BA n?i ;'rd' b,^ td t 0 T J t J Quick Reference: Law Review Footnotes This table give s example s of commonly use d citation forms printed in thc type face s uscd in law revicw footnotes (as explained in rule 2). The last page and insidc back cover present examples in the typefaces used in court documcnts and legal memo randa (as explained in the Bluepages). Clsns rule ro reporter rutelo.j lackson v. Metro. Edison Co., 348 F. Supp. 954, 956-58 (M.D. Pa.ry7z),aff'd,4gt.zd754(ldCir.rgZt),aff'd,4r9U.S.l+S (tgt r+). service rule 19 /n re Looney, lrgSl-rg$g Transfer Binderl Bankr. L. Rep. (CCH) lllz,44l (Bankr. WD. Va. Sept. 9, 1988). and unreported Atbrecht v. Stanczek, No. 8Z-C9515, at *t n.t (N.D. ltt. Apr. r8, r99r). pending cases r99r U.5. Dist. LEXIS 5o88, lackson v. Virginia, No.77-tzo5, stip op. at I (4th Cir. Aug. 3, rgZS) (percuriam), aff'd,443U.5. lo7 (rgtil. -i.io."., Ross v. Weissman, l{o.9o-345 (0. Mass. fited Sept. r8, r99o). Cleary v. Rizkalla, 9z5F.zd 314 (1st Cir.19gt),petition for cert. filed,60 U.S.L.W. l,4zz (U.5. lan. U, r9g2) (No. 9z-zrz). Coxsl.nuTroNs N.M. Coxsr. art. lV,5 Z. rule 11 SrATtnns -t. code rule l2'3 laws r2.4 tz Administrative Procedure Act S 6, 5 U.S.C. S 555 (zoo6). zz U.S.C. g 2567 (Supp. I 1983). session Department ofTransportation Act, Pub. L. No. 89-67o, rule yt,944-47 $966). Lncrsrnfrvn MaTnnnl,s S 9, 80 Stat. rule r3 unenacted bill rule 13.2(a) S.5r6, ro5th Cong.5 z (1992). hearing rule 13.3 Transforming the Federol Government To Protect Americo from Terrorism: Hearing Before the H. Select Comm. on Homeland Sec., roTth Cong. z3-25 (zooz) (statement of.lohn Ashcroft, Att'y Gen. ofthe United States). repoft rule 13.4 S. REp. No. 95-797, at 4 GglS), as reprinted in r9Z8 U.S.C.C.A.N. 926o,9261,. UrupUnrrSHnO Victoria E. Anderson, Company Outing: How Consensual Mm;scnrprs Relationsh p Agreements Adve rsely Affect Homosexua I Em ployees rz (Mar. ry, zoo4) (unpubtished comment) (on file with the rule r7.2.r i University of Pennsylvania Journal of Labor and Employment Law). Lnrmns rule 17.2.3 Letter from Pierre Arsenault, Exec. Editor, Harvard Law Review, to Bryan M. Killian, Supreme Court Chair, Harvard Law Review (Apr. z, zoo4) (on fite with the Harvard Law School Library). o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o a o DEBoRAH L. RHoDE, JusrrcE AND GENDER 56 G989). O I I o I I o a o a a I o I o o t o o O CHARLEs DrcKENs, Penguin Books Blelx House 49-55 (Norman Page ed., r97r) (1853). 21 CHARLES ALAN WRIGHT & ARTHUR R. MILtER, FEDERAL PRAcrcE AND PRocEDURE S roo6 (zd ed. 1987). pamphlets rulc l5 WoMEN's BUREAU, U.S, Dep'r oF LABoR, LEAFLET No, 55, ro HER ,loB RrGHrs 4 (1978). A WoRKTNG WoMAN's GU|DE Kay Deaux & Brenda Maiot, A Social-Psychologica! Motdel of Gender, ln TseonerrclL PERspEcflvEs oN SEXUAL DTFFERENcE 89, 89 (Deborah L. Rhode ed., r99o). works in collection rule 15.5 OLf vER WEN DELL HoLMEs, Law in Couecreo LEGAL PApERs in Science and Science in Law, zto, zro Q.gzo). fohn Adams, Argument and Report, in 2 LEGAL PAeERS oF,oHN lz2-lS L Kinvin Wroth & Hitter B. Zobel eds., 1965). ADAMs 285, Pemoorcer MaTERTALS mle consecutively paginated i-ty$t, rulc l(t'' | (r David Rudovsky, Police Abuse: Can the Violence Be Contained?, 27 HARv. C.R.-C.L. L. Rrv.465, 5oo (1992). Thomas R, McCoy & Barry Friedma n, Conditional Spending: Federalism'sTrojan Hors-e,1988 sup. cT. REV.45, ioo. nonconsecutively Barbara Ward, Progress for a Smalt Planef, journals Sept.-Oct. 7979 , at 89,90, HARV, Bus, Rev., pagin4ted rult, 16.5 . sruoe nt*:tTl--:t* , rule 16.7.1 Etten London, Comment,,4 Critigue of the Strict Liability Standard for Determining Chitd Suppoft in Cases of Male Victims of Sexual Assault and Statutory Rape, r52 U. PA. L. Rev. 1957, tgsg-61 Qoo,). Note, Ihe Death of a Lawyer, 56 CoLUM. L. Rev. 6o6 (1956). review 1(r.7.2 book rulc newsPaPer rulc |6.6 Bruce Ackerman , Robert Bork's Grand Inquisition, 99 Ylr-e L.l. 7479,7422-25 (rggo) (book review)' Andrew Rosentha[, White House Tutors Kremlin in How a Presidency Works,N,Y, Ttnnes, lune r5, r99o, at Ar. Cop Shoots Tire, Halts Stolen Car,S.F. CHRoN., Oct.70 ,1915 , at 43, Innnnvrsws ruk: 17 .?.5 Telephone Interview with Michael Leiter, President, Harvard Law Review (Oct. zz, t999), FonTncolrncc Sarah Greenberger, Comment, Enforceable Rights, No Child Left Behind, and Political Patriotism: A Case for Open-Minded Section 1983 lurisprudence,Tsj U. PA. L. Rev. (forthcoming f an. zoo5). PUsLrcATrous rulc r7.j Tnr Ilrrnmrnt Eric Posner, More on Section 7 ofthe Torture Convention, VoLoKH CoNsprnlcv (Jan. 29,2oog, ro:o4 AM), http://www. rulc volokh.com/ | 11.2 Tn-netrrs p osts/rz33z4r58.s htm l. rule 21.4 Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation, Japan-U.S., art. X, Apr, z, 1953, 4 U.S.T, 2o63. Urvrrnl NatroNs U.N. GAoR, 56th sess., r st plen. mtg. at 3, U,N. Doc. Als6lPv.t (Sept. rz, zoor). OF!'ICIAL RBCORDS rul('21.7. I I o I o t o a o o O Published and Distributed by The Harvard Law Review Association Gannett House r5fl Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, Massachusetts o2138 U.S.A. First Printing 2015 Printings are updated as appropriate. Coordinating Editor: Mary Miles Prince, Associate Director for Library Services Vanderbilt University Law SchooI Library With special editorial assistance on the citations of foreign jurisdictions from the Directorate of Legal Research ofthe Law Library of Congress. Designed by Dynamic Diagrams lsBN 928-0-692- 4oo79-7 o a o o I O o a o o t a o I I o I I THE O O A Uniform System of Citation' o o t I O I BLUEBOOK Twentieth Edition www.legalbluebook.com Compited by the editors of the Columbia Law Review, the Harvard Law Review, the University of Pennsylvania Law Review, and The Yale Law Journal. o I o t o o Copyright @ zor5 by the Columbia Law Review Association, the Harvard Law Review Association, the University of Pennsylvania Law Review, and The Yale LawJoumal' o o o I I o o O o o rffi BLUEBOOK Online free trial the access key below in the KEY REDEMPTION section of the page for a free tria[ to the Bluebook Online. Go to www.legalbluebook.com and enter BTUEBOOK ONLINE ACCESS KEY: 51 291 791 -1 6ad-4589-ba48-91 9b1 b57e523 I I o o o a t o o o o I lo lo I I o t I O O a o o o t o o o o O lo IO 2oth ed ition now a vaitabte \Z NE ONLI with a subscription o o m Ful[ aeeess to atl Bluebook content. LLJ J Simpte, powerfuI searching of the Btuebook and y0ur notes. ooo = m IJ tF J- F lll ! nstructCIN's, firnrs, and iournals cah tailor the sfte to their own citation nurles and praetices. IIF Easy-to-use bookmarki n g and annotation features. I o I I o I I r&Jtebook'" o o THE BLUEBOOK I t is now available The o via the and iPod rul*book" app. o on Bluebook@ iPad@, iPhone@, touch@ Reference The Bluebook@ and your court rules in a clear, easy-to-use digitat format. (Custom versions of the rulebook'" app are available on an enterprise basis for taw firms and other organizations.) I I o o O a iPad, iPhone, and iPod touch are trademarks of Apple Inc., registered in the U.5. and other countries. App Store is a service mark of Apple Inc. I I I o o o o t o I o I a o o I o o o o o o o Preface to the Twentieth Edition This edition of Tbe Bluebook retains the same basic approach to legal citation established by its predecessors. The layout of Tbe Bluebook has been updated to make the information easier to access. Some citation forms have been expanded, elaborated upon, or modilied from previous editions to reflect the ever-expanding range of authorities used in legal writing and to respond to suggestions from the legal community. Here are some of the more noteworthy changes: The Bluepages, introduced in the Eighteenth Edition, have been considerably overhauled for the Twentieth Edition. The Bluepages now parallel thc Whitepages-helping practitioners cite a broader range of soufces and greatly improving cross-references. Typeface rules have been relaxed to accommodate practitioner use of r.{R(;E ANr) sMAr.r- cAPs. Bluetable BT2 has also been expanded to include more local court citation rules. In addition to edits for clariry concision, and consistency, theTwentieth Edition contains the following significant changes: Rule 1..4(e) clarifies the order of authories when federal and state legislative materials are citecl together. In rule 1.5(b), the order of parentheticals has been changed to reflect the removal of the "internal quotation marks omittecf" and "available at" parentheticals. Rule 3.2(A> provides additional guidance for citing a range of pages and a single footnote within the range in the same citation. Rule 3.5 provides guidance on the naming conventions for subdivisions that are numbered or otherwised designated in a piece. Rule 5.2(dXi) no longer requires indicating the omission of internal quotation marks. Rule 5.2(f) provides guidance on the use of internal quotation marks. Rule 1O.2.1(f) requires thc omission of all geographical terms that follow a comma. Rule 1O.2.2 clarilies that words in a case name that would be abbreviated ie^cording to table T6 should not be abbreviated if the words are part of a state, country, or other geographical unit that is the entire name of a pafry. Rule l0.9(a)(iii) provides additional guidance on the formation of slip opinion short f<rrms. Rule 11 now provides guidance on the citation of multiple amendments, sections within the same article, and clauses within the same section.Rule 12.9.4 combines former rules 12.9.1 and 12.9.5, provides guidance on citing principles, and revises the citation fbrmat of model codes, restatements, standards, and guidelines. Dean Richard Revesz and Professor Robert Sitkoff provided valuable advice and assistance in revising this rule . Rule L3.5 clarifies what year should be cited when a debate occurs in a different year from publication in the Congressional Recorcl.Rrile 14.2(b) has been expanded to include detailed information on citing c()mments to agencies. Examples of citing guidances and manuals have been included in rule 14.2(d> as well as detailcd information on citing opinion letters. Rule 14.4 provides detailecl infbrmation on citing administrative sources found on commercial electronic databases. The citation firrmats frrr Bar.r.nNtNe's l-tw Dlctton.tnv and Br,lcr's L,tw f)IcLIorl,,rnv have been updated in rule 15.8(a). Rule 15.9 removes language vtl O that requires the use of"available at" in parallel citations. New rule 15.9(c) introduces a citation format for ebooks, stipulating that the print versions of books are authoritative , but that ebooks may be cited if they are the sole media through which the book is available. Rule t6.6(a') requires that opinion pieces in newspapers be cited as"Opinion" rather than "op-Ed." Rule 16.6(f) clarifies that online newspapers may be used in place of print newspapers. Rule lE has been updated in a number of areas to account for the increasing use and varied forms of Internet sources. The rule no longer separately categorize s Internet citations as either direct or parallel; all citations are treated as direct. Rule 18.2.l(b)(ii) provides for the direct citation of Internet sources that share the characteristics of a print source such that they can be fully cited according to another rule, whether or not the source is in print. Rule 18.2.1(d) provides guidance on how to cite Internet sources using archival tools. Rule 1.8.2.2(a) provides guidance on citing author information on social media platforms. Rules 1A.2.2(b) (iii) and 18.2.2(b)(v) detail how to cite titles for blogs contained within a larger website and titles for social media posts, respectiv€ly. Rule 18.3 now catalogs where within Tbe Bluebook guidance is provided for citing various sources found on commercial electronic databases. Rule 21 has been expanded to include new rules for citinfi materials from the International Monetary Fr-rnd and the International Criminal Court and has adopted simpler ways of citing United Nations documents. We are grateful to the American Society of International Law for its assistance with rule 2l and tables T3.T4, and T5. The tables have been updated and expanded. Table T1 has been revised to reflect the most current titles for the various statutory compilations, session laws, and administrative compilations and registers. The abbreviations following the states and f)istrict of Columbia in table T1.3 have been revised to follow the abbreviation convention for jurisdiction names in the date parenthetical of cases. The citation formats for these sources have been updated to reflect as accurately as possible the uniquc breakdown of information within each. Table T2 has been updated to reflect changes in local law and legal citation. The compilers are indebted to the following experts in foreign legal citation for their help in enhancing table T2: Zsuzsanna Antal, Francisco A. Avalos,Annette L. Demers, Christoph Malliet,Yukino Nakashima, E. Dana Neacsu, and Charlotte Stichter. The format of table T13 has been changed from an inclusive list of periodicals to a more general guide to abbreviating periodicals. Table T13.1 contains the abbreviations of common institutional names and tableTl3.2 lists common words for in periodical titles. The table also prescribes abbreviating geographical terms according to table T1O. If a word in a periodical title is not included in any of the previously listed tables, revamped table 13 prescribes including the full word. Terms have been added to tables T6, Ta,Tl4, and T15 as appropriate. vill The compilers wish to thank our Coordinating Editor Mary Miles Prince for working with us in revising, clarifying, updating, and improving Tbe Bluebook. The compilers would also like to acknowledge outside commentators who contribute d the ir expe rtise to th€ Twentieth Edition of a o a O o o O o o a o o O o I o O o o t I o o o o I o o a o o o o o a o o o Tbe Bluebook. The compilers are grateful to the law journal editors, law librarians, and practitioners who responded to our call for sr.rggestions with helpful advice and comments. Finally, the compilers request that any errors, omissions, or suggestions for revisions be reported to the Harvard Law Review, (;annett Housc, 151 1 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138. Acknowledgements Tbe Bluebrxtk: A UniJbrm System of Citation is compiled by the editors of the Columbia Lau Reuieut,tlr,e Haruard Lau Reuieu,the Uniaersit! of Pennqtluania Laut Reuieut, a.nd Tbe Yale Laut Journal. Tbe Bluebrx* is published and distributed by the Harvard Law Rcview Association. The Coordinating Editor of Tbe Bluebook is Mary Milcs Prince , Associate Director for Library Services, Vanderbilt University Law School Library with special editorial assistance on the citatk)ns of foreign iurisdictions from the Directorate ofLcgal Research ofthe Law Library of Oongress. I o o lx o Contents Preface ..., vtl .7 Introduction .t Structure of The Bluebook General Principtes of Citation Cattino qt2ripd . L 2 The Bluepages: An Introduction to Basic LegatCitation lntroduction 3 3 a2 Structure of Legal Citations Typeface for Court Documents B3 Subdivisions B4 ShortCitationForms B5 Quotations Abbreviations, Numerals, and Symbols Italicization for Styte and in Unique Circumstances Capitalization. Titles ofJudges B1 B6 87 B8 B9 Cases . B11 Constitutions Statutes, Rules, and Restatements Legislative Materials 813 7 ...... 810 872 6 8 8 9 9 9 10 10 77 18 27 . . AdministrativeandExecutiveMaterials ........22 BooksandOtherNonperiodicMaterials. .......22 . ..23 PeriodicalMaterials. . . . 24 Court and Litigation Documents . .26 Thelnternet . ..27 Services .. .28 ForeignMaterials..... .......28 fnternationalMaterials 874 815 815 877 818 879 820 827 The Bluepages Tables BT1 Court Documents. . BT2 lurisdiction-Specific Citation Rules . 8T2.1 Federal Courts and Styte Guides .29 .30 30 . 8T2.2 State Courts. BT2.3 Territories... .56 Rules Rule 1 1.1 Structure and Use ofCitations Citation Sentences and Clauses in Law Reviews. 57 57 1.2 lntroductorySignals 5B 1.1 1.4 60 1.5 Order of Signals Order of Authorities Within Each Signat . Parenthetical Information 1.6 Related Authority. Rute . ... Typeface Conventions for Citations Tvoeface Conventions for Textual Materia[ . . 6"t 64 65 2 Typefaces for Law Reviews 2.1 2.2 . . 67 67 69 O I o o o I o o o o I o I O t o O O o O o o o o O o o o a o o o O o o o o o O I o Rule 3 Subdivisions 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 .77 ..71. . Volumes, Parts, and Supplements Pages, Footnotes, Endnotes, and Graphical Materials Sections and Paragraphs Aooended Material ..72 ..75 ..76 3.5 InternalCross-References..... Rule 4 4.1 77 Short Citation Forms . ..78 ..80 "|d.". "Supra"and"Hereinafter" . . . . . . Rule 5 Quotations . Formatting of Quotations 5.2 Alterations and Quotations Within Quotations <? Omissions 5.7 Rule 6 6.2 . 85 . .,BB 7 ltalicization for Style and in Unique Circumstances. Rule 8 Capitalization Rute 9 Titles of Judges, Officials, and Terms of Court Rute .. .90 ..97 . .94 ..94 ..95 . . Rule 10.2 Forms . .96 Case Names. 10.2.1 General Rules for .96 Case Names 10.2.2 Additional Rules for Case Names in Citations . 10.3 Reporters and Other Sources 10.3.1 Paratlel Citations and Which Source(s) to Cite 10.3.2 Reporters .. 10.3.3 Public Domain Format Court and Jurisdiction 10.5 10.7 Date orYear. Parenthetical Information Regarding Cases 10.6.1 Weight of Authority 10.6.2 Quoting/Citing Parentheticals in Case Citations 10.6.3 Order of Parentheticals Prior and Subsequent History l.0.7.L Explanatory Phrases and Weight of Authority 10.7.2 Different Case Name on Appeal Special Citation Forms. 10.8.1 Pending and Unreported Cases . . 10.8 10.9 . 10.8.2 Fifth Circuit Sptit 10.8.3 Briefs, Court Filings, and Transcripts 10.8.4 Court Administrative Orders. Short Forms for Cases 11 Constitutions. Rule 12 Statutes. . 12.1 Basic Citation Forms . . 101 . 102 ..702 . 10.4 10.5 .87 ..87 . Numerats and Svmbols 10 Cases 10.1 Basic Citation .42 .82 ..83 Abbreviations, Numerals, and Symbols 6.1 Abbreviations .74 . . 103 .704 . . 1,04 .. 106 ..707 1,07 . 108 .. 108 .. 109 .. 109 . . . . '111. '11.'I . !1. 1,1,3 . 1,13 ..775 't'15 118 Rule ..720 . . 12.2 Choosing the Proper Citation 12.2.1 General Rute . . Form .. "120 . .. 1.2r . 1,21 xl 72.2.2 Exceotions... 122 12.3 Current Officiat and Unofficial Codes. 1,23 . 12.3.1 Additional lnformation 72.3.2 Yearof Code.. 12.4 Session Laws... 12.5 12.6 12.7 1,23 124 1,25 Electronic Media and Online Sources Other Secondary Sources Invatidation, Repeal, Amendment, and Prior History 'J.2.7.1. lnvalidation. . . 12.7.2 726 727 . . "128 ReoeaI 'I28 12.7.3 Amendment 1.2.7.4 Prior Historv 12.8 12.9 1,29 . Explanatory Parenthetical Phrases Special Citation Forms. 12.9.1 Internal Revenue Code . . . "12.9.2 Ordinances. . . . 12.9.3 Rutes of Evidence and Procedure 12.9.4 Modet Codes, Principles, Restatements, Standards, Sentencing Guidelines, and Uniform Acts . . 12.9.5 ABA Code of Professional Responsibility and 13 13.1 Rute Forms for Statutes Legislative Materials. Basic Citation Forms . 13.6 13.7 13.8 735 1.35 . 136 1.37 Reports, Documents, and Committee Prints. Debates Separatety Bound Legislative Histories. Electronic Media and Ontine Sources Short Forms for Legislative Materials . 138 1,40 1,40 1,40 t4't 14 Administrative and Executive Materials 14.1 Basic Citation Forms . . 14.2 Rules, Regutations, and Other Publications '143 14.3 Administrative Adiudications and Arbitrations 't45 Rute 14.3.1 Names 14.3.2 Which Source(s) to Cite Rule 15 15.5 15.6 15.7 743 746 1.47 . Books, Reports, and Other Nonperiodic Materials. 15.1 Author 15.2 Editor or Translator 15.3 Title 15.4 743 "r46 . 14.3.3 lssuingAgency. 14.4 CommerciaI Etectronic Databases. 14.5 Short Forms for Regutations . . . . xtl 137 1.33 13.2 Biltsand Resotutions...... 13.3 Hearings 13.4 13.5 . 129 729 729 130 130 733 Ooinions on Ethics 12.10 Short 728 728 't47 't47 749 749 151 1,57 Edition, Pubtisher, and Date ShorterWorks in Collection. . . . . 15.5.1 Works in Cotlection Generally. 15.5.2 Coltected Documents Prefaces, Forewords, Introductions, and Epilogues Setial Number . 152 1,53 L53 754 "t54 1.55 o o o I o o o o a o o o o o o o o a o o o l lo o o a o t o o o o o o o o o o o o a a o 15.8 Speciat Citation Forms. 15.9 Electronic Media and Online Sources Short Citation Forms . 15.10.1 Short Forms forWorks in Collection . . 15.10 Rule16 16.1 .155 . 1.56 . . . . PeriodicalMaterials Basic Citation Forms . Author Titte Consecutively Paginated.lournats 16.7 . 159 767 .....1.61. . . 1.62 ........ 762 ......1,63 16.7.1 Student-Written Law Review Materials 16.7.2 Non-Student-Written Book Reviews. 16.7.3 Symposia, Colloquia, and Surveys ...1.65 . 165 . . . 16.7.4 Commentaries and Other Special Designations. . . . 15.7.5 . ... Newspapers..... SpeciatCitationForms.. 16.7.5 157 .....759 16.2 16.3 16.4 15.5 NonconsecutivelyPaginatedJournalsandMagazines 16.6 757 MuttioartArticles Annotations.. . . 766 L67 L67 .........767 ....168 1.6.7.7 Prcceedings, Regular Publications by Institutes, 168 and ABA Section Reoorts 16.7.8 Newsletters and Other Noncommercialtv Distributed 16.8 16.9 Rule 17 17.1 17.2 Periodicals Electronic Media and Ontine Sources Short Citation Forms . . Unpublished and ForthcomingSources . 1.69 169 770 772 . Basic Citation Forms 1,72 Unpubtished Materials . . ...1,72 . 17.2.1 Manuscripts..... 1.7.2.2 Dissertations and Theses 172 1.73 . 17.2.3 Letters, Memoranda, and Press Reteases. . . 17.2.4 E-mail Correspondence and Listserv Postings 17.2.5 Interviews..... 17.2.6 SpeechesandAddresses........ 17.3 ForthcomingPublications...... 17.4 Working Papers 17.5 Electronic Media and Online Sources . . . . 17.6 Short Citation Forms . 1,73 . 1,73 1.74 1.74 "t75 1.75 . L/O . 176 . 18 The Internet, Electronic Media, and Other Nonprint Resources. 18.1 Basic Citation Forms LB.2 The Rule lnternet. 18.2.1 GenerallnternetCitationPrinciples 18.2.2 CitationstolnternetSources ........778 ........ 178 ...'179 ......... 180 .......lB2 ElectronicDatabases 18.3 Commercial 1.8.4 CD-ROMandOtherElectronicStorageMedia.. 18.5 Microform ...186 ...... 186 ....186 18.5.1 Microform Coltections Reproducing Preexisting Materials. 18.6 ....186 18.5.2 Microform Cottections Containing Original Materiats. . . 187 . 787 Fitms, Broadcasts, and Noncommercial Video Materials. . . . . . xltl 18.7 Audio Recordings 18.7.1 CommercialRecordings...... 18.7.2 Noncommercial Recordings . . 18.7.3 Podcasts and Recordings Avaitabte Ontine. 18.8 Short Citation Forms . .. 188 188 . 188 . ..... . .... .. .. . ... . Rule 19 Services. 19.1 Citation Form for Services 19.2 Short Citation Forms . 20 Foreign Materials . . . . 20.1 Jurisdiction.... 20.2 . .. 193 . 1.93 .. Non-Engtish-Language Documents. 1,93 20.2.1 Documents Appearing in More than One Language ... . 20.2.2 Titles and Names of Documents in Languages Otherthan Engtish . 20.2.3 Abbreviations in Languages Otherthan Engtish. . . 20.2.4 Languages That Do Not Use the Roman Alphabet 20.2.5 Citations to Translations of Non-English- . . Cases 20.3.1 Common Law Cases 20.3.2 Civil Law and Other Non-Common 20.4 Constitutions. .. Law Cases . . . . 20.5 Statutes. 20.5.1 Statutes in Common Law Systems 20.5.2 Statutes in Civit Law and Other Non-Common 20.6 20.7 Rute 21 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 . 1.97 . 1.97 .. 198 . .. 200 200 . 202 Non-Engtish-Language Documents. Jurisdiction Not Evident from Context Treaties and Other InternationalAgreements 21.4.1 Name of the Agreement . . . . 21,.4.2 Parties to the Agreement , . . . 202 202 203 203 204 . . . 21..4.4 Date of Signing 204 2L.4.5 fteaty Sources 204 206 21.5 International Law Cases 21.5.1 The International Court ofJustice and the Permanent 21,.5.2 CourtoflnternationalJustice,.. Eutooean Union Courts . EuropeanCourtofHumanRights.. .. ....206 . . 209 . ... 21.0 InterAmericanCommissionon Human Rights.. ...... 277 Inter-AmericanCourtofHumanRights.. ..... 271 lnternationalTribunatforthe LawoftheSea .... .... . 272 2!.5.7 lnternationalCriminalCourtand OtherTribunals.. . ... 21.2 21,3 21.5.8 Other International Courts . . . 214 21.5.9 lnternational Cases in National Courts. . 21.5 lnternationalArbitrations and Claims Commissions . . . 274 21.5.3 21.5.4 21.5.5 21.5.6 xlv 1.95 1.97 lnternational Materials. 21.4.3 Subdivisions. . ... 196 ... L96 .... 196 .. .. 796 .. 797 Law Jurisdictions Non-English-Language and Foreign Periodicals Short Citation Forms . . Basic Citation Forms . 1,93 .... 793 .... 794 ....794 Language Documents. 20.3 190 190 ....1,97 . Rule 188 188 o o o I o o o o o o o O o o o I o O o o o o o o a o o o o o o I o o o O o I I o I o 21.7 2't5 United Nations Sources. 21,5 21.7.1 Verbatim and Summary Records 2t5 21.7.2 Resolutions and Decisions 21.7 21.7.3 U.N. Reports 278 21.7.4 Masthead Documents 21,9 21.7.5 U.N. Press Releases and Memoranda. . . . . 21.7.6 Adjudicatory Bodies Established by the United Nations 21,9 . 21..7.7 Sales Publications 21.9 27.7.8 Yeatbooks and Periodicals 220 220 220 220 21.7.9 RegionaI Organization Documents. 21.7.1.O U.N. Charter 21..7.77 U.N. Internet Materials 221, 27.8 League of Nations 21.9 European Union.. 21,.70 Councit of Europe 21,.17 World Trade Organization 27.12 International Monetary Fund. . 21,.73 Other Intergovernmental Organizations 21.74 International Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) 227 225 225 . 227 . 27.1.5 Yearbooks 21,.1,6 27."17 . ShortCitationForms.. Digests Tables Table T1 United States Jurisdictions T1.1 Federat Judicial and Legislative Materiats T1.2 FederalAdministrative and Executive Materials. T1.3 States and the District of Columbia . . Atabama (Ala.) Ataska (Ataska) Arizona (Ariz.). Arkansas (Ark.). . . 228 229 229 ..... ..230 ....23O 233 233 236 248 248 249 250 25L . . California (Cat.). . Cotorado (Coto.) . Connecticut (Conn.) Delaware (Det.). . District of Columbia (D.C.) Ftorida (Fta) . . . Georgia (Ga.) Hawaii (Haw.) ldaho (ldaho) Ittinois (ltt.) . . 252 253 255 256 257 258 259 260 loL 262 263 Indiana (lnd.) lowa (lowa). 264 264 265 266 . Kansas (Kan.) Kentucky (Ky.) Louisiana (La.) Maine (Me.) Marytand (Md.). . Massachusetts (Mass.) 268 268 . . 270 xv I o Michigan(Mich.).. Minnesota(Minn.). Mississippi (Miss). Missouri (Mo).. Montana(Mont.). Nebraska (Neb).. Nevada (Nev.) NewHampshire(N.H).. NewJersey(N.J.)... NewMexico (N.M.).. NewYork(N.Y.)... NorthCarotina(N.C.).. NorthDakota(N.D.).. Ohio (ohio). Oklahoma(Okla.). Oregon(Or.) Pennsylvanialna.)... Rhodelsland(R.1.)... SouthCarolina(S.C.).. SouthDakota(S.D.).. Tennessee(Tenn.).. Texas0ex.). Utah (Utah). Vermont(Vt.) ......277 .....272 .....271 .......274 ......274 ......275 . .....277 ....278 ... ..279 .........283 ...285 ..285 .. ......287 ....288 ...289 ...290 .........29I ...292 .....293 ....294 . ... Virginia(Va.)... Washington(Wash.) WestVirginia(W.Va.). Wisconsin(Wis.).. Wyoming(Wyo.).. T1.4 ..276 ........276 ..297 ........298 .....300 ...300 ......301 ......302 OtherUnitedStatesjurisdictions. ........303 ......303 AmericanSamoa. CanalZone Guam .. NavaioNation. NorthernMarianalstands. OklahomaNativeAmericans.... .....303 ....... 303 .........3O4 .......3O4 ........305 Puerto Rico. Table T2 12.7 T2.2 Virginlslands ForeignJurisdictions ... ArgentineRepublic. Australia ...305 ........3O7 .....3O7 ......310 ........ 31.6 ..... .......318 T2.3.L AustrianLiinder.. ......323 T2.4 Belgium,Kingdomof ..... ......323 T2.5 Brazil,FederativeRepublicof..... .......328 T2.6 Canada . ... . ...332 T2.7 CathoticChurch. .......341 T2.2.7 AustralianStatesandTerritories. 12.3 Austria,Repubticof xvl ..341 ..344 I o I o o t o o o O I o o o o o o o I I O o o a o I o o t a o o o o o o o o o o o 12.70 Colombia,Repubticof T2.71, Czech Republic T2.1.2 . ... 349 J)l 354 356 Egypt, Arab Republic of 12J,3 France, Repubtic of. . . T2.14 Germany, Federal Republic . 12.14.7 German Liinder I z.t) 362 J67 . j68 Greece r2.76 Hong Kong 12.t7 Hungary, Repubtic of . 370 373 376 379 . 12.78 India . . . T2.19 lran, lslamic Repubtic of T2.20 lraq,Repubticof T2.21, lreland (Eire), Repubtic of 12.22 lsraeI 12.23 Itaty, Repubtic of T2.24 J4p4n........ 12.25 Kenya . 12.26 Lebanon, Republic of 12.27 Mexico T2.28 Netherlands, Kingdom ofthe. ..... 382 384 387 390 393 402 . I z.z> 404 406 424 429 434 436 439 . New Zeatand r2.30 Nicaragua T2.31, Nigeria . 1232 Pakistan, lslamic Republic of 1233 Phitippines r234 r235 ... . 441. Roman Law 444 Russian Federation 444 SouthAfrica..... 1237 SouthKorea..... 451. r238 457 460 464 12.36 454 Spain . 12.39 Sweden .. . T2.40 Switzerland ........468 T2.40.1 SwissCantons. T2.41 Taiwan, Republic of China T2.42 UnitedKingdom ... . 469 ... ....472 .....480 I2.42.I EnglandandWales T2.42.2 Northern lretand (and lreland Until 1'924)......... 485 ......487 12.42.3 Scotland T2.43 Tambia,Republicof TableT3 T3.1 T3.2 T3.3 T3.4 T3.5 T3.5 T3.7 T3.8 T3.9 Table T4 ... 489 .. 497 .. 497 .. 491 .. 497 .. 492 .. 492 ..... IntergovernmentalOrganizations. . . . United Nations League of Nations Eurooean Union . European Commission of Human Rights European Court of Human Rights. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. Inter-American Court of Human Rights. InternationalTribunal forthe Law of the Sea . . . Intergovernmental Organizations. Treaty Sources . .. .. 492 493 .. 493 493 494 XVll I a T4.1 T4.2 T4.3 TableT5 Tabte T6 .....494 U.SSources lntergovernmentalTreatySources ........495 ........495 UnofficialTreatySources ......495 ArbitralReporters Offficiat 496 Case Names and lnstitutional Authors in Citations CourtNames TableTS ExplanatoryPhrases TableT9 LegislativeDocuments. TabteTr0 GeographicalTerms.... TabteTT ...498 .... 500 ......... 501 ........ 502 T10.1 U.S.States,Cities,andTerritories ........502 T10.2 Austratian States and Canadian Provinces and Territories. . . . 503 T10.3 Countries and regions JudgesandOfficials. TableTr2 Months. TableTr3 Periodicals TableTl4 PublishingTerms...... TabteTl5 Services TabteTl6 Subdivisions TableTll .. . 5O4 ....509 .......510 .....510 ........517 ..... .. 518 . ..522 Index lndex .. ......525 I O I I o o o o I t I o t o o o a o I xvnl o E o o a o I o o THE BLUEBOOK O A Uniform System of Citation' a Twentieth Edition o I o o o o o o O o o www.lega lblu e boo k.com o o o o I o I o I o o t o o o o I o o xx t o o o o o o o o I o o o o O o o o o o o o Introduction Welcome to The Blueboo&, the delinitive style guide for legal citation in the Llnitcd States. For generations, law students, lawyers, scholars, iudges, and other legal professionals have relied on Tbe llluebook's uniform system of citation. In a diverse and rapidly changing legal profession, Tl:e Bluebook continucs to provide a systematic mcthod by which members of the profession communicate important information about the sources and legal authorities upon which thcy rcly in their work. Tbe Bluebook can oftcn be intimidating for new users. This introduction is meant to assist yru as you begin what will likely become a lifelong relationship with the Blueboctk system of legal citation. Structure of The Bluebook The Bluebook contains three major parts. The lirst part contains the Bluepages, a how-to guide for basic legal citation. tlnlike the remainder of Tbe Bluebook, which is clesigned in a style and at a lcvel of complcxity commensuratc with the nceds of the law iournal publication process, the Bluepagcs provide casy-tocomprehend guidance fbr the everyday citation needs of first-year law studcnts, sllmmer associates, law clerks, practicing lawyers, and other lcgal professionals. The examples used throughout the Bluepages arc printed using simple typcface convcntions common in the legal profcssion. The second part, printcd on white paper, is the heart of the Bluebook system of citation: the rules of citation and style . This pan is subdivided into two main sections. The tirst scction, consisting of mles I through 9, cstablishcs general standards of citatkrn and style for use in all forms of legal writing. 'l'hc second section, consisting of rules 10 through 21, prescnts mles for citation of specific kinds of authority such as cases, statutcs, books, periodicals, and foreign ancl internationd materials. Thc examples used throughout this part arc printed using typeface convcntions standard in law journal footnotcs. The third part consists of a series of tables to be used in coniunction with the rules. Thc tables show, among other things, which authorit,v to cite and how to abbreviate propedy. Individual tables arc refcrenced throughout the b<xrk. Finally, there is a comprehensive indcx. General Principles of Citation The cenral ftlnction ofa legal citation is to allow the relder to efliciently klcate the cited source. Thns, the citation forms in The Bluebttok are designed to pr<> vidc the information necessary to lcad the reader directly to thc specific items cited. Because of the ever-incrcasing mnge of authorities cited in legal writing, no systcm of citation can be complete. Thcrefore , when citing material of a type not cxplicitly discnsscd in this book, try to locate an analogous type of authority that is discussed and use that citation form as a model. Always be sure to providc sufficient information to allow the reacler to find the cited material quickly and easily. Getting Started The Bluepages provide the best place to begin your study of Tbe Bluebook ry* tem of legal citation. Indeed, first-year legal writing professors may wish to rely on the Bluepages as a teaching aid. The Bluepages provide only an abbreviated introduction to Tbe Bluebook system, however, and do not contain answers to more difficult citation questions. For this reason, the Bluepages contain references to related rules and tables found in other parts of the The Bluebook. o o o o I I I o I , o o a o o o o o I o nri; lr: [- o o a I I o a I O o t o I o o I o a I o INTRODUCTION The Bluepages are a guide for practitioners and law clerks to use when citing authority in non-academic legal documents. Please keep the following in mind: Local Rules. Many courts have their own rules of citation that differ in some respects from The Bluebook. Make sure to abide by any citation requirements of the court to which you are submitting your documents. An index of jurisdiction-specific citation rules is contained in Bluepages table BT2. Typeface. The Bluepages keep the tradition of underscoring certain text. So long as you are consistent, however, you may substitute itol'cs wherever underscoring is used in the Bluepages. The remainder of The Bluebook employs a more complex array of typeface conventions, including ordinary roman type, italics, and Lnncr AND SMALL Cnps. These differences are explained in Bluepages 82. The Whitepages. Where the Bluepages and local court rules are silent regarding the citation of a particular document, you may use the other rules in The Bluebook. referred to as the "Whitepages," to supplement the Bluepages. Keep in mind the typeface differences between academic documents and non-academic leqal documents as explained in Bluepages 82. The Elements of a Citation. Generally, a legal citation is composed of three elements: (1 ) a signal; (2) the source or authority; and (3) parenthetical information. The Bluepages explore each of these elements in detail. Special Note for Law Students: The Bluebook is primarily written for two types of users: academics and practitioners. The Whitepages provide rules for academic publications such as law review articles and research papers. The Bluepages set forth permissible deviations from the Whitepages that are designed to accommodate the needs of lawyers and law clerks. The Bluepages are used primarily for briefs, motions, memoranda, and opinions. For the most part, the Bluepages only provide examples of how a citation should look. For comprehensive discussions of the elements of a citation, you should refer to the corresponding Whitepages as crossreferenced in the Bluepages. Bluepages Tip: The Bluepages parallel the Whitepages in numbering and content. You may use a Whitepage Rule to supplement a corresponding Bluepage Rule. B1 Structure of Legal Citations Citation Sentences and Clauses 81.1 In non-academic legal documents, such as briefs and opinions, citations generally appear within the text of the document immediately following the propositions they support. Footnotes should only be used in non-academic legal documents when permitted or required by local court rules. 3 ,,: A citation may be inserted into the text of a document in one of two ways: as a stand-alone citation sentence or as a citation clause. Citation sentences begin with a capital letter and end with a period. One citation sentence may contain multiple citations separated by semicolons. Use citation sentences to cite sources and authorities that relate to the entire preceding sentenc€: The U.S. Supreme Court has the power to invalidate statutes that are repugnant to the U.5. Constitution. Marbury v. Madison. 5 U.S. (1 Cranch) 137 , 177-79 (1 803) (federal laws); Fletcher v. Peck, 1 0 U.S. (6 Cranch) 87 ,'139 (1 81 0) (state laws); Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. (19 How.) 393, 395 (1856), superseded by constitutional amendment. U.S. Const. amend. Xlll. The U.S. Supreme Court also has the power to review state court decisions. Martin v. Hunter's Lessee, 14 U.S. (1 Wheat.) 304,377-78 (1 81 6) (civil cases); Cohens v. Virginia. 19 U.S. (6 Wheat.) 264,350 (1821) (criminal cases). Citation clauses are set off from the text by commas and immediately follow with a capital letter unless the citation clause begins with a source that would otherwis€ be capitalized. Do not end a citation clause with a period, unless it is the last clause the proposition to which they relate. Do not begin a citation clause in the sentence. Use citation clauses to cite sources and authorities that relate to only ea4! of a sentence: The Supreme Court adopted a broad reading of the Commerce Clause during the New Deal, seeWickard v. Filburn, 317 U.5. | 1 1, 128-29 (1 942), though in recent years the Supreme Court has reined in its broad reading somewhat, see United States v. Lopez, 514 U.5. 549,624 (1 995); United States v. Morrison, 529 U.S. 598, 612-13 (2000); Nat'l Fed'n of lndeo. Bus. v. Sebelius, 1 32 S. Ct. 2566, 2587 (201 2); but see Gonzales v. Raich. 545 U.S. 1, 39 (2005). Br.2 IntroductorySignals A signal is a shorthand message to the reader about the relationship between a proposition and the source or authority cited for that proposition. Refer to rule L.2 for more information on how to use these signals. . Bluepages Tip: Signals are capitalized when used to begin a citation sentence but are lower case when used to begin a citation clause. Signal Use [no signal] The authority directly states the proposition, is the source of a quotation, or was mentioned in the proposition E€- The authority is one of multiple authorities directly stating the same proposition Accord The authority is one of multiple authorities directly stating or supporting the proposition, and one of the other authorities was mentioned in the proposition l o o o the proposition See a o I o I a I a I The authority is different from the main proposition but sufficiently analogous to lend suppon Compare.. t o t I The authority provides additional material cf. I t also supporting the proposition t a o The authority supports, but does not directly state, See . [and] The authorities are similar or different in important ,.- :-@.,- [9!!]::: l9!"c1! Contra The authority directly states a proposition contrary to the main proposition But see The authority clearly supports a proposition contrary to the main proposition The authority supports a proposition analogous But cf. to the contrary to the main proposition See . qenerally The authority is helpful background material related to the proposition Bluepages Tip: You may combine "e.g.," with "see" and "but see" to form "see, e.g.," and "but see, e.q.," respectively. When using more than on€ type of signal in a citation sentence, the signals (together with the authodties they introduce) should appear in the order in which they appear in the table above . For more information about the grouping and ordering ofsignals, see rule 1.3. Separate authorities within each signal with semicolons. If certain authorities are considerably more helpftrl or authoritative than the other authorities, you may list the more helpfrrl authorities fi-rst. Otherwise, cite authorities in this order: l. Constitutions (first federal, then state, then foreign) 2. Statutes (first federal, then state, then foreign) 3. Federal cases (in order ofdescending authority) 4. St^te cases (alphabetically by state, in descending order of authority within states) 5. Legislative materials (first bills, then hearings, then reports, then debates) 6. Administrative materials (first executive orders, then regulations, then proposed rules) 7. Courrt documents (first records, then briefs, then petitions) 8. Secondary materials (first restatements, then books, then articles, then Intemet sources) For further guidance on the order of authorities, see Explanatory rule 1.4, Parentheticals Regardless of the type of authority you cite, it may be helpful to include additional information to explain the relevance of the cited authoriry. Append Bl.f ri; lt a ' i",f L - this information parenthetically at the end of your citation Out before any subs€quent history). Explanatory parentheticals should begin with a present participle unless the parenthetical contains a quoted senteoce or a short statement. You may omit extraneous words such as "the" unless doing so would cause confusion. Do not begin with a capital letter or end with a period unless the parenthetical consists of a quotation that reads as a frrll sentence: See Flanaqan v. United States.465 U.5. 259,264 (1984) (explaining that the finaljudgment rule reduces potential for parties to "clog the courts" with time-consuming appeals). Atl. Richfield Co. v. Fed. Energy Admin..429 F. Supp. 1052,1061-62 (N.D. Cal. 1976) ("Not every person aggrieved by administrative action is necessarily entitled to the protections of due process."). 5 U.S.C. 5 553(b) (2000) (requiring agencies to publish notice proposed rulemaking in the Federal Register). of Such standards have been adopted to address a variety of environmental problems. See. e.9.. H.B. Jacobini, The New lnternational Sanitary Regulations, 46 Am. J. lnt'lL.727,727-28 (1952) (health-related water quality); Robert L. Meyer, Travaux Preparatoires for the UNESCO World Heritaqe Convention.2 Earth L.J.45, 45-81 (1 976) (conservation of protected areas). For further guidance on explanatory parentheticals, see 82 rule 1.5. Typeface for Court Documents Court documents and legal memoranda use two typefaces: ordinary type and lfalics (or underscoring). While the Bluepages use underscoring rather than italics, keep in mind that underscoring is the equivalent of italics. For citations appearing in non-academic legal documents, follow these general des: Italicize (or underscore) the following information in a citation clause: Case names, including procedural phrases introducing case names; Titles of books and articles; Titles of some legislative materials; Introductory signals; Explanatory phrases introducing subsequent case history; Cross references, such as id. and supra; and Words and phrases introducing related authority, such as "Sualedl!." Italicize (or underscore) the following information in the text of a legal document: Titles of publications, such as the New York Times: Words italicized in the original source of a quotation; and Any other word that would otherwise be italicized, such as uncommon foreign words. I I I I t I t I I I I t I I I o I I I I o a o a Key differences between academic citations (the Whitepages) and non' academic citations (the Bluepages): Academic (,itations (Whitepages) Norr-Academic Citations (Bluepages) Typeface: The following are Italics italicized: The following ate italicized or underscored: Introductory signals Introductory signals Short form case names Full and short case names Procedural and explanatory phrases in case citations Procedural and explanatory phrases in case citations I I o t o t o t I t o o o o o o a ot "ld." "1d." "1d.." Titles of articles in periodicals Titles ofbooks. articles. and Titles of congressional committee hearings Titles of some legislative materials Punctuation that falls within italicized material Punctuation that falls within italicized or underscored material Introductory phrases for related authority Internal crossreferences essays Introductory phrases for related authority Internal cross-references are not Typeface: The following are in Lancr LARGE AND Srr,r.lu Ceps Caps ero Sluu required Out may be used for stylistic purposes) Ceps: Authors and titles of books, including institutional authors Titles of periodicals B3 Subdivisions Give page numbers before date parentheticals, without any introductory abbreviation such as "p." or "at." Cite nonconsecutiv€ pages by giving the . individual page numbers separated by commas (e.g., l01 , I03"). To cite a footnote or endnote, give the page on which the note appears, 'n.," and the footnote number: United States v. Carolene Prods. Co' 304 U.5. 144, 152 n.4 (1938). When the volumes are numbered, cite the volume number in Arabic numerals. If the author of the entire work is cited, the volume number precedes the author's name: 3 Ronald E. Mallen, Jeffrey M. Smith, & Allison D. Rhodes, Legal Malpractice If 1 01 -02 (201 4). an authority is organized by section (5) or paragraph (fl), you may cite to these subdivisions. Most subdivisions (such as columns or sections) in citations are abbreviated. See # t.''.',""' table T16 for a list of subdivision abbreviations. 84 Short Citation Forms You may use "id." when citing the immediately preceding authority, but only when the immediately preceding citation contains only one authority. Always indicate when a subsequent citation refers to a different page number in the same source (e.g., "id. at 5"). You may use "supra" and "hereinafter" to r€fer to legislative hearings; court filings; books; pamphlets; reports; unpublished materials; non-print resources; periodicals; services; treaties and international agreements; regulations, directives, and decisions of intergovernmental organizations; and internal cross-references. You should not use "supra" and "hereinafter" to refer to cases, statutes, constitutions, legislative materials (other than hearings), restatements, model codes, or regulations, except in extraordinary circumstances, such as when the name of the authority is extremely long. B5 Quotations 85.1 Generally Enclose all quotations, except block quotations, with quotation marks. Place commas or periods inside the quotation marks, but place all other punctuation outside the quotation marks unless such punctuation is part of the quoted text: "When, as here, the plaintiff is a public figure. he cannot recover unless he proves by clear and convincing evidence that the defendant published the defamatory statement with actual malice, i.e.. with 'knowledge that it was false or with reckless disregard of whether it was false or not."'Masson v. New Yorker Magazine, Inc., 501 U.5.496, 510 (1991) (quoting N.Y. Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 2s4,279-80 (1964D. to permit recovery for choice of language which. though perhaps reflecting a misconception, represented'the sort of inaccuracy that is commonplace in the forum of robust debate to which the New York Times rule applies."' Masson v. New Yorker Magazine. Inc.. 501 U.S. 496, 519 (1991) (citation omitted). "We refused . Bluepages Tip: A quotation appearing within another quotation can either be parenthetically attributed to its original source or otherwise acknowledged by indicating that a citation has been omitted. For further guidance on quotations, including omissions and alterations quoted material, see rule of 5. 85.2 Block Quotations g Quotations of fifty or more words should be single spaced, indented on both sides, justified, and without quotation marks. This is known as a block quotation. Quotation marks within a block quotation should appear as they do in the quoted material. The citation following a block quotation should not be indented but should begin at the left margin on the line following the quotation: o t t o o I o o o o o o o t o o o o o o o fl |his presumptive privilege must be considered in light of our historic commitment to the rule of law. This is nowhere more profoundly manifest than in our view that "the twofold aim [of criminal justice] is that guilt shall not escape or innocence suffer." We have elected to employ an adversary system of criminal justice in which the parties contest all issues before a court of law. . . . To ensure that justice is done, it is imperative to the function of courts that compulsory process be available for the production of evidence needed either by the prosecution or by the defense. United States v. Nixon, 418 U.5. 683. 708-09 (1974) (citation omitted). The Court then balanced this interest against the evils of forced disclosure. ld. at 71 0. Abbreviations, Numerals, and Symbols B6 Tables at the end of this book contain lists of specific abbreviations for arbitral reporters (T5), case names (T6), court names (T|, explanatory phrases (T8), legislative documents (T!), geographical terms (T1O), judges and officials (T11), months (T12), periodicals (T13), publishing terms (T14), services (T15), and subdivisions (T16). Close up adiacent single capitals (U.5.), but do not close up single capitals with longer abbreviations (S. Ct,). Every abbreviation should be followed by a period (Univ.), except those in which the last letter is set off by an apostrophe (Soc'y). Spell out the numbers zero to ninety-nine. Use numerals for larger numbers (unless they begin a sentence). For more information about abbreviations. numerals. and svmbols. see rule 6. Italicization for Style and in Unique Circumstances 87 Words and phrases may be italicized (or underscored) for emphasis. You may italicize (or underscore) non-English words and phrases unless they have been incorporated into common English usage. Most Latin words and phrases that are used in legal writing are in common English usage. Obsolete or uncommon Latin words and phrases, however, should be italicized (or underscored). "Id." is always italicized (or underscored). For more information about italicizing for style, see de 7. Capitalization In addition to capitalizing "Court" when naming any court in full or when referring to the U.S. Supreme Coun, also capitalize "Court" in documents when refering to the court that will receive your documents: This Court has already ruled on Defendant's Motion To Dismiss. But The court in Watkins was attempting to distinguish earlier precedent pointing in the other direction. B8 Only capitalize party designations such as "Plaintifl" "Defendant," "Appellant," and "Appetlee" when ref-erring to parties in the mattcr that is the subiect of your document: Plaintiff denies Defendant's baseless allegations of misconduct. But: In 5mith, the plaintiffs alleged that the defendant acted in bad faith. Capitalize the titlc of a court document only when: (1) thc docuntent has becn filed in the mattcr that is the subject of your document; and (2) the reference is to the document's actual title or a shortenecl form thcreof. Do ttot capitalize references to the gencric name of a court document: In their Memorandum of Points and Authorities in Opposition to Defendant's Motion to Dismiss, Plaintiffs argue that Defendants are strictly liable for Plaintiffs' injuries. The Cou rt's Order of May 7 ,2004, directed Plaintlffs to cease production immediately. But:There is no doubt that the initial temporary restraining order was within the bounds of this Court's discretion. Bluepages Tip: Do not abbreviate the titles of court documents in +^.,+.,-l tt tudt -^^+^^-^.. )ct ttEt tLE). For all of the above reasons, Appellant's Petition for Rehearing ought to be granted. Not: For all of the above reasons, Appellant's Pet. Reh'g ought to be oranted. 89 Titles of Judges Justices are referred to as "Justice Story" and "(,hiefJustice Jay." Parenthetical ref'erences are to "Holmes, J.," "Cardozo,.f.," and "lllack & Vhitc, JJ." Judges are referred to as 'Judge Wisdom," "Juclgc Hand," and "Chiefludgc Friendly." For more inlbrmation on how to refcr to iudgcs ancl othcr oflicials, scc B1O rule 9. Cases Bl0.l Full Citation A full case citation includcs five componcnts: (1) the namc of the case; (2) thc published or unpublished sourcc in which thc casc can be founcl; (3) a parenthetical indicating the court and year of decision; (4) other parenthetical information, if any; and (5) the subsctluent history of thc case, if any: Engel v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421 ,430 (1962) ("The Establishment Clause, unlike the Free Exercise Clause, does not depend upon any showing of direct governmental compulsion ru . . . ."). Thompson v. Hanson, 174 P.3d 120,125 (Wash. Ct. App. 2007) (holding that a creditor may obtain a judgment against a transferee even in the absence of intent to defraud), aff'd,239 P.3d 536, fig-41(wash.2oo9). I I t o a I o o a o o o o o t o o a O o o a I I o a I a o o I o t o I o I I o o o a 1 "i'i ' l.:,rrill Bluepages Tip: lf an opinion is only available through a court's website, the opinion's webpage URL may be included at the end of the citation. Case Name 810.1.1 (i) Omit all parties other than the first party listed on each side of the "v.": Dow Jones & Co. v. Harrods. Ltd. Not: Dow Jones & Comoanv. Inc.. Plaintiff. v. Harrods. Limited and Mohamed Al Faved. Defendants (ii) For names of indMduals, use only last names, omitting first names, middle names, and initials: Darwin v. Dawkins Not: Charles Robert Darwin v. Clinton Richard Dawkins and Edward Osborne "E. O." Wilson (iii) Omit words indicating multiple parties (such as "et al.") and alternative names (such as "a.k.a."): Kant v. Bentham Not: lmmanuel Kant. et. al. v. Jeremv Bentham. a.k.a. The Father of Utilitarianism (iv) Some case names may include a procedural phrase. Abbreviate "in the matter o{" "petition of," and similar procedural phrases to "In re ." Abbreviate "on the relation o{" "on behalf of," and similar procedural phrases to "ex rel." tWhen adversary parties are named, omit all procedural phrases except 'ex rel.": Dombroski ex rel. Dombroski v. Chi. Park Dist. Not: Michael Dombroski, as Administrator of Estate of His Minor Child, 5amuel Dombroski v. Chicago Park District, et al. Ex parte Zeidner Not: Ex parte Richard Zeidner ln re Fairfax Not: ln the Matter of J. Fairfax (v) Abbreviate words listed in table T6, unless the citation appears in a textual sentence as explained in (vi) below. Abbreviate states, countries, and other geographical units according to table T10 unless the geographical unit is a named party. Never abbreviate "United States" when it is a named party. Omit "The" as the first word of a party's name unless it is part of the name of the object of an in rem action. You may abbreviate any words with eight letters or more if substantial space is saved and the result is unambiguous. You may also abbreviate entities with widely recognized initials, such as NAACP and FCC: Seattle Times v. Univ. of Wash. Not The Seattle Times v. The University of Washington United States v. Haskell Not: U.S. v. Erin Haskell, et al. 1t €-ii, 1 t ,;l'i t \ Indus. Chems.. Inc. v. City of Tuscaloosa Not: Industrial Chemicals, Inc. v. The City of Tuscaloosa Laidlaw Corp. v. NLRB Not: The Laidlaw Corporation v. National Labor Relations Board For more guidance on abbreviation, see rule 10.2. Bluepages Tip: Underline the entire case name up to but not including the comma that follows the case name. (vi) When referring to the full name of a case in a textual sentenc€, as opposed to a citation sentence or clause, underline the case name and only abbreviate widely known acronyms and the following eight words: "&," "Ass'n,' "Bros.,' "Co.," "Corp.," 'lnc.,' "Ltd.,' and "No." The first time you mention a case in the text, follow the case name with the remaining elements of a fi.rll citation, set off by commas: In Penn CentralTransportation Co. v. City of New York.366 N.E.2d 1271 (N.Y. 1977),the court applied a version of the diminution in value rule. Not: ln Penn Cent. Transp. Co. v. City of New York. 366 N.E.2d 1271 (N.Y. 1 977), the court applled a version of the diminution in value rule. In a subsequent reference to the case within the same general discussion, you may simply refer to one party's name (or a readily identifiable shorter version of one pafty's name) if the reference is unambiguous: The Supreme Court's recent takings jurisprudence has gradually moved away from the New York Court of Appeals's formulation in Penn Central. I I I I I t I t To point your reader to the specifc pages that relate to th€ cited proposition, you must also include a pinpoint citation, often called a "pincite." Place pincites after the page on which the case report begins, separated by a comma. A pincite may consist of a page range, in which instance you should indicate the first and last page of the range separated by a dash. Where the page numbers consist of three or more digits, drop any repetitive digits other than the final two digits (e .9., 102-06; 1020-30). To cite multiple pages that are not consecutive, list each page or page range, separated by commas (e.g., I has gradually moved away from the New York Court of Appeals's formulation in Citv of New York. Reporters and Pinpoint Citations Cite a reporter by listing: (l) the volume number of the reporter in which the (2) the abbreviated name of the reporter (isted ia table TL); and (3) the page on which the case report b€gins. case is published; 12 o I I I I I Not The Supreme Court's recent takings jurisprudence 810.1.2 I I 103, 106-08, 132). If the material you wish to reference appears on more nonconsecutive pages than is convenient to list in one citation, you may use passim in lieu of a pincite. To cite a footnote, give the page on which the t t I o o o I a o o footnote appeafs, "n.," and the footnote number, with no space between "n." and the footnote number (e.g., 199 n.4): Baker v. Carr, 369 U.5. 186,195 (1962). Newdow v. U.S. Cong.. 328 F.3d 466,471 n.3 (9th Cir. 2003). guez v. Holder, 7 02 F.3d 504, 529-30 (9th ("Chief Judge Kozinski, disagreeing with everyone.") Ga rfi as-Rod ri . 2) the first page of the case, simply repeat For further guidance on pincites, see Court and Year of rule 3.2. Decision 810.1.3 Indicate parenthetically the deciding court followed by the year of decision (immediately following the page reference). When citing decisions of the United States Supreme Court or the highest court of any individual state, however, do not include the name of the deciding court. Table T1 lists the coffect abbreviations for courts in U.S. lurisdictions. o I (i) The United States Supreme Court: Cite United States Reports (U.S.) if th€ opinion appears therein; otherwise cite to Supreme Court Reporter (S. Ct.): o o Meritor Sav. Bank v. Vinson, 477 V.5.57, 60 (1986). Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores. Inc., 134 5. Ct. 275'1,2782(2014\. (ii) Federal Courts ofAppeals: Cite Federal Reporter (F., F.2d, F.3d) and indicate the name of the court parenthetically: I Envtl. Def. Fund v. EPA, 465F.2d 528, 533 (D.C. Cir. 1972). United States v. Jardine, 364 F.3d 1 200, | 203 a o o o a o o is 1 United States v. Baxter. 492F.2d 150, 150 (9th Cir. 1973). I I Bluepages Tip: lf the pincite the page number: Ci r. 20 (1 Oth Cir. 2004). (iii) Federal District Couns: Cite Federal Supplement (F. Supp., F. Supp. 2d, F. Supp. 3d) and indicate the name of the court parenthetically: W. 5t. Group LLC v. Epro, 564 F. Supp. 2d 84,91 (D. Mass. 2008). Harris v. Roderick. 933 F. Supp. 977 ,985 (D. ldaho 1 996). . Bluepages Tip: The correct abbreviation for each state is listed in table T10. Some state names are abbreviated with two capital letters (e.9., N.Y.), while others are abbreviated with one capital letter and several lower case letters (e.g., Mich.). Do not include a space between adjacent single capital letters (e.9., S.D.N.Y.), but do include a space between a single capital letter and a longer abbreviation (e.9., "D. Conn." for "District of Connecticut" and "S.D. Cal." for "Southern District of California"). For more guidance on abbreviations, see rule 6.1. (iv) State High Courts: Cite the regional reporter for the region in which the court sits, if the opinion appears therein; otherwise cite the state's official reporter, as listed in table T1. Indicate the state parenthetically, unless it is unambiguously conveyed by the reporter title: Peoole v. Armour. 590 N.W.2d 61 (Mich. 1999). 13 -.=.''., ,lir".i+; ' Chaudhary v. Gen. Motors Corp., 649 P,2d 224 (CaI.1982). Bates v. Tappan. 99 Mass. 376 (1 868). (v) Other State Courts: Cite the regional reporter for the region in which the court sits, if the opinion appears therein; otherwise cite the state's official reporter, as listed in table TL. lndicate parenthetically the state and court of decision, unless unambiguously conveyed by the reporter title. Do not indicate the department or district of intermediate state courts: Kaolan v. Ziff. 530 N.W.2d 807 (Minn. Ct. App. 1995). Rusk v.State,406 A.2d 624 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 1979), rev'd. 424 A.2d 720 (Md. 1981). Campbell v. Sellers-Morris Corp., 82 Cal. Rptr. 2d 202 (Ct. App. 1 999). Parallel Citation in State Court Documents In documents submitted to state courts, all case citations should be to the reporters required by local rules. To find local are submitting a document, refer to Bluepages des for the court in which you table BT2. Local rules sometime s require citation of both the offrcial state rcportet and t}rc unofficial regional or state-specific reporter. This is called parallel citation. IJflhere a pincite is necessary, include one for each reporter citation. when the state or court is clear from the official reporter title, omit it from the date parenthetical: Pledger v. Halvorson. 324 Ark.302,921 S.W.2d 576 (1996). Kenford Co. v. County of Erie, 73 N.Y.2d 3'12,537 N.E.2d 176, 540 N.Y.S.2d 1 (1e89). Bl0.l.4 Pending and Unreported Cases (i) tDffi and Vestlaw cases: Cite to the LnilS or'Westlaw electronic report of the case when one is available. The proper format is as follows: (l) case name; (2) case docket number; (3) database identifier and electronic report number; (4) star page number; and (5) court and full date parenthetical: Albrecht v. Stranczek, No. 87 C 9535, 1 991 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 5088, at *1, *3 (N.D. lll. Apr. 1 5, 1 991). Kvass Constr. Co. v. United States, No. 90-266C, 1991 WL47632, *2-3 (Cl. Ct. Apr. 8, 1991 ). at Bluepages Tip: Different courts and publishers use different formats for case docket numbers (e.9., CIV-A, Civ. A., Civ., No.). Cite the case docket number exactly as it appears. lf more than one docket number is assigned to a case, the lead-in language (e.9., CIV-A, Civ. A., Civ., No.) may be omitted after the first reference: PKFinans Int'l Coro. v. IBJ Schroder Leasing Corp., Nos.93 Civ.5375, 96 Civ. 1816 (SAS) (HBP), 1996 WL 525862 (S.D.N.Y.Sept. 17, 1996). 14 t o I o t o t o o o I I t I I o I a o o o (ii) SIip opinions: When a case is unreported, but is separately available as a slip opinion, give the docket number, the court, and the full date of the most recent maior disposition of the case: Groucho Marx Prods. v. Plavboy Enters.. No. 77 Civ. 1782 (S.D.N.Y. Dec.3Q,1977), For further guidance on slip opinions, see rule 10.8.1(b). (iii) Opinions only available online, but not in an electronic database: Some cases, particulady ones that are pending, can only be accessed through a court's website. In this situation, the webpage URL may be included: Kaye v. Trump. No. 5128, slip op. at 1 (N.Y. App. Div. Jan. 29, 20Q9), http://www.nycou rts. gov/reporter/3d series / 2009 / 2009 -00452. htm. Weight of Authority and Explanatory Parentheticals 810.r.5 To add information indicating the weight of the cited authority to a citation, insert an additional parenthetical following the date parenthetical. Indicate when you are citing a concuffing or dissenting opinion: Bush v. Gore. 531 U.5. 98,'144 (2000) (5-4 decision) (Breyer, J., dissenting) ('The political implications of this case for the country are momentous."). Zuni Pub. Sch. Dist. v. Dep't of Educ.. 550 U.S. 81, 1 1 3 (2007) (Scalia, J., dissenting) ('The sheer applesauce of this statutory interpretation should be obvious."). Webb v. Baxter Healthcare Corp.. 57 F.3d 1067 (4th Cir. 1995) (unpublished table decision). Wersba v. Seiler,393 F.2d 937 (3d Cir. 1968) (per curiam). An explanatory parenthetical may also be added to explain briefly the proposition for which the case stands: Green v. Georgia. 442U.5.95,97 (1979) (per curiam) (holding that exclusion of relevant evidence at a sentencing hearing constitutes denial of due process). For further guidance on explanatory parentheticals, see Bluepages 81 and rule L0.7.1. Prior or Subsequent History 810.1.6 A full citation should include the prior or subsequent history of the case, subiect to several exceptions discussed in rule 10.7. Use one of the abbreviated explanatory phrases listed in table T8 to introduce the prior or subsequent history. Include commonly used explanatory phrases such as "aff'd," "aff'g," "cert. denied" (subject to a two-year limitation per rule 10.7), "cert. granted," "rev'd,' and "rev'd on other grounds" forevery applicable citation. Underscore or italicize the explanatory phrase: Gucci Am.. Inc. v. Gold Ctr. Jewelry.997 F. Supp. 399 (S.D.N.Y. 29,1998),rev'd,158 F.3d 631 (2d Cir. 1998). Jan. l5 I Cooperv. Duonik,924F.2d 1520, 1530-31 (9th Cir. 1991)(holding that police officers'actions did not rise to level of due process violation), rcv'd_en bale, 963 F.2d 1 220 (9th Cir. 1 992). cent. lll. Pub. serv. co. v. westervelt, 342 N.E.2d 463 (lll. App. ct. 1 . 97 6), aff' d, 367 N.E.2d 661 (tll. 1 97 7 ). Bluepages Tip: Explanatory parenthetical information about a case should immediately precede information about subsequent case history. 'When the case has a differcnt namc in thc subsequent history, providc the new casc name, prcceded by thc phrase "sub nom." ("under thc name ot''). There is no nccd to providc the new case nirmc if the partics' names are mercly rcversed or if the subscqucnt history is simplv r clcnial of ccrtiorari or rchearing: Great W. United Corp. v. Kidwell, 577 F.2d 1 256 (sth Cir. 1 978), rev'd sub nom. Lerov v. Great W. United Corp., 443 U.S.173 (1979). 810.2 Short Form Citation Once you have provided a ftlll citation to an authorityJ you lnav use a "shott form" in latcr citations of thc same authority, so long as (1) it is clear to the rcadcr which authority is relbrenced; (2) the full citation falls in the same general discussion; and (J) the reader will have little trouble krcating the full citation. Therc arc sevcral acccptable short forms for case citations. All ofthese frrrms include "at" followcd by a pincite . 'I'hc firllowing arc all acceptable short ftrrm citations of page 100 of Palsgraf v. Long lsland Railroad Co., 162 N.E. 99 (N.Y. 1928) (Cardozo, J.): Palsgraf, 162 N.E. at 100. 162 N.E. at 100. ld. at '100. When using only one partv name in a short form citation, use the name of the lirst parry, unless that party is a geographical unit, a govcrnmental entity, or another typc ()f common litigant. YOu may also shorten a long party name, frrr example fiom First Nat'l Trust & Inv. Corp. to First Nat'l, so long as thc rcference remains unambiguous. Short citations take a slightlv rlifftrcnt form firr cases with parallcl citations. Chalfin v. Soecter,426 Pa.464,465,233 A.2d 562,563 (1967), bccomcs onc of the fblkrwing: Chalfin, 426Pa.at465,233 A.2d at 563. 426Pa.at465.233 A.2d at 563. td. "1d." is the short firrm used to refer to the immediatcly preceding authorit) . Bluepages Tip: The "i" in "id." is only capitalized when it begins a citation sentence. The underline always r uns under the period. (i) Vhen used alone, "id." rcf'ers to the identical pincite refcrenced in the 16 immediatellpreccclingcitation: o o o o I o I I o t o o o I o o o o o o o a o I I t a I a I I o o o o t a t o I O The Supreme Court has stated unequivocally that "apprehension by the use of deadly force is a seizure subject to the reasonableness requirement of the Fourth Amendment." Tennessee v. Garner,471 U.5. 1, 7 (1 985). By contrast, minimal police interference will not always constitute a "seizure" for Fourth Amendment purposes. ld. (ii) To refer to a different page or footnote within the immediately preceding authority, add "at" and the new pincite: To determine whether a particular exercise of non-lethal police force was reasonable, courts engage in a balancing process that weighs the nature of the intrusion against the "governmental interests." ld. at 8. (iii) "1d." may only be used when the preceding citation cites only one source: This process weighs the nature of the exertion of force against the governmental interests at stake. See Heath, 854 F.2d at 9. This is an "objective reasonableness" test. ld. In the example above, it is clear that "1d." refers to Heath. By contrnst, the use of "id." in the following example is improper because it is not clear to which authodty "id." refers: Not: To determine whether a particular exercise of non-lethal police force was reasonable, courts engage in a balancing process. Tennessee v. Garner, 471 U.5.1, 8 (1985); see also Heath v. Henninq, 854 F.2d 6,8(2d Cir. 1988). This process weighs the nature of the exertion offorce against the governmental interests at stake. See id. at 9. Bluepages Tip: 5ources identifi ed in explanatory parentheticals, explanatory phrases, and prior or subsequent history are ignored for the purposes of this rule. (w) The "id.' form for cases requiring parallel citations is as follows: The Pennsylvania Supreme Court grappled with a similarly complicated issue in an election dispute in 1967. See Chalfin v. Soecter, 426 Pa. 464, 477,233 A.2d 562, 568 (1967). In Chalfin. the court was forced to reach a decision under a severelv rushed schedule. See id. at 468, 233 A.2d at 564. (v)'ld.'can be used for various types of authoriti€s-not only for cases. For further guidance on the use of "id.," see de 4.1. Constitutions U.S. 8L1 Const. art. l, 5 8, cl. 10. U.S. Const. amend. XVlll, 5 1. Wash. Const. art. l, 5 32. Bluepages Tip: Do not use a short citation form (other than id.) for constitutions. For further guidance on citing constitutions, see rule 11. 17 I Bl2 Statutes, Rules, and Restatements Bl2.l Full citation Bl2.1.l Federal Statutes A full citation of a federal statute includcs three clemcnts: (l) the official name of the act; (2) the published sourcc in which the act can be found; and (3) a parenthetical indicating either (i) the year the sourcc was published (used firr codcs) or (ii) the year the statute was passed (used for session laws): Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, 42 U.S.C. 5S 9601-9675 (2012). Department of Transportation Act, Pub. L. No. 89-670,5 9,80 Stat. 931,944-47 (1966). Bluepages Tip: Nothing is underlined in a statute citation. "Section" is indicated by the "5" symbol, the plural of which is "55." For further guidance concerning citation of individual sections and subsections, see rule 3.3. Codes and Session Laws For statutcs, cite a current official or unofficial code, an oflicial or privately published collection of session laws, or a secondary source. Rule l2 provides l full explanation of thesc sourccs and how to decide which one to inclucle in your citation. Whenever possible, cite thc current oflicial code for statutes curently in forcc. The official code for federal statutes is the United States Code. which is abbreviated .U.S.C.' A citation of an official or unofficial code will tell the rcader where a statute can be found by listing: (1) the title mrmber; (2) the abbreviated name of the cocle; (3) the section numbcrs in which the act is codilied; and (4) the year of the cited code edition (not the ycar the act was passed). Citations of an unofficial codc, such as an "annotated code," must also include the name of the publisher in thc date parenthetical: 'r u.s.c.s 1(2012). 15 U.S.C.A. 5 205 (West 2008). Bluepages Tip: The _U.-njled Slales eode is codified once every six years. Therefore, citations of the "U.S.C." should identify the appropriate codifying year, such as 2012. To cite an indiviclual provision of a statute, include thc original section number of the provision you wish to cite following thc statutc name. Note that the "original section numbcr" ref'ers to a particular section of the act, not to the scction of thc code in which that provisiol"r has been codified. Thus, in the lirst example below, "5 6" refers to scction 6 of the Administrative Procedure Act, while "5 555" refers to section 555 of Title V of the United States Code: Administrative Procedure Act 5 6, 5 U.S.C. S 555 (20'l 2). 18 t o t I o I I t o I o o I I I I o o t o I o t I o o I o T I I t I o I o o a o I o '1i National Environmental Policy Act (20't2). riir:'.: of ilr-rlr.,, :i::;i :i. rr r;r::::j';::. qlili 1969 5 102,42U.5.C. 5 4332 Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 5 1 03, 1 7 U.S.C.A. S 1 201 (West 2008). Cite the session laws if the official or unofficial code is unavailable or insufficient, for example, when the statute does not yet appear in a code or when you need to refer to the historical fact of the statute's enactment. The official compilation of federal session laws is the Statutes at Large, abbreviated as "Stat." A citation ofthe Statutes at Large includes the following elements: (1) the official or popular name of the statute; (2) the public law number, abbreviated "Pub. L. No."; (3) the section number, if any; (4) the volume number, followed by "Stat." and the number of the first page of the act; and (5) the year the statute was passed. Session law citations may also pincite the particular provision of the act cited and the particular page of the session laws on which that provision appears: Department of Transportation Act, Pub. 931,944-47 (1966). L. No. 89-670, S 9, 80 Stat. Health Professions Education Extension Amendments of 1992. Pub. L. No. 1 02-408, 1 06 Stat. 1 992. Bluepages Tip: Omit the year parenthetical if the name of the statute includes its year of enactment. For guidance on how to indicate a statute 's prior or subsequent history, see ruJ,e12.7. State Statutes Bl2.l.2 For state statutes, cite an official code whenever possible. Table T1.3 lists the official and unofficial statutory compilations of each state, with the preferred official code listed first. Although the citation form for individual state codes varies, a full citation of most state codes includes the following elements: (l) the abbreviated name of the code, as listed in table T1.3; (2) the cited section number(s); and (3) the year of the cited code edition (not the year the act was passed). Citations of an unofficial state code must also include the name of the publisher in the date parenthetical: Wash. Rev. Code 5 288.20.020 (2014). Cal. Penal Code 5 181 (West 201 1). N.Y. Bus. Corp. Law S 717 (McKinney 2000). For guidance on citing state session laws, see rule 12.4. Procedural Rules, Restatements, Uniform Acts, and Materials Fed. R. Similar Bl2.l.3 Civ. P. 12(bX6). Fed. R. Evid.401. Restatement (Second) of Contracts 5 90 (Am. Law Inst. 1981). tg I l::::ff;:;::J::1,:il,"l U.S. a(AmLaw'ns'i1e75) Sentencing Guidelines Manual S 2D1.1(c) (U.S. Sentencing Comm'n 2004). i:l:::,:iil on citing proccdural n:les, restatcments, ancl uniform Hnce Materials Brz.l.4Federal Tax O O O :#1i""::T:f['ffi:::l]J'fl:T[",1.']',n:li;Hifi::':ilill,[ only the current ve rsion of f'cdcral tax larvs, you may omit the year ancl publishe r from citations of thc Intemal llcvenue (irde ("|'R'C.'') and Treasury fffit,::T:t ff:::ffi::,,::, t Rcvenue corre, you may rcrrace .,26 U.s.c.,,with o t a "t.R.c.": 26 u.s.c. s 6r I (2012). becomes: l.R.C. 5 61 (2012). O TreasuryRegulations l'".' l"l Treasury Z',',1',2',,i'r,e&A(3xa) Determinations Whcn citing Trclsury determinations in court documcuts and legal memoranda, l,}frxH\:ff11';ll:.fi.;:T'[: l].*:ii::xi:::;'i;1ffi;iJi: ;*:J; ;:ffi: ;i;.H;ff:il Xil;;.Tlli ;:l:l;::: r',,ll:',1,T'l'Xl omit the dashes from thc mling number: Rev. Rul. B3-137,1g83-2C.8.41. l.R.S. P.L.R. l.R.S. - 19Bs). For guiclance on citing matcrials from othcr arlministrativc agencics, sce I table a T1.2 t sh; F;;; iiiutio,, a ili.Hl,;:1ixillJ.j.l"i,'iilll;ili'l*'.ffi ::"'.TT'xil:,:['JT[::*;;,i 20 o J Bluepages Tip: Tax Court and Board of Tax Appeals decisions are cited as court decisions, not agency decisions. For further guidance, see table T1.1. nr2.2 I I 8601012 (Sept. 30, 'l 985). G.C.M.39,417 (5ept".30, I :rny short form that clearly idcntifies the sourcc. Rules I2.10, l3.a,,rnrl 11.5 o o I t I t I I a a t t I I t o I t o t a o I includc tablcs illustrrting acccptablc short firrms f<rr statutcs, rcgulations, and legislativc nrirtcrills. Yon ml1' usc "id." to rclcr to r statutc or rcguhtion codificcl s'ithin tht: sxnlc titlc or reguhtior] citecl in thc inrmcdiatcly p|ccccling citation: as the statutc (italion itatiorr ldL.ntical Provision (2006). 28 U.S.C. 5 331 ld= s0 C.F.R. 5 10.12 (2006). ld. l'Lrli ld. ( for 1 Legislative ld. Citation lor Dff"r"ut Provisron within S:rnre Titk: rd. 5 1 332. ld. 5 10.13(c)(1). Materials 813 A firll citltion to legislative matcrial includcs the lbllorving componcnts. tlx)ugh not ncccss:uilv in thc firllorving orclcr: (l) tl"lc titlc <>f tlre r.uateriul; (2) the abbrevilted name of thc legishtivc boch': (J) tltc numbcr ussigned to tltc materiall ( 1) thc nunrbcr of thc (irngress ancl/ol legislative sessiorr, lnd (5) tltc )'car of publication. H.R. Rep. No. 99-253, S. Rep. No. 84-2, at 7 pt. (1 1, at 54 (1 985). 955). Enacted Federal Bill When citing fcderal bills. inclucle (hc nxme of thc bill (if relcvxttt), thc abbreviltecl name of thr Oongressionul chamber, the number ol tltc lrill. thc number of thc (iongrcss, thc scction (il rny), ancl the ycar of pLtblic:ation: 5.1983,93rd Cong.5 10 (1973). H.R. 8638,gsth Cong. S2(1977). Freedom of Information Act, S. 1 160, BSth Cong. 5 1 (1965). Digital Millennium Copyright Act, H.R. 2281, 105th Cong. 5 6 (1997). Unenacted Federal Bill Protection from Personal Intrusion Act, H.R. 2448, 105th Cong. 5 2(a) (1997). Federal Congressional Hearing Toxic Substances Control Act: Hearings on S. 776 Before the Subcomm. on the Env't of the Senate Comm. on Commerce,94th Cong. 343 (1 97s). Federal Congressional Report H.R. Rep. No.99-253, pt. 1, at 54 (1985). 5. Rep. No. B4-2,at7 (1955). State Bills and Resolutions When citing stlte bills and rcsolutious, iuclude : (1) thc r-rame ol'thc lcgislativc bodv, (2) the numbcr of thc bill or rcsolution, (J) thc number ol the lcgislativ" ,", t body; and (4) the number ofthe legislative session. Parcnthetically indicrte the name of thc state and thc ycar of enactnrent or publication: H.D. 636, 1999 Leg., 413th Sess. (Md. 1999). 'l H.R. 89, 145th Gen. Assemb., Reg. Sess. (Ga. 1 999). For further guidance on citing legislativc materials, sec Bl4 rule o 13. Administrative and Executive Materials Cite fbderal mles and regulations to the (i)dc of title, section or part, and vcur: F'ede ral Regulations (C.F.R.) by 46 C.F.R. 5 166.01 (2009). (litations to rules or regulations in the Fcdcral Register (Fed. Reg.) should give the commonly used nirmc of the mle or rcgulation, the volume and ptgc on which thc mle rtr rcgulation begins, ancl the date of the rulc or regulirtion: Federal Acquisition Regulations for National Aeronautics and Space Administration,55 Fed. Reg.52,782 (Dec.21, 1990) (to be codified at 48 C.F.R. pt. 1). For administrative adjudications, cite b1' tlte reportetl name of the lirst-listed private party or by the oflicial subiect-mattcr ritlc: Trojan Transp., lnc., 249 N.L.R.B. 642 (1 980). For arbitrltirxr awards, cite xs court cases if adversan, Darties are named and administrative adjudications if they are not: as Kroger Co. v. Amalgamated Meat Cutters, Local 539, 74 Lab. Arb. Rep. (BNA) 785,787 (1980) (Doering, Arb.). Charles P. Ortmeyer,23 Indus. Arb.272 (1980) (Stern, Arb.). For further guidance on citinli administrativc rules and rcgulations, see 815 mle 14. Books and Other Nonperiodic Materials Bl5.l Full Citation (litations t<r b<xlks, treatiscs, pamphlets, and other nonpcriodic materials should include the firllowing elemcnts: (1) thc volume numbcr (firr multi-volumc sets); (2) the full nlme(s) of the author(s) as writtcn in the publication; (3) rhc ritle of the publicrtion (underscorccl or italicized); (,1) a pincitc; and (5) a parenrherical indicating the year of publicirtion, rhe namc of the editor (if any), and the edition (if more than one). l'wo authors should appcar scparated by an ampersand ("&") in thc ordcr in which they arc listed ol-r thc publication. lf a work has morc than two authors, you may either list all <tf the authors' nanles or list the first author's name fbllowed bv 'et al." Matthew Butterick, Typography for Lawyers 54 (2010). 22 McNeill & William H. McNeill, The Human Web: A Bird's-Eye View of World History 319 (2003). J.R. I I I o t t o o t o I a I o I o I t o I I i A Bentham Reader 101 (Mary Peter Macked., 1969). 21 Charles Alan Wriqht & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure S '1006 (3d ed. 1998). There are special citation forms for I c I I 1 de 9s5). 15. Short Form Citation 815.2 Use "id." to refer to a book or other nonperiodical material cited in the immediately preceding citation. Otherwise, use "supra." The "supra" form consists of (1) the author's last name; (2) "supra," underlined or italicized up to but not including the comma; and (3) a new pincite: Full Cite ld. Richard Posner, How Judges 269 (2010). t Think Cite Supra Cite 204-05. ld. at Mary L. Dunnewold et al., Judicial See id. at Clerkshios: A Practical Guide 77 80. See Dunnewold at 80. C. 2.35 Fleming James, Jr. & Geoffrey Hazard, Jr., Civil Procedure 5 (sth ed. 20ol ). - Posner, supra, at 204-05. et al., supra, (2010). I a o (1 For fuither guidance on citing to books and other nonperiodic material, see o I few frequently cited works: 7 Am. Jur. 2d Contracts S 74 (1964). 88 C.i.S. Trial S 192 I : a Good-Faith Eargaining, Black's Law Dictionary (1Oth ed.2014). t I I I " David Hunter et al., International Environmental Law and Policy 555 (3rd ed.2006). t t t {". ld. S 1.7. James & Hazard, supra. s 1.7. Bluepages Tip: For further guidance on short forms, see rules 4, 1 5.10, 16.9.17.6,and 18.8. Periodical Materials 81.6 Full citation 816'1 A full citation of periodical material includes the following elements: (l) the full written in the publicatioq (2) the title of the article (undedined or italicized); (3) the abbreviated name of the publication; (4) a pincite; and (5) the date of publication. The basic citation may differ depending on the type of periodicat cited. For further guidance , see rule 16. name(s) of the author(s) Consecutively as PaginatedJournals 816.1.1 Most law ioumals are paginated consecutively throughout an entire volume (i.e., individual issues within a volume do not begin at page " I " but rather pick up where the previous issue left ofD. To cite material appearing in a consecutively , 23 paginated periodical, fbllow this frrrmat: <author(s)>, <tille,afurygrk>, <vol- ume number> <abbreviated periodical name> <first page of article>, <pincite> (<year of publication>). Fred R. Shapiro & Michelle Pearse, The Most-Cited Law Review Articles of All Time, 1 I0 Mich. L. Rev. 1483, 1489 (2012). R.H. Coase, The Problem of Social Cost, 3 J.L. & Econ. 1, 1 (1960). For appropdate abbrcviations of periodicirl namcs, sec table T13. 816.r.2 Nonconsecutively Paginated Journals and Magazines Christopher Hitchens, The New Commandments, Vanity Fair, Apr. 201 l, at 1. 816.r.l Student-Wriffen Work Natalie Cotton, Comment, The Competence of Students as Editors ofLaw Reviews: A Response to Judge Posner,154U. Pa. L. Rev.951, 982 n.1 04 (2006). For guiclance on citing student-written work, consult nrle 16.7.1. 816.1.4 Newspaper Articles Abigail Sullivan Moore, This ls Your Brain on Drugs, N.Y. Times, Oct. 29. 201 4. at A1 . Doug Esser, UW Library Freezes Bedbugs Off Infested Books, Seattle Times, Dec. 7,2012, at 42. 816.2 Short Form Citation Altcr providing a full citation of a pcrioclical, you ma_y usc "id." or "supra" in subscqucnt citations. Iise "id." to refcr to pcriodical matcrial cited in the immediately prececling citation. ()therwise , use the "SUga" fonn intnrduccd in Bluepages Iil5.2. - Bluepages Tip: When your document includes citations of more than one source by the same author, include an abbreviated reference to the title of the cited source in any suora citation. Llewellyn, Remarks, supra, at 401-06. 817 Court and Litigation Documents This rule f<rcuses on citltions to court documents that have becn liled as part of thc samc case. For citations of court documcnts liled in a diffcrent case. consult rule 1O.8.3. 817.1 Full Citation A hlll citation of a court docurncnt includes the following elements: (l ) the name of the document, abbrcviated whcrc appropriatc; (2) the pinpoint citation; and 24 t t o t I o I a I t I I I o t I I I I a o o o I) o I I I o I I o t t ? I o t c r c o : '' :l ' ;t Lr::- (3) the date of the document, if required. The citation should also include the Electronic Case Filing (ECF) number found on PACER. Abbreviation 817.1.1 Abbreviate the titles of court documents according to Bluepages table BT1. Where there is an official record, such as the Record on Appeal in appellate litigation, always abbreviate "Record" to "R." Do not abbreviate, however, when doing so will confuse the reader: Petitioner admits filing suit more than one year after knowledge of the facts underlying its claim, Pet'r's Br.6, and further admits the applicability of a one-year statute of limitations, Pet'r's Br. 7. ln Defendant's Memorandum of Points and Authorities in Support of Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment, Defendant asserts that the dangerous conditions giving rise to the accident resulted from someone else's negligence, Def.'s Mem. Supp.5umm. J. 6, 9, implying that Defendant was, indeed, aware of the risk. Yet, in his Affidavit filed in support of the Motion, Defendant explicitly states that he had no knowledge of the rising water level. Def.'s Aff. lltl 5-7; see also Jones Aff. Ex. A, at 2. Bluepages Tip: You may enclose citations of court documents in parentheses: (Def.'s Resp. to Pl.'s lnterrog. No. 3.) Pinpoint Citations Br7.r.2 Provide a precise reference to the cited document, such as to the page and line on which the material appears in a deposition or fiial transcript. Us€ commas only to avoid confusion. Separate page and line references by a colon. Page references should not be preceded by "p.," but other subdivisions should be identilied. You are generally not required to precede pincites with "at," though it is customary to use 'at" in references to certain sources such as appellate records (e.g., R. at 5): Hawkins Aff.6. Trial Tr. vol. 2, 31. Pet'r's 8r.6. Clark Dep. 1 5:21 -'l 6:4. Pls.'Am. Answer to Def.'s Countercl. 3-4. Travis Decl. Ex. B, at 3. R. at 9. Date Br7.t., Provide the date of the cited document when: (1) more than one document has the same title; (2) the date is relevant to the discussion; or (3) ifthe date is needed to avoid confusion: Plaintiff alleged that Defendant was driving at a rate far in excess of the posted speed limit. Compl. fl 7. However, her sworn testimony 25 is to the effect that she never saw the Defendant before the accident and was thus unable to gauge his speed. Perryman Dep. 34:1 5-'18, Aug. 7, 2002;frial Tr. vol. 2, 51-52, Dec. 12, 2002. Mr. Svensson attests that Plaintiffs president cared not about the age of the inventory but only about its marketability. Svensson Aff. f 5. In addition, Ms. Beatrice swears that Plaintiffs president had the authority to waive the condition concerning the age of the inventory, Beatrice Aff. tl 9, May 1 0, 2003, and that no other corporate official had such authority, Beatrice Aff.n 2, June 2, 2003. rtt7.I.4 Electronic Case Filings (ECF) Court documcnts lilccl with thc electnrnic case managcment system emplol'cd by PAOER for fcderll cases are assigned ckrcumcnt nuntbers. Adcl this Electronic Casc F'ilir-rgs (ECF) number to thc citntions of electror-rically filed documents. Feder Dep.5:30-12:10, ECF No.6. Def.'s Mot. Summ. J. 2, ECF No. 15. Bluepages Tip: Documents filed on PACER are imprinted with an ECF header. lf these page numbers are different from the page numbers of the filed document, use the page numbers of the original document. 817.2 Short Form Citation a full citation, you may usc I short firrm if: (1) it will be clelr to thc reader what you are citing; (2) thc firll citation falls in the same general discussion; and (l) the readcr will hlve littlc trouble krcating the firll citation: Aficr providing First Reference Succeeding Reference App. to Pet. Cert. 137-39,ECF No.15. App. 137-39, 137-39. ECF No. 'l 5. or App. Bluepages Tip: For court documents, id. should only be used if significant space will be saved. The liquid left on the floor by Defendant caused Plaintiff to lose her balance, slip, and fall. Leach Aff. 33-39. This fall led to numerous hospital visits costing well over 5l0,000. ld. at 52. But: The liquid left on the floor by Defendant caused Plaintiff to lose her balance, slip, and fall. R. at 5. This fall led to numerous hospital visits costing well over 510,000. 818 R. at 12. The Internet Blri.r Full citation Bl8.r.r Direct Citations 26 A Full citation ofan Internct source includes: (1) thc name ofthe author(s) (if applicrblc); (2) thc titlc of thc specilic page of the wcbsirc, such as I posring or comment (underlinccl or italicizcd) (if applicable); (l) the ritle of thc main pa15c o o ; o o o a o o o o a t o o I t c I c o a o o o t I o I I I ; o t I o o I o o o o of the website; (4) the date and time (if applicable); and (5) the URl. For funher guidance on citing Intemet sourc€s, see rule 18.2: David Lat, Movie Nioht with Justice Breyer. Above the Law (Oct. 27, 2A1 4, 3 :3 1 P M), http://a bovet h el aw.com / 201 4 / 1 O / movie-ni g ht-with-justice-breyer/. Fabrizio di Piazza, SCOTUSbIog on Camera: Laurence H. Tribe (Part one), SCOTUSblog (Oct. 22, 201 4,9:53 AM), http://www.scotusblog. com/med ialscotusblog-on-ca mera-la u rence-h-tribe-part-one/. Eugene Kontorovich, ltaly Adopts Supreme Court's View of ICJ Authority, Volokh Conspiracy (Oct. 28, 2014), http://www. washin gton post.com/news/volokh-conspir acy /w p / 201 4/ 1 0 /28 italy-adopts-su preme-courts-view-of-icj-a uthority/. / Bluepages Tip: lf a source is available in both HTML and PDF (which preserves the pagination of the print version), then you should only cite to the PDF. Whenever possible, provide a pincite for Internet sources: Ulrich Cubasch et al., Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 121 (2013), http://www.i pcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/a r5lwg l AffG i AR5Chapter0l _FlNAL.pdf. If there is no date associated with the specific webpage, then the citation should list the date when the website was "last modified" or "last updated" after the URL lfthese indicators are unavailable, use the date on which you "last visited" the webpage: Yahoo! Home Page, http://www.yahoo.com (last visited May 16, 20't4). Parallel Citations BlE.l.2 For printed material, you may provide a parallel citation to an Intemet source : Am. Mining Cong. v. U.S. Army Corps of Enq'rs. No. ClV. 4.93-1754 55H (D.D.C. Ja n. 23, 1997), http://www.wetlands.com/fed/tullochl. htm. Short Form Citation BlA.2 After providing a full citation to an Intemet sourc€, you may use "id." or "supra" in subsequent citations per rules 4 and 18.8(a): Lat, supra. Services 819 Cite services by volume, abbreviated title, publisher, subdivision, and date. If the source is a case, include the abbreviated name of the court in the same parenthetical as the date: ln re Smithfield Estates. Inc., [1985-1986 Transfer Binder] Bankr. L. Rep. (CCH) [i70,707 (Bankr. D.R.l. Aug. 9, 1985). SEC v. Tex. lnt'l Airlines ,29 Fed. R. Serv. 2d (West) 408 (D.D.C. I 979). 27 Kovacs v. Comm'r,74 A.F.f .R.2d (RlA) 354 (6th Cir. 1994). Whcn citing loosclcaf matcrial that will cvcntullll, be tround, nclcl the nlme of thc bountl firnn in parcntltcses il'it is cliffl'rent fiom thc name of the l<xrseleaf form; inclucle thc volume of the bouncl firrm if avail:rble Marietta Concrete Co., 3 Lab. Rel. Rep. (BNA) (84 Lab. Arb. Rep.) 1 158 (May 7,1985). Iror hrrthcr gr.riclance on citing scfl/iccs, sec rule t9. B2O Foreign Materials Whcn citinla to anl'non-[].S. suurcc, whethcr in Iinglish or in another language indicate the jurisdiction ptrcnthetically tt the cn(l ofthe citation. , For fbreign commou law clses, indicate the court parcnthetically: R v. Lockwood , (1782\ 99 Eng. Rep. 379 (K.8.). Oitc forcign statutes front comr.non luw countries like statutes of the Ilnited Kingcbm (table 'f 2.42 United Kingdom), noting rhc iuriscliction parcntheticxlly at thc end of thc citation: Emergency Powers Act (Act No.3/1976) (lr.). For firrthcr guidancc on citir-rg fbrcign sourccs, sec B2l rule 20. International Materials Founding Documents: U.N. Charter art. 94, fl r.e. Statute ofthe International Tribunal for the Law ofthe Sea art. r, fl 2, Dec.10, 1982,l'833 U.N.T.S.56r. Multilateral Treaties: United Nations Convention on the Law ofthe Sea, Dec. ro, 1982, r833 U.N.T.S. 397. Organization of American States, American Convention on Human Rights, Nov. 22,t969, O.A.S.T.S. No. 36, rr44 U.N.T.S. rz3. Bilateral Treaties: Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation, Japan-U.S., art. X, Apr. z, t953,4 U.S.T. eo63. Agreement Concerning Payments for Certain Losses Suffered During World War ll, Fr.-U.5., Jan. r8, 2oo1, Temp. State Dep't No. ot36,2ootWL 4t6465. International Cases: The stlndard citation fbr an intcrnational law casc include s: ( I ) thc name of casc; (2) thc case number; (J) the reportcr (if an)); (.1) thc charactcrization of the 2g dccision (iudgmcnt, provisional mcasurcs, crc.); (5) a pincite (using paragrlph o o o o t t a o o a t o o I o I o o o o t o o I o o o t o o t o o o o o I I a I o E ,r .i.""::' J! r *'"i + [^,",u,,].- numbers, if available, rather than page numbers); and (6) a parenthetical with the date, prefaced by name of court if not otherwise evident from the citation: Delimitation of Maritime Boundary in Gulf of Maine Area (Can./U.S.), Judgment, 1982 l.C.J. Rep. 560, tl 22 (Nov. 5). Prosecutor v. Katanga, ICC-01 /04-01 /07 -3436- Anxl, Minority opinion of Judge Wyngaert, fl 320 (Mar. 7 ,2014). For more on how to cite intemational sources. see rule 21. THE BLUEPAGES TABTES Court Documents BT1 This table provides suggested abbreviations for words commonly found in the titles of court documents. Use these abbreviations in citations to court documents according to Bluepages Bl7.l.l ancl 817.2. This table also indicates certain words that should not be abbreviated. Unless otherwise indicated, plurals are formed by adding the letter "s." Words of seven or more letters not appearing in this table may also be abbreviated, so long as the abbreviation is unambiguous. Omit all articles and prepositions from an abbreviated title, unless the result will confuse the reader. Other extraneous words may also be omitted, so long as the reader can unambiguously identi$ the cited document. Admission Affldavit Admis. Affirm Affirm Amended Answer Appeal Am. Defendant ['s] Defendants ['] Demurrer Aff. Dem. Answer Deny [ing] Deposition Appeal oirygygll___Dlsc. _ _4lq_q!19. -App.__ - -4PP-"]9",-1pegq=_ ,4LpS]tj"t- Def. ['s] Defs. ['] pllgl t __4 s ___ _ Den. Dep. __ Dismiss Dismiss Docket Docket Document Doc. Application Appl. Evidence Evid. Argument Arg. Exhibit Ex. Attachment Attach. Grant Grant Attorney Brief A,.',y Hearing Hr'g Br. Injunction Inj. Certiorari Cert. Instruction lnstr. Compel Complaint Counterclaim Compel I!|..qgltgE,*- lI-el"l9_sj_ Court ct. Judgment Limine Lim. Cross-claim Cross-cl. Memorandum Mem. Minute Min. Compl. Countercl. _ J"T!4pp91.1* _L4 29 O Mot. Ileport and obj. Ile comme nclation Op. Ii.eport(] opp'n l{cqucst Req. ()rcler Order l{esponclent Resp't tition Pctitioncr I'sl Pcririo[efs ['l Pet. Response Resp. Pet'r ['s] Pet'rs ['] Ste_v Stay Subl;oena Subpoena Summaq Summ. Pls. ['] Sr.pplnrcnt Ial] Suppl. P.&A. Srrl)p()ft supp. )uppfcss Su TRO Nl()tk)n ()bicction ()pinion ()pposition l)e PlaintilT l'sl I']laintifl.s l'l Pl. ['s] Points ancl Authoritics BT2 r Rep. Prcliminary Prelim. T'cmp<-lrary l)rocluc lc, tionl Produc. Restraining Quash Quash l{e corrsicle r:rtion R. Rehcadng Reh'g llcply Reply ppress ()rcler 'l-ranscript Test. 'fr Vcrihccl v.5. 1'estimot'r,v Recons. Rccord R.&R. Stilte rncnt Jurisdiction-Specific Citation Rules and Style Guides This tablc lists krcal court mlcs lrrcl othcr ruthorities govcrning legal citntions. Whilc this list is interrcled to l)c as ac:cumtc lncl comprchensive as possible, it is inrprxtant filr practitirlncrs to check thc most rccent vcrsioll of krcal rules on ofticial couft websites. BT'2.1 Fecleral Courts United States Court ofAppeals for the First Circuit 1st Cir. R. Notice 1st Cir. R. 32.1.0 to Litigants (cite as "Loc. R. ") (citation of unpublished opinions) st Cir. R. 32.2 (citation to State or Commonwealth Courts and to unpublished articles) 'I Bankruptcy Appellate Panel for the First Circuit l st Cir. Bankr. App. Panel R. 8001-1(a) (shall cite as "1 st Cir. BAP L.R. _") United States Court ofAppeals for the Second Circuit 2d Cir. R. 1.1 (cite as 2d Cir. R. 32.'l .1 "(LR ") (citation of summary orders) United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit 30 _ 3d Cir. R. 1.2 (shall cite as "3d Cir. L.A.R. 3d Cir. R. 28.3 (citation of various types of legal authority) (2008)") t o o I I t o t o o o o o o o t t t o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o rl 3d Cir. R. 1 13.13 (citation of Internet sources) United States Court ofAppeals for the Fourth Circuit 4th Cir. R. 32.1 (citation of unpublished opinions) United States Court ofAppeals for the Fifth Circuit 5th Cir. R.28.7 ,47.5 (citation of unpublished opinions) United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit 6th cir. R. 1 (cite as "6 cir. R. _") 6th Cir. R. 32.1(a) (citation of unpublished opinions) Bankruptcy Appellate Panel for the Sixth Circuit 6th Cir. Bankr. App. Panel LBR R. 8018 - 1 (shall cite as "6th Cir. BAP R. 8010 - 1(c) (citation of unpublished _") 6th Cir. Bankr. App. Panel opinions) United States Court ofAppeals for the Seventh Circuit 7th Cir. 32.1 (citation of unpublished opinions) R. United States Court ofAppeals for the Eighth Circuit 8th Cir. 32.1A (citation of unpublished opinions) R. United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit 9th Cir. R.36-3 (citation of unpublished opinions) Bankruptcy Appellate Panel for the Ninth Circuit 9th Cir. Bankr. App. Panel R. 8018-2 (shall cite as "9th Cir. BAP R. United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit 1 Oth Cir. R. 1 .3 (should cite as 1Oth Cir. R. 32.1 " loth Cir. -") R. -") (citation of unpublished opinions) Bankruptcy Appellate Panel for the Tenth Circuit l Oth Cir. Bankr. App. Panel R. 8018-1 1 (may cite as "1 Oth Cir. BAP L. R. _") 1Oth Cir. Bankr. App. Panel R. 8018-6 (citation of unpublished opinions) United States Court ofAppeals for the Eleventh Circuit th Cir. 1 1 1 1th Cir. R. Title Page (cite as R. 28-1 "1 I th cir. R. -") (k) (citations shall comply with The Bluebook or the ALWD Citation Manual) 1 1th Cir. R. 36-2 (citation of unpublished opinions) United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia D.C. Cir. R. 28(b) (citation of various types of legal authority) (citation of rulings under review) D.C. Cir. R. 28(aXl XB) D.C. Cir. R. 32.1(a) (citation of published opinions and statutes) 31 D.C. Cir. R. 32.1(b) (citation of unpublished opinions) D.C. Cir. Handbook of Practice and Internal Procedures LD (cite local rules as "D.C. Cir. Rule _") of Ptactice and Interna (citation of various types of legal authority) D.C. Cir. Handbook lX.A.8 United States Court ofAppeals for the Federal Circuit Fed. Cir. R. 2B(e) (citation of cases) Fed. Cir. R. 32.1 (citation of nonprecedential opinions or orders) United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama M.D. Ala. Civ. R. 1.1(a) (should cite civil rules as "M.D. Ala. LR (should cite criminal rules as "M.D. Ala. LCrR \ _") United States Bankruptcy Court for the Middle District of Alabarna Bankr. M.D. Ala. R. 1000-1 (shall cite as "LBR _, Bankr. M.D. Ala.") United States District Court for the Southern District of Alabama S.D. Ala. R. 1.1(a) (may cite as "SD ALA LR _") _") S.D. Ala. Adm. R. 1 (may cite as "SD ALA LAR United States District Court for the District of Alaska D. Alaska Adm. R. (a)-1 (may cite as "D.Ak. LAR D. Alaska Civ. R. 85.1 (may cite as "D.Ak. L.R. D. Alaska Civ. R. 7.1(c) _") _") (citation of unpublished opinions) D. Alaska Crim. R. 61.1 (may cite as "D.Ak. LCrR. D. Alaska Habeas Corpus R. 1 .1 _") (b) (may cite as "D.Ak. HCR D. Alaska Mag. R. i (a) (may cite as "D.Ak.LMR _'l _") United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Alaska Bankr. D. Alaska R. 1001-1(e) (may cite as "AK LBR _") United States District Court for the District of Arizona D. Ariz. R. Foreword (may cite criminal rules as "LRCrim civil rules as "LRCiv _") (may cite _") United States Bankmptcy Court for the District of Arizona D. Ariz. R. Foreword (may cite as "LRBankr _") United States District Court for the Central District of California C.D. Cal. R. 1 1-3.9 (citation of various types of legal authority) C.D. Cal. Adm. & Mar. R. A.3 (may cite as "LAR C.D. Cal. Bankr. App. R. R. _") Footnote 1 (should cite as C.D. Cal. L. Bankr. _") United States Bankruptcy Court for the Central District of California Bankr. C.D. Cal. R. 1001-1(a) (may cite as "LBR Bankr. C.D. Cal. 32 authority) R. _") 9013-2(c) (citation of various types of legal o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o frll r,r r i United States District Court for the Eastern District of California E.D. Cal. R. 1 -100(a) (may cite as "1.R. E.D. Cal. R. 5-1 33(i) _") (citation of various types of legal authority) United States Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District ofCalifornia Bankr. E.D. Cal. R. 1 001-1 (a) (may cite as "LBR -") United States District Court for the Norrthern District of California N.D. Cal. Adm. & Mar. R. 1-1 (should cite as "Admir. L.R. N.D. Cal. Civ. R. 1-1 (should cite as "Civil L.R. -'l -') of legal authority) (citation of various types N.D. Cal. Civ. R.3-4(e) (citation of uncertified opinions) N.D. Cal. Civ. R. 3-4(d) N.D. Cal. Crim. R. 1-1 (should cite as "Crim. L.R. -") N.D. Cal. Habeas Corpus R.2254-1 (should cite as "Habeas L.R. N.D. Cal. Pat. R. 1-1 (should cite as "Patent L.R. -") -") United States Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of California Bankr. N.D. Cal. R. 1001-1(b) (cite as "B.L.R. -") United States District Court for the Southern District of California 5.D. Cal. Civ. R. 1.1(a) (may cite as "CivLR 5.D. Cal. Civ. R. 5.1 (l) -") and regulations) (citation of federal statutes 5.D. Cal. Crim. R. 1.1(a) (may cite as "CrimLR -") United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of California Bankr. 5.D. Cal. R. 1001- l (shall cite as "LBR -") United States District Court for the District of Colorado D. Colo. Civ. R. 1.1(a) (shall cite as "D.C.COLO.LCivR D. Colo. Civ. R. 7.1(e) (citations in motions) -") D. Colo. Crim. R. 1.1(a) (shall cite as "D.C.COLO.LCrR -") United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Colorado Bankr. D. Colo. R. 1001-1(b) (shall cite as "L.B.R. -") United States District Court for the District of Connecticut D. Conn. Civ. R. 1(a) (may cite as "D. Conn. L. Civ. R. -") -") D. Conn. Crim. R. 1(a) (may cite as "D. Conn. L. Cr. R. United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Connecticut Bankr. D. Conn. R. 1 001-1 (a) (may cite as "D. Conn. LBR United States District Court for the District of Delaware D. Del. R. 1.1(a) (shall cite as "D. Del. LR D. Del. R. -") -") 7.1.3(aX5) (citations shall be made in accordance with The Bluebook) 33 iii:i= o lq;trlifit!;::;l,\{r{', r1i; i.ri;jlra:}{i litrJ;:r lllti :r;iit: {irnri..r D. Del. R. t 2.1.3(aX6) (citation of earlier-filed papers) D. Del. R. 7.1.3(a)(7) (citation of unpublished opinions) United $tates Bankruptcy Court for the District of Delaware Bankr. D. Del. R. 1001 -1 (a) (may cite as "Del. Bankr. L.R. _") Bankr. D. Del. R. 7007-2(aXv) (citations acceptable if in accordance with The Bluebook) Bankr. D. Del. R. 7007-2(aXvi) (citation of earlier-filed papers) Bankr. D. Del. R. 7007-2(a)(vii) (citation of unreported opinions) United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Columbia Bankr. D.C. R. 1001-1 (a) (may cite as "LBR _" or "D.C. LBR _") United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida M.D. Fla. R. 7.01(b) (shall cite supplemental rules for certain admiralty and maritime claims as "Supplemental Rule _") (shall cite local rules as "Local Rule _") (shall cite local admiralty and maritime rules as "Local Admiralty Rule _") United States Bankruptcy Court for the Middle District of Florida Bankr. M.D. Fla. R. 1001-'l (e) (shall cite as "Local Rules _") United States District Court for the Northern District of Ftorida N.D. Fla. R. 1.1 (may cite as "N.D. Fla. Loc. R. _") A(2Xa) (shall cite supplemental rules for certain admiralty and maritime claims as "Supplemental Rule _") N.D. Fla. Adm. & Mar. R. N.D. Fla. Adm. & Mar. R. A(2Xb) (shall cite local rules as "Local Rule -,) N.D. Fla. Adm. & Mar. R. A(2Xc) (shall cite local admiralty and maritime rules as "Local Admiralty Rule _") United States Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of Florida Bankr. N.D. Fla. R. 1001 -1 (A) (may cite as "N.D. Fla. LBR _") United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida S.D. Fla. R. 1.1(a) (cite as "S.D. Fla. L.R. _") 5.D. Fla. Adm. & Mar. R. 2(a) (shall cite supplemental rules for certain admiralty and maritime claims as "Supplemental Rule _") S.D. Fla. Adm. & Mar. R. 2(b) (shall rules as "Local Admiralty Rule cite local admiralty and maritime _") United States Bankruptcy Court for the Middle District of Georgia Bankr. M.D. Ga. R. Title Page (shall cite as "M.D. Ga. LBR _") United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia N.D. Ga. Civ. R. 1.1 (may cite as "LR --- NDGa") N.D. Ga. Crim. R. 1.1(A) (may cite as "LCrR NDGa") - _") N.D. Ga. Patent R. 1.1 (may cite as "Patent L.R. 34 O o o a o o o o o o o o o t o o o o o o o o o a o o o o o o o o o o t o o o o o ,i1l,ri,'t{irXillt.\iiIr'{llir {. it;liiaiii }il,ilo,i 1liui .'tl;iri'trrririr"r f,lffiitl irii,l.Jt ilrtrili, United States Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of Georgia Bankr. N.D. Ga. R. 1001-1 (may cite as "BLR _") United States Banftruptcy Court for the Southern District of Georgia Bankr. S.D. Ga. R. 13 (citation of Internet sources) United States District Court for the District of Hawaii D. Haw. R. 1.1 (should cite as "LR_" or "CrimLR-") United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Hawaii Bankr. D. Haw. R. 1001-l (a) (may cite as "LBR _") United States District Court for the District of Idaho D. ldaho Civ. R. 1.1(a) (may cite as "Dist. ldaho Loc. Civ. R. _") R. _") D. ldaho Crim. R. 1.1(a) (may cite as "Dist. ldaho Loc. Crim. United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Idaho Bankr. D. ldaho R. 1001.1(a) (shall cite as "LBR _") United States District Court for the Central District of Illinois C.D. lll. R. 1.1 (may cite as "CDIL-LR _") United States Bankruptcy Court for the Central District C.D. lll. R. 1.1 (may cite as "CDIL-LR oflllinois _") United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois N.D. lll. Crim. R. 1.1 (may cite as "LCrR. _") United States Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of Illinois Bankr. N.D. lll. R. 1 001-2(A) (cite as "Local Bankruptcy Rules") United States District Court for the Southern District of Illinois S.D. lll. R. 1.1(a) (encouraged to cite as "SDIL-LR -") United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of lllinois Bankr. 5.D. lll. R. 1001(A) (shall cite as "5.D. lll. LBR _") United States District Court for the Northern District of Indiana N.D. Ind. R. 1.1(a) (may cite as "N.D. Ind. L.R. -") United States Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of Indiana Bankr. N.D. lnd. R. 1001-1(a) (may cite as "N.D. Ind. L.B.R. B--") United States District Court for the Southern District of Indiana 5.D. Ind. R. i -1(a) (may cite as "5.D. Ind. L.R. -") United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of Indiana Bankr. S.D. Ind. R. 9029-1(a) (may cite as "S.D. Ind. B--") United States District Court for the Northern District of lowa N.D. & 5.D. lowa Civ. R. I (a) (shall cite as "LR -") lS N.D. & S.D. lowa Civ. R. 10(e) (citation of statutes) N.D. & S.D. lowa Crim. R. 1(a) (shall cite as "LCrR -") United States Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of Iowa Bankr. N.D. lowa 9004-1(a) (may cite as "Local Rule -" or "1.R. United States District Court for the Southern District of Iowa -") N.D. & S.D. lowa Civ. R. 1(a) (shall cite as "LR N.D. & S.D. lowa Civ. R. 10(e) -") (citation of statutes) N.D. & 5.D. lowa Crim. R. 1(a) (shall cite as "LCrR t -") United States District Court for the District of Kansas D. Kan. R. 1.1(d) (should cite as "D. Kan. Rule _") D. Kan. R. 7.6(c) (citation of unpublished opinions) D. Kan. R. 83.1.2(a) (citation of standing orders) United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Kansas Bankr. D. Kan. R. 1001.1(b) (should cite as "D. Kan. LBR Bankr. D. Kan. R. -") 9013.1(d) (citation of unpublished opinions) Bankr. D. Kan. R. 9029.2(a) (citation of standing orders) United States District Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky Joint Ky. Civ. Prac. R. 85.1 (may cite as "LR _") Joint Ky. Crim. Prac. R. 60.1 (may cite as "LCrR _") United States Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky Bankr. E.D. Ky. R. 100'l -1 (may cite as "KYEB LBR ") United States District Court for the Western District of Kentucky Joint Ky. Civ. Prac. R. 85.1 (may cite as "LR _") Joint Ky. Crim. Prac. R. 60.1 (may cite as "LCrR _") United States Bankruptcy Court for the Western District of Kentucky Bankr. W.D. Ky. R. 5001-1(b) (shall cite as "W. D. Ky. L.B.R. _") United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana E.D. La. Civ. R. Preamble (may cite admiralty rules as "LAR _") civil rules as "LR ,__") (may cite E.D. La. Crim. R. Preamble (may cite as "LCrR ") United States Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana Bankr. E,D. La. R. 1001-1(B) (may cite as "1.R. _" or "Local Rule United States District Court for the Middle District of Louisiana M.D. La. R. Preamble (may cite civil rules as "LR -, ") (may cite _") (may cite criminal rules as "LcrR admiralty rules as "LAR United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Maine Bankr. D. Me. R. 1001-i (mav cite as "D. Me. 36 LBR ") o o o o o -") -") a o o o o o o o o o o o o o a t I o a I o o I o I o o o o o o o o o o o United States District Court for the District of Maryland D. Md. Adm. R. A(2) (may cite as " LAR _") United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Maryland D. Md. Admin. Order 07-02 (cite as "MD LOCAL BANKRUPTCY RULES') United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts D. Mass. R. 1.1 (shall cite as "LR, D. Mass _" or "LR _") United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan E.D. Mich. R. 1.1(a) (may cite civil rules as "E. D. Mich. LR _") (may cite criminal rules as "E.D.Mich. LCrR _") United States Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Michigan Bankr. E.D. Mich. R. 9029-1(b) (shall cite as "E.D. Mich. LBR _") United States District Court for the Western District of Michigan W.D. Mich. Civ. R. 1.2 (may cite as "W.D. Mich. LCivR W.D. Mich. Crim. R. 1.2 (may cite as "W.D. Mich. _") LCrR-") United States Bankruptcy Court for the Westem District of Michigan Bankr. W.D. Mich. R. 1001(b) (may cite as "LBR -") United States District Court for the District of Minnesota D. Minn. R. 1.1(a) (may cite as "LR or "D. Minn. LR -" -") United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Minnesota R. 9029-1(d) (may cite rules as "Local Rule cite forms as "Local Form _") Bankr. D. Minn. -") (may United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri E.D. Mo. R. 1.01 (may cite as "E.D.Mo. L.R. E.D. Mo. R. 2.16 -") (citation of Internet sources) United States Bankruptcy Court for the Easterar District of Missouri Bankr. E.D. Mo. R. 1001(A) (shall cite as "1.R. -" United States District Court for the Western District of Missouri W.D. Mo. R. Preface (should cite as "Local Rule United States District or "1.R. -" Court for the District of Montana D. Mont. R. 1.1(a) (may cite civil rules as "1.R. rules as "1.R. CR _") -") -") (may cite criminal Mont. R. 1.5(c) (citations shall comply with The Bluebook or the ALWD Citation Manual) (citation of cases and Internet sources) D. United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Montana Bankr. D. Mont. R. 1001 -1 (a) (shall cite rules as "Mont. LBR cite forms as "Mont. LBF ") -") (shall 37 I o o o R. 5005-2(aX7) (citations shall comply with The Bluebook or the ALWD Citation Manual) Bankr. D. Mont. United States District Court for the District of Netrraska D. Neb. Gen. R. 1.1(a) (cite as "NEGenR D. Neb. Civ. R. 10.1(aX4) D. Neb. Civ. -") sources) (citation of Internet 85.1 (may cite as "NECivR R. t -") D. Neb. Crim. R. 49.2(a)(4) (citation of Internet sources) D. Neb. Crim. R. 61.1 (may cite as "NECrimR -") United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Nebraska Bankr. D. Neb. R. 1001-'l (A) (shall formally cite as "Neb. R. Bankr. ") (may also cite as "Local Rule _") P United States District Court for the District of Nevada D. Nev. Civ. 7-3 (citation of various types of legal authority) R. D. Nev. Crim. R. 47-B (citation of various types of legal authority) United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Nevada Bankr. D. Nev. R. 1001 (a) (may cite as "LR _") United States District Court for the District of New Hampshire D.N.H. Civ. R. 1.1(a) (shall cite as "LR D.N.H. Civ. R. 5.3 _") (citation of cases) _") (shall cite as "SPR _") D.N.H. Crim. R. 1.1(a) (shall cite as "LCrR D.N.H. Pat. R. 1.1(a) United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of New Hampshire Bankr. D.N.H. R. Preface (shall cite as "LBR _") Bankr. D.N.H. R. 1050-1 (citation of cases) Bankr. D.N.H. R.9029-2 (cite administrative orders) United States District Court for the District of New Jersey D.N.J. Civ. R.9.2(aX2) (may cite "LAMR admiralty and maritime rules as _") D.N.J. Civ. R. 85.1 (may cite as "L.Civ.R. D.N.J. Crim. R. 60.'l (may cite as "L.Cr.R. _") _") United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of New Jersey Bankr. D.N.J. R. 1001-1 (shall cite as "District of New Jersey Local Bankruptcy Rules, D.N.J. LBR _") United States District Court for the District of New Mexico D.N.M. Civ. R. 1.1 (cite as "D.N.M.LR-Civ. D.N.M. Crim. R. 1.1 (cite as "D.N.M.LR-Cr. _") _") United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of New Mexico Bankr. D.N.M. R. Preface (cite as "NM 38 LBR \ o I o o O o o I t o o o o I O o a I o I o I I ,$lilr'i:;*{itil,'r,l h$rr:rtlrt {"ilirrllrrrt iilrl, ,r,r{ l'[1 {' ;i{fi":1r, ;;rliill United States Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of New York Bankr. E.D.N.Y. R. 1001-1(bxii) (shall cite as "E.D.N.Y. LBR -") United States District Court for the Northern District of New York N.D.N.Y. R. 1.1 (shall cite as "1.R. -") Crim. P. 1.1 (shall cite as "1. R. Cr. P. N.D.N.Y. Adm. & Mar. R. (aX3) (may cite as "LAR N.D.N.Y. R. -") -") N.D.N.Y. Patent R. 1.4 (shall cite as "1. Pat. R. -") Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of New United States York Bankr. N.D.N.Y. R. 1001-1(a) (may cite as "Local Bankruptcy Rule or "LBR -") United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New -" o I o York O United States District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina I o o I o t o o o I Bankr. S.D.N.Y. R. 1 001 - l (a) (shall cite as "LBR -") United States District Court for the Western District of New York W.D.N.Y. Civ. R. 1.1 (shall cite as "1.R. Civ. P. -") W.D.N.Y. Civ. R.56(aX3) (citation of evidence) W.D.N.Y. Crim. R. 1(a) (shall cite as "L.R. Crim. P. E.D.N.C. Civ. R. 1.1 (shall cite as "Local Civil Rule E.D.N.C. Civ.R.7.2 (citation of opinions) -") -") E.D.N.C. Crim. R. 1.1 (shall cite as "Local Criminal Rule (citation of opinions) E.D.N.C. Crim. R. 47.2 -") E.D.N.C. Pat. R. 301.1 (should cite as "Local Civil Rule E.D.N.C. Adm. & Mar. R. A(1) (shall cite as "Local -") Rule Admiralty United States Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District ofNorth Carolina Bankr. E.D.N.C. R. Preface (will cite as "E.D.N.C. LBR -") -") United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina Title Page (cite as "LR -") M.D.N.C. Civ. R. 7.2 (citation of opinions) M.D.N.C. Crim. R. Title Page (cite as "LCrR M.D.N.C. Civ. R. M.D.N.C. Pat. R. 101 . l -") -") for the District of North Dakota (should cite as "LR United States District Court D.N.D. R. Preface (may cite general rules as "D.N.D. Gen. L. R. (may cite criminal rules (may cite civil rules as "D.N.D. Civ. L. R. as "D.N.D. Crim. L. R. -") -") -") 39 I United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio or "LR civil rules as "Local Rule -" or (shall cite admiralty rules as "Local Supplemental Rule N.D. Ohio Civ. R. 1.1(b) (shall cite _") "LSuppR _") N.D. Ohio Crim. R. 1.1(b) (shall cite as "Local Criminal Rule -" _" or "LCrR -") Pat. R. 'l .'l (should cite as "1. Ohio N.D. P. R. ") United States Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of Ohio Bankr. N.D. Ohio R. 1001-1(b) (shall cite as "Local Bankruptcy Rule _" or "LBR United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio _") 5.D. Ohio Civ. R. 7.2(b) (citation of various types of legal authority) I.l(a) (may cite S.D. Ohio Crim. R. as "S. D. Ohio Crim. R. _") United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District ofOhio Bankr. S.D. Ohio R. 9029-1(a) (may cite as "Local Rule _" or "LBR R. 9013-2(b) (citation of unpublished opinions) _") Bankr. S.D. Ohio United States District Court for the Eastern District of Oklahoma E.D. Okla. Civ. R. 1.2(e) E.D. Okla. (may cite as "LCvR Crim. R. i.1(A) (cite as "LCrR ") _") United States Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Oklahoma Bankr. E.D. Okla. R. 1001-1 (B) (may cite as "Bankr. E.D. Okla. LR "LR _" or "Local Rule _" or ') United States District Court for the Northern District of Oklahoma _") _") N.D. Okla. Civ. R. 1.2(e) (may cite as "LCvR N.D. Okla. Crim. R. 1.1 (may cite as "LCrR United States Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of Oklahoma Bankr. N.D. Okla. R. 1001-1(B) (may cite as "Bankr. N.D. Okla. LR or "LR _" or "Local Rule _") _" United States District Court for the Western District of Oklahoma W.D. Okla. Civ. R. 1.2(d) (may cite as "LCvR _") _") W.D. Okla. Crim. R. 1.2(e) (may cite as "LCrR United States Bankruptcy Court for the Western District of Oklahoma Bankr. W.D. Okla. R. 1001-1(B) (may cite as "Local Rule United States District Court for the District of Oregon D. Or. R. 1.3 40 (will cite as "LR ') _") o o o O _") S.D. Ohio Civ. R. 1.1(a) (may cite as "S. D. Ohio Civ. R. t o I o I o o o o o o o t o o o o o o o t I o a o I o I o I o o I o I I o ". United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Oregon Bankr. D. Or. R. 1001-1(a) (must cite as "LBR _") United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania E.D. Pa. Crim. R. 1.1(b) (may cite as "Local Criminal Rule _") -" or "L.C.R. United States Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania Bankr. E.D. Pa. R. 1 001 -1 (b) (shall cite rules as "Local Eankruptcy Rule _" or "L.B.R. _") (shall cite forms as "L.B.F. -\ United States Bankruptcy Court for the illiddle District of Pennsylvania Bankr. M.D. Pa. R. 1001-1(b) (may cite rules as "Local Bankruptcy Rule _" or "L.B.R. _") (may cite forms as "L.B.F. -") United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsvlvania _") _") W.D. Pa. Adm. R. (aX3) (may cite as "LAR _") W.D. Pa. Pat. R. 1.2 (may cite as "LPR _") W.D. Pa. Civ. R. 1.1(A) (may as "LCvR W.D. Pa. Crim. R. 1 (may cite as "LCrR United States Bankruptcy Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania Bankr. W.D. Pa. R. 1001-'l (shall cite as "W.PA.LBR -") United States District Court for the District of Rhode Island D.R.l. R. 101(a) (shall cite as "Local Rules" or "DRl LR -'J -") United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Rhode Island D.R.l. Adm. R. A(3) (may cite as "LAW Bankr. D.R.l. R. 1001- l(a) (shall cite as "R.1. LBR -") United States District Court for the District of South Carolina D.S.C. Civ. R. 1.01 (shall (D.S.C.)") cite as "Local Civ. Rule (shall "Local D.S.C.") Crim. Rule cite as D.S.C. Crim. R. 1.01 - - United States Bankruptry Court for the District of South Carolina Bankr. D.S.C. R. 1001-1(a) (may cite as "SC LBR R. _") -" or "Bankr. D.S.C. United States District Court for the District of South Dakota D.S.D. Civ. R. 1.1(A) (shall cite as "D.S.D. Civ. LR -") -") Bankruptcy Court for the District of South Dakota D.S.D. Crim. R. 1.1(A) (shall cite as "D.S.D. Crim. LR United States Bankr. D.S.D. R. 1001-1 (shall cite as "Bankr. D.S.D. R. -") United States District Court for the Eastern District ofTennessee E.D. Tenn. R. 1.1(a) (may cite as "E.D. Tenn. L.R. -") 41 E.D. Tenn. R. 7.4 (citation of various types of authority) United States Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District ofTennessee Bankr. E.D. Tenn. R. 1001-1 (b) (may cite as "E.D. Tenn. LBR -") United States District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee M.D. Tenn. R. 7.0 1 (e) (citation of various types of legal authority) United States Bankruptcy Court for the Middle District of Tennessee Bankr. M.D. Tenn. R. 9029-1(b) (shall cite as "LBR _") United States District Court for the Western District of Tennessee W.D. Tenn. Civ. R. 1.1(a) (shall cite criminal rules as "LCrR ') civil rules as "LR _1 (shall cite United States Ban*ruptcy Court for the Western District of Tennessee Bankr. W.D. Tenn. "Local R. 9029-1(b) (cite rules as "L.B.R. Form ') -") (cite forms as United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas (may cite as "Local Civil Rule _") Crim. R. 1(b) (may cite as "Local Criminal Rule _") E.D. Tex. Adm. R. (a)(3) (may cite as "LAR _") E.D. Tex. Pat. R. 1-1 (should cite as "P. R. _") E.D. Tex. Civ. R. 1(b) United States Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District ofTexas _") (may cite United States Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District ofTexas Bankr. N.D. Tex. R. 1001-1(a) (shall cite as "N.D. Tex. L.B.R. _") United States District Court for the Western District of Texas W.D. Tex. Civ. R. 1(c) (may cite as "Local Court Rule _") W.D. Tex. Crim R. 1(c) (may cite as "Western District of Texas Rule ") United States Bankruptcy Court for the Western District of Texas Bankr. W.D. Tex. R. 1001(a) (shall cite as "Bankruptcy Local Rule or "1. Rule _") _" United States District Court for the District of Utah D. Utah Civ.R.7-2 (citation of unpublished opinions) Local Rules of Practice Information (shall cite civil rules as "DUCiv _") (shall cite criminal rules as "DUCrim R _") R United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Utah 42 Bankr. D. Utah R. 1001-1(a) (should cite as "Bankr. D. Ut. LBR "Local Rule "\ _" t o I I o o o o o o _") United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District ofTexas Bankr. 5.D. Tex. R. 1001(a) (may cite as "BLR o I I I E.D. Tex. Bankr. E.D. Tex. R. 1001(a) (may cite rules as "LBR forms as "TXEB Local Form _") I I or t o a I t o o o a I o I t I o o t I o o I I I I o t i{{r r.${.J!{'ri{1)i[.iig:il1:ilrr: Bankr. D. Utah R. {.,'l;llifill {i]rr{t'rr ;irtri lrf ,, irllill;.::i lm;;;* {r. 9013-1(i) (citation of unpublished opinions) United States District Court for the District of Vermont D. Vt. R. 1.1(a) (cite R. civil rules as "L.R. _") (cite criminal rules as "L.Cr. _") United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Verrnont R. 9029-1 (aX1) (should cite rules as "Vermont Local Bankruptcy Rule _" or "Vt. LBR _") Bankr. D. Vt. R. 9029-1(aX2) (cite appendices as "Vt. LB Appendix (cite forms as "Vt. LB Form _") Bankr. D. Vt. _") United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia E.D. Va. Adm. R. (aX3) (may cite as "LAR _") United $tates Banknrptcy Court for the Eastern District of Virginia Bankr. E.D. Va. R. 1001-1 (may cite as "Local Bankruptcy "LBR Rule-" or -") United States District Court for the lVestern District of Virginia (may W.D. Va. R. 1(d) (may cite general rules as "W.D. Va. Gen. R. (may cite criminal rules as cite civil rules as "W.D. Va. Civ. R. "W.D. Va. Crim. R. _") -") -") United States District Court for the Eastern District of Washington E.D. Wash. R. Introduction (shall cite as "LR -" or "LMR -") E.D. Wash. R. 10.1(4) (citation of documents in the record) United States Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Washington "LBR--") Bankr. E.D. Wash. R. 9029- l(a) (shall cite as Bankr. E.D. Wash. R. 9013-l (dX2) (citation of opinions) United States District Court for the Western District of Washington W.D. Wash. Civ. R.85 (should cite civil rules as "Local Rules W.D. Wash. LCR _") (should cite criminal rules as "Local Rules W.D. (should cite magistrate rules as "Local Rules W.D. Wash. CrR Wash. MJR-") -") W.D. Wash. Civ. R. 10(eX6) (citation to the record) W.D. Wash. Supp. Adm. R. 100 (may cite as "Local Admiralty Rule W.D. Wash. Supp. Pat. R. 100 (may cite as "Local Patent Rule -") United States District Court for the Northern District of West Virginia N.D. W. Va. R. Preface (cite general practice rules as "LR Gen P (cite criminal rules as "LR Cr P (cite civil rules as "LR Civ P -") (cite prisoner litigation rules as "LR PL as "LR Bk P P -") -") -") (cite bankruptcy rules -") United States Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of West Virginia Bankr. N.D. W. Va. R. Title Page (cite as "N.D.W.V. LBR -1 43 United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of West Virginia Bankr. S.D. W. Va. Title Page (cite as "Bankr. S.D. W.Va. R. R. o o _") United States District Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin E.D. Wis. Civ. R. 7U) (citation of unpublished opinions) United States District Court for the District of Wyoming D. Wyo. Civ. R. 1.1(a) (may cite as "U.S.D.C.L.R. _" D. Wyo. Crim. R. 1.1(a) (may cite as "U.5.D.C.L.Cr.R. or "Local Rule _") _") United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Wyoming Bankr. D. Wyo. R. 1001-1(A) (may cite as "Wyoming LBR _") United States District Court for the District of Guam D. Guam R. 1.1(a) (may cite general rules as "GR _") (may cite civil rules as "LR _") (may cite admiralty rules as "LAR _") (may cite habeas corpus rules as "LHCR _") (may cite tax rules as "LTR (may cite bankruptcy rules as "LBR _'l _1 D. Guam R.4.1(b) (citations shall be in the form found in The Bluebook (16th ed.)) United States District Court for the Northern Mariana Islands D. N. Mar. l. Civ. R. 1.1(a) (shall cite as "LR _") D. N. Mar. l. Civ. R. 5.2a(c) (citations shall be in a generally recognized form) D. N. Mar. l. Crim. R. D. N. Mar. l. Bankr. R. United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico _" D.P.R. Civ. R. 1(d) (shall cite civil rules as "Local Civil Rule or "L.Cv.R. _") (shall cite admiralty rules as "Local Admiralty Rule or "L.Adm.R. D.P.R. _") Crim. R. 101(d) (shall cite as "Local Criminal "L.Crim.R. Rule _" " or _") United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Puerto Rico Bankr. D.P.R. R. 1001-'l (a) (will cite rules as "P.R. LBR forms as "P.R. LBF ') _") (will cite United States District Court for the District of the Virgin Islands D.V.l. Civ. R. 1.1(a) (shall cite as "LRCi D.V.l. Crim. R. 1.1(a) (shall cite as "LRCr ") _") D.V.l. R. App. P. 1(a) (shall cite as "V.1. R. App. P. D.V.l. R. App. P. 22(i) _" or "VIRAP 44 _") (citation of opinions) D.V.l. Bankr. R. 1001-1 (shall cite as "Local Bankruptcy ,LBR ") I o I I o o I t Table of Contents (shall cite as "LCrR _") Table of Contents (shall cite as "LBR _") R. Table of Contents (shall cite as "LDR _") D. N. Mar. L Adm. R. Table of Contents (shall cite as "LAR _") D. N. Mar. L Disc. I I Rule_" or I o I I o o t o O o o t o I o I o t t o I o o o I I o o o I United States Court ofAppeals for the Armed Forces C.A.A.F. R. 37(cX2) (citations shall conform with The Bluebook) United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims Vet. App. R. 30 (citation of nonprecedential and supplemental authority) United States Court of Federal Claims U.S. Ct. Fed. Claims R. 1 (may cite as "RCFC _") United States Court of InternationalTrade U.5. Ct. Int'l Trade R. B1 (citation of various types of legal authority) United States Tax Court T.C. R. 23(0 State (citation of opinions) Courts n'l'2.) Alabama R. App. P. 28(aX10) (citations shall comply with The Bluebook or the ALWD Citation Manual or the style and form used in opinions Ala. of the Ala. Sup. Ct.) App. P. 53(d) (citation of no-opinion order of affirmance) App. P. 49 (shall cite as "The Alabama Rule of Appellate Procedure _" or "ARAP _") Ala. R. Civ. P. 85 (may cite as "Alabama Rule of Civil Procedure Ala. R. Ala. R. Ala. R. Evid. 1 102 (may cite as "Ala.R.Evid. -") _") Alaska Alaska R. App. P. 214(d) (citation of unpublished opinions) Alaska R. Evid. 58 (shall cite as "Rule of Criminal Procedure Alaska Adoption R. 1(a) (will cite as "Adoption Rule -") -") Alaska Dist. Ct. R. of Civ. P. 33 (shall cite as "District Court Rule of Civil Procedure _") Alaska R. of Admin. 51 (shall cite as "Rule Governing the Administration of All Courts _") Alaska Child in Need of Aid R. of P. 1(a) (will cite as "Child in Need Aid Rule _" or "ClNA Rule _") Rule Alaska Delinquency R. 1(a) (will cite as "Delinquency Alaska R. of Prob. P. 1(a) (will cite as "Probate Alaska Stat. 5 01.05.01 1 (may cite statutes as of ") Rule "AS ") ') Atizona Ariz. R. Civ. App. P. 1 3(aX6) (citation of cases) Ariz. R. Civ. App.P.28(c) (citation of memorandum decisions) Ariz. R. Sup. Ct. 11 'l (c) (citation of memorandum decisions) Ariz. Rev. Stat. Ann. 5 1-10'l (may cite as "A.R.S. -") 45 I Arkansas Ark. R. Civ. P. 85 (mav cite as "Arkansas Rule of Civil Procedure " or "ARCP _") Ark. Crim. P. 1.1 (mav cite as "Arkansas Rule of Criminal Procedure R. _") Ark. R. Evid. 1 Ark. Sup. Ct. 102 (may cite as "A.R.E. Rule - _") R. 4-2(a)(7) (citation of opinions) 5-2 (citation of opinions) Ark. Code Ann. 5 1-2-1 13(c) (may cite as "A.C.A. Ark. Sup. Ct. R. _") House Style Gu ide (20 1 0), https://cou rts.a rka nsas.govlsites/default/ fi les/Ho u seo/o20Styleo/o20Gu ide0/o20Septem be 120 1 0.pdf California Cal. R. Ct. 1.200 (citations must be in the style established by the California Stvle Manual or The Bluebook) (citation of opinions) lifornia Style Manual (4th ed. 2000), http://www.sdap.orgl downloads/Style-Man ual.pdf Cal. R. Ct. 3.1 I 13(c) Ca Colorado Colo. R. Civ. P. I (c) (shall cite as "Colorado Rule of Civil Procedure _" or "C.R.C.P. _") Colo. App. R. 58 (shall cite as "C.A.R. _") Colo. R. Prob. P. 1(b) (shall cite as "Colorado Rule of Probate Procedure _" or "C.R.P.P. _") Colo. R.P. Small Cl. Cts. 501(a) (shall cite as "Colorado Rule of Civi Procedure " or "C.R.C.P. _") Colo. R. Prof'l Conduct 9 (shall cite as "Colorado Rule of Professionar Conduct" or "Colo. RPC _") Colo. R. County Ct. Civ. P. 301 (b) (shall cite as "Colorado Rule of Civil Procedure _" or "C.R.C.P. _") Connecticut Conn. R. App.P. 5 67-11 (citation of opinions) The Manual of Style for the Connecticut Courts (3d ed. 2013), http:// wwwjud.ct.gov/Pu blications/Man ual_of_style.pdf Delaware Del. Sup. Ct. R. l4(SXi) (cite reported opinions according to The Bluebook) Del. Sup. Ct. R. 14(gxii) (citation of unreported opinions) Del. Sup. Ct. R. 1a(g)(iii) (cite other authority according to The Bluebook) Del. Ch. Ct. R. 171(g) (citations are appropriate if made in accordance with The Bluebook) Del. 5uper. Ct. Civ. R. P. 107(dX Xa) (cite reported opinions according to The Bluebook) {o ^c Del. 5uper. Ct. Civ. R. P. 107(dX4Xb) (citation of unreported opinions) a I o o o I t o o o o o t a o O o o o I t I o I a I I I I I o o o o I I o a I o I ' l . 'i ,llt nr-iir l{ll!.i:;;r i rir; {.il"rli,,rt lir" ;t ;:;t i, Del. Super. Ct. Civ. R. P. 107(dX4Xc) (cite other authority according to The Bluebook) Del. Super. Ct. Crim. R. P.60 (may cite as "Super. Ct. Crim. R. _") Del. Ct. C.P. Civ. R. 107(cXa) (citations are appropriate if made in accordance with The Bluebook) Del. Ct. C.P. Civ. R. 107(cX5) (citation of unreported opinions and orders) R. Civ. P. 7(bX6) (citations are appropriate if made in accordance with The Bluebook) Del. Fam. Ct. R. Civ. P. 10(d) (citations are appropriate if made in accordance with The Bluebook) Del. Fam. Ct. R. Civ. P. 107(cX5) (citations are appropriate if made in accordance with The Bluebook) Del. Fam. Ct. Del. Fam. Ct. R. Civ. P. 107(0 (citation of unreported and memorandum opinions) R. Crim. P. 1(b) (may cite as "Family Court Rule of Criminal Procedure _") Del. C. Del. Code Ann. tit. 1 S 101(b) (may cite as Del. Fam. Ct. "- -") Delaware Uniform Citation (2008), http://courts.delaware.gov/ 5uperior/pdf/de-un iform-citation-2008.pdf District of Columbia (citation of administrative agency materials) D.C. Super. Ct. R. Civ. P. 1 2-l(e) (citation of opinions from the D.C. D.C. Ct. App. R. 28(h) Cir.) D.C. Super. Ct. R. Civ. P.85 (may cite as "Superior Court -" Rule-Civil or "SCR-Civil-") D.C. Super. Ct. R. Crim. P.47-l(b) (citation of opinions from the D.C. Cir.) D.C. Super. Ct. R, Crim. P.60 (may cite as "Superior Court Criminal -" or "SCR-Criminal -") D.C. Super. Ct. Dom. Rel. R. 7(bX1XA) Rule- (citation of opinions from the D.C. Cir.) D.C. Super. Ct. Dom. Rel. R. 1(a) (may cite as "Rule Governing or "SCR-Dom. Rel. Domestic Relations Proceedings D.C. Super. Ct. Juv. P.R. 47 -"of opinions from the-") (citation D.C. Cir.) D.C. Super. Ct. Juv. P.R.60 (may cite as "SCR-Juvenile -") D.C. Super. Ct. Land. & Ten. R. 1 (may cite as "Superior Court or "SCR-LT Landlord and Tenant -" -") D.C. Super. Ct. Small Cl. R. 1 (may cite as "Superior Court or "5CR-5C Claims -" -") D.C. Super. Ct. Small Cl. R. 13(a) Rule- Rule-Small (citation of opinions from the D.C. Cir.) citation and style Guide (2009), http://www.dccourts.gov/internet/ docu ments/RevisedCitationGuide2009.pdf 47 o Florida Fla. R. App. P. 9.010 (cite as "Florida Rule of or "Fla. R. Appellate Procedure _" P._") App. Fla. R. App. P. 9.800 (citation of various types of legal authority) Fla. R. App. P. 9.800(o) (citations shall be in the form prescribed by The Bluebook and the Florida Style Manual) Fla. R. Crim. P. 3.010 (may cite as "Fla. R. Crim. P. _") _" or "Fla. R. Jud. Admin. ") Fla. R. Juv. P. 8.000 (may cite as "Fla. R. Juv. P. Fla. P.R. 5.010 (may cite as "Fla. Prob. R. t _") _") Fla. Small Cl. R. 7.010(a) (shall cite as "Florida Small Claims Rule or "Fla. Sm. Cl. R. _") Florida Style Manual (7th ed. 2010), http://www.law.fsu.edu/ jou rnals/lawreview/down loads/fl oridastylemanua l.pdf Georgia Ga. Ct. App. R. 24(d) (citation of opinions) Ga. Code 5 1-1-B(e) (may cite as "O.C.G.A. _") Hawaii R. App. P. 1(c) (shall cite as "Hawai'i Rule of Appellate Procedure _" or "HRAP _") Haw. Haw. R. App. P. 2B(bXl ) (citation of opinions) App. P. 35(c) (citation of dispositions) Haw. R. Evid. 100 (may cite as "Rule _, Hawai'i Rules of Evidence, Chapter 626, Hawai'i Revised Statutes") Haw. R. Penal P. 60 (may cite as "Hawai'i Rule of Penal Procedure Haw. R. -,) Haw. Fam. Ct. R. ,HFCR Haw. 85 (shall cite as "Hawai'i Familv Court -") Civ. P. 85 (may cite as "Hawai'i R. Rule of Civil Procedure Haw. Civ. Traffic R. 1 (shall cite as "Hawai'i Civil Traffic "HCTR Rule Rule " or _") " or _") Haw. Dist. Ct. Procedure R. Civ. P. 85 (may cite as "District Court Rule of Civil _") A Handbook of Citation Form for Law Clerks at the Appellate Courts of the State of Hawaii (2008), https://www.law.hawaii.edu/files/ content/library/HandbookofCitation Form.pdf Idaho ldaho R. Evid. '101 (a) (shall cite as "ldaho Rule of Evidence " ol "r.R.E. "l ldaho Crim. R. 2(b) (shall cite as "ldaho Criminal -,) ldaho App. R. 'l (shall cite as "ldaho Appellate 48 Rule Rule o o I Fla. R. Jud. Admin. 2.1 1 0 (cite as "Florida Rule of Judicial Administration I " or "l.C.R. " or "l.A.R. _") I I I I o o o I o I t I I o I I o o o o o I I a t I o I o o o t o I o o ldaho R. "t.R.c.P. Civ. P. 87 (may cite as "ldaho Rule of Civil Procedure " or _') ldaho Juv. _" R. 60 (shall cite as "The ldaho Juvenile Rule R. 6 (citation of various types of legal authority) or "l.J.R. _"1 lllinois lll. Sup. Ct. Style Manual for the Supreme and Appellate Courts of lllinois (4th ed. 20 1 2), http://www.state.i l.us/cou rtlstyleMan ual/5upCrt, StyleManual.pdf Indiana Ind. R. App. P. 22 (citation of various types of legal authority) Ind. Small Cl. R. 1(B) (may cite as "S.C. _") Ind. Code 5 1-1-i -i (may cite as "lC ') Iowa lowa R. App. P. 6.904(2) (citation of various types of legal authority) lowa R. Evid. 5..1 103 (shall cite as "lowa R. Evid. _") Kansas Kan. Sup. Ct. R. 6.08 (citation of opinions) Kan. R. Prof'l Conduct Prefatory Rule (may cite as "KRPC Kan. Stat. Ann. Title Page (cite as "K.5.A. ') -") Kentucky _" Ky. R. Civ. P. 1(1) (may cite as "Civil Rule or "CR _") (citation of statutes and opinions) (citation of unpublished opinions) Ky. R. Civ. P.76.28(4)(c) Ky. R. Civ. P.7612@)(g) Ky. R. Crim. P. 1.02(1) (may cite as "Criminal Rule Ky. R. Evid. 101 (should cite as "KRE _") Ky. Sup. Ct. R. 1.000 (may cite as "Rule of "scR -" or "RCr the Supreme Court _") --") -" or Louisiana La. Code Civ. P. 2168 (citation of unpublished opinions) La. Code Crim. P. 1 (may cite as "C.Cr.P. -") of opinions) Admin. R. Pt. G. 5 B (citation (mandatory use of a uniform public domain citation) La. Ct. App. Unif .R.2-12.4(B)(2) (citation of opinions) La. Sup. Ct. Gen. Maine Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. Preface (cite as "M.R.S.A. -") Uniform Maine Citations (2014), http://mainelaw.maine.edu/wpcontent/uploa ds/ 201 a / 02/ UMC20 1 4.pdf Maryland Md. R. 1 103 (may cite general rules as "Rule ") 49 o Md. R. 1-104(b) (citation of unreported opinions) Md. R. 6-103 (cite settlement of estates rules as "Rule Md. R. B-504(aX1) (citation of opinions) -") Massachusetts Mass. App. P. 16(9) (citation of statutes and opinions) R. Mass. Dist. & Mun. App. Div. R. 16(g) (citation of statutes and opinions) Massachusetts Reports Style Manual (201 4-201 5), http://www. mass.gov/courts/docs/sjcldocs/reporter-of-decisions-style-guide. odf Michigan Mich. Ct. R. 1.101 (may cite as "MCR _") Mich. Ct. R. 7.215(CX1) (citation of unpublished opinions) Mich. R. Evid. 1 I02 (may cite as "MRE _") Mich. Prof'l Conduct R. 1.0(a) (cite as "MRPC _") Michigan Appellate Opinion Manual (201 4), http:/ /courts.mi.gov/ Cou rts/MichiganSupremeCourt/Documents/MiAppOpManual.pdf Minnesota 85 (cite as "Rule of Civil Procedure _") Minn. R. Civ. Minn. R. Civ. App. P. 136.01(1)(b) (citation of unpublished and order P. opinions) Minn. R. Civ. App. P. 146 (may cite as "Rule of Civil Appellate Procedure _") Minn. Gen. R. Prac. 1.01 (may cite as "Minn. Gen. R. Prac. _") Citing Min nesota Lega I Sources, http://www.leg.state.mn.us/leg/ leg h ist/citation s.a spx Mississippi Miss. R. Civ. P. 85 (may cite as "M.R.C.P. _") App. P. 2B(fX2) (citation of opinions) Miss. R. App. P.49 (may cite as "M.R.A.P. \ Miss. R. Evid. 1 102 (may cite as "M.R.E. _") Miss. R. Miss. Unif. Cir. & County Ct. R. 1.01 (may cite as "URCCC _") Missouri Mo. 5up. Ct. R. 1.01 (may cite as "Rule _") Montana App. P. 1 (shall cite as "M. R. App. P. _") AF 06-0632 (02-25-10),ln re the Matter of Opinion Forms and Citation Standards of the Supreme Court of Montana Mont. R. Mont. Code Ann. Preface (cite as "MCA mca/helo.htm 50 _") httpl/leg.mt.gov/bills/ I o o o o o o o o I o I I I o o o I I o o t I I t a I o o I t o o o o o I o o t I Nebraska Neb. Sup. Ct. R. S 2-i 09(C) (citation of various types of legal authority) Neb. Unif. Dist. Ct. R. S 6-1505(C) (citation of various types of legal authority) Nevada Nev. R. _" Civ. P. 85 (may cite as "Nevada Rule of Civil Procedure "N.R.C.P. or _") R. App. P. 48 (shall cite as "Nevada Rule of Appellate Procedure or "NRAP _") Nev. _" Nev. Short Trial R. 35 (may cite as "Nevada Short Trial Rule "N.S.T.R. _" or _',] Nev. Sup. Ct. R. 1 (may cite as "Supreme Court Rule Nev. Justice Ct. Procedure _" R. _" or "S.C.R. Civ. P. 85 (may cite as "Justice Court Rule of Civil oT "JCRCP _") Nev. Rev. Stat. 220.170(4) (may cite as "Nevada Revised Statutes or "NRS _" _") New Hampshire (citation of orders) N.H. 5up. Ct. R. 12-D(3) (citation of opinions) N.H. Sup. Ct. R. 25(5) (citation of summary dispositions) N.H. 5up. Ct. R. 16(9) New Jersey N.i. Ct. R. I:1-3 (may cite as "R. N.J. R. App. Prac. 2:6-2(a)(5) N.J. Stat. 1:1-5.1 (may _") (citation of opinions) cite Revised Statutes as "R.5. _") (may cite New Jersey Statutes as "N.J.S. _") New Jersey Manual on Style for Judicial Opinions (2004), httpJ / wwwjudiciary.state.nj.us/appdiv/manualonstyle.pdf New Mexico N.M. R. App. P. 1 2-21 3(E) (citation of various types of legal authority) N.M. Sup. Ct. R. 23- l 1 2 (citation of various types of legal authority) N.M. 5up. Ct. in The Bluebook) R. 23-1 12(F) N.M. Dist. Ct. R. N.M. Dist. Ct. R, (shall follow the form of citations set forth Civ. P. 1 -001 (D) (shall cite as "Rule 1-_ Crim. P. 5-101(D) (shall cite as "NMRA, Rule 5-_") Civ. P. 2-101 (D) (cite as "NMRA, Rule 2-_") N.M. Magis. Ct. R. N.M. Magis. Ct. R. Crim. N.M. Metro. Ct. N.M. Metro. Ct. 6-_") R. Civ. 6-101(D) (shall cite as "NMRA, Rule 3-'101(D) (cite as "NMRA, Rule 3-_") R. Crim. P. 7-101(D) (shall cite as "NMRA, Rule 7-_") P. P. N.M. Mun. Ct. R.P. 8-101(D) (shall cite as "NMRA, Rule N.M. Child. ct. NMRA1 R. 10-101(E) 8--") (may cite as "Rule 10-_ NMRA") 51 I New York (citation of opinions) N.Y. Ct. App. R. 500.1 (g), 51 0.1 (a) (citation of various types of legal authority) New York Law Reports Style Manual (2012),http:l/www.courts. state.ny.us/reporter/new*styma n.htm New York Rules of Citation (5th ed. 2005), published by St. John's N.Y. C.P.L.R. 5529(e) (McKinney 2003) L. Rev. North Carolina N.C. R. App. P. 1(a) (may cite as "N.C. R. App. P. N.C. R. App. P. 30(eX3) _") (citation of unpublished opinions) N.C. R. App. P. App. B (citations should be made according to The Bluebook) North Dakota N.D. R. Ct. 1 1.6 (use of public domain citation format) N.D. R. N.D. R. Ct. 11.7 (may cite as "N.D.R.Ct. _") Civ. P. 85 (may cite as "N.D.R.Civ.P. _") R. Crim. P.60 (may cite as "N.D.R.Crim.P. N.D. R. N.D. R. Prof'l Conduct 9.'l (may cite as "N.D.R. Prof. Conduct N.D. R. Juv. P. (may cite as "N.D.R.Juv.P. _") _") North Dakota Supreme Court Citation Manual (2000), http://www. ndcou rts.gov/citation Ohio Ohio R. Civ. P. 85 (may cite as "Civil Rule _" or "Civ. R. _") Ohio Crim. R.60 (may cite as "Criminal Rule _" or "Crim. R. _") Ohio R. Evid. 1 103 (may cite as "Evidence Rule _" or "Evid. R. _") 42 (may cite as "Appellate Rule _" or "App. R. _") 48 (may cite as "Juvenile Rule _" or "Juv. R. _") Prof'l Conduct Form of Citation (shall cite as "Prof. Cond. Ohio R. App. Ohio R. Juv. Ohio R. Rule _") P. P. Ohio 5up. Ct. Prac. R. 1.05 (shall cite as "S.Ct.Prac.R. _") Writing Manual: A Guide to Citations, Style. and Judicial Opinion Writing (2013]|, httpf /www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/ROD/manual. pdf Oklahoma Okla. Sup. Ct. R. 1.1(a) (may cite as "Okla.5up.Ct.R. ") Okla. 5up. Ct. R. 1.200(c) (citation of opinions) Okla. Sup. Ct. R. 1.200(fl (opinions shall be cited by reference to public domain citation system) 52 I I o o o o o t _") App. P.48 (may cite as "N.D.R.App.P. _") N.D. R. Evid. i 103 (may cite as "N.D.R.Ev. _") N.D. o a o I t I o I I o I o o o I o I I o I o o I t o o o o o a o o I t R. Crim. App. 1.0(D) (shall cite as "Rule _, Rules of the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals, fifle22, Ch.1B, App. (year)"; Okla. Okla. R. Crim. App.3.5(C) (citation of opinions) Okla. Stat. Ann. (cite as "_ Okl. St. Ann. 5 _") Oregon Or. Civ. P. 1(G) (may cite as R. "ORCP ") Or. R. App. P. 1.10(1) (shall cite as "ORAP Or. _") App. P. 5.20(5) (citation of memorandum opinions) R. R. App. P. 5.35(3) (citations are to be in the form prescribed by the Oregon Appellate Courts Style Manual) Or. Unif. Trial Ct. R. 1.070(1) (shall cite rules as "UTCR _") Or. Or. Unif. Trial Ct. R. 1.070(2) (shall cite supplementary local rules as "sLR _") 2.010(13) (citation of opinions) Or. Tax Ct. Reg. Div. R. Preface (should cite as "Tax Court Rule _" or or. Unif. Trial Ct. R. "TCR ') Or. Tax Ct. Reg. Div. R. 61 (AX3) (citation of cases) Or. Tax Ct. Magis. Div. R. Preface (should cite as "Tax Court Rule- Magistrate Division _" or "TCR-MD _") Or. Rev. Stat. Preface (should cite as "Oregon Revised Statutes or "ORS ') -" Oreqon Appellate Court Style Manual (2013), http://www. pu blications.ojd.state.or.us/docs/UpdatedStyleManual2002.pdf Pennsylvania Pa. R. Civ. P.51 (may cite as "Pa. R.C.P. No. -") -") Pa. R. App. P. 21 19(b) (citation of various types of legal authority) Pa. R. App. P. 101 (may cite as "Pa. R.A.P. PAstvle: A Pennsylvania Stylebook and Citation Guide for Legal Writinq (5th ed.2014) Rhode Island Dom. Rel. P.85 (may cite as "R,Dom.Rel.P. R.l. R. Juv. P. 36 (may cite as "R.juv.P. ") R.l. Super. Ct. R. Prac. 1.1 (may cite as "R.P. --") R.l. R. R.l. 5uper. Ct. R. R.l. Super. Ct. R. Civ. P. 1 (may cite as "Super.R.Civ.P. -") Crim. P.60 (may cite as "Super.R.Crim.P. "l R.l. Super. Ct. R. Prac. 1.1 (may cite as "R.P. R.l. Dist. Ct. Civ. R. 85 (may cite as "D.C.R. R.l. Dist. Ct. R, -") -") _") Crim. P.60 (may cite as "Dist.R.Crim.P. South Carolina 5.C. App. Ct. R. 101 (b) (may cite as "Rule -, -") SCACR") S.C. App. Ct. R. 220(a) (citation of memorandum opinions) S.C. App. Ct. R. 268 (citation of various types of legal authority) 53 I I _, SCRCP") _, SCRCrimP") 1 103(a) (may cite as "Rule _, SCRE") S.C. R. Civ. P. 85(a) (may cite as "Rule 5.C. R. Crim. P. 38 (shall cite as "Rule S.C. R. Evid. S.C. Fam. Ct. R. 1 (may cite as "Rule o SCRFC") - A Guide to South Carolina Legal Research and Citation (2d ed. 2009) South Dakota S.D. R. Civ. P. 5 I5-6-85 (shall cite as "RCP ") (citation of opinions) S.D. R. App. P. 5 15-264-69.1 S.D. R. App. P. 5 15-264-69.2 (shall follow a public domain citation system) S.D. R. App. P. 5 15-264-93 (may cite as "S.D.R.C. App.P. Rule _") P. \ R. Crim P.60 (shall cite as "Tenn. Tenn. R. App. P. 27(h) (citation of various types of legal authority) R. Crim. Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 1 (shall cite Supreme Court Rules as "T.R.A.P. "Tenn.R.App.P. Tenn. Sup. Ct. Sup. Ct. _") R. B R. B, RPC _" or (shall cite Rules of Professional Conduct as "Tenn. _") Tenn. 5up. Ct. R. 28 5 1 2 (cite Tennessee Rules of Post-Conviction Procedure as "Tenn.Sup. Ct. R. 28, S _") Tenn. Ct. App. R. 12 (citation of unpublished opinions) Tenn. Ct. Crim. App. R. 19(4) (citation of unpublished opinions) Tenn. Code Ann. 5 1-2-101 (a) (cite as "Tenn. Code Ann. " or "T.C.A. _") R. App. P.47.7 (citation of unpublished opinions) The Greenbook: Texas Rules of Form (1 2th ed. 201 0) Utah Utah R. Civ. P. 85 (may cite as "U.R.C.P. _") Utah Code Jud. Admin. R. 1-101(1XE) (may cite as "CJA _") Utah Sup. Crt. Standing Order No. 4 (Jan. 18, 2000) (citation of opinions) Vermont Vt. R. Civ. P. 85 (mav cite as "Vermont Rule of Civil "v.R.c.P. _") Procedure " or R. App. P. 1(d) (may cite as "Vermont Rule of Appellate Procedure _" or "V.R.A.P. _") Vt. Vt. R. App. P. 28.2 (citation of opinions) Vt. R. Prob. P. 85 (may cite as "Vermont Rule of Probate Procedure _" Vt. 54 or "V.R.P.P. R. _") Small Cl. P. 14 (may cite as "Vermont Rule of Small Claims Procedure _" or "V.R.S.C.P. _") o o o I o I t Texas Tex. I I Tennessee Tenn. I I I o t a I t I I t o o o t I t t a o o o I I t o o a o I Vt. Env. Ct. Proc. R. 7 (may cite as "Vermont Rule for Environmental Court Proceedings _" or "V.R.E.C.P. _") 5l (cite as "_ V.S.A. S _") Vt. Stat. Ann. 5 Virginia (citation of various types of legal authority) (citation of various types of legal authority) Va. Sup. Ct. R. 5A:20(a) (citation of various types of legal authority) Va. Sup. Ct. R. 5A:21(a) (citation of various types of legal authority) Va. Sup. Ct. R. 5:1 7(cX3) Va. Sup. Ct. R. 5:28(a) Washington Wash. Civ. Ct. Ltd. J. 85 (may cite as "Civil Rule for Courts R. Limited Jurisdiction Wash. Crim. R. Ct. Ltd. J. 1.8 (may cite as "Criminal Rule for Courts R. _" or "CrRU App. P. 18.21 (may cite as "RAP Limited Jurisdiction Wash. of _'"CRU _") of -") -") App. Dec. Cts. Ltd. J. 1 1.9 (shall cite as "Rule for Appeal of or "RALJ Decisions of Courts of Limited Jurisdiction Wash. R. Wash. R. Evid. 1 -") -" 103 (may cite as "Washington Rule of Evidence -" -") Wash. Infraction R. Ct. Ltd. J.6.3 (may cite as "lnfraction Rule for or "ER Courts of Limited Jurisdiction Wash. R. -" or "lRU -") Gen. Application 14 App. 1 (citations must follow The Bluebook) Wash. R. Gen. Application 14.1 (citation of unpublished opinions) Wash. Super. Ct. Civ. or "CR R. 85 (shall cite as "Superior Court Civil Rule _") Mandatory Arbitration Rule -" -" 8.4 (shall cite as "Superior Court or "MAR Wash. Super. Ct. Mandatory Arb. R. -") Wash. 5uper. Ct. Spec. P. R. Exolanation (may cite as "SPR Wash. Juv. Ct. R. I 1.21 (may cite as "JuCR -") -") Wash. Rev. Code Ann. 5 1.04.040 (cite as "RCW -") Washington Courts Style Sheet (201 0), http://www.courts.wa.gov/ a ppel late-tria l-courts/su preme/?fa=atc*su preme.style West Virginia W. Va. R. Civ. P.85 (may cite as "W. Va. R. Civ. P. -") -") Crim. P. 60 (may cite as "W.Va.R.Crim.P. W. Va. R. Evid. 1 102 (may cite as "West Virginia Rule of Evidence or "\IWRE _") W. Va. R. -" Wisconsin Wis. Sup. Ct. R. 80.02 (citation of opinions) Wis. Sup. Ct. R.99.03 (shall cite as "SCR -") Wis. Stat. 809.19(1Xe) (cite authorities and the record as set forth in The Bluebook) 55 Wis. Stat. 91 1.02 (may cite chapters 90'l to 91 1 as "Wisconsin Rule Evidence _") of Wisconsin Guide to Citation (7th ed. 2012) Wyoming Wyo. R. Civ. P. Wyo. R. Civ. P. 85 (may cite as "Wyoming Rule of Civil Procedure Cir. Ct. 1 1 (may cite as "W.R.C.P.C.C. _") _") Wyo. R. Crim. P.60 (shall cite as "Wyoming Rule of Criminal Procedure _" or "W.R.Cr.P. _") Wyo. R. Evid. "wRE 1 103 (may cite as "Wyoming Rule of Evidence _") Wyo. Unif. R. Cir. Ct. 1.01 (may cite as "U.R.C.C. _" or _") Wyo. Unif. R. Dist. Ct. 100 (may cite as "Uniform Rule for District Courts of the State of Wyoming _" or "U.R.D.C. _") Wyo. R. App.P. 28 (may cite as "Wyo. R. App. P. _") BT2.3 Territories Guam Guam Code Ann. tit. 1, 5 101 (b) (may cite as "GCA _") How to Cite Guam Law (3d ed. 2002), http://wwwjurispacific.com/ public/g uam_law'citation_g uide_09-02.pdf Northern Mariana Islands Northern Mariana lslands Supreme Court Stvle Manual (2010), http://www.cnmilaw.orglpdf/style_manual/style,manual.pdf Puerto Rico P.R. Sup. Ct. R. 44(d) (citation of unpublished opinions) Virgin Islands tit. 1, 5 1(b) (may cite as " V.l.C. _") App. P. 15(b) (citations shall be according to The Bluebook) V.l. Code Ann. V.l. R. I I o a t I o o o a o t t o a I I I 56 o o a t a o o o I o o I o I I o o o o t o o t STRUCTURE AND USE OF CITATIONS to authorities so that rcaders mav iclentifi ancl find those authorities for ftiture rescarch. Citations are made in citation scntences and chnscs (de 1.1) and arc introducetl b.v signals. Sigtrals organize authoritics and show how those authorities support or relatc to u proposition given in thc tcxt (rule 1.2). Citation scntcnces and clituses mav contain more than one signal. Order signals accorcling to rule 1.3.Within cach signal, arrangc tuthorities rccording to rule 1.4. Parcntheticals may bc necessary to explain thc rclcvancc of a particular authority to the proposition given in thc tc'xt (rule 1.5). (lertain Pror.icle citutior-rs additional infirrmation, specific to thxt authoriqi ma,v also be appcntlcd according to rule 1.6. Citation Sentences and Clauses in Law Reviews Citations mav be madc in one of two wavs: in citation sentenccs or in citation clauses. In law rcview pieccs, all citations appear in fixrtnotcs appcnclecl to the portions of thc tcxt to which they refer. For an explanltion of citation sentences and clause s in pmctitioners' docume nts, see Bluepages 81. (a) Text. (litations to authorities that support (or contradict) lt Proposition made in thc main text (as olrposed to f(Dtnote text) tre placecl in firotnotes. A fbotnotc call number should appear tt the end of a texttnl sentence if the citcd authurity supports (or contradicts) the entire sentcnce. In contfttst, a call number shoulcl appear within the sentence next to thc portion it st4rports if tl-re cited authorit)' supports (or contradicts) only' that plrt of thc sentence. The call number comes lfter any punctu:ttion mark-sttcl-t as a commt, scmicolon, or periocl-with the exccption of a dash or a colttrr. ln tddition to cilation to authorities, r fbotnotc may includc tcxtu:tl sentenccs that are relatcd to thc main text to which thc footnotc is appendecl. ts This is sentence one.1 Sentence two contains two call numbers;2 however, onty one of these-this ones-is surprising. Recal[ one thing+' 6s11 numbers precede dashes and colons. (b) Footnotes. If a fixxnote itself cotttlins an asscrtion requiring support, lt citation to the relevant authorit)'shotrlcl appear dircctl,v after the :tssertion lts either a citation sentence (x a citation clause. (i) Citation sentences. Authorities thxt stlpport (or contradict) an cntire lbotnote sentcnce are citcd in l separatc citation sentence immecliatclv lfter tl-tc sentence thcy support (or contradict). The citatkrn sentence stlrts with a capital letter and encls with a period. (ii) Citation clauses. Auth0rities that support (or curtradicf) onh part of a sen' tence within x fcrotnote are citcd in clauses, sct off b.v commas, that imme cliatclv follow thc proposition thcy support (or contradict). (c) Example. The f<rllowing exccrpl illustrates thc antl cllruscs in tr l llu ttse of citation scntences rcvicw picce. Some American lurisdictions place the burden of sustaining criminal defenses on the accused.l States have required defendants to 1.1 prove both insanity2 and self-defense.3 ln several lurisdictions the defendant must even establish that a homicide was accidentat.4 w See.lohn Calvin Jeffries, Jr. & Paul B. Stephan lll, Defenses, 1 Presumptions, and Burden of Proof in the Criminal Law, 88 YALE L.1.1325,1,329-30 (1979). The authors point out that the use of affirmative defenses may relieve the state of its duty to prove a sufficient factual basis for punishment,id. at457,and argue that the reasonable doubt standard should not be limited to those facts formatly identified as elements of the offense charged, id. aI qz7. E.9., State v. Caryl,543P.zd 389,39o (Mont. 1975); State v. Hinson, q z S.E.zd 548, 551 (S.C. rqZo). M ' M' 3 see, e.9., Quitlen v. State, rro A.zd 445, 449 (Del. r955); State v. Skinner, rc4P. zz3, zz4 (Nev. ryo9). See general/yWnvrue R. LnFnve & Ausrru W. Scorr, Jn., Hnuoeoor oru Cnrmrunl Lnw $ 8.r, at7o4-o6 (zd ed. rg86) (discussing the origin of embezzlement and false pretense). s'" 4 See, e.9., Chandle v. State, r98 S.E.zd 289, z9o (Ga. 1973); State v. Enlow, 536 S.W.zd 533,541(Mo. Ct. App. 1976). 1.2 IntroductorySignals (a) Signals that indicate support. Ino signal] Cited authority (i) directly srares the proposirion,(ii) identffies the source of a quotation, or (iii) identilies an authority referred to in the t€xt. Use no signal, for example, when clirectly quoting an authority or when restating numerical data from an authoriry Fn Cited authorify states the proposition; other authorities also state the proposition, but citation to rhem would not be helpful or is not necessary. "E.g.i' may be used alone or attached to any other signal (whether supportive or not).When it is attached to another signal, it should be preceded by an italicized comma and followed by a non-italicized comma. See, e.9., But see, e.9., Accord "Accord" is commonly used when two or more sources state or clearly support the proposition, but the text quotes or r€fers to only one; the other sources are then introduced by " occord." Similarly, the law of one jurisdiction may be cited as being in accord with the law of another See Cited authority clearly supports the proposition."See" is usecl instead of "[no signat]" when the proposition is nor directly stated by the cited authority but obviously follows from it; there is an inferential step betwcen the authority cited and the proposition it supports. I o o I o I t o o I t O I I t o t t a I t a a I I o o o o See also supporting Cf. Compare... Comparison of the authorities cited will oflbr support for or illttstr.lte the proposition. whcn uscd as a signal, "Compare" must bc usecl in coniunction with "with"; thc "with" is preccdecl by a comma, as is "and" whcn uscd. 'fhe rclevance of thc comparison will usually be clear to thc rcader only if it is explaincd. Parcntheticirl explanations I (rule 1.5) folkrwing cach authorit-v are thercfore strongly recommended. , o o o Cited authority supports a proposition different fiom the main proposition but suthciently irnalogous to lend support. l.itert[', "cf." mcans "compare."The citation's tclevance will usrrally bc clear to the rcader only if it is explained. Parcnthetical explanations (rule 1.5), however brief, are thcrcfbre strongly recommendecl. [and]... with... [and]... I I proposition when authorities that state or dircctl,\'' sup- (b) Signal that suggests a useful comparison. o o o a port the proposition already have been citcd or discussed. The usc of a parenthetical explanation of the sourcc's rclcvance (rule 1.5) following a citation introduced by"see also"is encouraged. I O Cited authority constitutes additional source material that supports the proposition."See olso" is commonly used to cite an authority Compore Michael H. v. Gerald D., 49r U.S. 7to,72t (t989) (relecting the claim by a putative naturaI father of the right to visit his chitd conceived by a married woman), ond CATHARTNE A. MACKINNoN, Feurrursn Uruoorrreo 49 O9B7) (contending that what connects all women is their oppression in a sexual hierarchy), wifh Loving v. Virginia, 3BB U.S. 1, p G96) (invatidating laws prohibiting interracial marriage), Doe v. McConn, 489 F. Supp. 26, Bo (S.D. Tex. rg8o) (holding a cross-dressing ordinance unconstitutional as applied to individuats undergoing therapy for sex-reassignment surgery), ond Kenneth L. Karst, The Freedom of lntimote Association, 89 Ynre L.J.6zt',,6;r (rg8o) ("The denial of the society of an intimate may be partiat, as in the case of a parent who loses a contest over child custody but is atlowed visitation rights, or virtually totat, as when a noncustodial parent is denied visitation rights."). (c) Signals that indicate contradiction. Contro But 'ee Citcd authority directly states the contrnry of the proposition. "Contra" is used whcre "[no signat]"would bc used for support. Cited authority clead.v supports a proposition contrary to thc nuin proposition. "But see" is uscd where "see" would be ttsccl for support. But cf. Cited authoriq.' st-lpports a proposition analogt)tts to the contrar)' of thc main proposition. 'I'hc use of a parcntheticirl explanation of the sourcc's relcvlnce (rule 1.5) fbllowing a citittion introduced by"but cf "is strongly recommended. "Buf" should bc omittcd from"but see" and "but cf." whenever onc of these signals follows another nefiative signal: ) Contra Blake v. Kline, 6rz F .zd 7t8, 723-24 (Zd Cir. ryl); see CHARLES Alnn WnrcHr, Law or Frornnl Counrs 5 +8 (+th ed. 1983). (d) Signal that indicates background material. See Cited authority prescnts helpful background matcrial related to proposition. Thc use of a parenthetical explanation of thc sourcc material's relevancc (rule 1.5) following each authority intmduccd by "see generally" is encouragcd. generally the (e) Signals as verbs. In footnotes, signals may be used as thc verbs of textual sentences. rJ/hen using signals in this wiry, inclnde matcrial that woulcl otherwisc be included in a parenthetical explanation as part of the sentence itself. Signals shoulcl not be italicized when usecl as verbs in tcxtual scntences (rule 2.1(d)). Thus: b See Christina L. Anderson, Comment, Double Jeopardy: The Modern Dilemma for Juvenile Justice, r5z U. Pn. L. Rev. m8r, 72o4-o7 (zoo4) (discussing four main types of restorative justice programs). becomes: p See Christina L. Anderson, Comment, Double Jeopardy: The Modern Dilemma for Juvenile Justice, r5z U. Pn. L. Rev. rr8r, 12o4-o7 Qoo4), for a discussion of restorative justice as a reasonabte replacement for retributive sanctions. " Cf, " becomcs "com pare" and "e.g. " becomes "for exam ple" when used in this mannef. r.3 Order of Signals rJfhen more than onc signal is used, the signals (along with the authofities they introduce) should appear in the order in which those signals are listed in rule 1.2. \Vhen "e.g.," is used in conjunction with another signal, the other signal's position in rule 1.2 shoulcl be used. Notc that the order of ar.rthorities within each signal must conform to rule 1.4. Signals of the same basic rypc-sup- portivc, compafative, contf:rdictory, or background (rule 1.2(a)-(d))-mLrst be strung together within a single citation sentence and separated by semicolons, Signals of different types, however, must be grouped tences. For examplc: h in different citation sen- See Mass. Bd. of Ret. v. Murgia, 427 U.S. Zol GgZ6) (per curiam); cf, Palmer v. Ticcione, 433 F. Supp. 653 (E.D.N.Y. 1977) (uphotding a mandatory retirement age for kindergarten teachers). But see, ) e.q., Gault v. Ga rrison, 569 F.zd g% (7th Cir. ryt (hotdin g that a ctassification of pubtic school teachers based on age viotated equat protection absent a showing ofjustifiable and rational state purpose). See generally Comment, O'Neil v. Baine: Application of Middle-Level Scrutiny to Old-Age Clossifications, n7 U. Pn. L. Rrv. 798 (!97il (advocating a new constitutionaI approach to otd-age c [assi ficatio ns). I o o o I I o o I I I o o o o o a o I I I o o o t t Vithin a citation clausc (de 1.1),howcveqcitation strinlas may contain silanals of more than one type , separatcd by scmicolons. Order of Authorities Within Each Signal Authofities within each signal are seplr.rtcd by scmicolons. If onc authorit_v or sevcral authorities tol{cther are consiclcrably morc helpful or authoritativc than thc other authorities cited within a signal, thel' shoulcl prcccdc thc others. Except in this situation, cite authorities in the ordcr in which thel'are listcd below. Authoritics citcd in short fbrm are ordcrcd as though citcd in full. (a) Constitutions ancl other foundational documents are cited in the folkrwing orcler: (I ) federal o a (2) state (alphabetically by statc) ( J) foreign (alphabetically by uriscliction) (.i) foundational documents of thc Llnite d Nations, the League of Nations, ancl thc tsuropcan Union, in that order (lonstitutions of the same juriscliction are cited in reverse chronokrgical ortlcr. O (b) Statutes rre citetl according to jurisdiction in the following olcler: I o o o O o O O o t o f Feclcral: (1) statutes in tl.S.C., Ll.S.O.A.. or { l.S.C.S. (b,v progrcssive orcle r of I I.S.( ). tirle) (2) statutes currcntly in forcc but not in tl.S.C.,II.S.(;.A., or tl.S.O.S. (by rcverse chronological order of cnactnrcrtt) (l) rules of evidcnce and procedtrrc (.1) repcaled statutcs (b-v reverse chtrnokrgical ordcr of enactntent) State (alphabcticall)' b)' state): (5) statutcs in thc current codilicrtion (ry order in the codilicttion) (6) statutcs currcntl_v in firrce but not in thc current codffication (bY revcrse chronological order of cnactmcnt) (7) rulcs of evidence and proceclure (8) repealcd statutes (b_v rcversc chronological ordcr of enactmcnt) F'oreign (alphabetically by jnrisdiction): (9) codcs or statutes in thc current codilicati<xr (by order in the coclification) (10) statutes currently in ftrrce but not in cocles or thc current codification (bv revcrsc chronological orcler of cnactment) (l 1) repealed strtutes (b1' reversc chronokrgical orcler of cnactment) (c) Treaties and other international agreements (otl-rer than the firunchtional documents of thc Unitcd Nations, the League of Nations, and the European LJnion) are citcd in revcrsc chronological ordcr. (d) Cases lre arrangecl within a signal accorcling to the courts issuing thc cited opinions. Subsequcnt and prior historics are irrelevant to the order of citation, as is whethcr the opinion is published or unpublished. Cascs deciclctl by thc same court are arrlnged in rcversc chronokrgical ordcr; for tlris purposc, all lJnited r.4 circuit courts of appeals are treated as one court (including the District of Columbia and Federal Circuit). and all federal district courts are treated as one court. Thc ordering system is as follows: States Federal: (l) Supreme Court (2) courts of appeals, Emergency Court ofAppeals, andTemporary Emergency Court ofAppeals (3) Court of Claims, Court of Customs and Patcnt Appcals, and bankruptcy appellate panels (4) district courts,Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation, and Court International Trude (previously thc Customs Court) of (5) district bankruptcy courts and Railroad Reorganization Court (6) Court of Federal Claims (previously the trial dMsion for the Court of Claims), Court ofAppeals for the Armed Forces (previously the Court of MilitaryAppeals), andTax Court (previously the Board ofTax Appeals) (7) administrative agencies (alphabetically by agency) State: (t|) courts (alphabetically by state and then by rank within each state) (9) agencies (alphabetically by state and then alphabetically by agency within each state) Foreign: (10) courts (alphabetically by jurisdiction and then by rank within each iurisdiction) (l l) agencies (alphabetically by jurisdiction and then alphabetically by agency within each jurisdiction) International: (12) International Court ofJustice, Permanent Court of International Justice (13) other international tribunals and arbitral panels (alphabetically by name) (e) Legislative materials are cited in the following order: 1l,) bills and rcsolutions (2) committce hearings (l) reports, documents, and committee prints (4) floor debates Cite materials within each classification in rcverse chronological ofder. If citing both federal and state materials, cite federal materials lirst, in reverse chronological order Cite state matcrials in reverse chronological order and then alphabeti cally by state. (f) Administrative and executive materials are cited in the followinq order: Federal: (l) Executive Orders (2) current Treasury Regulations, proposed Treasury Regulations (l) all other regulations currently in force @y progressive order of C.[R. title) I t I o t a t o o I I O t a o o a I o I t I t o o I o o o I o o o o o t o o I t (4) proposed rulcs not )'et in force (bv progressive ordcr offirture (l.FR title, if any; otherwise by rcversc chronological order of proposal) (5) all matcrials rcpealcd (b1'rer-ersc chronological orcler of promulgatkrn) State: ((r) state (alphabetically by statc), currently in firrce, thcn reperled Foreign: (7) foreign (alphabetically b,v jurisdiction), currently in forcc, then rcpealed (g) Resolutions, decisions, and regulations of intergovernmental organizations are cited in the following ordcr: (l) llnitecl Nations antl League of Nations, in revcrse chnrnokrgical ordcr b_v issuing body (Gcneral Assembly, thcn Security Council, thcn other organs in alphabetical orcler) (2) othcr organizations (alphabetically by name of organization) (h) Records, briefs, and petitions are cited in that orcler, and within each classification by orclcr of the court in which liled (see rule 1.4(d)). Bricf.s within the samc casc and court are cited in the folkrwing ordcr: plaintiff/pctitioner, defendant/respondcnt, and then amictts curiac in alphabctical order by Iirst word of thc amicus party's name. (i) Secondary materials (l) are citcd in the folkrwing order: unilbrm codes, model codes, and restatements, in that orcler (in reverse chronological order by categ(x)') (2) books, pamphlets, and shorter works in a collcction of a singlc author's works (afhabctically by last namc of author;if none , b1' first worcl of titlc) (J) works in iournals (not magazincs or Itcwsptpers), inclucling fbrthcoming works and shortcr works in a collection of variotts authors'works (llphabetically by last namc of author) (4) book reviews not writtcn by stuclents (alphabetically by last name of revicwe r) (5) student-writtcn hw revicw matcrials inclr.rding book rcviews (alphlbe tically by last n:rme of author; if none , by lirst worcl of title ; if none , bv periodical as abbreviated in cittttion) (6) annotations (in rcverse chronological ordcr) (7) maglzine and newspapcr article s (alphabetically by last namc of author; if none , by lirst word of title) (ti) working papers (a$habetically by last namc of atrthor; if nonc, by lirst word 0f title ) (9) unpublished matcrials not lbrthcoming (alphabetically by last name of author; if none, by lirst word of title) (10) electronic sources, including Internct sources (alphabctically by hst nanc of author; if none, by first worcl of title) When not acldresscd above , for thc purposes of a$habctizing within cach classilication, use only the name of the first authof listed (if any) antl thcn proceed to use thc titlc. (i) Cross-references to thc author's own text or f(x)tnotcs. t.5 Parenthetical Information (a) Substantive information. Use parcntheticals, as needed, to explain thc relevance of a particular authority to the proposition givcn in the tcxt. Parenthetical infbrmation is recommencled when the relevance of a cited authority might not otherwise be clear to the reader (see rule 1.2). Explanatory information takes the form of a present participial phrase, a quOted sentence, or a short statement that is appropriate in context. (i) Phrases not quoting the authority. Explanatory parenthetical phrases not directly quoting the authority usually bcgin with a present participle and should nevcr begin with a capital letter: generallyAkhit Reed Amar, Reports of My Death Are Greatly Exaggerated: A Reply,48 U. Pn. L. Rev. 165r (r99o) (arguing that the author and the two-tier theory of federal lurisdiction are still viabte). W See Vhen a complete participial phrase is unnecessary in context, a shorter parcnthetical may be substituted: b' Such standards have been adopted to address a variety ofenvironmental problems. see, e.9., H.B. Jacobini, The New International Son itary Re g u lati o n s, 46 AM. l. lNt' t L. 7 27, 7 z7 -zB (rgS z) (healthrelated water quality); Robert L. Meyer, Travaux Pr6paratoires for the UNESCO World Heritage Convention, z EnnrH t.l. qS, qS-Bt (1926) (conservation of protected areas). (ii) Phrases quoting the authority. If, howeve r, the parenthctical information quotes one or more ftlll sentences or a portion of material that rcads as a full sentence, it sl-rould begin with a capital lctter and include appropriate closing punctllauon: * 3 Consequences ofChonging U.S. Population: Hearing Before the H. Select Comm. on Population, g5th Cong. n Q97B) (statement of Dr. David Birch) ("[T]here are more mayors of Rockville, Maryland, than there are mayors of Detroit."). F' Mari J. Matsuda, Public Response to Rocist Speech: Considering the Victim's Story, 87 MrcH. L. Rev. z3zo, 4Bt 9989) ("We are a legalized culture. lf law is where racism is, then law is where we must confront it.... IL]et us presenta competingideology...."). Not: Mari J. Matsuda, Public Response to Racist Speech: Considering the Victim's Story,87 MrcH. L. Rev. z3zo, 4Bt Q989) (exptaining that "[w]e are a legalized cutture. lf taw is where racism is, then law is where we must confront it . . . . IL]et us present a competing ideotogy. . . ."). When dircctly quoting only a short phrasc from an authority, folkrw rule 1.5 (aXi): * But see Flanagan v. United States, +6S U.S. 259,264 OgBg) (exptaining that the finalludgment rule reduces the potential for parties to "clog the courts" with a succession of time-consuming appeats). I o O I O o o o c t o O I a I o a o o o o I a o t o o o o t o o t o I t o a o I (b) Order of parentheticals within a citation. W'hen a citation requires multiple parcntheticals, place thcm in thc fbllowing order: F" (date) [hereinafter short name] (en banc) (Lastname, J., concurring) (pluratity opinion) (per curiam) (alteration in originat) (emphasis added) (footnote omitted) (citations omitted) (quoting another source) (citing another source), http://www.domainname.com (explanatory parentheticat), prior or subsequent history. In citations to online such tlut sor-rces that slurc the charactcristics of a print sotlrcc thc-v coultl bc cited according to de 18.2.l(bxii), thc URL should immcdiatell' precedc the cxplanatorv parenthetical. sourccs (rule 18.2.2), the "hcrcinafter" parcnthcti follow the liRl. or if there is onc, thc "last visited'' cal should immediately In citations to Internet parentheticxl. In citations to online and Internet sourccs that utilizc archival totlls, the archival link should immediately'follow thc IIRL (rule 18.2.1(d)). Notc that explanatory parcnthcticals prccecle or othcr relatcd authoritl'(rule 1.6): an.v citati(xl of sttbsctluent histor.v t, Att. Richfietd Co. v. Fed. Energy Admin., 429 F. Supp. 7052, 1067-62 (N.D. Cat. rqZ6) ("[N]ot every person aggrieved by administrative action is necessarily entitted to the protections of due process."), aff d, SS6 F.zd 5 4z (Temp. Emer. CI. App. tgtil. ir Louis Loss, Ihe Conflict of Laws ond the Blue Sky Laws, 71 Hnnv. L. Rev. 209 (1957) (discussing the bewitdering array of state laws then governing interstate securities transactions), reprinted in Lours Loss & Eownno M. Cowrrr, Brue Srv Lnw 1.80 (1958). If the matcrial cited quotes or cites two or more dillcrcrtt sotlrces. includc lll sorlrces in thc ordcr in which thcy wcre citctl within one qtlotillg or citing ptfenthetical: ** Duncan v. Louisiana, 39r U.S. omitted) (first quoting Powell then quoting /n re Oliver, 333 quoting Gideon v. Wainwright t45,t48-49 (t968) (footnote v. Alabama, zB7 U.S. 4s,6l lt93z); U.5. 257,273 (1948); and then ,37ztJ.S. i;s,343-44 bS6)). Related Authority Whcn citing a work, citations to rclatcd authorities may be hclpful to lricl in locating thc primarl' work or to provicle relevant information not reflcctcd in thc primary citation. (litations to relatecl authority may be appencled to thc primar)' citation with thc use of att italicized cxplanittory phrase. (a) Related authority intended to increase access. (i) "In." Vhcn citing it shortcr rvork such as an article, cssal'. or spe ech originalll' published in a volume collecting such works, ttsc "in" to introdttce tlre collection as a whole (see rule 15.5): r.6 ts Kay Deaux & Brenda Major, A Social-Psychological Model of Gender,in THEonerrclr Prnspecrrvrs oru Sexunl Drrrrnerucrs 89, 93 (Deborah L. Rhode ed., r99o). (ii) "Reprinted in." A work that conveniently reprints a sourcc originally published elsewhere may be introduced by "reprinted rn." As far as possible, pra vide a complcte citation for the original work, followed by"reprinted in" and the citation for the volume containing the reprint (see rule 15.5.2): + Louis Loss, Ihe Conflict of Laws and the Blue Sky Lows, 7r Hnnv. L. REV. 2o9 Q95), reprinted in Lours Loss & Eowano M. Cowerr, Blue Sry Lnw r8o (1958). = Thomas Jefferson, Kentucky Resotutions of 1798 and q99, reprinted in 4 Dranrrs oN THE ADoploN oF rHE Feoennl CoNSTtruroN 540 (Jonathan Ettiot ed., zd ed., Phitadetphia, J.B. Lippincott rB88). To indicate excerpts or partial reprints, add the word "as": p"" S. REp. No. 95-r8r, at 4 Q97), os reprinted in 1977 U.S.C.C.A.N. 34o1,3414. (iii) Other phrases. Othcr phrases may be used by analogy to rule 1.6(a)(i) (ii), as appropriate (e .g.,"microformed on" (see rule 18.5.1), or"tronslated in" (see rule 20.2.5)). and (b) Relevant history. The prior or subscquenr history of a case (rule 10.7) or of a statute (rule 12.7) may bc appended to the main citation for that case or statute . See rules 10.7 tnd 12.7 for circumstanccs in which the subsecuent history of a case or statutc must be indicated: k' Matthews v. Konieczny, 488 A.zd 5 (Pa. Super. A.zd 5oB (Pa.ryV). Ct. t985), rev'd,527 (c) Commentary. Works that discuss or quote the primary authority may also be appended to the citation without parentheses as related authorities when particularly relcvant or when locating the original soufce may be difficult. Use italicized phrases such as "noted in:"'construed inl"'quoted in:',,reviewed by,""cited with approval inl'and,"questioned in" to inrroduce these works. Works that th€ primary authority discusscs, cites, or otherwise mentions, however, should be indicated parenthetically. Thus: i" Filled MitkAct $ r, zr U.5.C. 5 6r (zoo6), construedrn MilnotCo.v. Richardson,35o F. Supp. zzr (S.D. tll.t97z). But: Milnot Co. v. Richardson, 350 F. Supp. zzt (5.D.lll. t97z) (construing Fitted Mitk Act g r, zr U.S.C. g 6r (zoo6)). I I o o a o o o a o t a o a I a a o o o I a t I o o I o a o t t I o o o o a I t TYPEFACES FOR LAW REVIEWS Lelaal writing uses four typefaces, though choice of font may varv (e.!a.,Timcs Couri cr, etc.): New Roman, + r Ordinary Roman (Plain Text) Underlined 't - ltalicized Lnnce nno SmalL Caprrals Law reviews usc two sets of t_vpcface convcntions-one firr law review tcxt (eitlrcr main tcxt or footnote text) (rule 2.2) lnd one firr law review citations (rule 2.1). tlnless otherwise notccl, the examples in The Bluelnok correspond to thc convention firr law revicw f<xltnotes. l'or an cxplanation of thc tvpefacc convcntions commonly uscd in othcr forms of lcgal rvriting, sec Bluepages 82. Practitioncrs can mlkc rcady usc <>f the exrnrplcs in Tbe Bluebutk b)' substituting thc typefacc convcntions outlincd in the Bluepages firr those firuncl in thc exlmplcs thrcughout thc rcst of thc book. For cxample , a practitioner's brief might look likc this: Directors manage the business and affairs of a corporation. See Revlon, Inc. v. MacAndrews & Forbes Hotdings, Inc., 5o6 A.zd t73, q9 (DeI. 1986); seqalso Del. Code Ann. tit. B, 5 rz+r(a) (zooo). In Guth v. Loft, the court held that directors also owe a duty of loyalty to the shareholders. 5 A.zd 5q,5ro (Det. 1939) (hotding that directors' duty of toyalty demands that "there shalt be no conflict between duty and setf-interest"). A simihr scction of a law revicw article mifiht reacl: t. Directors manage the business and affairs of a corporation.l In Guth v. Loft, the court hetd that directors also owe a duty of loyalty to the shareholders.' r' 1See Revlon, Inc. v. MacAndrews & Forbes Hotdings, Inc., 5o6 A.zd 773, 179 (Det. rg86); see olso Der. Cooe ANN. tit. 8, 5 r+r(a) (zooo). ' 2 F.<rr 5 A.zd 503, 510 (Del. rg;q) (holding that directors'duty of loyalty demands that "there shal[ be no conflict between duty and se tf-interest"). rtdditional guichnce , see rule 2. 1, rule 2.2, ,n'rd Bluepages 82. Typeface Conventions for Citations Most law revicws fiio r.rse threc tlifl'crcnt typctaces in citations: OrdinarV Roman (Plain Text), /tolics, and LARGE AND SMALL Cnprrnls Some replace large and small capitlls t $'ith orclinlrv roman ttpe.'l'hus: Colin S. Diver, The Optimal Precision of Administrotive Rules,93 Ynre L.l.6S (rq8;). 2.7 t becomes: s Colin S. Diver, The Optimal Precision of Administrative Rules,93 Yale L.l. 6S (rq8;). Othcr law revicws replace some italics, as wcll as all large and small capitals, with ordinary roman typc: I Cotin S. Diver, The Optimat Precision of Administrative Rules, 93 Yate L.l. 6s OgB). 1'he cxamples in this book follow thc lirst convention, using all three typefaces. The following list explains the more important typefacc conventions usecl in law review citations: (a) Case names (rules 1O.2, 14.3.1,2O.3,21.5, and 21.6).IIse ordinary roman type fbr case namcs in full citations, exccpt for procedural phrases, which are always italicized: State exrel. Scottv.Zinn,39zP.zd 4t7 (N.M. 1964). rvhen a casc name appears within an article title in a citation, do not italicize it: F Thomas J. Madden et al., Bedtime for Bivens: Substituting the United Stotes as Defendant in Constitutional Tort 5uits, zo Hnnv. J. oN LEGrs. +69 (tg91). Lochner, r98 U.S. at 5o. (b) Books (de 15). tJsc largc and small capitals firr both authors and titlcs: F= RrcHnno KLUGER, Sruple Justtct(t976). (c) Periodicals (rule L6). Italicize article titles and usc largc and small clpitals lbr periodicll names. Authors'names shoulcl appear in ordinary roman type: h^ Katherine K. Baker, Once a RapistT Motivational Evidence and Relevancy in Rape Low,11o HARV. L.Rw.563 ts Cass R. Q99). Sunstein, Lochner's Legacy, 87 Coruu. L. Rev.873 (1987). e* David E. Bernstein, Lochnefs Legacy's Legocy, Bz Trx. L. Rev. r (zoo3). (d) Introductory signals (rule 1.2). Itrlicize all introdr.rctory signals when thcy appear within citation scntcnces or clauscs: * See, e.9., Parker Drilling Co. v. Ferguson,3gtF.zd 58r (5th Cir. 1968). Do not, howcv'e scntencc: r. italicize a signal rvord whcn it sen o I o o a t Use itirlics fbr thc short form of case citations: * I I ts Lochner v. New York, r9B U.S. 45 (1905). 9 o e s as the ve rb of an ordinary M For an analysis of risk-allocation rules under the UCC, see Roger S. Goldman, Note, Rrsk of Loss in Commercial Transactions: Efficiency Thrown into the Breoch,65 Ve. L. Rev. 557, S6S-lz (rglil. I a I o o I a o I I o o I o o o o o I o t o (e) Explanatory phrases (rules 1.6, 1O.7, and I2.7). ltr,liciz.c all explanatory phrases: v. Whirlpoot Corp.,579 F.zd tz6,9r (zd Cir.) (en banc), cerf. denied, 89 U.S.gt'i6 (rgZB). 3 0reck Corp. Notc, howevcr, that phrascs in rchted authorit) parentheticals, such ing . . . )i' " (citing . . . )," :rnd " (translating . . . )" are not itrlicizc(l. I t o "(quot- (f) Punctuation. Itllicizc commas, semicolons, and othcr punctuxtion nlxrks only whcn they constitute part of the italicized nraterial, and not whcn thcl lre mcrch' an clcment of thc sentcncc or citution in which the1. appcur. For cluritl', thc italicizctl items in thc examplcs bekrw appeur in bluc: ':' See, e.g.,id.; Sabine Towing & Transp. Co. v. Zapata Ugland Dritling, lnc. (ln re M/V Vulcan), 553F.zd 48q (rth Cir.) (per curiam), cert. denied, 84U.S.BSS e GSI). Nancy Reagan, Editoriat, /usf 5oy "Whoo," Wnrr Sr. J., lan. 23, ry96, aI At4. Typeface Conventions for Textual Material (a) Main text. l'he main text of law rcview pieces docs not contain citatious lncl lrses onh' ordinrrr,y roman rnd itrlics. Most materiel rppeitrs in t.rrclirurY roman type . Only the fblkrwing irre italicizcd: (i) Case names. Italicize pfrr:rscs srrclr rs '/n .' casc nanes, including thc v.' ancl all proccdurd re"'tnd-ex rel.": Missouri ex rel. Goines v. Conado (ii) Titles of publications, speeches, or articles. Thus: r'' The library has a copy of The Path of the Law, which was published inthe Harvard Law Review; T o o o o as a complete set of the Federal Supple- ment; and today's Woll Street Journa,l. lt does not have a copy of Hearings on S. 776 or Alaska Statutes. (iii) Style. Italicize u'ords for cnrphasis or othcr st.vlistic lturltoses (rule 7). Also itllicize words that arc emphasizcd in (luoted mlttcr (rule 1.2). (tr) Footnote text. tlnlike in thc main tcxt, a scntcnce in footnotc text mav colltair-l citrtions, which arc placecl in cit:ttiot-t clauscs emltecldcd in thc sctltellce (rule 1.1(b)). (i) Case names. When a casc namc is grantnt:tticalll plrt of thc sentencc in which it appcars, it slrould bc itdicizccl: * ln Loving v. Virginia, the Court invalidated Virginia's antimiscege- nation statute. w ln Loving v. Virginia,38B U.S. t (tg6), ia's antimiscegenation statute. the Court invalidated Virgin- )', When the case name is not grammatically part of the sentence, but rather used in a citatkrn clause embedded in the footnote text, use the typeface conventions for citations (rule 2.1(a)): F The Court has upheld race-specific statutes that disadvantage a racial minority, e.9., Korematsu v. United States, 3z3U.S.zt4 (t94Q,but those decisions have been severety criticized. F lustice Harlan quipped that "one man's vulgarity is another's lyric," Cohen, 4o3 U.S. at 25, but failed to provide further exptanation. (ii) All other authorities. When referring to any other type of authority, whether or not the refbrence is grammatically part of the sentence, use the typeface convcntions for citations if the full citation or a short form citation (rule 4) is given: e different view is expressed in LeenneD HAND, THE BrLL oF RrGHrs (1958), and HoLMEs, supra note 2. A If the reference appears without the full or shortencd citation information, follow the typeface conventions for the main text of law reviews (rule 2.2(a)(ii)): F' Judge Hand explained his phitosophy of ludiciat review in The Bill of Rights. (iii) Explanatory parentheticals. In explanatory parentheticals, follow the typeface convention for case names in citation text when a ftill citation clause is included: h Nat't R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Morgan, S16 U.S. ror, uo (zooz) (citing Chevron U.5.A. Inc. v. NaturaI Res. Def. Council, lnc., 467 U.S.8tz (rSB+)). &' Nat'l R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Morgan, 536 U.S. tor, rro (zooz) (addressing an argument based upon Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Natural Res. Def. Counci[, |nc.,467 U.S. BIZ GS8+)). re Nat'I R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Morgan, Sf6 U.S. ror, (addressing an argument based upon Chevron). uo (zooz) (c) Puncfuation. Italicize commas, semicolons, etc., only when they constitute part of italicized material, and not when they are merely an element of the citation or sentencc in which they appear. For purposes of clarity, the italicized punctuation marks in the examples below appear in blue : it' When it decided Sabine Towing, the Fifth Circuit presented a some- what different rationate for its holding. F Brannon Denning's article, Reforming the New Confirmation Process: Replacing "Despise and Resent" with "Advise and Consent," suggests amendments to the Senate's proceduraI rules. Itot: Brannon Denning's atlicle, Reforming the New Confirmotion Process: Replacing "Despise and Resent" with "Advise and Consent," suggests amendments to the Senate's proceduraI rules. I o I o a a o I o o o o t o I o a I I I I o t a I o O o o I a o I I t o t 3 t I SUBDIVISIONS Most subdivisions (such as columns or scctions) in citations are abbrcviatcd. Sce table T16 firr a list of subdivision rbbreviations. 3.r Volumes, Parts, and Supplements A single work often rppears in separ:rtely plginatecl (or scctioned or ptragr.rphcd) volnmes, parts, or supplemcnts. A citxtion to matcrial that appcars in onc such volumc, prrt, <lr supplement mllst iclcntiff the scp:tratel.]- pllginated subdivision in which thc material appears. (a) Volumes. \Vhen the volumes lre numberctl, cite thc volume nuntber in Arabic numcr.rls. If the author of thc entire work (all volumes) is cited. thc r,rrlttnte nttnthcr prt'tt'dcs tlte arrthor's nltrnc: r' 2 FREDERTcK PoLt-ocK & Fneoentc Wtt-ltnpt Mnlrrnruo. THe Hlsronv oF ENGLTsH Lnw ' zo5-o6 (zd ed. rgrr). 2 SuBcoMM. oN LABoR oFrHE S. Cotum. on Lneon & Puertc Wrrranr,92o Couc., Lectsrnttve Htsronv MENr OppoRruNtryAcr oF oF rHE EQUAL EnnploY- 7972,atrco7 Q97z). Othcrwisc, thc volume number precedes the volumc's title: Donald H. Zeigter, Young Adults os o Cognizable Group in Jury Selection, T6 MtcH. L. Rrv. ro45, to4l ltgl9). If no volnmc number is given but the volumc is readily identiliable b.v velr, trse thc velr of the volume as tlrc volume number and omit the yetr after thc pincite: ,r Thomas R. McCoy & Barry Friedman, Conditional Spending: Federolism's Trojan Horse, 1988 Sue. Cr. REV. 85, 88. "' Donatd A. Dripps, Delegation and Due Process,lgBB DUKE L.l.657. If thc volume dcsignation inclutlcs worcls, use bmckcts to avoid cot-tfitsiot.t: 1t977-r978 Transfer Binderl Bankr. L. Rep. (CCH) 1166,472 If volumes are numbcred in a ncw serics each year, give both the ycar ancl volphcing it befi)rc the wrlumc nttmbcr to rumc number, br:tcketing the ,vcar and avoid conftsion: ItgqZlz K.B. r54 (b) Separately paginated numbered parts. separatel.v paginatcd Wl-ren a work is clividecl into (or sectioned or paragrlphed) scries, b<xrks, chapters, or othcr parts, incluclc the rclevant subdivisions in the citation: '" z6 Conc. Rec. app. at 156 (1894) (statement of Rep. Hicks). ,'' ser. 14, pt. 2, at 150 ,, pt. 3, 5 4, at r5 (c) Supplements. Whct-r citinll a separately paginatecl (or scctioncd or pardgrlphecl) supplemcnt, identilj' thc supplement ancl its clate in parenthcses: ',' HAW. Rrv. Srnr. g 296-46.t (Supp. rq8+). ts Geoncr Glensor Bocrnr, THE Lnw or Tnusrs nuo Tnusrees $ 495 (rev. zd ed. Supp. 1985). To cite both the main volume and the st4rplement, use an ampersand: tr 4z 3.2 U.S.C. Sttgtb (1982 & Supp. I r9B3). Pages, Footnotes, Endnotes, and Graphical Materials (a) Pages. (iive thc page number or numbers before the date plrenthetical, without any introductory abbreviation ("p." and "pp." are uscd only in internal cross-rcferenccs * 9 (de 3.5)): ARTHUR E. SurHenlaruo, H.R. Rep. No. CorusrrrurroNAltsM tN AMERtcA 45 G96). 82353, at 4-5 b95t). llse "at" if the page numbcr may be conftrsed with irnother part of the citation; use a comma to set off "at." flse this form, frrr example, when thc title of a work ends with an Ambic numeral or when the work uses Roman numerals for pagination: h BrocnnpHrcnl DlnEcrony oF THE GovERNoRs oF rHE UNtTED Srares ry78-t983, at 257 (Robert Sobet & John W. Raimo eds., 198t. F Thomas l. Emerson, Foreword lo CnrsnnrruE A. MncKrr.rtorrr, Srxual Hnnnssmerur or Wonrruc Womeru, atvii,ix $979). If an article, case, or other source within a largcr source is not separately pagi- nated, cite thc page on which the itcm begins: h Bernard L. Diamond, The Psychiatric Prediction of Dongerousness, rz3 U. Pn. L.Rev. q9 j97Q. b United States v. Bruno, r44 F. Supp. 593 (N.D. llt. r955). ts Government Employees TrainingAct, Pub. L. No. B5-5o7,7zStat. zzt GgsB). When referring to specilic material within such a source, include both the which the spccific material page on which the source bcgins and thc page on appears (a pincitc), scparatcd by a comma: F Matthew Roskoski, Note, A Case-by-Case Approach to Pleading Scienter Under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, 97 Mtct-r. L. Rev. 2265, zzTt-75 Q999). F" CATHARINE A. MAcKtNNoN , On Exceptionality: Women as Women in Law,in Frmrrursu Uruuoolnreo Zo,Z6-lZ OgBi. When ref'erring specilicallv to matcrial on the first page of a source, rcpeat the page number: F Christina M. Fern6ndez, NoIe, Beyond Marvin: A Proposal for Quasi-Spousal Support,30 SrAN. L. Rev. 359, 359 Q97B). I t I t I I o t o o o o I I I I o I I I o I o I I o I o t I o a concurring or tlisscnting opinion, givc only thc initial pagc 0f the casc and the page on which the specilic material appears.ltot thc initial p:rge of thc concurring or dissenting opinion: Vhcn citing material within s, Baker v. Carr, l6q U.S. 186,297 (1962) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting). 'Whcn citing material that spans more than onc palac1 givc the inclusivc pagc nunrbers. seplrrted b1' an en dlsh (-) or h.vphen (-). Alwa.vs retain the last two digits. but drop other repetitious cligits: '$p Edward L. Rubin, Note, Fairness, Flexibility, and the Waiver of Remediol Rights by Controct, 87 YnrE L.l. to57, ro65-69 Q978). If a hyphcn or dash would be ambiguns bccausc of the page numbering sys- tcm. use the rvord 'to": l. Brrrren & JAMES S. Eusrtcr, FeoennL luconr Tnxnrtoru or Conponnrrorus AND SHAREHoLDERS tl l.o6,at 5-31 to -32 (5th abr. ed. ry87). M" BoRrs Cite nonconsccutive pages hy giving thc individud pagc numbcrs separatcd b1'commas: [r" Kleppe v. New Mexico, 426U.5.529,5i1,546 (t976). Ifu source uses star paging (such 4s""3"),drop the star in tl-re ending page numbcr of a pagc rmge , but keep tl-rc star in lll re fercnce s to nonconscctltir,e page s. ;i' 2W I LL rAM B LAc K sro N E, C o rvr nn E ru rn nte s * t5z, * t5 5-56. Whcn a point is oftcn repeated throughout the cntirc source, llsc "possim" rather thrn citing spccilic plges. Do not insert I comma after thc initial pagc number: \' O Linda S. Mullenix, The Constitutionolity of the Proposed Rule z3 Class Action Amendments, 39 Aatz. L. Rev. 615 passim Q997). I (b) Footnotes. 'lb cite a footntxe, givc thc pagc on which the footnotc appcrrs, ''n.," and the firotnotc numbcr, with no sptce betwcen "n." rtnd the number: I 'l'0 cite o o o a o o o, Akhil Reed Amar, The Two-Tiered Structure of the Judiciary Act t7B9,qB U. Pa. L. Rev. 1499, r5z5 n.Bo (r99o). of l footnotc th:rt spans ntore thln one page , cite onl,v the page on which thc fbotnotc begins,"n.," and the lbotnotc numl'rer: i' Akhit Reed Amar, The Two-Tiered Structure of the Judiciary Act 17Bg,BB U. Pn. L. Rev. 1499, 't56o n.zzz (tggo). of When ref'erring onll to specilic pagcs tlf a footnote that splns nlore thall one prge , cite only' thc spccilic pages, rather than the page on which thc footllotc bcgins: u Akhil Reed Amar, The Two-Tiered Structure of the Judiciory Act of t789,98 U. Pn. L. Rrv. 1499, t56r-6zn.zzz(tggo). lir cite both a range of pages atrcl also a singlc firotttotc thlrt appelrs within the citc thc page rangc firllowcd bv a cotnma and tlrcn citc tlte fbotrlt>tc in thc npicll manner: pa!.ic rangc, b Akhit Reed Amar, 1789,88 The Two-Tiered Structure of the Judiciary Act U. Pn. L. Rev1499, 1523-24,t524n.75$99o). of Cite multiple footnote s (or endnote s) by using "nn.": S" r4r nn.18o-86 Treat nonconsecutive fq)tnotes (or endnotes) like nonconsecutive pages, but (except for internal cross-referenccs) substitute an ampersand for the comma separ.lting two footnotes that appear on thc same page or the final comma in a list of three or more footnote s that appear on the same page: 3 W 29tnn.r4 & 18,316 nn.4,6 & 8-9 I page in the tcxt and a footnorc that begins on that page, use an ampersand between thc page and the note number: 9 rene Merker Rosenberg, Winship Redux: t97o to 1990,69 Trx. Rev. ro9, 14 & n.9o (t99o). f L. (c) Endnotes. To cite an endnotc, give the page on which the endnote appears (not the page on which thc call number appears)," n.," and the endnote number, with no space between "n." and the number: * JoHN HARr ELy, Drmocnncy AND DtsrRUSr zr5 n.85 (r98o). To refer to both a page in text and an endnote whose call appears on that page, use an ampersand betwcen the text page and the page on which the endnote appears. In the following examplc, the cited text is on p.6l and the endnote is onp.2l5: * JoHN Hnnr Elv, DEruocnncyAND DtsrRUSr 6r&zt5 n.85 (r98o). Otherwisc, cite endnotes in the same manner as footnotes. (d) Graphical materials. When citing tables, figures, charts, graphs, or other graphical materials, give the page number on wl-rich thc graphical material appears and the designation, if any, provided in the source, with no space between the abhrcviation and the number. tlse the abbreviations in table TL6: * Kevin M. Clermont & Theodore Eisenberg, Commentary, Xenophilio in Americon Courts,log HARV. L. Rev. rrzo, tqttbl.z Q996). ts Jennifer Gerarda Brown & lan Ayres, Economic Rotionales for Mediation,Bo VA. L. REV. 323,397 fig.6 (t994). 'Io refcr to multiple charts, tables, figures, etc., on the same page pluralize the , abbreviatcd designation according to table T16. Use commas and ampersands, not en dashes, to sepafate: ts 9figs.3&4 W tz36 tbls.r, z & 3 t I t I 35o n.12, 355 n.r8 To refer to both I o I o I I I o I a I I o I t t I I t o I o o o I I a o I o I a o a I o Sections and Paragraphs If an ar-rthoriq' is organized bl 3.3 scction ($) or paragraph (fl), cite to these sr,rbclivisions: , , r5 U.S.C. $ 18 (r982). 6 JAMES WM. MooRE Er AL., MooRE's FEDERAL Pnncrrce ll S6.oZ 3d ed.ry9). A pirgc nurber nlt' also bc provicled if uscful in locating spccitic mattcr within the scction or paragraph: '. Lnunerce H. Tnree, Anenrcnru Corsrrrurror,rnl Law 5 $-4,at914, $ 15-6, at gzo (zd ed. rgBB). If rn authority is orl4anizccl in pirrt b1, indentecl paragraphs not introduce(l b)' parugraph svmbols (1D, &r not cite sucl.r parlgraphs with thc svmbol. lnstead Llse the written lbbrevirtion (para.): ' THr De crannroN oF luoepgrornce para. z (U.5. 1776). Do not citc indcntccl paragr:rphs if thc uuthority is ordinaril,v cited by pagc: Mandela Trial Scheduled Today, USA Tooav, Feb. 4, t99r., aI A4. Do r.rot usc 'lt" bcfi)re a scction ur pamgraph svmbol: ; td.S7. Not: /d. at S 7. MoonE Er AL., supro note 5, fl 56.o7. Not: Moonr Er AL.,supro note 5, at llS6.ol. Rule 6.2(c) discusscs thc usc of scction :tnd puragraph symbols. To citc scssion hrvs amencling prior acts that arc diviclccl into scctions within sections, sec rule f 2.4(d). (a) Subsections. If thc sorlrcc contains punctultiort sepanttiug sections from snbsections, usc thc original punctuation: r; N.M. Srnr. Ar,nr. g a-aa Not: N.M. Srnr. Aruru. 5 7g) Q9fi). +(+4)(z)(c) (1S8i). If tl.rc soulcc contains no such scparating punctuation, separxte thc subsection clesignations using parentheses. not clccimlls. hvphcns. or other nrarks. 'l'llts. placc' 1 " irnd "a," in parcnthcses ( "( l )" uncl "(a)"). (b) Multiple sections and subsections. When citing ntultiple scctions. usc two scctiou s-vmbols (55). Givc inclusive numbcrs;do not use "ef Seq. " lclcrrtical digits or lettcrs prccecling a punctuation mark ntav be omittccl, unlcss ckritrg s<r u,ould crcatc confirsitlrr. Otherwise rctain all cligits. ': WASH. REv. CooE Arur. 55 78.57.oo5-.52.9oo (West 1989 & Supp. !991). u Der. Cooe Arun. tit. g, 55 Brz-Brg (rg8g). Note that letters are sometimes used to designate sections, rather than subsecwithin them: tions, and that scction designations may contain punctuation F 4z U.S.C. $$ r396a-r396d (zotz). If an cn dash or hyphen wor,rld be ambignons, nsc the word "to": F 4z U.S.C. $$ r973aa-z to-4(994). b MoNr. CooE Ar.rru. 55 ZS-r-3or to 324 Q9B9). Vhen citing scattered sections, separate the sections with commas: tr N..1. Srnr. Arr'r. 55 rBA:54-r, -3, -6 (West 1989). Repeat digits if necessar_v to ar-oid confusion: , N.l. Srnr. Arr. 55 rBA:58-r7, :58-25,:64A-zz.r,:64A-22.6 (West 1989)' Vhen citing multiple subsections within a .sirzglc section, usc only one section symbol: F- z8 U.S.C.5 ros(a)(r)-(b)(r) (zorz). h r9 U.S.C. 5 r+8s(a)G)-() (zop). F Der. Cooe Aruru. tit. g, S 6gro(a), (c) (rg8g). Btrt when citing multiple subsectior"rs symbols: F r9 U.S.C. 55 r48r(a), witltin cliJferenl scctions, use two section u+86(b) (zotz). (c) Multiple paragraphs. Multiple paragr,rphs should be trcated likc multiple scctions, fbllowing 3.4 rule 3.3(b): ts 1 filr" MooRE Er AL.,supra note 5, BtuE Sxy L. Rep. (CCH) fl1| 4471-4474. flfl 54.32*.35. Appended Material Indicate an appcndix or appencled note or commcnt by placing the appropriate abbrcviation (sec table T16) lfter the citation to the largcst firll subdivision to which thc item is appendecl, whether pagc, section, paragraph, chapter, titlc, or votume : W James Edwin Kee & Terrence A. Moan, The Property Tax and Tenant Equality, Sg Hnnv. L. Rev. 53r app. Ggt6). M ResrnrEuerur (Secor'ro) or Tonrs 5 6z14 cmt. a (Am. Lnw lrusr. 1977). Citc a particular page, section, or othcr subdivision in an appendix as follows: M 5o U.S.C. app. $ 454 (zorz). e Samue[ lssacharoff & George Loewenstein, Second Thoughts About Summory Judgment, roo Ynlr L.1.73 app.aI e4-25 $99o). Other Wpes of uppencled matcrial thxt serve as commcntary on the material to which thel arc appendcd, or that firrther discuss a point related to thc tcxtual cliscussion, should be citcd as notes or appcndices: I I I o I I t o I t o a I o t I I t o I I I I t o I t o I a o o o o o o o a o o $" Feo. R. Ctv. P. 6o(b) advisory committee's note to 1946 amendment. & REsrArEMENr (Secoruo) oF PRop.5 z.r cmt. c, illus. z (Arrir. Lnw lusr. r97). Further informrtion neccssar)' to identi$' which of sevcral namecl notcs is citecl may bc ldded parenthctically: 7, 4z U.S.C. $ 186z note (rg88) (Denial of Financial Assistance to Campus Disrupters). s' N.Y. Bus. CoRp. LAW 5 624 note (McKinney 1963) (Legislative Studies and Reports). Appcndices that reprint matcrills normalll citctl to anotlrcr sourcc shoulcl bc citetl rccortling to rule 1.6(a): y" An Act for the Prevention of Frauds and Perjuries, 1677, z9 Car. z. c. z, $ t7 (Eng.), reprinted in lonn P. DAWSoN, Wrr-lrnn Bunuerr Hnnvgv & SrnNlrv D. HEuoEnsoru. CnsEs AND CoMMENTS oN 1, at g+z (Sth ed. 1988). Cournncrs app. Internal Cross-References 3.5 of text, lbotnotcs, ancl gronps of authorities within thc piecc mirl' be citecf using "supro" or"infra;'tlse supra to reftr to nutcrial thut has alrcadt' appcrrrccl q'ithin thc picce. tise infra to refer to matcrial that appcars later in the piece. Portior-rs flsc lr consistcnt naming convention lor subdivisions that arc nuttrbcred ttr otherwisc designlted in the piecc (Tbe lJluefux* suggests using Part'firr tnaiu snbdivisons and "Section" fur all snltllcr subdivisions): use "note" to rcfcr to footnotesvgithinthe sxmepiecctuse p.'and-pp."torefertoothcrplgeswithin the samc piecc: "Figure" and "Tabte" are uscd to retcl to figurcs lnd tables within the sarne piece . A varict,v of fbrms may bc used. F-or examplc: w See supra text accompanying notes jo5-o7. \' See supro notes 12-15, h See cases ciled supro nore 22. 9z-97 and accompanying text. L' But see sources ciled supra note 24. w See discussion infra Sections ll.B.z, lll.C.r. t, See , See infro pp. supra Part lV. ro6-o7. .b See infro p. 5o and note 1oo. w' 9ee supro Figure z. it' See infro Tabte 3. Notc that "suprd" is ltlso used in short firrm citutiot-ts fbr ccrtain (sce rule 4.2). t,v1te s of sourccs SHORT CITATION FOR}IS This rulc provicles general guidrnce for all short forms. For guidance as to specific short fbrms see the followine rules: Cases.. ..ru1e10.9 ... .. rule 1l Constitutions . Statutes. Materials. Regulations ......rule ..ru1e12.L0 Legislative 1J.8 ......ru1e14.5 Books,Reports,and Othef Nonperiodic Materials. Pcriodical Matcrials Unpublishecl and Forthcoming Sources .... rule 15.10 ....ruIe16.9 ....rule17.6 Internet, Electronic Media, and Other Nonprint Resources. . . . . rule 18.8 ....rule19.2 ....ruIe20.7 ....rule21.17 Services ForcignMatcrials.... International Materials For additional guidance on the usc of short forms in court documents and legal memoranda, sec Bluepages 84, B10.2, B12.2,815.2, 816.2,and,Bl7.2. 4.1 "Id" "ld." may bc uscd in citation sentences and clauses for any kind of authority except internal crossrefbrences (as describcd in rule 3.5). In court documents and legal memoranda, usc "ld. " when citing the immediately preceding authoriry, but only uben tbe immediately preceding citatiL,n contains onry one autborit!.ln law review footnotes, use "id." when citing the immediately preceding authority within the same f(x)tnote or within the immediately preccding footnote when tbe prececlingfootnote contains onl! one autbority.Note that the period at the end of "rd." is always italicized. Indicate where a subsequent citation varies from thc former, such If the lirst citation refers only to as the specilic work contained within an authority, do not use "id. " for a subsequent citation to the entire authorify. Instcad, use the "suprd" form (see rule 4,2(a)). page number being cited. a shorter The folkrwing examples illustrate the use of "ld." to refer to a variety of commonlv cited materials: ;* 1 Chalfin v. Specter, * 2ld. at563. F" 3 42 U.S.C. $ + 4 W, 5 See id. g U.C.C.5 also id.5 43 A.2d 562,562 (Pa. ry61). r9B3 (1994). r98r. f-:oz(z) (Arvr. Lnw lrusr. & Ururr. LnwCowrwr'r.t r-tof (a). k' 6 Dupuy v. Dupuy, [t977-t978 Transfer Binder] Fed. Sec. (CCH) fl 96,048,at9t,7o7 (Sth Cir. May 9,r97). 1977);see L. Rep. I I I t I o I o I I I o o o o o o a O t t I o I I I o I t . o o a t I o I o t Id. I196,o52, a|91,705; see olso U.S. CoNsr. art. l, 5 8, cl. ro (giving Congress the power to punish "Offences against the Law of Nations"). ' 8 FrErvrrr.ic JAMES, JR. & Georrnrv C. Hnznno, Jn., Crvrr PRocEoune ed. rg8r). Gd 55 r.t-.r e , See id. 5 t.Z. 10 3 WTLLTAM Horoswonru, A Hrsronv or El,tct-tsH Lnw 255 (3d ed. ry27). t1 t id. al 5-q bd ed. 19r4). , 12 Tr-rouns C. ScHelltuc, A Pnocrss or REsroErulnr Secne cnltoru: NercHeonFrooo Trpprruc z, reprinted in Ecottolttc FoUNDATtoNS oF Pnopenrv LAW 3oZ, 3oB (Bruce A. Ackerman ed., t97). 13 , 14 ld. at 3. JAMES 15 & Haznno, supra nole 8, 5 1.5. See id. "/d." mly not be usccl to rcfcr to one ruthority in prcccding fixrtnotc cites nrorc than one sourcc: l preccding fbotnote il thc 16 See Robert B. Reich, Toward a New Consumer Protection, 728 U. Pn. L. Rrv. r (1929); Note, Direct Loan Financing ofConsumer Purchases, 85 Hnnv. L. Rrv. r4o9, 14t5-r7 Q97z); see olso ChaLfin v. Specter, 233 A.zd 562 .Pa. ry67). o I 7 '7 See Not: 17 Chalfin,43 A.zd aI S7o. See id. at 57o. Sourccs idcntified it-t cxplanatorl'parerttheticals, explanatory phritses, or prior/ subsequcnt histor),, howevcq arc ignorcd firr the purposes of this rulc. Thtts, thc firllowing cxrmples are corrcct: 46o U.S. 66o,663 (1983) (quoting Ralston v. Robinson,454 U.S. zot,zo6 (rq8r)). '8 Tuten v. United States, 'e See , id. at 664. Ditlon v. Gtoss, z56U.S. 168, ll6 (rgzt), quotedin Nixon v. United States, 5o6 U.S. zz4,4o (t993). 20 21 . 22 ' 23 See id. at 37 4. Kohter v. Tugwel[, z9z F. Supp.978,985 (E.D. La. ry68), off d per curiam,393 U.S. SZt (tg6g). See id. aI9Bo. ''/d." ma1' not be usecl to rcfcr to an intcrnal cross-refcrencc: 24 See supra text accompanying note z. 2s See supra text accompanying note z. Not:25 5ee supro id. 4.2 "Satpra" and "Herein ftef' "Supra" and"hereinafter" may be used to refer to legislative hearings;court lilings; books; pamphlets; reports; unpublishcd materials; nonprint resources; pcriodicals; serviccs; trcaties and intcrnational agreements; regulations, directivcs, and decisions of intergovernmental organizations; and intcrnal cross-references. "Supra" and"hereinafter" shoulcl not be used to refer to cases, statutes, constitutions, lcgislative materials (othcr than hcarings), restatements, model codcs, or regulations, except in cxtrnofdinary circumstances, such as when the name of the autl-roriry is extremely long: ? 2b ln re Multidistrict Private CivilTreble Damage Antitrust Litig. Invotving Motor Vehicle Air Potlution ControI Equip., 5z F.R.D. 398 (C.D. Cat. 197o) [hereinafter Air Pollution Control Antitrust Case]. Appropriate shurt forms for cases, statutes, and legislativc materials (othcr than hearings) are providecl in their fcspectivc rules. (a)"Supra."When an authority hirs been ftrlly citcd previously,the"supro"form may be used (unless "id." is appropriatc or "supra" is inappropriate for that authority). Thc "supra" form gencmlly consists of the last name of the author of the work, followed by a comma and the word"supra." Indicate any particular manner in which the subsequent citation difTers from the former If the author is an institutional author, use the firll institutional name. If no author is cited, use the titlc of the work; for unsigned stude nt-writte n law rcview materials,use the appropriate designation (see rule 16.7.1(b)). Indicate the footnote in which the ftrll citation can be found, unless thc fi.rll citation is in thc same footnote, in which cnse"supre" should be used without any cross-refercnce. Indicate any particular manner in which the subsequent citation differs fiom thc former. Volume , paragraph, section, or page numbers may be added to rcfer to specific material: h 27 Reich, supra note * 28 z HoLoswoRTH, supro note ro, at 6. $, at 6. $F 29 JAMES & Hezano, supra note 8,9 7.zt; W. Pnce Keeron Er ar., Pnossen AND KEEToN oN rHE LAW or Tonrs 5 r, at z (Sth ed. rg8+); see also supra text accompanying note 7. ts 3o Keeroru Er AL., supra note 29, $ z, at 4; Note, supra note 16, at 7476. * 31 Cf. ScHellrNc, supra nole 12, at j. Note that citation of a second item or work founcl within a volume of collected materials dready cited takcs the form: F" s2CntnnnnE A. MAcKtNNoN,On Exceptionality: Women asWomen in Law,in FEralrursu UrrrwroorrrEo 7o,7o 9 33 (r9B). CnrHnnrrE A. MAcKTNNoN, Desire ond Power,in Femrrursn rreo, sup ro nole 32, at 46, 47. U trrtvtoor (b) "Hereinafter." For authoritl' that would be cumbersome to citc with the rusual "supra'' form or fbr which the regular shortcned form may confuse the t I I o I o o I I I I o I o o o o a o I t o o o a o o t o o I o o o o t o t o I reader. the author may establish a specilic shortcned form. After the lirst citation of the authorit)', but befrrre any cxplanatory parcnthetical, place the word "hereinafter" and the shortcncd form in brackets. The shortened form should appear in the same typcface as in the full citation. In subscquent citations, cite the authority using the shortencd form folkrwed by a comma lnd the approprirte "supro" cross-rcf'erence (nlle 4.2(a)): * 34 F 35 RrcHnno H. Proposed Amendments to the Federol Rules of Criminol Procedure: Hearings Before the Subcomm. on Criminal Justice of the H. Comm. on the Judiciory, g5th Cong. 9z-% (197) [hereinafter Heoringsl (statement of Prof. Wayne LaFave). Counrs v Fallor.r, Jn. er nr., Hnnr nlto WrcHslen's THe FEornnr Froennr Svsrem llo (Sth ed. zoo3). AND rHE 36 H ea ri n g s, su p ro note 3 4, ar 33 (statement of H on. Edward Becker). I)o not usc the "hereinafter" firrm when r simple "supra" torm is adeqtratc: * 37 FnLLOT't Er AL.,s\pro note 35, aI343. The "hereinafter" firrm, however, should be used to distingtrish two authorities rppearing in the samc footnote if thc simplc "s upro" form would bc confttsing: See Edward B. Rock, Saints ond Sinners: How Does Deloware Corporate Law Work?,44 UCLA L. Rev. roo9, tot6-r7 (rggz) lhereinafter Rock, Soints and Sinnersl; Edward B. Rock, The Logic and (lJncertain) Significance of lnstitutional Shareholder Activism, 79 Geo. L.J. 445 G991) [hereinafter Rock, Shareholder Activisnl. ts 38 ? 3e See Rock, Sainfs and Sinners, supra nole 38, at 1019; Rock, Shareholder Activism, supro note 38, aI 459-63. QUOTATTONS 5.r Formatting of Quotations fifty or more words. (a) Quotations of (i) Indentation and quotation marks. The quotation should be indented on the left and right without qu)tation marks, and quotation marks within a block quotation should appear as they do in thc original: lr [T]his presumptive privilege must be considered in light of our historic commitment to the rule of law. This is nowhere more profoundly manifest than in our view that "the twofold aim [of criminaI iustice] is that guilt shalt not escape or innocence suffer." We have elected to emptoy an adversary system of criminaI justice in which the parties contest all issues before a court of law . . . . The ends of criminal lustice would be defeated if judgments were to be founded on a partiaI or speculative presentation ofthe facts. The very integrity of the ludiciat system and pubtic confidence in the system depend on full disclosure of att the facts, within the framework of the rules of evidence. To ensure that f ustice is done, it is imperative to the function of courts that compulsory process be available for the production of evidence needed either by the prosecution or by the defense. United States v. Nixon, 4r8 U.5. 683,7o8-o9 (1974) (second altera- tion in originat) (citation omitted). The Court then balanced this interest against the evils of forced disctosure. ld. a|7rc. (ii) Footnote and citation placement. In law review text (in which citations are not permitted), the footnote number should appear after the final punctuation of the quotation. In law review footnotes, court documents, and legal memoranda (in which citations are permitted), the citation should not be indented but should begin at thc left margin on thc line immediatelv following the quotation.ln law review footnotes,where the quotation is placed within a parentheticll, it should be enclosed in qtxrtation marks and not otherwisc set off from the rest of the text. (iii) Paragraph structure. The paragraph structurc of an indented quotation should be indicated by further indenting the first line of each paragraph. The lirst sentencc of the lirst quoted paragraph is only indented, however, if the first word of the quoted passage is also the first word of a paragraph in the sourcc bcing quoted. If language at the beginning of the first paragraph is omitted, do not indent thc first line or use an ellipsis. To indicate omission at the bcginning of subsequent paragraphs, inscrt and indcnt an ellipsis. Indicatc the omission of one or more entire paragraphs by inserting and indenting four periods (". . . l') on a new line. The folkrwing example illustrates thcse rules: $fr 0n appeal to the federal courts via a habeas petition, McCleskey alteged that Georgia's capitaI sentencing process was administered in a racially discriminatory manner in viotation of the Equat Protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. McCleskey based his claims on a study, conducted by respected law and I o o t t o I I a t I o o o o o a I o I I economics Professors Baldus, Pulaski, and Woodworth . . . . The Baldus study examined roughly z,5oo murder cases . . . . I o t t e o o o I I t o o a o o o I o . . . Professors Baldus, Pulaski, and Woodworth also subjected their data to an extensive statistical analysis. In law review footnotes, when the quotation is placed within a parenthetical, it should be enclosed in quotation marks and not otherwise set off from the rest of the text. (b) Quotations of forty-nine or fewer words. (i) Indentation and quotation marks. The quotation should be enclosed in quotation marks but not otherwise set off from the rest of the text. Quotation marks around material quoted inside another quote should appear as single marks within the quotation in keeping with the standard convention. (ii) Footnote and citation placement. The footnote number or citation should follow immediately after the closing quotation mark unless it is more accurate to place it elsewhere shortly before or after the quotation. (iii) Paragraph structure. Do not indicate the original paragraph structure of quotations of forty-nine or fewer words except when the material quoted would commonly be set off from the text, such as lines of poetry or dialogue from a play. In this case, the quotation may appear as a block quote per rule 5.l(a)(iii), regardless of its length. (iD Punctuation. Always place commas and periods inside the quotation marks; place other punctuation marks inside the quotation marks only if they are part of the original text. Alterations and Quotations Within Quotations (a) Substitution of letters or words, When a letter must be changed from upper to lower case, or vice versa, enclose it in brackets. Substituted words or letters and other inserted material should also be bracketed: ) "[P]ubtic confidence in the [adversary] system depend[s upon] futt disclosure of all the facts, within the framework of the rules of evidence." (b) Omission of letters. lndicate the omission of letters from a common root word with empty brackets ('iudgment[]"). (c) Mistakes in original. Significant mistakes in the original should be followed by "[sic]" and otherwise left as they appear in the original: ) "This list of statutes are [sic] necessarily incomplete." (d) Changes to citations. (i) Use a parenthetical clause after the citation to indicate when the source quoted contains any addition of emphasis, alteration to the original in the quoted text, or any omission of citations, emphasis, or footnote call numbers. When a citation requires multiple parentheticals, place them in the order indi cated in de 1.5(b): 5.2 ) "The fact that individuals define themselves in a significant way through their sexual relationships suggests. . . that much ofthe richness of a relationship will come from the freedom to choose the form and nature of these intensely personal bonds." Bowers v. Hardwick, qz8 U.S. t85, zo5 (1985) (Blackmun, J., dissenting) (second emphasis added). in limiting the sound emanating from the bandshell. The court concluded, however, that the city's sound-amplification guideline was not narrowly tailored to further this interest, because "it has not [been] shown . . . that the requirement of the use of the city's sound system and technician was the least intrusive meons of regulating the volume." Ward v. Rock Against Racism, 49r U.S. 78L,797 (1989) (alteration in original) (citation omitted). (ii) Do not indicate the omission of a citation or footnote call number that follows the last word quoted. (iii) Do not indicate that emphasis in the quotation appears in the original. (e) Quotations within quotations. Whenever possible, a quotation within a quotation should be attributed to its original source. lnsert a parenthetical following any parenthetical required by 5.2(d): de ) Chief Judge Skelty Wright noted Congress's"firm resolve to insure that the CIA's'power that flows from money and stealth' could not be turned loose in domestic investigations of Americans." Marks v. ClA, 59o F.zd 997, roo8 (D.C. Cir. ry28) (Wright, C.J., concurring in part and dissenting in part) (emphasis added) (quoting Weissman v. ClA, 555 F.zd 69z,6gS (D.C. Cn. gZ)). Note that sources included in parentheticals pursuant to this rule should be formatted as though they appear in citation clauses (see des 2.1and2.2@-)Gtr)). (f) Internal quotation marks. (i) Internal quotation marks should be omitted if the opening mark appears at the very beginning of an in-line quotation and the closing mark appears at the very end. ) Original: lf "the agency's answer is based on a permissible construction ofthe statute," that is the end ofthe matter. ) The dispositive question is whether "the agency's answer is based on a permissible construction of the statute." ilot: The dispositive question is whether "'the agency's answer is based on a permissible construction ofthe statute."' (ii) Do not omit multiple levels of nested marks except as this rule allows, even though "quoting" parentheticals beyond the first level may be omitted under rule 10.6.2. Alternate between double and single quotation marks as appropriate. t t o I o t o a I I I t o o t o I a o t o o o a a I a o o a I o o o I o o c o o ts Originat: In this context, "the distinction between 'iurisdictional' and 'non-jurisdictional' interpretations is a mirage." F The Court noted that, "[i]n this context, 'the distinction between "iurisdictional" and "non-jurisdictional" interpretations is a mirage."' Not: The Court noted that, "[i]n this context,'the distinction between jurisdictional and non-jurisdictional interpretations is a mirage."' (iii) Do not fail to include a"quoting"parenthetical because this rule requires omission of internal quotation marks (rather, omit "quoting" parenthcticals only as allowed by rule f 0.6.2). (iv) Do not omit internal quotation marks in block quotations. Omissions Omission of a word or words is generally indicated by the inscrtion of an ellipsis, three periods separated by spaces and set off by a space bcfore the lirst and after the last period ("....... "), to take the place of the word or words omittcd. Note that ". " indicates a space. An ellipsis should ncver be used to begin a quotation; nor should it be used when individual words are merely altered (rules 5.1(a)(iii) and 5.2). (a) When using quoted language as a phrase or clause. Do not indicatc omission of matters before or after a quotation: p Chief Justice Burger wrote that the availabitity of compulsory process is "imperative to the function of courts" and that "[t]he very integrity of the ludiciat system and public confidence in the system depend on full disclosure ofall the facts." Howevei indicate omission of matter within such a phrase or clause with an ellipsis: s Chief Justice Burger wrote that the availabitity of compulsory process is "imperative to.......courts" and that "[t] he.......iudicial system and public confidence in the system depend on futl disclosure of all the facts." (b) When using quoted language as a full sentence. For example, assume the text of the original language is as follows: F National borders are less ofa barrier to economic exchange now than at almost any other time in history. As economic activity continues its relentless drive toward wortd-wide scope, trademarks become even more important. Why, then, are certain scholars advocating less comprehensive trademark protection? In fact, this seems counterintuitive. (i) Where the beginning o/ the quoted sentence is being omitted, capitalize the first lctter ofthe quoted language and place it in brackets ifit is not already capitalizcd: ts "[B]orders are less of a barrier to economic exchange now than at almost any other time in history." 5.3 (ii) Where the midd.le of a quoted sentence is being omitted, insert an ellipsis where the language is omitted: ) "National borders are less of a barrier.......now than at almost any other time in history." (iii) Where the end of a quoted sentence is being omitted, insert an ellipsis between the last word being quoted and the final punctuation of the sentence being quoted: ) "National borders are less of a barrier to economic exchange now than at almost any other time........" (iv) Do not indicate the deletion of matter after the period or other final punctuation that concludes the last quoted sentence. ) "National borders are less of a barrier to economic exchange now than at almost any other time in history." (v) Where language after tbe end of a quoted sentence is deleted and is folIowed by further quotation, retain the punctuation at the end of the quoted sentence and insert an ellipsis before the remainder of the quotation. ) "National borders are less of a barrier to economic exchange now than at almost any other time in history........IE]conomic activity continues its relentless drive toward world-wide scope, [so] trademarks become even more imoortant." (vi) If language both at tlte end. and afrer tbe end of a quoted sentence is omitted and followed by further quoted material, use only one ellipsis to indicate both of the omissions: ) "National borders are less of a barrier.........[E]conomic activity continues its relentless drive toward world-wide scope, Iso] trademarks become even more important." Note that the punctuation at the end of the first sentence should follow the ellipsis: ) "Why, then, are certain scholars advocating tess.......? [T]his seems counterintuitive." (c) Vhen ornitting a footnote or citation. Indicate omission of a footnote or a citation with the parenthetical phrase "(footnote omitted)" or'(citation omitted)" immediately following the citation to the quoted source. Do not insert an ellipsis for an omitted footnote or citation. o o , I t t o c O o t I o o o o o c o I t o I I o o I I o t C o t o I l o o o t r;;:';1r111r, ABBREVIATIONS, NUMERALS, AND SYMBOTS Abbreviations of this book contain lists of specific abbreviations for arbitral reportcrs (T5), casc namcs (T6), court names (T7), explanatory phrases (T8),legislative documents (T9), geographical terms (T10), fudges and oflicials CIl l),months (T12),periodicals (T13), publishing terms (T14), services (T15), and subdivisions (T16). Tables at the end Abbreviati<lns not listed in this book shor-rld be avoided unless substantial spacc will be savcd and the resulting abbreviation is unambigtxrus. Note that in legal writing the same word may be abbreviated differently for diffbrent uscs: p' F. and Fed. F, app. and App'x (a) Spacing. In general,close up all adiacent single capitals: + N.W. P S.D,N,Y. But do not close up single capitals with longer abbreviations: ts D. Mass. Pe S. Ct. In abbreviations of periodical names (scc table T13), close up all adiacent single capitals except when one or more of the capitals refers to the name of an institutional entiry, in which case set the capital or capitals referring to thc entity off from othe r adiacent single capitals with a space . Thtts: * Geo. L.J. '$ 8.C. L. Rev. lr N.Y.U. L. Rev. t" S. lrl. U. L.l. Individual numbers, including both numerals and ordinals, are treated as single capitals: tur- F.3d + S.E.zd {r A.L.R.4th But, inscrt a spacc ad.jacent to any abbreviation containing two or more letters: ts So. zd * Cal. App. 3d ts F. Supp. zd 6 6.r Close up initials in personal names: ) W.C. Fietds (b) Periods. Generally, every abbreviation should be followed by a period, except those in which the last letter of the original word is set off from the rest of the abbreviation by an apostrophe. Thus: }' Ave. ) Bldg. But: ) ) Ass'n Dep't with widely recognized initials, e.9., AARP, CBS, ClA, FCC, FDA, commonly referred to in spoken language by their initials rather than by their firll names; such abbreviations may be used without Some entities FEC, NAACP, NLRB, are periods in text, in case names, and as institutional authors. Do not, however, omit the periods when the abbreviations are used as reporter names, in names of codes, or as names of courts of decision. Thus: > NLRB v. Baptist Hosp., Inc., 442 U.S.7n Gg7). United States may be abbreviated to "U.S." only when used as an adlective (do not omit the periods): U.S. history In addition to the abbreviation " U . S . ;' always retain periods in abbreviations not commonly referred to in speech as initials (e.g., N.Y., S.D.). Numerals and Symbols (a) Numerals. In general, spell out the numbers zero to ninety-nine in text and in footnotes;for larger numbers, use numerals. This general de is subiect, however, to the following exceptions: (i) Any number th^t begins a sentence must be spelled out. (ii) "Hundredi"thousand," and similar round numbers may be spelled out, if done so consistently. (iii) uflhen a series includes numbers both less than 100 and grearer than or equal to 100, numerals should be used for the entire series: ) The ptaintiffs gained, respectively, a ? o t I I o But: history of the United States 6.2 t I But: E. Betden Corp.,z39 N.1.R.B.776(t978). ) ? o tr7,6,and 28 pounds. (iv) Numerals should be used if the number includes a decimal point. (v) Where material repeatedly refers to percentages or dollar amounts, numerals should be used for those percentages or amounts. (vi) Numerals should be used for section or other subdivision numbers. t c o I t t 3 I o o c o o e o t o o o o o t I t t I o o I (vii) In numbers that appear in text and citations use commas to separate groups of three digits when those numbers contain live or more uninterrupted digits. Thus: > t,234,567 But:9876 But: $5678.9o Do not cmploy this convention in citations to pages, statutes, volume numbers, Intcrnet database locators, docket numbers, the U.S. Code, or other sourccs whose classification systems do not themselves include commas: [e United States v. Watker, No. oo-4oo98-JAR, zoo3 WL Kan. Jan. r3r7u (D. 6,zoo3). (b) Ordinals. (i) tlnless part of a citation, ordinal numbers appearing in text and footnotes are controlled by rule 6.2(a).lf part of a citation, ligures are used for all ordinal numbers. f)o not use supcfscfipts: b 4rst Leg. F ath ed. (ii) In textual sentences, where rule 6.2(a) requires that the numcral be uscd, "znd" or "3rd" for ligures representing ordinal numbers ending in two or thrce. But, in citations, for ligures representing ordinal numbers ending in the numbcr two or thrce, use "2d" or "3d;' not "2nd" or "3rd." Do not use superusc scripts in any case. Thus: F The roznd Congress coutd not pass a rute that would bind the 1O3rd congress. But, in citations: e ro3d Cong. S zd ed. (c) Section ($) and paragraph (u) symbols. The first word ofany sentence must be spelled out.ln addition,spell out the words"section"and"paragraph" in the text (whether main text or footnote text) of law review pieces and other documents, except when referring to a provision in the U.S. Code (see rule 12.10) or a federal regulation (see rule 14.5).ln citations, the symbols should be used (except when citing session laws amending prior acts as noted in rule 12.4(d)).Vhen the symbols are used, insert a space between "$" or "fl" and the numeral. See rules 3.3G) and 3.3(c) when citing to multiple s€ctions or paragraphs. (d) Dollar ($) and percent (%) symbols. These symbols should be used wherever numerals are used, and the words should be spelled out wherever numbers are spelled out, but a symbol should never begin a sentence. There should zol be a space between"$"or"%"and the numeral. ITALICIZATION FOR STYI,E AI\[D IN T]NIQUE CIRCUMSTAI\ICES See rule 2 for a general discussion on the uses of typefaces. The conventions below apply to italicization for emphasis, italicization of foreign words and phrases, and italicization in other unique circumstances. (a) Emphasis. Words and phrases may be italicized for emphasis. (b) Foreign words and phrases. Italicize non-English words and phrases unless they have been incoqporated into common English usage. Latin words and phrases that are often used in legal writing are considered to be in common English usage and should not be italicized. However, very long latin phflses and obsolete or uncommon Latin words and phmses should remain italicized. For example: ) I ) ) expressio unius est exclusio alterius ignorantia legis neminem excusat sero sed serio ex dolo malo non oritur actio But: ) ) ) ) ) ) e.g. resjudicata amicus curiae corpus juris obiter dictum modus operandi > non obstante veredicto ) mens rea ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) i.e. quid pro quo certiorari ab initio de jure habeas corpus prima facie en banc "id.' is always italicized. Note also that other typeface mles may control. For example, when "e.g." is used as a signal it should be italicized Note, however, that as per de 2.1(d). Similarh always italicize procedural phrases in case names, such as'/n re" or " ex rel.i under rule f 0.2.f(b). (c) Ietters representing hlaothetical parties, places, or things. ltalicize and capitelizs ildividual leners when used to represent the n:rmes of hypothetical parties, places, or things: ) A went to bank I in state X. (d) The lowercase letter "1.' Italicize the lowercase letter'/" when used as a subdivision, as in a statute or de, to distinguish it from the numeral'l ": >5zr(0 ) cmt. / (e) Mathematical expressions. Italicize mathematical formulas and variables: ) E: mc2 )o>zb o c I o ? o t o a o o o o ? t t o a o o t o o o O t o o o o o o o I o a a o o o CAPITATIZATION (a) Headings and titles. Capitalize words in a heading or title , including the initial word and any word that immediately follows a colon. Do not capitalize articles, coniunctions, or prepositions when they arc four or fewer letters, unless they begin the heading or title , or immediately folkrw a colon. (b) Internet main page titles and URLs. Capitalize URLs and words in an Internet main page title in accordance with the actual capitalization of the source. (c) Text. Exccpt for headings, titles, and Internet main page titles and tlRls, capitalize according to this rule. When this rule does not address a particular question of capitalization, refer to a stylc manual such as the Chicago Manual of Stfle or the Gouernment Printing OfJice Style Manual. Practitioners should also refer to Bluepages 88 for further advice on capitalization. Additional words that should be capitalized in legal writing include : (i) Nouns that identify specific persons, ofificials, groups' government offices, or government bodies. These words and phrascs should always be capitalized according to the following examples: s" the Social Security Administrator The plaintiff was dectared disabted by the Sociat Security Administrator and was awarded benefits. ts the Administrator For fifty years, the statute has provided that the Administrator make all necessarv determinations. M the FDA The FDA has approved the satts as safe and effective. &u the Agency The Agency reported that all areas of the country met the stan- dard for nitrogen dioxide. e Congress Members of Congress are immune from false imprisonment claims under certain circumstances. tr the President sitting President's executive power allows him or her to pardon convicted criminats. A But: e the congressional hearings The congressional hearings were held on the potential cumuta- tive effects of these three rules. v the presidential veto The presidential veto does not confer such power upon the President. (ii) Exceptions. Certain words are exceptions to the above rule and should be capitalized according to the following rules: Act Capitalize when referring to a specific legislative act: ) A union has a statutory duty offair representation under the NationaI Labor Relations Act. ) Circuit The record of the hearing shows that the Act required operators to pay for their own retirees. Capitalize when used with a circuit's name or number: ) We have decided to follow the Fifth Circuit and District of Columbia Circuit in that regard, rather than this circuit's unclear precedent. Code Capitalize when referring to a specifc code: )' At teast one court considered the significance of the change between the t939 and r954 Codes. Commonwealth Capitalize if it is a part of the full title of a state, if the word it modifies is capitalized, or when refering to a state as a governmental actor or ) a parfy to a litigation: The Commonwealth of Massachusetts sued several companies. ) Constitution The Commonwealth may not relitigate the issue in a post-conviction hearing. Capitalize when naming any constitution in full or when U.S. Constiturion, but do not capitalize the adjective form "constitutional." Also, capitalize nouns that refering to the identify specific parts of the U.S. Constitution when referring to them in textual sentences, but not in citations: ) Students in this class have studied the full faith and credit clause of the Pennsylvania Constitution. The students agree that the clause in that constitution is substantially similar to the Full Faith and Credit Clause in the U.S. Constitution. But: He claims his constitutional rights were violated. ) ) Of att the amendments in the U.S. Constitution, the Fifth Amendment may be the most complex. Accordingly, there was no violation of Article l, Section 8, Clause r7 of the Constitution. But: See U.S. CoHsr. art. l, 5 8, cl. t7 (granting Congress the power to "exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever . . . over alt Places purchased" by the United States). Court Capitalize when naming any court in fi.rll or when referring to the United States Supreme Court (with some exceptions for court documents and legal memoranda, see Bluepages BE): o o o o o o o o I o o o o o o a c O o o H o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o Catifornia Suoreme Court found no violation in sucn a case. fu' The *" The argument in the state supreme court concerning the lack of prior notice was based solely on state authorities. iw" When the Court approves the argument, it becomes constitutional doctrine for the entire country. uE The court of appeals reversed the trial court. e. The Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit affirmed. Fede ra I Capitalize whcn the word it modilies is capitllized: F The FederaI Constitution provides for three branches of government. I .ludge, lustice A higher level of clarity is required in statutes that require federal spendin g. Capitalize when giving the name iusticc or whcn refcrring to a of a specilic fudge or Justice of the []nited Stxtes Suprcmc Court: I In one ofthe first decisions on point, Judge Cedarbaum reiected a group appointment. in This era of constitutional non-interference ended when the Justices proclaimed a profound national commitment to the principle that debate on public issues should be uninhibited. + State will hear oral arguments on the issue of gay marriage at the end ofthe month. The lustices of the state's highest court Oapitalize if it is a part of thc firll title of a statc, if thc word it modifics is capitalized, or when refcrring to a state governmental actor or as a as a party to a litigiltion: principal issue is whether the State of Kansas may impose its motor fuet tax. The State Commissioner adopted a broad-based poticy. 1* The 9: The State brought this action two years ago. Term Capitalize whcn refcrring to a'l'erm of thc [inited States Supremc Oourt: F The United States Supreme Court considered this issue in this Term and in four other Terms since the 1978 Term. F The central common law courts sat onty four times a year, but customarity the year began with Michaetmas term. TTTIES OFJUDGES, OFFICIAIS, AND TERMS OF COLIRT (a) Justices and iudges. Justices are referred to as "Justice Ginsburg'and 'Chief Justice Robertsl'Parenthetical references are to "Brennan, J.,""Scatia, J.,'and'Brennan & Scalia, JJ."Judges are referred to as "Judge Surrick" and "Chief Judge Scirica." Capitalize 'justice,"'chief justicei and "judge'according to rule 8(cXii). For parenthetical references, abbreviate titles of iudges and officials as indicated in table T11. (b) Ordering. As a matter of etiquette, lists of judges should be in the order indicated at the beginning of each volume of the official reporter for the court. Justices of the United States Supreme Court are always listed with the Chief Justice first and then in order ofseniority. of court. A term of court currently in progress may be referred to as "this term.'The immediately preceding term,no longer in progress at the time (c) Term of publication, should be refe rred to by year: ) as " last te rm." Any terrn may be indicate d the 1999 term The Supreme Court Term should be indicated by the year in which the Term began, not the year it ended. Capitalize "term" according to de 8(cXii). 10 CASES Citation of a U.S. Supreme 'vl Meritor Sav. for Court case: 'versus" reporter volume no. \ \ Bank*v.:,Vinson,,'477' L--------r-----r nrstparty + seconjparty first page of case )-J specific page refened to U.5.,' 57',,: 60, (1986). !-r,| f "ri[j:J.fi:i:.,Iij.,"1*:#iljlt:h:,13:,"1;;1 Citation of a case decided by the U.S. Court ofAppeals for the Fourth Circuit, later reversed by the U.S. Supreme Court, with parenthetical information about the Fourth Circuit decision: \ parties ("1:Hi'Jrt?$"il'i:L*) ;jrt?:rT"".T; reporter volume no. | first page of ')-,AA case oli'*l""j l, | ,A I deciding court I United States u MacDonald, " 531..t.2d,,196," 199-200, (4th Cir.. 7976) " (resting review of the dispositive issue on the principle of iudicial economy), * rev'd,,,435 " U.5. " 850,, (1978). ++\\ action of higher court parenthetical phrase describing decision of Fourth Circuit citation of reversal Short form for the above case after it has been cited in full: volume no. and reporter abbreviation MacDonold, 537 F.2d' L__\___J shortened case name in (do not use governmentar at qi specific page refened to 797. italics denotes parry) o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o that page number follows I o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o Main Elements Names. ReponersandOtherSources..... Court andJurisdiction. Date oryear. Parentheticallnformation PriorandSubsequentHistory. .. Case ..... rule 1O.2 rule 10.3 . rule 10.4 rule 10.5 ...... de 10'6 .. rule 10.7 Basic Citation Fofins 10.1 Filed but not decided Hoshiiima v. Jensen, No. 9o-345 (D. Mass. fited Sept. r8, r99o). Unpublished interim Sansone v. Sauder, No. 9o-345 (D. Mass. Oct. 25, r99o) (order granting pretiminary order inl unction). Published interim order Haber v. Scotten, 725 F. Supp. 1395 (D. Mass. r99o) (order granti n g prelimi nary iniunction). Unpublished decision Kitchens v. Grohman, No. 9o-345, stip op. at 6 (D. Mass. Dec. 4, r99o). Decision published in service only Tice v. Scotten, r99o Fed. Sec. L. Rep. (CCH) 1c2,342 (D. Mass. Dec.4, t99o). Decision published in newspaper only Mishra v. Grohman, N.Y. I.i., Dec. 5, r99o, at r (D. Mass. Dec. 4, r99o). Decision available in Yee v. Kitchens, No. electronic database LEXIS 2o837, at fl 9o-345, r99o U.5. Dist. *6-8, *ro (D. Mass. Dec.4, 7990). Decision available in electronic database after revision Phibrick v. Haber, No. 9o-345, r99o U.S. Dist. LEXIS 2o837, at *4 (D. Mass. Dec. 4,t99o, revised lan.3, t99i. Published decision Ward v. Reddy, 727 Mass. r99o). Appeal docketed Yee v. Brief, record, or F. 5upp. t4o7, r4tz lD. Grohman,TzT F. Supp. r4o7 (D. Mass. ry9o), appeal docketed, No. 9o-567 (rst Cir. Dec. zo, r99o). appendix Brief for Appellant at 7, Kitchens v. Scotten, 3ra (1! cir.tgrt) (l.'| o.4';10q)._ ryt Disposition on appeal !^ Philbrick v. Mishra, 925 F.zd 314,315 (rst Cir. 1991) ' Disposition in lower court showing subsequent history Haber v. Yee,7z7 F. Supp. 7407, t4r2 (D. Mass. rygo), aff'd, 925 F.zd 3r4 (rst Clr. t99r). Petition for certiorari Grohman v.Tice,9z5F.zd 3t4 (rst Cir. t99r), petition for cert. filed,6o U.S.L.W. 34zz (U.5. filed lan.U, rgqz) (No. 9z-zrz). Scotten v. Kitchens, 925 F.zd 3r4 (rst Cir. t99t), cert. granted,5o U.S.L.W. f S6z (U.S. Petition for certiorari granted Jan. zr, Disposition in Supreme Court published only in service LO.2 r99z) (No. 9z-ztz). Flynn v. Kaplan, 6o U.S.L.W. 442o, 44zt (U.5. Feb. 4, t99z), vacating as moot 925 F.zd 3t4 (rst Cir. r99r). Case Narnes The only significant differences befween case nzrmes in textual sentences and case names in citations are the italicization (rule 2) and the extent to which the case name is abbreviated. The provisions of rule LO.2.1 apply to every case name,whether in text or citations, but case names in citations are further abbreviated according to rule 10.2.2. Thus: ) ln Southern Pocific Co. v. Jensen, z44U.S. zo5 (t9r7), Justice McReynolds stressed the value of uniform laws. ) Southern Pocific also indicates the breadth of federal lawmaking power under the admiralty jurisdiction. Noh In 5. Pac. Co. v. lensen, z44U.S. zo5 Q9q), Justice McReynolds stressed the value of uniform laws. But: in citations: ) See, e.g.,S. Pac. Co. v. Jensen, z44U.S. zo5, J., zz5-26 (r9r7) (Pitney, dissenting). de Note that the examples throughout 82 employ the typeface conventions for law review citations. For an explanation of typeface conventions, see rule 2. For typeface conventions in couft documents and legal memoranda, see Blue- pages 82. 10.2.1 General Rules for Case Names Use the case name that appears at the beginning of the opinion in the cited reporter as modified by the paragraphs below. If no name appears in the cited reporter, use a popular name or cite as "Judgment of <date>": ) ) Shelley's Case Judgment of Oct. rr, zooS Always retain in full the first word in each pafiy's name (including a relator) except as provided below In extremely long case names, omit words not neceg sary for identification; the running head (the short identifier printed at the top of each page of the case) may serve as a guide. Make the following modifications where applicable: (a) Actions and parties cited. If the case is a consolidation of two or more actions, cite only the fust listed: ) Shetleyv. Kraemer ilot: Shelley v. Kraemer, McGhee v. Sipes o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o I o t O I o I o o o O o o O o o o o o o o a a o Omit all partics other than the first listed on each side. Do not omit the lirstlisted relator or any portion of a partnership name: F Fry v. Mayor of Sierra Vista Not: Fry v. Mayor & City Council of Sierra Vista But: * Massachusetts ex rel. Alison v. Pauly ts Eisen v. Spradlin, Lincotn & Amorosi Omit words indicating multiple parties, such as "et a[."Also omit alternative names givcn for thc firstlisted party on cither side: F Cheng v. Seinfetd Not: Cheng et al. v. Seinfetd d/b/a The Man, Inc. Similady, for in rem jurisdiction cases, omit all but the lirstlisted itcm or group of items: * In refhree Pink Cadittacs Not: /n re Three Pink Caditlacs, Two Turtte Doves, and a Partridge in a Pear Tree S(/herc real propcrfy is a party, use its common street address, if available * : United States v. 6ro9 Grubb Road Not: United States v. ParceI of Real Property Known as 6ro9 Grubb Road, Mitlcreek Township, Erie County, Pennsylvania In bankruptcy and similar cases, the casc name might contain both an adversary and a nonadversary name. If both appear at the beginning of the opinion, cite the adversrry name first, followcd by the nonadversary name in parentheses. Include a procedural phrase such as" ln re" or" ex rel." bcf<rrc the nonadversary name, followed by a descriptive or introductory phrase such as "Estate of" or "lnterest of;'if any. lf only an adversary name or only a nonaclversary name appears at the beginning of the opinion, citc the name supplicd: s. Watlingford's, Inc. v. Waning (/n re Waning), rzo B.R. 6o7,6tt (Bankr. D. Me. r99o). * a /n re Drexel Burnham Lambert Group, Inc., S.D.N.Y. r99o). rzo B.R. 724(Bankr. /n re Estate of Benson, No. C7'95-2r85,1996 WL 118367 (Minn' Ct. App. Mar. ry,ry96). fr State v. Powers (/n re Interest of Powers),493 N.W.zd 16Z (Neb. 7992)' (b) Procedural phrases. Abbrcviatc "on the relation ofl' "for the use of;' "on behalf ofi"'as next friend ofl' and similar expre ssions to "ex rel. "Abbrevi"in the matter ofl' "petition of] "application of;'and similar expressions to "/n re. " Omit all procedural phrase s exccpt the lirst. Whcn adversary partie s ate are named.omit all proccdural phrases cxcept-ex rel". ) t Gorman v. Bruh Not: /n re Gorman v. Bruh ) ) I o Massachusetts ex rel. Kennedy v. Armbruster ExparteYoung t lnclude any introductory or descriptive phrases such as'Accounting "Estate ofj'and"Will of." Thus: ) ) In re Witl of Hott Estate of Haas v. Commissioner Procedural phrases should always be italicized, regardless ofwhether the rest the case name is italicized. Thus. in law review text: ) Ex of parte Young (c) Abbreviations. In textual sentences, whether in main text or in footnote text, abbreviate only widely known acronyms under rule 6.1(b) and these eight words: "&," "Ass'n," "Bros.," 'Co.," "Corp.," "lnc.," 'Ltd.," and "No." If one of these eight begins a party's name, however, do not abbreviate it. ) Philadetphia Electric Co. v. Hirsch l{ot: PECO v. Hirsch But: NMCP v. Kaminski For abbreviations in citations, see (d) "Ihe." Omit 'The" as rule 10.2.2. the fust word of a party's name , except as part of the name of the obiect of an in rem action or in cases in which "The King" or "The Queen" is a party. Thus: )' Miami Herald v. Sercus But: ) ) ln re The Ctinton Bridge The Kingv. Broadrup Do not omit "The'in an established popular name, except when referring to the case textually. Thus: ) See The Civit Rights Cases, ro9 U.S. I (1881). But: Neither of the Civil Rights Cases opinions was correct. Noh Neither of The Civil Rights Cases opinions was correct. (e) Descriptive tems. Omit terms such as'administrator," 'appellee," "executor," "licensee,' and "trustee" that describe ) a Burns v. McMillen Not: Burns v. McMillen, Administrator But: Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Garodnick party already named: o o o o t o o o o o O I O o o O o o o I t I o t o o o o o o t o t o o o (f) Geographical terms. Omit "State of;"'Commonwealth of]'and "People ofl'except when citing decisions of the courts of that state , in which case only "State,""Commonwealth," or " People" should be retained: F Blystone v. Pennsytvania, 494U.5.299 Q99o). Not: Btystone v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, 494U.5.299 Q99o). But: Commonwealth v. Ferrone, 448 A.zd 6ll Qa. Super. Ct. r98z). Omit "City of;"'County ofl"'Viltage of," "Township of," and like expressions unless the expression begins a party name: s. Mayor of New York v. Clinton Not: Mayor of the City of New York v. Clinton But: Butts v. City of New York Omit all prepositional phrases of krcation not following "Cityj'or like expressions, unless the omission would leave only one word in the name of a party or the location is part of the full name of a business or similar entity: * Surrick v. Board of Wardens Not: Surrick v. Board of Wardens of the Port of Philadelphia But: Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsvlvania v. Casev Not: Planned Parenthood v. Casey * * Shapiro v. Bank of Harrisburg Eimers v. Mutual of Omaha Include designations of national or larger gcographical areas except in union names (rule 10.2. f (i)). Omit "of America" aftcr " U nited States" : F Flatow v. lslamic Repubtic of lran F United States v. Atuminum Co. of America Retain all geographical designations not introduced by a preposition: F" Biltman v. Indiana Department of Corrections Omit all geographical clcsignations that folkrw a comma: ts City of Artington v. FEC Not: City ofArlington, Texas v. FEC (g) Given names or initials. Gcncmlly, omit given name s or initials of individuals,but not in names of business lirms or where a party's surnamc is abbreviated: ts Courtneyv. Sandman Not: Paul Vincent Courtney v. Joseph M. Sandman But: h Tanya Bartucz, Inc. v. Virginia ts Linda R.S. v. Richard D. J. Wise & Co. Do not omit any part of a sumame made up of more than one word: ) ) Van der Velt v. Standing Horse Abdul Ghani v. Subedar Shoedar Khan Given names that follow a surname should be retained. Thus, retain the full name where the name is entirely in a language in which the surname is given fust, such as Chinese, Korean, orvietnamese: ) ) Yao Zhen Guangv. Yeh Zhi An Chowv. Ha QuangJin iloh Timothy Chow v. Ha Quang Jin Similar$ if a party's name is of Spanish or Portuguese derivation, cite the surname and all names following: ) Ortega y Gasset v. Alcala de Larosa If in doubt, use the name under which the party appears in the index of the reporter cited. (h) Business firm designations. Omit "lnc.,""Ltd.;"'1.1.C.,"N.A.,,''F.S.B.," and similar terms if the name also contains a word such as"Ass'n,""Bros.,"'Co.," "Corp.,""lns.ior'R.R.icleady indicating that the party is a business firm: ) Wisconsin Packing Co. v. Indiana Refrigerator Lines, Inc. flok Wisconsin Packing Co., Inc. v. Indiana Refrigerator Lines, lnc. This rule should be read narrowly. The omission of the business flrm designation is only appropriate if the name of the business could notpossl'bl7 be mis taken for the name of some other entity, such as a natural person. (i) Union and local union names. Cite a union name exactly as given in the offrcial rreporter. This general rule is subiect, however, to the following exceptions: (i) Only the smallest unit should be cited: > NLRB v. Radio & Television Broadcast Engineers Local pp tlok N LRB v. Radio & Television Broadcast Engineers Local ptz, IBEW, AFL.CIO (ii) All craft or industry designations, except the frst full such designation, should be omitted: ) Douds v. Loca[ 294, International Brotherhood ofTeamsters Not: Douds v. Local 294, International Brotherhood ofTeamsters, Chauffeurs, Warehousemen & Helpers But: lnternational Union of Doll & Toy Workers v.Local379 (in)A widely recognized abbreviation of the union's name (e.g., UAI/I/) may be with rules 6.1O) and 10.2.1(c). used in accordance (iv) All prepositional phrases of location, including those of national or larger areas, should be omitted. o o O I o t O o o o o I t I o o o o I o o o o o o I I t o o I o o o o o I o I o (j) Commissioner of Internal Revenue. Cite simply as "Commissioner" or, in citations,"Com m'r." (k) Common names different from name in reporter. For cases not known by the name that appears in the reporter, but known instead by a common name, the common name must either be substituted for the reporter name in its entircty, or indicated parenthetically in the same rypeface as the case name in the reportcr: F The Brig Amy Warwick (The Prize Cases), 6l U.S. (z Btack) 6:f (rB6r). b The Prize Cases,67 U.5. (z Btack) 6lS G86). Not: The Prize Cases (The Brig Amy Warwick), 6Z U.S. (z Black) 6:S (r86r). For cases known by the name in the reportcr, blut ako commonly known by a short name different from that appearing in the reporter, the common name mry rufibe substituted for the reportcr namc in its entirety in a full citation, but it may be indicated parenthetically in italics: h Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (Steel Seizure), f+f U.S. 579 9952). Not Steel Seizure,34jU.S. Slg GgSz). Similarly', for mandamus actions against courts where the case is known by the writ is sought, the name may be indicated name of thc ludge against whom the parenthetically in italics: S." United States v. U.S. District Court (Keith),4o7 U.S. 297 Q97z). And, for cases with multiple dispositions, a helpful identifier of the number of the decision may be indicated parenthetically in italics: F Hamdiv. Rumsfeld (Hamdi llD,3t6F3d +So (qth Cir. zoo3). This parcnthetical identi{ier is givcn only when a case is cited as the primary citation. Once given, the parenthetical identilicr alone may be used as the case name when the case is cited again, even in circumstances where a ftlll citation would otherwise be required. h 1 Stations, Inc. v. FCC (Fox l), z9o F 3d tozT (D.C. Cir.), modified on reh'g, z93F3d fi7 @.C. Cir. zooz). Fox Television ts 2 Fox Television Stations, Inc. v. FCC (Fox ID, 293 F3d (D.C. Cir. 2oo2) (quoting Fox l, z8o F.3d at ro43). fl, 54o In conformiry with rule 2.L(f), when citing cases according to the above rule. the parcntheses themselves should ncver be italicized in eithcr main text or footnote text. Additional Rules for Case Names in Citations Cite case names in citations according to the rules given above, but with the following fu rther modifi cations: 10.2.2 Always abbreviate any word listed in table T6, even if the word is the fust word in a party's name, unless the word is part of a state, country or other geographical unit that is the entire name of the parry: ) ) ) S. Consol. R.R. v. Consol. Transp. Co. ln re Acad. Answering Serv., Inc. McGaugh v. Comm'r I But: South Dakota v. Dote Not: 5. Dakota v. Dole Abbreviate states, countries, and other geographical units as indicated in table TlO unless the geographical unit is the entire name of the party (as opposed to iust a part thereof). This includes "United States." Thus: ) ) ln reW. Tex. PepperCo. LeBeau v. Univ. of Md. But: Staub v. District of Columbia ) Ctr. for Nat'l Sec. Studies v. U.S. Dep't of Justice But: Alvarez-Machain v. United States But: Fritz v. County of Los Angeles Abbreviate other words of eight letters or morc tf substantial space is thereby saved and the result is unambiguous. 10.3 Reporters and Other Sources 10.3.1 Parallel Citations and Which Source(s) to Cite The federal and state iurisdictions table (table Tl) indicates which reporters to cite for the decisions of most courts. Note that many state court decisions are published in two or more sources. (a) Parallel citations in state court documents. ln documents submitted to state courts, all case citations must be to the source(s) required by local rules. Many state rules require that citations to state court decisions include a citation to the official state reporter,followedby a parallel citation to a regional reporter. Thus, these local rules, and not the citltion rules set forth in table Tl, govern state court filings. See Bluepages table BT1O.I.3 for further guidance concerning iurisdiction-specific citation rules. (b) Case citations in all other documents. In all other documents, including ordinary legal memoranda and law realew pieces, cite the relevant regional reporter, if the decision is found therein. For example: ) Swedloff v. Phila.Transp. Co.,t87 If the decision is available A.zdt5z(Pa.ry6). as an official public domain citation (also referred to medium-neutral citation), that citation must be provided, as well as a parallel citation to the regional reporter, if available. as o o o O o o o o I o o o o o o o I t o o o o o o o o I I I o o o o o o o I o o If the decision is not found in a regional reporter or available as a public domain citation, cite the other sources indicated in table T1. Cite decisions of unlisted courts as you would those ofcourts listed in the table.Ifa case is not available in an official or preferred unofficial reporter or as a public domain citation, cite another unoflicial reporter, a widely used computer database (rule 18.3), a service (rule 19), a slip opinion (rule 10.8.1(b)), an Internct source (rule 18.2.2), or a newspaper (rule 16.6), in that order of prefercncc: b United States v. Cartisle, No. 9o-246551, r99r U.S. App. LEXIS S86:, at *3 (8th Cir. Apr. rc, ry91 her curiam). F /n re Smithfield Estates, Inc., [t985-1986 Transfer Binder] Bankr. L. Rep. (CCH) 1'7o,7o7 (Bankr. D.R.l. Aug. 9, 1985). ) Simmons v. Brothers, No. 9o-627 (D. Mass. Dec. r9, r99o). ;' State v. McArthur, No. C4-99-5oz (Minn. Ct. App. Sept. 28, t99), http://www.lawlibrary.state.mn.us/archiv e I ctapun | 99o9 | 5oz. htm. l United Statesv. Patermo, N.Y.Ttmes, Aug.z7,1957,aI zzr (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 26, r95). For citation to administrativc reportcrs, see rule 14.3,2. ro.3.2 Reporters Bound publications that print only cases (or cascs and annotations) are considered reporters and are cited in roman type. A citation to a rcporter consists of a volume designation (rule 3.1), the abbreviated namc of the reportcr (as shown in table Tl), and the page on which the case report begins on spacing in reporter abbreviations, sec rule 6.1(a). ) (rule 3.2). For rules Burt v. Rumsfetd, 3zz F. Supp. zd t8g (D. Conn. zoo4). rcportcrs were often named after their cditors rathcr than after thc courts whose cases thcy rcported. Subsequently, official editor-named serics havc been combined into iurisdiction-named scries with continuous volume numbering. Such reporters are now generally cited by the official serics name and number only;thc name of thc reportcr's cditor is omitted: Eady American > Cobb v. Davenport, 32 N.l.L. l6q (Sup. Ct. 186z). Not: Cobb v. Davenport, 3 Vroom 16g (Sup. Ct. 186Z). I But for tlnited Statcs Supreme Court rcportcrs through 90 tl.S (2lWall.) and few early state reporters (sec table Tl.3), give the name of the repofter's editor and the volumc of that series. If the pagination of thc oflicial iurisdiction-namcd reprints and thc original reporters is thc same , usc the following form: ) Green v. Biddte, ) Hattv. Belt, +Z Mass. (6 Met.) zr U.S. (8 Wheat.) r (r8zl). +lr (r8+l). If the pagination differs, givc parallel citations to the reprints and the original reportcfs: F Wadsworth v. Ruggles, z3 Mass. 62,6 Pick.6l (rBzB). Some very eady Pennsylvania federal and state court decisions are reported in the initial volumes of the United States Reports.Wherc this occurs,include the cite to "U.S.," along with a parallel cite to the appropriate lower court reporter: ) Barnes's Lessee v. lrwin, z U.S. (z Dall.) r99, r Yeates zzt (Pa. rZg:) (mem.). ) United States v. Fries, 3 U.S. rzgg) (No. srz5). (: Datt.) 5t5, 9 F. Cas. 826 (C.C.D. Pa. 10.3.3 Public Domain Format When citing a decision available in public domain format (also referred to as medium-neutral format),if the iurisdiction's format can be cited in the following form (see table Tl), provide the case name, the year of decision, the state's twocharacter postal code, the tableTT court abbreviation (unless the court is the state's highest court), the sequential number of the decision, and, if the decision is unpublished, a capital "U" after the sequential number of the decision.When referencing specifc material within the decision, a pinpoint citation should be made to the paragraph number at which the material appears. If available , a parallel citation to the appropriate regional reporter must be provided. The following examples are representative of the recommended public domain citation format: ) ) ) Beckv. Beck, 1999 ME 11o, Ii6,ZllA.zd 98r,983. :, S8+ N.W.zd 8ll,8lS. Gregory v. Ctass, 1998 SD ro6, fl Jones v. Fisher, 1998 OK Civ. App. rzoL. If a jurisdiction adopts a public domain format that differs from the above, the requirements of the jurisdiction's format should be observed (table Tl): ) Cannon v. Am. Bowling Cong., 94-o641 , p. t (ta. 4lzg lgt+); 637 So. zd 463,463. ) Morton v. New Orleans Police Dep't,96-L799 (La. App. 4 Cir. zlslgi;687 So. 2d699. ) Sullivan v. State,98-KA-oo5zr-SCT (fl > State v. Brennan, 1998-NMCA-r76,117, tz6 N.M. 389, 97o P.zd zf) (Miss. 1999). t6t. ro.4 Court andJurisdiction Every case citation must indicate which court decided the case. In American and other common law citations,give the name of the court and its geographical iurisdiction (abbreviated according to tables TI or T2 if included therein and according to tables T7 and T10 in all other cases) in the parenthetical phrase that immediately follows the citation and includes the date or year of decision. For court names that include ordinals, format and abbreviate the ordinals in accordance with de 6.2(b): ) ) Commonweatth v. Virelli, 6zo A.zd United States v. Andolschek, 58 4zF.zd Pa. Super. Ct. r99z). 5o3 (2d Ci. tgqq). I I I I o o o I I o I o o o o o I I o o t o o o t o O I I I o o o I I o o I I o For citations to foreign cases, see rule 2O.3 and tableT2. A more detailed court designation than those specified by the following paragraphs may be given ifnecessary (a) Federal courts. In citations to United States LawWeek,the United States Supreme Court is indicated with "U.S." In citations to the Suprerrxe Court Reporter andthe United States Rqports,omit the Supreme Court's name.When a Supreme Court Justice sits alone in his or her capacity as a Circuit Justice, cite the decision ) as: Russo v. Byrne, 4o9 U.S. rzrg (Douglas, Circuit Justice r97z). United States courts of appeals for numbered circuits, regardless of year, are indicated ) as: zd Cir. llot: C.C.A.zd Not: CAz When citing the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit and its predecessors, or when citing the Federal Circuit, use the following abbreviations: ) ) For D.C. Cir. Fed. Cir. disrict court > > ) cases, give the district but not the division: D.N.J. D.D.C. C.D. Cal. ilo& C.D. Cat. E.D. Cite the old circuit courts (abolished l9l2): > c.c.s.D.N.Y. ) C.C.E.D. Mo. Cite the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation: > J.P.M.L. Cite the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court and Court of Review, respectively: > > FrsA ct., FISA Ct. Rev. Cite decisions of bankruptcy courts and bankruptcy appellate panels: ) Bankr. E.D. Va. > B.A.P.9th Cir. O) State courts. In general, do not include the name of the state: indicat€ the state and court of decision. However' is the highest court ofthe court ifthe court ofdecision ) People v. Armour, 59o N.W.zd llot: 6t (Mich. t999). People v. Armour, 59o N.W.zd 6r (Mich. Sup. Ct. 1999). Omit the iurisdiction and the court abbreviation if unambiguously conveyed by the reporter title: ) DiLucia v. Mandelker,493 N.Y.S.zd 769 (App. Div. rgSS). ilot: ) DiLucia v. Mandelker,493 N.Y.S.zd Z5g (N.Y. App. Div. 1985). Dubreuilv. Witt, 80 Conn. App. 4ro (zoo3). iloft Dubreuilv. Witt, 80 Conn. App. 4ro (App. Ct. zoo3). Thus, when a decision is rendered by the highest court in a particular jurisdic- tion and the name of the reporter is the same as the name of that iurisdiction, neither the name of the court nor the name of the state need be given: ) Batesv. Tappan,99 Mass. lt6(1868). Do not indicate the department or district in citing decisions of intermediate state courts unless that information is of particular relevance: ) Schiffman v. Corsi, 5o N.Y.S.zd 8gZ (Sup. Ct. t94Q. When the department or district is of particular relevance, that information should be indicated ) ) lO.5 as follows: Schiffman v. Corsi, 5o N.Y.S.zd 8qZ (Sup. Ct. N.Y. Cnty. t94Q. Lee v. Perez,tzo S.W.3d 461 Oex. App. r4th zoo3). Date or Year (a) Decisions published in reporters. If possible, provide the year of decision; use the year of the term of the court only if the year of decision is unavailable. In ambiguous cases, follow the year given in the running head (at the top of each page) in the reporter. Before Volume 108 of the U.S. Reports (1882), opinions do not usually list their date of decision but rather list only the term in which they were decided. For the dates of these opinions, refer to the Librarian of the Supreme Court's list of dates, available at http://www.supremecouft.govl opinions/datesofdecisions. pdf. (b) Decisions published in other sources. Give the exact date for all unreported cases and for all cases cited to a looseleaf service, a slip opinion, an electronic database, or a newspap€r: ) Bedell v. Nessim, No. 9o-567, slip op. l4S8 (rst Cir. Jan. 19, t99r). rule f0.5(a), the exact d^te is not necessary for cases that are labeled 'unpublished'but are nevertheless reported, including cases reported in the Per Federal Appendix and "unpublished" cases reported in the appropriate reporter for the jurisdiction: ) United States v. Tando, 68 F. App'x 85 (9th Cir. zoo3). (c) Pending cases and cases dismissed without opinion. Use the date or year of the most recent major disposition. "Major dispositions" include onfil the initial filing, whether in the trial court or on appeal (e.g., "fited," "appeal o t I o o o o a I o o o t I o o o o o o o o o o o I o I o O t o O o t t o o o o docketed," "petition for cert. filed"l, oril argument ("argued"), and, for without opinion, the dismissal ("dismissed"). Indicate the significance of the date within a parenthetical phrase, unless its signilicance is cases dismissed explained elsewhere: F Bedetl v. Nessim, No.9o-567 (rst Cir. argued Jan. ro, r99r). Otherwise no special notation is neccssary: * Bedett v. Nessim,7z5F.Supp.t4o7 (D. Mass. r99o), oppeol dock' eted, No. 90-567 (rst Cir. Dec. zo, r99o). (d) Multiple decisions within a single year. when citing a case with several different decisions in the same year, include the year only with the last-cited decision in that year: s United States v. Eller, rr4 F. Su pp. 284 (M.D. N.C.), rev'd, zo8 F.zd It6 (r+th Cir. r953). However, if the cxact date of decision is required in either case, include both dates: * DiNapoti v. Ne. Reg'[ Parole Comm'n,764F.2d 43 Qd Cir. 1985), petition for cert. filed, S+ U.S.L.W. lr+6 (U.S. Aug.29, rg8S) (No. 8s-rrs). Parenthetical Information Regarding Cases 10.6 Weight of Authority 10.6. (a) Generally. Information regarding the weight of the authority (e.g., en banc; in banc; z-r decision; mem.; per curiam; Brandeis, J.; unpubtished tabte decision) may be added in a separate parenthetical phrase f<rllowing the datc of decision: * Webb v. Baxter Healthcare Corp.,57 F3d ro67 (+th Cir. rqgs) (unpublished table decision). When a casc is cited for a propositi<)n that is not the singlc, clcar holding of a majority of the court (e.g., alternative hotding; by imptication; dictum; dissenting opinion; pluratity opinion; hotding unclear), indicate that fact parenthetically: b Parker F v. Randotph, 442 lJ.S. 62, 8 t, Ggl ) (Stevens, J., d issenting). Garcia v. San Antonio Metro. Transit Auth., 469 U.S. 528, 57o (rS8S) (S-+ decision) (Powetl, 1., dissenting). Information regarding related authority (rule 1.6) or prior or subsequent history (rule 1O.7.1(a)) that can properly be indicated with an explanatory phrase (table T8) should not be given parenthetically. Thus: * Wersba v. Seiler, 393 F.zd %7 Gd Cir. 1968) (per curiam). But: Wersba v. Seiler, 263 F. Supp. 8;8, curiom,393F.zd%7 bd Cir. 1968). 8+l (E.D. Pa. ry6), affd per r (b) "Mem." and "per curiam." The abbreviation "mem." stands for the word "memorandum" and should be used in a parenthetical if, and only if, a court disposition was issued without an opinion. District court and other opinions denominated"memorandum decision" are not designated"mem."in citations. The phrase "per curiam'refers to an opinion issued"by the court" as an institution as opposed to a decision issued by a particular judge."Per curiam" is used in a parenthetical to describe an opinion so denominated by the court. (c) Seriatim opinions. Prior to the Marshall Court (which began February 4, l80l), the U.S. Supreme Court followed the traditional British practice of eachJustice writing his own opinion rather than producing a majority opinion for the Court. To cite such an opinion, include the parenthetical "(opinion of Lastname, J.)." 10.6.2 Quoting/Citing Parentheticals in Case Citations When a case cited as authority itself quotes or cites another case for that point, a"quoting"or"citing"parenthetical is appropriate per rule 1.56).Within the parenthetical, the same rules regarding typeface, pincites, and short forms apply to the quoted or cited authority as if it were the direct source: ) Zadvydasv. Davis,533 U.S.678,7t9 (zoor) (Kennedy,J., dissenting) (citing Shaughnessy v. United States ex rel. Mezei,345 U.S. zo5 Gssr)). Note, however, that only one level of recursion is required. Thus, if a case quotes which itself quotes another case, only one level of"quoting" or "citing' parentheticals is necessary. An additional level of parenthetical information may a case, be used ifthe information conveyed is particularly relevant. 10.6.3 Order of Parentheticals Parenthetical phrases should be placed in the following order: (i) weight of authority parentheticals; (ii) "quoting" and "citing" parentheticals; (iii) explanatory parentheticals. For more detailed information, see 1.5(b). Thus: de ) Wotf v. Colorado, 338 U.5. 25, 47 Gg49) (Ruttedge, J., dissenting) fteiectingthe Court's conception of the exclusionary rule),affg t87 P.zd 925 (Coto. t947), overruled by Mapp v. Ohio, 367 u.5.643 (tg6t). If an explanatory parenthetical contains text that itself requires a,,quoting"or "citing"parenthetical, the two parentheticals should be nested: ) 4o7,4o9 (zooz) ("[T]he statutory criterion for confinement embodied in the statute's words 'mental abnormality or personality disorder' satisfied "'substantive" due process requirements."' (quoting Kansas v. Hendricks, 5zr U.S. Kansas v. Crane, 534 U.S. 346, r55 ) (tgg))). Fultilove v. Klutznick, 448 U.S. 448, 519 (r98o) (Marshal[, J., concurring) (noting that conventional strict scrutiny is "strict in theory, but fatal in fact" (citing Regents ofthe Univ. ofCal. v. Bakke,438 U.S. 265, t6z (tgtg))). o o o o o t o t o I o I I o o o o I o o I o I o I o o I I o I t o a I o o o o o fO.Z Pri"t ""d Subsequent History Whcnever a decision is cited in full, give the entire subsequent history of the case , but omit denials of certiorari or denials of similar discretionary appeals, unless the decision is less than two years old or the denial is particulady relevant. Omit also the history on remand or any denial of a rehearing, unless relevant to the point for which the case is cited. Finally, omit any disposition withdrawn by the deciding authoriry such as an aflirmance followed by revcrsal on rehearing. Thus: ts Cent. ltt. Pub. Serv. Co. v. Westervelt, 34zN.E.zd q6: (ltt. App. Ct. ry26), off d,367 N.E.zd 66t (lll. tgz). Not: Cent. llt. Pub. Serv. Co. v. Westervelt, 342 N.E.zd 46f (ltt. App. Ct. ry26), affd,367 N.E.zd 66r (llt. t977), cert. denied, 434U.5. toTo (rst8). ) Cheng v. GAF Corp., 63tF.zd ro5z (zd Cir. r98o), vocoted,45o U.S. go: (rg8r). Not: Cheng v. GAF Corp., 63rF.zd to5z (zd Cir. rg8o), vocated, 45o U.S. gol, remanded to 659 F.zd ro58 (zd Cir. rg8r). case is cited or if the disposition cited does not intelligibly dcscribe the issues in the case, as in a Suprcmc Court "mem." Give se parate decisions of other issues in the case with their prior and subsequent history only if relevant. (;ivcp,'ior history only if signilicant to the point for which the Explanatory Phrases and Weight of Authority A partial list of explanatory phrases (as abbreviated) appears in table T8. (a) Prior or subsequent history. Appcnd the prior or subsequent history of a case to thc primary citation. Introduce and explain each prior or sttbscqttent dccision with italicized words between each citation: b Cooperv. Dupnik, 9z4F.zd!52o,t53o & n.zo (9th Cir.ry9l,rev'd en banc,963 F.zd tzzo (9th C'r. t99z). If a subsequent disposition occurrcd in the same year as the primary citation, omit the year from the primary citation's parenthetical. If subsequent history itself has subscquent history, append the additional subscquent history with another cxplanatory phrase. For example , in the folklwing case the Supreme Court reverscd thc Sccond Circuit, which had reversed the Southern District of NewYork: F Herbert v. Lando, 73 F.R.D. f8z (S.D.N.Y.), rev'd, 568 F.zd gtr', (zd Cjr. tgZl), rev'd, 44tU.S. tSZ 0g1il. To show both ) prior and subscquent history, give the prior history lirst: Kubrickv. United States,58r F.zd togz{3dCn.ryl9),affq 435F. Supp. 166 (E.D. Pa. ry77), rev'd, 444U.S.nt Q979). Citations to prior or subsequent history should follow any parenthetical information given for the primary citation lrule 1.5@)). 10.7.1 (b) Significance of disposition. Give the reason for a sition does not carry the normal substantive signfficance ) ) disposition if the dispo : vacated as moot, appeal dismissed per stipulation, (c) Overnrled, abrogated, and superseded cases. Also note cases that have been overruled, abrogated, or superseded by statute or constitutional amendment: (i) Overnrled cases. Indicate cases where a later decision by the same court (or a court with appellate jurisdiction over th€ original corrrt) explicitl! repudiates its earlier decision with the phrase "ove rruled by": ) Nat'[ League of Citiesv. Usery,4z5 U.S.8ll Gg76),overruled by Garcia v. San Antonio Metro. Transit Auth., 469 U.S. Sz8 (rS8S). Also,when one case is ovemrled by multiple subsequent decisions by the same court (i.e., separate decisions overmle separate parts of the holding), include "ond" between the citations to each of the overruling cases: ) Olmstead v. United States, 277 U.S. rB,8 (tgz8), overruled byKatz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347 b95), and Berger v. New York, 388 U.S. r+t(tg6). (ii) Abrogated cases. Cases that are effectively Out not explicitly) overruled or departed from by a later decision of the same court are indicated with the phnse"abrogated by": F Ahrensv. Clark,335 U.S. r88 (t948),abrogated byBraden v.3oth Judiciat Circuit Court, 41o U.S. +8t+ (tgz). (iii) Cases superseded by statute or constitutional amendrnent. When citing cases where a statute or amendment was enacted with the specific intent of reversing the outcome of the initial case, the statute or amendment must always be cited, and a later case recognizing xtch may be cited for support, as long as the later case is decided by the same court (or a court with appellate jurisdiction over the original court) as the superseded case: ) Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio, 49o U.S. 542 (t989), superseded bystatute,Civil Rights Actoftggt, Pub. L. No. to2-t65, ro5 Stat. to74,as recognized in Raytheon Co. v. Hernandez,54oU.S.44 (zoo3). ) Dred Scott v. Sandford, 6o U.S. (r9 How.) 3% GBs), superseded by constitutional amendment, U.S. CoHsr. amend. XlV. to this rule should be cited to the session laws (de 12.4) wherever possible, and, if appropriate, specific sections of the statute Statutes cited according superseding the case may be cited. (d) Multiple dispositions. Multiple dispositions by the same court following primary case citation should be connected with the word "cnd" in italics: a ) United States v. Baxter, 49zF.zd r5o (9th Cir.), cert. dismissed,4t4 U.S. 8or $9p), and cert. denied,4r6 U.S. 94o Q97d. o t I o o t I I o o I o o I o o I o o O t t o o o I o o o o o o o I o o o o o o Different Case Name on Appeal 10.7.2 (a) Name changes in subsequent history. when the name of a case differs in subsequent history the new name must bc given, introduced by the phrase "sub nom.": ) Great W. United Corp. v. Kidwett, 577 F.zd tz56 (5Ih Clr. tglS), rev'd sub nom. Le(oy v.Great W. United Corp., 48 U.S. 1n O97q. This rule applies even when the differencc in the name is slight, such as change in only the proccdural phrases: F a Paditta ex rel. Newman v. Rumsfeld, 243 F. Supp. zd +z (S.D.N.Y.), affd in part, rev'd in part sub nom. Padilla v. Rumsfeld, 35zF3d 6gSQd Cir. zoo3), rev'd,542U.5.426 (zoo4). (b) Name changes in prior history. To indicate a different name in prior history, use the following form: ) Rederi v. lsbrandtsen Co.,34z U.S. 95o (rgSz) (per curiam), affg by an equally divided court lsbrandtsen Co. v. United States, 96 F. Supp. 883 (S.D.N.Y. rglr). (c) Exceptions. Do not provide a different casc name (i) when the partics' names are merely reversed;(ii) when the citation in which the differcnce occurs is to a de nial of certiorari or rehearing; (iii) when, in the appeal of an administra- tive action, the name of the private party remains the samc; or (iv) when the change is simply stylistic (e .g.,"State" to "California"): ) United Dairy Farmers Coop. Ass'n, r94 N.L.R.B. to94, enforced, 465 F .zd r4ot (td Ck. tglz). But: Perma Vinyt Corp., 164 N.L.R.B. 968 (tg6l), enforced sub nom. U.S. Pipe & Foundry Co. v. NLRB, 398F.2d 544 (5th Cir. t968). 10.8 Special Citation Forms Pending and Unreported Cases 10.8.1 (a) Cases available on electronic media. when a casc is unreportcd bttt available on a widely used electronic database, it may be citcd to that database. Provide the case name, docket number, database identilier, court name, and full datc of the most rccent major disposition of thc case. Cite to thc casc docket number cxactly as it appears. If the database contains codes or numbcrs that uniquely identiff the case (as do LEXIS,Westlaw, and Bloomberg Law), these must be given. Screen or page numbers, if the database assigns thcm, should bc preccdcd by an asterisk; paragraph numbers, if assigned, should be preceded by a paragraph symbol: ) Gibbs v. Frank, No. oz-3924,2oo4 U.S. App. LEXIS 21357, at*78-79 (ld Cir. OcI. L4,2oo4. ) Chavez v. Metro. Dist. Comm'n, No. 3:ozCV458(MRK), zoo+ U.S. Dist. LEXIS ttz66,at*5 n.3 (D. Conn. June uzoo4). ) Int'I Snowmobile Mfrs. Ass'n v. Norton, No. oo-CV-zz9-B, zoo4 WL 2337372, at*3,*7 (D. Wyo. Oct. r4, zoo4). ) Shelton v. City of Manhattan Beach, No. 81716o6, zoo4 WL 2t5374t, at *r (Cal. Ct. App. Sept. 28, zoo4). P Ortho-McNeil Pharm., lnc. v. Teva Pharm. Indus., Ltd., No. zoo8- t549, 2oo9 BL r8r48o, at *4 (Fed. Cir. Aug. 26, zoog). If the name of the database is not clear from the database identifier, include it parenthetically at the end of the citation: ) Staats v. Brown, No. 6568r-9, zooo WA oo4zoo7,fiz5 (Wash. Jan. 6, zooo) (VersusLaw). Citations to cases that have not been assigned unique database identifiers should include all relevant information, such as the specific collection within the database in which the case can be found: ) Frankel v. Banco Nacional de Mex., S.A., No. 8z Civ.6547 (S.D.N.Y. May 3r, rqSf) (LEXIS, Genfed Library, Dist. Fite). ) Lindquist v. Hart, r CA-CV 98-o323 (Ariz. Ct. App. July 15,1999) (Loislaw, Ariz. Case Law). (b) Cases available in slip opinions. When a case is unreported but available in a separately printed slip opinion, give the docket number, the court, and the full date of the most recent major disposition of the case: ) Groucho Marx Prods. v. Playboy Enters., No. 77 Civ. rZSz (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 3o, t977). Note any renumbering of the docket: ) United Statesv.Johnson, 4z5F.zd 630 (9th Cir.ry7o),cert. granted, +ol U.S. gS6 (rgZr) (No. SZZ, tgTof erm; renumbered No. 7o-8, tgTtferm). Always give the full docket number: ) No.75-3r Not: No. 3r If the date given does not refer to the date of decision and the significance of the within the parentheti- date is not indicated elsewhere, indicate that significance cal containing the date: ) Ross v. Weissman, No. 9o-345 (D. Mass. fited Sept. r8, r99o). To cite a particular page of a separately paginated slip opinion, use the form: ) Ross v. Weissman, No. 9o-345, stip op. at 5 (D. Mass. Dec. 4, 1g9o). If the case is not separately paginated, cite the page on which the case begins as well as the page on which the particularly cited material appears: ) Bedell v. Nessim, No. 9o-567, stip op. 3458,3465 (rst Cir. Jan. r9, 1991). I I o I o I I o I o o o o a o t o I I o !:r o o o o a o I I o o t o o o o o o o o t In pending or unreported adversary proceedings in bankruptcy, supply both the case number ofthe underlying nonadversary proceeding and the case number of the adversary proceeding: F Brown v. Sachs (/n re Brown), Ch. 7 Case No. B4-oor.7o-G, Adv. No. B5-rr9o, stip op. at S (E.D. Mich. Jan. zrt,rg86). (c) Other pending and unreported cases. Cases that are not available in slip opinions or on electronic databases may be citcd to services (rule 19), periodicals (rule 16), or the Internet (rule 18.2.2). (d) Depublished cases. A number of iurisdictions allow their decisions to bc "depublished," usually when review is denied, and generally without a reported ordcr. when there is no reported order depublishing the lower court decision, the fact that the case was depublished should be indicatcd parenthetically: F Mitchelt v. Cal. Fair Plan Ass'n, 260 Cal. Rptr. I (Ct. App. tgSg) (depu blished). If the order depublishing a case is reported, the order should be indicated as subsequent history pursuant to rule 10.7, introduced with the explanatory phrrce"depublished by: Fifth Circuit Split 10.8.2 Circuit was On October l, divided to create the new Fifth and Elevcnth Circuits. Cite cases decided during the transitional period leading to this reorganization according to the fbllowing rules: (i) cite decisions rendered in 1981 and labeled "5th Cir." by month; (ii) givc unit information whenever available; md (iii) designate as "Former 5th" any nonunit ludgment labeled as a Former Fifth judgment and rendcred after 1981, the United States Oourt of Appeals for the Fifth Scptcmber 30,1981: F Birt v. Estetle, F Haitian Refugee Ctr. v. Smith, 676F.zd 1o23 Gth Cir. Unit B r98z). 66oF.zd 592 (5th Cir. Nov. rg8r). b' Trailways, Inc. v. lCC, 676F.zd rorg $th Cir. UnitAAug. rg8r) (per curiam). ) McCormick v. United States, 68o F.zd 345 (Former 5th Cir. rg8z). Briefs, Court Filings, and Transcripts Citation for a document Er',"f f"l. 10.8.3 petitioner's brief in a U.S. Supreme Court case name pincite case P"titil; Fili., (No. 05-1631), 2006 WL 3693418, L-----r------r# docket number at citatron *!7. commercial database identifer (optional) In general, all court lilings follow the same general form. The full nlme of the document, as it appears on the ftling, must come lirst, abbreviatcd accorcling to rule 10.2.1(c), followed by a pinpoint citation, if any The ftrll crse citation and the docket number should firlkrw the name of the documcnt lncl the pinpoint ciation. If no decision has yet been rendered on the flling cited, cite the case according to de fO.5(c), but the date in the parenthetical should be the date on wbicb tbe filing was made, regardless of subsequent dispositions (e.g., oral argument). If a decision has been rendered, cite the case as you otherwise would: ) Complaint at 17, Kelly v. Wyman, 294 F. Supp. 8gf (S.D.N.Y. rg68) (No. 68 Civ. lgz+). Always include the docket number, whether parenthetically (when there ls reported citation) or as the citation (when there is no reported citation): ) a Brief of Petitioner-Appellant at 48, United States v. Al-Marri, No. c^33674 kth Cir. Nov. rz, zoo3). The document number assigned by the court, such as that found on PACER for federal cases, may also be included,but is not necessary unless it is essential to finding the document: |> Amended Complaint & Demand for Jury Triat, Viota v. Am. Brands, Inc., No. 85-2496-G (D. Mass. Aug. r, rg8S), ECF No. 14. With court-produced documents, including oral argument transcripts and transcripts of record, the same general rules apply: ) Transcript of Oral Argument at 11, Ayers v. Belmontes, e7 S. Ct. Transcript of Record at 76-tT,Johnson v. Eisentrager, ng U.S. O l5l (rgso) (No. :o6). ufith amicus briefs, the same general rules apply, with the sole exception that there are more than two signatories to the briel"et al." may be used: ) if Brief for Ringling Bros.-Barnum & Bailey Combined Shows, Inc. et al. as Amici Curiae Supporting Respondents, Moseley v. V Secret Catalogue, lnc.,537 U.S. 4r8 (zool) (No. or-ror5). Further, though the above information is sufficient, a parallel citation to an elec- tronic database or ) a website may be provided, if helpful: Brief for Ringling Bros.-Barnum & Bailey Combined Shows, Inc. et al. as Amici Curiae Supporting Respondents, Moseley v. V Secret Catalogue, Inc., fi7 U.S.4t8 (zoq) (No. or-ror5), 2oo2 WL t9875r8. Such parallel citations rnust tnclude a base where one is required pinpoint citation to the electronic data- for the primary document, and vice versa. With audio recordings of court proceedings, including oral arguments and oral dissents, the same general rules apply, except that the title may be a description of the recording. Timestamps should be used for designating pinpoint citations. If the recording is available online, append a URI pursuant to rule 18.7: ) rrl (rgZ:) (No. Ora[ Argument at 11:38, Roe v. Wade, 4ro U.S. - tg g o 18), httl www. oyez. o rg cases t97 o || I I 7 z | ryz ryz t7 o _t8 ! argument. t o q6g (zoo6) (No. oS-+gl). ) a o o I a o o | o o I t o o o o o o o o o I o o o t o o a I o o o o t o o o Dissent of .lustice Ginsburg "t, Oral aI 4125, Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.,tz7 S.CI.z16z (zooz) (No. o5-to74), http://www. oyez.org/case s I zooo-zoo9 I zoo6 I zoo6 o5-ro74/opinion. For purposes of short fbrms (rule 10.9), a citation to a court document inclutling a case citation suflices as a citation to the case itself. Whcrc the case may bc cited in short form pcr rule 10.9, it may be cited in short f<rrm in the citation to the court document, but the docket numbcr must still be providcd: ll. 1 Brief for the Petitioner, Demore v. Kim, 538 U.S. 5ro (zoo3) (No. 07-7497). u" 2 Petition for Writ of Certiorari, Demore, Sl8 U.S. 5ro (No. or-t49t). citcd Lrsing,7 supra form, unlikc thc which may not. L supra form for thc court document, howeveq does not count for purpose s of the "live footnote" rulc. The document title will sufficc s<r long as it does not create confusion. Hereinafter forms may also be used (rule 4.2(b)), if helpful: Further, the court clocument itself may be case, + 3 Brief for the Petitioner , supra nole 7, at 12. Court Administrative Orders r0.8.4 (lite the oflicial reporter, if therein; givc the title of the order, if nny: p Order Discharging the Advisory Committee, 352 U.S. Bol (rqS6). ro.g Short Forms for Cases a short form for I case may be uscd if it clearly identilies a case that (l) is alrcady cited in the same frntnote or (2) is cited (in either full or short form, including " id."; rn one of the preceding .firv Jixrtnorcs. Otherwise, a full citation is requircd. Thus in thc following example, thc use ofthe short form in footnotes 4 and 7-8 is correct: (a) Footnotes. In law rcview footnotcs, r 1 United States v. Montoya de Hernandez, i, 2 Id. at , 3 ' a 4n U.S.53r (1985). fi7-8. See United States v. Martinez-Fuefte, 428 U.S. S+1, 5i7 $976); Cat. Bankers Ass'n v. Shultz, 416 U.S. zr, 6z 6gld,); Zimmermann v. Jenkins (/n re GGM, P.C.), 16S F3d toz6, tozT (5th Cir. rygil; Cohen v. Drexel Burnham Lambert Grp. (/n re Drexel Burnham Lambert Grp.), r38 B.R. 682, Zoz (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. t99z); In re Draughon Training Inst., Inc., n9 B.R. 9zt,9z6 (Bankr. W.D. La. ry90)' See Martinez-Fuerte,4zB U.S. at 550; ln re Draughon Training, u9 B.R. at 93o. 5 New York v. Betton, 453 U.S. 454,457 Q981. i,, 6 See id. ', 7 See Montoyo de at 456. Hernandez,4nU.S.at54o; Cohen, r38 B.R. at 707. ''' 8 5ee Martinez-Fuerte, 4zB lJ.S. at 55o; Cal. Bankers,416 U.S. at 55; ln re GGM, P.C., t65 F.3d at ro3o. (i) Generally. Use of only one party's name (or a readily identifiable shorter version of one party's name) in a short form citation is permissible if the reference is unambiguous.When only one party's name (or a short form thereof; is used, it should be italicized. Acceptable short forms include: ) ) ) ) ) Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, 343 U.S. at 585. Youngstown Sheet &Tube Co.,343 U.5.at 585. Youngstown,343 U.S.at 585. 343 U.S. at 585. /d. at 585. Omit the case name as in the last two examples only if the reader will have no doubt about the case to which the citation refers. de 1O.2.1(k), a case may also be cited in short form by a different name than that which appears in the reporter, so long as the full citation includes Per both versions: ) Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (Steel Seizure), 343 U.S. 579,585 G952). becomes: Steel Seizure,343 U.S.at 585. When citing an entire decision, and not a pinpoint therein, in short form, you must include the shorter version of the case name, the volume number, repofter designation, and fust page;but do /rot include a jurisdiction/date parenthetical: ) Steel Seizure, 38 U.S. 579. When using only one party's name in a short form citation, avoid using the name of a geographical or governmental unit, a governmental official, or another common litigant. Thus: ) NMCP v. Alabama ex re l. Patterson, 357 U.S. t+t+g, r+6 r+ (tgS8). becomes: Potterson,357 U.S. at 454. Not: NAACP,352 U.S. at464. Notz ) Alabama,357 U.S. at 464. Reno v. Bossier Parish Sch. Bd., 5zo U.S. 47t,48o 999). becomes: Bossier Parish Sch. Bd.,5zo U.S. at 48o. Not: Reno, 5zo U.S. at 48o. (ii) Commercial electronic databases. For cases that are available on an electronic database (rule IO.E.L),use a unique database identifier,ifone has been assigned, in constructing a short form: ) Ctark v. Homrighous, No. ClV.A.9o-r38o-f , Kan. Apr. rc,ry9t). *3 (D. ry9tWL 554o2, at becomes: Clork, ry9t WL 554o2, at *3. ) Albrechtv. Stanczek, No.87-C9535, r99t U.S. Dist. LEXIS 5o88, at *r (N.D. ltt. Apr. B,t99t). becomes:A/brecht, t99t U.S. Dist. LEXIS 5o88, at *r. o I I t I o I I I o t I I I I I t o o o I o o o o o o o o o o t o o o o O o o a F Lindquist v. Hart, r CA-CV 98-q23, at*2 (Ariz. Ct. App. luty r.5, 1999) (Loistaw.com, Ariz. Case Law). becomes: Lindquist, at *z (Loislaw.com, Ariz. Case Law). (iii) Slip opinions. For dccisions availablc in only scparately printed slip opinions (rule 10.8.1(b)), F use the following format: Commonwealth v. Sam, No. 4359, stip op. at rz (Pa. Ct. Com. Pl. Oct. zo, zoo5). becomes: 5am, slip op. at 12. When citing multiple slip opinions for thc same casc, cither give each dccision a unique identilier in its initial citation or include a iurisdiction or datc parcnthetical in e:rch short form.'l'he following short forms are thus both acccptable = Doe v. Ctenchy (Clenchy lD, No. CV-o9-zor, stip op. at : 4-6 (Me. Super. Ct. Nov. zo, zorz). becomes: Clenchy ll, stip op. at 5. or: + Doe v. Clenchy, No. CV-og-zor, stip op. at 4-6 (Me. Super. Ct. Nov. zo, zotz). becomes: Clenchy, stip op. at 5 (Me. Super. Ct. Nov. zo, zorz). (b) Two exceptions when using "id."'l'here are two exceptions when using "id." ls a short form fbr cuse citations: (i) citation to thc same case , bttt to a different opinkrn thercin;ancl (ii) citation to thc samc case where thc c:tsc citation includcs per.rllcl authoritics (i) "Id." for different opinions. Whe n an "id. " refcrs to thc samc case, and to the samc opinion citcd in the preceding citation, no parcnthetical is nccessarl'. But whcn thc "id. " re ftrs t<> t diJferent opinion, that fnct must be inclicatcd parentheticxlly, cvcn if thc scconcl opinion cited is the majority opinion. I'htts, the following cxamples are all corrcct: = 1Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (Steel Seizure), :+: U.S. 579 b952). +, 2 ld. at 584. :. 3 ld. a|635 ; 0ackson, 1., concurring). q M. at 638. r:" 5 ld. at 589 (Frankfurter, J., concurring). = 6 ld. ar 5Bz (majority opinion). for parallel citations. Iirr cascs in which a parallel citation is required, thc "id. " form kxrks slightly clifli:rent (to avoid confusion). 'l'hrts: (iD "Id." + Chalfin v. Specter, 426Pa.464,465,43 A.zd 562,563 becomes: ld. at 465,43 Not: /d. aI 465. Not: /d. aI 465,563. A.zd at 563. j967). ful in the same general discussion may be referred to (in main text or footnote text) by one of the parties'names without (c) Text. A case that has been cited in further citation: ) 11 The issue presented in Bakke has not been futty resotved. CONSTITUTIONS Citation of Section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: abbreviation for'amendment' --\---- no. of amendment cited -4 U.S. Corsr. - amend. " XlV,,, S, 2. ---\_ , section svmbol and no. of section cited abbreviation of constitution cited Cite the United States federal and state constitutions by "U.S." or the abbreviated name of the state (as indicated intableTl0) and the word'CoHsr."Abbr€viate the zuMivisions of consitutions, zuch ) ) ) ) ) as articles and clauses, according to table T16: U.S. CoNsr. art. l, 5 9, cI.2. U.S. Corsr. amend. XlV, 5 z. U.S. Corsr. pmbl. U.S. CoHsr. art. Lr. Corsr. art. X, pt. lV. U.S. CoHsr. amend. XVlll (repealed 1933). U.S. CoHsr. amend. \Ylll, repealed byU.S. CoHsr. amend. )(Xl. When citing a provision that has been subsequently amended, either indicate parenthetically the fact and year of amendment or cite the amending provision intull: ) U.S. CoHsr. art. l, S 3, ct. r (amended r9r3). F U.S. Corusr. art. l, S 3, cl. !, amended by U.S. Cottsr. amend. XVll. Cite constitutions that have been totally superseded or are otherwise no longer in effect by year of adoption; if the specific provision cited was adopted in a different year, give that year parenthetically: F Anrrcles oF CoNFEDERAIToH ) t o t I o t lll, 55 r-2. Cite constitutional provisions currently in force without a date.If the cited prc vision has been repealed, either indicate parenthetically the fact and year of repeal or cite the repealing provision in full: ) ) I I I of r78r, art. lX, para. r. Anr. Colsr. of 1868, art. lll,5 z(t8l). Vrhen citing a constitution contained in an electronic database, indicate parenthetically the name of the publisher, editor, or compiler unless the constitution is published, edited, compiled by, or under the supervision of, federal or stat€ offlcials. Also indicate the name of the database and information regarding the currentness of the database as provided by the database itself: I a I I o o I I o o I I I o o a o o o a a o o o o o o o o o o WnsH. Cousr. art. l, 5 z (West, Westlaw through Nov. zoo3 amendments). Vhcn referring to multiple anendmcnts, scctions within the sanc lrticle' or within the same section,it is pcrmissiblc to use a single citation claltse Otherwisc, the second citation shottlcl rtsc id. rathcr than repeat the namc of thc col-lstitution: clauscs U.S. Consr. amends. V, XlV. U.S. CoNsr. art. l, $ B; id. art. ll, 5 z. l)o not usc a short citation form (other than "id.") for constittltions Text Citation tJ.S.(lonstitution U.S.Corusr.art. lVSr Strtc constitution S.C. Cousr. art. l,5rz For firrcign constitutions, see rule 20.4 Article lV, Section r or the Fut[ Faith and Credit Clause articte l, section 12 or the double jeopardy clause 12 STATUITS Citation of an entire statute , the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and LiabilityAct, as codifed inthe United States Code: official name of act Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, s 42ft U.S.C. F SS r 96Ot_967 5* (2012). \-J + ) u.).L. ' L_______\_r aDDrevtalton title number of code cited date of code edition cited sec tion symbols and so.lof sections containing statute number t/ section symbol and specific section cited I 28' U.S.C.'5,, 7297.. (2072). I\ abbreviation of code l2.l cited Basic Citation date of code edition cited Foffis Official and unoff,cial codes arrange statutes currently in force by subiect matter. official and privately published session laws report statutes in chronological order of enactment. Cite secondary sources-such as looseleaf services, the CIS microform service, periodicals, newspapers, or electronic databases-only when the above listed sources are not available. Rule 12.2 explains when to use each of these basic citation forms. The next four rules discuss the citation forms for official and unoffrcial codes (rule 12.3), session laws (rule 1.2.4), electronic media and online sources (rule 12.5), and other secondary sources (rule 12.6). Rule 12.7 explains when the prior or subsequent history of a statute may or must be cited, and 12.6 discusses de the use of explanatory parenthetical phrases with respect to statute citations. Rule 12.9 outlines special citation forms for the Internal Revenue code, ordinances, rules of evidence and procedure, model codes, principles, restatements of the law, standards, sentencing guidelines, uniform acts, and the ABA Code of Professional Responsibility. Rule l2.l0 provides short forms for statutes. Table TL lists citation forms for the codes and session laws of the federal and state govefirments, and other United States iurisdictions. Cited to code curent official 4zU.S.C. $ 1983 (zorz). National Environmental Policy Act of t969 $ toz, 4z U.S.C. S 4332 (zotz). Consumer Credit Code, s 5-203 (1995). Cited to current unofflcial code rz t o Citation of an individual provision of the Ilnited States Code; title I I I Oru. Srnr. tit. 144, U.S.C.A. g 14z6 (West zoro). Parking Authority Law, 53 Pn. Srer. AHH., 5 342 (West zoro). o o I I o I o o I I o I I o o o o o o o I I o Cited to oflicial session National Environmentat Policy Act of 1969, laws Pub. L. No. 97-790, $ roz,83 Stat. 852, 853 (r9Zo) (prior Io ry75 amendment). (litecl to privatel,v Uniform CommerciaI Code -Generat Provisions, 2oo4 Minn. Sess. Law Serv., ch. t6z,arl. r,5 16 (West) (to be codified at Mrruru. Srnr. Arur. $ 336.r-3or). publishctl session laws Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act, Pub. L. No. ro7-56, zoor U.S.C.C.A.N. (rr5 SIaI.) ztz (zoor). (litccl to commcrcial elcctronic database ro U.S.C.A. 5 ror73 (West, Westtaw through Pub. L. No. rrr-4 (exctuding Pub. L. No. ur3)). (litcd m sccondary source SociaI Security Amendments of 1983, Pub. No. 98-zr, 5r U.S.L.W. zq L. Q9B). Choosing the Proper Citation Form 12.2 I (a) Statutes currently in force. If possiblc, citc statlltes currently in firrcc I to the current oflicial code or its supplement. Otherwise, cite a cttrrent unof: licial codc or its supplement, the official session laws, privately publishctl sessi<rn hws (e.g., tlnited States Code Ctngressional ancl Aclministratiue Neus), a commercial clectronic database , a kxrseleaf sclice, an Internet sotlrce , or tl newspaper-in that order of preference : o o t o o o o I I General Rule i' National Environmentat PolicyAct of 1969 (zotz). 12.2.1 \ toz, 4zU.S.C. 5 +llz a new nain edition of the official Ilrxited States Code is pnblishccl cvcry six y'ears, and an annual cumulative supplement is published fbr crrch intcrvening year An exact copy <tf the (lnited States Code in PDF' firrmat Ir<rr exanrple, can bc found at http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectiontlScotle.tction?' collectionCode=tlSCOl)E;these vcrsions may be cited as if they were the print cotle. (irdilied f'ederal statutes cnactcrl snbscquent to the latcst cdition or supplcnrent of the Code should be cited to an nnoflicial code (c.g.,Vcst's []nited Statcs (ktde Annotated) until publishcd in the United Stdtes Code. (b) Statutes no longer in force. (lite statutes no longer in force to thc current oflicial or unofficial code if thev still appcar the rein. Otherwise, cite the last edition of thc official or unoflicial code in which thc statute appeared, thc session laws, or a secondary source-in that ordcr of preference. In any ctsc, thc fact of invalidrtion, rcpeal, or amendmcnt must be noted parentheticall-Y tccording to rules 12.7.1, l2.7.2,ancl 12.7.3: im Lawof June 4:'895,ch.4322,54,189i Fla. Laws 3,20-27 (repealed t959). ) Clayton Act, ch. 323, 5 7,18 Stat. 73o,731-32 (r94) (current version at r5 U.S.C. 5 r8 (zorz)). (c) Private laws. Cite private laws to the session laws if therein; otherwise, cite a secondary source: ) Priv. L. No. 9+-ZS, 9o Stat. 2985 j976). 12.2.2 Exceptions (a) Scattered statutes. Cite the session laws if a statute appears in so many scattered sections or titles that no useful citation to the code is possible. Indicate parenthetically the general location of the codified sections. Thus: ) Tax Reduction Act of1975, Pub. L. No. 94-12,89 Stat. z6 (codified as amended in scattered sections of z5 U.S.C.). But: Robinson-Patman Act, t5 U.S.C. $$ r3-r3b, zta (zotz). If the current version of a statute is split between the main body and the supplement of a code, it should be cited according to 1.1(c): de |> 4z U.S.C.5 rlgZb (1982 & Supp. I 1983). If the current version of a statute can be determined only by reference to multiple sources (not just a code and its supplement), it should be cited according to rule 12.7.3: ) 3r U.S.C. 9llz+Q988),amended by ActofDec. 7,t989,3t U.S.C.S. S yzq (Law. Co-op. Supp. rggo). (b) Historical fact. The historical fact of enactment, amendment, or repeal should be cited to the session laws. A parenthetical reference to the current version (see rules 12.7.3 and 12.8) may be added: ) Two years later, Congress passed the Voting Rights Act of t965, Pub. L. No. 89-uo, 79 Stat. +qS (codified as amended at 4z U.S.C. SS ) r97r, 1973to t973bb-t (zoo5)). The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2oo2 increased criminal penalties for mail and wire fraud. See Pub. L. No. to7-2o4,5 gol(a)-(b), zooz U.S.C.C.A.N. (u6 Stat.) 245,8o5 (to be codified at r8 U.S.C. 5S rlzrr, rl+l). (c) Materially different language. Ifthe language in rhe current code (including its supplement) differs materially from the language in the session laws and the relevant title has not been enacted into positive law, cite the session laws. A parenthetical reference to the code version, introduced by the phrase "codified with some differences in language at" may be given. If differences in the language merely reflect subsequent amendments, however, cite the current code. Cite the official code wherever possible. A current list of federal code titles that have been enacted into positive law appears in the preface to the latest edition or supplement of the United States Code.Simrlarly,state codes should indicate whether the titles contained therein have been enacted into positive law I t I I a I I I o o o t o I I I t o I I t I o o o o o o a Current Official and Unofficial I ' o I o o a o N.C. Gen. Srnr. $ r-r8r (zoo3). Additional Information t2.3.1 Additional inibrmirtion nay be requircd ls follows: (a) Name and original section number. Give the statute's name tnd original section numbcr (as it appears in the appropriate session laws) onlf if the statute is commonly citcd that way or if the information woultl otherwise aid in identification. omit "The" as the lirst wotcl of a statute's namc. Inclucle the ycar of the statute if it is in the ofhcial title . An Oflicial name , a popular name , or both may be usetl: : Labor Management Relations (Taft-Harttey) Act 5 lot(a), z9 U.S.C. S 185(a) (zorz). Family Medicat Leave Act (FMLA) of rggl, z9 U.S.C. 5 z6ot (zotz). (b) Title, chapter, or volume. If a code is divided into scpar:rtcly sectioned or parapgaphcd titlcs, chapters, or volumcs, the title , chaptcr, or volttme number must be indicatcd.Vhen citing the fedcrarl code, give the titlc nttmber bcfore the name of thc codc: : ' o I 12.3 All citations to codcs should contain thc abbrcviated name of the codc found in table Tl printed in large and small capitals; the section, paragraph, or article number(s) of thc statute; and the -vcar of the code (determincd lccording to rule 12.3.2): I a Codes Cite the [lnited .States Code (U.S.C.), the official fedcral code, whenever possible. Unofhcial fcderal codes includc thc United States (irle Annotated (U.S.C.A.) tntlthc (lnited States Code Serrlcz (U.S.C.S.).Ofhcial and unoflicial cocles for each state (where they exist) are listed in table T1.3. 4z U.S.C. 5 1983 (zorz). rz U.S.C.S. $ rTro (LexisNexis 1993 & Supp. zoo4). The form firr citation to statc codcs varics: table Tl.3 indicatcs whethcr lnd in what manner k) identify the title , chapteq or volume numbcr of a state code . For example: ', , DEL. CoDE Ar.rr'r. tit. NEv. Rev. t3, $ r3ot (1999). Srnr. $ zB.5ot (t998). If each title , chapteq or volume of a coclc contains differcntly numbered sections or paragr.lphs, then the volume , chnptcr, or title numbcr necd not be givcn scparately: ' Gn. Cooe Ar.rr'r. $ zr-z-16 (zoo3). a separately scctioned or paragntphccl portion of identilicd by subject matter rath€r than by a titlc, volumc, or chapter (c) Subiect-matter codes. If a code is number, givc that subiect-matter namc as part of the cocle r';. CAL. VEH. : Coor $ rr5o6 (West zooo). TEx. Fnu. Cooe Aruru. 5 5.or (Vernon 2oo2 & Supp. zoo4 zoo5). Table T1.3 indicates which state codes require this treatment. (d) Publisher, editor, or compiler. Unless a code is published, edited, com- piled by, or under the supervision of federal or state officials, give the name of the publisher, editor, or compiler in the parenthetical phrase containing the year of the code: ) ) ) 4z U.S.C.A. 5 3ooa-7 (West 2oo1). r8 U.S.C.S. $ r3o7 (LexisNexistgg4 & Supp. zoo4). Crl. VEx. Coor g u5o9 (West zooo). Not: Cnu VEH. CoDE g u5o9 (Cal. zooo). Table T1 indicates which federal and state codes require this information. (e) Supplements. Cite material appearing in supplemenrs (including pocket rule 3.1(c): parts) according to |> r8 U.S.C.5 Sro(b) (Supp. I rg8l). ) rz U.S.C. $ 1455 (1982 & Supp. I rg8g). (f) Compilations of uncodified laws. If a code contains uncodified laws printed in a sepafate compilation, cite in this manner: ) N.Y. Uucor.rsol. LAW 5 ZSr (McKinney zooo). (g) Appendices. If a statute appears in an appendix to a code, and the statute is numbered and otherwise printed as if it were part of that code,cite according to rule 3.4: ) 5o U.S.C. app. $ 5 (zorz). If the statute is not printed as if it were part of a code, cite the session laws and add an explanatory phrase (see rule f.6(a)(ii)) indicating thar the statute is reprinted in the code's appendix: ) Act of Aug. 3t, tg7o, ch.84z, t97o Mass. Acts 732, reprinted in Mnss. Geru. Lnws Arrrr,r. ch. 4o app. at r8o (West 1985). (h) Notes. If a statute appears in the notes section of a U.S. Code provision, cite according to de 3.4.Information helpful in identiffing a specific note should be added parenthetically: ) U.S.C. $ r8zt note (zorz) (Continuation of Health Plan Coverage in Cases of Faited Financial Institutions). rz 12.3.2 Year of Code When citing a bound volume of the current ofhcial or unofficial code, provide parenthetically the year that appears on the spine of the volume, the year that appears on the title page, or the latest copyright year-in that order of preference. If the date on the spine or title page spans more than one year, give all years covered. If the volume is a replacement of an earlier edition, use the year of the replacement volume, not the year of the original: ) Nee. REv. Srer. g 33-u4 (1998). I t t o I I I t I o o O t I o I o I I I I o o I o o I I a o o o o I o I o o o o Whcn citing a provision that appears in a supplement or pocket part, givc thc 1'car that appeafs on thc title pagc of thc supplement or pocket part. If therc is none, give the latest copyright year of thc supplcment or pocket part. In either case, if the date spans more than one ycar, give lll yelrs inclucled: M lND. CoDE Ar.rN. $ z9-r-5-3.1 (West Supp. zoo3). cite material that rppears in both thc nain volume lnd a supplcntcnt or pockct part,give both ycars according to rule 3.1(c): T<r F Vr. Srer. Aruru. tit. 12,5892 (zooz & Supp. zoo4). Ifa code is ptrblished in looseleaffbrm,givc the year thtt appcars on thc page on which the provision is printed or thc ycar that appcars on the first pagc of the subdivision in which thc provision appclrs-in that orclcr of prefcrcnccrather than the years indicated abovc: *t, ALASKA Srnr. $ 28.o1.o1o (zooz). Other dates (such as the date on which an rct becomes effcctive) may also bc given parenthetically according to rule 12.8: i. Srnr. tit. to, $ 73o3-t.7 (1998 & Supp. zoo5) (effective July r, OKLA. 2c02\. Session Laws 12.4 (a) Name. When citing se ssion laws, alwal's give the namc of the statute and tlre public law or chapter number. Onlit "The" as the lirst word of a statute 's namc. An ofhcial name , a popular name, or both may be usecl: ,,u, r White-Slave Traffic (Mann) Act, ch. 395, j6 Stat. Bz5 (r9ro) (codified as amended at 18 U.S.C. 55 242r-2424 Qop)). Foreign Assistance Act of 196r, Pub. L. No. 87-r95,75 Stat. 424. If thc statute has no ofhcial or popular namc, identify thc ilct with a fr-rll clate Ilsc thc form "Act of [date of enactment]," o! if that inlirrmation is r.rnavaihblc, "Act effective [date of effectiveness]." Other idenrif.ving infbrmarion may be . added parentheticallv: r,. Act of Aug. 2t,r914,ch.85,r974 N.J. Laws 385 (providing unem- ptoyment compensation for jurors). Not: An Act concerning unemployment compensation for persons serving on jury duty, and amending R.S. 43:zr-4, ch. 85, t974 N.l. Laws 385. (b) Volume. Give thc volume numbcr (oq if none, thc 1'ear) of the session laws, followed by the abbreviated name of the session laws in ordinary roman typc. The oflicial fcclerll session laws,.l|atutes dt ldrge,rre abbrcviatcd "Stat." Abbrcviations for oflicial and privatcly published state session laws appcar in table T1.3.When citing state se ssion laws, begin the abbrcviate d titlc of the scssion laws with the name of the state abbreviated according to table T1O, cvcn if thc state name is not part of the official titlc; omit words in the official title not ncccssary for identification: W, r97B Ark. Acts. ) t935-t936ll1. Laws 4th Spec. Sess. b t878 Minn. Laws. I Not: 1878 Laws of Minn. (c) Pages and sections. When citing an entire act,give the page of the session laws on which the act begins: F National Environmentat Policy Act of t959, Pub. L. No. 9t't9o,83 Stat.85z GgZo). When citing only part of an act, give the section(s) or subsection(s) cited, the page on which the act begins, and the page(s) on which the relevant section(s) or subsection(s) appear(s): ) National Environmental Poticy Act of t969, Pub. L. No. 9L-t9o, 5 ) roz,83 Stat.85z, 8Sl-St+(tglo). Act of June !5, t995, No. 3oz, 5 344,344 (West). l5oz(u), 995 ta. Sess. Law Serv. (d) Session laws arnending prior acts. Session laws amending prior acts are often divided into sections within sections;that is,the session law is divided into primary sections, and these sections, in turn, contain sections of the amended act. Cite the bill's sections by abbreviation (sec.) and the amended act's sections by symbol ($): ) Labor-Management Relations Act, ch. 12o, sec. ror, 5 8(a)(l), 5r Stat. r35, tqvqt Gg+). (e) Year or date. Give parenthetically the year in which the statute was passed by the legislature. If no date of enactment is identifled, give the date on which the statute became effective: ) T McCarran-Ferguson Act, ch. 20, 59 Stat. 6gr+) (codified as amended at r5 U.S.C. $$ rou-ror5 (zoo6)). Omit the year of the statute's passage if the same year is part of the name of the statute or of the session laws: ) Securities Actof t933, ch. 38, 48 Stat.74 (codified as amended at 15 U.S.C. 55 Z Z a-tt aa (zoo6)). ) Act ofApr. 25, t978, No. 5r5, $ 3, 1978 Ala. Acts 569, S6g (codified as amended at Au. Coor 5 93-tz (tg8)). (O Codification information. If a statute has been or will ultimately be codified and the code location is known, give that information parenthetically: > ActofJuty t2,1985,ch.223,5 I, r98S Cat. Legis. Serv.z39,z4t (West) (to be codified at Cnr. lHs. Cooe $ u589.5). 12., Electronic Media and Online Sources (a) Commercial electronic databases. Ifhen citing a code contained in an electronic database, give parenthetically the name of the database and information regarding the currency of the databas€ as provided by the database itself (rather than the year of the code according to rule 12.3.2). In accordance with t o a I I I a o I o o o a t I o I a I I I I I o I I I o o o I I I o 3 o o t I rule 12.3.1(d), also givc the name of the publisher, cditor, or compiler unless the code is published, edited, compiled by, or under thc supervision ol federal or state oflicials: ;,- 18 U.S.C.S. 5 rqS6 (LEXIS through Pub. L. No. 113-1o8). r"' 18 U.S.C.A. $ r956 (Westtawthrough Pub. L. No. u3-93 (exctuding Pub. L. No. r13-7il). r,, CnL. Bus. & Pnor. Cooe S 167o (Deering, LEXIS through r995 Sess.). ! CAL. Bus. r. WASH. REV. CoDE $ & PRoF. Coor $ 167o (West, Westlaw through 1995 portion of 995-t996 Legis. Sess.). r3.64.o6o (VersusLaw through 1999 tegistation). :.' Wrs. Srnr. 5 rg.zr: (LEXIS through 1994 tegistation). :: Wls. SrAr. 5 rg.+: (Loislaw through r997-t998 Legis. Sess.). r" Wls. SrAr. Aruru. $ 19.43 (West, Westlaw through lL995 Actz6). (b) Internet and online sources. Whcn states and municipalities publish their oflicial statutes or ordinanccs only online, the online sourcc may be dircctly cited. :: BETLTNGHAM, WnsH., Mur.r. CooE 5 16.6o.o6o (zorl), http://www. cob.org/web/ bmcode.nsf/CityCode?OpenView. Authentic,oflicial,or exrct copies ofa source avaihblc online can be cited they werc thc original print sourcc (rule 18.2. 1(a)). :... NEV. Rev. as if Srar. $ z-r247 @oo). tlnofficial onlinc sources rre cited in accordance with rule 18.2.2. 'r' Rrv. Srnr. $ 4z-23.5 (zooq), http://www.capitot.hawaii. gov/ h rscu rrent/Voto3_Chorzr-ozooD/ H RS ot4z I HRS-or4z- HAW. ooz3_ooo5.htm. 12.6 Other Secondary Sources When citing a statute to any source other than a code , session laws, or an electronic database, give the name of the act and public hw or chaptcr number as if citing to session laws (rule 12.4).Whcn re fcrring to a particular provision, givc the section or subsection number aftcr the public law or chaptcr nttmbcr If possible, cite federal statutes (particularly those enacted after 1974) to the United States Code Congressiuul and Administra.tiue News, indicating the volume number (irnd page numbcr, if known) of the .ltatutes at Ldrge whcrc tlrc strtute will appcar (note that the page numbers in these two sources often diflbr): :" Act of July t9,t985, Pub. L. No. 99-68,1985 U.S.c.C.A.N. (qq Stat.) t66. a Act of Aug. 13,t954,ch.73r, 1954 U.S.C.C.A.N. (68 Stat. 7q) 8T. When citing an entirc act, give the pagc on which the act begins.When citing part of an act, give both the page on which the act begins and the pages on which the cited material appears. If the statute has been or will ultimately be codified and the code location is known, give that information parenthetically: ) Act of Juty 9,1985, Pub. L. No.99-61, 5 uo, 1985 U.S.C.C.A.N. (99 Stat.) u3, u5 (to be codified at 3r U.S.C. $ 5uz). de Cite other secondary sources according to 19 (services) or 16 (periodicals) in that order of preference. Give the date or year appropriate for the cited source. If the name of a statute cited to a service includes the year, and the service was published in that year, the year of the service may be omitted. If the future location of the act in either a code or session laws is known, give that information parenthetically according to rule 1.2.E: ) Presidential and Executive Office Accountability Act of 1996, Pub. L. No. ro4-33r, [r Lab. Rel.] Lab. L. Rep. (CCH) fl 56o (tgg). If a recent statute has not yet b€en published in any source, give only the name of the act; the public law or chapter number; the section or subsection number if refering to only part of the statute;the ftrll date of enactment or, if none, the date of approval by the executive or effective date; and the future location, if known, in a code or session laws: ) Alabama Corporate lncome Tax Reform Act, No. 8S-ltS (May 8, 1985). 12.7 Invalidation, Repeal, Amendrnent, and Prior History 12.7.r lnvalidation When citing a statute invalidated or declared unconstitutional by this fact by citing the case in full: F a case, indicate Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA) of ry93, Pub. L. No. to3-t4t, 1993 U.S.C.C.A.N. (ro7 Stat.) 1488, involidated byCity of Boerne v. Flores, 5zr U.S. 5o7 O99). 12.7.2 Repeal When citing a statute no longer in force, indicate the fact and date of repeal parenthetically, or include a full citation to the repealing statute when particulady relevant: h Law oflune r, 1895, ch.43zz,5 (repeated rg5g). ) zl, rSgl Fla. Laws ch.3,zo-zt Act ofJan. 24, t923, ch. 42, 4z Stat. n74, tzo8, repeoled by Budget and Accounting Procedures Act of r95o, ch.946,5 lor(gZ), 64 Stat. 832,844. 12.7.3 Amendment When citing a version of a statute that has since been amended, indicate the fact and date of amendment parenthetically, cite the amending starure in full, or cite the current amended version parenthetically: I I o a I o o I t o O I o I I o c I e a t I I I t t o o o o o o I I I I o o o I Supptemental Appropriation Act of r955, Pub. L. No. 663, $ 13rr, 68 Stat. Boo, 83o (r954) (amended r959). .w. 33 U.S.C. $ t4z (t982), amended by tZ U.S.C. S tztz(fl (Supp. Fa I 196t. F Clayton Act, ch. 34, S 7,38 Stat. 730,731-32 (r9r4) (current version at r5 U.S.C. S rB (zooo)). Prior History 12.7.4 \ffhen citing the current r.crsion of a statutc, prior historl' mav be given parenthctically according to rule 12.8 if relevrnt: * 33 U.S.C. 5 (rqBz)). tzlz(fl (Supp. I r9B3) (amending 33 U.5.C. $ rz3z ,.' z8 U.S.C. $ t65z (zorz) (originalty enacted as Act of June 25, t948, ch. 646, $ t652, 6z Stat. 86S, gqq). '. 28 U.S.C. 5 t65z (zotz) (corresponds to the Judiciary Act of t789, ch. zo,5 34, r Stat. 73,92). :' Clayton Act 5 z, r5 U.S.C. $ 18 (zorz) (original version atch.3z3, $ 7, 38 Stat. 73o,731-32 (tSr/+)). Explanatory Parenthetical Phrases Explanltorl' parenthcticirl phrases arc used to show thc cocle 12.8 locati<>n of stat- utes cited to scssion laws (rules 12.2.2 mcl 12.4) or sccondary sources (rule 12.6); t<> iclentifu usefirl datcs, such us the effectivc date of a strtute (rules 12.3.2 and 12.4(e));md to indicate thc invalidation (rule 12.7.1), re pe irl (rule 12.7 .2),trmendment (rule 12.7.3),or prior historl' Gule 12.7.4) of a statute In addition, explanator.v parenthetical phrases mq' bc used to givc an1' othcr relevant information about a statute: . :, 5 U.S.C. 5 SSf (b) (zorz) (requiring agencies to pubtish notice of proposed rulemaking inthe Federal Register). See gcncrrlll' rule 1.5 (prrer-rthetical infrrrmation). Special Citation Forms t2.g Internal Revenue Code 12.9.r In citations to the Intcrnal Revenue (irclc,"z6 U.S.C." may be replacecl with "1.R.C."'l'hr.rs: z6 U.S.C. S 6r (zorz). becomes: l.R.C. 5 6r (zorz). In law rcvicw citations, thc year of the current United States Code or its supplcment (rs appropriatc) shoulcl always he given (rule 12.3.2). Citations to the Internal Rcvenue Coclc us it appcars in an unofficial codc should idcnti$'the unoflici:rl code bv placing the publisher's name in the parcnthetical phrlrsc containing thc vear of the vcrsion cited. 'l'hus, citations to l1.S.C.A. shoultl lppcar: > l.R.C. 5 r3Zr (West Supp. r99r). > l.R.C. S rz+Z (West rg88). See also rule 12.10 regarding short form citation of statutes. For special citation forms for federal tax materials in court documents and legal memoranda, see Bluepages 812.1.4. 12.9.2 Ordinances Cite ordinances analogously to statut€s. Always give the name of the politicd subdivision (such as a city or county) and the abbreviated state name at the beginning of the citation. Do not abbreviate the name of the political subdivi sion unless it is abbreviated in table T10. If the ordinance is codifed, give the name of the code (abbreviated according to table Tl), the section or other subdivision, and the year of the code (determined according to rule 12.3.2). Print the political subdivision, state, and code names in large and small capitals: F MorurcomeRy, ALA., Coor 5 ) ) Ponruno, On., PoLrce F S.F., CoDE lA-tt (rgZt). art.30 (1933). Fonr WonrH, Tex., Rev. OnorHnnces ch. 34, art. l, $ r5 (r95o). Cat., PolrcE Cooe art. 16, div. r, 5 roZ5(a) (zooo). If the ordinance is uncodified, give its number (or, if none, its name) and, in a parenthetical, the exact date of adoption. Print the political suMivision, state, and ordinance name in ordinary roman type: ) ) San Jose, Ca[., Ordinancet6,o43(an.q,ry7z). Halifax County, Va., Ordinance to Regulate the Solicitation of Membership in 0rganizations (Aug. 6,tgS6). 12.9.3 Rules of Evidence and Procedure Citation of a Federal Rule of Civil Procedure: number of rule cited \ Feo. R. Crv. P. '11. abbreviation of set of rules citeo Cite current or uniform rules of evidence or procedure in large and small capi tals, v/ithout any date. Use abbreviations such as the following or abbreviations suggested by the rules themselves: ) ) ) Feo. R. Crv. P.12(b)(5). FEo. R. Cnrm. P.4z(a). FEo. R. App. P. z. ) 1sr Crn. R. 5(a). ) Der. Cr. C.P.R.8(0. F Fro. R. EvrD. 410. I I t I I o I I o o o I o t I I a I I I t t I I o I o t o a o I o I a o UNIF' R' Evto' 4o4(b)' t' Sup. Cr. R. 17. When citing rules no krnger in force, give the most rccent oflicial source in which they'appear and indicate the drte of repeal parenthetically: l* Sup. Cr. R. B, 3o6 U.S. 6go bglil ftepeated 1954). Model Codes, Principles, Restatements, Standards, Sentencing Guidelines, and Uniform Acts 12.9.4 Cite model codes, principles, restatements, standards, sentencing guiclelines, uniform acts, and similar materials in large and small capitals, by section, rule , or othcr relevant subdivision. For principles and restatcments, give the year in which the restatement was published. For model codes, standards, and scntcncing guidelines, give the year in which the code, principles, standards, or guidelines were adopted, unless the version citcd indicates that it incorpomtes sttbsequent amendments. In that case, give the year of the last amcndment, eve n when citing a portion not amcnded at that time. Usually the cover or titlc pagc of the source will indicate the date of thc most recent amendments incorpomted. When naming the codc, principles, rcstatement, standarcls, or guidelines, use the abbreviations listcd in tatrle T6 (abbreviation of casc names) or suggcsted by the source itself. Indicate the author's name parenthetically. Abbreviate the author's namc according to rule 15.1(c) (institutional authors): ,:' Pntrucrpres oF THE LAw or FntvttLv DtssoLuttott: AHnlvsts nruo ReconmeronroNs 5 2.07 (Am. Lnw lNsr. 2002). 't'",, RESTATEMENT (THrno) oF UNFATR Cotupertrton S 3 (Awt. Lnw lrsr. 1.995). I o o o li' :" 'When U.S. SENIEr.rcrNG Comm'ru 2004). GUTDELTNES MANUAL 5 2D1.1(c) (U.S. SrnreNctNc citing to a unifurm act itsel{ and not as thc hw of a particular statc, cite Indicate the author's name parenthetically. Abbreviatc the author's namc accorcling to rule 1!.1(c) (institutional authors): it as a scparate code. ir [, U.C.C. UNtF. S2-314 (Atu. Law lNsr. & UNtF. LAw CoMM'N 1977). Tnusr Coor 5 105 (Ururr. Lnw Connrvr'ru 2000). wlren citing a uniform act to the (lnirttrm laws Anruttated (U.L.A.), provide the titlc of the act using abbreviations in table T6, the section number, thc year of amendment or repe:rl (if an1'), the appropriate volumc of the U.L.A., the page number on which the rclcvant section appears, and the year of publication: rr UNtF. ADoproN Acr 5 ro,9 U.L.A. +S (1988). Give the -vear in which the uniform act was last rmended, even if the section ref'errcd to was not amendcd at that time .If a uniform act or section hls been withclrawn, superseded, or amended, indicate that fact parenthetictlly tccording to rule 12.7: r,' UNIF. Pnoentr Cooe 5 2-706 (amended zoro), B pt. r U.L.A. z9r (zor3). When citing to the law of a particular state, cite F Oru. Srnr. tit. t2A,S 23t4 as a separate code: (zoo+). If a code, principle, restatement, standards, or guidelines is a tentative or pro posed draft, indicate that fact parenthetically as it appears on the publication and give the draft number (if available) and the year of the draft: ) Mooel Lnruo DEv. Cooe 5 2-402(2) (Arvr. Lnw lrusr., Proposed Offi- cial Draft 1975). ) Resrare nlterur (Secoruo) oF ToRrs 5 8+ZA (Arvr. Lew lHsr., Tentative Draft No. !7,1974). If a restatement contains a subtitle, retain the subtitle in the citation: |> ResreremeNT (THtRD) oF PRop.: Wrr-ls nHo DoHnrrve TnnHsrens S 2.1 (Am. Lnw trusr. 1999). Cite GenerallyAcceptedAuditing Principles as follows: ) Standards and GenerallyAcceptedAccounting CoorrrcerroN oF AccouNTtNG STANDARDs eto PnocrouREs, Statement on Auditing Standards No. r, g r5o (Am. Inst. of Certified Pub. Accountants r97z). F RrsrnncH AND DEV. Annnleeueurs, Statement of Fin. Accounting Standards No. 58, 5 lz (Fin. Accounting Standards Bd. r98z). Comments, notes, and other addenda should be cited according to rule 3.4: > MoDEL Perual Cooe $ 24.6 note on status of section (Am. Lnw | rusr., Proposed Offi ciat Draft ry62). ) Resrnrrmelr (SecoHo) or CoHrucr or Lnws 5 3o5 cmt. b, iltus. r (Atu. Lnw lHsr. 1977). ) Sreronnos ) Urrronm Pnuoetr Invrsron Acr 5 2 cnnr. (Unrr. Lnw Colrrvr'H j97:'. FoR TRAFFIc Jusrrce $ 4.2 cmt. at g (Arvr. Bnn Ass'rrr 7994\. ) ResrnreueHr (Srcoruo) or Cournacrs ch. 16, topic a, intro. note (Aru. Lnw lrrrsr. r98r). Cite application notes, background commentary, introductory commentary and appendices to sentencing guidelines as follows: ) U.S. SErurEncrrue GuroelrruEs MANUAL 5 f Dr.S cmt. n.r (U.S. Senreucr rrtc Comu'u zoo4). ) ) ) U.S. SeHrrHcrHc GuroeLrHes MnHuel $ zDr.z cmt. background (U.S. SEruruNcrtrc Corvrrvr'r.r zoo4). U.S. SeHrrrcrrue GuroeuHES MANUAL ch. 3, pt. D, introductory cmt. (U.S. SenreHcrHc Comm'ru zoo4). U.S. SeHrrHcrHe GuroeutEs MnruunL app. C (U.S. Cotvttvt'H zoo4). Se HrrHcrHc I t o o t O I o I I I t o o t a a o o I t I o I I I I o o I o I t o o o o o o t When citing a \.ersion of a code, restatement, or set of stltndards that lus bcen withclrawn or amendecl, indicate that lnct according to rule 12.7.2 <tr 12.7.3'. {.' MoDEL Bus. CoRp. Acr 5 z(0 Gq6q) (AM. Bnn Ass'r.r, amended 19n). ABA Code of Professional Responsibility Opinions on Ethics and 12.9.5 Cite thc okl llodel Ctrle rf ProJ'essknnl Responsibilit.l' ut-td thc new ,llrrlel Rules tl'Professionul Crneltrct rccording to rule 12.9.4: it' MoDEL Cooe or Pnor'l RrspottsrBrLrrY Canon z (Arrn. Bnn Ass'r.t rgBo). r.. MoorL RurEs or sion Draft 1983). Pnor'l Cor.roucr t.3.72 (Au. Ban Ass'ru, Discus- Citc ethical consiclcratior.rs and disciplinirry rules as follows: ii, MoDEL Coor or PRor'l RrspottsrBrLrry EC736 (Arvr. Bnn Ass'tt rgBo). a, MoorL Cooe or Pnor'r RespottstBtLtrY DR B-ror (Aru. Bnn Ass'tt r98o). (litc notcs or other commentary accorditrg to rule 3.4: ,i MoDEL Rulrs or Pnor'r Coroucr r. 1.15 cmt. (Attt. Bnn Ass'n t9B3). Cite firrnral lncl infirrmtl opinions of thc (i)mmittec on lithics and Profl'ssilrnll Responsibility (or the oldcr Committces on Profcssiotlal Ilthics (l95fJ-1971) and on Prof'essional lithics atrd Grie vanccs ( I 919- l 95ti)) b,v isstring bodl', <4rinion numbet and vcltr. Abbrcviate rccorclittg to table T6: "American llltrAssocia- tion" nrll be rbbrcvilted"ABA for thesc ckrcuments: iu ABA Comm'n on Prof'l Ethics & Grievances, Formal Op. 35 G931). tu ABA Comm'n on Ethics & Prof'l Responsibility, Informal Op. r4r4 (tgz8). 'l'hc sub l,n" jcct of thc opinion rnal be givcn pxrcntheticxll]. ABA Comm'n on Ethics & Prof'l Responsibility, Formal Op. ::S (1974) (discussing the use of credit cards for the payment of legal services and expenses). Short Forms for Statutes (a)Text. In law review text and f(x)tltotc text,tlsc thc firrms listed in thc"'l'cxt" column ()f thc tablc bekrr.v to rcf'er to statutcs. Proviclc a citation (irl firll or short firrm rccorcliug to rule 12.10(b)) in an lccor.upant'ing fbotttote u'hen lppropriatc. (b) Citations. In hw t'cvicn'citalions, ttsc an1'of tltc lorrrs listed itl thc"Short Citation'column ofthe table bekrrv that clelrlv iclcntifics a statutc il thc statutc has ahcaclv been citccl (in either firll or short firrm. ittcltrcling irl. ) in either the 12.lo san e footnote or in a manner such that it can be readily found tn one of tbe preceding fiue footltotes,^g^in including "id." Otherwise, use the "Full Citation" form. Full Citation Iext Named Administrative Statutes 5 Short Citation the section 1 of Procedure Act S r, Administrative U.S.C. S 55t (zotz) Procedure Act section or r U.S.Code +z U.S.C.5 rqSl Provisions (zotz) Srare code DEL. CoDE ANN. tit. 4z U.S.C. $ 1983 or $ 1983 title 28, section ofthe Provisions 28,$ tTot (t999) rTor (numbered Delaware Code or section 17o1 codes) State Code Provisions (named section $ 48zzz (West zoo8) of the California Education Code or codes) Session 48222 Cnl. Eouc. Cooe Administrative qz U.S.C.5 or $ 1983 1 rg8l tit. 28, 5 7707ol 5 rTor Eouc. $ 48zzz section 48222 Laws National Environmental Poticy Act of t969, Pub. L. No. 97-Lgo, $ roz,83 Stat. 852, section 1o2 of Environmental Policy Act or 5 roz or National Environmental Policy Act $ roz or 5 1o2, 83 Stat. section roz at853-54 the National 8sl-st+ (tgzo) (c) "Section." Note that except when refeming to Unlted States Code ptovisions, the word'section" should be spelled out in law review text and footnote text, although the symbol "g" may be used in citations. See de 6.2(c). (d) Electronic sources. For materials available on an electronic database, use the name of the database in constructing a short form: ) Wrs. Srar. AHn. 5 rg.zr: (West, Westlaw through zooT Actz4z). becomes: 5 rg.ql (Westlaw). For materials available only online, use the normal short form appropriate for the source. A URL need not be repeated after a frrll citation. ) Urnx Cooe g 4-30-5 (2o1o), http://te.utah.gov/xcode/Title+/ Chapte13o/4-3o-S5.html?v=C4-3o-S5_lSooorouSoooror. becomes: 5 4-lo-S. I o $ r or 5 U.S.C. $ 55r or Procedure Act S ; I I I I I I I o I t o I I o a o I o t I I o I I I t t o I I I t I o o o I 13 LEGISIATIVE MATERIALS Ilesides statutes (rule 12), the legislative process generates bills and rcsolutions (rule 13.2);committee hcarings (rule 13.3);reports, documents, and commit- tee prints (rule 13.4); flor;r debates lrule 13.5); and, sometimcs, separately bound legislative histories (rule 13.6). \fhen citing any United Statcs legislative material except debatcs, include the title (if relevant), the abbrcviated name of the house , the numbcr of thc Congrcss, the numbcr assigned to the material, and the ycar of publication. State legislativc materials are cited similarly cxcept when indicated otherwisc. Abbreviations for commonly used words in legislative materials are listed in table T9. In addition, include parenthctically the scssion number firr House and Senate documents published beforc the (r0th Congress (l90D,House Repofis pttblished bcfore the 47th Congress (1831), and Senate Reports published before the 40th (,ongrcss (186D. For House and Scnate materials published after these dates, the session number can be inferred from the year of publication: First sessions always fall in odd-numbered years,while sccond sessions always fall in even-numbcred yems. On rarc occasions,Congress holds a third scssion. rJfhcn citing materials pr<lduced dur- ing a third session, provide this information parenthetically 13.r Basic Citation Forms Privacy Protection Act of 1998, H.R. 3224, ro5th !'ederal bill (unenactcd) Cong. $ z(a) (tgg8). H.R. Federal resolution u9, 54th Cong. (rst H.R.J. Res. Sess. r896J. 79,to6th Cong. (rgqg). (unenacted) slte bill H,R. r3a, State resolution S.J. r79th Les- rst Spec. Se11. (ea. tl21l. Res.836, rr8th Leg., 3d Spec. Sess. (Me. 199cD. Committee hcaring Background and History of lmpeachment: Heoring Before the Subcomm. on the Constitution of the H. Comm. on the Judiciary, to5th Cong. zz-23 (1998) (statement of Rep. Hutchinson, Member, H. Comm. on the ludiciary). Federal rcport H.R. Rrp. No. ror-524, at ro (r99o), reprinted in r99o U.S.C.C.A.N. 1448, t45r. Federal document H.R. Doc. No. roz-399, Cofimittcc print Srnrr or H. Coprrvr. oN rHE Juotctnnv, 93o Cottc., at3G99z). COITISTITUTIOI.IAL GROUN DS FOR PRESI DENTIAL lmpencumrut 38 (Comm. Printryl4). Congressional Rec. Hr8r7 (daily ed. Apr. e, ry99) (statement of ReP. Pease). debate r45 Cot'tc. Source reprinted in S. Corvrrvr. oN LABoR AND PuB. WELTIRE, Leeon- separately bound MnruaGervreHr ReponrrHc AND DtscLosuRE legislative history 1959, 5. Rep. No. 86-787, at 4 (7959), repri nted in 7959 U.S.C.C.A.N. 2378,2320, ond in 1 NLRB, Lee tsLnnvr HrsroRy or rHe Lneon-MnlacetritErur Rrponrrruc lHo DrscLosunr Acr or L959,at397, 400 (1959). 13,2 Bills Acr oF and Resolutions (a) Unenacted federal bills and resolutions. When ciring federal bills, include the name of the bill (if relevant), the abbreviated name of the house, the number of the bill, the number of the Congress, the section (if any), and the year of publication: ) ) ) ) S. 516, ro5th Cong. S z (tgg). H.R.4zz, ro5th Cong. (tggg). Clear Skies Act, S. 485, ro8th Cong. (zoo3). Protection from Personal Intrusion Act, H.R. z448,ro5th Cong.5 z(a) bgg). A parenthetical indicating the date and stage of the bill may be provided in order to distinguish among multiple versions of the same bill in the same Congress. Subcommittee and committee names may be abbreviated according to tables T6, T9, and TlO: ) ) S.fgf,1o1st Cong. g z (as passed by Senate, May 3r, 1989). S.Sgl, rorst Cong. g z (as reported by S. Comm. on the Judiciary, May n,ry89). Cite resolutions analogously, using the following abbreviations: House Resolution Senate Resolution House Concurrent Resolution Senate Concurrent Resolution HouseJoint Resolution Senate Joint Resolution Senate Executive Resolution ) ) ) ) ) ) ) H.R. Res. S. Res. H.R. Con. Res. 5. Con. Res. H.R.J. Res. S.J. Res. S. Exec. Res. Thus: > H.R.J. Res. rz4, ro5th Cong. (1998). A parallel citation to a published committee hearing, a legislative report, or the Congressional Record may alsobe provided if it would assist the reader in locating the bill (rules 13.3, 13 .4,and 13.5). (b) Enacted federal bills and resolutions. Enacted bills and joint resolutions are statutes (rule 12). They are cited as statutes except when used to document legislative history, in which case they are cited as unenacted bills. o t t a o I I I I I o I I I o t o O I I I t I t t t o I I I I t I o o I t I I o Enacted simple resolutions, which bind only onc house of (irngress. ancl cnacted concurrent resolutions, which bind either onc or both houses of Congress, should be cited as unenacted bills. Llnless otherwise clear in context, thc fact of enactment should be noted parcnthetically: h S. Res. lry,t,lo6th Cong. (rggg) (enacted). * H.R. Con. Res. 196, ro6th Cong. (1999) (enacted). b' H.R. Res.8n, ro8th Cong. (zoo4) (enacted). A parallel citation to thc Congressionul Record (for simplc resolntions) or to the Statutes ot Large (for concurrent resolutions) may be provided if it would assist the reader in krcating thc cnacted resolution. Because on[1' enacted resolutions are printed in the Statutes at Large ("Stat."), a parenthctical notin{a cnactment is not nccessary when a parallel citation to Stat. is given: * * S. Res. zr8, 83d Cong., roo Cor.rc. Rec. 2972 S. Con. (1950 (enacted). Res.97,94th Cong.,9o Stat.3oz4Q,976). (c) State bills and resolutions. Whcn citing state bills ancl resolutions, include thc name of the lcgislative bodl', x56..ut^,ed according to tables T6, T9, and T10, the numbcr of the bill or resolution, thc number of thc lcgislative body (or, if not numbcrcd, the l'ear of the body), ancl the number or clcsignation of the lcgislative scssion. Parcnthetically indicate thc name of the state, abbreviirted rccording to table TlO, and the ycar of enactment (for ln enacted bill or resolntion) or the )rcar of publication (for an unenacted bill or resolution). b- H.D.636, 1999 Leg.,4r3th Sess. (Md. tqqq). F H.R. 189, r45th Gen. Assemb., Reg. Sess. (Ga. rggg). A parallcl citation to state scssion laws may be providcd if it woulcl assist thc reader in krcating an enrctcd resolution. F H.R.J. Res. r, 4oth Leg., zd Spec. Sess., t974Utah Laws 7. Hearings (a) Federal committee hearings. Whcn citing fcderal committee hearings, alwirys include the entirc subject mattcr title as it appcars on thc cove! the bill mrn"rbcr (if any), thc subcommittcc name (if any), the committec name, the numbe r of the ()ongrcss, thc page number of the particular material be ing citcd (if anv), and the year of publication. Subcommittcc ancl committee names may be abbre viatcd according to tables T6, T9, and T10. (lite as folkrws: ? Protection from Personal lntrusion Act ond Privacy Protection Act of t998: Hearing on H.R. z44B and H.R. jzz4 Before the H. Comm. on the )udiciory, ro5th Cong. S6-Sl GggB) (statement of Richard Masur, President, Screen Actors Guitd). > Copyright Protection for Semiconductor Chips: Hearing on H.R. rc28 Before the Subcomm. on Courts, Civil Liberties & the Admin. of Justice of the H. Comm. on the ludiciary, g8th Cong. q OgSl) (statement of Jon A. Baumgarten, Copyright Counsel, Association of American Pubtishers). r3.3 Titles of the individuals providing statements may be abbreviated according to table T11: ) ) Tribal Energy Self-Sufficiency Act and the Native American Energy Development and Self-Determination Act: Heoring on S. 424 and S. 5zz Before the S. Comm. on lndian Affairs, roSth Cong. r (zoo3) (statement of Sen. Ben Nighthorse Campbell, Chairman, S. Comm. on Indian Affairs). Transforming the Federal Government to Protect America from Terrorism: Hearing Before the H. Select Comm. on Homeland Sec., roTth Cong. z3-25 (zooz) (statement of joh n Ashcroft, Att'y Gen. ofthe United States). (b) State committee hearings. When citing state committee hearings,follow the same form, but also include the number of the legislative session: ) 13.4 Tax Credit for Cost of Providing Commuter Benefits to Employees: Hearing on H.D.636 Before the H. Comm. on Ways & Means,t999 Leg., 4r3th Sess. 5-8 (Md. 1999) (statement of De[. Paul Carlson, Member, H. Comm. on Ways & Means). Reports, Documents, and Committee Prints (a) Numbered federal reports and documents. Citations to numbered federal r€ports should include the name of the house, the number of the Congress connected by a hyphen to the number of the r€port, the part and/or page number on which material being cited appears, and the year of publication. Use large and small caps for the house, abbreviation ofreport, and abbreviation ofnumber: ) ) H.R. Rep. No.99-253, pt. 1, at 54 (1985). S. REp. No.84-2, at7 G955). Cite conference reports using the following format: ) ) H.R. Rep. No.98-ro37, at 3 (1984) (Conf. Rep.). S. Rep. No. 95-6or, at S Ggt) (Conf. Rep.). Cite numbered federal documents analogously,using the following abbreviations: Senate Document ) ) S. Doc. No. House Miscellaneous Document F H.R. Mrsc. Doc. No. House Document H.R. Doc. No. The following citation formats are often used to designate intemational agreements to which the United States is a parry (rule 21.4.5(.3D: Senat€ Executive Document SenateTreaty Document ) ) S. Exrc. Doc. No. S. Tnrary Doc. No. When possible (and particulady for documenrs published after 1974), gSve a parallel citation to the permanent edition of [Inited, States Code Congressional andAdministratiue News (de 12.6): ) S. Rep. No.gS-lgt,at 4G978),as reprinted in 1978 U.S.C.C.A.N. 926o,9263. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I a a I t I I I I o o t o I o (b) Titles and authors. Title s of numbe red reports or documcnts may bc indiif the title is given, the author should also bc named (scc rule 15.1(c) rcgarding institutional authors): catecl; Cenlroru Korecr, THE RoAD 8z-563, aI 29-30 1195t. ,' t O a U.S. lmmrcnAroN CoMM'N, ltvttrntcnnrtoru 6t-758, at 613 (3d Sess. rgrr). LrctsLnttott, S. Doc. No. author's namc: :, Srarr or S. Coutvt. oN THE JuDtctAny, Blsr Coruc., Rep. oN ANTI- rRUSr LAW r7 (Comm. Print r95o). If the documcnt or committee print is primarily the work of specilic persons, that fact mly bc noted parenthctically (d) Federal legislative agency reports. Legislative reports, like thosc of the Oongrcssional Research Service ((lRS) and the (iovcrnment Accountabilitl' Office (GAO), must be citecl as works of institutional authors (rule 15.1(c)); include the report number (as given by the agency) as part ofthe title: ", ,' I o o o o o INDUSTRIAL PEnce, H.R. Doc. No. (c) Unnumbered federal documents and committee prints. Committee prints and unnumberecl documents must be citcd as works of institutiontl iltlthors (rule 15.1(c)). Note that the number of the Congrcss is part of the o I ro Lours FrsHen, Couc. ReseancH SERV., R131340, MtLtranv Tnteuruals: THE Qutntru PnEcrortr 3o (zooz). Gov'r AccouNrABrLrrv Orr., GAO-08-751, Fooo nro Dnuc AoutrutslnnrroN: AppRovAL nruo OvenstcHT oF THE Dnuc Mtrrpnex U.S. zz QooS). (e) Federal legislative iournals. Citc congressionll journals according to the folkrwing moclel: ' S. .lounrunl, z4th Cong., zd Sess. tz3-24 QB36). (f) State materials. Citations to statc legislative reports, documents, and similar matcrials must inchldc the name of the lcgislativc bocly abbrcvilted accorcling to tables T6, T9, and T10, the numbcr of the lcgislative body connccted by a h-vphen to the numbcr of the report or document, the number of the lel4islative session, the part or page number on which the mate rial be ing cited appears, :rnd the ye irr of publication. tlnle ss it is clcar from thc title or author information appearing in thc citation, provide the name of the state abbrcviltted accorclintr4 to table Tl0 prrenthetically: S. t78-247,1st Sess., aI 4 Qa. ry9Q. Titles of numbcred reports or documcnts may be indicated; if the title is givcn, the author should also be named (sec rule f5.1(c) regarding institutional authors): :. CoMMoNWEALTH oF Pn. Dep'r or Acntc., Alluunl Repont or rHe S. t7B-247,1st Sess., at q Oggu,). Srnrr Fooo PuncHnsr Pnocnnm, 13.5 Debates Cite congressional debates after 1873 to the Congressional Record; use the daily edition only for matter not yet appearing in the pemanent edition. The primary ways in which the Congressional Record dtffers from the daily edition are continuous pagination, altered text, and the dropping of the prefixes H, S, and E before page numbers: ) ) rz3 Corue . Rec. q147 r3r Corue . Rec. Sn,455-56 (daily ed. Sept. tl,tgSS) (statement of Q977). Sen. Watlop). Cite congressional debates through 1873 according to the following models: 1837-1873 ) 1824-1837 ) 1789-1824 ) Coruc. Gloer,36th Cong.,1st Sess. t6lz(t86o). ro REc. Dst..347z (t834). 33AruHnsoFCoNG. 