к теме твор ества в ранней поэзии анны ахматовой. финал книги

STUDIA ROSSICA POSNANIENSIA, vol. XXXVI: 2011, pp. 223-230. ISBN 978-83-232-2300-9. ISSN 0081-6884.
Adam Mickiewicz University Press, PoznaĔ
Ʉ ɌȿɆȿ ɌȼɈɊɑȿɋɌȼȺ ȼ ɊȺɇɇȿɃ ɉɈɗɁɂɂ Ⱥɇɇɕ ȺɏɆȺɌɈȼɈɃ.
ɎɂɇȺɅ ɄɇɂȽɂ ɑEɌɄɂ (1914)
THEME OF CREATION IN THE EARLY POETRY OF ANNA AKHMATOVA.
THE FINAL OF BOOK BEADS (1914)
ɋȼȿɌɅȺɇȺ ɈȼɋəɇɇɂɄɈȼȺ
ABSTRACT. The article is dedicated to the analysis of the final of Beads by great Russian poetess
Anna Akhmanova. The book’s final consists of just nine verses, but, nevertheless, it is beautiful
and amazing. In a relatively brief article the author tries to acquaint us with a very complex,
multicolored world created by the poetess and also attempts to bring to a focus the deep, sharp
feelings of lyric heroine.
ɋɜɟɬɥɚɧɚ Ɉɜɫɹɧɧɢɤɨɜɚ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ
– Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ.
ɋ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɜ ɫɜɟɬ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɫɬɢɯɨɜ Ⱥɧɧɵ Ⱥɯɦɚɬɨɜɨɣ ɑɟɬɤɢ
„ɩɨɞɥɢɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɢɡɹɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɟɟ ɞɚɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ”1, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɟ ɢɧɚɱɟ ɤɚɤ
ɦɭɡɵɤɚɥɶɧɨɟ2, ɫɬɚɥɨ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɵɦ. Ɉɲɟɥɨɦɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɭɫɩɟɯ ɭ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɢ, ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ 13 ɩɟɪɟɢɡɞɚɧɢɣ, ɝɪɨɦɤɚɹ ɜɫɟɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɚɹ ɫɥɚɜɚ
– ɜɨɬ ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɧɟɫɥɨ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɦɭ ɚɜɬɨɪɭ ɟɝɨ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɤɧɢɝɚ, ɩɪɨɱɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɜɲɚɹ ɢɦɹ Ⱥɯɦɚɬɨɜɨɣ ɫ ɥɸɛɨɜɧɨɣ ɥɢɪɢɤɨɣ,
ɬɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɧɟ ɢɫɱɟɪɩɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɟɦɨɣ ɥɸɛɜɢ. ɋɨɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ 4 ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ
48 ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɣ3 ɩɨɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜ, ɦɨɬɢɜɨɜ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɟɳɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɬɟɦ, ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɷɬɚ, – ɬɟɦɵ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɬɟɦɵ ɩɨɤɚɹɧɢɹ
(ɧɢɳɟɬɵ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɣ). ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɢɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫ ɬɟɦɨɣ ɥɸɛɜɢ – ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ,
ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɨɣ ɩɨɷɡɢɢ Ⱥɧɧɵ Ⱥɯɦɚɬɨɜɨɣ – ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɬɨ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɑɟɬɨɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɦɭɡɵɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɫɸɢɬɵ.
ȼ ɤɧɢɝɟ ɜɫɟ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɨ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɧɨɦɭ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɵɫɥɢ, ɟɟ ɜɧɭɬ________________
1
ȼ. ɏ ɨ ɞ ɚ ɫ ɟ ɜ ɢ ɱ, Ɋɭɫɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɷɡɢɹ, „Ⱥɥɶɰɢɨɧɚ” 1914, ʋ 1, ɫ. 205.
ȼ.Ɇ. ɀ ɢ ɪ ɦ ɭ ɧ ɫ ɤ ɢ ɣ, ɉɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɜɲɢɟ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɡɦ, [ɜ:] Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ. ɉɨɷɬɢɤɚ. ɋɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɤɚ, Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞ 1977, ɫ. 113.
3
ȼ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɦ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ
ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤɨɜ Ⱥɧɧɵ Ⱥɯɦɚɬɨɜɨɣ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ, ɧɚ ɧɚɲ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ, ɞɚɸɬ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɦɵɫɥɟ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɜɨɩɥɨɳɟɧɢɢ.
2
ɋ. Ɉ ɜ ɫ ɹ ɧ ɧ ɢ ɤ ɨ ɜ ɚ
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ɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɥɨɝɢɤɟ. ɉɨ ɧɚɲɟɦɭ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ, ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɑɟɬɨɤ ɜ ɩɨɷɡɢɢ Ⱥɧɧɵ Ⱥɯɦɚɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɬɪɢ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɮɟɪɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ 20-ɯ ɝɨɞɚɯ
ɏɏ ɜɟɤɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɥ ȼ.ȼ. ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜ, – „ɩɟɫɧɹ”, „ɦɨɥɢɬɜɚ”, „ɥɸɛɨɜɶ”4. ɇɚɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɞɟɛɸɬɧɨɦ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤɟ ȼɟɱɟɪ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɭɬɶ ɨɬ ɥɸɛɜɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɭ Ⱥɯɦɚɬɨɜɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ ɢ ɜ ɑɟɬɤɚɯ, ɧɨ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɨɫɥɨɠɧɹɹɫɶ ɢ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɹɹɫɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɟɟ ɩɨɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ. Ʌɸɛɨɜɧɨɟ
ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɨɩɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɟɦɭ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨɦ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɫɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɹɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɤɨɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɱɬɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɠɟ ɢɡ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ.
