Информативность признаков выделения пожаров

ɂɇɎɈɊɆȺɌɂȼɇɈɋɌɖ ɉɊɂɁɇȺɄɈȼ ȼɕȾȿɅȿɇɂə ɉɈɀȺɊɈȼ
ɉɈ ȾȺɇɇɕɆ ɋɉɍɌɇɂɄɈȼ NOAA
Ⱥ.ɂ. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɢɧ , Ɇ.ȼ. Ʉɪɭɝɥɨɜ
ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ Ⱥɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɂȺɉɍ) ȾȼɈ ɊȺɇ,
690041, ȼɥɚɞɢɜɨɫɬɨɤ, Ɋɚɞɢɨ 5
E-mail: aleks@iacp.dvo.ru
ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɞɜɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ: ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɜɢɚ-ɥɟɫɨɨɯɪɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɠɚɪɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɨɬ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ; ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɣ, ɤɚɤ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɫɟɢɜɚɧɢɹ
ɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɞɟɬɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɣ. ɉɨɞ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬɫɹ: ɟɝɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ
ɩɨɠɚɪɚ, ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɧɹ, ɫɟɡɨɧɚ; ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɪɨɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɥɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɬɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ; ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɢ ɤɚɤɨɜɨ
ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ. Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɬɨɦ ɊɎɎɂ 0407-90350 ɢ ɝɪɚɧɬɚɦɢ ȾȼɈ ɊȺɇ.
Ɉɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ – ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɨɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ.
ɗɬɨ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɟɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɨɯɪɚɧɧɨɟ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɪɚɡɜɟɞɤɢ ɦɚɥɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵ
ɞɥɹ ɫɜɨɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ. ɑɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɟɬɵ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɦɟɫɬɚɦ ɛɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɜɢɚ-ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɧɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɝɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɸ, ɝɞɟ ɧɟɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɜɨɡɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ
ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɹɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɭɳɟɪɛ.
Ɂɚɞɚɱɟ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜ NOAA ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɪɚɛɨɬ. ȼɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɩɨ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɦ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ
ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ, ɚ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɝɨɜɵɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɷɬɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ
[1,2,3,4,5,6,9]. Ɇɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɚ ɜ
ɝɢɩɟɪɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɥɟɫɧɵɦ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɦ, ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɵɛɨɪɨɤ [7]. ȿɳɺ
ɨɞɢɧ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɦ ɩɨɪɨɝɨɜɵɦ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ [8], ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɪɨɝɢ ɩɨɞɛɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ
"ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ" - ɩɨ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɦ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɨɦ (ɤɚɧɚɥɨɦ) ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɧɚɥ ɫ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɵ 3.7 ɦɤɦ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ T3.
ɉɨɪɨɝɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɢ ɤ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
ɫɥɟɠɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɥɟɫɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɦɢ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɥɨ ɧɚɪɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɥɟɫɨɨɯɪɚɧɵ, ɬɚɤ ɢ Ɇɑɋ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭɟɬ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɟɲɢɮɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɚɦɢ. ɗɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɸɬ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ, ɤɨɝɞɚ
ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɟɡɨɧ, ɢɥɢ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ. ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɪɨɝɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ
ɱɢɫɥɚ ɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɟɦɢɧɭɟɦɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɥɨ ɤ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɦ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɨɜ.
ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɦɚɥɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɭɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ, ɤɚɤ: ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ: ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɠɚɪɚ; ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɧɹ, ɫɟɡɨɧɚ; ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɪɨɝɚ ɢ ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɥɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɬɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ; ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɢ ɤɚɤɨɜɨ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ, ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɦɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ.
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ Ⱦɚɥɶɧɟɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ Ȼɚɡɨɣ Ⱥɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ Ɉɯɪɚɧɵ Ʌɟɫɨɜ ɡɚ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ 1995 ɝɨɞɚ ɩɨ ɞɟɤɚɛɪɶ 2001. ɗɬɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɨɦ ɢ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɩɚɬɪɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɥɟɫɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 20 ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɫɲɟɞɲɢɯ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ:
x ɞɚɬɚ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ ɥɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɠɚɪɚ;
x ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɹɳɟɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ (ɥɟɫɚ ɢ “ɧɟ ɥɟɫɚ”) ɜ ɝɟɤɬɚɪɚɯ;
x ɲɢɪɨɬɚ ɢ ɞɨɥɝɨɬɚ ɷɩɢɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɩɨɠɚɪɚ.
Ʌɟɫɨɨɯɪɚɧɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɟɬ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɩɨɠɚɪ ɤɚɤ ɥɟɫɧɨɣ ɢ ɧɟɥɟɫɧɨɣ. «ɇɟ ɥɟɫɨɦ» ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɟ
ɧɟɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɥɟɫɭ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɚɸɳɟɣ ɤ ɥɟɫɭ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ.
Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɩɨɠɚɪ ɜ ɛɚɡɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ ɥɟɫɨɨɯɪɚɧɵ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɝɚɪɢ ɥɟɫɚ ɢ “ɧɟ ɥɟɫɚ”. ɇɚɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ ɡɚ 2001 ɝɨɞ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɭ ɞɚɥɨ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɬɪɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɦɢ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɨɫɟɧɧɢɟ ɦɟɫɹɰɵ 2001 ɝɨɞɚ - ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ ɢ ɨɤɬɹɛɪɶ ɫ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɨɡɝɨɪɚɧɢɣ 414, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɡɹɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
326
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɐɟɧɬɪɚ Ɋɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɋɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɝɨ Ɇɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ Ɉɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɋɪɟɞɵ ȾȼɈ ɊȺɇ. ɉɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɞɢɨɦɟɬɪɚ AVHRR ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɟɪɢɢ NOAA
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 1.1 ɤɦ, ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ Ⱦɚɥɶɧɟɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɦɭ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɭ – 5-8
ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚɯ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɬɨɤ. ɑɢɫɥɨ (“ɱɢɫɬɵɯ”) ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɯ
ɡɚ ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ ɢ ɨɤɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝɨɞɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɨ 181. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ 169 ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ, ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɬɪɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ɒɭɦɵ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ (3.7 ɦɤɦ) ɂɄ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɪɚɞɢɨɦɟɬɪɚ AVHRR [10] ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɥɢ 0.7 ɝɪɚɞɭɫɚ ɩɨ ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɟ ɢ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɟɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ.
ɉɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ
ȼ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɞɜɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ:
1. Ʉɨɪɪɟɤɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɜɢɚ-ɥɟɫɨɨɯɪɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɠɚɪɚ ɢ
ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɨɬ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ.
2. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɣ, ɤɚɤ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɫɟɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɣ.
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɠɚɪɚ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɥɟɫɨɨɯɪɚɧɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ:
S ликвид S обнаруж
T ликвид T обнаруж
I
(1)
ɝɞɟ I – ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ Ƚɚ ɜ ɫɭɬɤɢ; S ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠ, T ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠ – ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɥɟɫɧɨɝɨ
ɩɨɠɚɪɚ; S ɥɢɤɜɢɞ, T ɥɢɤɜɢɞ – ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ ɥɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɠɚɪɚ.
Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɹ, ɢ ɟɺ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ. ɂɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɠɚɪɚ
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ T3 ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ (ɪɢɫ.2).
ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɩɨɠɚɪ ɛɵɥ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɣ, ɟɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɫ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɤɨɣ ɧɚ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ
ɫɦɟɠɧɵɟ ɩɢɤɫɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ.
Ic
I
;
V
(2)
Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɜɤɥɚɞɚ V:
9
V
¦ (T
k 1
3
M8 )
Tcenter M 8
;
(3)
ɝɞɟ Tk3 – ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɹɪɤɨɫɬɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɢɤɫɟɥɟɣ ɩɨ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɟ 3ɯ3. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɥɚ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɢɤɫɟɥɹ.
Tcenter - ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɹɪɤɨɫɬɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɢɤɫɟɥɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ 3ɯ3. M8 – ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɨ ɩɢɤɫɟɥɹɦ ɨɤɪɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ.
M8
1 8
¦ T3 ;
8k1
(4)
ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ.
1. Ɋɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɹɪɤɨɫɬɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ 3-ɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ T3 ɪɚɞɢɨɦɟɬɪɚ AVHRR, ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜ NOAA.
2. ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ 3 ɢ 4:
T = T3 – T4,
(5)
ɝɞɟ T3 ɢ T4 – ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɹɪɤɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ 3 ɢ 4.
3. “Ʉɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ T3” - ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚ Ɍ3 ɤ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɢɤɫɟɥɟɣ. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɚɦ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ 3ɯ3, 5ɯ5, 7ɯ7, … ɩɢɤɫɟɥɟɣ.
4. ɉɪɢɡɧɚɤ “ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ T3” – ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚ 3-ɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ T3 ɨɬ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɭɬɨɤ.
Ɂɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɨɬ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɠɚɪɚ
Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɝɨɪɹɳɟɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɛɵɥɢ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɜɵɛɨɪɤɢ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ ɡɚ ɦɟɫɹɰɵ ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ ɢ ɨɤɬɹɛɪɶ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɨɨɯɪɚɧɨɣ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɤɚɤ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɢ
327
“ɧɟ ɥɟɫɚ”. Ⱦɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɢɡ ɜɵɛɨɪɨɤ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɵ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɢ, ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɭɸ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ
ɩɨɠɚɪɚ (2) ɫ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ. Ɍɢɩɢɱɧɵɣ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 3. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ
ɝɪɚɮɢɤɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɟɥ ɤ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɸ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɠɚɪɚ (ɪɢɫ.1) ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ
ɪɚɫɱɟɬɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɨɯɪɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ. ɇɟɬ ɤɚɤɢɯ ɥɢɛɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ. ȿɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɵɜɨɞ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ, ɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɯ.
Ɋɢɫ 1. ɏɚɛɚɪɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɤɪɚɣ, ɚ) ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɬɪɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɵɦɢ ɫɥɭɠɛɚɦɢ,
ɛ) ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɥɟɫɨɨɯɪɚɧɵ
Ɋɢɫ. 2. ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɠɚɪɚ ɫ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ
ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɬɪɨɢɥɢɫɶ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɧɹ, ɨɬ ɦɟɫɹɰɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɰɟɧɢɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɬɶ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɠɚɪɵ ɢ ɥɨɠɧɵɟ. Ɂɚɬɪɚɝɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ
ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ "ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ" ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɤ
ɥɨɠɧɨɦɭ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɵ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɬɟɫɬɨɜɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ, ɞɜɟ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɨɱɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢ ɞɜɟ - ɧɚ ɞɧɟɜɧɨɟ. ȼɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɢ ɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɥɢ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ ɢ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɥɢ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɤɚɤ ɨɛɥɚɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɛɨɥɨɬɚ, ɜɟɪɲɢɧɵ ɝɨɪ, ɪɟɤɢ, ɨɡɟɪɚ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ, ɧɚɦɢ ɛɵɥ ɜɵɛɪɚɧ 35%-ɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɬɟɪɹ - ɱɢɫɥɨ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɵ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ
ɢɯ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ (ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ “ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ” ɢ “ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ T3” ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɥɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ (ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɪɨɝɨɜɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ [2]):
T3 > Mɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ+1.98*Dɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ ;
T3 > Mɩɪɟɞɵɫɬɨɪɢɹ+1.12 *Dɩɪɟɞɵɫɬɨɪɢɹ.
328
Ɋɢɫ. 3. Ƚɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɥɟɫɧɨɣ ɢ "ɧɟ ɥɟɫɧɨɣ" ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤ T3 (X - ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, Y - ɹɪɤɨɫɬɧɚɹ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ 3-ɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ)
ɇɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɚɯ 4-7 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ ɨɬ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚ. ɇɚ ɧɢɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɵ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɟɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ: ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ, ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɢ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɠɚɪɚ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɩɨɪɨɝɚ.
Ɋɢɫ. 4. ȼɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ, ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤ T3, ɧɨɱɶ
Ɋɢɫ 5. ȼɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ, ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤ "ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ T3", ɧɨɱɶ
329
Ɋɢɫ. 6. ȼɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ, ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤ "ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ T3", ɧɨɱɶ
Ɋɢɫ. 7. ȼɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ, ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤ T3, ɞɟɧɶ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1. Ƚɪɚɮɢɤɢ “ɉɨɪɨɝɨɜɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤ T3”.
ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ,
ɢɫɬɢɧɧɵɟ/(ɥɨɠɧɵɟ+ɢɫɬɢɧɧɵɟ)*100%
ɉɨɪɨɝɨɜɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ,
ɝɪɚɞɭɫɨɜ ɐɟɥɶɫɢɹ
ɉɨɬɟɪɢ, %
ɇɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɧɢɦɤɢ
50% / 100%
T3>7.3 / T3>9.4
16% / 22%
Ⱦɧɟɜɧɵɟ ɫɧɢɦɤɢ
50% / 100%
T3>28.6 / T3>35
45% / 53%
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2. Ƚɪɚɮɢɤɢ “ɉɨɪɨɝɨɜɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ Ɍ3”.
ɉɨɬɟɪɢ, %
ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ,
ɢɫɬɢɧɧɵɟ/(ɥɨɠɧɵɟ+ɢɫɬɢɧɧɵɟ)*100%
ɉɨɪɨɝɨɜɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɝɪɚɞɭɫɨɜ
ɐɟɥɶɫɢɹ
ɇɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɧɢɦɤɢ
35%
50%
T3>M+2.8D
Ⱦɧɟɜɧɵɟ ɫɧɢɦɤɢ
35%
4%
T3>M+2D
330
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3. Ƚɪɚɮɢɤɢ “ɉɨɪɨɝɨɜɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ Ɍ3”.
ɇɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɧɢɦɤɢ
Ⱦɧɟɜɧɵɟ ɫɧɢɦɤɢ
ɉɨɪɨɝɨɜɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɝɪɚɞɭɫɨɜ ɐɟɥɶɫɢɹ
T3>M3x3+3D3x3 ɢɥɢ
T5>M5x5+3D5x5
T3>M3x3+3D3x3 ɢɥɢ
T5>M5x5+3D5x5
ɉɨɬɟɪɢ, %
ɫɦ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ
ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ,
ɢɫɬɢɧɧɵɟ/(ɥɨɠɧɵɟ+ɢɫɬɢɧɧɵɟ)*100%
80%
50%
40%
63%
ȼ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɯ 1, 2 ɢ 3 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ.
Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ (ɬɚɛɥ.1), ɱɬɨ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɩɨɪɨɝɢ ɞɥɹ ɧɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɭɬɨɤ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɢɫɤɚɬɶ ɩɨɠɚɪɵ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɹɪɤɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɭɠɟ ɜ 7.3 ɝɪɚɞɭɫɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɩɨɠɚɪ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɥɨɠɧɵɦ - ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 50%.
ɉɨ (ɬɚɛɥ.2) ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɜɵɜɨɞ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤ “ȼɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ” [2] ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɠɚɪɵ ɧɨɱɶɸ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɞɧɟɦ. ɂ ɜ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɜɚɠɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤ ɤɚɤ “Ʉɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ” [2] ɞɚɺɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɞɧɺɜɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ.
1. Ɋɚɡɛɪɨɫ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤ, ɱɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɠɚɪɚ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɨɣ
ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɠɛ ɨɯɪɚɧɵ ɥɟɫɚ.
2. ɉɪɢɡɧɚɤ “ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ” ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɜ ɞɧɟɜɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ.
3. ɉɪɢɡɧɚɤ “ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ T3” ɞɚɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɠɚɪɚ
ɧɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ, ɛɥɢɡɤɢɯ ɤ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɮɨɧɚ.
4. ɋɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɢɫɤɚɬɶ ɩɨɠɚɪɵ ɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɢɦɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɦɢ.
5. Ʌɨɠɧɵɟ ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɵ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɫ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ
ɩɨɬɟɪɹɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ.
Ɂɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ
ɉɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ.
ɉɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɛɨɪɚ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɞɟɬɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɢ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɬɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬ "ɬɟɪɹɟɦɵɯ" ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ.
ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɠɚɪɚ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɦ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ, ɱɶɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɢɡɤɚ, ɧɨ ɨɧɢ
ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɨɬɫɟɤɚɸɬ "ɥɨɠɧɵɟ" ɩɨɠɚɪɵ.
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɨɪɨɝɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ, ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ,
ɞɜɭɯ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɜ: ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɠɚɪɚ ɜ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɭɦɧɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ "ɩɨɬɟɪɶ" - ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ.
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
ɋ.ȼ.Ⱥɮɨɧɢɧ, ȼ.ȼ.Ȼɟɥɨɜ, ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ ɜ ɬɨɦɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ// ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ Ɂɟɦɥɢ ɢɡ Ʉɨɫɦɨɫɚ, 2002. ʋ1. ɋ. 42-50.
2. Z.Li, S.Nadon and J.Cihlar, Satellite-based detection of Canadian boreal forest fires: development and application of the
algorithm //Int. Remote Sensing, 2000. Vol. 21. No. 16. P.3057-3069.
3. Lasaponara, R.Cuomo, Satellite forest fire detection in the Italian ecosystem using AVHRR data.//Proc. III Intarnational
Conference on Forest Fire Research, Coimbra (Portugal) 1998. ADAI.V2.P.2013-2028.
4. Tomas F. Lee and Paul M.Tag “Improved Detection of Hotspots using the AVHRR 3.7-um Channel” // American Meteorological Society, Vol. 71. No.12, December 1990
5. D.Stroppiana,S.Pinnock, The Global Fire Product: daily fire occurence from April 1992 to December 1993 derived from
NOAA AVHRR data. // Int. Remote Sensing, 2000. V. 21. N. 6&7. P. 1279-1288.
6. L.Giglio, J.D.Kendall, Evaluation of global fire detection algorithms using simulated AVHRR infrared data. //Int. Remote
Sensing, 1999. V. 20. No. 10. P.1947-1985.
7. ɇ.Ⱥ. Ⱥɛɭɲɟɧɤɨ, Ɇɢɧɶɤɨ ɇ.ɉ., ɋɟɦɟɧɨɜ ɋ.Ɇ., Ɍɚɳɢɥɢɧ ɋ.Ⱥ, Ɍɚɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜ Ⱥ.ȼ. Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɚ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɱɚɝɨɜ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɚ AVHRR/NOAA ɞɥɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɋɢɛɢɪɢ.
//Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɲɤɨɥɚ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ ɭɱɟɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ, Ɏɢɡɢɤɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ: ɋɛ.ɬɪɭɞɨɜ. 1999. ɫ 46-49
8. V.Cuomo, R.Lasaponara, V. Tramutoli. Evaluation of a new satellite-based method for forest fire detection. //Int. Remote
Sensing, 2001. V. 22. No. 9. P.1799-1826.
9. ɀɭɤɨɜ Ȼ.,Ȼɪɢɫ Ʉ., Ʌɨɪɟɧɰ ȿ., ɗɪɬɟɥɶ Ⱦ., ɋɤɪɟɛɟɤ ȼ., Ɂɢɦɚɧ ə. Ⱦɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɡɨɧɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ ɢ ɜɭɥɤɚɧɨɜ ɫ
ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɚ BIRD. // Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɤɨɧɮ. "ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɨɧɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
Ɂɟɦɥɢ ɢɡ ɤɨɫɦɨɫɚ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 10-12 ɧɨɹɛɪɹ 2003",Ɇ: ɉɨɥɢɝɪɚɮ ɫɟɪɜɢɫ, 2004. ɋ.156-163.
10. Ɇ.Ƚ.Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɢɧɚ, Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɲɭɦɨɜɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɂɄ-ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɨɦɟɬɪɚ AVHRR// ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ Ɂɟɦɥɢ ɢɡ Ʉɨɫɦɨɫɚ, 1993. ʋ 4. ɋ.
1.
331