ÎÃËÀÂËÅÍÈÅ Ââåäåíèå ............................................................................................... 3 Ãëàâà 1. Ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêèå îñíîâû âîñïèòàíèÿ ................................. 5 1.1. Îáðàç ëè÷íîñòè â ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêèõ òåîðèÿõ .............................. 5 1.1.1. Îáðàç ëè÷íîñòè â òåîðèè Ç.Ôðåéäà ................................... 5 1.1.2. Îáðàç ëè÷íîñòè â ïîâåäåí÷åñêîé ïñèõîëîãèè .................. 9 1.1.3. Îáðàç ëè÷íîñòè â ãóìàíèñòè÷åñêîé ïñèõîëîãèè ............ 11 1.1.4. Îáðàç ëè÷íîñòè â êîãíèòèâíîé ïñèõîëîãèè ................... 16 1.1.5. Îáðàç ëè÷íîñòè â ýêçèñòåíöèîíàëèçìå .......................... 18 1.1.6. Îáðàç ëè÷íîñòè â îòå÷åñòâåííûõ ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêèõ øêîëàõ ................................................................................ 24 1.2. Çàäà÷è âîñïèòàíèÿ ...................................................................... 31 1.3. Îáùèå ïðèíöèïû âîñïèòàíèÿ ................................................... 33 1.4. Ñìûñëîâàÿ ñôåðà ëè÷íîñòè êàê ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêèé îáúåêò âîñïèòàíèÿ .................................................................................. 41 1.4.1. Ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêèé îáúåêò âîñïèòàíèÿ .............................. 41 1.4.2. Ïðîãíîçèðîâàíèå ëè÷íîñòüþ îáðàçà ñâîåãî èäåàëüíîãî áóäóùåãî ......................................................... 46 Ãëàâà 2. Ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêàÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ìîäåëåé, ìåòîäîâ, ñòèëåé è ôåíîìåíîâ âîñïèòàíèÿ ....................................................... 50 2.1. Ìîäåëè âîñïèòàíèÿ ..................................................................... 50 2.1.1. Ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ î âîñïèòàíèè â Íîâîå è Íîâåéøåå âðåìÿ ................................................................................... 50 2.1.2. Ñîâðåìåííûå ìîäåëè âîñïèòàíèÿ .................................... 57 2.2. Ìåòîäû âîñïèòàíèÿ .................................................................... 67 2.3. Ñòèëè âîñïèòàíèÿ ....................................................................... 72 2.4. Ôåíîìåíû âîñïèòàíèÿ ............................................................... 79 2.4.1. Ôåíîìåí «âûó÷åííîé áåñïîìîùíîñòè» .......................... 79 2.4.2. Ôåíîìåí çàïðîãðàììèðîâàííîãî ñîçíàíèÿ .................... 82 2.4.3. Ôåíîìåí ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêîé óÿçâèìîñòè ........................... 85 Ãëàâà 3. Ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêèå çàäà÷è âîñïèòàíèÿ ................................ 91 3.1. Ôîðìèðîâàíèå óñòàíîâîê òîëåðàíòíîãî ñîçíàíèÿ .................. 91 3.1.1. Òîëåðàíòíîñòü â ïðîôåññèîíàëüíîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè ïåäàãîãà .............................................................................. 92 3.1.2. Ìîäåëü òîëåðàíòíîñòè ....................................................... 93 3.1.3. Èíòîëåðàíòíîñòü â äåÿòåëüíîñòè ïåäàãîãà ...................... 97 3.1.4. Ôîðìèðîâàíèå ó ó÷àùèõñÿ óñòàíîâîê òîëåðàíòíîãî ñîçíàíèÿ ........................................................................... 