ɇɢɬɶ ɛɭɫ, ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɢ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɵ, ɪɨɠɞɚɸɬ, ɧɚ ɧɚɲ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ,
ɞɜɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ: ɜɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɫɬɶ (ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ, ɱɭɜɫɬɜ, ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɚ), ɚ ɜɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɤɪɭɝ (ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ,
ɰɢɤɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɟɞɢɧɨɝɨ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ). Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ (ɚ ɭ Ⱥɯɦɚɬɨɜɨɣ ɷɬɨ, ɛɟɡ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɹ, ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɪɨɫɬ) ɱɭɜɫɬɜ, ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ,
ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɤ ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɢɹɦ, ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬ
ɫɜɨɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɢɡ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɑɟɬɨɤ ɢ ɜ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɧɢɤɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɚɯɦɚɬɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤɚ.
Ɏɢɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɫɬɢɯɨɜ Ⱥɧɧɵ Ⱥɯɦɚɬɨɜɨɣ ɑɟɬɤɢ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ ɢɡ
ɞɟɜɹɬɢ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɣ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɬɟɦɟ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ
ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɛɨɱɧɨɣ. ȼ ɮɢɧɚɥɟ ɠɟ ɬɟɦɵ ɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ
ɦɟɫɬɚɦɢ: ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɬɟɦɚ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɚɯɦɚɬɨɜɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɡɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɥɸɛɜɢ, ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɢ ɨɛɪɟɬɚɸɬ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɨɬɬɟɧɤɢ.
ȼ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɫ ȼɟɱɟɪɨɦ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɰɟɥɢɤɨɦ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɚ ɬɟɦɟ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɟ ɑɟɬɨɤ ɛɭɞɬɨ ɛɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɩɨɷɬɨɦ
– ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡɧɢɬɫɹ ɜɨɩɥɨɳɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜ ɢ ɦɨɬɢɜɨɜ. ɇɚ ɫɦɟɧɭ ɪɨɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɸ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ, ɩɨɱɬɢ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɣ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɫɬɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɦ
ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɛɭɤɜɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɩɥɟɫɤɢɜɚɜɲɢɦɫɹ ɫɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ȼɟɱɟɪɚ, ɜ ɑɟɬɤɚɯ ɫɥɵɲɢɬɫɹ ɝɨɥɨɫ ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟ ɭɦɭɞɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɹɦɢ
ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ, ɬɨ, ɜɨ ɜɫɹɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɨɣ.
Ʉɚɤ ɜɩɥɟɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɦɨɢ ɬɟɦɧɵɟ ɤɨɫɵ
ɋɟɪɟɛɪɢɫɬɚɹ ɛɟɥɚɹ ɩɪɹɞɶ –
Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɵ, ɫɨɥɨɜɟɣ ɛɟɡɝɨɥɨɫɵɣ,
ɗɬɭ ɦɭɤɭ ɫɭɦɟɟɲɶ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ5.
ȼɫɟ, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɦ, ɫɨ ɡɜɭɤɨɦ, ɫ ɩɟɫɧɟɣ, ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɫɨ ɡɜɭɱɚɳɟɣ ɫɬɢɯɢɟɣ, ɞɥɹ Ⱥɯɦɚɬɨɜɨɣ ɫ ɪɚɧɧɟɣ ɩɨɪɵ ɟɟ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɨ. Ɂɜɭ________________
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ȼ.ȼ. ȼ ɢ ɧ ɨ ɝ ɪ ɚ ɞ ɨ ɜ, Ɉ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɤɟ Ⱥ. Ⱥɯɦɚɬɨɜɨɣ, [ɜ:] Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɦɵɫɥɶ,
ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ 1922, ɫ. 92.
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Ⱥ. Ⱥ ɯ ɦ ɚ ɬ ɨ ɜ ɚ, ɑɟɬɤɢ, ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ 1914, c. 40. ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɰɢɮɪɚ ɫɫɵɥɤɢ
ɜ ɫɤɨɛɤɚɯ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ Ⱥɧɧɨɣ Ⱥɯɦɚɬɨɜɨɣ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɢ.
Ʉ ɬɟɦɟ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɪɚɧɧɟɣ ɩɨɷɡɢɢ Ⱥɧɧɵ Ⱥɯɦɚɬɨɜɨɣ...
