НИКОЛАЙ ГОГОЛЬ В КУЛЬТУРНОМ КОНТЕКСТЕ ЭПОХИ (НА

STUDIA ROSSICA POSNANIENSIA, vol. XXXVI: 2011, pp. 239-247. ISBN 978-83-232-2300-9. ISSN 0081-6884.
Adam Mickiewicz University Press, PoznaĔ
ɇɂɄɈɅȺɃ ȽɈȽɈɅɖ ȼ ɄɍɅɖɌɍɊɇɈɆ ɄɈɇɌȿɄɋɌȿ ɗɉɈɏɂ
(ɇȺ ɆȺɌȿɊɂȺɅȿ ɉɈȼȿɋɌɂ Ⱥ. ɉɈɅɌɈɊȺɐɄɈȽɈ ȼ ɉȿɌȿɊȻɍɊȽȿ)
NIKOLAI GOGOL IN THE CULTURAL CONTEXT OF THE EPOCH
(ON THE NOVEL IN PETERSBURG BY A. POLTORATSKY)
ɅɘȾɆɂɅȺ ɊɈɆȺɓȿɇɄɈ
ABSTRACT. In the article based on the story In Petersburg by Alexei Poltoratsky, N. Gogol's
personality in the cultural context of Russian empire capital is considered. Special attention is
paid to creative relations of N. Gogol with prominent cultural personalities of that time: Pushkin,
Jukovsky, Delvig, Maximowich and others. Except that the author reconsiders some stereotypes
of appraisals touching these historical persons.
Ʌɸɞɦɢɥɚ Ɋɨɦɚɳɟɧɤɨ, ɑɟɪɤɚɫɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ, ɑɟɪɤɚɫɫɵ – ɍɤɪɚɢɧɚ.
ȼ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɭɞɶɛɟ ɇ. Ƚɨɝɨɥɹ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɵɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɧɬɟɡ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɨ-ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ Ƚɨɝɨɥɹ ɜ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɢɥɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɤ ɟɝɨ
ɧɟɡɚɭɪɹɞɧɨɦɭ ɬɚɥɚɧɬɭ.
ɋɪɟɞɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɨ-ɛɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ, ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɚɜɬɨɪɭ Ɋɟɜɢɡɨɪɚ, ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɢ ɰɢɤɥ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɟɣ Ⱥ. ɉɨɥɬɨɪɚɰɤɨɝɨ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɶ
ȼ ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɟ, ɜɨɲɟɞɲɚɹ ɜ ɤɧɢɝɭ ɉɨɜɟɫɬɶ ɨ Ƚɨɝɨɥɟ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɫɶ ɜɧɟ ɩɨɥɹ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɢ. Ⱥ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɟɦ, ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɛɟɡ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɚ (ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɢ ɧɟ
ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɨɱɟɬɧɨɝɨ) ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɟɩɟɪɜɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɵɯ, ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɵɯ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ
ɢ ɨɞɢɨɡɧɵɯ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɵ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɥɢɫɶ ɤ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɉɨɥɬɨɪɚɰɤɨɝɨ.
ɂɦɹ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɹ ɉɨɥɬɨɪɚɰɤɨɝɨ (1905–1977) – ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɚ, ɚɜɬɨɪɚ
ɪɨɦɚɧɨɜ, ɩɨɜɟɫɬɟɣ, ɨɱɟɪɤɨɜ, ɩɭɛɥɢɰɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ – ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɡɚɛɵɬɨ, ɚ ɟɫɥɢ ɨ ɧɟɦ ɢ ɜɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɬ, ɬɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ, ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ
ɜɭɥɶɝɚɪɧɨ-ɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɜ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ.
ɉɨɥɬɨɪɚɰɤɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɟɤɚɸɬ ɡɚ ɜɵɩɚɞɵ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ, ɢɧɤɪɢɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɬ „ɚɩɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɪɭɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɪɟɩɪɟɫɫɢɣ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ”1, ɱɬɨ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɨ ɜ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ.
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ȿɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɿɹ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɨɡɧɚɜɫɬɜɚ, ɝɨɥ. ɪɟɞ. ȼ. Ʉɭɛɿɣɨɜɢɱ, Ʌɶɜɿɜ 1996, c. 2214.
Ʌ. Ɋ ɨ ɦ ɚ ɳ ɟ ɧ ɤ ɨ
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Ⱦɢɥɨɝɢɹ ɉɨɜɟɫɬɶ ɨ Ƚɨɝɨɥɟ (1984) ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ 2 ɤɧɢɝ (ȼ ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɟ, Ⱦɚɥɶɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɢɹ) ɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɟɣ ɨ ɞɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɸɧɨɲɟɫɤɢɯ
ɝɨɞɚɯ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹ – Ⱦɟɬɫɬɜɨ Ƚɨɝɨɥɹ (1954), ɘɧɨɫɬɶ Ƚɨɝɨɥɹ (1957). ɇɚɞ ɞɢɥɨɝɢɟɣ ɉɨɥɬɨɪɚɰɤɢɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɥ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ – 1 ɤɧ.: 1936–1957,
2 ɤɧ.: 1964–1971 ɝɨɞɵ.
Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɭɠɟ ɢɡ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜɚɠɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɫɸɠɟɬɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ
ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡ ɨ ɩɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɠɫɤɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɟ ɠɢɡɧɢ Ƚɨɝɨɥɹ, ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨ-ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɢɢ ɬɨɝɞɚɲɧɟɣ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɵ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɢ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɝɨ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹ, ɟɝɨ ɬɪɭɞ ɧɚɞ Ƚɚɧɰɨɦ Ʉɸɯɟɥɶɝɚɪɬɟɧɨɦ, ȼɟɱɟɪɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɯɭɬɨɪɟ ɛɥɢɡ Ⱦɢɤɚɧɶɤɢ,
ɩɶɟɫɨɣ Ɋɟɜɢɡɨɪ.
ɋɵɧ ɦɟɥɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɦɟɳɢɤɚ ɇɢɤɨɥɚɣ ȼɚɫɢɥɶɟɜɢɱ ɩɪɢɛɵɥ ɜ ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ – ɞɚɬɶ ɜɫɟɦ „ɩɨɧɹɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɫɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɪɞɰɟ ɢ ɞɭɲɟ ɟɳɟ
ɧɟ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɧɢɤɨɦɭ ɫɨɤɪɨɜɢɳɚ – ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɛɥɚɝɭ ɢ ɞɨɛɪɭ, ɧɟɧɚɜɢɫɬɶ ɤ ɧɟɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ”2. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɨɪɵɜɵ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɪɚɡɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɝɟɪɨɹ Ƚɚɧɰɚ Ʉɸɯɟɥɶɝɚɪɬɟɧɚ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɢɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɷɦɵ (ɢɧɬɟɪɬɟɤɫɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɬɚɜɤɚɦɢ ɢɡ ɧɟɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɢɡ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ Ƚɨɝɨɥɹ, ɩɟɫɬɪɢɬ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɶ).
ɋɧɚɱɚɥɚ Ƚɨɝɨɥɶ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɵɦ ɨɞɢɧɨɱɤɨɣ, ɧɟɫɦɟɥɨ ɢɳɭɳɢɦ ɞɨɪɨɝɭ ɤ ɫɬɨɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɫɚɥɨɧɚɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɵɜɚɟɬ
ɝɢɦɧɚɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɨɡɜɢɳɟ „Ɍɚɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ Ʉɚɪɥɚ”. ɇɨ ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɢ ɨɧ ɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɞɪɭɠɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɦɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɹɦɢ
ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.
ɏɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɛɨɦɨɧɞ – ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɣ: ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɨɪɵ, ɤɪɢɬɢɤɢ, ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɢ, ɚɤɬɟɪɵ. ɉɚɜɟɥ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢɱ ɋɜɢɧɶɢɧ – ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪ ɢ ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɶ „Ɉɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɩɢɫɨɤ”, ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɫɬɚɬɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɜɟɬɧɢɤ, ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬ, ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮ, ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤ, ɩɭɬɟɲɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤ, ɩɨɷɬ, ɯɭɞɨɠɧɢɤ ɢ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɰɢɨɧɟɪ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɥɢɰɟ. Ɉɧ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ, ɫ ɤɟɦ ɩɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɢɥɫɹ Ƚɨɝɨɥɶ ɜ ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɟ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ Ⱥ. ɉɨɥɬɨɪɚɰɤɢɣ (ɜɡɹɜ
ɜ ɫɨɨɛɳɧɢɤɢ ɉɭɲɤɢɧɚ) ɢɪɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɟɬ ɧɚɞ ɧɟɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɟɝɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɥɸɛɨɜɶɸ ɤ ɧɟɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɵɦ ɜɵɞɭɦɤɚɦ: „ɉɚɜɥɭɲɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɝ
ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɬɪɟɯ ɫɥɨɜ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɟ ɫɨɥɝɚɬɶ” (ɫ. 72). ɋɜɢɧɶɢɧɭ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɥɚ ɪɨɥɶ
ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɹ ɩɪɨɡɚɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ Ƚɨɝɨɥɹ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ȼɟɱɟɪɚ ɧɚɤɚɧɭɧɟ ɂɜɚɧɚ Ʉɭɩɚɥɚ, ɧɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɛɟɫɰɟɪɟɦɨɧɧɵɦ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɫɤɢɦ ɜɦɟɲɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɧ ɞɨ ɧɟɭɡɧɚɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥ Ƚɨɝɨɥɟɜɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɢɞɚɜ ɬɨɦɭ
„ɧɟɫɬɟɪɩɢɦɨɣ ɮɚɥɶɲɢ” (ɫ. 76). Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɫɤɨɟ ɫɜɨɟɜɨɥɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɭɬɢɥɨ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɝɨ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ:
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ Ƚɨɝɨɥɸ – ɧɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɬɚɬɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɜɟɬɧɢɤ, ɚ ɧɨɜɵɣ Ȼɚɫɚɜɪɸɤ, ɫɨ
ɳɟɬɢɧɢɫɬɵɦɢ ɛɪɨɜɹɦɢ ɢ ɞɢɤɢɦ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɦ, ɫɬɨɢɬ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɢɦ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɟɦɭ ɩɪɨɞɚɬɶ
ɞɭɲɭ ɡɚ ɦɟɲɤɢ ɱɟɪɜɨɧɰɟɜ (ɫ. 77).
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Ɉ. ɉ ɨ ɥ ɬ ɨ ɪ ɚ ɰ ɶ ɤ ɢ ɣ, ɉɨɜɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɨ Ƚɨɝɨɥɹ: ɍ ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɡɿ; Ⱦɚɥɶɧɿ ɦɚɧɞɪɢ, Ʉɢʀɜ
1984, ɫ. 9. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɜɫɟ ɰɢɬɚɬɵ ɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɫ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɫɤɨɛɤɚɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɨɜ
ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɢ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞ ɫ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ – ɧɚɲ.
ɇɢɤɨɥɚɣ Ƚɨɝɨɥɶ ɜ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɷɩɨɯɢ...
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ɇɟɞɨɫɬɨɣɧɵɣ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɨɤ ɋɜɢɧɶɢɧɚ (ɟɦɭ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɢɦɩɨɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɮɚɦɢɥɢɹ!) ɩɨɞɬɨɥɤɧɭɥ Ƚɨɝɨɥɹ ɤ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɫ ɚɥɶɦɚɧɚɯɨɦ „ɋɟɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɰɜɟɬɵ”, ɪɟɞɚɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɦ ɛɚɪɨɧɨɦ Ⱦɟɥɶɜɢɝɨɦ. ɇɟɜɡɢɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɸɸ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɞɨɛɪɨɞɭɲɧɵɣ Ⱥɧɬɨɧ Ⱥɧɬɨɧɨɜɢɱ ɜɫɹɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɥ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɭɦɟɥ ɥɨɜɤɨ ɨɛɨɣɬɢ
ɰɟɧɡɭɪɧɵɟ ɪɨɝɚɬɤɢ – ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɧ ɩɪɨɥɨɠɢɥ ɞɨɪɨɝɭ Ƚɨɝɨɥɸ ɤ ɩɪɟɫɬɢɠɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɫɬɜɚɦ ɢ ɫɬɨɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɫɚɥɨɧɚɦ.
ɇɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɦ ɞɨɛɪɨɞɟɬɟɥɟɦ, „ɜɫɟɥɟɧɫɤɢɦ ɚɧɝɟɥɨɦ-ɯɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɟɦ” (ɫ. 84), ɩɨ
ɫɥɨɜɚɦ Ⱦɟɥɶɜɢɝɚ, ɜ ɪɨɦɚɧɟ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ȼɚɫɢɥɢɣ Ⱥɧɞɪɟɟɜɢɱ ɀɭɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ, ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɟ ɤɪɟɞɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ – ɡɚɛɨɬɚ ɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ. Ʉɚɤ ɲɭɬɢɥ ɉɭɲɤɢɧ, ɜ ɟɝɨ „ɲɢɪɨɤɨɣ
ɩɟɪɫɨɧɟ ɧɟ ɧɚɣɞɟɬɫɹ ɠɟɥɱɢ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɦɭɯɭ ɭɛɢɬɶ” (ɫ. 86). Ⱦɚɠɟ ɧɟɫɱɚɫɬɥɢɜɚɹ ɥɸɛɨɜɶ ɢ ɫɦɟɪɬɶ ɥɸɛɢɦɨɣ Ɇɚɲɢ Ɇɨɣɟɪ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟ ɨɡɥɨɛɢɥɢ ɟɝɨ, ɚ, ɧɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ,
ɭɝɥɭɛɢɥɢ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɟ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ. ȼɵɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ
ɧɚɬɭɪɵ (ɞɨɛɪɨɬɚ, ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɭɦ) ɩɪɢɞɚɟɬ ɢ ɩɨɪɬɪɟɬ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɚ:
Ɉɧ ɛɵɥ ɜ ɞɥɢɧɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɫɢɞɫɤɨɦ ɯɚɥɚɬɟ, ɫ ɮɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɚ ɝɨɥɨɜɟ, ɜ ɦɹɝɤɢɯ ɫɬɨɩɬɚɧɧɵɯ
ɬɚɩɨɱɤɚɯ. Ƚɨɝɨɥɶ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɭɡɧɚɥ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɥɵɜɱɚɬɨɟ ɥɢɰɨ, ɪɟɞɤɢɟ, ɛɟɥɨɤɭɪɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɫɵ, ɡɚɱɟɫɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɥɵɫɢɧɭ. Ƚɥɚɡɚ ɛɵɫɬɪɵɟ – ɱɭɞɟɫɧɵɟ, ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɟ ɱɟɪɧɵɟ ɝɥɚɡɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ȼɨɫɬɨɤɚ, ɧɚɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ – ɩɥɟɧɧɢɰɵ-ɬɭɪɱɚɧɤɢ (ɫ. 86).
ɂɥɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ:
ȼɚɫɢɥɢɣ Ⱥɧɞɪɟɟɜɢɱ... ɛɟɠɚɥ ɜ ɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɦɹɝɤɢɦ ɲɚɝɨɦ, ɩɟɪɟɜɚɥɢɜɚɹɫɶ ɢɡ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ
ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ (ɫ. 87).
ɗɩɢɬɟɬ „ɦɹɝɤɢɣ” ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬ ɞɨɛɪɨɞɭɲɧɵɣ ɧɪɚɜ ɝɟɪɨɹ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɟɨɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɨɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɟ ɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ-ɬɭɪɱɚɧɤɟ ɩɨɧɚɞɨɛɢɥɨɫɶ ɉɨɥɬɨɪɚɰɤɨɦɭ, ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɞɢɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ
ɨ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɰɢɣ
(ɝɟɧɢɣ ɉɭɲɤɢɧɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɸɬ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɨɤ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɥ
ɤ ɧɟɝɪɨɢɞɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɟ).
ɍɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɣ, ɞɟɥɢɤɚɬɧɵɣ ȼɚɫɢɥɢɣ Ⱥɧɞɪɟɟɜɢɱ ɧɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɥ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɞɟɣ ɞɟɤɚɛɪɢɫɬɨɜ, ɟɝɨ ɭɠɚɫɚɥɢ ɤɪɚɦɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɵ ɨ ɧɟɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɦ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɰɚɪɫɤɨɣ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɬɚɤ ɭɜɥɟɤɚɥɢɫɶ ɉɭɲɤɢɧ
ɢ ɟɝɨ ɟɞɢɧɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɢɤɢ. ȿɳɟ ɨɞɧɚ ɱɟɪɬɚ, ɢɦɩɨɧɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɟ ɀɭɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ, – ɷɬɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɫɚɦɨɤɪɢɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɟɡ ɡɚɜɢɫɬɢ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɬɚɥɚɧɬ. ȼ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɨɪɟɜɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɧ ɛɟɡɨɝɨɜɨɪɨɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɥ ɩɪɟɜɨɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɉɭɲɤɢɧɚ:
ɉɨɛɟɠɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɶ ɫɥɟɞɢɥ ɡɚ ɉɭɲɤɢɧɵɦ, ɭɱɟɧɢɤɨɦ ɫɜɨɢɦ, ɫɨ ɫɱɚɫɬɥɢɜɵɦ ɢɫɩɭɝɨɦ ɤɭɪɢɰɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɵɫɢɞɟɥɚ ɥɟɛɟɞɹ (ɫ. 87).
Ɇɟɧɟɟ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɟɧ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɛɚɫɧɨɩɢɫɰɚ ɂɜɚɧɚ Ʉɪɵɥɨɜɚ, „ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ” ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɷɩɢɡɨɞɚɯ (ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɟ, ɢɛɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ). ɉɟɪɟɞ
ɧɚɦɢ – „ɬɨɥɫɬɵɣ ɞɟɞ”, ɥɸɛɢɬɟɥɶ ɩɨɟɫɬɶ, ɜ ɟɝɨ ɝɥɚɡɚɯ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ „ɜɟɫɟɥɵɣ, ɨɠɢɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɢ ɯɢɬɪɵɣ ɨɝɨɧɟɤ” (ɫ. 87). Ɉɧ ɡɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɬɪɵɦɢ ɲɭɬɤɚɦɢ, ɞɨɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɠɟɧɭ ɉɭɲɤɢɧɚ, ɠɟɦɚɧɧɭɸ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɬɤɭ. ȿɞɜɚ ɨɱɟɪɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɞ-
Ʌ. Ɋ ɨ ɦ ɚ ɳ ɟ ɧ ɤ ɨ
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ɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɡ ȼɢɫɫɚɪɢɨɧɚ Ȼɟɥɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɚ, ɤɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɥɢ ɩɪɢɫɥɭɲɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɣ Ƚɨɝɨɥɶ.