100 221 3.2. Ôîðìèðîâàíèå ëè÷íîñòíîé àâòîíîìèè è ñïîñîáíîñòè ê ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîìó âûáîðó .................................................... 104 3.2.1. Ïåäàãîãè÷åñêèå ïðèåìû ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ ëè÷íîñòíîé àâòîíîìèè è ñïîñîáíîñòè ê ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîìó âûáîðó .............................................................................. 104 3.2.2. Îáðàçîâàòåëüíûå òåõíîëîãèè, íàïðàâëåííûå íà ñòèìóëÿöèþ ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîñòè ............................... 112 3.2.3. Îöåíî÷íûå ïðîöåäóðû, ñòèìóëèðóþùèå ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîñòü è àêòèâíîñòü ó÷àùèõñÿ ................... 118 Ãëàâà 4. Ïñèõîëîãî-ïåäàãîãè÷åñêàÿ êîìïåòåíòíîñòü âîñïèòàòåëÿ ....................................................................................... 125 4.1. Âîçðàñòíûå îñîáåííîñòè ó÷åíèêà, òðåáóþùèå ó÷åòà ............ 125 4.1.1. Ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêèå îñîáåííîñòè ìëàäøèõ øêîëüíèêîâ .... 125 4.1.2. Ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêèå îñîáåííîñòè äåòåé 1012 ëåò ......... 129 4.1.3. Ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêèå îñîáåííîñòè ñòàðøèõ ïîäðîñòêîâ ... 132 4.1.4. Ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêàÿ ïîääåðæêà ìîëîäåæè â óñëîâèÿõ âóçà .................................................................................... 136 4.1.5. Ëè÷íîñòíûå çàäà÷è, ðåøàåìûå ó÷àùèìèñÿ ïî õîäó âçðîñëåíèÿ ........................................................................ 137 4.2. Ëè÷íîñòíûå îñîáåííîñòè ó÷àùèõñÿ, òðåáóþùèå ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêîé ïîääåðæêè ................................................... 139 4.2.1. Ñêëîííîñòü ó÷àùåãîñÿ êî ëæè è íàðóøåíèþ çàïðåòîâ ............................................................................ 139 4.2.2. Ñêëîííîñòü ó÷àùåãîñÿ ê àãðåññèè ................................. 141 4.2.3. Ñêëîííîñòü ó÷àùåãîñÿ ê íàðóøåíèþ ïîâåäåíèÿ .......... 145 4.2.4. Ñêëîííîñòü ê àêöåíòóàöèÿì ........................................... 146 4.3. Ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêàÿ ïîääåðæêà ãðóïïû è ëè÷íîñòè â ãðóïïå .... 151 4.3.1. Ïåäàãîãè÷åñêàÿ ïîìîùü ãðóïïå â îñîçíàíèè ïðîáëåì ............................................................................ 152 4.3.2. Ãðóïïîâîå îáñóæäåíèå ïðîáëåìû .................................. 153 4.3.3. Ôàêòîðû, îñëîæíÿþùèå ïðîöåññ ãðóïïîâîãî ðåøåíèÿ ............................................................................ 154 4.3.4. Èíòåãðàöèÿ ãðóïïû êàê ôàêòîð ðàçâèòèÿ îòäåëüíîé ëè÷íîñòè ........................................................................... 155 4.3.5. Ãðóïïîâàÿ ñïëî÷åííîñòü è åå äèàãíîñòèêà ................... 156 4.3.6. Ãðóïïà êàê èñòî÷íèê ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêîé òðàâìû ëè÷íîñòè ........................................................................... 157 Ïðàêòèêóì ........................................................................................ 160 Ïðàêòèêóì ïî ðàçâèòèþ íàâûêîâ òîëåðàíòíîñòè ó ïåäàãîãà ..... 160 Ïðàêòèêóì ïî âîñïèòàíèþ ............................................................. 168 Ïðàêòèêóì ïî ðàçâèòèþ êîììóíèêàòèâíûõ íàâûêîâ è ñòðåññîóñòîé÷èâîñòè .................................................................... 190 Òåñòû è ìåòîäèêè äëÿ äèàãíîñòèêè ëè÷íîñòíûõ îñîáåííîñòåé ó÷àùèõñÿ ........................................................................................... 195 Ïåðñîíàëèè ...................................................................................... 211 Ñëîâàðü òåðìèíîâ ............................................................................ 217 Ëèòåðàòóðà ........................................................................................ 220 ÂÂÅÄÅÍÈÅ Öåëü äàííîãî ïîñîáèÿ îçíàêîìèòü ÷èòàòåëÿ ñ âîñïèòàòåëüíûìè ïðîáëåìàìè, ñ êîòîðûìè îí ìîæåò ñòîëêíóòüñÿ, ðàáîòàÿ â îáðàçîâàòåëüíûõ ó÷ðåæäåíèÿõ. Îíî ïðåäíàçíà÷åíî äëÿ ñòóäåíòîâ ïñèõîëîãî-ïåäàãîãè÷åñêèõ ôàêóëüòåòîâ, îáó÷àþùèõñÿ ïî ñïåöèàëüíîñòè «Ïåäàãîãèêà è ïñèõîëîãèÿ». Ïî÷åìó èìåííî äëÿ íèõ? Îòâåò ïðîñò: áîëüøèíñòâî èç âûïóñêíèêîâ ïñèõîëîãî-ïåäàãîãè÷åñêèõ âóçîâ áóäóò ïðåïîäàâàòåëÿìè, à ïðåïîäàâàòåëü äîëæåí íå òîëüêî îáó÷àòü, íî è âîñïèòûâàòü. Êîìó, êàê íå ïåäàãîãàì, âàæíî óìåòü íå òîëüêî èíòóèòèâíî, íî è íàó÷íî îðãàíèçîâûâàòü âîñïèòàòåëüíûé ïðîöåññ? Ïðîáëåìà âîñïèòàíèÿ â ïîñëåäíåå âðåìÿ ñòàëà îñîáåííî àêòóàëüíîé. Ýòî ñâÿçàíî ñ òåì, ÷òî ïðèõîäèò ñìåíà îáùåñòâåííûõ îðèåíòèðîâ. Äàííûé ïðîöåññ çàòðóäíåí, ÷òî îáóñëîâëåíî èñòîðèåé íàøåãî ãîñóäàðñòâà è «ñâîåîáðàçèåì òåêóùåãî ìîìåíòà», ìû ïîêà íå çíàåì, êàêîå îáùåñòâî õîòèì ïîñòðîèòü. Ñìóòíîå ïðåäñòàâëåíèå î áóäóùåì çàòðóäíÿåò îðãàíèçàöèþ âîñïèòàòåëüíîãî ïðîöåññà â ó÷åáíîì çàâåäåíèè, âåäü íà âîïðîñ: «Íà êàêèå öåííîñòè îðèåíòèðîâàòü ðàñòóùåå ïîêîëåíèå?» ó ìíîãèõ ïðàêòèêîâ è òåîðåòèêîâ âîñïèòàíèÿ âíÿòíîãî îòâåòà ïîêà íåò. Îäíàêî çíà÷èìîñòü òåõ öåííîñòåé, êîòîðûå íàçûâàþò îáùå÷åëîâå÷åñêèìè, áåçóñëîâíà äëÿ áîëüøèíñòâà ïåäàãîãîâ. Î òîì, êàêîâû ïñèõîëîãî-ïåäàãîãè÷åñêèå óñëîâèÿ ïðèñâîåíèÿ èõ îòäåëüíîé ëè÷íîñòüþ, è ïîéäåò ðå÷ü â äàííîì ó÷åáíîì ïîñîáèè.  ïîñîáèè ðàññìàòðèâàåòñÿ îáðàç ÷åëîâåêà, êîòîðûé ñëîæèëñÿ â çàïàäíîé è îòå÷åñòâåííîé ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêèõ øêîëàõ. Îáðàùåíèå ê ýòîé ïðîáëåìå íåñëó÷àéíî âåäü îò òîãî, êàê ìû ïðåäñòàâëÿåì ñåáå ïðèðîäó ÷åëîâåêó, çàâèñèò âûáîð ñðåäñòâ âîçäåéñòâèÿ. Íà ÷òî äîëæíû áûòü íàïðàâëåíû âîñïèòàòåëüíûå âîçäåéñòâèÿ, èíà÷å ãîâîðÿ, ÷òî ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêèì îáúåêòîì âîñïèòàíèÿ? Ýòîò âîïðîñ òàêæå çàòðàãèâàåòñÿ â äàííîì ïîñîáèè. Îò îòâåòà íà íåãî çàâèñÿò âûðàáîòêà îáùåé ñòðàòåãèè è ïîñòðîåíèå ïðèíöèïîâ âîñïèòàíèÿ. Ïðè ðàññìîòðåíèè ýòîé ïðîáëåìû àâòîð îïèðàåòñÿ íà ìåòîäîëîãèþ îòå÷åñòâåííîé ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêîé øêîëû. ×òî èç ìíîãîëåòíåé èñòîðèè ïåäàãîãèêè ìîæíî èñïîëüçîâàòü äëÿ ðåøåíèÿ ñåãîäíÿøíèõ çàäà÷ âîñïèòàíèÿ? Ýòî ÷èòàòåëü ñìî3 æåò îïðåäåëèòü äëÿ ñåáÿ ñàì, ïîçíàêîìèâøèñü ñ îïèñàíèåì íåêîòîðûõ âîñïèòàòåëüíûõ ìîäåëåé è ñòèëåé, ïðåäñòàâëåííûõ â ïîñîáèè. Êàêèå âîñïèòàòåëüíûå çàäà÷è íàèáîëåå àêòóàëüíû ñåãîäíÿ? Îòâåò íà ýòîò âîïðîñ ñâÿçàí ñ òåì, êàê ñïåöèàëèñò ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñåáå èäåàëüíûé îáðàç ÷åëîâåêà, ê êîòîðîìó ìîæíî è íóæíî ñòðåìèòüñÿ. Ïî íàøåìó ìíåíèþ, «èäåàëüíûé» ÷åëîâåê ýòî ÷åëîâåê-äåÿòåëü, ñòàâÿùèé ïåðåä ñîáîé ñâåðõçàäà÷è, èùóùèé è ðåàëèçóþùèé ñåáÿ â äðóãèõ, ñîâåñòëèâûé è ñòðîÿùèé ñìûñëîâûå îðèåíòèðû ñâîåé æèçíè.