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ɱɚɳɟɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɜ ɟɟ ɩɨɷɡɢɢ – ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɡɧɚɤɨɜɵɣ. ɉɨɬɨɦɭ ɬɚɤ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɜ ȼɟɱɟɪɟ ɡɜɭɤɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɡɜɭɱɚɳɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɵ ɢ ɦɨɬɢɜɵ: „ɡɜɨɧɤɢɟ ɜɨɩɥɢ ɝɨɥɨɫɚ
ɛɟɞɵ”6, „ɡɜɨɧɤɢɣ ɝɨɥɨɫ ɧɟ ɭɡɧɚɜɲɢɯ ɫɱɚɫɬɶɹ” (6, 21), ɨɛɪɚɡ ɬɢɯɨɣ ɞɟɜɭɲɤɢ
ɫ „ɩɬɢɱɶɢɦ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɦ” (6, 23), ɨɛɪɚɡ ɫɦɵɱɤɚ, „ɛɶɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɨɬ ɛɨɥɢ” (6, 31), ɨɛɪɚɡ
ɤɭɤɭɲɤɢ ɜ ɱɚɫɚɯ (6, 36). ȼ ɑɟɬɤɚɯ, ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɨɫɨɛɨɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɹ,
ɡɜɭɤɨɜɚɹ ɢ ɡɜɭɱɚɳɚɹ ɫɬɢɯɢɹ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɫɞɟɪɠɚɧɧɟɟ, ɚɫɤɟɬɢɱɧɟɟ. ȼɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɚɹ
ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɚɯ ɩɟɫɧɢ, ɝɨɥɨɫɚ (5, 13), ɨɧɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɨɬɢɜɟ ɩɟɫɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ, ɛɭɞɭɱɢ ɥɢɲɶ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɢɦɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɦ ɫ ȼɟɱɟɪɨɦ, ɟɫɬɶ
ɩɪɹɦɨɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ „ɩɬɢɰɵ-ɬɨɫɤɢ” ɢɡ ɮɢɧɚɥɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɑɟɬɨɤ:
ȼɵɥɟɬɢɬ ɩɬɢɰɚ – ɦɨɹ ɬɨɫɤɚ, –
ɋɹɞɟɬ ɧɚ ɜɟɬɤɭ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɟɬ ɩɟɬɶ (5, 26).
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɠɟ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɢɧɚɹ. Ɇɭɤɢ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɵɟ, ɩɨɬɟɪɹ ɥɸɛɜɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɰɟɧɧɚ ɭɬɪɚɬɟ
ɝɨɥɨɫɚ ɩɟɜɱɟɣ ɩɬɢɰɟɣ, ɢ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɢɡɦɭɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɞɭɲɚ ɝɟɪɨɢɧɢ ɭɩɨɞɨɛɥɟɧɚ „ɫɨɥɨɜɶɸ ɛɟɡɝɨɥɨɫɨɦɭ”. ȼɪɟɦɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ „ɢ ɡɜɟɧɟɥɚ, ɢ ɩɟɥɚ ɨɬɪɚɜɧɨ” ɟɝɨ
„ɧɟɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɚɹ ɪɚɞɨɫɬɶ”7, ɧɟɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɢɦɨ, ɢ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɦɨɬɢɜ ɩɟɫɧɢ, ɝɨɥɨɫɚ ɡɜɭɱɢɬ
ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɤɚɤ ɦɨɬɢɜ ɟɝɨ ɭɬɪɚɬɵ. ɗɬɨɬ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɬɢɜ, ɹɜɧɨ ɦɢɧɨɪɧɨɝɨ
ɡɜɭɤɨɪɹɞɚ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɝɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɟɜɚ, ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɛɭɞɬɨ „ɧɚɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɡɚɬɢɯɲɟɝɨ ɝɨɥɨɫɚ”:
Ɋɚɡɜɟ ɠɚɥɶ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɜɧɨ, ɤɨɝɞɚ-ɬɨ,
ɇɚɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɦɨɣ ɝɨɥɨɫ ɡɚɬɢɯ (5, 41).
ɇɟɨɛɵɱɟɧ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɢ ɫɚɦ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɥɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɝɟɪɨɢɧɢ. ȼɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɜ ɚɯɦɚɬɨɜɫɤɨɦ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦɚ ɞɜɨɣɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɨɧɚ
ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ ɝɟɪɨɢɧɢ: ɫɚɦɚ ɝɟɪɨɢɧɹ, ɩɨɷɬ, ɢ ɟɟ ɞɜɨɣɧɢɤ, „ɫɟɫɬɪɚ”, Ɇɭɡɚ.
„Ɇɭɡɚ-ɫɟɫɬɪɚ ɡɚɝɥɹɧɭɥɚ ɜ ɥɢɰɨ”, ɤɚɤ ɦɵ ɩɨɦɧɢɦ, ɟɳɟ ɜ ȼɟɱɟɪɟ (6, 24), ɧɨ ɬɚɦ
ɨɧɚ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɝɟɪɨɢɧɢ ɧɟ ɫɥɢɜɚɥɚɫɶ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɠɟ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɞɭɲɟ ɥɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɝɟɪɨɢɧɢ ɢɞɟɬ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɞɢɚɥɨɝ:
ə ɩɪɢɲɥɚ ɬɟɛɹ ɫɦɟɧɢɬɶ, ɫɟɫɬɪɚ,
ɍ ɥɟɫɧɨɝɨ, ɭ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɫɬɪɚ. –
Ɍɵ ɩɪɢɲɥɚ ɦɟɧɹ ɩɨɯɨɪɨɧɢɬɶ.
Ƚɞɟ ɠɟ ɡɚɫɬɭɩ ɬɜɨɣ, ɝɞɟ ɥɨɩɚɬɚ? (5, 41).
Ⱥɯɦɚɬɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɦɵɫɥɶ ɨ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɱɚɫɬɶɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜ ɫɭɞɶɛɟ ɩɨɷɬɚ,
ɡɧɚɤɨɦɚɹ ɧɚɦ ɩɨ ȼɟɱɟɪɭ8, ɤɚɤ ɦɵ ɜɢɞɢɦ, ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ ɠɢɬɶ. ɇɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɨɧɚ
ɞɪɚɦɚɬɢɱɧɟɟ, ɨɫɬɪɟɟ. Ɉɞɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɞɭɲɢ ɝɟɪɨɢɧɢ, ɨɩɭɫɬɨɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɹɦɢ,
ɨɥɢɰɟɬɜɨɪɹɸɳɚɹ ɭ Ⱥɯɦɚɬɨɜɨɣ ɠɟɧɫɤɭɸ ɫɭɞɶɛɭ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɟ ɭɡɧɚɜ ɫɱɚɫɬɶɹ, „ɭɫɬɭ________________
6
Ⱥ. Ⱥ ɯ ɦ ɚ ɬ ɨ ɜ ɚ, ȼɟɱɟɪ, ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ 1912, c. 18. ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɰɢɮɪɚ ɜ ɫɤɨɛɤɚɯ
ɫɫɵɥɤɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ Ⱥɧɧɨɣ Ⱥɯɦɚɬɨɜɨɣ ɜ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤɟ.
7
ȼ. ɏ ɨ ɞ ɚ ɫ ɟ ɜ ɢ ɱ, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 40.
8
ȼ.Ɇ. ɀ ɢ ɪ ɦ ɭ ɧ ɫ ɤ ɢ ɣ, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., c. 24.
226
ɋ. Ɉ ɜ ɫ ɹ ɧ ɧ ɢ ɤ ɨ ɜ ɚ
ɩɚɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ” – Ɇɭɡɟ, ɩɪɢɲɟɞɲɟɣ „ɩɨ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɣ ɞɨɪɨɝɟ, / ɑɬɨɛ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɨɡɚɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɶ” (5, 41). ɀɟɧɫɤɨɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɞɭɲɢ ɝɟɪɨɢɧɢ ɨɬɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɦ, ɩɨɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɦ. ɇɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɠɟɧɫɤɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɞɭɲɢ – ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ
ɜɞɨɯɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ:
ɂ ɨɞɧɚ ɭɲɥɚ, ɭɫɬɭɩɚɹ,
ɍɫɬɭɩɚɹ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ,
ɂ ɧɟɜɟɪɧɨ ɛɪɟɥɚ, ɤɚɤ ɫɥɟɩɚɹ,
ɇɟɡɧɚɤɨɦɨɣ, ɭɡɤɨɣ ɬɪɨɩɨɣ.
ɂ ɜɫɟ ɱɭɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɟɣ, ɱɬɨ ɩɥɚɦɹ
Ȼɥɢɡɤɨ. Ȼɭɛɟɧ ɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɪɭɤɚ.
ɂ ɨɧɚ, ɤɚɤ ɛɟɥɨɟ ɡɧɚɦɹ,
ɂ ɨɧɚ, ɤɚɤ ɫɜɟɬ ɦɚɹɤɚ (5, 41).
ɀɟɧɫɤɨɟ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɧɟɪɚɡɪɵɜɧɨ ɫɥɢɬɵ ɜ ɩɨɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɦɢɪɟ Ⱥɧɧɵ Ⱥɯɦɚɬɨɜɨɣ. ɑɟɪɟɡ ɫɮɟɪɭ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ, ɰɟɧɬɪɨɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɸɛɨɜɶ, ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɟɟ ɥɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɝɟɪɨɢɧɹ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɟ. ɂ ɱɟɦ ɦɨɳɧɟɟ, ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɧɟɟ ɷɬɨ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɟ, ɬɟɦ ɤɚɦɟɪɧɟɟ ɢ ɧɟɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɟɟ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɢɬ ɭ Ⱥɯɦɚɬɨɜɨɣ ɥɢɱɧɨɟ. Ɍɚɤ, ɟɟ ɋɬɢɯɢ ɨ ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɟ (5, 42 I, II), ɩɪɟɥɟɫɬɧɵɣ ɦɢɧɢ-ɰɢɤɥ,
ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɢ ɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ. ɋɬɪɨɝɨɣ, ɥɚɤɨɧɢɱɧɨɣ, ɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɱɟɤɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɭɸ ɦɨɳɶ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɝɨ, ɧɟɩɪɟɫɬɭɩɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɚ, ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɩɥɚɜɧɚɹ, ɥɢɪɢɱɧɚɹ ɜɬɨɪɚɹ,
ɪɚɫɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɪɟɞɤɨɟ, ɭɞɢɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɞɨɫɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɝɟɪɨɢɧɢ.
ȼɧɨɜɶ ɂɫɚɤɢɣ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɱɟɧɶɟ
ɂɡ ɥɢɬɨɝɨ ɫɟɪɟɛɪɚ...
ɋɬɵɧɟɬ ɜ ɝɪɨɡɧɨɦ ɧɟɬɟɪɩɟɧɶɟ
Ʉɨɧɶ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɝɨ ɉɟɬɪɚ (5, 42 I). –
ɋɟɪɞɰɟ ɛɶɟɬɫɹ ɪɨɜɧɨ, ɦɟɪɧɨ,
ɑɬɨ ɦɧɟ ɞɨɥɝɢɟ ɝɨɞɚ! (5, 42 II).
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɪɟɜɨɠɧɵɯ ɲɬɪɢɯɨɜ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɭɫɨɦɧɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɡɵɛɥɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ – ɦɢɪɚ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɵ:
ȼɟɬɟɪ ɞɭɲɧɵɣ ɢ ɫɭɪɨɜɵɣ
ɋ ɱɟɪɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɛ ɫɦɟɬɚɟɬ ɝɚɪɶ... (5, 42 I).