ȼ ɤɪɭɝɭ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɥɢɬɵ A. ɉɨɥɬɨɪɚɰɤɢɣ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɢ ɡɟɦɥɹɤɨɜ Ƚɨɝɨɥɹ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɚ Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɨɜɢɱɚ – ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪɚ Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ (ɩɨɡɠɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ Ʉɢɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ
ɷɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧ, ɬɚɤ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɜ „ɷɦɛɪɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ” ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ, ɫɤɜɨɡɶ
ɩɪɢɡɦɭ ɜɨɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɣ ɇɢɤɨɥɚɹ ȼɚɫɢɥɶɟɜɢɱɚ. Ⱥɜɬɨɪ Ɍɚɪɚɫɚ Ȼɭɥɶɛɵ ɜɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɢɥɫɹ ɫ Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɨɜɢɱɟɦ ɜ „ɩɟɪɜɨɩɪɟɫɬɨɥɶɧɨɣ”, ɤɚɤ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɥɚ
ɢɯ ɥɸɛɨɜɶ ɤ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ, ɟɟ ɮɨɥɶɤɥɨɪɭ, ɝɟɪɨɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɤɚɡɚɰɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦɭ. Ʉɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɷɬɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɭ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɞɜɭɯ ɜɵɞɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɨ ɜɵɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ, ɜɟɞɶ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɢɹɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ Ƚɨɝɨɥɶ ɛɵɜɚɥ ɜ ɭɫɚɞɶɛɟ Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɨɜɢɱɚ ɜ ɉɪɨɯɨɪɨɜɤɟ.
ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɡɞɟɫɶ, ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ Ⱦɧɟɩɪɚ, ɫɪɟɞɢ ɜɟɤɨɜɟɱɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɟɧ, ɨɧ ɦɟɱɬɚɥ, ɡɚɝɥɹɞɵɜɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɜɨɞɧɭɸ ɪɟɤɭ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɫɦɟɪɬɢɜ ɟɟ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɤɚɯ („ɑɭɞɟɧ Ⱦɧɟɩɪ
ɩɪɢ ɬɢɯɨɣ ɩɨɝɨɞɟ...”).
ɏɨɬɹ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɨɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ
ɩɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɚ – Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ Ɋɨɫɫɟɬ, ɢɦɟɸɳɚɹ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ „ɛɥɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɞɪɭɝɚ” ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɬɨɝɞɚɲɧɢɯ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɟɣ. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ Ɉɫɢɩɨɜɧɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɥɚɫɶ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɦ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ, ɫɦɟɥɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ, ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɦɨɦ, ɯɨɪɨɲɟɣ ɨɫɜɟɞɨɦɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɫ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ, ɡɚ ɱɬɨ ɜ ɧɟɟ ɜɥɸɛɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɧɟɦɚɥɨ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ ɀɭɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ. ɍɠɟ ɫ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɢ Ɋɨɫɫɟɬ ɢɦɩɨɧɢɪɭɟɬ Ƚɨɝɨɥɸ ɤɚɤ
ɡɟɦɥɹɱɤɚ, ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚ ɫ ɩɨɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɬɭɪɨɣ, ɜɥɸɛɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɭ, ɟɟ ɹɡɵɤ,
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ, ɨɛɵɱɚɢ. ȼɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɢ ɨɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɟɬ ɟɞɢɧɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɢɤɨɦ Ƚɨɝɨɥɹ, ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɨɦ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ. ȼɫɟ-ɬɚɤɢ ɜ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɢ ȼ ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɟ
ɨɛɪɚɡ Ⱦɨɧɶɢ ɋɨɥɶ (ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɜɚɥ Ɋɨɫɫɟɬ ɤɧɹɡɶ ɉɟɬɪ ȼɹɡɟɦɫɤɢɣ) ɟɞɜɚ ɜɵɪɢɫɨɜɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɢ Ⱦɚɥɶɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɢɹ.
ȼɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɰɟɥɵɣ ɪɚɡɞɟɥ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɦ Ƚɨɝɨɥɹ ɢ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɚ ɓɟɩɤɢɧɚ – ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɜɫɸ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɸ ɚɤɬɟɪɚ, ɛɵɜɲɟɝɨ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɭ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɞɢɚɥɨɝ Ƚɨɝɨɥɹ ɢ ɓɟɩɤɢɧɚ
ɨɛ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟ, ɩɪɚɜɞɟ ɤɚɤ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɢɞɟɚɥɟ. ɋɥɨɜɟɫɧɚɹ ɩɚɪɬɢɹ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɚ ɋɟɦɟɧɨɜɢɱɚ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɟɟ, ɱɟɦ Ƚɨɝɨɥɹ, ɢ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɵ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɤɰɟɧɬɵ. ɓɟɩɤɢɧ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɧɟɧɚɜɢɞɢɬ ɪɚɛɫɬɜɨ (ɞɥɹ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɭɟɬ ɪɟɬɪɨɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɞɪɚɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡ ɨ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ ɚɤɬɟɪɚ). ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɭɫɬɚɦɢ ɓɟɩɤɢɧɚ ɨɧ ɩɪɨɩɨɜɟɞɭɟɬ
ɢɞɟɸ ɞɪɭɠɛɵ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ, ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɤɭɥɶɬɢɜɢɪɭɟɦɭɸ
ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ. Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɷɬɢ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɯɨɞɵ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɥɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɉɨɥɬɨɪɚɰɤɨɝɨ ɨ Ƚɨɝɨɥɟ „ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɜ ɞɭɯɟ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɬɪɚɤɬɨɜɤɢ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɨ-ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɞɪɭɠɛɵ”3.
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ȿɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɿɹ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɨɡɧɚɜɫɬɜɚ, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 2213.
ɇɢɤɨɥɚɣ Ƚɨɝɨɥɶ ɜ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɷɩɨɯɢ...
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ɓɟɩɤɢɧ ɫɬɚɥ ɫɬɚɪɲɢɦ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɨɦ Ƚɨɝɨɥɹ-ɞɪɚɦɚɬɭɪɝɚ, ɩɪɢɡɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɨɛɥɚɱɚɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɰɚɪɫɤɨ-ɛɸɪɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɯɨɬɹ ɟɝɨ ɫɟɧɬɟɧɰɢɢ
ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɤɨɣ ɩɥɚɤɚɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɧɚɝɪɨɦɨɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɜɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ:
ɉɭɫɬɶ ɡɚɡɜɟɧɢɬ ɜ ɜɚɲɢɯ ɤɧɢɠɤɚɯ ɩɟɫɧɹ ɭɝɧɟɬɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ... ɉɭɫɬɶ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɬɚɤ....
ɉɨɤɚɠɢɬɟ ɡɜɟɪɢɧɭɸ ɦɨɪɞɭ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ... ɉɨɤɚɠɢɬɟ ɩɨɦɟɳɢɤɚ... ɉɭɫɬɶ ɡɥɨɛɚ ɢ ɩɟɱɚɥɶ ɜɨɞɹɬ ɩɟɪɨɦ ɜɚɲɢɦ (ɫ. 154).
