художественное слово федора достоевского в современной

STUDIA ROSSICA POSNANIENSIA, vol. XXXVI: 2011, pp. 31-43. ISBN 978-83-232-2300-9. ISSN 0081-6884.
Adam Mickiewicz University Press, PoznaĔ
ɏɍȾɈɀȿɋɌȼȿɇɇɈȿ ɋɅɈȼɈ ɎȿȾɈɊȺ ȾɈɋɌɈȿȼɋɄɈȽɈ
ȼ ɋɈȼɊȿɆȿɇɇɈɃ ɄɍɅɖɌɍɊȿ
(ɉɈȾȽɈɌɈȼɄȺ Ʉ ȺɇȺɅɂɁɍ ɌȿȺɌɊȺɅɖɇɈ-ɄɂɇȿɆȺɌɈȽɊȺɎɂɑȿɋɄɈɃ
ȺȾȺɉɌȺɐɂɂ ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊɇɈȽɈ ɌȿɄɋɌȺ)
ARTISTIC WORD OF FYODOR DOSTOYEVSKY
IN CONTEMPORARY CULTURE
(AN INTRODUCTION TO THE THEATRICAL AND FILM ADAPTATION
OF THE LITERARY TEXT)
ɏȺɅɂɇȺ ɏȺɅȺɐɂɇɖɋɄȺ
ABSTRACT. In accordance with theatrical and cinematographic experiments, in the space of
model extensive complexity of Dostoyevsky's text, immanent readiness of the verbal material to
transform into another type of artistic expression in order to reveal mentally meaningful
operations inflicted by the initial impulse of adapted reality can define itself as a distinctive factor
of the forming function of the word of the Russian master in the contemporary culture.
Halina ChałaciĔska, Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, PoznaĔ – Polska.
Ⱥɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ
ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɣ ɹɡɵɤ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɛɨɫɬɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɤɨɞ ɨɛɟɢɯ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɟɣ
(ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɭɫɜɚɢɜɚɸɳɟɣ), – ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ
ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨɦ ɬɟɚɬɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɤɢɧɨ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɨɡɢɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ
ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɢɡ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɩɢɫɟɣ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɧɢɹ ɠɚɧɪɨ-ɜɢɞɨɜɵɯ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ɮɨɪɦɵ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɫɥɨɜɚ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ Ȼɟɫɨɜ, ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɚ1 ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹ, ɨɩɪɨɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ
ɬɟɚɬɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ, ɹɤɨɛɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɫɬɵɤɟ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ
ɢ ɬɟɚɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɟɤɬɚɤɥɹ ɥɢɧɟɚɪɧɚɹ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɧɚɤɨɜ (ɪɟɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ) ɡɚɦɟɳɚɥɚɫɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɡɧɚɤɨɜ (ɚɫɫɢɦɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ)2. ɋɟɬɟɜɨɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ
ɤɥɚɫɫɢɤɚ, ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɨɟ ɜ ɤɥɸɱɟ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɟɣ ɞɨɫɬɨɟɜɫɤɨɥɨɝɢɢ – ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɣ ɚɫɫɢɦɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɤɪɵ________________
1
2
nr 14.
ɘ. Ʌ ɨ ɬ ɦ ɚ ɧ, ɋɟɦɢɨɫɮɟɪɚ, ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ 2000.
M. K a r a s i Ĕ s k a, PrzestrzeĔ w dramacie – przestrzeĔ teatralna, „Teksty” 1972,
X. ɏ ɚ ɥ ɚ ɰ ɢ ɧ ɶ ɫ ɤ ɚ
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ɬɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɬɢɧɵ, ɨɬɧɨɫɢɦɵɟ,
ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɚɦ ɪɚɡɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɣ Ⱥɥɶɛɟɪɬɚ ɗɣɧɲɬɟɣɧɚ ɢ ɉɚɜɥɚ Ɏɥɨɪɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ, ɤ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɦɭ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɭ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɬɟɪɚ, – ɦɵɫɥɢɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɚɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ, ɢɧɫɩɢɪɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɬ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɟɣ ɤɪɵɥɚɬɭɸ ɚɪɬɢɤɭɥɹɰɢɸ ɜ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɢ ɭɱɟɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ3. Ʉɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɬɟɚɬɪɚɥɶɧɨ-ɤɢɧɟɦɚɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɵ, ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɦɦɚɧɟɧɬɧɚɹ
ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɥɨɜɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɤ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɩɥɨɳɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɜɢɞ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ ɪɚɞɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɨ-ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ, ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɦ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶɫɹ
ɤɚɤ ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɬɜɨɪɹɳɟɣ4 ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɫɥɨɜɚ Ⱦɨɫɬɨɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ.
ɇɚ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɪɚɬɢɜɢɫɬɫɤɢɯ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɜ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɦɵɯ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ-ɬɟɚɬɪɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ-ɮɢɥɶɦɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ, ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɤɥɸɱ Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɬɟɚɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɵ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɢ, ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ, ɦɨɧɬɚɠɧɨ-ɷɤɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ ɗɣɡɟɧɲɬɟɣɧɨɦ, ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɹ-ɫɨɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚ
ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɟɡɨɧɢɪɭɸɬ ɫ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ, ɧɨ ɢ ɜɵɜɨɞɹɬ ɧɚ
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɭɸ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɭɠɟ ɧɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɭɸ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɧɟɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɚ5. Ɉɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨ ɧɚɞɟɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɪɚɧɝ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɫɟɬɟɜɵɯ ɪɟɥɹɰɢɣ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɜɝɥɹɞɟɬɶɫɹ
ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɜɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ Ⱦɨɫɬɨɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɶ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɟ ɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɵ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɦ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɟɦɵ ɬɪɚɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ, ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɦɟɧɬɚɥɢɬɟɬɭ
XXI ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ. ɂɦɦɚɧɟɧɬɧɨ-ɫɨɤɪɨɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɚɦɹɬɶ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ,
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɜɫɤɪɨɟɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɡɚɛɵɬɵɟ ɤɨɪɧɢ: ɬɪɚɝɟɞɢɣɧɨɟ, ɞɨ-ɬɪɚɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ...
Ȼɭɞɭɱɢ ɨɫɨɛɵɦ (ɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɦ?) ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɦ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɤɚɤ ɬɚɤɨɜɨɝɨ, ɬ.ɟ. ɩɪɟɫɥɟɞɭɹ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɧɟɩɨɜɬɨɪɢɦɨɝɨ ɢ ɧɟɡɚɦɟɧɹɟɦɨɝɨ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ – ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɪɚɡɥɭɱɢɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɟ,
ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɟ ɨɬɫɵɥɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹɦ, ɬɚɤɨɣ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɟɞɢɭɦ – ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɜɫɟ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɵɬɢɣɧɨ-ɷɩɨɯɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɐɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ – ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶ________________
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Ʉ. Ʉ ɟ ɞ ɪ ɨ ɜ, ɉɨɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ. Ɇɟɬɚɤɨɞ. Ɇɟɬɚɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɚ, „Ʉɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ
ɢ ɜɪɟɦɹ” 2004, ʋ 3/4.
4
Ɍ. Ʉ ɚ ɫ ɚ ɬ ɤ ɢ ɧ ɚ, Ɉ ɬɜɨɪɹɳɟɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ. Ɉɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɜ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɟ Ɏ.Ɇ. Ⱦɨɫɬɨɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɜ ɜɵɫɲɟɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2004.
5
ɐɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɚɪɬɢɤɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɦɢɪɭ Ⱦɨɫɬɨɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɤɚɤ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɵɦ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɨɦ
ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɜ Ⱦɨɫɬɨɟɜɫɤɨ-Ȼɚɯɬɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɫɥɨɜɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɨɦ ɩɨɡɧɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɜ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɧɚɭɤɚɯ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ
ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ, ɜɵɞɜɢɝɚɸɳɟɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨɣ ɧɚɦ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɟɦɵ ɬɪɚɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ.
ɏɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ Ɏɟɞɨɪɚ Ⱦɨɫɬɨɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ…
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ɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɨɜ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɥɭɛɨɱɚɣɲɢɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɚɪɯɚɢɤɢ. ɂɧɚɱɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ,
ɯɨɞ ɢɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨ-ɢɧɬɭɢɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ – ɩɨɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ – ɜɧɢɤɚɧɢɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟɧ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɶ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨ ɫɤɪɵɬɵɣ ɝɟɧ ɬɪɚɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɧɚɦ ɟɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ; ɬɨɝɞɚ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɚɪɯɚɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɛɧɚɠɢɬɶɫɹ
ɩɪɟɧɚɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ, ɩɨɬɚɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɚ (ɜ ɲɟɤɫɩɢɪɨɜɫɤɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɟ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɟɦɵ), ɢ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɡɚ ɉɨɷɬɢɤɨɣ
Ⱥɪɢɫɬɨɬɟɥɹ, ɚ ɡɚ ɬɨɣ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɨɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɚɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɭɥɶɬɟ ɛɨɝɚ
Ⱦɢɨɧɢɫɚ. Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɮɢɥɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɹɬ,
ɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ, ɚɪɯɚɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɤɥɸɱ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɚ Ɍɨɩɨɪɨɜɚ, ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɞɨ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɚɪɬɢɤɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ, ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɛɵɬɢɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ-ɨɛɳɢɧɵ, ɧɨ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫɩɚɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɫ ɧɟɣ ɜ ɧɟɪɚɡɥɭɱɢɦɨɣ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ. Ɉɱɢɳɚɸɳɟɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ, ɩɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ɩɪɟɤɨɝɧɢɰɢɢ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɟɳɟ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɟ
ɢɡɪɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ, ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɚɥɨ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ ɫɜɹɡɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɨɬɪɹɫɟɧɢɹ, ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ
ɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɜ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɧɨɣ ȼɫɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨɦ-ɧɚɭɤɨɣ ɦɪɚɤ ɧɟɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɟɞɚɥɟɤɨɦ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ
ɩɨɞɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɬɚɣɧɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɞɨɫɥɨɜɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɛɵɬɢɹ ɨɛɳɢɧɵ. Ʉɢɛɟɪɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ
ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɹ Ȼɟɣɬɫɨɧɨɦ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɷɤɨɝɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɪɚɡɭɦɚ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɫ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɫɨɛɨɣ6 ɜɧɨɫɢɬ ɜ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɟ ɛɵɬɢɟ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɟɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɵɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ.
ȼɟɞɶ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɨɜɨɦɭ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɸ ɝɟɪɦɟɧɟɜɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɦɟɫɬɚ7, ɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɢɹ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɢ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɢɦɦɚɧɟɧɬɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ
ɭɝɥɭɛɥɹɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɤ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɨɦɭ ɡɜɟɧɭ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ.
Ɍɚɤ, ɜ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɟɦ ɭɡɥɨɜɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɸɧɝɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɰɢɢ
ɨɬɫɥɚɢɜɚɟɬ ɬɨ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɧɨɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɧɟɩɨɜɬɨɪɢɦɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɭɩɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɡɵɛɥɟɦɵɣ ɛɚɡɢɫ – ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɛɟɫɫɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ8. Ɍɚɤ
ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɨɟ ɩɨɥɟ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ
(ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɢ-ɝɟɪɦɟɧɟɜɬɢɤɢ-ɝɥɭɛɢɧɧɨɣ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɢ) ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɞɜɢɝ
ɜ ɷɩɨɯɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɫɨɡɢɞɚɧɢɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ
ɢ ɨɬɫɵɥɚɟɬ ɤ ɜɧɢɤɚɸɳɟɦɭ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɜɵɲɟɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ. ȼ ɛɵɬɢɣɧɨɦ ɞɢɚɥɨɝɟ ɫ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɫɨɛɨɣ (ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɫɟɛɹ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɫɨɛɨɣ) ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ ɢɡ ɧɟɞɪ
ɧɟɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɫɜɨɸ ɢɡɜɟɱɧɭɸ ɭɤɨɪɟɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɢ ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɟɟ
ɜ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɹɟɦɨɦ ɢ ɚɪɬɢɤɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ. ȼ ɬɚɤ ɪɚɡɜɟɪɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ
________________
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G. B a t e s o n, Umysł i przyroda: jednoĞü konieczna, przeł. A. Tanalska-DulĊba, Warszawa 1996.
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M. H e i d e g g e r, Bycie i czas, przeł B. Baran, Warszawa 1994; K. M i c h a l s k i,
Heidegger i filozofia współczesna, Warszawa 1978.
8
C.G. J u n g, Archetypy i symbole, przeł. J. Prokopiuk, Warszawa 1981; ɫɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ
J. P r o k o p i u k, WstĊp do Jung czyli Gnoza XX wieku, [ɜ:] C.G. J u n g, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ.
X. ɏ ɚ ɥ ɚ ɰ ɢ ɧ ɶ ɫ ɤ ɚ
34
ɦɵɫɥɢ – ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɦɨɣ ɭɠɟ ɤɚɤ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɡɟɥ ɜ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ homo cosmicus ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɚɞɟɹɬɶɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɟ
ɨɡɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɫɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɶ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɩɥɟɫɤɚ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɭɠɚɫɚ (ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɟɦɵɦ) ɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ
ɭɝɪɨɡɵ. ɉɪɚɜɞɚ, ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɤɨɥɶɡɚɸɳɟɝɨ, ɧɨ ɭɠɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɟɝɨ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɨɫɬɚɜɢɜɲɟɝɨ ɫɥɟɞ: ɡɚɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɨɫɹɡɚɟɦɨɦ ɫɢɦɛɢɨɡɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ, ɜ ɛɟɫɫɥɨɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɟɧɢɢ-ɨɱɢɳɟɧɢɢ; ɜ ɛɟɫɫɥɨɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɤɚɬɚɪɫɢɫɟ. ȿɞɜɚ
ɭɥɨɜɢɦɵɣ ɫɥɟɞ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɤɚɬɚɪɫɢɫɚ – ɹɤɨɛɵ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɪɨɦɚɧɧɨɦ
ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɨɬɱɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ – ɜɵɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɣ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɜɟɫɧɵɣ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɤ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ Ⱦɨɫɬɨɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɜ ɬɟɚɬɪɚɥɶɧɨ-ɤɢɧɟɦɚɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ Ⱥɧɞɠɟɹ ȼɚɣɞɵ (ɫɩɟɤɬɚɤɥɶ ɇɚɫɬɚɫɶɹ
Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɨɜɧɚ), Ⱥɤɢɪɵ Ʉɭɪɨɫɚɜɵ ɢ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢɱɚ (ɤɢɧɨɤɚɪɬɢɧɵ ɂɞɢɨɬ,
ȼɫɤɨɪɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɦɢɪɚ).
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ,
ɜɵɹɜɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ – ɜ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɪɧɭɬɨɦ ɟɝɨ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɢ – ɫɤɪɵɬɨɟ
ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɨɟ ɡɟɪɧɨ, ɧɟɭɥɨɜɢɦɨɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɱɬɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɜɟɞɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɥɟɬ. Ⱦɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɨɫɥɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɩɥɨɞɨɬɜɨɪɧɵɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɟ ɢɧɫɩɢɪɚɰɢɢ, ɤɚɤ, ɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ, ɚɧɚɥɢɡ
ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ ɉɭɲɤɢɧɚ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɤɜɨɡɶ ɩɪɢɡɦɭ
ɪɨɦɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ Ⱥɧɞɪɟɹ Ȼɟɥɨɝɨ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ – ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɛɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢ-ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ, ɠɢɜɨɩɢɫɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɟɧɢɹ Ʌɶɜɚ Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɝɨ, ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɭɩɪɟɦɚɬɢɡɦɚ Ʉɚɡɢɦɢɪɚ Ɇɚɥɟɜɢɱɚ9; ɤɚɤ ɩɟɪɟɥɨɦɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ
ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɨɢɦɢ ɯɭɞɨɠɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɤɪɟɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɢɫɤɚɯ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɤɨɦɩɚɪɚɬɢɜɢɫɬɢɤɢ – ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ
ɜ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɭ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɸɳɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɛɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ – ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɞ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ ɧɟɞɨɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɢ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɱɚɥ.
ɇɚɲɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨ-ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɱɪɟɜɚɬɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɟɪɟɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɞɢɰɢɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɨɣ ɦɵɫɥɢ (ɱɬɨ ɭɠɟ ɚɪɬɢɤɭɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ) ɧɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɫɢɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɟɪɰɟɩɰɢɣ, ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɹɦɢ ɜɧɟɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɜɟɞɱɟɫɤɢɯ (ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɜɧɟɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɯ) ɡɧɚɧɢɣ. ɗɬɨɬ modus vivendi ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɥɨɞɨɬɜɨɪɧɨ ɚɫɫɢɦɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɦɟɧɬɚɥɢɬɟɬɚ, ɭɫɜɚɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɤɚɤ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨ-ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ (-ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ) ɦɟɞɢɚɰɢɢ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɨɫɥɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜɵɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɭɠɟ ɜɨɩɥɨɳɚɟɦɨɣ
ɢɞɟɢ ɪɚɡɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɝɨ ɛɵɬɢɹ ɜ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ, ɛɵɬɢɹ
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ.
________________
9
ȿ. Ʌ ɭ ɤ ɶ ɹ ɧ ɨ ɜ, ɋɭɩɪɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɡɪɟɧɢɹ Ʌɶɜɚ Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɝɨ ɢ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɤɪɨɜɟɧɢɹ Ʉɚɡɢɦɢɪɚ Ɇɚɥɟɜɢɱɚ. IV Mɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ „Ʌɟɜ Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɣ
ɢ ɦɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ”, əɫɧɚɹ ɉɨɥɹɧɚ 2005.
ɏɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ Ɏɟɞɨɪɚ Ⱦɨɫɬɨɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ…
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əɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɩɚɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɞɨɫɬɨɟɜɫɤɨ-ɛɚɯɬɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ – ɤɚɤ ɜɫɟ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɟɫɹ, ɢɡɥɭɱɚɸɳɟɟ ɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ
– ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɢɫɱɟɪɩɚɟɦɵɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɤɨɞ, ɷɤɨɧɨɦɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɚɤɬ. ɉɨ
ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ɦɧɟɦɨɧɢɤɢ-ɩɪɟɤɨɝɧɢɰɢɢ ɷɬɚ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ
ɜɛɢɪɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɟɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɤɥɸɱɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɥɹɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɷɩɨɯɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɬɚɥɢɬɟɬɚ. ɉɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɚɹ ɢɞɟɹ ɧɟɤɨɟɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ Ȼɟɫɨɜ ɫɤɜɨɡɶ ɩɪɢɡɦɭ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɚ ɭɜɨɥɟɧɧɨɣ
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢɤɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɫɤɢ ɜ ɚɤɬɟ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɬɟɦɩɥɚɰɢɢ (ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɧɟɣ), ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɢ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ – ɦɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɤɜɚɧɬɨɜ, ɤɚɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɚɦ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ Ⱦɚɨ ɮɢɡɢɤɢ10, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɭɥɨɜɢɬɶ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ(ɵ)
ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɟɥɹ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɟ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɟ ɛɵɬɢɟ: ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɟ. ɉɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɟ ɜɧɢɤɚɧɢɟ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɣ ɚɪɬɢɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɚɤɬɚ ɫɭɛɥɢɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɜɚɧɬɨɜɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɫɥɨɜɚ Ⱦɨɫɬɨɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ, ɛɚɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɜɟɞɶ ɧɚ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɠɢɡɧɢ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɮɚɧɬɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɦɚ.
ȼ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɦ ɛɵɬɢɢ ɭɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ-ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɞɚɸɳɟɟ, ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɚɞɲɟɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ
ɫɚɤɪɚɥɶɧɨ-ɬɟɚɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɩɢɤɢ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹ – ɜ ɩɟɪɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ – ɜɵɹɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɜɨɫɤɪɟɲɚɸɳɟɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ. ɇɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɠɢɜɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɨɜ
ɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɚ ɐɟɥɨɝɨ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɤɚ, ɩɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ɤɢɛɟɪɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ-ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɟɣ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɩɪɢɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɤ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ (ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɦɭ, ɟɫɥɢ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɸ Ɍɚɞɟɭɲɚ Ʉɚɧɬɨɪɚ) ɞɢɚɥɨɝɭ ɜɧɟɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɚ. Ɉɧɚ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɹɟɬ ɜɟɫɶ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɟɝɨ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɝɨ
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɫɨɡɢɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɨɞɧɨɪɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɚɬɚɪɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɬɪɹɫɟɧɢɹ, ɧɟɪɚɡɥɭɱɢɦɨɝɨ ɫ ɧɟɩɨɜɬɨɪɢɦɵɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ
ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ – ɜ ɫɟɬɟɜɵɯ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɥɹɰɢɹɯ. ȼ ɜɵɲɟɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵɯ ɬɟɚɬɪɚɥɶɧɨ-ɤɢɧɟɦɚɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɢɫɤɚɯ (ȼɚɣɞɵ, Ʉɭɪɨɫɚɜɵ, ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢɱɚ) ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ
ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ-ɨɫɦɵɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɚɬɟɥɟɧ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɜɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɥɚɫɬɚ, ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɠɚɧɪɨɜɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɪɨɦɚɧɚ, ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɦɨɣ ɫɚɦɢɦɢ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ XIX ɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ XX ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɣ. ȼ ɜɵɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɸɳɟɦɫɹ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɬɢɧɵ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɨɦ
ɫɬɢɥɟ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɣ, ɫɝɭɳɚɸɳɢɯ ɷɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ Ⱦɨɫɬɨɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ, ɩɪɚɜɞɚ, ɧɟ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬ ɷɬɢɤɨ-ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɞɪɚɦɵ Ʌɶɜɚ Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɝɨ, ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɟɦ-ɦɨɪɚɥɢɫɬɨɦ ɨɬ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ
ɧɟɭɤɥɸɠɟɫɬɢ ɷɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ-ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɡɚɬɨ ɩɥɨɞɨɬɜɨɪɧɨ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɭɟɬ
ɧɚ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɸ ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɫɬɚ Ⱥɧɞɪɟɹ Ȼɟɥɨɝɨ – „ɩɪɨɝɧɚɬɶ ɯɚɨɫ ɫɤɜɨɡɶ ɮɨɪɦɭ”11.
ȿɫɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɯɭɞɨɠɧɢɤɚ-ɦɵɫɥɢɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɷɡɨɬɟɪɢɤɚ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɜ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɚ – ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ
ɤɚɧɚɥɵ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ, ɢɡɨɛɢɥɭɸɬ
________________
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11
F. C a p r a, Tao fizyki, przeł. P. Macura, Kraków 1976.
Ⱥ. Ȼ ɟ ɥ ɵ ɣ, Ɍɪɚɝeɞɢɹ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ. Ⱦɨɫɬɨɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɢ Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɣ, ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ 1911.
X. ɏ ɚ ɥ ɚ ɰ ɢ ɧ ɶ ɫ ɤ ɚ
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ɬɪɚɧɫɝɪɟɫɫɢɟɣ ɲɭɦɚ ɜ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ – ɬɨ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɩɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɢɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɢɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ (ɜ ɝɟɪɦɟɧɟɜɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɤɥɸɱɟ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ), ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɤɨɞɢɪɭɟɬ ɤɚɤ ɟɟ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɧɵɟ ɫɢɦɩɬɨɦɵ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɬɚɣɧɭ ɢɯ
ɨɫɜɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɬɟɪɚɩɟɜɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɳɟɦɭɫɹ ɷɩɨɯɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɦɟɧɬɚɥɢɬɟɬɭ. ɂɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɟɦɤɢɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ, ɜɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ Ʉɨɬɢɤɚ Ʌɟɬɚɟɜɚ ɜ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɢɟ, ɤɚɤ ɬɪɚɝɟɞɢɹ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ
ɫɭɦɚɫɲɟɞɲɟɝɨ ɝɟɧɢɹ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɢ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɡɦ ɤɚɤ ɦɢɪɨɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ
– ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ12. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ (ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɚɹ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ Ȼɟɥɨɝɨ), ɚɤɬɭɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɜ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɟ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɦɢɦɨ ɟɳɟ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɧɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɹɬɚ ɤɚɤ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɧɚɹ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɣɫɹ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɵ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ
ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ. Ɉɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɵɣ Ʉ.Ⱥ. Ʉɟɞɪɨɜɵɦ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ ɩɟɪɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨɦ
ɢ ɧɚɭɤɨɣ ȼɫɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ɢɧɫɚɣɬɚɭɬɚ13 (ɜɡɚɢɦɨɡɚɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ
ɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɟ – ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɟ) ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɨɬ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ XXI ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ. Ⱦɨɪɨɝɚ, ɜɟɞɭɳɚɹ ɨɬ ɭɦɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬ
ɩɨɜɫɟɞɧɟɜɧɨɣ ɢɥɥɸɡɢɢ (ɩɥɨɫɤɨɣ ɡɟɦɥɢ, ɫɨɥɧɰɚ, ɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɡɟɦɥɢ)
ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɣ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɧɚɭɤɨɣ (ɤɚɤ, ɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ, ɪɚɫɲɢɮɪɨɜɤɚ
ɝɟɧɨɦɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ), ɞɨɜɨɞɢɬ ɞɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɨɫɜɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɫɜɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɵ. ɉɨɠɚɥɭɣ, ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɝɟɧɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɥɨɝɚ ɷɬɨ
ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɷɤɡɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɧɚɭɱɧɨɟ
ɰɟɥɨɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ-ɛɵɬɢɹ. Ⱥɦɮɨɪɚ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ, ɜɡɚɢɦɨɜɨɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɨɣɧɨɝɨ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚ ɧɨɜɨɦɭ ɡɪɟɧɢɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ „ɩɪɨɪɟɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɟ
ɢ ɞɚɟɬ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɤɨɫɦɨɫɚ ɤɚɤ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ”. ȼɵɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɹ ɥɢɧɢɸ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ (ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɩɨɩɚ Ⱥɜɜɚɤɭɦɚ, ɜɦɟɫɬɢɜɲɟɝɨ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ
ɧɟɛɨ, ɢ – ɚɫɬɪɨɧɚɜɬɚ ɗɞɝɚɪɚ Ɇɢɬɱɟɥɥɚ, ɩɨ ɫɥɨɜɚɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɫɹ ȼɫɟɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɨɟ ɩɨɥɟ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɢɥɢ Ⱥɧɞɪɟɣ
Ȼɟɥɵɣ, ɉɚɜɟɥ Ɏɥɨɪɟɧɫɤɢɣ, Ⱦɚɧɢɢɥ Ⱥɧɞɪɟɟɜ ɢ Ⱥɥɶɛɟɪɬ ɗɣɧɲɬɟɣɧ), Ʉɟɞɪɨɜ
ɢɳɟɬ ɫɥɨɜ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚɦ ɭɞɚɫɬɫɹ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɢɬɶ ɦɟɬɚɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ.
ȼ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɬɚɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɩɪɨɱɬɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɤɨɞɚ, ɢ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɮɨɪɦɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɣ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɯɪɚɧɢɬ
ɞɜɭɟɞɢɧɨɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ – ɛɟɫɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɯɪɨɧɨɬɨɩɢɣɧɵɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ. Ⱥɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɦɟɬɚɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɵɬɢɹ – ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɷɩɨɯɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɮɚɤɬɚ, ɱɬɨ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢɫɱɟɪɩɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɢ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ, ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɷɡɨɬɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ) – ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɣ
ɦɢɤɪɨɤɨɫɦɨɫ ɦɵɫɥɢɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɚɤ ɞɜɭɟɞɢɧɨɟ ɰɟɥɨɟ: ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɟ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɛɟɫ________________
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Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ.
Ʉ. Ʉ ɟ ɞ ɪ ɨ ɜ, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ.
ɏɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ Ɏɟɞɨɪɚ Ⱦɨɫɬɨɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ…
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ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɜɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɬɟɥɨ.
Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɢɧɫɚɣɞɚɭɬɚ, ɜɵɜɨɪɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ (ɧɚɢɡɧɚɧɤɭ) ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɭɟɞɢɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɟɥɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ. ɋɨɡɞɚɜɚɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢ-ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɭɸ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ – ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɪɚɜɧɨɟ ɧɭɥɸ ɧɚ ɮɨɬɨɧɟ, ɦɱɚɳɟɦɫɹ ɫɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ 300 000 ɤɦ/c; ɪɨɤɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɫ ɛɭɞɭɳɢɦ ɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ Ƚɟɝɟɥɹ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɟɦɫɹ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ ɩɨɥɟɬɚ ɫɨ ɫɜɟɪɯɫɜɟɬɨɜɵɦɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɹɦɢ; ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɣ ɜɟɤɬɨɪ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɫɢɧɞɪɨɦɟ ɫɬɚɪɟɰ-ɦɥɚɞɟɧɟɰ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɦɢɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ – ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɭɱɟɧɵɣ ɪɟɡɸɦɢɪɭɟɬ: „ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɦ, ɜ ɦɢɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɜ ɩɨɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɲɥɨ ɤ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ,
ɤ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢ ɬɟɦ ɠɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɚɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɟɞɢɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ ɦɟɬɚɤɨɞɚ
ɢ ɦɟɬɚɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɵ”. Ⱦɥɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɮɢɥɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɢ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ, ɬɚɤɨɟ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɭɦɧɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɚ – ɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ, ɨɬɫɵɥɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɜɨɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɫɦɵɫɥɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɚɤɬɨɜ (ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ), ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɪɚɡ
ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɜɨɣɧɵɦ ɯɪɨɧɨɬɨɩɢɣɧɵɦ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɨɦ, – ɧɟɫɨɢɡɦɟɪɢɦɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɟɬ
ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɣ. Ɍɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɟ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɢɧɫɩɢɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɦ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɠɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɢɫɤɨɜ ɤ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɭ
ɫɢɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɧɢɤɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɜɵɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨ-ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ, ɧɨ ɢ, ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚ. Ɉɛɚ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚ
ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɭɫɥɨɠɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɬɚɤɨɦɭ ɨɫɨɛɨɦɭ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɭ
ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤɢɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
Ɉɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɤ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɢɦɦɚɧɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɤɢ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɬɤɚɧɶ
ɬɟɚɬɪɚ ɢ ɤɢɧɨ, ɫɨɡɞɚɫɬ ɲɚɧɫ ɜɝɥɹɞɟɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɪɵɜɚ ɷɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɢ ɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɹ ɢɦ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ-ɫɦɵɫɥɚ. Ƚɟɪɦɟɧɟɜɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɷɫɫɟ ɉɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɬɪɚɝɟɞɢɢ Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɢɹ Ʉɨɡɢɧɰɟɜɚ, ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɟɟ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɤɢɧɨɤɚɪɬɢɧɵ Ʉɨɪɨɥɶ Ʌɢɪ ɩɨ ȼɢɥɶɹɦɭ ɒɟɤɫɩɢɪɭ,
ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɨɦɭ ɪɟɠɢɫɫɟɪɨɦ ɤɚɤ „ɧɚɲ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɢɤ”14, ɫɬɚɧɟɬ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɫɩɢɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɸɱɚ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɞɟɹɬɶɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɚɯ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɧɭɬɫɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ,
ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɬɫɹ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚɹ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɹ ɫɥɨɜɚ Ⱦɨɫɬɨɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ. ɉɪɨɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɞɭɯɨɜɧɭɸ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ Ȼɟɫɨɜ, ɱɢɬɚɟɦɭɸ ɜ ɦɟɬɚɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɵ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɝɨ ɛɵɬɢɹ – ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɤɜɚɧɬɨɜ, ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ
ɦɢɫɬɟɪɢɢ, ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɠɢɜɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ..., ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɨɬɤɪɵɬɶ ɩɚɪɚɞɨɤɫɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɬɚɣɧɭ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɢɪɚɳɟɧɢɣ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɤɚɠɟɧɢɹ, ɯɪɨɧɨɬɨɩɢɣɧɨɣ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɩɨɫɚ. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɠ________________
14
1973.
Ƚ. Ʉ ɨ ɡ ɢ ɧ ɰ ɟ ɜ, ɉɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɬɪɚɝɟɞɢɢ. Ⱦɧɟɜɧɢɤ ɪɟɠɢɫɫɟɪɚ, Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞ
X. ɏ ɚ ɥ ɚ ɰ ɢ ɧ ɶ ɫ ɤ ɚ
38
ɞɵɣ ɪɚɡ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɢɥɸ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ: ɬɟɚɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ – ɇɚɫɬɚɫɶɹ Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɨɜɧɚ Ⱥɧɞɠɟɹ ȼɚɣɞɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɢɧɨɤɚɪɬɢɧ ɂɞɢɨɬ Ⱥɤɢɪɵ Ʉɭɪɨɫɚɜɵ ɢ ȼɫɤɨɪɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɦɢɪɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢɱɚ. ɇɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɲɟɞɟɜɪɵ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɜɟɬɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɡɢɫɨɜ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɥɢɲɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɧɢɤɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ.
*
Ɍɟɚɬɪɚɥɶɧɨ-ɤɢɧɟɦɚɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ, ɛɚɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɨɦɚɧɧɵɯ
ɬɟɤɫɬɚɯ Ⱦɨɫɬɨɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ, ɫ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɧɚ ɧɟ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ Ȼɟɫɨɜ. ȼ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɵɤɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶɫɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɜɨɩɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ quasi-ɷɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɤɚɤ ɩɟɪɜɨɨɫɧɨɜɵ, ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ
ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪ
ɦɵɫɥɹɳɟɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹ, ɤɚɤ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɷɬɢɤɚ (ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨ-ɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɤɟ)15, ɜɨɫɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɫɵɥɤɨɣ ɤ ɛɚɯɬɢɧɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɟɪɜɨɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɭ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ
ɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ. ȼ ɪɚɡɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɨ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɞɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɛɟɡ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɨ ɛɵ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɨ-ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɨɟ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ, ɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɜ ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɯɨɬɹ ɛɵ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ16. ȼ ɠɚɧɪɨɜɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɪɨɦɚɧɚ Ⱦɨɫɬɨɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɢɥɢɸ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɣ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ, ɢɧɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ
ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɚ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɡɵɛɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɨɜ
ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ: ɧɟɞɨɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ, ɭɜɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɪɟɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɩɟɪɰɟɩɰɢɢ, ɜɜɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɡɚɛɥɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɭ-ɫɥɨɜɚ... ɉɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɧɬɭɢɰɢɹ
ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɬɪɟɯ ɪɟɠɢɫɫɟɪɨɜ ɜ ɢɯ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɢɫɤɚɯ ɜɟɥɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɚɦ
ɧɟɭɥɨɜɢɦɨɝɨ, ɭɫɤɨɥɶɡɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɂɞɢɨɬɚ ɢɥɢ Ȼɟɫɨɜ. ȼ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɢɡ ɬɪɟɯ
ɚɤɬɨɜ ɧɟɩɨɜɬɨɪɢɦɨɝɨ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ (Ⱥɞɧɠɟɟɦ ȼɚɣɞɨɣ, Ⱥɤɢɪɨɣ
Ʉɭɪɨɫɚɜɨɣ, Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɦ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢɱɟɦ) ɧɚ ɡɵɛɤɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ
ɜɵɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɜɢɞɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɞ: ɬɟɚɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɤɢɧɟɦɚɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ.
Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɬɟɬɪɚɥɶɧɨ-ɤɢɧɟɦɚɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɞ – ɨɛɨɫɬɪɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɬɵɤɨɜɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɟɣ
ɜɡɪɵɜɚ – ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɣ ɷɩɢɤɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɉɪɟɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɟɟ
ɩɨɬɚɟɧɧɭɸ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɸ: ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɜɨɩɥɨɳɟɧɢɣ
ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ. ɋɧɢɦɚɹ ɦɚɫɤɭ ɫ ɯɨɞɚ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚ ɜ ɡɪɢɦɨɦ ɨɫɹɡɚɟɦɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɟ ɚɤɬɟɪ – ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶ, ɜɧɟɷɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨ ɜɵɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɫɨɛɵɣ ɬɢɩ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɨɬɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɟɪɜɨɢɫɬɨɱ________________
15
ɘ. ɋ ɟ ɥ ɟ ɡ ɧ ɟ ɜ, ȼ ɦɢɪɟ Ⱦɨɫɬɨɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1975.
Ɇ. Ȼ ɚ ɯ ɬ ɢ ɧ, ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɜ ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɢɤɟ, ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɧɚɭɤɚɯ. Ɉɩɵɬ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ, [ɜ:] ɗɫɬɟɬɢɤɚ ɫɥɨɜɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ,
Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1979.
16
ɏɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ Ɏɟɞɨɪɚ Ⱦɨɫɬɨɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ…
39
ɧɢɤɭ – ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɚɦ ɪɚɡɨɪɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɢɬɟɣ ɟɟ ɦɨɞɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ – ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ, ɟɝɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ.
ɇɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɚ ɜ ɦɟɬɚɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɭɛɟɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɭɸ
ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɵɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɹ ɟɝɨ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɟ ɛɵɬɢɟ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ
ɚɤɬɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɩɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ. ȼɟɞɶ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ (ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ
Ⱦɨɫɬɨɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ – ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɬɟɚɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɟɤɬɚɤɥɹ – ɢ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɠɟ ɤɢɧɨɤɚɪɬɢɧɵ) ɧɚ ɫɬɵɤɨɜɵɯ ɜɡɪɵɜɚɯ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ – ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɪɚɡ
ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɫɟɦɢɨɡɢɫɚ ɫɨɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ – ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɨɫɨɛɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɭɸ ɫɟɦɢɨɫɮɟɪɭ17 ɧɚ ɟɟ
ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɭɡɥɚɯ. ɉɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɜɞɪɭɝ ɫɥɨɜɟɫɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɩɨɪɨɣ ɜ ɧɟɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɦɨɣ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɜɨɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɵɟ, ɥɢɲɶ ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɤɜɚɧɬɨɜɵɟ
ɢɩɨɫɬɚɫɢ: ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɭɳɟɪɛɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɟɨɠɢɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɨɟ ɢɡɨɛɢɥɢɟ,
ɩɪɢɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɟɞɨɜ ɬɚɣɧɵ ɧɟɭɥɨɜɢɦɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ,
ɫɰɟɩɥɟɧɢɣ, ɫɨɡɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɮɚɛɭɥɶɧɨ-ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɵɟ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɵ ɫɩɟɤɬɚɤɥɹ ȼɚɣɞɵ
(ɫɩɟɤɬɚɤɥɹ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɚɤɬɟɪɫɤɨɣ ɢɝɪɵ: ɡɚɯɥɟɛɧɭɬɶɫɹ ɫɥɨɜɨɦ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɟɝɨ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɚɦɹɬɶ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɨɛɧɚɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɜɢɞ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɥɸɛɵɟ ɮɪɚɡɵ, ɩɪɨɜɨɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɟɨɠɢɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɚ), ɤɚɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨ
ɧɚɞɟɹɬɶɫɹ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɢɛɪɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɪɢɬɦɚ. ɇɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɦɟɠɜɢɞɨɜɵɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɝɪɟɫɫɢɣ, ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɛɵɬɢɹ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ, ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɣ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ, ɧɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ, ɨɛɨɝɚɬɢɬ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɪɢɬɦɚ ɤɚɤ ɬɚɤɨɜɨɝɨ18.
Ʌɢɯɨɪɚɞɨɱɧɵɟ ɜɵɤɪɢɤɢ, ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɫɩɵɲɤɢ, ɜɵɹɜɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨ-ɨɫɹɡɚɟɦɨɦ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɪɨɦɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ, ɨɛɨɪɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɮɪɚɡɵ
ɞɢɚɥɨɝɚ, ɭɫɤɨɥɶɡɚɸɳɢɟ ɨɬ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɲɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɝɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɨɣ ɜɟɤɬɨɪ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ
ɬɟɚɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬ ɤɪɚɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɩɟɤɬɚɤɥɹ. ȼ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ
Ⱥɧɞɠɟɹ ȼɚɣɞɵ, ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɦɨɣ ɮɚɛɭɥɶɧɨ-ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ,
ɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ ɛɵ, ɥɨɦɚɸɳɢɦ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɭ ɤɢɧɟɦɚɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɦɨɧɬɚɠɚ
(ɗɣɡɟɧɲɬɟɣɧ), ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɫ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ ɏɏ ɜɟɤɚ ɦɨɠɟɦ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɣ ɭɡɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ ɮɚɤɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ, ɭɥɨɜɢɦɚ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɦɟɞɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɵ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɷɦɨɰɢɢ. (ɉɨɠɚɥɭɣ, suspens Ⱥ. ɏɢɱɤɨɤɚ ɦɨɝ ɛɵ ɫɬɚɬɶ
ɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɵɦ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɨɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɤɢ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ
ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɬɨɪɚ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ). ȼ ɬɟɚɬɪɟ ȼɚɣɞɵ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɯɨɞɨɦ ɢɞɟɣɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɨɟ
ɫɨɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ, ɪɚɡɧɨɝɨɥɨɫɵɣ ɬɟɦɛɪ, ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɵɝɪɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɪɨɥɹɯ Ɇɵɲɤɢɧɚ ɢ Ɋɨɝɨɠɢɧɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɸɬ ɨɫɹɡɚɟɦɭɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ
________________
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ɘ. Ʌ ɨ ɬ ɦ ɚ ɧ, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ.; Ʌ. Ƚ ɟ ɥ ɥ ɟ ɪ, Ɉ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɩɭɬɢ
ɤ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, „Slavic Almanach” 2005, vol. 11, nr 1.
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Ɋɢɬɦ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟ, Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞ 1972.
X. ɏ ɚ ɥ ɚ ɰ ɢ ɧ ɶ ɫ ɤ ɚ
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ɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɟɟ ɫɝɭɳɚɸɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɡɚɥɚ ɫ ɞɜɟɪɶɸ, ɡɚɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɢɡɧɭɬɪɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɚɤɭɭɦ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɥɢɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɛɵɬɢɢ, ɪɚɫɩɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɟɣ
ɷɦɚɧɚɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɫɥɨɜɟɫɧɨɣ ɚɪɬɢɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ, ɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ. Ɋɚɫɩɢɪɚɸɳɢɣ ɯɚɨɫ ɜ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɭɹɡɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢɞɟɟɣ – ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ-ɡɟɪɧɚ, ɬ.ɟ. ɧɚɱɚɥɚ, ɜɛɢɪɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɰɟɥɨɟ
(ɠɚɧɪɨɜɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɪɨɦɚɧɚ ɢ ɟɟ ɬɟɚɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɩɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ), ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɞɨ ɢɩɨɫɬɚɫɢ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ (ɜ ɥɨɬɦɚɧɨɜɫɤɨɦ ɤɥɸɱɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ)19
– ɨɥɢɰɟɬɜɨɪɹɟɬ ɨɫɨɛɭɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɫɥɨɜɚ. ɉɨɞ- ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɧɚɞ-ɫɥɨɜɟɫɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɪɢɬɦɚ – ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɤɚɱɤɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɚɹ
ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ, ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɠɟɫɬɚ, ɭɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɨɣ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɟ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨ-ɡɜɭɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɟ ɦɨɥɱɚɧɢɟ (ɫɰɟɧɚ ɫ ɦɟɪɬɜɨɣ ɇɚɫɬɚɫɶɟɣ ɡɚ ɲɢɪɦɨɣ, ɩɨɫɬɢɝɚɸɳɚɹ ɢɤɨɧɧɭɸ
ɢɩɨɫɬɚɫɶ ɩɨɫɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɝɥɚɡ) – ɨɛɧɚɠɚɟɬ ɢɧɭɸ, ɧɟɠɟɥɢ ɪɟɱɟɜɨɟ-ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɟ ɭɜɟɞɨɦɥɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ ɫɥɨɜɚ. Ɉɛɧɚɠɟɧɧɵɣ – ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɬɟɚɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ
– ɬɢɩ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɬɶ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ (ɪɟɠɢɫɫɟɪ-ɚɤɬɟɪ-ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶ), ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɭɛɫɬɚɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɭ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ, ɪɚɡɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɮɚɛɭɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɪɨɦɚɧɚ ɂɞɢɨɬ ɩɟɪɟɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɨ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɦ ɬɟɚɬɪɨɦ ɤɚɤ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɷɧɬɪɨɩɢɣɧɨ-ɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ, ɧɟ-ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɜɟɬɚ ɧɚ ɢɫɤɨɧɧɨ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɬɪɚɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ: „ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɟɧɚ ɷɬɚ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ”, ɪɚɞɢ ɫɩɚɫɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɹɬɵ, ɤɚɤ ɜ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɦ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ – ɩɨ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɢɞɟɣɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɦɵɫɥɭ ɮɨɪɦɵ – ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨ-ɫɭɞɟɛɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɞɜɭɯ ɝɟɪɨɟɜ-ɫɨɩɟɪɧɢɤɨɜ. ɇɟɦɨɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɩɭɧɤɬ (ɦɟɪɬɜɚɹ ɝɟɪɨɢɧɹ
ɡɚ ɲɢɪɦɨɣ) ɞɥɹ ɥɢɯɨɪɚɞɨɱɧɨɝɨ, ɢɡɨɛɢɥɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɦɢ, ɩɨɥɢɥɨɝɚ Ɇɵɲɤɢɧɚ ɢ Ɋɨɝɨɠɢɧɚ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɫɥɨɠɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɥɹɰɢɣ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɯ ɷɤɫɩɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɚɬɪɚ ȼɚɣɞɵ: ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶ. ȼ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɦɚɧɚ Ⱦɨɫɬɨɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɨ
ɞɜɭɯ ɝɟɪɨɟɜ – ɩɪɚɜɞɚ, ɩɨ ɝɟɧɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɱɭɬɶɸ ȼɚɣɞɵ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɪɟɥɹɰɢɹɯ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɷɩɢɡɨɞɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɛɢɪɚɟɬ ɰɟɥɨɟ20 – ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶ
ɦɵɫɥɢɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɧɚɹ ɬɟɚɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɬɚɣɧɟ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɛɟɫɫɥɨɜɟɫɧɨɣ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɟɦɨɦ ɷɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɩɟɤɬɚɤɥɟ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɬɶ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ-ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɉɢɬɟɪɚ Ȼɪɭɤɚ, ɡɚɧɨɜɨ ɭɱɚɳɟɝɨ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɹ ɧɟɬɨɪɨɩɥɢɜɨ ɜɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɭ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɣ ɩɟɪɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɬɟɚɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɷɩɨɫɚ Ɇɚɯɚɛɯɚɪɚɬɵ.
Ɉɫɨɛɨɝɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬ, ɢɦɦɚɧɟɧɬɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɚɬɟɥɶ ɛɭɞɭɳɢɯ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨ-ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫ________________
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ɘ. Ʌ ɨ ɬ ɦ ɚ ɧ, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ.
H. C h a ł a c i Ĕ s k a - W i e r t e l a k, Epizod w Ğwiecie powieĞci „Biesy” F.M. Dostojewskiego, [ɜ:] Scripta Manent, red. S. Puppel, PoznaĔ 1998, c. 253–265.
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ɏɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ Ɏɟɞɨɪɚ Ⱦɨɫɬɨɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ…
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ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ (ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɟɦɟ ɬɪɚɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ).
Ɋɚɫɳɟɩɥɹɹ ɚɬɨɦɧɭɸ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɥɨɜɚ – ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɪɚɡɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɚɞɤɜɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɦ ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ – ɬɟɚɬɪ
ȼɚɣɞɵ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɜɵɹɜɥɹɟɬ ɞɪɭɝɭɸ, ɩɥɸɫɨɜɭɸ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ: ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɧɭɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ, ɤɭɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɭɸɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɬɚɪɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɨɬɪɹɫɟɧɢɢ, ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɟɦɨɦ
ɡɪɢɬɟɥɟɦ. Ɉɩɵɬ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɱɢɳɚɸɳɟɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɪɚɳɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɣ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚ ɬɟɚɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ.
Ɍɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɩɟɤɬɚɤɥɶ ȼɚɣɞɵ ɧɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɢɞɟɣɧɨ-ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɡɪɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɟ
ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɝɨ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ. Ʉɢɧɨɤɚɪɬɢɧɚ Ⱥɤɢɪɵ Ʉɭɪɨɫɚɜɵ
ɂɞɢɨɬ, ɟɫɥɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ ɪɟɠɢɫɫɟɪɨɦ ɩɟɪɜɨɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɹɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ ɱɬɟɧɢɹ, ɩɟɪɟɱɢɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɧɬɚɠɧɵɦ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɸɳɢɦ
ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɦɟɬɚɫɦɵɫɥɨɜ ɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɦɵɫɥɨ-ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣɧɵɯ ɫɰɟɩɥɟɧɢɹɯ.
Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɩɨ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ ɹɩɨɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɫɫɟɪɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ „ɨɛɪɚɡ
ɤɚɤ ɫɚɦɨɰɟɥɶ” ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɵɟ ɫɟɛɟ ɫɨɡɜɭɱɢɹ ɜ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ
ɗɣɡɟɧɲɬɟɣɧɚ21, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɢ, ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɢ
ɜ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɢɦɚɠɢɧɢɫɬɨɜ, ɬɨ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɪɚɡ „ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɪɧɟ
ɫɥɨɜɚ”, ɨɬɤɪɵɥ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɜɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɢɧɟɦɚɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɫɬɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɟɦɭ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ ɤɚɞɪɚ. ɗɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ-ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɛɵɝɪɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɭɡɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɚɞɪɚ, ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɞɚɱɟ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɭɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɥɟɞɨɜ ɢ ɨɬɫɵɥɨɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɫɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɬɡɨɜɭɬɫɹ ɜ ɮɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɰɟɧɟ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ ɛɵɬɢɹ
ɮɢɥɶɦɚ ɂɞɢɨɬ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɚ „ɦɚɝɢɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ”, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɟɳɟ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ,
ɚ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɚɦɢ ɥɢɲɶ ɫɚɦɚ ɬɪɟɜɨɠɧɚɹ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɚɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɟɟ ɨɬ ɤɚɞɪɚ
ɤ ɤɚɞɪɭ ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɟ, ɪɚɡɪɟɲɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɦ ɩɚɪɚɞɨɤɫɨɦ
ɮɢɧɚɥɚ ɩɪɨɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨ ɧɚɲɟɦɭ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɞɥɹ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɯɚɪɢɡɦɵ. ɂɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ ɬɨɬ ɫɸɠɟɬɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ, ɤɨɝɞɚ
ɨɛɚ ɝɟɪɨɹ ɭɠɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨɛ ɨɬɦɟɧɟ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɣ ɤɚɡɧɢ
ɝɥɹɞɹɬ ɧɚ ɮɨɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɸ ɝɟɪɨɢɧɢ ɜ ɜɢɬɪɢɧɟ „ɱɚɣɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɦɢɤɚ”. ɇɟɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɧɢɦɨɤ ɝɟɪɨɢɧɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɲɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɝɥɚɡ ɫɦɨɬɪɹɳɢɯ ɝɟɪɨɟɜ, ɫɬɨɹɳɢɯ ɫɩɢɧɨɣ ɤ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɥɭ, ɧɨ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɝɥɚɡ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɹ, ɩɪɢ ɫɥɟɝɤɚ ɡɚɩɪɨɤɢɧɭɬɨɣ ɝɨɥɨɜɟ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɫɸ ɫɰɟɧɭ ɜ ɟɟ ɩɚɧɨɪɚɦɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟ, ɱɬɨ, ɤɫɬɚɬɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ, ɩɪɢ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɫɢɥɢɢ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ. ɋɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɷɤɫɩɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɫɫɟɪɨɦ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɤɚɞɪɚ, ɬ.ɟ. ɡɚɜɨɪɚɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɦɚɝɧɟɬɢɡɦ ɧɟɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɥɚɡ ɝɟɪɨɢɧɢ, ɚɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɢɡɜɟɱɧɵɦɢ
ɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ ɦɢɪɚ, ɡɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɩɥɚɧɵ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɞɚɜɧɨ ɡɚɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɥɢ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɢɥ. ɂɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɰɟɧɬɪɢɡɦ ɝɟɪɨɢɧɢ, ɜɡɢ________________
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R. D r e y e r - S f a r d, MontaĪ w twórczoĞci Eisensteina, Warszawa 1964; Ɋɢɬɦ,
ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɹ..., ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ.; ȼ.ȿ. Ɇ ɟ ɣ ɟ ɪ ɯ ɨ ɥ ɶ ɞ, ɋɬɚɬɶɢ, ɩɢɫɶɦɚ, ɪɟɱɢ, ɛɟɫɟɞɵ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1918.
X. ɏ ɚ ɥ ɚ ɰ ɢ ɧ ɶ ɫ ɤ ɚ
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ɪɚɸɳɟɣ ɧɚ ɧɚɫ ɢɡ ɯɪɨɧɨɬɨɩɚ ɤɚɞɪɚ, ɩɨ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ
ɡɟɧɢɰɵ, ɧɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɚɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ, ɜɵɹɜɥɹɟɬ
ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨ ɫɤɪɵɬɨ ɢ, ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɢ ɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɭɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɦɢɪ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ
ɩɨɷɬɢɤɚ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɵ Ʉɭɪɨɫɚɜɵ ɩɟɪɟɥɨɠɢɦɚ ɧɚ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ
ɤɚɞɪɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɩɵɬ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɹ, ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɨɦ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ „ɱɬɟɧɢɹ
ɝɥɚɡ”. ȼ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɧɟɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɧɟ ɤɚɞɪɚ Ɇɵɲɤɢɧ ɢ Ɋɨɝɨɠɢɧ ɫɬɨɹɬ ɭɠɟ
ɥɢɰɨɦ ɤ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɸ, ɮɨɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɠɟ ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ
ɜ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ ɫɰɟɧɵ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɝɥɚɡɚ ɝɟɪɨɢɧɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɱɬɨ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɚɤɤɨɦɨɞɚɰɢɢ, ɚ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɪɟɠɢɫɫɟɪɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ – ɜɵɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɟɦɵɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɨɦ ɦɚɫɤɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ,
ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶ, ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɣ ɫɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚ, ɧɟɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɧɨ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ, ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɞɜɭɦɹ
ɝɟɪɨɹɦɢ ɩɨɥɭɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɢ ɫɴɟɦɤɟ ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɤɚɞɪɚɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢ ɦɨɧɬɚɠɟ ɤɢɧɨɩɥɟɧɤɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɪɟɡɚɧɵ. Ɉɱɟɪɟɞɧɨɣ ɲɢɮɪ,
ɞɟɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɫɸɠɟɬɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɢɩɟɬɢɢ
ɢ, ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ, ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɤ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɭɥɨɜɢɦɵɯ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɵɯ ɫɥɟɞɚɯ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, – ɷɬɨ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɟɧɚ, ɧɟɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɵɣ ɡɚɧɚɜɟɫ, ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɜ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɨɦ ɤɚɞɪɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɚɯ ɧɟɩɪɟɥɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɚ. Ɋɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɪɟɦɹ ɝɟɪɨɹɦɢ ɢ ɤɢɧɨɡɪɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɷɬɨɬ ɡɚɧɚɜɟɫ ɤɨɞɢɪɭɟɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ ɧɚ ɷɤɪɚɧɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɥɚ (ɬɪɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɞɨɦɚ: ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɟɧɚ, ɜɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɚɦɢ ɢ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ; ɢɥɥɸɡɢɹ ɡɟɪɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ).
ȼ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ
ɲɟɞɟɜɪ Ⱥ. Ʉɭɪɨɫɚɜɵ ɦɵɫɥɢɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɭɡɥɨɜɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ, ɤɭɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɵ
ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɥɹɸɬ ɬɪɚɝɟɞɢɣɧɨɟ (ɩɨ
ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ Ɏ. ɇɢɰɲɟ, „ɞɨ-ɬɪɚɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ”) ɦɢɪɨɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ.
ȼ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɮɢɥɶɦɨɜɭɸ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢɱɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɶ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɬɭɢɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɦ
– ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɜɚɟɦɨɦ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɢɦɦɚɧɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɚɫɫɢɦɢɥɹɰɢɢ ɩɨɷɬɢɤɢ
ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɡɦɟɧɵ – ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɜɱɢɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɟɥɹ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ
ɞɪɚɦɚɬɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɞɢɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ Ⱦɨɫɬɨɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ*. Ɉɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɟɬ ɤɚɤ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɷɦɚɧɚɰɢɢ ɢ, ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ, ɦɟɫɬɨ ɤɭɦɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɟɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɪɭɝ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɦɨɟ, ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɨɝɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɸɳɟɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɜɵɯɨɞɹ
ɡɚ ɪɚɦɤɢ ɫɸɠɟɬɚ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɟ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢɱɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ, ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɫɬɚɬɭɫɚ ɪɨɦɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɟɪɨɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨ________________
*
Ɏɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɫɫɢɨɰɢɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɫɟɬɟɜɨɝɨ ɱɬɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɪɛɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɫɫɟɪɚ.
ɏɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ Ɏɟɞɨɪɚ Ⱦɨɫɬɨɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ…
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ɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢ, ɯɨɱɟɬɫɹ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɛɟɡɨɲɢɛɨɱɧɨ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɬɚɣɧɵ Ȼɟɫɨɜ.
ɗɬɨ ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɦɟɫɬɨɦ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɪɨɦɚɧɧɨɣ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ Ⱦɨɫɬɨɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ, ɢɥɢ ɠɟ – ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ, ɫɨɡɞɚɸɳɚɹ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɉɪɟɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ.
ɍɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɨɦɚɧɚ Ȼɟɫɵ ɜ ɤɢɧɨɤɚɪɬɢɧɟ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢɱɚ ȼɫɤɨɪɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɦɢɪɚ, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɩɨ ɭɤɪɵɬɨɦɭ ɫɥɟɞɭ – ɩɨ ɧɟɤɨɟɣ ɧɚɞ-ɫɸɠɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ, – ɦɨɠɟɬ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɞɢɭɦɚ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ
ɜ ɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ; ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɷɬɨ
ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɚ, ɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɞɟɦɢɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɦɨɳɶ ɪɟɠɢɫɫɟɪɚ ɬɟɚɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɵ (ɚ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ -ɢɡɦɨɜ ɢɦɩɥɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ
ɞɟɦɢɭɪɝɚ-ɏɭɞɨɠɧɢɤɚ), ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɣ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɯɨɬɹ
ɛɵ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɧɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɥɟ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɨɦ ɧɚ ɹɡɵɤ
ɤɢɧɨ ɢ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ. ȼ ɨɩɬɢɤɟ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɟɝɨ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɜɟɞɱɟɫɤɨ-ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɬɫɬɭɩɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɛɵɥɨ
ɛɵ ɛɥɢɠɟ ɤ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɱɭɠɨɝɨ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɦɢɪɚ, ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɨɫɜɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɱɭɠɨɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɹ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɜɲɭɸɫɹ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨ-ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɢɞɟɸ, ɪɟɠɢɫɫɟɪ ɩɨɛɭɠɞɚɟɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɤ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɸ, ɞɚɸɳɟɦɭ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɞɟɲɢɮɪɚɰɢɢ ɭɛɟɠɞɚɟɬ,
ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɝɨ ɱɬɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɞɨɫɬɨɟɜɫɤɨ-ɛɚɯɬɢɧɫɤɭɸ
ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɸ ɫɥɨɜɚ (ɬɟɤɫɬɚ) ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɜɨɩɥɨɳɚɸɳɭɸ ɢɞɟɸ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɚ, ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɜɧɟɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ. ɂɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɹ ɫɟɪɛɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɫɫɟɪɚ
– ɜɵɯɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɢɡ ɪɚɦɨɤ ɫɸɠɟɬɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɸɳɚɹ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɢɡɜɥɟɤɚɸɳɚɹ ɭɤɪɵɬɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɚɤɬɚ ɫɚɦɨɭɛɢɣɫɬɜɚ ɤɚɤ ɭɛɢɣɫɬɜɚ-ɪɚɫɩɹɬɢɹ – ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɟɬ ɟɟ ɤ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɢɞɟɚɥɚ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ
ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɚ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɧɨ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɬɚɪɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɫɨɬɪɹɫɟɧɢɹ, ɷɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞ ɩɪɨɡɵ Ⱦɨɫɬɨɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɹɡɵɤ ɤɢɧɨɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɝɥɭɛɨɱɚɣɲɟɦ, ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɨɦ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ, ɲɢɪɟ – ɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɢ
ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ.
Ʉɚɤ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɲɟ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɹ, ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɫɥɨɜɚ Ⱦɨɫɬɨɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɹɡɵɤ ɬɟɚɬɪɚ ɢ ɤɢɧɨ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɟɬ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɢɟɦ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɨɩɚɫɟɧɢɟ, ɯɜɚɬɢɬ ɥɢ ɬɚɥɚɧɬɚ ɜ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɫɢɥ ɜ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɦ ɩɟɪɜɨɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ, ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɭɦɟɧɢɸ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ-ɬɨɥɤɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɦɵɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɞɢɰɢɢ.