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Французский язык. Правила чтения. French IPA Charts

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French Pronunciation Charts
What follows are two representations of French pronunciations: 1. a list of all the French spellings in all
positions and linkings with their IPA equivalent; and 2. a list of all IPA sounds found in the French
language and their spellings. In learning to correctly pronounce French without the aid of a IPA
transcriptions, I find it best for the beginning student to follow the route of the French spellings rather that
working from the sounds themselves. Although there are many rules and spellings, French is an extremely
regular language. With the exception of a few words with variable word endings and some proper nouns,
almost all French words will follow the rules to the letter.
Part one: French Spellings - Vowel Pronunciation
IPA 
French spellings for the vowel -a
-a or -à
usually

French example with IPA
Paris
[
là

allâtes

pale

extase

lacer

mais

faisais

faisons

gai

travail

cailloux

faim
 
ainsi


aime


plaine

champ
 
fumant


tamis


manne

-au

chaud

-au before -r

Fauré

-ay, -aye, -ayes

payer

French spellings for vowel -e
-é
IPA 

French example with IPA
été


-â in a few verb forms
-â (except as above)
-a before  and  sounds
-ai, -aî, -aie, -ais, -aise, -ait, -aient

usually

-ai in some verb forms of faire when before [z]

-ai final

-ail, -aill, -aille

-aim, -ain when final or before a consonant except -m or -n, or -h

-aim, -ain when followed by a vowel
-am, -an, -aon when final or before a consonant ex. -m or -n, or -h
-am, -an when followed by a vowel or another -m or -n


-è, -ê, -ë
père

forêts

Noël

-e before a single consonant and a vowel

cheval

-e before two consonants

elle

-e before final pronounced consonants

fer

1

pied

spoken
silent
parle

sung

parle

-e final in monosyllables

je

-er final - generally in non-verb forms

hiver

-er final - in verb endings and some nouns and adjectives.

parler
 
boulanger

-es final

parles

-es final in monosyllables before a closed vowel
-es final in monosyllables before an open vowel

les
 

des

-et final

filet

et (the words meaning and)

et

-eau

beau

-ei

seize

-eim & -ein when final or before a consonant ex. -m or -n, or -h

plein

-em & -en when final or before a consonant ex. -m or -n, or -h

ensemble


tenir
 

tennis


emmêler


ennui

-en after -i

viens

-ent final

firmament

-ent final in third person plural verb endings

parlent

-eu in the interior of a word

heure

-eu before [z]

creuse

-eu as a final sound

peu

-ge before a back vowel (-a, -o, -u)

Georges

French spellings for the vowel -i
-i single including before a mute -e
IPA 

French example with IPA
finir

-î with the circonflexe 

île

-ï with the diérèse 

Aïda

-i preceding a stressed vowel

bien

Final -il and -ille, and medial -ill

aille

-ill and ille with no other vowel

fille

-im and -in when final or before a consonant ex. -m or -n, or -h

timbre

brin

-e before final silent consonants (except -s and -t)
-e final
-em & -en when followed by a vowel the -e is not nasal
-emm & -enn when initial remain nasal except ennemi 
French spellings for the vowel -o
-o preceding a consonant or a vowel
IPA 

French example with IPA
doter

-o when final sound

mot

-ô

ôter

-o before [z]

rose

-oe and -oeu

coeur

-oi

voix

-oin when final or before a consonant ex. -h

loin

-oy

royal

-ou are before a stressed vowel

oui

-om -on when final or before a consonant ex. -m or -n, or -h

nom

-eon.

pigeon

-ou, -où and -oû

vous

French spellings for the vowel -u
-u after g- and q-
IPA 
silent
French example with IPA
guitare

-u,- û, -ü(e), and -ue

murmure

-um and -un followed by a vowel, but not -m, -n, or -h.

unanime

-ue when followed by -il, -ill, or –ille

orgueil

-que when final or not followed by double consonants

que

-ueu after -g and –q

vainqueur

-u before a stressed vowel

lui

-um and -un when final or before a consonant except-m or -n, or -h

brun

French spellings for the vowel -y
-y or -ÿ except when nasal
IPA 

French example with IPA
martyr

-ym and -yn before a vowel

hymne

-yn and -ym when final or before a consonant ex. -m or -n, or -h

thym

-y initial in a word

yeux

-y between two vowels

royal

Consonant pronunciation
While consonant pronunciation is considerably easier than for vowels, it still offers some challenges for
the singer. Each individual consonant will be presented with a minimum of two pronunciation examples:
first, a general pronunciation for the single and double consonant in the initial and medial position, and
second, a possible final pronunciation. If such exist, pronunciation variants in liaison, and combination
will also be presented.
Letter
b
c
French Spelling
IPA
French Word with IPA
-b or -bb initial and medial

beau


abbesse

final
silent
plomb

followed by -s or -t

absolu

-c before a front vowel (-e, -i, or -y)

ciel

-cc before a front vowel (-e, -i, or -y)

accent

-c or -cc before a back vowel (-a, -o, -u) or a cons.

encore

final

parc 

final after -n
silent
blanc

-ct final
 
direct

silent
respect


garçon

-ch

blanche

-ch in words of Greek origin

Christ

-cqu

acquisition

-d or -dd initial or medial

doux


addition

final
silent
pied

in liaison

grand_arbre

-f or -ff initial or medial

enfant


effort

final

comparatif

in liaison

neuf_heures

-g before a front vowel (-e, -i, or -y)

sabotage

-gg before a front vowel (-e, -i, or -y)

suggestion

-g or -gg before a back vowel (-a, -o, -u) or a cons.

grave

final
silent
sang

in liaison

sang_et eau

-ge before a back vowel (-a, -o, -u) or a consonant
 
pigeon

-gu before a front vowel (-e, -i, or -y)

gigue

-gn

compagnon

-gt
silent
doigt

-ç
d
f
g
with the çédille 
h
j
k
l
Initial -h is classified as mute and aspirate - both are always silent but,
silent
douze_heure
-h initial mute allows liaison or elision
-h initial aspirate allows no linking
silent
tres *hideuse  
-h medial
silent
souhaiter

-j

jardin

found in words of foreign origin only

kilo

final

kodak

-l or -ll initial or medial

large


ballet

final

ideal

-il, -ill, and -ille (but not final -ile)

soleil


papillons
j

famille


mille
(thousand)
tranquille
(tranquil)
ville
(villages)

mardi


flamme

after a nasal vowel
silent
parfum

in liaison

nom_à tiroirs 
-n or -nn initial or medial

neige


année

after a nasal vowel
silent
ensemble

in liaison

en_aimant

-p or -pp initial or medial

captive


support

final
silent
trop

in liaison

trop_en

-mpt
silent
compter

-ph

philosophe

-qu initial or medial

liqueur

final

cinq

in liaison

cinq_enfants

In the these words and their derivatives

m
n
p
q
r

-m or -mm initial or medial
Spoken French makes use of the uvular  that is appropriate for dialogue and cabaret songs.
-r or -rr initial,

rapide

-r or -rr medial or final

garage


terrible


hiver

-er, -ier, or -yer final in some nouns and adjectives
silent
foyer (noun)

-er in the infinitive verb form

parler

s
t
v
w
x
z

séance


Debussy

-s medial between vowels

maison

-s final
silent
toujours

-s final in exceptions

hélas


lis


fils

in liaison

mes_yeux
]
-sc before a front vowel (-e, -i, or -y)

descendre

-sc before a back vowel (-a, -o, -u) or a consonant

scandale

-sch initial or medial

schéma

-t or -tt initial or medial

total


glotte

-t final
silent
tuot

-t in liaison

tout_un

-th

Thomas

-ti in endings -tion and -tience

attention

-tie when final

sortie

-v initial or medial

souvenir

-w found in words of foreign origin

Wagon

before consonants

texte

before vowels or -h

exemple 

in numbers

deuxieme

in liaison

deux_enfants 
initial or medial

zèle


douze

final
silent
chez

Final as an exception

Berlioz

-s and -ss initial or medial
Part two: A list of French sounds with some of the more common French spellings.
Adapted and expanded from Le Petit Robert CD-Rom.

Vowels

il, épi, lyre
 blé, aller, chez, et, j’ai, tes
lait, merci, fète, Noël, forêts, hiver, Seigneur

soleil, hotel, bouquet
 ami, patti,
 pas, pâte
 fort, donner, sol
 mot, dôme, eau, saule
 genou, roue
 peu, deux, creuse
 peur, meuble, ceuile
 brin, plein, bain
 sans, vent
 ton, ombre, bonté
 lundi, brun, parfum


Semi-vowels
 yeux, paille, pied, panier
 oui, fouet, joua, joie
 huile, lui

Consonants


père, soupe
terre, vite

cou, qui, sac, képi

bon, robe
 dans, aide
 gar, bague, gui
 feu, neuf, photo
 sale, celui, ça, dessous, tasse
 chat, tache schéma
 vous, rêve
 zéro, maison, rose
 je, gilet, geôle
 lent, sol
 rue, venir
 mot, flamme
 nous, tonne, animal
 agneau, vigne

|
no liaison or elision allowed
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