ɇɟɡɵɛɥɟɦɵɦ, ɧɟɩɨɞɜɥɚɫɬɧɵɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɢɱɧɨɟ
– ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ:
ȼɟɞɶ ɩɨɞ ɚɪɤɨɣ ɧɚ Ƚɚɥɟɪɧɨɣ
ɇɚɲɢ ɬɟɧɢ ɧɚɜɫɟɝɞɚ (5, 42 II).
ɉɨɞɨɛɧɨɟ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɬɪɟɜɨɠɧɨɝɨ, ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɢ ɧɟɠɧɨɝɨ,
ɥɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ-ɩɪɢɩɨɞɧɹɬɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɮɨɧɟ ɦɨɬɢɜɚ, ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɦɭɡɵɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɋ.ȼ. Ɋɚɯɦɚɧɢɧɨɜɚ. ȼ ɪɹɞɟ ɟɝɨ ɷɬɸɞɨɜ-ɤɚɪɬɢɧ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɚ ɦɢɧɨɪ (ɫɨɱ. 33, ʋ 1), ɫɬɪɨɝɨɟ, ɞɚɠɟ ɫɭɪɨɜɨɟ ɡɜɭɱɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ-
Ʉ ɬɟɦɟ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɪɚɧɧɟɣ ɩɨɷɡɢɢ Ⱥɧɧɵ Ⱥɯɦɚɬɨɜɨɣ...
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ɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɵ (ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɟ ɚɤɤɨɪɞɧɨɟ ɫɬɚɤɤɚɬɨ) ɧɟɨɠɢɞɚɧɧɨ ɫɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɫɜɟɬɥɵɣ
ɦɟɥɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɨɬɢɜ ɢ, ɛɭɞɭɱɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɟ, ɜ ɮɢɧɚɥɟ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɫɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɟɟ ɨɫɬɪɨɬɭ, ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɠɚɹ ɫɮɟɪɭ ɡɜɭɱɚɧɢɹ.
ȼ ɚɯɦɚɬɨɜɫɤɢɯ ɋɬɢɯɚɯ ɨ ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɟ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɯɨɞɧɚɹ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚ:
ɪɚɞɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɷɦɨɰɢɢ ɡɚɬɦɟɜɚɸɬ ɫɭɪɨɜɵɟ, ɝɧɟɬɭɳɢɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɢ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɝɟɪɨɢɧɹ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɝɟɪɨɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɟɬ „ɛɥɚɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɢɝ ɱɭɞɟɫ” ɢ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɚ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦɭ:
Ɂɚɜɬɪɚ ɥɭɱɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜɱɟɪɚ –
ɇɚɞ ɇɟɜɨɸ ɬɟɦɧɨɜɨɞɧɨɣ,
ɉɨɞ ɭɥɵɛɤɨɸ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ
ɂɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɉɟɬɪɚ (5, 42 II).
ɇɨɜɵɦ ɞɪɚɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɨɦ ɬɟɦɵ ɥɸɛɜɢ ɜ ɮɢɧɚɥɟ ɑɟɬɨɤ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɦɨɬɢɜ ɫɬɪɚɲɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɬɢ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɤɚɧɚɬɧɨɣ ɩɥɹɫɭɧɶɢ.
ɉɨɤɢɧɭɬɚɹ ɥɸɛɢɦɵɦ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɤɚɧɚɬɧɚɹ ɩɥɹɫɭɧɶɹ ɨɛɪɟɱɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɲɧɵɣ ɩɭɬɶ
ɜɞɜɨɣɧɟ, ɟɠɟɞɧɟɜɧɵɣ ɪɢɫɤ ɞɥɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɦɟɪɤɧɟɬ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɟ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɞɭɲɟɜɧɨɣ ɪɚɧɨɣ („ɉɭɫɬɶ ɫɬɪɚɲɟɧ ɩɭɬɶ ɦɨɣ, ɩɭɫɬɶ ɨɩɚɫɟɧ, // ȿɳɟ ɫɬɪɚɲɧɟɟ ɩɭɬɶ
ɬɨɫɤɢ...” – 5, 43):
Ɉɪɤɟɫɬɪ ɜɟɫɟɥɨɟ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ,
ɂ ɭɥɵɛɚɸɬɫɹ ɭɫɬɚ,
ɇɨ ɫɟɪɞɰɟ ɡɧɚɟɬ, ɫɟɪɞɰɟ ɡɧɚɟɬ,
ɑɬɨ ɥɨɠɚ ɩɹɬɚɹ ɩɭɫɬɚ! (5, 43).
Ƚɟɪɨɢɧɹ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɲɧɵɣ ɩɭɬɶ, ɭ ɧɟɟ ɧɟɬ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɹ ɫɜɟɪɧɭɬɶ ɫ ɧɟɝɨ.
ɂ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɑɟɬɨɤ ɨɬ ȼɟɱɟɪɚ, ɝɞɟ ɧɟ ɪɚɡ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɥɢɫɶ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɢ
ɫɤɪɵɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɛɟɞ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɹɫɟɧɢɣ ɩɭɬɟɦ „ɨɛɟɫɫɟɪɞɟɱɟɧɢɹ”, ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɢɝɪɭɲɤɭ (6, 2 I), ɜ ɦɪɚɦɨɪɧɭɸ ɫɬɚɬɭɸ (6, 2 II). ȼ ɮɢɧɚɥɟ ɑɟɬɨɤ ɫɬɪɚɲɧɵɣ ɢɫɯɨɞ
ɩɪɢɡɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɟɪɨɢɧɟɣ, ɩɨ ɫɭɬɢ, ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ, ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɢ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɵɦ.
ɉɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɷɬɨɣ ɦɵɫɥɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɚɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɦɨɬɢɜɚ
ɩɭɬɢ.
Ɂɧɚɸ, ɡɧɚɸ – ɫɧɨɜɚ ɥɵɠɢ
ɋɭɯɨ ɡɚɫɤɪɢɩɹɬ,
ȼ ɫɢɧɟɦ ɧɟɛɟ ɦɟɫɹɰ ɪɵɠɢɣ,
Ʌɭɝ ɬɚɤ ɫɥɚɞɨɫɬɧɨ ɩɨɤɚɬ (5, 44).
ɉɭɬɶ ɩɨ ɡɚɫɧɟɠɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɪɭɫɥɭ ɇɟɜɵ – ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɭɥɤɢ ɧɚ ɥɵɠɚɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɬɚɤ ɥɸɛɢɥɚ Ⱥɧɧɚ Ⱥɯɦɚɬɨɜɚ, – ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɬɢɯɚɯ ɤɚɤ ɩɭɬɶ ɫɤɚɡɨɱɧɵɣ, ɜɟɞɭɳɢɣ ɤ ɤɚɤɨɦɭ-ɬɨ ɬɚɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɞɜɨɪɰɭ, ɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ, ɭɜɵ, ɧɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɢɦ.
ȼɨ ɞɜɨɪɰɟ ɝɨɪɹɬ ɨɤɨɲɤɢ,
Ɍɢɲɢɧɨɣ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɵ.
ɇɢ ɬɪɨɩɢɧɤɢ, ɧɢ ɞɨɪɨɠɤɢ,
Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɨɪɭɛɢ ɬɟɦɧɵ (5, 44).
ɀɢɜɵɦ ɜɨɩɥɨɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɤɚɡɤɢ ɧɚɹɜɭ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɝɟɪɨɢɧɢ ɜ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɨɣ
ɱɚɫɬɢ ɑɟɬɨɤ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡ ȼɟɧɟɰɢɢ – ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɥɸɛɜɢ, ɦɭɡɵɤɢ ɢ ɩɨɷɡɢɢ – ɝɨɪɨɞɚ, ɨɫɨ-
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ɋ. Ɉ ɜ ɫ ɹ ɧ ɧ ɢ ɤ ɨ ɜ ɚ
ɛɨ ɥɸɛɢɦɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɣ Ⱥɯɦɚɬɨɜɨɣ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɟɟ ȼɟɧɟɰɢɹ ɥɢɲɟɧɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ
ɱɟɪɬ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ-ɤɚɪɧɚɜɚɥɚ, ɨɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɨ ɬɢɯɚ ɢ ɫɬɚɪɨɦɨɞɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɚ.
Ɂɨɥɨɬɚɹ ɝɨɥɭɛɹɬɧɹ ɭ ɜɨɞɵ,
Ʌɚɫɤɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɦɥɟɸɳɟ ɡɟɥɟɧɨɣ,
Ɂɚɦɟɬɚɟɬ ɜɟɬɟɪɨɤ ɫɨɥɟɧɵɣ
ɑɟɪɧɵɯ ɥɨɞɨɤ ɭɡɤɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɵ (5, 45).
Ⱦɚɠɟ ɯɪɟɫɬɨɦɚɬɢɣɧɵɟ ɱɟɪɬɵ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɝɟɪɨɢɧɟɣ
ɤɚɤ ɧɟɱɬɨ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɟɟ ɞɭɲɟ, ɧɟɱɬɨ ɞɚɜɧɵɦ-ɞɚɜɧɨ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɨɟ, ɛɭɞɬɨ ɭɜɢɞɟɧɧɨɟ „ɧɚ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɦ, ɜɵɰɜɟɬɲɟɦ ɯɨɥɫɬɟ”, ɢ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ
ɧɟ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɟɫɧɨɬɟ,
ɂ ɧɟ ɞɭɲɧɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɵɪɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɡɧɨɟ (5, 45).
