1993/94; Third World Economics, September 1994 and January 1996; World Wildlife Fund, The UN Biodiversity Convention and the WTO TRIPs Agreement by James Cameron and Zen Makuch); F) >"*,:,>4, %G? <,0*J>"D@*>Z<4 `D4F*48P4@>>Z<4 B@:>@<@R4b<4 & @H>@T,>44 G!A3E BD4&,*,H 8 @(D">4R,>4`, " >, 8 :4$,D":42"P44 BD"& 4>H,::,8HJ":\>@6 F@$FH&,>>@FH4. ]H@H BD@P,FF <@0,H FBD@&@P4D@&"H\ B@b&:,>4, <,0*J>"D@*>ZN <@>@B@:46, *"`V4N &Z(@*Z G=7 2" FR,H (@FJ*"DFH&,>>ZN 4>H,D,F@&. 1"V4H" BD"& 4>H,::,8HJ":\>@6 F@$FH&,>>@FH4 <@0,H BD4&,FH4 8 *":\>,6T,<J @(D">4R,>4` D"FBD@FHD">,>4b 4>L@D<"P44 @ >@&ZN 42@$D,H,>4bN *"0, & @$:"FH4 ^8@:@(4R,F84 $,2@B"F>ZN H,N>@:@(46 4 2*D"&@@ND">,>4b. O,:Z6 Db* @D(">42"P46 (&8:`R"b (DJBBZ, 2">4<"`V4,Fb &@BD@F"<4 D"2&4H4b, @8DJ0"`V,6 FD,*Z, >"JR>Z, 4 D,:4(4@2>Z, (DJBBZ) H"80, &ZF8"2Z&"`H &F, $@:\TJ` @$,FB@8@,>>@FH\ B@ B@&@*J H@(@, RH@ @FJV,FH&:,>4, E@(:"T,>4b B@ G!A3E <@0,H BD4&,FH4 8 &&,*,>4` F4FH,<Z @$b2"H,:\>@(@ B"H,>H@&">4b (4:4 4>ZN L@D< 2"V4HZ 4>H,::,8HJ":\>@6 F@$FH&,>>@FH4) D"2:4R>ZN &4*@& <48D@@D(">42<@& & (@FJ*"DFH&"N - R:,>"N %G?. (The Uruguay Round, 1995; South Letter, 1993/94 and 1995; Third World Economics, September 1994, July 1995; GATT Briefing: Sur la propriété intellectuelle et le commerce international, 1990; Rural Advancement Foundation International; Genetic Resources Action Inbternational; World Wildlife Found, The UN Biodiversity Convention and the WTO TRIPs Agreement by James Cameron and Zen Makuch). 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C"$@R"b (DJBB" B@ BD"&J >" D"2&4H4, >" E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/12 page 27 F&@,6 HD,H\,6 F,FF44 B@*R,D84&":", RH@ ),8:"D"P4b "*@:0>" $J*,H @8"2Z&"H\ D,T"`V,, &@2*,6FH&4, >, H@:\8@ >" &>JHD,>>``, >@ 4 >" &>,T>`` B@:4H48J (@FJ*"DFH& 8"8 & 8@>H,8FH, 4N *&JFH@D@>>4N @H>@T,>46, H"8 4 & D"<8"N 4N JF4:46 B@ >":"04&">4` D,(4@>":\>@(@ 4 <>@(@FH@D@>>,(@ F@HDJ*>4R,FH&"" (E/CN.4/1995/27, BJ>8H 71). 7D@<, H@(@, *DJ(4, >@D<Z & @$:"FH4 BD"& R,:@&,8", @ 8@H@DZN (@&@D4:@F\ &ZT, & >"FH@bV,< *@8:"*,, FH">*"DHZ, F@*,D0"V4,Fb & BD@,8H, 8@*,8F" B@&,*,>4b G=7, 4 D,2J:\H"HZ D"$@HZ, BD@*,:">>@6 7@<4FF4,6 B@ HD">F>"P4@>":\>Z< 8@DB@D"P4b< & *">>@< &@BD@F,, *@:0>Z $ZH\ H"80, &8:`R,>Z & FL,DJ B,D,(@&@D@&. 7D@<, H@(@, FJV,FH&J,H >,@$N@*4<@FH\ F@2*">4b <>@(@FH@D@>>,(@ JRD,0*,>4b *:b 8@>HD@:b 2" @FJV,FH&:,>4,<. 75. C@:\ BD"&" 2"8:`R",HFb F,(@*>b >, H@:\8@ & H@<, RH@$Z >"8"2Z&"H\, >@ 4 & H@<, RH@$Z BD,*@H&D"V"H\. 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M@Hb ?%?1, 8"8 BD"&4:@, F&b2">" F @FJV,FH&:,>4,< 8@>8D,H>ZN BD@,8H@&, ^H" BD@P,*JD" <@0,H BD4<,>bH\Fb 4 B@ @H>@T,>4` 8 B@:4H48,, B:">"< 4 BD@(D"<<"< *:b @$,FB,R,>4b H@(@, RH@$Z ^8@:@(4R,F84, F@@$D"0,>4b JR4HZ&":4F\ BD4 B:">4D@&">44, BD4>bH44 D,T,>46 4 D,":42"P44 *,bH,:\>@FH4 & @$:"FH4 D"2&4H4b; b) BD"&4H,:\FH&"< F:,*J,H D"2D"$@H"H\ 4/4:4 D"2&4H\ DJ8@&@*bV4, BD4>P4BZ, 8"F"`V4,Fb ^8@:@(4R,F84N >@D<, 8@H@DZ< *@:0>Z @H&,R"H\ 42*,:4b, BD@42&@*4<Z, G=7, *:b @$,FB,R,>4b H@(@, RH@$Z @>4 >, 2">4<":4F\ B,D,D"$@H8@6 4 BD@42&@*FH&@< >, @H&,R"`V4N >@D<"< 42*,:46, 8@H@DZ, &:4b:4 $Z >" F@ND">>@FH\ @8DJ0"`V,6 FD,*Z *:b >"FH@bV,(@ 4 $J*JV,(@ B@8@:,>46. 76. 7"8 J8"2Z&":@F\ & BD,*Z*JV,6 (:"&,, B@*N@*, @F>@&">>Z6 >" D"2*,:,>44 ^8@>@<4R,F84N 4 F@P4":\>ZN "FB,8H@& D"2&4H4b, b&:b,HFb @*>4< 42 BD,BbHFH&46 >" BJH4 D,":42"P44 BD"&" >" D"2&4H4,, " H"80, *DJ(4N BD"& R,:@&,8". %FB@<@("H,:\>Z6 4 <>@(@FH@D@>>46 N"D"8H,D BD"&" >" D"2&4H4, >, <@0,H @$,FB,R4&"H\Fb & H@< F:JR",, ,F:4 N@Hb $Z @*4> "FB,8H, 8"8 ^H@ BD@4FN@*4H & D"<8"N B,D,(@&@D@& B@ F&b2">>Z< F G=7 *@8J<,>H"< >" ^8@>@<4R,F84N L@DJ<"N, D"FF<"HD4&",HFb & JV,D$ &F,< *DJ(4<. 77. ':@$":42"P4b ^8@>@<4R,F8@6 *,bH,:\>@FH4 G=7 BD4&,:" 8 @F@2>">4` D"FHJV,6 @H&,HFH&,>>@FH4 G=7 B,D,* @$V,FH&@<. _=7G!) @H<,R":", RH@ "T4D@8@ D"FBD@FHD">,>>"b :4$,D":42"P4b B@:4H484 & @H>@T,>44 BDb<ZN 4>@FHD">>ZN 4>&,FH4P46 (A33) BD,*@FH"&4:" [G=7] $@:,, T4D@84, &@2<@0>@FH4 & B:">, BD4>bH4b 4>&,FH4P4@>>ZN D,T,>46 4 LJ>8P4@>4D@&">4b... #@:\T, F&@$@*Z H"80, @2>"R",H 4 $@:\T, @H&,HFH&,>>@FH4, &8:`R"b F@P4":\>J` @H&,HFH&,>>@FH\" 28/. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/12 page 28 78. ?$b2">>@FH4 G=7 & 8@>H,8FH, BD"& R,:@&,8" H"80, @$FJ0*":4F\ 4 & D"<8"N ?D(">42"P44 ?$X,*4>,>>ZN ="P46. 7"8 ',>,D":\>"b !FF"<$:,b (D,2@:`P4b 42/115), H"8 4 7@<4FF4b B@ BD"&"< R,:@&,8" (D,2@:`P44 1987/18 4 1988/19) >"FH@bH,:\>@ BD42Z&":4 G=7 @$,FB,R4H\, RH@$Z 4N *,bH,:\>@FH\ >, @8"2Z&":" @HD4P"H,:\>@(@ &:4b>4b >" BD@P,FF @FJV,FH&:,>4b BD"& R,:@&,8" & D"2&4&"`V4NFb FHD">"N. ',>,D":\>Z6 F,8D,H"D\, & R"FH>@FH4, 2"b&4:, RH@ @$b2">>@FH\ G=7 2"8:`R",HFb & F@*,6FH&44 @FJV,FH&:,>4` BD"&" >" D"2&4H4, 29/, " C"$@R"b (DJBB" B@ BD"&J >" D"2&4H4, >" F&@,6 &H@D@6 F,FF44 &ZD"24:" @$,FB@8@,>>@FH\ B@ B@&@*J H@(@, RH@ F4FH,<" F@&<,FH>@6 @H&,HFH&,>>@FH4 2" @FJV,FH&:,>4, BD"&" >" D"2&4H4, ,V, >, $Z:" D"FBD@FHD">,>" >" &F,N JR"FH>48@& & R"FH>@< F,8H@D,, & 8@H@D@< F@2*"`HFb @F>@&>Z, $@("HFH&" 4 8@H@DZ,, F@@H&,HFH&,>>@, b&:b`HFb 4FH@R>48@< D@FH". ?>" B@*R,D84&":" &"0>@FH\ F@2*">4b D,04<" D,(J:4D@&">4b >" >"P4@>":\>@< 4 <,0*J>"D@*>@< JD@&>bN *:b $@D\$Z F ^8@>@<4R,F8@6 8@>P,>HD"P4,6 4 @(D">4R4H,:\>@6 H@D(@&@6 BD"8H48@6 & P,:bN @FJV,FH&:,>4b B@:4H484 *:b D"2&4H4b :`*F84N D,FJDF@& 4 *@FH40,>4b D"&,>FH&" & D"FBD,*,:,>44 D,FJDF@& 4 *@N@*@& (E/CN.4/1995/11, BJ>8H 51). 79. ?F>@&@B@:"("`V4, BD4>P4BZ BD"& R,:@&,8", H"84,, 8"8 D"&,>FH&@, &8:`R"b FJ&,D,>>@, D"&,>FH&@, >,*4F8D4<4>"P4b 4 F@P4":\>"b FBD"&,*:4&@FH\ F@FH"&:b`H @F>@&J HD,$@&">46, 8"F"`V4NFb D,(J:4D@&">4b 4 >"*2@D" 2" *,bH,:\>@FH\` G=7. =" F&@,6 T,FH@6 FB,P4":\>@6 F,FF44 ',>,D":\>"b !FF"<$:,b 2"b&4:", RH@ ^H@ $J*,H @$,FB,R,>@ "BJH,< BD4>bH4b <,D & 4>H,D,F"N >"P4@>":\>@6 ^8@>@<484 FHD">, (*, *,6FH&J`H H"84, HD">F>"P4@>":\>Z, 8@DB@D"P44, >" @F>@&, B@:>@(@ FJ&,D,>4H,H" ^H4N FHD">". 7D@<, H@(@, BD,*JF<"HD4&":@F\, RH@ <,0*J>"D@*>Z6 8@*,8F B@&,*,>4b $J*,H FL@D<J:4D@&">, BD4>bH 4 @FJV,FH&:,> & P,:bN: a) BD,*@H&D"V,>4b &<,T"H,:\FH&" &@ &>JHD,>>4, *,:" FHD">, (*, *,6FH&J`H G=7; b) D,(J:4D@&">4b 4N *,bH,:\>@FH4 & BD4>4<"`V4N FHD">"N, :48&4*"P44 @(D">4R4H,:\>@6 *,:@&@6 BD"8H484 4 &ZB@:>,>4b B:">@& 4 2"*"R FHD"> & @$:"FH4 >"P4@>":\>@(@ D"2&4H4b, 4 & ^H@< 8@>H,8FH, F@*,6FH&4b, BD4 >,@$N@*4<@FH4, B,D,F<@HDJ D">,, 2"8:`R,>>ZN *@(@&@D,>>@FH,6; c) @8"2">4b B@<@V4, B,D,*"R4 H,N>@:@(44 4 JBD"&:,>R,F84N >"&Z8@& D"2&4&"`V4<Fb FHD">"< >" D"&>@BD"&>ZN 4 $:"(@BD4bH>ZN JF:@&4bN; d) D,(J:4D@&">4b D,B"HD4"P44 *@N@*@&, B@:JR",<ZN @H 4N *,bH,:\>@FH4, F JR,H@< 2"8@>>ZN 4>H,D,F@& F@@H&,HFH&J`V4N FH@D@>; e) F@*,6FH&4b D,4>&,FH4P44 *@N@*@& G=7 & D"2&4&"`V4NFb FHD">"N. 80. % D"2D"$@H">>@< ?D(">42"P4,6 ?$X,*4>,>>ZN ="P46 BD@,8H, 8@*,8F" B@&,*,>4b BD,*JF<"HD4&",HFb, RH@ "HD">F>"P4@>":\>Z, 8@DB@D"P44 J&"0"`H BD"&" R,:@&,8" 4 @F>@&>Z, F&@$@*Z & FHD">"N, & 8@H@DZN @>4 *,6FH&J`H. % F@P4":\>ZN 4 HDJ*@&ZN @H>@T,>4bN HD">F>"P4@>":\>Z, 8@DB@D"P44 >, BD"8H48J`H *4F8D4<4>"P44 B@ BD42>"8J D"FZ, P&,H" 8@04, B@:", D,:4(44, b2Z8", F@P4":\>@(@, >"P4@>":\>@(@ 4 ^H>4R,F8@(@ BD@4FN@0*,>4b 4:4 B@:4H4R,F84N 4:4 4>ZN &2(:b*@&. 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AD4>P4BZ, >" 8@H@DZN *@:0>@ @F>@&Z&"H\Fb <,0*J>"D@*>@, F@HDJ*>4R,FH&@, $Z:4 JFH">@&:,>Z & P,:@< Db*, <,0*J>"D@*>ZN *@(@&@D@&. % ^H@6 F&b24, N@Hb &>4<">4, A@*8@<4FF44 BD,0*, &F,(@ @$D"V",HFb >" BD4>P4BZ, B,D,R4F:,>>Z, & *@8:"*, ',>,D":\>@(@ F,8D,H"Db B@ &@BD@FJ @ BD,*&"D4H,:\>@< F&@*, @F>@&>ZN BD4>P4B@& B@:4H484 & @$:"FH4 BD@(D"<< FHDJ8HJD>@6 B,D,FHD@684 4 ^8@>@<4R,F84N, F@P4":\>ZN 4 8J:\HJD>ZN BD"& (E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/10, BJ>8HZ 159-173, 175-184), &"0>@ &FB@<>4H\ 7@B,>("(,>F8J` BD@(D"<<J *,6FH&46, & 8@H@D@6 J8"2Z&",HFb, RH@ <,0*J>"D@*>"b B@**,D08" >"P4@>":\>ZN JF4:46 "*@:0>" F@@H&,HFH&@&"H\ IFH"&J ?D(">42"P44 ?$X,*4>,>>ZN ="P46, BD4>P4B"< <,0*J>"D@*>@(@ BD"&" 4 ),8:"D"P44 @ BD4>P4B"N <,0*J>"D@*>@(@ BD"&", 8"F"`V4NFb *DJ0,FH&,>>ZN @H>@T,>46 4 F@HDJ*>4R,FH&" <,0*J (@FJ*"DFH&"<4 & F@@H&,HFH&44 F IFH"&@< ?D(">42"P44 ?$X,*4>,>>ZN ="P46" (BJ>8H 17). 92. 7@>8D,H>Z, B@:@0,>4b, 8"F"`V4,Fb @$b2">>@FH4 @FJV,FH&:bH\ <,0*J>"D@*>@, F@HDJ*>4R,FH&@ *:b *,<@8D"H42"P44 *@FHJB" 8 >"JR>Z< 2>">4b< 4 H,N>@:@(44, <@0>@ >"6H4 & P,:@< Db*, <,0*J>"D@*>ZN *@(@&@D@&. 93. % ),8:"D"P4 BD4>P4B@& <,0*J>"D@*>@(@ 8J:\HJD>@(@ F@HDJ*>4R,FH&", & R"FH>@FH4, BD@&@2(:"T",HFb, RH@ "8J:\HJD>@, F@HDJ*>4R,FH&@ b&:b,HFb BD"&@< 4 *@:(@< &F,N >"D@*@& 4 FHD">, B@^H@<J @>4 *@:0>Z *,:4H\Fb *DJ( F *DJ(@< 2>">4b<4 4 @BZH@<" (FH"H\b V) 4 RH@ "BD4 @FJV,FH&:,>44 <,0*J>"D@*>@(@ 8J:\HJD>@(@ F@HDJ*>4R,FH&", 8@H@D@, @8"2Z&",H $:"(@BD4bH>@, &:4b>4, >" &F, 8J:\HJDZ 4 FB@F@$FH&J,H 4N &2"4<>@<J @$@("V,>4`, F:,*J,H J&"0"H\ F"<@$ZH>@FH\ 8"0*@6 42 >4N" (FH"H\b VI). % ^H@6 ),8:"D"P44 H"80, J8"2Z&",HFb, RH@ P,:\` H"8@(@ F@HDJ*>4R,FH&", 8@H@D@, @&N"HZ&",H &F, &4*Z J<FH&,>>@6 4 H&@DR,F8@6 *,bH,:\>@FH4 & @$:"FH4 @$D"2@&">4b, >"J84 4 8J:\HJDZ, b&:b,HFb, & R"FH>@FH4 @$,FB,R,>4, 8"0*@<J R,:@&,8J *@FHJB" 8 2>">4b<, &@2<@0>@FH4 JR"FH&@&"H\ & BD@(D,FF, >"J84 &@ &F,N R"FHbN 1,<>@(@ T"D", B@:\2@&"H\Fb ,(@ $:"("<4 4 F@*,6FH&@&"H\ J:JRT,>4` JF:@&46 <"H,D4":\>@6 4 *JN@&>@6 042>4 R,:@&,8" &@ &F,N R"FHbN <4D" (FH"H\4 III 4 IV). 94. % F&b24 F @$,FB,R,>4,< F@P4":\>@(@ BD@(D,FF" 4 D"2&4H4b & ),8:"D"P44 F@P4":\>@(@ BD@(D,FF" 4 D"2&4H4b BD,*JF<"HD4&",HFb, RH@ ^H@ B@HD,$J,H, & R"FH>@FH4, F:,*J`V,(@: ") BD,*@FH"&:,>4b D"2&4&"`V4<Fb FHD">"< H,N>4R,F8@6, L4>">F@&@6 4 <"H,D4":\>@6 B@<@V4 4 F@2*">4b $:"(@BD4bH>ZN JF:@&46, F H,< RH@$Z B@<@R\ ^H4< FHD">"< >,B@FD,*FH&,>>@ @FJV,FH&:bH\ ^8FB:J"H"P4` 4N >"P4@>":\>ZN D,FJDF@& 4 BD4D@*>ZN $@("HFH& 4 H,< F"<Z< B@2&@:4H\ >"D@*"< ^H4N FHD"> & B@:>@6 <,D, &@FB@:\2@&"H\Fb F&@4<4 >"P4@>":\>Z<4 D,FJDF"<4 (FH"H\b 23 d)); E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/12 page 33 b) JF4:,>4b <,0*J>"D@*>@(@ F@HDJ*>4R,FH&" & P,:bN @$,FB,R,>4b <,0*J>"D@*>@(@ @$<,>" 4>L@D<"P4,6, 2>">4b<4 4 @BZH@< & @$:"FH4 F@P4":\>@(@ BD@(D,FF" 4 D"2&4H4b (FH"H\b 24 ")); c) &@2<@0>@ $@:,, T4D@8@(@ <,0*J>"D@*>@(@ H,N>4R,F8@(@, >"JR>@(@ 4 8J:\HJD>@(@ F@HDJ*>4R,FH&" 4 &2"4<>@(@ 4FB@:\2@&">4b @BZH" FHD"> F D"2:4R>Z<4 ^8@>@<4R,F84<4 4 F@P4":\>Z<4 F4FH,<"<4 4 F D"2:4R>Z< JD@&>,< D"2&4H4b >" @F>@&, &2"4<>@6 &Z(@*Z 4 FHD@(@(@ F@$:`*,>4b 4 J&"0,>4b >"P4@>":\>@(@ FJ&,D,>4H,H" (FH"H\b 24 b)); d) &F, $@:,, T4D@8@(@ BD4<,>,>4b >"J84 4 H,N>484 *:b F@P4":\>@(@ 4 ^8@>@<4R,F8@(@ D"2&4H4b; <,D@BD4bH46 B@ B,D,*"R, D"2&4&"`V4<Fb FHD">"< H,N>4R,F84N 2>">46, &8:`R"b H,N>@:@(4` BD@42&@*FH&" 4 B"H,>HZ, " H"80, <,D@BD4bH46 B@ @$<,>J ^H4<4 2>">4b<4 (FH"H\b 24 F)); ,) D"2D"$@H84 BD"&@&ZN 4 "*<4>4FHD"H4&>ZN <,D B@ 2"V4H, 4 J:JRT,>4` @8DJ0"`V,6 R,:@&,8" FD,*Z 8"8 >" >"P4@>":\>@<, H"8 4 >" <,0*J>"D@*>@< JD@&>, (FH"H\b 25 ")). 95. % M"DH44 ^8@>@<4R,F84N BD"& 4 @$b2">>@FH,6 (@FJ*"DFH& F@*,D0"HFb F:,*J`V4, 8@>8D,H>Z, B@:@0,>4b, 8"F"`V4,Fb >"JR>@(@ 4 H,N>4R,F8@(@ F@HDJ*>4R,FH&": ") >" &F, (@FJ*"DFH&" &@2:"(",HFb @$b2">>@FH\ F@HDJ*>4R"H\ & ^8@>@<4R,F8@6, F@P4":\>@6, 8J:\HJD>@6, >"JR>@6 4 H,N>4R,F8@6 @$:"FHbN & P,:bN F@*,6FH&4b ^8@>@<4R,F8@<J 4 F@P4":\>@<J BD@(D,FFJ &F,N FHD"> <4D", @F@$,>>@ D"2&4&"`V4NFb FHD"> (FH"H\b 9); b) D"2&4HZ, FHD">Z *@:0>Z F@HDJ*>4R"H\ F D"2&4&"`V4<4Fb FHD">"<4 & F@2*">44, J8D,B:,>44 4 D"2&4H44 4N >"JR>@6 4 H,N>4R,F8@6 4>LD"FHDJ8HJDZ, " H"80, & 4N *,bH,:\>@FH4 & >"JR>@-4FF:,*@&"H,:\F8@6 4 H,N>4R,F8@6 @$:"FHbN, F H,< RH@$Z B@<@R\ D"FT4D4H\ 4 BD,@$D"24H\ ^8@>@<48J D"2&4&"`V4NFb FHD"> (BJ>8H 3 FH"H\4 13); c) &F, (@FJ*"DFH&" *@:0>Z F@HDJ*>4R"H\ & D"2D"$@H8,, & P,:bN *":\>,6T,(@ D"2&4H4b, BD4,<:,<ZN & <,0*J>"D@*>@< B:">, DJ8@&@*bV4N B@:@0,>46 4:4 B@FH">@&:,>46 & @H>@T,>44 B,D,*"R4 H,N>@:@(44 F B@:>Z< JR,H@< 4>H,D,F@& D"2&4&"`V4NFb FHD"> (BJ>8H 4 FH"H\4 13); d) &F, (@FJ*"DFH&" *@:0>Z F@*,6FH&@&"H\ <,0*J>"D@*>@<J >"JR>@<J 4 H,N>4R,F8@<J F@HDJ*>4R,FH&J 4 B,D,*"R, H,N>@:@(44 F >"*:,0"V4< JR,H@< &F,N 2"8@>>ZN 4>H,D,F@&, &8:`R"b, FD,*4 BD@R,(@, BD"&" 4 @$b2">>@FH4 @$:"*"H,:,6, B@FH"&V48@& 4 B@:JR"H,:,6 H,N>@:@(44. % R"FH>@FH4, &F, (@FJ*"DFH&" *@:0>Z @$:,(R"H\ *@FHJB D"2&4&"`V4NFb FHD"> 8 *@FH40,>4b< F@&D,<,>>@6 >"J84 4 H,N>484, B,D,*"RJ H,N>@:@(44 4 F@2*">4, <,FH>@6 H,N>@:@(44 >" $:"(@ D"2&4&"`V4NFb FHD"> & H"8@6 L@D<, 4 & F@@H&,HFH&44 F H"8@6 BD@P,*JD@6, 8@H@DZ, @H&,R"`H 4N ^8@>@<48, 4 B@HD,$>@FHb< (BJ>8H 2 FH"H\4 13). 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(BJ>8H 6); E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/12 page 38 c) "&F, (@FJ*"DFH&" BD4>4<"`H >,@$N@*4<Z, <,DZ & P,:bN @$,FB,R,>4b H@(@, RH@$Z 4FB@:\2@&">4, *@FH40,>46 >"J84 4 H,N>484 FB@F@$FH&@&":@ >"4$@:,, B@:>@<J @FJV,FH&:,>4` BD"& R,:@&,8" 4 @F>@&>ZN F&@$@* $,2 8"8@6 $Z H@ >4 $Z:@ *4F8D4<4>"P44 B@ BD42>"8J D"FZ, B@:", b2Z8" 4:4 D,:4(4@2>ZN J$,0*,>46" (BJ>8H 7); d) "&F, (@FJ*"DFH&" BD4>4<"`H ^LL,8H4&>Z, <,DZ & P,:bN BD,*@H&D"V,>4b 4 >,*@BJV,>4b 4FB@:\2@&">4b >"JR>@-H,N>4R,F84N *@FH40,>46 & JV,D$ BD"&"< R,:@&,8" 4 @F>@&>Z< F&@$@*"< 4 *@FH@4>FH&J R,:@&,R,F8@6 :4R>@FH4" (BJ>8H 8). 107. ),8:"D"P4b F@P4":\>@(@ BD@(D,FF" 4 D"2&4H4b B@FH">@&:b,H, RH@ F@P4":\>Z6 BD@(D,FF 4 D"2&4H4, *@:0>Z $ZH\ >"BD"&:,>Z >" *@FH40,>4, F:,*J`V4N @F>@&>ZN P,:,6, &8:`R"b "&F, $@:,, T4D@8@, BD4<,>,>4, >"J84 4 H,N>484 >" $:"(@ F@P4":\>@(@ D"2&4H4b @$V,FH&"" 4 "2"V4HJ 4 J:JRT,>4, @8DJ0"`V,6 R,:@&,8" FD,*Z" (FH"H\b 13). 108. 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G"80, &Z*&4(",HFb "D(J<,>H @ H@<, RH@ F@(:"T,>4, @ F@2*">44 %F,<4D>@6 H@D(@&@6 E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/12 page 44 @D(">42"P44 <@0,H J&,:4R4H\ FJV,FH&J`V,, >,D"&,>FH&@ & D,2J:\H"H, @$@FHD,>4b 8@>8JD,>P44 4 B@&ZT,>4b 8@>P,>HD"P44. ]H@ & F&@` @R,D,*\ BD4&,*,H 8 J&,:4R,>4` 2"*@:0,>>@FH4, >,D"&>@BD"&>@<J JR"FH4` & <,0*J>"D@*>@6 H@D(@&:,, "8H4&424DJ,H BD@P,FF B,D,8"R84 D,FJDF@& F _(" >" E,&,D 4 BD4&,*,H 8 >,D"&>@<,D>@<J D"2&4H4` >" >"P4@>":\>@<, D,(4@>":\>@< 4 <,0*J>"D@*>@< JD@&>bN 46/. C"$@R"b (DJBB" B@ BD"&J >" D"2&4H4, >" F&@,6 &H@D@6 F,FF44 @H<,R":", RH@, B@F8@:\8J BD4>bH4, >@&ZN BD"&4:, D,(J:4DJ`V4N <,0*J>"D@*>Z, H@D(@&Z, @H>@T,>4b, F"<@ B@ F,$, >, <@0,H 2"V4H4H\ 4>H,D,FZ D"2&4&"`V4NFb FHD">, >,@$N@*4<@ BD,*BD4>bH\ JF4:4b *:b @$,FB,R,>4b H@(@, RH@$Z & D,2J:\H"H, BD4>bH4b >@&ZN BD"&4:, D,(J:4DJ`V4N <,0*J>"D@*>Z, H@D(@&Z, @H>@T,>4b, D"2&4&"`V4,Fb FHD">Z >, @FH":4F\ & FH@D@>, (E/CN.4/1995/11, BJ>8H 91). E>@F84 1/ !JD,:4J 7D4FH,F8J, AD"&@ >"D@*@& >" F"<@@BD,*,:,>4,: 4FH@D4R,F8@, 4 F@&D,<,>>@, D"2&4H4, >" @F>@&, *@8J<,>H@& ?D(">42"P44 ?$X,*4>,>>ZN ="P46 (32*">4, ?D(">42"P44 ?$X,*4>,>>ZN ="P46, & BD@*"0, B@* >@<,D@< R.80.XIV.3), BJ>8H 653. 2/ AD@&@2(:"T,>" ',>,D":\>@6 8@>L,D,>P4,6 ?D(">42"P44 ?$X,*4>,>>ZN ="P46 B@ &@BD@F"< @$D"2@&">4b, >"J84 4 8J:\HJDZ >" ,, R,HZD>"*P"H@6 F,FF44, 1966 (@*. 3/ 7D4FH,F8J, J8"2. F@R., BJ>8HZ 584, 650 4 654. 4/ C,2@:`P4b 41/128 ',>,D":\>@6 !FF"<$:,4 @H 4 *,8"$Db 1986 (@*". 5/ C,2@:`P4b 2542 (XXIV) ',>,D":\>@6 !FF"<$:,4 @H 11 *,8"$Db 1969 (@*". 6/ C,2@:`P4b 3281 (XXIX) ',>,D":\>@6 !FF"<$:,4 @H 12 *,8"$Db 1974 (@*". 7/ ]8H@D 'D@F ]FB\,:\, AD"&@ >" F"<@@BD,*,:,>4, (32*">4, ?D(">42"P44 ?$X,*4>,>>ZN ="P46, & BD@*"0, B@* >@<,D@< R.79.XIV.5), BJ>8H 136. 8/ C,2@:`P4b 3201 (S-VI) ',>,D":\>@6 !FF"<$:,4 @H 1 <"b 1974 (@*". 9/ E/C.10/1992/5, BJ>8HZ 8, 11, 12. 10/ P. Muchlinski, Multinational Enterprises and the Law, Oxford, Blackwell, 1995, p. 432. 11/ 7D4FH,F8J, J8"2. F@R., BJ>8H 358 c). 12/ Muchlinski, op. cit., p. 428. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/12 page 45 13/ WHO Task Force on Health Economics, Health Economics, WTO: in it for WHO? WHO/TFHE/95.5, p. 33. What’s 14/ South Centre, "The Uruguay Round Intellectual Property Rights Regime: Implications for Developing Countries". Paper prepared for the Eleventh Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement (Cartagena, 18-20 October 1995). 15/ Ibid. 16/ Ibid. E<. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/26, BJ>8H 23. 17/ FAO, AGROSTAT Database on Food Balance Sheets (Intzake), 1991. 18/ % $"2J *">>ZN ;KCE &8:`R,>" 4>L@D<"P4b @ B"H,>H"N, &Z*">>ZN IBD"&:,>4,< E@,*4>,>>ZN SH"H@& B@ &@BD@F"< B"H,>H@& 4 H@D(@&ZN <"D@8 & B,D4@* F 1985 (@*" B@ 4`:\ 1995 (@*". 19/ C,2@:`P4b 3202 (S-VI) ',>,D":\>@6 !FF"<$:,4 @H 1 <"b 1974 (@*". 20/ E/CONF.65/20 (32*">4, ?D(">42"P44 ?$X,*4>,>>ZN ="P46, & BD@*"0, B@* >@<,D@< R.75 II.A.3), (:"&" V. AD4>bH" %F,<4D>@6 BD@*@&@:\FH&,>>@6 8@>L,D,>P4,6 (C4<, 5-16 >@b$Db 1974 (@*"), 8@H@D"b $Z:" F@2&">" & F@@H&,HFH&44 F D,2@:`P4,6 3180 (XXVIII) ',>,D":\>@6 !FF"<$:,4. ]H" ),8:"D"P4b $Z:" @*@$D,>" ',>,D":\>@6 !FF"<$:,,6 & D,2@:`P44 3348 (XXIX) @H 17 *,8"$Db 1974 (@*". 21/ 7D4FH,F8J, J8"2. F@R., BJ>8H 671. 22/ E/C.10/1992/8, BJ>8H 24. 23/ G"< 0,, BJ>8H 18. 24/ World Bank, Report to the Development Committee and Guidelines on the Treatment of Foreign Direct Investment, in Legal Framework for the Treatment of Foreign Direct Investment, vol. II, 1992. 25/ UNCTAD, World Investment Report 1994 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.94.II.A.14, chap. VII, Box VII.1, p. 280). 26/ ]H4 &@BD@FZ D"FF<"HD4&":4F\ & FBD"&@R>@< *@8J<,>H,, BD,*FH"&:,>>@< A@*8@<4FF44 >" ,, BD,*Z*JV,6 F,FF44 (E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/11). 27/ E/C.10/1992/8, BJ>8H 34. 28/ UNCTAD, op. cit., p. 313. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/12 page 46 29/ E<. C,(4@>":\>Z, 4 >"P4@>":\>Z, "FB,8HZ BD"&" >" D"2&4H4,: ',>,D":\>@(@ F,8D,H"Db (E/CN.4/1421), 1980 (@*. 30/ 4FF:,*@&">4, E<. E/1990/94, D"2*,: "I&"0,>4, BD"& R,:@&,8" 4 @F>@&>ZN F&@$@*", FHD. 7. 31/ )@8:"* 7@>L,D,>P44 ?$X,*4>,>>ZN ="P46 B@ @8DJ0"`V,6 FD,*, 4 D"2&4H4` (C4@-*,-/">,6D@, 3-14 4`>b 1992 (@*"), H@<. I (32*">4, ?D(">42"P44 ?$X,*4>,>>ZN ="P46, & BD@*"0, B@* >@<,D@< R.93.I.8), A@&,FH8" *>b >" XXI &,8, (:"&" 30, BJ>8H 30.1. 32/ TD/CODE TOT/55, BJ>8HZ v 4 93. 33/ C,2@:`P4b 2625 (XXV) ',>,D":\>@6 !FF"<$:,4 @H 24 @8Hb$Db 1970 (@*". 34/ Raúl Ferrero, The New International Economic Order and the Promotion of Human Rights (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.85.XIV.6), para. 286. 35/ E<. *@8:"*Z C"$@R,6 (DJBBZ B@ BD"&J >" D"2&4H4, @ D"$@H, ,, &H@D@6 4 HD,H\,6 F,FF44, J8"2. F@R., BJ>8HZ 50, 57, 91 4 94 4 BJ>8H 78, F@@H&,HFH&,>>@. E<. H"80, ). G`D8, %H@D@6 *@8:"* @ N@*, D,":42"P44 ^8@>@<4R,F84N, F@P4":\>ZN 4 8J:\HJD>ZN BD"& (E/CN.4/Sub.2/1991/17). 36/ G"< 0,, BJ>8H 656. 37/ G"< 0,, BJ>8H 662. 38/ Address of the Secretary-General to the World Economic Forum, SG/SM/95/15. 39/ C,2@:`P4b 3384 (XXX) ',>,D":\>@6 !FF"<$:,4 @H 10 >@b$Db 1975 (@*". 40/ Report of the Global Consultation of the Right to Development as a Human Right, (Geneva, January 1990) (HR/PUB/91/2), para. 155 4 *@8:"* C"$@R,6 (DJBBZ B@ BD"&J >" D"2&4H4, @ D"$@H, ,, HD,H\,6 F,FF44 (E/CN.4/1995/27), BJ>8HZ 76 4 77. 41/ 7D4FH,F8J, J8"2. F@R., BJ>8H 638. 42/ G"< 0,, BJ>8H 639. 43/ G"< 0,, BJ>8H 663. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/12 page 47 44/ FH"H\4 I. 45/ ),8:"D"P4b @ BD4>P4B"N <,0*J>"D@*>@(@ F@HDJ*>4R,FH&", J8"2. F@R., BJ>8H 3 Report of the Global Consultation, op. cit., para. 149. 46/ E<. *@8:"*Z C"$@R,6 (DJBBZ B@ BD"&J >" D"2&4H4, @ D"$@H, ,, B,D&@6, &H@D@6 4 HD,H\,6 F,FF46 (E/CN.4/1994/21 4 Corr.1 4 2, E/CN.4/1995/11 4 E/CN.4/1995/27). ----