Загрузил Ivan Vedernikov

08 Functional Styles

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FUNCTIONAL STYLISTICS
Style – a system of coordinated,
interrelated and interconditioned
language means serving a definite aim
in communication (I.R. Galperin)
Colloquial speech vs literary communication
I.R. Galperin (the Moscow school of stylistics)
– style in the written variety of English
Colloquial styles are not recognized
Belles-lettres – a separate style
I.V.Arnold (the Leningrad school of stylistics) –
Colloquial styles are recognized unlike belleslettres
The Moscow School of Stylistics
1. Belles-lettres style
2. Publicistic style
3. Newspaper style
4. Scientific prose style
5. Official documents style
The Moscow School of Stylistics
1. Belles-lettres style
- emotive prose
- poetry
- drama
Aim – ambiguous
Cognitive-aesthetic function
Verbal art
The Moscow School of Stylistics
2. Publicistic style
- oratory and speeches
- essays
- newspaper articles
Aim – to persuade the reader that the point
of view expressed is the only correct one
Publicistic style
• Oratory and speeches:
oral in its form but written in its essential
features
Oral communication:
- direct form of address
- repetitions (the audience can rely on
their memory only)
- trite imagery (the speech is linear), etc.
Essays
Moderate length – epigrammaticalness
The author’s subjective view on the
matter (pronouns, epithets)
Topics (burning issues) can vary:
political essays, literary reviews,
essays on social problems, etc.
Newspaper articles
- Close to essays (feature articles)
- A wide range of topics
- Emotionally charged
(ср. И.Р. Гальперин: СФИ, СКИ, СПИ
(«Текст как объект лингвистического
исследования»)
N.B. Some works of publicistic style are
close to belles-lettres style
Newspaper style
Aim – to inform (to impart information)
N.B. Not all materials published in the
newspaper belong to this style (e.g. feature
articles, crossword puzzles, quizzes, etc.)
Features: terms, paragraphing, syntactical
structures (constructions)
Newspaper style
Substyles:
- headlines
- brief news items
- advertisements and announcements
- editorial
Headlines – a wide range of patterns
Do they all sound neutral?
Are they emotionally charged?
Where is the demarcation line between the two styles –
newspaper style and publicistic style?
Advertisements and
announcements
• Classified (marriages, births, in
memoriam)
• Non-classified
• Advertisements and announcements are
not equal to commercials (cf. the
prevailing type of information in the former
and in the latter)
Editorial
reveals the point of view of the editorial
board and is stylistically charged
Editorial as a borderline case - sharing
some features both with publicistic style
and newspaper style
Scientific prose style
•
Aim – to prove hypothesis, to reveal the
laws governing the Universe
• Intended for experts in a certain sphere
(cf. linguists vs physicists)
Works: research papers, monographs,
treatises, etc.
Features: terms, paragraphing,
impersonality, etc.
• One can calculate the volume of
the oblique prism in two different
ways: to multiply the area of the
basis by the height of the prism
or to multiply the length of one of
the edges by the area
perpendicular to it.
Undermining some style features
Blend of styles
AT THE BEGINNING of 2001, there was a
lot of discussion of Stanley Kubrick’s
famous movie: how close have we come
to the world portrayed in 2001: Space
Odyssey?
When I was about 12, I decided to write my
own dictionary.
Style of official documents
• Aim – to reach agreement between the two
parties (the chairperson and the audience,
the political parties, the government and the
citizens, etc.)
Documents: contracts and agreements,
business letters, charters, etc.
Business letters
• What is typical of their layout?
• What phrase is there at the beginning of a
business letter?
• What form of address is to be used in case
the sex of the addressee is unknown?
• What does the form of address Messrs.
(Smith, Brown and Robinson) mean?
Colloquial Styles (I.V. Arnold)
Cf. colloquial sphere (Prof. Skrebnev)
I.V. Arnold:
Colloquial – neutral – bookish
The bulk of the words used is neutral
Colloquial Styles
• Substyles:
- Literary colloquial
- Familiar colloquial
- Low colloquial
Which of the substyles does baby talk belong
to?
Colloquial Styles
• Debatable/vulnerable item:
What aim do colloquial styles serve?
To communicate?
Language in general is a means of
communication
Prof. Arnold’s point of view
• Debatable items concerning belles-lettres
style (the scholar did not recognize it as a
separate style):
- its aim is ambiguous
- contemporary prose differs from the
‘classical’ prose compositions as it
comprises features of colloquial styles
Многоуважаемый товарищ Павленко!
Вам пишет человек в отчаянном положении.
Нынче 27-е августа, а с 1-го мы с сыном со всеми нашими
вещами и целой библиотекой – на улице, потому что в комнату,
которую нам сдали временно, въезжают обратно ее владельцы.
Итак, я буквально на улице, со всеми вещами и книгами.
Здесь, где я живу, меня больше не прописывают (университет),
и я уже две недели живу без прописки.
1-го сентября мой сын пойдет в 167 школу – откуда?
Частная помощь моих друзей и все их усилия не привели ни
к чему.
Положение безвыходное.
Исхода не вижу.
Взываю к помощи.
Марина Цветаева. 27 августа 1940 г.
Тридцать пять я получаю
Ежемесячно рублей.
И на них располагаю
Вот как жизнию моей:
Десять стоит мне квартира,
Двадцать стоят хлеб и соль,
Пять выходит для трактира,
Итого в остатке ноль.
Так нельзя ли, ваше превосходительство,
прибавить мне что-нибудь на сапоги?
1900
Саврасов
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