Ɇɨɬɢɜ ɫɤɚɡɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɬɢ ɜ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɑɟɬɨɤ ɬɚɤ ɧɢɱɟɦ ɢ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɚɟɬɫɹ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɦɨɬɢɜ ɩɭɬɢ ɫɬɪɚɲɧɨɝɨ – ɦɨɬɢɜ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨ-ɫɨɡɢɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ – ɜɟɞɟɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɢ ɤ ɨɬɤɪɨɜɟɧɢɹɦ ɜ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɟ. ɉɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɧɢɟ
ɠɟ ɛɨɥɢ ɜ ɑɟɬɤɚɯ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦ ɨɩɵɬɨɦ ɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɟɦɵɫɥɢɦ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ Ȼɨɠɶɟɣ. ɉɨɬɨɦɭ ɬɚɤ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɧɵ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɢ „ɩɪɨɬɟɪɬɵɣ ɤɨɜɪɢɤ ɩɨɞ ɢɤɨɧɨɣ”, ɢ ɱɭɬɶ ɝɨɪɹɳɚɹ ɥɚɦɩɚɞɤɚ (5, 46). Ɉ ɱɟɦ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ
ɷɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɵ?.. „ȿɫɥɢ ɠɟ ɭ ɤɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɜɚɫ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɟɬ ɦɭɞɪɨɫɬɢ, ɞɚ ɩɪɨɫɢɬ ɭ Ȼɨɝɚ,
ɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɢ ɛɟɡ ɭɩɪɟɤɨɜ, – ɢ ɞɚɫɬɫɹ ɟɦɭ” (ɂɤ., 1, 5), – ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɚɩɨɫɬɨɥ ɂɚɤɨɜ. ɂɛɨ „ɦɭɞɪɨɫɬɶ, ɫɯɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɫɜɵɲɟ, ɜɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɱɢɫɬɚ, ɩɨɬɨɦ ɦɢɪɧɚ,
ɫɤɪɨɦɧɚ, ɩɨɫɥɭɲɥɢɜɚ, ɩɨɥɧɚ ɦɢɥɨɫɟɪɞɢɹ ɢ ɞɨɛɪɵɯ ɩɥɨɞɨɜ, ɛɟɫɩɪɢɫɬɪɚɫɬɧɚ
ɢ ɧɟɥɢɰɟɦɟɪɧɚ” (ɂɤ., 3, 17). ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɵɣ ɫɬɪɨɣ ɚɯɦɚɬɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɝɟɪɨɢɧɢ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɤɨɝɞɚ-ɥɢɛɨ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɫɨɛɪɚɧ. Ɉɧɚ ɝɨɬɨɜɚ ɤ ɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɢɫɤɭɲɟɧɢɹɦ. ɂ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɦɟɞɥɹɬ ɩɨɹɜɢɬɶɫɹ: ɩɟɪɜɨɟ – ɢɫɤɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɨɣ (17, 46),
ɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɟ – ɢɫɤɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɫɬɶɸ (5, 47).
ɉɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɵ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɟɣ „ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɬɨɧɨɤ ɢ ɠɟɫɬɨɤ” (5, 46), ɦɭɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɞɭɲɢ ɝɟɪɨɢɧɢ:
Ⱥ ɫɟɪɞɰɭ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɫɬɪɚɲɧɨ ɛɢɬɶɫɹ,
Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɬɨɫɤɚ... (5, 46),
ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɢɫɤɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɫɬɶɸ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɫɬɪɚɲɧɟɟ. ɇɚɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɬɪɟɜɨɝɢ ɢ ɭɫɤɨɥɶɡɚɧɢɟ ɛɵɥɨɝɨ ɞɭɲɟɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɛɶɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ
„ɦɟɥɤɨɝɨ, ɦɟɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɧɟɝɚ” (5, 47). „Ɇɟɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ” ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɢ ɞɭɲɭ ɝɟɪɨɢɧɢ, ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɫɬɨɹɳɭɸ ɩɪɢɲɟɞɲɟɦɭ ɝɨɫɬɸ:
ə ɫɩɪɨɫɢɥɚ: „ɑɟɝɨ ɬɵ ɯɨɱɟɲɶ?”
Ɉɧ ɫɤɚɡɚɥ: „Ȼɵɬɶ ɫ ɬɨɛɨɣ ɜ ɚɞɭ”.
ə ɫɦɟɹɥɚɫɶ: „Ⱥɯ, ɧɚɩɪɨɪɨɱɢɲɶ
ɇɚɦ ɨɛɨɢɦ, ɩɨɠɚɥɭɣ, ɛɟɞɭ” (5, 47).
Ɉɛɥɢɤ „ɝɨɫɬɹ” ɫɨɛɥɚɡɧɢɬɟɥɟɧ, ɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɹɜɧɨ ɞɟɦɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɟɥɟɫɬɶ: „ɝɥɚɡɚ, ɝɥɹɞɹɳɢɟ ɬɭɫɤɥɨ”, ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɟ, „ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɥɟɧɧɨ-ɡɥɨɟ ɥɢɰɨ”, „ɪɭɤɚ ɫɭɯɚɹ”,
ɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɱɢ ɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɯ ɫɬɪɚɫɬɢ... ɂ ɱɭɬɤɚɹ ɞɭɲɚ ɝɟɪɨɢɧɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɟɬ ɷɬɨ:
Ʉ ɬɟɦɟ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɪɚɧɧɟɣ ɩɨɷɡɢɢ Ⱥɧɧɵ Ⱥɯɦɚɬɨɜɨɣ...
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Ɉ, ɹ ɡɧɚɸ: ɟɝɨ ɨɬɪɚɞɚ –
ɇɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɨ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɫɬɧɨ ɡɧɚɬɶ,
ɑɬɨ ɟɦɭ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɧɚɞɨ,
ɑɬɨ ɦɧɟ ɧɟ ɜ ɱɟɦ ɟɦɭ ɨɬɤɚɡɚɬɶ (5, 47).
ɍɩɨɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɛɥɚɡɧɨɦ ɫɬɪɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɣɬɢ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɭɬɶ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɛɵɥɨ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɧɟɟ, ɜ 1907 ɝɨɞɭ, ɛɥɢɫɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɩɥɨɳɟɧɨ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɦ Ȼɥɨɤɨɦ
ɜ ɟɝɨ ɋɧɟɠɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɤɟ, ɡɚɜɨɪɨɠɢɜɲɟɣ ɱɢɬɚɸɳɭɸ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɭ ɪɚɡɦɚɯɨɦ ɫɧɟɠɧɨɣ
ɫɬɢɯɢɢ ɫɬɪɚɫɬɟɣ. Ʌɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɝɟɪɨɣ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ „ɨɩɪɨɤɢɧɭɬ ɜ ɬɟɦɧɵɯ
ɫɬɪɭɹɯ”, ɩɨɝɪɭɠɟɧ ɜ „ɡɚɛɵɬɵɣ ɫɨɧ ɨ ɩɨɰɟɥɭɹɯ, / Ɉ ɫɧɟɠɧɵɯ ɜɶɸɝɚɯ”9. ɋɨ ɜɫɟɣ
ɝɥɭɛɢɧɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɨɣ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɨɧ „ɧɚ
ɷɬɨɬ ɩɭɬɶ ɨɫɧɟɠɟɧɧɵɣ” (9; 2, 214), ɛɟɡɨɝɥɹɞɧɨ ɨɬɞɚɜɲɢɫɶ ɜ ɩɥɟɧ ɫɧɟɠɧɨɣ
ɦɚɫɤɟ:
ɇɟɬ ɢɫɯɨɞɚ ɢɡ ɜɶɸɝ,
ɂ ɩɨɝɢɛɧɭɬɶ ɦɧɟ ɜɟɫɟɥɨ.
Ɂɚɜɟɥɚ ɜ ɨɱɚɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɤɪɭɝ,
ɋɟɪɟɛɪɨɦ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɜɶɸɝ ɡɚɧɚɜɟɫɢɥɚ... (9; 2, 250).
ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɨɜɭ ɩɥɟɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ („Ɍɚɣɧɨ ɫɟɪɞɰɟ ɩɪɨɫɢɬ ɝɢɛɟɥɢ. / ɋɟɪɞɰɟ
ɥɟɝɤɨɟ, ɫɤɨɥɶɡɢ...” – 9; 2, 249) ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɥɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɟɪɨɹ ɋɧɟɠɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɤɢ
„ɧɚ ɫɧɟɠɧɵɣ ɤɨɫɬɟɪ” (9; 2, 252–253). Ʌɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɝɟɪɨɢɧɹ ɠɟ ɑɟɬɨɤ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɭɞɟɪɠɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɫɨɛɥɚɡɧɚ. Ɉɬɫɟɤɚɹ ɨɬ ɫɟɛɹ ɩɭɬɶ ɫɬɪɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɚɤ
ɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɣɞɹ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɩɨ ɩɭɬɢ ɥɸɛɜɢ, ɨɧɚ ɝɨɬɨɜɢɬ ɩɭɬɶ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɭ. ɉɨɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɷɬɭ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɑɟɬɨɤ.
ə ɩɪɢɲɥɚ ɤ ɩɨɷɬɭ ɜ ɝɨɫɬɢ.
Ɋɨɜɧɨ ɩɨɥɞɟɧɶ. ȼɨɫɤɪɟɫɟɧɶɟ.
Ɍɢɯɨ ɜ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɨɣ,
Ⱥ ɡɚ ɨɤɧɚɦɢ ɦɨɪɨɡ (5, 48).
ɋɢɦɜɨɥɢɱɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɝɨɥɨɫɚ ɞɜɭɯ ɯɭɞɨɠɧɢɤɨɜ-ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɫɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɮɢɧɚɥɟ ɚɯɦɚɬɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤɚ. ɇɟɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɢɫɤɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɨɞɥɢɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɯ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɪɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɜɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɭɬɢ, ɩɪɟɞɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɟ ɝɪɹɞɭɳɢɯ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮ ɢ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɚɹ ɜɟɪɚ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɸ – ɜɫɟ ɷɬɨ
ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɤɥɚɞɨɦ ɜ ɩɨɷɡɢɸ ɋɟɪɟɛɪɹɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɤɚ.
Ɂɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɑɟɬɨɤ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ. Ʌɸɛɨɜɶ, ɛɨɥɶ, Ɇɭɡɚ, ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ – ɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɟ
ɱɚɫɬɢɱɤɢ ɦɨɡɚɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɬɧɚ, ɛɭɞɬɨ ɛɵ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ,
ɧɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ ɩɪɨɱɧɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɥɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɝɟɪɨɢɧɢ. ɂɡ ɟɟ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɨɜɬɨɪɢɦɚɹ ɚɯɦɚɬɨɜɫɤɚɹ
ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚ ɦɢɪɚ, ɝɞɟ ɥɸɛɨɜɶ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɞɤɨɣ ɝɨɫɬɶɟɣ-ɢɡɝɧɚɧɧɢɰɟɣ, ɧɨ ɧɚɜɟɤɢ ɩɨɫɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ Ɇɭɡɚ. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɧ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɦɨɬɢɜ ɞɜɨɣɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɞɭɲɟ
________________
9
Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ȼ ɥ ɨ ɤ, ɋɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ 8-ɦɢ ɬɨɦɚɯ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ–Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞ 1963, c. 9.
230
ɋ. Ɉ ɜ ɫ ɹ ɧ ɧ ɢ ɤ ɨ ɜ ɚ
ɥɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɝɟɪɨɢɧɢ, ɪɚɡɪɟɲɢɜɲɢɣɫɹ „ɢɫɯɨɞɨɦ” ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɢ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɨɦ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɩɨɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ. ȼɨɰɚɪɟɧɢɟ Ɇɭɡɵ – ɜɚɠɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ,
ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɨɛ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɥɨɦɟ ɜ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɟ Ⱥɧɧɵ Ⱥɯɦɚɬɨɜɨɣ. ɀɟɧɫɤɨɟ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɤɢɦ, ɜɫɟɨɛɳɢɦ, ɫɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ.