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Sceince and technology

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Sceince and technology is what we cannot imagine our life nowadays.
Throughout the history inventors’ ideas have changed the way we live,
making it easier and more enjoyable. The twenty-first century is no
exception as it is noted for the invention of the television, computers,
spacecraft, genetic engineering and many others.
Early TV sets cost as much as a small car and few people bought them. In
1936 the original system was improved and the first regular TV programme
was broadcast in Britain.
But the real TV revolution began in America after World War Two.
Commercial stations began to open in almost every city. But still lots of
The Invention of the Telephone
people didn’t have TV sets as they were too expensive. That all changed in the
 the human organs of articulation — органы слуха
60s and 70s when more and more TV sets were sold and the importance of
 the deaf — глухие
television grew quickly. In 1980 there appeared satellite television. Dozens of
The telephone is one of the most important inventions of the 19th century. new channels are now available to anyone who buys a receiving “dish”.
Its creator was the English scientist Alexander Graham Bell.
Bell wanted to be a teacher and entered Edinburgh University. But he The Invention of the Computer
 efficient — эффективный
changed his mind and became a student of the Medical Faculty of London
 to store — хранить
University. Under the guidance of an outstanding German scientist who
 to substitute — заменить
works on physiology of sight and ear, Bell began to study the human
One
more important invention of our century
organs of articulation.
is the computer. The first computer was
By and by Bell came to the idea of creating a special apparatus which
invented by the English scientist Charles
would help the deaf to pronounce the sounds of speech and learn to speak.
Babbage (December 26, 1791 - October 18,
Working on such a apparatus, Bell invented microphone (with engineer
1871).
Thomas Watson) and telephone. At first his invention was not popular with
Nowadays nearly everything we do in the
the public, but Bell visited American towns and other countries, read
modern world is helped and controlled by
lectures and demonstrated his telephone.
computers. Computers are used so often
In 1878 he also organized his own company to produce telephones. But
because they are more efficient than human
Bell wasn’t interested in business itself and used his money on the
beings. They have better memories and
laboratories for generating new ideas. He was and is greatly respected both
can store a lot of information.
in England and America.
In fact, computers can do what we can do but faster and better. They can
The Invention of the Television
control different machines, foretell tomorrow’s weather, even play chess and
 to broadcast — транслировать (передавать)
compose music. Computers are widely used in various professions. We can
 vision — изображение
find computers everywhere: in a library, in a travel agency, in a hotel, in a
 available — доступный
shop and in many other places.
The television is a mass media that serves to gives people opportunities
both for entertainment and for rapid information.
To be sure, the technical progress will not stop but the machines will not be
able to substitute everything including the human being.
The idea of a machine able to broadcast both sound and vision goes back
to 1875. But it wasn’t until 1926 that a Scottish engineer (John Braid)
turned the idea into a practical reality. The first pictures were black and
white and were not very clear.
Isaac Newton
Sir Isaac Newton was a famous physicist,
mathematician and astronomer.
He was born in a small village near
Cambridge January 4, 1643. His father died
before Isaac’s birth. His first inventions were a
sundial and a clepsydra (солнечные часы и
водяные часы). Newton made them when he
was a child. People say the sundial is still in
the house, where Isaac Newton was born.
At the age of 14 he had to leave school,
because his mother needed his help on the
farm.
Isaac was a student at the University of Cambridge. Newton studied
mathematics there. During those years Isaac Newton made such discoveries
as the law of gravitation, decomposition of light and the method of fluxions
(закон тяготения, разложение света и метод флюксий).
Later he became a professor of mathematics and optics.
Newton is also known as one of the authors of the theory of differential
calculus (теории дифференциального исчисления).
He also developed the Newtonian telescope among other devices.
Isaac Newton died at 85, March 31, 1727.
Charles Darwin
(February 12, 1809 - April 19, 1882)
Widely regarded as one of the most
influential personalities in the history of
mankind, Charles Darwin was an English
biologist, naturalist, and geologist. He is
credited with publishing the Theory of
Evolution, which explains the evolution of
life from a unicellular organism to human
beings. A prolific writer, Charles Darwin also
wrote important books on plants and
barnacles.
Alexander Fleming
Alexander Fleming, the discoverer of
penicillin, was born in Scotland August 6,
1881 at a farm. He began to go to school when
he was five. In 1895 he went to London and
decided to dedicate his life to medicine. At
first Fleming wanted to become a surgeon but
soon he got interested in bacteriology and
decided that he was to find his future in
research. Sir Alexander Fleming did not have
such life which was outwardly very exciting.
He spent his working hours in hospitals and
laboratories. He went from his home to his
laboratory every morning and went from his laboratory to his home every
night. He sat in front of his fire and talked to his wife. He taught his son to
swim and to fish. It was life that seemed not to differ from the life of the bank
manager or the office worker. But it was not so. The great work that he did
was done for the benefit of sick men and women. His discovery of penicillin
did more to help suffering mankind than anything else for centuries. When he
died March 11, 1955 his old friend said: «. . . by his work he relieved more
suffering than any other living man».
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