Загрузил Anna Timofeyeva

History of translation in the USA

The USA
&
TRANSLATION
INDIAN
TRANSLATORS
Simon Girty
Squanto
Sakajavea
TRANSLATION OF BIBLE
& IDEOLOGY
Also known as
The Bay Psalm Book
POLITICS
LITERARY
TRANSLATION
EZRA POUND (1885-1972)
• Make It New (1934)
• Literary Essays (1954)
• “The sum of human wisdom is
not contained in any one
language, and no single language
is capable of expressing all forms
and degrees of human
comprehension”
ROMAN JAKOBSON (1896-1982)
• On Linguistic Aspects of
Translation (1959)
• “Languages differ essentially in
what they must convey and not
in what they may convey”.
EUGENE NIDA (1914-2011)
• American Bible Society (1943)
• Toward a Science of Translating
(1964)
• “The translator must be a person
who can draw aside the curtains
of linguistic and cultural
differences so that people may
see clearly the relevance of the
original message” (1986)
SUSAN BASSNETT-MCGUIRE (1945)
• Translation Studies (1980)
BURTON RAFFEL (1928-2015)
• The Art of Translating Poetry
(1988)
Types of translation:
• formal
• interpretative
• expansive
• imitative
ROBERT BLY (1926)
• Eight stages of translatio” (1991)
1. Setting down the literal translation
2. Get a handle on the concepts and beliefs presented in the
original poem; abandon the poem if the translator does not
feel a connection with them.
3. Rewrite the literal translation to ensure the meanings of the
poem are not lost.
4. Translate the latest draft into spoken English, using phrases
that have been heard in natural conversation.
5. Examine the translation in terms of tone to ensure that it
carries over from the original (whether happy, sad, etc.)
6. Listen to the original for sound and carry those same
sounds over to the translation, such as the use of open
vowel sounds.
7. Speak with a native speaker to go over the translation to
ensure meanings and tone are maintained.
8. The final stage is completing the translation with all of the
advice given and paying close attention to the original
poem’s rhythm and rhymes (which are often less about end
rhymes than internal rhymes).
LAWRENCE VENUTI (1953)
• The Translator's Invisibility: A History
of Translation (1995)
• “Translation is a form of passive
aggression. In doing it, a writer
chooses to forgo original authorship
so as to play havoc with a foreign
original in a process of imitation,
zigzagging between the foreign and
receiving languages but in the last
analysis cancelling the first in favor of
the second.”
Thank
you