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɧɨ ɜɵɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ Ƚɨɝɨɥɹ ɫ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɦ ɉɭɲɤɢɧɵɦ,
ɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɫɹ ɫ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɦ ɩɢɟɬɟɬɨɦ. „ȼɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɫɬɜɨ” Ƚɨɝɨɥɹ ɫ ɝɟɧɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɟɳɟ ɧɚ ɝɢɦɧɚɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ, ɤɨɝɞɚ
Ɇɢɤɨɲɚ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɇɢɤɨɥɚɹ Ȼɟɥɨɭɫɨɜɚ ɭɜɥɟɤɫɹ ɟɝɨ
„ɫɜɨɛɨɞɨɥɸɛɢɜɵɦɢ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹɦɢ”. ȼɫɤɨɪɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɢɟɡɞɚ ɜ ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ
ɩɪɟɠɧɢɣ ɝɢɦɧɚɡɢɫɬ, ɚ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ – ɱɟɬɵɪɧɚɞɰɚɬɨɝɨ
– ɪɚɡɪɹɞɚ, ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɭ (ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɧɟɭɞɚɱɧɨ!) ɥɢɱɧɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɉɭɲɤɢɧɵɦ. ɗɬɚ ɫɰɟɧɚ ɧɟ ɥɢɲɟɧɚ ɤɨɦɢɡɦɚ. Ƚɨɝɨɥɶ, ɩɪɟɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɱɟɫɬɨɥɸɛɢɜɵɯ
ɠɟɥɚɧɢɣ ɨɬ ɢɡɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɬɨ Ƚɚɧɰɚ Ʉɸɯɟɥɶɝɚɪɬɟɧɚ, ɩɪɢɲɟɥ ɧɚ ɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɭ
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ ɋɟɪɝɟɟɜɢɱɚ. ɇɨ ɫɥɭɝɚ ɫɨɨɛɳɢɥ, ɱɬɨ ɬɨɬ ɨɬɞɵɯɚɟɬ. Ƚɨɝɨɥɶ ɫɞɟɥɚɥ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɷɬ ɜɫɸ ɧɨɱɶ ɧɟɭɬɨɦɢɦɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɥ. ɇɨ ɢɡ ɭɫɬ ɫɥɭɝɢ ɧɟɨɠɢɞɚɧɧɨ ɭɫɥɵɲɚɥ ɭɩɪɟɤ: „Ʉɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɥ! ȼ ɤɚɪɬɵ ɢɝɪɚɥ!” (ɫ. 16). ɗɬɚ ɢɪɨɧɢɱɧɚɹ ɪɟɩɥɢɤɚ, ɧɚ ɧɚɲ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ, ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɫɭɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ ɝɟɧɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɷɬɚ, ɢɛɨ ɫɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɫ ɧɟɝɨ ɧɟɛɟɫɧɵɣ ɨɪɟɨɥ, ɧɚɞɟɥɹɹ, ɤɚɤ
ɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɦɢ ɫɥɚɛɨɫɬɹɦɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɸɬ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɹ ɝɟɧɢɹ ɉɭɲɤɢɧɚ, ɚ, ɧɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, „ɨɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ” ɨɛɪɚɡ, ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɟɝɨ „ɡɟɦɧɵɦ”. ɗɬɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɥɨ ɛɵ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɉɭɲɤɢɧɚ, ɧɨ ɩɪɨɡɚɢɤ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɥɫɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɧɟɩɪɢɦɟɬɧɵɦɢ,
ɦɚɥɨɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɷɩɢɡɨɞɚɦɢ ɢɡ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɷɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɢɦɢ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɹɦɢ, ɱɬɨ „ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɪɨɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɪɚɫɚɜɢɰɚ” Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɇɚɬɚɥɶɹ
ɇɢɤɨɥɚɟɜɧɚ (ɤɫɬɚɬɢ, ɩɪɚɜɧɭɱɤɚ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɟɬɦɚɧɚ ɉɟɬɪɚ Ⱦɨɪɨɲɟɧɤɨ), ɠɟɦɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɚɹ ɞɚɦɚ, ɛɵɥɚ ɨɬɧɸɞɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɣ ɢɡɛɪɚɧɧɢɰɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɥ
„ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɪɨɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɷɬ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ”. ɉɢɫɚɬɟɥɶ, ɩɪɢɛɟɝɚɹ ɤ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦ ɚɧɬɢɰɢɩɚɰɢɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɦɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ, ɫɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɥ ɬɪɚɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɧɟɰ
ɛɪɚɤɚ: Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ ɋɟɪɝɟɟɜɢɱ ɭɩɭɫɬɢɥ ɜɟɧɱɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɫɬɟɧɶ, ɤɪɟɫɬ ɢ ɟɜɚɧɝɟɥɢɟ
ɭɩɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɥ, ɭ ɠɟɧɢɯɚ ɩɨɝɚɫɥɚ ɫɜɟɱɚ, ɢ ɰɵɝɚɧɤɚ ɧɚɝɚɞɚɥɚ ɩɨɷɬɭ ɧɟɫɱɚɫɬɶɟ ɨɬ
ɫɟɦɟɣɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ (ɫɦɟɪɬɶ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ).
ɉɨ ɜɟɪɫɢɢ ɉɨɥɬɨɪɚɰɤɨɝɨ, ɞɥɹ Ƚɨɝɨɥɹ ɞɪɭɠɛɚ ɫ ɉɭɲɤɢɧɵɦ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ, ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɉɭɲɤɢɧ ɛɵɥ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɨɦ,
ɩɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɨɦ Ƚɨɝɨɥɹ, ɧɨ ɢ ɫɨɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ – ɩɨɞɫɤɚɡɚɥ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ
ɢ ɫɸɠɟɬ ɤɨɦɟɞɢɢ Ɋɟɜɢɡɨɪ (ɩɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɦ, ɢ ɫɸɠɟɬ Ɇɟɪɬɜɵɯ
ɞɭɲ 4).
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Ƚ. Ⱥ ɞ ɵ ɝ ɟ ɡ ɚ ɥ ɨ ɜ, „Ɇɢɪ ɦɟɪɬɜɟɰɨɜ” ɇ.ȼ. Ƚɨɝɨɥɹ ɢ Ⱦɠ. Ɇɚɦɟɞɤɭɥɭɡɚɞɟ (ɩɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ „Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ Ⱥɡɟɪɛɚɣɞɠɚɧɚ”), [ɜ:] Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ȱȱȱ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɧɚ-
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Ʌ. Ɋ ɨ ɦ ɚ ɳ ɟ ɧ ɤ ɨ
ȼ ɪɹɞɟ ɷɩɢɡɨɞɨɜ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɚɧɬɢɩɨɞɚ Ƚɨɝɨɥɹ – ɇɟɫɬɨɪɚ
Ʉɭɤɨɥɶɧɢɤɚ. ɋɨɩɟɪɧɢɤɢ ɟɳɟ ɫ ɝɢɦɧɚɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɟɬ, ɨɧɢ ɢɫɩɨɜɟɞɨɜɚɥɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ. Ɋɚɞɢ ɤɨɪɵɫɬɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ, ɇɟɫɬɨɪɨɜɚ ɦɭɡɚ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦ ɫɬɢɥɟ ɜɨɫɩɟɜɚɥɚ ɧɟɩɨɤɨɥɟɛɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɫɚɦɨɞɟɪɠɚɜɢɹ,
ɚ Ƚɨɝɨɥɶ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɹɫɶ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɚɬɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɤɥɟɣɦɢɥ ɭɪɨɞɥɢɜɵɣ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɨɣ, ɧɟɧɚɜɢɫɬɧɭɸ ɟɦɭ „ɝɚɞɤɭɸ Ɋɭɫɶ”. ɇɟɩɪɢɦɢɪɢɦɚɹ ɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ
ɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜ, ɢɫɩɨɜɟɞɭɟɦɵɯ ɨɛɨɢɦɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɚɦɢ, ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɬɚ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɢɦ ɜɵɜɨɞɨɦ:
Ʉɚɤ ɜɨɞɚ ɢ ɩɥɚɦɹ ɧɟɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɦɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ, ɬɚɤ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɫɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɇɟɫɬɨɪɨɜɚ ɬɪɚɝɟɞɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɦɟɞɢɹ Ƚɨɝɨɥɹ (ɫ. 166).
Ʉɨɪɵɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɞɜɨɪɧɨɝɨ „ɩɢɫɚɤɢ” ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɸɬ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɟ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ („ȼ ɷɬɨ
ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɨɧ [Ʉɭɤɨɥɶɧɢɤ – Ʌ. Ɋ.] ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ ɛɚɪɵɲɧɢɤɚ, ɱɬɨ
ɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɢɬɫɹ ɨ ɩɚɪɬɢɢ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɚɞɟɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɝɨɞɧɨ ɩɪɨɞɚɬɶ…” [c. 163]),
ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɵ („ɇɟɜɵɪɚɡɢɦɨ ɝɚɞɤɨ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɥ ɫɟɛɟ ɇɟɫɬɨɪɚ, ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɱɢɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɥɨɜɰɚ ɱɢɧɨɜ, ɫɱɚɫɬɶɹ ɢ ɨɪɞɟɧɨɜ” [c. 169]). ɉɪɚɜɞɚ, ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ Ƚɨɝɨɥɹ ɢ Ʉɭɤɨɥɶɧɢɤɚ
ɜ ɪɨɦɚɧɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɨɡɧɨ ɢ ɧɟ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ: Ʉɭɤɨɥɶɧɢɤ
ɩɪɢ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɚɞɵ.
ȼ ɫɜɟɬɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɜɟɞɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɜ ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɧɵɦ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡ Ɏɚɞɞɟɹ Ȼɭɥɝɚɪɢɧɚ. ɇɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɢɦɹ Ȼɭɥɝɚɪɢɧɚ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɫ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɛɟɡɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɚɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɮɢɫɤɚɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ. ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɲɬɚɦɩɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɧɟɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɵ
ɛɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ Ȼɭɥɝɚɪɢɧɚ: ɟɝɨ ɧɟɩɪɢɹɡɧɶ ɤ ɉɭɲɤɢɧɭ ɢ Ƚɨɝɨɥɸ, ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɫ ȱȱȱ Ɉɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɂɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɹɪɢɢ. ɉɭɲɤɢɧ ɧɚɡɜɚɥ Ɏɚɞɞɟɹ „ɮɢɝɥɹɪɨɦ” (ɲɭɬɨɦ), „ȼɢɞɨɤɨɦ”, ɧɚɦɟɤɚɹ ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ ɝɪɚɮɭ Ȼɟɧɤɟɧɞɨɪɮɭ („ȼɢɞɨɤ” – ɢɦɹ ɩɚɪɢɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɰɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ), ɩɢɫɚɥ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɷɩɢɝɪɚɦɦɵ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɫɥɨɠɢɥɚɫɶ ɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ: ɉɭɲɤɢɧ – ɤɚɤ „ɫɨɥɧɰɟ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɷɡɢɢ”, „ɧɚɲɟ
ɜɫɟ”, ɢ Ȼɭɥɝɚɪɢɧ – „ɧɨɱɶ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɷɡɢɢ”, „ɧɚɲɟ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ”5.
ɗɬɭ ɠɟ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɉɨɥɬɨɪɚɰɤɢɣ. ɇɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɢɟɬɟɬɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɪɟɱɶ
ɢɞɟɬ ɨ ɉɭɲɤɢɧɟ, ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɚɬɢɪɵ ɜ ɧɚɝɪɨɦɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɤɪɭɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ Ȼɭɥɝɚɪɢɧɚ. Ɏɚɞɞɟɣ – „ɦɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ, ɤɚɤ ɝɚɞɸɤɚ”,
„ɨɛɵɱɧɵɣ ɚɝɟɧɬ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɢɲɟɬ ɞɨɧɨɫɵ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɜɪɚɝɨɜ” (c. 97); „ɩɨɞɥɚɹ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ”, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ „ɧɟɧɚɜɢɞɢɬ ɝɟɧɢɹ”
(c. 100); „ɤɥɹɬɵɣ ȼɢɞɨɤ Ɏɢɝɥɹɪɢɧ”, „ɛɟɡɞɚɪɧɵɣ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬ ɢ ɲɩɢɨɧ”, ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɚɫɫɢɝɧɚɰɢɣ,
ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɚɦɢ ɪɟɰɟɧɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɢ (ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɉɨɥɬɨɪɚɰ________________
ɭɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ „ɋɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ: ɫɬɟɪɟɨɬɢɩɵ ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ
ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚɯ”, Ȼɚɤɭ 2008, ɫ. 10.
5
Ⱥ. Ɋ ɟ ɣ ɬ ɛ ɥ ɚ ɬ, ȼɢɞɨɤ Ɏɢɝɥɹɪɢɧ (ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɪɟɩɭɬɚɰɢɢ),
„ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ” 1990, ʋ 3, ɫ. 73.
ɇɢɤɨɥɚɣ Ƚɨɝɨɥɶ ɜ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɷɩɨɯɢ...
245
ɤɢɣ ɢɦɟɥ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ ɮɚɤɬ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɜɡɹɬɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɞɚɥɚ Ȼɭɥɝɚɪɢɧɭ ɛɚɛɭɲɤɚ Ʌɟɪɦɨɧɬɨɜɚ ɡɚ ɨɞɨɛɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɟɰɟɧɡɢɸ ɧɚ ɪɨɦɚɧ Ƚɟɪɨɣ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ6.
Ɉɧ (Ȼɭɥɝɚɪɢɧ – Ʌ. Ɋ.) ɩɟɪɟɝɪɵɡ ɛɵ ɝɨɪɥɨ ɢ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɫɨɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɭ Ɇɢɰɤɟɜɢɱɭ,
ɤɨɝɞɚ ɛɵ ɡɧɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ (ɫ. 98).
Ȼɭɥɝɚɪɢɧ ɢ Ƚɪɟɱ – „ɫɨɛɚɤɢ-ɢɳɟɣɤɢ”, „ɭɛɢɣɰɵ”. Ɉɬɜɪɚɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ
ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɟɩɪɢɝɥɹɞɧɚɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɨɫɬɶ:
Ȼɭɥɝɚɪɢɧ ɩɢɫɚɥ ɞɚɥɶɲɟ, ɩɪɢɳɭɪɢɜ ɝɥɚɡɚ, ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɹ ɜɫɥɭɯ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɜɚɥɫɹ ɫɦɟɲɚɬɶ ɫ ɝɪɹɡɶɸ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɉɭɲɤɢɧɚ (ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ Ƚɨɝɨɥɹ – Ʌ. Ɋ.). ɇɢɠɧɹɹ
ɝɭɛɚ ɟɝɨ ɫɤɟɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɵɫɭɧɭɥɚɫɶ ɜɩɟɪɟɞ. ȼɫɟ ɟɝɨ ɠɢɪɧɨɟ ɢ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɟ ɥɢɰɨ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ
ɧɨɫɨɦ, ɩɭɱɟɝɥɚɡɵɦɢ ɝɥɚɡɚɦɢ, ɫ ɡɚɱɟɫɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚ ɜɢɫɤɚɯ ɛɟɥɨɤɭɪɵɦɢ ɜɨɥɨɫɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɥɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ... (ɫ. 190).
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɫɚɬɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ „ɩɪɨɞɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɢɫɚɤɢ” ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɢɧɬɟɪɬɟɤɫɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɫɬɚɜɤɢ: ɫ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɞɬɟɤɫɬɨɦ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ
ɉɭɲɤɢɧɚ („ȼ Ȼɭɥɝɚɪɢɧɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɫɬɭɩɢɬɶ” [c. 188]), ɟɝɨ ɷɩɢɝɪɚɦɦɵ:
ɇɟ ɬɨ ɛɟɞɚ, ɱɬɨ ɬɵ ɩɨɥɹɤ:
Ʉɨɫɬɸɲɤɨ ɥɹɯ, Ɇɢɰɤɟɜɢɱ ɥɹɯ!
ɉɨɠɚɥɭɣ, ɛɭɞɶ ɫɟɛe ɬɚɬɚɪɢɧ, –
ɂ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɧɟ ɜɢɠɭ ɹ ɫɬɵɞɚ;
Ȼɭɞɶ ɠɢɞ – ɢ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɛɟɞɚ;
Ȼɟɞɚ, ɱɬɨ ɬɵ ȼɢɞɨɤ Ɏɢɝɥɹɪɢɧ (c. 188).
ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɢɧɬɟɪɬɟɤɫɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɟ ɪɨɦɚɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ: ɫɬɪɨɤɢ ɢɡ
ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɟɫɟɧ, ɰɢɬɚɬɵ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ Ƚɨɝɨɥɹ, ɉɭɲɤɢɧɚ, ɀɭɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ, Ʉɭɤɨɥɶɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɞɪ., ɱɬɨ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɛɵ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ʉɚɤ ɧɚɦ ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ, ɦɟɠɞɭ Ȼɭɥɝɚɪɢɧɵɦ-ɚɧɬɢɝɟɪɨɟɦ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɛɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ
ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɨɦ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɨɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ. Ɋɟɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩ – ɞɚɥɟɤɨ
ɧɟ ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɚɹ ɮɢɝɭɪɚ. Ȼɭɥɝɚɪɢɧ ɛɵɥ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ „ɲɩɢɨɧɨɦ ɨɬ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ”,
ɛɟɡɞɚɪɧɵɦ ɩɢɫɚɤɨɣ, ɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ „ɜɵɞɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɢ ɬɚɥɚɧɬɥɢɜɵɦ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɟɦ”7.
ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɢɤɢ Ȼɭɥɝɚɪɢɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨ ɰɟɧɢɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɬɚɥɚɧɬ ɤɚɤ ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɹ, ɪɨɦɚɧɢɫɬɚ ɢ ɩɭɛɥɢɰɢɫɬɚ. Ɋɢɥɟɟɜ ɩɨɫɜɹɬɢɥ ɟɦɭ ɬɪɢ ɞɭɦɵ, ɩɨɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɹ
ɤ Ȼɭɥɝɚɪɢɧɭ ɩɟɱɚɬɚɥɢ Ɏ. Ƚɥɢɧɤɚ, Ƚɧɟɞɢɱ, Ȼɚɪɚɬɵɧɫɤɢɣ. Ⱥ. Ɇɢɰɤɟɜɢɱ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɥ
Ȼɭɥɝɚɪɢɧɚ „ɥɸɛɢɦɵɦ”, ɚ ɫɟɛɹ – ɟɝɨ „ɢɫɬɢɧɧɵɦ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ”8. Ⱦɚɠɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɢɣ
ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɢɤ Ȼɭɥɝɚɪɢɧɚ – Ȼɟɥɢɧɫɤɢɣ – ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɥ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɟɨɛɵɱɚɣɧɵɣ ɭɫɩɟɯ ɂɜɚɧɚ ȼɵɠɢɝɢɧɚ, ɚ ɪɟɰɟɧɡɢɪɭɹ ȼɨɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɡ________________
6
Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 75.
Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 77.
8
P. C h m i e l o w s k i, Adam Mickiewicz, t. 2, Warszawa 1898, ɫ. 471–472.
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Ʌ. Ɋ ɨ ɦ ɚ ɳ ɟ ɧ ɤ ɨ
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ɧɚɜɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɧɢɯ „ɦɧɨɝɨ ɥɸɛɨɩɵɬɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨɝɨ, ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɚɦɢ
ɠɢɜɨ ɢ ɭɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧo”9. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ Ȼɭɥɝɚɪɢɧɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɚɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɹɯ ɢ ɯɪɟɫɬɨɦɚɬɢɹɯ, ɜɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɜ ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤɢ, ɟɝɨ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɢɡɞɚɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ
ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ: ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ, ɧɟɦɟɰɤɨɦ, ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɦ, ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɨɦ. ɇɨ ɜ ɬɨɦ
ɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɪɚɝɟɞɢɹ Ȼɭɥɝɚɪɢɧɚ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɛɟɡɭɦɧɨɣ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɢ
ɧɚɫɬɭɩɢɥɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɡɚɛɜɟɧɢɟ. ɉɪɚɜɞɚ, ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɏɏ ɜɟɤɚ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ
ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɥɚ ɪɭɫɢɫɬɨɜ ɋɒȺ10. ȼ 1978 ɝɨɞɭ ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɵɲɥɚ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ Ɂ. Ɇɟɣɲɭɬɨɜɢɱ11.
ȼ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɵɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɫɬɟɪɟɨɬɢɩɵ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ
ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ Ȼɭɥɝɚɪɢɧɚ ɢ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɟ ɭɱɟɧɵɟ ɇ. Ⱥɤɢɦɨɜɚ12, ɂ. Ɂɨɥɨɬɭɫɫɤɢɣ13,
Ⱥ. Ɋɟɣɬɛɥɚɬ14, Ⱥ. əɧɨɜ15, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ cɬɚɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɧɹɬɶ ɫ Ȼɭɥɝɚɪɢɧɚ ɤɥɟɣɦɨ ɧɟɝɨɞɹɹ ɢ ɩɚɫɤɜɢɥɹɧɬɚ16.
Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɢɦ, ɜ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɢ Ⱥ. ɉɨɥɬɨɪɚɰɤɨɝɨ ɇ. Ƚɨɝɨɥɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɹɯ ɫ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɤɪɢɬɢɤɚɦɢ, ɚɤɬɟɪɚɦɢ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɦ
ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɨɜɥɢɹɥɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɨ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɬɟɪɟɨɬɢɩɵ,
ɩɟɪɟɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɛɵɥɨ ɟɳɟ ɜɩɟɪɟɞɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɨɜɟɫɬɶ ȼ ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɧɟɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɵɦ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɦɚɥɨɜɵɪɚɡɢ________________
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ȼ. Ȼ ɟ ɥ ɢ ɧ ɫ ɤ ɢ ɣ, ɉɨɥɧɨɟ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɣ, ɬ. 10, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1956, ɫ. 86.
G. A l k i r e, Historical Novels of Faddej Bulgarin, unpublished dissertation, Berkeleɭ
1966; V.N. F a d d e j, V. Bulgarin. His Contribution to Nineteenth Century Russian Proze,
unpublished dissertation, Harvard 1966; F. M o c h a, Tadeusz Bulgarin (Faddej V. Bulgarin) 1789–1859. A study in literary maneuver, Rzym 1974.
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Z. M e j s z u t o w i c z, PowieĞü obyczajowa Tadeusza Bulgaryna, Wrocław–Warszawa–Kraków–GdaĔsk 1978.
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ɇ.ȼ. Ⱥ ɤ ɢ ɦ ɨ ɜ ɚ, Ɏ. Ȼɭɥɝɚɪɢɧ ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ
ɏȱɏ ɜɟɤɚ. Ⱦɢɫ. …ɞ-ɪɚ ɮɢɥɨɥ. ɧɚɭɤ, ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ 2003; ɇ. Ⱥ ɤ ɢ ɦ ɨ ɜ ɚ, Ȼɭɥɝɚɪɢɧ
ɢ Ƚɨɝɨɥɶ (ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɛɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɢ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɪɟɩɭɬɚɰɢɹ), „Ɋɭɫɫɤɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ” 1996, ʋ 3, ɫ. 3–18.
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ɂ. Ɂ ɨ ɥ ɨ ɬ ɭ ɫ ɫ ɤ ɢ ɣ, ɇɟɢɫɬɨɜɵɣ Ɏɢɝɥɹɪɢɧ, „ɇɨɜɵɣ ɦɢɪ” 1996, ʋ 2, ɫ. 194–204.
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Ⱥ. Ɋ ɟ ɣ ɬ ɛ ɥ ɚ ɬ, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ.
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Ⱥ. ə ɧ ɨ ɜ, Ɂɚɝɚɞɤɚ Ɏɚɞɞɟɹ Ȼɭɥɝɚɪɢɧɚ, „ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ” 1991, ʋ 9–10,
ɫ. 98–125.
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ɋɤɪɨɦɧɵɟ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɢ ɜɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɟ Ȼɭɥɝɚɪɢɧɭ-ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɸ ɫɞɟɥɚɥɚ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɷɬɢɯ
ɫɬɪɨɤ. ɋɦ.: Ʌ. Ɋ ɨ ɦ ɚ ɳ ɟ ɧ ɤ ɨ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ ɢ ɟe ɝɟɪɨɢ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨ-ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹ Ɏ. Ȼɭɥɝɚɪɢɧɚ (ɧɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ ɪɨɦɚɧɚ „Ɇɚɡɟɩɚ”), [ɜ:] Elm vɷ
Cɷmiyyɷt, Baki 2005, ʋ 2, c. 97–103; Ɋɨɦɚɧ „Ɇɚɡɟɩɚ” Ɍɚɞɟɭɲɚ Ȼɭɥɝɚɪɿɧɚ ɹɤ ɨɞɢɧ ɿɡ ɩɟɪɲɢɯ ɡɪɚɡɤɿɜ ɪɨɫɿɣɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɿɫɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɦɚɧɭ, „Warszawskie Zeszyty Ukrainoznawcze”
2006, c. 21–22; ɏɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɟɬɦɚɧɚ ɂɜɚɧɚ Ɇɚɡɟɩɵ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ, [ɜ:] Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ȱȱȱ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., c. 97–101 ɢ ɞɪ.
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ɇɢɤɨɥɚɣ Ƚɨɝɨɥɶ ɜ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɷɩɨɯɢ...
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ɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɫɭɯɨɜɚɬɵɦ ɫɬɢɥɟɦ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ. ɂ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɧɚɦ ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ, ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɭɸ ɚɭɪɭ
Ƚɨɝɨɥɟɜɫɤɨɣ ɷɩɨɯɢ ɨɧɚ ɧɟ ɭɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɹɦ ɨ Ƚɨɝɨɥɟ, ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɦ ɩɟɪɭ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɚ ɩɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɪɟɜɨɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɯ.
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