6zt+G8zz). If the debate occurred in a different year from its publication tn the Congressional Record,cite the year in which the debate was published. For volume one of the Annak give the name(s) of the editor(s) and year of publication in parentheses: ) rArnnls 13,6 oF CoNG. +86 (tl8g) (loseph Gales ed., 1834). Separately Bound Legislative Histories The legislative histories of several important acts are published separately (e.g., theAdminisrrative ProcedureAcr,titlesvll and IX of the Civil RightsAct of 1964, the Clean AirAct Amendments of I 970, the Equal Employment Opportunity Act, the Internal Revenue Acts, the National Labor Relations Act, the Occupational of 1970, and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934).lf it would aid the reader in locating the source, a parallel citation may be given to such a separate publication. Cite these publications according to rule 15 (books, reports, and other nonperiodic materials): Safety and Health Act ) at6 Ggq), reprinted in r NLRB, LEclsurrve HlsroRy or rHe Lneon-Mnlecemenr REurroHs Act, t947, at 292, H.R. Rrp. No. 8o-245, zgt ) Gg+8). lnternal Revenue Amendments, Pub. L. No. 8l-81q,5 rS(a), 76 Stat. 96o, to4r-42 (rg6z) (codified at t.R.C. 5 rzqS(a) (zooo)), reprinted lrurentel REVENUE TnxnrroH, 90rH Corue ., LecrsLnrrvE Hrsrony or rHr lrurrnrunl Reveruue Cooe or 1954.at rn JorHr Corvrrvr. or,t 4n-74Ge5). 13.7 Electronic Media and Online Sources (a) Commercial electronic databases. When citing to materials contained in a commercial electronic database, give the name of the database and any identiffing codes or numbers that uniquely identifr the material. If the name of the database is not clear from the database identifier, include it parenthetically at the end of the citation: t o I o I o t t o I I I I I I I I I o o a t o t o a t t I I o o o I I a I o o o Federal bill H.R. 378r, ro4th Cong. 5 z(b) (rqq6), 1996 CONG US HR (unenactcd) 378r(Westlaw). Feder.rl report H.R. Rep. No.9z-98 Q97), reprinted in ry7r U.S.C.C.A.N. ro77,197r WL 11312. Congrcssional 142 CoNG. Rrc. Hrr,46o (daity ed. Sept. z7, 1996) (statement of Rep. Tanner), 142 Cong Rec H rr45z, at debate *Htt,46o (LEXl5). (b) Internet and online sources. Wherc a print vcrsion is accessible, citation shoulcl be made to thc print source . \il/hcre , howevcr, the print sourcc is diflicult or impossible to obtain or thc governing authority h:rs dcsignrtccl thc electronic sourcc as the ofhcial version, citation should be mlde to the clcctronic source with consideration of the gcncrirl principles in rule 18 regarcling authentication and preferrcd document formats. The tlRL should be appended to the end 18.2.2(d): of thc citation in accordancc with de Prohibiting Writing a Text Message While Driving, H.R. l+, 2oo9 Sess. (N.H. zoog), http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/legislation / zoogl H Boo34. html. S" An Act Short Forms for Legislative Materials 13.8 (a) Main text. In law review tcxt, use the forms listecl in thc "'l'cxt" column of the table below to rcfer to legislative materials. Provide a citatiotr in ftlll or short form according to rule 13.8(c) in an accompanf ing firotnote whcn appnrpriate. (b) Footnote text. Similarly, whcn ref'erring to legislativc matcrials iu law review footnote tcxt. use the fbrms listed in the "'ltxt" column of thc table below Provide a citation in full or short firrm according to rule 13.8(c) in an accompanying citirtion clausc or scntcncc when lppropriatc. (c) Citations, In law review citations,usc an_v of the forms listecl in the"Short Citltion"column of the tablc below that clearl.v identifies the lcgislative natcrial if thc lcgislati!'c material is already citccl (in either firll or short firrm, including thc samefootnote or in t manner such that it can be readily firund the preceding Jiue.footnotes. Otherwise , usc the "Full Oitation" firrm. 4.2(a) rcgarding the use of "supra;' ,d) in cither in one See rf rule Federal Bill (uncnactcd) State Text H.R. 3o55, 94th Cong. (1976) House Bill Resollrtion S. Res. zo, 37th Fedcral Re1;ort Short Citation Full Citation 3o55 Leg., zd Sess. (Okta. tgzg) Oklahoma Senate Resolution zo H.R. Rrp. No. 9z- House Report 98 (t9tr) Fcdcnl H.R. Doc. Documcnt zo\ H.R. 3o55 Okia. S. Res. zo 98 H.R. REp. No. 92-98 No.94- (r97) House H.R. Doc. No. Document zo8 94-2oB (d) Electronic sources. For materials lvailable in :tn electronic databasc, tunique databasc iclcntifier, if onc has be cn lssigne cl. in constructing a use a short firrm: ) H.R. 378r, ro4th Cong. $ r (1996), 1996 Cong US HR lZ8t (Westlaw). becomes: H.R. 378r $ y 996 Cong US HR 378r (Westlaw). For materials available only online, use the normal short form appropriate for the source. A URI need not be repeated after a firll citation. t o t t o I I o o I a o I t I a I I I o o o I o o I a I o o o t I I o o o o I o ADMINISTRATIVE AIID EXECUTIVE MATERIATS r4 Administrative agencies and other executive institutions produce a trcmcnoflicial materials. This rulc providcs guidancc for thc most common forms of existing materials. Consult table T1.2 for information regarding specific fcdcral organizations that use unique citation formats. As with courts, practitioners should comply with an agcncy's conventions fcrr citation whcn authoring submissions to that agency, if that convcntion varies fiom the rulc clous variety of cstablished hercin. Cite state materials by analogy to thc federal cxamples givcn in this rule . 14.r Basic Citation Foffns Federal regulation cited to the Code of Federal Requlatktns FTC Credit Practices Rule, 16 C.F.R. 5 +++.t lotq)' Federal regulation cited to the lmportation of Fruits and Vegetables, 6o [:ederal Register Fed. Reg. 50,379 (Sept. 29, 1995) (to be pt. l99l codifi ed a! Administrative adiudication Reichhold Chems., lnc.,9t 1c.F.R. F.f .C. 246 (tgt8). Charles P. Ortmeyer, z3 Indus. Arb. z7z (r98o) (Stern, Arb.). Arbitration Rules, Regulations, and Other Citation of a particular provision of a Publications regulation in the 14.2 Code of Federal Regulations: C.F.R.title -l 7 no. C.F.R. t section symbol and specific section cited S 379.76 (1999). abbreviation of set of regulations cited date of code edition cited (a) Final rules and regulations. Whenever possible, cite fedcral rules and rcgulations to the Code of Fbderal Regulations (C.F.R.) by title, scction or part, lnd year: h" 47 C.F.R. 5 Zl.6og (tggg). Eaclr title ot the Code of Fbderal Regulations is rcvised at least once a year; cite the most reccnt edition. Give the name of the rule or regulation only if the rulc or regulation is commonly cited that way or the infbrmation would otherwise aid in idcntilication. The abbreviated name of thc issuing body may also bc included if helpful: * FCC Broadcast Radio Serices, 47 C.F.R. 513.6o9 @ou+). ts FTC Credit Practices Rule, 16 C.F.R. S 444t (zo4). F Credit Practices Rule, 16 C.F.R. S 444.t(zotQ. Certain titles of the Code of Federal Regulations focused on specific subiects have unique citations. For citation toTitle 26, Treasury Regulations,see table 1.2. Titlc 48,the FederalAcquisition Regulations,may be cited as"FARl' M FAR 52.249-z(e) (zor+). The Federal Register (Fed. Reg.) publishes mles and regulations before they are entered into the Code of Federal Regulottions.Citations to rules or regulations in the Fecleral Regl'sfer should give any commonly used name of the rule or regulation, the volume and page on which the rule or regnlation (or any preccding discussion thereof) begins, and the date of the rule or regulation. Whcn citing a part of t rule or regulation, give both the page on which the rule or regulation (or preceding discussion) begins and the page(s) on which thc cited matcrial appears.When the Federal Register indicates where the rule or regulation will appear in the Code of Federal Regulations,give that information parenthetically: ts lmportation of Fruits and Vegetables, 6o Fed. Reg. 5o,379, 5o,38r (Sept. 29, rqgr) (to be codified at Z C.F.R. pt. 3oo). h. Federal Acquisition Regulations for NationaI Aeronautics and Space Administration, 55 Fed. Reg. 52,782 (Dec. zr, r99o) (to be codified at 48 C.F.R. pt. r). Prohibitively long titles may be shortened as long as the result is unambiguous: F OrderApproving NYSE and NASDAQ Proposed Rute Changes Retating to Equity Compensation Ptans Not: Self-Regulatory 0rganizations; New York Stock Exchange, Inc. and NationalAssociation of Securities Dealers, Inc.; Order Approving NYSE and NASDAQ Proposed Rule Changes and NASDAQ Amendment No. 1 and Notice of Filing and Order Granting Acceterated Approval to NYSE Amendments No. :. and z and NASDAQ Amendments No. z and 3 Thereto Relating to Equity Compensation Plans (b) Proposed des, other notices, and comments. Administrative notices that are not transferred to th.. Code of Federal Regulations should be cited t<r rhe Federal Regl'sfer When citing notices of proposed rules and regulations,follow thc form for linal rules, but add the status to the date parenthetical: le Control of Air Pollution from New Motor Vehicles and New Motor Vehicte Engines,56 Fed. Reg.9154 (proposed Mar.7,r99r) (to be codified at 40 C.F.R. pt. 86). Cite notices pertaining to administrative adjudications according to de 14.3. Cite othcr administrative noticcs by volume, page, and date. The citation may begin with a description or a commonly uscd name: ts Meeting Notice, 65 Fed. Reg. 3415 \an. zt, zooo). inthe Code of Federal Regulations 19),the originalformof issuance,or For rules and announccments not appearing ortheFederalRegister,citeaservice (de an agency or governmental wcbsite (de 18.2). Whcn citing comments, provide the name of thc commcnter and thc proposed nrle to which the comment C o I I t o I o o o o I o o o o o I I I I I pertains. Prohibitively krng titlcs may bc shortcned as long as the rcsult is unambignons. Citing to an agcnc,v or governmental website is appropriatc: p t o a o l I t o o o o I a o I o o o Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America. Comment Letter on Proposed Rule to Require Registration of Certain Hedge Fund Advisors Under the Investment Advisors Act of r94o (5e pt. r5, zoo 4), http: I lwww.sec.gov/rules/ propose d I sl fo q I d h irsch man no9r5o4. pdf. (c) Regular reports. Citc in the same manner as periodicals (rule 16). Always give thc abbreviatccl agcncy name first and thcn usc thc abbreviations fbr periodical namcs given in table T13: p. % (1%q. r-"- 4 NLRB Aru. w t'942 '*- t955-t956 MtcH. Arr'v Grru. Btrrurutal Arr'y Re Geru. Arun. Rep. zz. REP. pt. \ aI6zr. (d) Other publications. Cite as a work by an institutional author (rule 15.1(c)), inclucling a serial numbeq if any (rule 15.7), unless issucd as a congrcssional rkrcument (rule 13.4): ? Orrrce oF MGMr. & Buocrr, ExEc. Orrrce oFTHE PRESTDENT, OMB No.99-04. Revrseo SrnrrstrcnL Dertrtrtolts oF METRopoLrrAN Anrns (MAs) AND GUTDANcE oN UsEs or MA Derrrurrrons Bur-r-. (rssq. Gov'r AccouNraerLrry OFFrcE, GAO-O1-1163T, Cotvtturnctnr Avrnrou: A Fnnmewonr ron CorusroenrNG FEDERAL Fntnructel :=' U.S. AssrsrnNce (1998). + U.S. Eeunr Ennp. OpponruNrry CoMM'N, EEOCMlA, A Tecnurcnl AssrsrANcE Mnruel oN THE EMployue rur PnovrsroNS (TrrLE 1) oF THE AMENDMENTS tr wrrH Drsngrrrrres Act lt99z). U.S. FooD & Dnuc Ass'N, Pnemnnxer AssessuENT oF PEDTATRTc MEorcnl Devtces: Gutoaxce ron lNoustnv AND FooD nruo Dnuc Aomrrrsrnnrroru Srnrr (zor4). When citing an opinion lcttcr, cite as a work by an institutional author in ordinaqr romrn type, including the datc of its publication ancl, if available , its subject matter: = U.S. Equal Emp. Opportunity Comm'n, Opinion Letter on Appticability of Age Discrimination in Employment Act to Appointed State Court ludges (Apr. Z, t98fl, os reprinted in EEOC Compl. Man. (BNA) at N:roor n.z. .a U.5. Dep't of Labor, Wage & Hour Div., Opinion Letter (Sept. r4, 1992). Administrative Adiudications and Arbitrations Citations to xdministrutivc cases ancl :trbitrations shoultl conform kr rule 10, exccpt rs folkrws: 14.3 14.3.1 Names (a) Administrative adiudications. Cite by the reported name of the firstlisted private party (abbreviated according to iect-matter title. Omit ail procedural phrases: ) rule 10.2) or by the offrcial sub- Trojan Transp., lnc., 249 N.L.R.B. 642 Q98o). Not: In the Matterof Trojan Transp., lnc.,z49 N.L.R.B. 6t+z(tg8o). Not: /n re Trojan Transp.,lnc., 249 N.L.R.B. 5qz 6g8o). Subiect-matter titles may sometimes indicate the nature and stage of an adjudicatory proceeding. It is permissible to shorten such titles, and, if the nature and stage of the proceeding are not clear from the context, such information may be included in a parenthetical phrase at the end of the citation. The parenthetical phrase may consist of terms such as "notice,' "initiation,' "prelim. neg.," or "determinationior may be more elaborate. > Bottled Green Olives from Spain, 5o Fed. Reg.28,237 (Dep't of Commerce luty u, 1985) (final admin. review). l{ot: Bottled Green Olives from Spain, Final Results of Admin. Review of Countervailing Duty Order, 5o Fed. Reg. 28,237 (Dep't of Commerce July rr, 1985). (b) Arbitrations. Cite as court cases if adversary patties are named and as if they are not. The arbitrator's name should be administrative adjudications indicated parenthetically: ) Kroger Co. v. Amalgamated Meat Cutters, Local 539, 74Lab. Arb. Rep. (BNA) 785,787 (r98o) (Doering, Arb.). ) Charles P. Ortmeyer, z3 Indus. Arb. z7z (tg8o) (Stern, Arb.). L4.3.2 Which Source(s) to Cite (a) Official reporters. Cite the offlcial reporter of the agency if the opinion appears therein: F Tennessee Intrastate Rates & Charges, 286 l.C.C. qtQgSz). For the official reporters of many federal agencies, see G) Ofncial table T1.2. releases and slip opinions. If the opinion does not appear in an official reporter, cite the offrcial release or slip opinion, Provide the full date, any helpflrl publication number, and the number of the case or investigation: ) lron Construction Castings from Brazil, Canada, India, and the People's Repubtic of China, USITC Pub. t72o,lnv. No. 7or-TA-249 Iune 1985). If the opinion will later be published in an official bound volume, provide the volume number and the initial page number, if available; if the initial page number is not available, retain the case number: ) Rosenberg Library Ass'n, 259 N.L.R.B. No. r97 (Apr. 24, r98Q. o t o I I I t t I o o I o I I o I o o I t t o t o l' I I o o I o o I I o a o o t Whenever possible, append a parallel citation to an unofficial reporte! service, or othcr source, in that order of preference: l Rosenberg Library Ass'n, 269 N.L.R.B. No. r97, 1983-1984 NLRB Dec. (CCH) fl:6,48 (Apr.24,r98fi. Once the ofticial reporter is issued, howevcr, cite only to that reporter: il Rosenberg Library Ass'n, 269 N.L.R.B. tt73 $98Q. (c) Services and electronic databases. Vhere an agency decision is only available from a service or on the agency's website, cite according to rule 19 (for services) or rule 18.2 (for Internet sources). W, Carr,ltggo-t992 Transfer Binderl Comm. Fut. zt,,gll L. Rep. (CCH) fl (Oct. z, t99o). ff' MatchNet PLC v. Gordon, Case No. AF-ooro6o (eResotution Dec. 4, zoor), http://www.disputes.org/decisions/ro6o.htm. Many agencies havc adopted unique citation formats for opinions not listed in oflicial reporters. Consult table T1.2 for agency-specilic citation formats. For a list of services and service abbreviations. see table T15. Issuing Agency 14.3.3 If the name of the issuing agcncy is not apparent from the namc of the source, includc the name of the agency abbreviirted according to parenthetical containing the date: rule l5.l(d) in the h" Gen. Dynamics Corp., 5o Fed. Reg. 45,949 (U.S. Dep't of Labor Nov. 5,198il. Commercial Electronic Databases 14.4 Iflhen citing to administrntive materials contained in a commercial electronic database , give the name of the databasc and any identifying cocles or numbers that uniquely identify the material. If thc name of thc database is not clear from thc database identifier, include it parenthctically at the end of the citation: *" FTC Credit Practices Rule, 16 C.F.R. S 444t (zooo), WL 16 CFR 5 444.1. * Reichhold Chems., Inc., 9r F.T.C. zq6 bgl8), 1978 WL zo6o94. F' 39 Op.Att'y Gen. q8q Ggqo), r94o US AG LEXIS 16. w, Rev. Rul. 86-7t,t986-r C.B. roz, 1986 IRB LEXIS r89. Short Forms for Regulations (a) Main text. In law revicw tcxt, use the forms listcd in the "Text" column of the table below to refer to regulations. Provide a citation (in fi.rll or short form according to rule 14.5(c)) in an accompanying footnote whcn appropriatc. (b) Footnote text. Similarly, when rcferring to regulations in law review footnote text. use the forms listcd in the "Text" column of the table below. Provide 14.5 a citation (in firll or short form according to rule 14.5(c)) in an accompanying citation clause or sentence when appropriate. (c) Citations. In law review citations, use any of the forms listed in the "Short citation'column of the table below that cleady identifies the regulation if the regulation is aheady cited (in fi,rll or short form) in either the same footnote or in a manner such that it can be readily found (including "td.") in one of the preceding five footnotes or the same general texual discussion. Otherwise, use the'Full citation" form. Fu[[ citation Code of Federal Regulations FTC Short citation Credit Practices 16 C.F.R. 5 t+++.t 16 C.F.R. 5 qqq.t or 9 444.t Rule, r5 C.F.R. g 444t (zot4) Federal Register lmportation of Fruits and Vegetables, 5o Fed. Reg. 50,379, 5o,38r (Sept. 29, 1995) (to be codified at 7 C.F.R. pt. 3oo) (d) Electronic sources. See de L6.8. lmportation of Fruits and lmportation of Fruits and Vegetables Vegetables, 5o Fed. Reg. at 5o,381 t I t o I o t I I o o o I ; o o o I t I t o o o o t I a o t o I o I o I o o o o BOOKS, REPORTS, AND OTHER NONPERIODIC MATERIATS 15 'l'his rule governs the citation of books, trcatises, reports, white papers, dictionaries, encyckrpedias, and all othcr nonperiodic matcrials. (litation of a particular pagc within thc sixth edition of Francis Olrcy's Organic Cbemistry: name author's full title of book page Fnlncrs A. Cnnrv, Onennrc CHemtsrnY eds., 6th +++ l\\ "editors" ed. (Kent A. Peterson et a[. year of publication cited Main Elements: ... Arrthor Editor or trlnslator . Title , . 310 editor(s) name(s) 2005). abbreviation edition for cited . or parugmph (if onll' part of a work is cited) . . rule15.1 ......rule15.2 ......ru1e15.3 Page, secti<ln, rules 3.2 and J.J . Publishcr ......rule15.4 ......rtrte15.4 Ihte. ..... ldition . . . rule15.4 15.r Author 'l'he lirst time a work is citcd, always givc the author's full namc ls it appcars on the publication, including any designation such as "Jn." or "lll" (inserting a comma beforc the designation only if thc author docs). f)o not include a dcsignation such as"Dr."or"Prof." even if it appears on the title pagc. Ilse large and small capitals: r,' HARoLD W. Fusotl,ln., Trrltruc lr Arr: A Lecnl Gutoe ro rHE ExERclsE oF Fner SpeecH 57-58 (rOO). l single volume of a multivolume work, givc only tl-rc mthor(s) of volumc number, if anl', at thc bcginning of the Includc the the volumc cited. When citing citation: , 4 CHnnrrs Alnn WntcHr & ARTHUR R. Mtrrrn, Feornnl Pnncrrcr AND PRoCEDURE S 1006 (zd ed. ryW). (a) Two authors. List the authors'names in the ordcr in which they appear on thc title page, separated by an ampersand: - Lro LEvttt & MeyEn KnnnaeR. NEw PRovtsloNS lN THE KETUBAH:A LEcnl Oprr.rror'r 3-4 G95). A. If the title pagc establishes an alternativc relationship between thc two authors, c.g.,"wlTH"or"AS TOLD TO;'use this phrasc to scpar.lte the authors'names: r" Ennvm "MAGrc" Jour.rsor't wrrH WTLLTAM Novnr, Mv Ltrr 39 119%). (b) More than two authors. Either use the first author's name followed by or list all of the authors'names. The fust method is appropriate where saving space is desired, including short form citations. The second method is appropriate when listing all of the authors'names is particulady relevant. When listing all of the authors'names, separate the names with commas, except the fnal name,which should be set off with an ampersand (and without a comma). "ET AL." ) A. Leo LevrH er AL., DtspurE Resolurroru DevrcEs tN A DEMocRATtc Socrerv ll Gg95). ) 14 CnnnlEs AlnH Wnre FEDERAL xr, AnrHuR R. MTLLER & EDwARD H. Cooprn, Pnncrrce AND PRocEDURES363T (3d ed. t998). ) RrcHnno H. FALLoN, JR. ET AL., Hnnt nHo Wecnsten's rHe Feoenet Counrs AND rHE Feoenal Sysrem 33o (6th ed. zoog). ) Rrcxano H. FALLoN, Jn., JoHr.r F. MatHrHe , DANTEL J. MELTZER & Dnvro L. Srnprno, Hnnr nuo Wecnslen's rHE FEDERAL Counrs nHo rHe FeoEnnl Sysrem 33o (6th ed. zoog). (c) Institutional authors. Citations to works by institutional authors begin with the author's complete name. Abbreviate according to rule 15.1(d): ) Crrv or New HavEH, Recvcle Now Nrw HAVEN (1991). When an individual author is credited on behalf of an institution, use the individual's name and then the institution's name. Only include subdivisions of the institution if particularly relevant: ) JuorrH A. LHAMoN, Ner'l Ass'H FoR LAw Pucemenr, A Fern SHnre: Lnwrul AND EFFECIvE lNrERVtEwtNG Qg8). ) S. ElrzaeerH GrasoH, FEo. Juorcrnl CrR., CAsE Sruores oF MASS Tonr LrmrrEo FuHo Cuss Acrroru Serrleuerurs & Bnurnuprcv I ReoncerrzerroNS 39-45 (zooo). Not: S. ElrzeeerH GrasoH, FEo. Juorcral Crn., WonrrHe Gnoup oH Mnss Tonrs, ClsE Sruoles oF MAss Tonr Lrrulreo FuHo Cuss AcrroH SErnEmetrs & Bnnrnuprcy REoRGANtzAloNs 39-45 (zooo). When no individual author is credited, use the smallest subdivision that prepared the work and then the overall body of which that subdivision is a part: ) Srnrrsrrclr-Arunlysrs Crn., Srnre Cnrme Comm'H, Cnrme nr GEone rr 4r (r98o). (d) Abbreviations. Abbreviate the name of an institutional author only if the result will be completely unambiguous.When abbreviating, use the abbreviations found in tables T6 and TlO. "United States" should be abbreviated to "U.S.'Omit'lnc.,""Ltd.," and similar terms if the name also contains a word such as "Ass'n,""Bros.,""Co.," or "Corp.," clearly indicating that the institution is a business firm: ) Cor,rsurvren DEpury Pnocnnm, U.S. CoHsumeR PRoD. Comm'n, ) CHTLDRETTT's SlEepwren Snrerv I bgl). Nnr'l MuH. Lencue, A Mooel ELecrrot Sysrenn I bgl). I I o I I I a o I I t o I a I t I o I o C a I e o o t o o o t o o I I o a o I O Editor or Translator 15.2 (a) Basic format. Always give the full name of an editor and/or translator rule 15.1, followcd by "ed. i'or "trans.;'in that order if both apply, acconling to in the parenthetical containing information about the cdition, publisher, and date (see rule 15.4). A comma should separate the designation of an editor and/or translator from other publication information: F MTcHEL Foucnulr, Dtsctpt-true AND PuNtsH trans., Vintage Books zd ed. + 3o-3r (Alan Sheridan ryg) Ggll). or ColtsutvtproN: THE Gooo Ltre, Jusrtce, AND GLoBAL SrEwnnosHtp rr8-r9 (David A. Crocker & Toby Linden eds., r99B). ErHrcs 3' AIDS AND rHE Lnw (Harlon L. Dalton et al. eds., 1987). F, KARL Mnnx & FREDERTCH Eucers. Tne Couuut'ttsr MANlFEsro 0oseph Katz ed., SamueI Moore trans., Washington Square Press tg6+) G8q8). (b) Institutional editors. Folbw rule 15.1(c), substituting thc name of the institution for thc namc of the individual editor. Abbreviate the institutionll editor's name according to rule 15.1(d): :. THE RoLE oF MEorATroN rr'r DtvoncE PnocErottcs 33 Ut. Law Sch. Dispute Resotution Proiect ed., r98Z). E Utttrontu Svsrrtu oF CtrATtoN (Columbia Law Review Ass'n et al. eds., zoth ed. zor5). THE BLUEBooT: A (c) No named parties. If a work has no named author, editor, or translator, then the work may be designated by the publisher of thc cdition Abbreviate thc publisher's name according to rule 15.1(d). lrule 15.4,l. Title 15.3 Cite the full main title as it appcars on the title page, but capitalize according to rule 8 (unless the titlc is not in English, in which case follow rule 2O.2.2(b)). Give a subtitle only if it is particularly rclevant. Do not abbrcviate words or omit articlcs in thc title. Use large and small capitals: ri{, CAprrAt Frows ttt rHr APEC Recton (Mohsin S. Khan & Carmen M. Reinhart eds., r995). iiil' 6 JAMES Wrvr. Moone rt nL., Moone's FEDERAL Pnncrtce fl l6.to (:d ed. rggg). When citing a singlc volume of a multivolume work, give the m:rin title of the volume cited. If the title of a work ends with a numeral, or if distinguishing between thc title and page number could othcrwise be confusing, thc page numbe r should be set off by a comma and the word "at" (sce rule 3.2(a)): *. J.A.S. GnErvrLLe, THe MnJon lrurrnnnttorunL TREAT|ES, 1914-1'973, aI n4-t5 Q974). 15.4 Edition, Fublisher, and I Date (a) Editions. Always cite the latest edition of a wor* that supports the point under discussion, unless an eadier edition would be particularly relevant or authoritative. (i) Single edition. When citing a work that has been published in only one edition, indicate the year ofpublication in parentheses. In general, cite by the date of the edition rather than the date of a particular printing: ) DeeoneH L. RnooE, Jusrrce AND GENDER S6 GgSg). > AIDS AND rHE Law (Harlon L. Dalton et a[. eds., 1987). If a printing differs in a respect relevant to the purposes of the citation,however, give the printing designation and the date ofprinting instead: F (5th prtg.1980) If the title of the work incorporates the date of the work, do not omit the date of publication,even if it is the same date: ) HultaeH Rre srs Wnrcn, Wonlo REponr 2004: Humaru Rre xrs nHo Annnro Corurlrcr U8 (zoo4). (ii) Multiple editions by the same publisher. When citing a work that has been published by the same publisher in more than one edition, indicate the edition and the year the edition was published. Follow the pubtsher,s terminology when designating an edition (see table Tl4 for a list of publishing abbreviations): ) FlenalHc JAMES, JR. er F 1 Wrr-lrnnn MEnoe FlercHER ET AL., FLETCHER CyctopEorn LAW oF PRtvArE nl., Crvrr Pnoceoune g 2.3 (4th ed.g9z). or rnr Conponnrrols 5 Z.o5 fuerm. ed., rev. vol. 1999). l Lannv Brncen, MnHer Mrsrny, Pnul Rossr, MrcHnel CoLToN & Aonn Jeo, Up Youn Scone: TxE Unoencnouno Guroe ro rHE SAT 34 (t999-zooo ed. rgg8). ) Anrsrorrr, Nrcomectenu Erxlcs bk. lV, at r5-r5 (G.p. Goold ed., H. Rackham trans., Harvard Univ. Press rev. ed.ryl+) (c. 384 B.C.E.). (iii) Editions not by the original publisher. $fhen citing a work tlat has been published by someone other than the original publisher, indicate the editor andlor translator if any (rule 15.2), the publisher, the edition cited if not the first, and the date of publication of the edition cited (in that order). Abbreviate the publisher's name according to 15.1(d). Unless the work is one that is regularly updated or revised, add a second parenthetical indicating the date of de publication of the original edition: ) ) Cnnnlrs DrcKrHs, BLEAK HousE 49-55 (Norman page ed., penguin Books rgZr) (r8Sl). JonH C.H. Wu, THr (tgz9. ) Golorl Ace or Zen zt4-t5 (lmage Books 1996) SrttnoHe DE BEAUVoIR, THe SEcoHo Sex, at ed. & trans., Bantam Books 196r) (1949). xvi-xvii (H.M. parshley a t c o I o t t o o o a o I I o a o o t o o I o t o o o t o o o o o o a a o I h THE CHrcAGo MANUAL oF SrYLE fl 8.r9r (15th ed. 2oo3). (b) Photoduplicated reprints. Cite photoduplicated reprints to the original, indicating in parentheses the existence of a rcprint and the datc of the reprint, folkrwed by the publication date of thc original in separate parentheses: u Pnur W. Gnres, Htsronv oF PuBLtc Lnruo Lnw Developuent (photo. reprint 1979) (1968). t (c) Pre-llOO works. Cite works published befbre 1900 to a scholarly modern rule 15.4(a): cdition, according to F JoHN LocrE, Two TnEnrtsrs oF GoVERNMENT 87-39 (Peter Lastett ed., Cambridge Univ. Press rgBB) (16go). If thcre is no modern cdition, cite the first cdition whcnevcr possible . When citing a prc-1900 edition, indicate the place of publication and thc publishcq separatec[ by a comma: ;' 1 Jnmes Ftrz,nmes SrepHeru, A HtsronY oF rHE CRlMtNar Lnw Erucuno $6-j7 or (London, MacMitlan & Co. 1883). If the place or date of publication is not available, use thc abbreviation "no place" or "n.d." for "no date." "n ' p. " for (d) Supplements. Citc pocket parts and bound supplements according to rule 3.1(c): :, 4 SvDNEy C. ScHwrtrzen &.losEPH RnscH, Cvct-opEDlA oF TRIAL Pnncrtce 5 Bqi (zd ed. Supp. 1984). ': 5 SAMUEL Wtlltsroru & RtcHcno A. Lono, A TnEnrtsr oN Coxrnncts 5 rr:8 (4th ed. 1993 & Supp. 1999). Shorter Works in THE LAW oF Collection 15.5 (lite essays and articles in collections according to rule 15'5.1.Citc collcctions of othcr materials, such as letters, speechcs, manuscripts, diaries, debates, newspapef afticles, tracts, etc., according to rile 15.5.2. Works in Collection Generally (a) Works by various authors. Tcr cite an individual shorte r work within a volume of collectcd works by various authors, list the author's firll name according kr rule 15.1 in ordinary roman typc followed by the title of the shorter work in italics, the word "in" in italics, the volume nttmber, if any (rule 3.1(a)), md the name of the volume as a whole in largc and small capitals. Always note the page on which the shorter work begins as well as any pages on which specific material appears (rule 3.2(a)). Editors, translators, edition, publisher, and date should be noted parenthetically according to rules 15.2 ancl 15'4: ,i'. Andrew G. Ferguson, Continuing Seizure: Fourth Amendment Seizure in Section ry83 Malicious Prosecution Cases, in r5 Nar'l Lawvens Gutt-o, Ctvtt- RtcHrs LtrtcarloN AND Artonlev Fees Arruunl HnNoeoor 54-r (Steven Saltzman ed.,r99). 15.5.1 ) Kay Deaux & Brenda Major, A Social-Psychological Model of Gender, rn THeonrrrcnl Pensprcttves oH Snxuru DtrreneHce 89, 89 (Deborah L. Rhode ed., r99o). (b) Vorks by the sarne author. If all the shorter works within a volume are by the same author, use the same form as above, but print the author's name in large and small capitals and place the volume number, if any, before the author's name (rule 3.1(a)): ) Orrven Weloeu HolwrEs, Law in Science and Science in Law, in Couecreo Lecnl Pnpens 2!o,2to Ggzo). ) AonrrHHe Rtcn,Transcendental Etude, rn Txe Fncr or n Doonrnnne 264, z6l-68 GgSa). 15.5.2 Collected Documents (a) Documents originally published. Use the "reprinted rn' form (rule 1.6(aXii)) to cite collected materials that were previously published. As far as possible, provide a complete citation for the original work followed by " reprinted in" and the citation of the volume containing the reprint: ) Mnneurs DE CoNDoRCET, Essnv oN rHE AppLrcATroN oF MArHEMArlcs ro rHe THeony or DecrsroH-MerrHc (1785), reprinted in CoHooncer: Selrcrro WRrrNGs B, 48-49 (Keith M. Baker ed., r976)- O) Documents originally unpublished. Cite letters, speeches, manuscripts, diaries, and other similar works that have never been published except in collection as you would any other shorter work in collection (rule 15.5.1), but print the name or description of the document in ordinary roman type following date of the particular document or otler identifing information, if available, may be included in a parenthetical following the document title: rule 17. The 15,6 ) Letter from Virginia Woolf to Vita Sackvitle-West (Dec. zz,t9z5), i n 3 I nt LETTERS oF Vr RGr N rA W ooLF, t923-t928, 223, zz4 (Niget Nicolson & Joanne Trautmann eds., rst Am. ed. ry28) Ggl). ) John Adams, Argument and Report, in z Lzeat Pnpens or JoHr,r Aorrvrs z85,3zz-35 (1. Kinvin Wroth & Hiller B. Zobel eds., 1965). Prefaces, Forewords, Introductions, and Epilogues Cite a preface, foreword, introduction, or epilogue by someone other than the author as follows: ) L. Maria Child, Lrre lntroduction to HnnnlEr A. JAcoBs, lHcroerurs or n SuvE GrRL 3, 3-4 (1. Maria Child & Jean F. rH rHe Yellin eds., Harvard Univ. Press rg8Z) (186r). ) Henry M. Hart & Herbert Wechsler, Preface to the First Edition of Paul M. Bnron Er al., Hnnr eHo Wecnslen's rHE FEDERAL Counrs AND THE FeoEnnr- Svsrrm, at xxvii, xxx (3d ed. rg88). Cite to similar material by the author of the work without special designation: ) JoHH HARr ELy, DEruocnncv nHo Drsrnusr, at vii (r98o). t o O t o o o o o o o o I o o o o t o I o 'o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o Serial Number 15.7 (a) Series issued by the author. When citing a publication that is one of a scries issued by the author (other than U.N. documents (rule 21.7)), include the serial number as part of the title. Thc serial number indicator may be abbrcviated according to table T16: & or lrrelltcerucE & RESEARCH, U.S. Dep'r or Srnre, Pua. No.8732, Wonlo SrnrtcrH or rHr Comruuntsr Pnntv Oncnrutzn- BuREAU rrorus 65 (1973). w" WoMEN's Bunenu, U.S. Drp'r or Lneon, LearLEl No. 55, A Wonrrruc Woneru's Guloe ro Hrn Joe RrcHrs 4 (r9z8). (b) Series issued by one other than the author. To cite a publication that is one of a series issucd by someone other than the author, indicate the serics and numbcr parenthcticall)', abbreviating instittltional entities according to rule r5.1(d): o Anne C. Vladeck, Counseling o Plaintiff During Litigation, in EtvtpLovturnr Lrttcntton 1990, at 77,8o-Bz (PLl Litig. & Admin. Practice, Course Handbook 5er. No. 386, r99o). 15.8 Special Citation Forms (a) Frequently cited works. A fcw frequently cited works require spccial citation forms: (ld v Noscitur o sociis, Bnuenrtrur's Lnw DtcrtoNARY ;. Good-Faith Bargaining, BLAcK's Lnw Dtcrtonnnv (9th ed. zoog). r' 88 C.J.S. TrialS ryz 1gs). '. t7 Au. Jun. 2o Contracts 5lq ed. rg6g)' Gg6q). (b) Star edition. In a very fcw well-known works, the pagc of the original cdition (star page) is indicated, ttsually by an asterisk (*), in either the margin or the text of all rccent editions. In such cases the date and editi<ln may be omitted and the citation may be made to the star page , unless the matcrial cited was insertcd by the editor of the cited edition. There is no spacc between the asterisk and the page number: Ir 2 Wl LLIAM Blncrsro ru r, Cotu nn Erurnnt e s * r5z, * t55-56. (c) Other named works. (i) The Federalist. When citinganentire Federalist papr-r,includc the author's name parcnthetically and do not indicate a specilic edition: ' Tue Feoennltsr No. z3 (Alexander Hamitton). (iroup togcther papcrs written by the same author: F. THE FEDERALTsT Nos. 23, 78 (Alexander Hamilton), Nos. ro, 5r 0ames Madison). When citing particular material within a papeq howeveq list the usual publication information for the edition cited: ) at 53 fohn Jay) (Ctinton Rossiter ed., 196r). THe FeoEnnlrsr No. 5, (ii) Manual for Complex Litigation. Citarions to the Manual for Complex Iitigation prepared by the ) ) Manunl Federal Judicial Center are as follows: FoR CoMeLEX Lrrrcnrron (Txrno) S :f.z (rSSS). Manunl ron Complex Lrrrcnrrot g z.ro (5th ed. r98z). However, when citing an edition not prepared by the Federal Judicial Center, identi!' the source and publication date of the edition cited: ) Meruunl ron Complex LrrrearroH g 4.52 Q98z) (supplement to Cxnnles Auru WnrcHr & ARTHUR R. Mlr_lrn, FeoEnnl PnncrrcE lr.ro Pnocrou ne (tg5g-rg8S)). (iii) The Bible. Cite the Bible as follows: ) zKingsnty The version may be indicated parenthetically if relevant: I Mark 9:zr (King James). (iv) Shakespeare, A Shakespearean play may be cited ) Wrlunm SHnrespenne, Tne SecoHo PART oF as follows: Knc Heruny rHe Srxrx act 2, sc. 2. To cite particular lines, a specific edition should be indicated according to rule 15.4. (v) The Bluebook. Tbe Bluebook is cited as follows: ) THe ) TxE BluegooK: A UNtFoRM Sysrem oF CtrAloN 293 tbl.T.ro (Columbia Law Review Ass'n et a[. eds., r5th ed. 9th prtg. t999). BlueeooK: A UNtFoRM Sysrem or Crrnrrotl R. rS.8(c)(v), at rS5 (Cotumbia Law Review Ass'n et a[. eds., zoth ed. zor5). L5.9 Electronic Media and Online Sources (a) Commercial electronic databases. \When citing secondary materials to provide a complete citation to the document according to de L5 citation to the database. Ifthe database assigns a unique identifier or code to the document, include that identifier or code to assist the reader in a database, as well as a locating the document cited. When a source is available both in print and in a commercial electronic database, a citation to the database may be supplied: ) Aeeey G. HnrnsroH, Leave nto Dtsngtrry CoonorrunttoH Hnruoeoor fl uo (zoo9), Westlaw LDCHBK. ) z5 Arvr. JuR. 2D Elections g roo, Westlaw (database updated May zot4). (b) Internet and online sources. Because books found online may differ in format from the print version, the two sources should not be treated interchangeably unless the online source is an exact copy of the original as dictated o I' o o o o o o o o o o o o o a o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o by rule 1E.2.1(a). If a book or report is only available online, citc to it directly in accorclance with rule 18.2.2: ffi" U.S. Dep'r oF.lusrcE, Lrcnl AurronrlEs SuppoRTrNG rHE Acrtvt- TIES OF THE NATIONAL SECUN V ACEruCY DTSCNIEEO BY THE PRESI- DENr 25 (zoo5), http://ftr.fi ndlaw.com/news.fi ndtaw.com/hdocs/ docs/nsa/doinsarrgo6.pdf Ihereinafter NSA WH tre Peern]. n, D cttounnv.cotvt, http: / /dictiona ry. reference.com/ browse/tampoon (tast visited Feb. 8, zor5). M" La m po o r (c) Ebooks. Print versions of b<xrks are authoritativc; ebooks should be citcd only if they arc the sole media through which thc book is available. Ilccausc books published as ebooks may differ in format from thc print version, the two sources should not be treated interchangeably. To inclicatc that an ebook is bcing cited, place an "ebook" parcntheticrl after the date: * ANNE UmLAruo & Brnrn HARTZELL, Ptcesso: THr Mnrttc oF CuBtsM 1912-!914, z5 Qot4) (ebook). If an ebo<lk uscs location numbers rather than page numbers, use "loc." to indicate where thc cited material can be fbund: .:' RoNALD Corlrns & Dnvto Sroven, WHet MottEv Spenrs loc. z99z (zor4) (ebook) ("[T]he Buckley wall between contributions and expenditures. . . has been breached."). Short Citation Forms L5.10 Once a book, report, or other nonperiodic material has bcen cited in {ull in a law review footnote , a short form cmpkrying either "id. " or " supro" m y lle uscd to refer to the work in subsequent citations. Never use"lnfro"to refer to thcse materials. In general, fblbw rule 4 for short citation fbrms; howcveq use rule 15.10.1 when referring to a shorter work in collection or the collection as a whole . Short Forms for Works in Collection within a volumc of collccted shorter works when the shorter work has already becn cited in full, yotr may trse "id"' To citc an cssay, article, or documcnt fbr-rnd to reftrr to the shorter work if it was cited as the immcdiatcly prcceding luthor- ity within the same footnote or as the solc authority within thc immediately pre ceding footnotc. l)o not use "id. " to rcfer to thc collection as a wholc whcn citing another shortcr work within the collection. llse form to refer to the collection as a whole. Thc "supro" form ^"supra" firr the entire volume should include the title of the collecti<ln (rather than an author) rcgardless of whether the collectcd picces have a single author or multiplc authors. tJse a "supro" form to refcr to thc shorter work if it was not cited as thc immediately preceding ailhority in the samc footnote or as the sole authority in the immediately preceding footnotc. The "supra" form for the individual work should include the last name of the tuthor or authors, or, if none, thc titlc of thc shorter work: 15. rO.1 ) 1 ) 2 Fem r n rsm/Posrtnooenru tsrvr (Linda J. Nicholson ed., t99o); see also Tnours ScxelltHe, A PRocEss or RestoeHttnt SeenecartoH: Nete HgonHooo TtPPtNG, reprinted in Ecot'tolttc FouHonrtoHs or Pnoprnrv Lnw 3o7, 3o8 (Bruce A. Ackerman ed., t97). Letter from Virginia Wootf to Vita Sackville-West (Dec. zz,t9z5), in 3Tnt Lrrrens or Vtne tHtn Woolr, t9z3-t928, at 224 (N. Nicolson & Joanne Trautmann eds., rst Am. ed. r9Z8); cf Judith Butler, Gender Trouble, Femi n ist Theory, and Psychoanalytic Discourse, rn FsmtNtstvt/PosrMoDERNtsM,supra note 1, at 324, 324-25iAndreas Huyssen, Mopping the Postmodern, in Femtrtstvt/ PosrnooenrursM, supra note 1, at 44,234-35. Butler does not think 'woman" can be adequately defined, Butler, supra, at 325, but Woolf s observations are especia[[y compelling, Letter from Virginia Woolf to Vita Sackville-West, supro. ) r A whotly > q I s different perspective is presented in Ayn Rand, Ihe Cashing-ln: The Student "Rebellion," in THe New L*t t3, zo-24 Q97 t). B ut se e H uyssen, su p ra note 2, aI 23 4-35 (q uestion i n g whether postmodern transformation has generated genuinely new forms). E.g., ScHeurr,rc, supra note 1, at 31o. ld.; see also THr FEoenattsr No. 81, at 393 (Alexander Hamitton) fierrence Balt ed., zoo3). But see Avru RnHo, Ihe Comprachicos (arguing that the educational establishment teaches ideas that destroy children's minds), tn TxE NEw LEFI, suprd note 3, at t52,2o3. | 6 See Rand, supra note 3, at 99; Rand, supra note 5, at 2o1. > 7 4 RTCHARD R. 4t4z ) 8 PowELL, Powrll oru Renl Pnopenrv fl Sr{ll, at (Patrickl. Rohan ed., rggs). z id.1l zo3, at 2o-L7i see also THr Feoenaltsr No. 5, supra note V 0ohn Jay). 5, at For materials available only online, use the normal short form appropriate for the source. A URI need not be repeated after a full citation. o o o o o o o o o o o o o t o o o o o O o o o o tt o tll o o ++ o o I' o o o o o o "r,i.t. o o articlc o o o 16 PERIODICAL MATERIALS Citation of particular pages within a law review article with parcnthctical information about what appears on those pages: author's full name abbrevlatlon article title of iournal volume no. ofjournal \ oaoe on wnlcn ariicle begins Charles A. Reich, The New Property, 73 Yntt L.). 733, 737-38 (1964) (discussing the importance of government largess). span of specific date of pa9es crreo publication Citation of an entirc magazine article author's full name parenthetical describing content of pages cited : title of article name of magazine l-tt-rrl Robert J. Samuelson, A Slow Fix for the Banks, Newsweer, Feb.18,7997, /l\ date of issue cover at 55. separates date first page of article from page no. Citation of a signcd newspaper article: headline author's full name Seth Mydans, Los Angeles Police Chief Removed for 6o Doys in lnquiry on Beoting, N.Y. Ttmrs, Apr. 5, 1991, at A1. abbreviation of newspaper date of article date no. separates from page page on whrch article appears 16.r Basic Citation Forms Article in c0nsecutively Elizabeth F. Emens, lntegroting nrroiioaition, 156 U. PA. L. REV. 839,894 (zoo8). pasinalf igulal Article in nonconsecutively paginated iournal or Beniamin Wittes, Without Precedent, ArLANrlc MonrHr-v, Sept. 2oo5, ar39,4c,. magazme *.*rpuf. Online newspapcr Scott Martelle ,lD Low Keeps Nuns, Students from Polls,L.A. Trues, MaY 7, zoo8, at At4. Pamela Mendets, A Cose of Spom and Free Speech at tntel, N.Y. Ttues, Dec. lr, ryg8,http:ll www.nytimes.com/tibrary/te ch lgeln lcyber I cybertaw/ulaw.html. Note,Judicial Review of Congressionol Section Five Action: The Fallacy of Reverse lncorporation, 84 Corun. L. Rrv. 1969, Signed stndent-written Bradford R. Clark, law review note ry86 (tg8a). Unsigned student- written comm€nt Case Comment, Fairness Standards for SEC Approval of Mergers: Collins v. SEC, 9o Hnnv. L. Rrv. 4n Student-written book review Ge76). Sharon Dolovich, Book Note, Leaving the Law Behind, zo Hnnv. WomeHb L.J. 313, 329 999) fteviewing Pnrnrcrn J. WrLLrnnlts, THe Roosren's Ecc: Oru rHr PERSISTENcE or PnrJuorce (ISSS)). Non-student-written Jane book review Symposium E. Stroms eth, U n d erstan di n g Co n stitutional War Powers Todoy: Why Methodology Matters, 106 YALE L.J. 8+S (1996) (reviewing Lours FtsHER, PnesrorHrrnl WnR powER GSSS)). Symposium, The Presidency and Congress: Constitutionally Seporoted and Shared Powers, 68 Wnsn. U. L.Q. +8S, 64o-5t GSSo). designated John M. Golden, Commentary, "Patent Trolls" article in consecutively and Patent Remedies, 35 Trx. L. Rev. zttt, ztt3 Specially paginatedjournal (zoo). Noncommercially distributed newsletter Douglas Gary Lichtman, Patent Holdouts in the Stan d a rd -S etti n g P ro cess, Aceo. Aovrso nv Co u rrr ctt Bur-r-. (Progress & Freedom Found., D.C.), May zoo6, aI 4. de de Follow 16.4 or 16.5 to cite articles, essays, cofirmentaries, and all other materials contained within periodicals. Where the periodical is organized by volume, and page numbers continue throughout the volume, it is a consecutively paginated periodical and should be cited according to rule l6.4.Where the periodical is paginated separately for each issue and the first page of every issue is l, it is a nonconsecutively paginated periodical and should be cited according to 16.5. de Cite newspapers according to rule 16,6. Special citation forms for non-student-written book reviews, student-written law review materials, symposia, colloquia, surveys, commentaries and other special designations, multipart articles, annotations, proceedings, regular publications by institutes, ABA Section Reports, and noncommercially distributed periodicals such as newsletters are given in rule 16.7. Cite sources in elecffonic media and online sources using Follow de de L6.8. 16.9 for short citation forms. Capitalize the titles of works cited according to de E(a). The name of the periodical should appear in large and small capitals whether it is a journal, m gqzru;rc, or newspapef, and should be abbreviated according to tables T13 (periodical abbreviations) and T10 (geographic abbreviations). For purposes of this rule, the date of the publication is the cover date of the periodical. o o o o o o o o o o o o o O o a o o o o t o o o o Author For signed matcrials appcaring in pcriodicals (including sttldcnt-written materills), fbllow rule 15.1, but print in ordinart'roman type . 'l'htts: i, Kim Lane Scheppele, Foreword: Telling Stories,8T Mlcn. L. Rrv. 2o73, zoSz (t9B). tr Robert P. Inman & MichaetA. Fitts, Political lnstitutions and Fiscal Policy: Evidence from the U.S. Historical Record,6 J.L. Econ. & Onc. 79, 79-82 1199c.). i PauI Butler et al., Rcce, Low ond Justice: The Rehnquist Court and the American Dilemma,45 Am. U. L. Rev. 567, 569 $996. I Georgette C. Poindexter, LizabethAnn Rogovoy & Susan Wachter, Selling Municipol Property Tax Receivables: Economics, Privatization, ond Public Policy in an Era of Urbon Distress,30 CoNN. L. REV. o o 157 G997). R. Gregory Cochran, Comment, ls the Shrink's Role Shrinking? The Ambiguity of Federal Rule of Criminol Procedure n.z Concerning Government Psychiatric Testimony in Negativing Cases, 47 U. P a. L. Rev. r4o3 (1999). O t o o o o o t o o o o 16.2 Peter Carlson, Tales Out of Law School; Repeat After Us: lt's Nothing Like '1.A. Laui,'WnsH. Posr, Juty z, t989, (Magazine), at wr3. Title 16.3 Citc the full pcriodical title as it appears on the title pagc, but capitalize accortling to rule 8 (unless thc title is not in English, as dcscribcd in rule 20.2.2(b)). Do not abbrevirte worcls or omit articlcs in the title . Use italics: " Edward B. Rock, The Logic and (Uncertain) Significance of Institu' tional Shareholder Activism, Tg Gto. L.). r+d,S Oggt). Cecilia Lacev O'Connell, Comment, The Role of the Obiector and the Current Circuit Court Confusion Regording Federal Rule of Civil Should Non-Nomed Shoreholders Be Permitted Procedure To Appeol Adverse Judgements?, 48 CArH. U. L. Rrv. 939,98-46 4.r Ossq. Whcn the title contains a rcfbrence to material that woulcl be italicizccl whcn appearing in the main text according to rule 2.2(a), such material should appear in ordinary roman typc: '', Nathaniel A. Vitan, Book Note, Grounded Paratroopers: On Collins ond Skover's The Death of Discourse, 13 J.L. & Pot' zo7, zto (rss). ' Seth F. Kreimer, Does Pro'Choice Mean Pro-Kevorkian? An Essay on Roe, Casey, and the Right to Die, 44Arvr. U. L. Rev. Bo3, 8rz (t99). 16.4 Consecutively Paginated Journals Cite works found within periodicals that are consecutively paginated throughout an entire volume by author, title of work, volume number, periodical name, first page of the work, page or pages on which specific material appears (rule 3.2(a)), and year enclosed in parentheses at the end of the citation. Consult tables T1O and T13 to abbreviate the names of periodicals: ) David Rudovsky, Police Abuse: Can the Violence Be Contained?,27 Hnnv. C.R.-C.1. L. REv. 465,5oo (tggz). ) Richard A. Epstein, The Supreme Court, ry87 Term-Foreword: Unconstitutionol Conditions, State Power, and the Limits Consent,102 HARv. L. Rev.4, qqOg88). F of Kenneth W. Tsang et al.,/ Cluster of Cases of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome in Hong Kong,348 NEw Eruc. J. Meo. 977, :,977 (zool). F Pauline M. lppotito & Alan D. Mathios, New Food Labeling Regulations and the FIow of Nutrition lnformation to Consumers, tz J. Pue. PoL'y & MARKETNG r88 (rgg:). Some iournals maintain separate but consecutive pagination with different page numbering systems. Cite these iournals as indicated above, but include the spe- cial numbering: ) Kenneth R. Feinberg, Mediation-A Preferred Method of Dispute Resolution, 16 Pepp. L. Rev. 55, Sr4 n.r9 (rg8g). Some journals publish special annual issues that do not conform to their consecutive pagination system. Cite these as indicated above, but indicate the special issue designation parenthetically and use the numbering from the special issue: ) John Ferejohn & Charles Shipan, Congressional lnfluence on Bureoucrocy,5 J.L. EcoH. & Onc. (Specrnl lssue) t Gggo). }' George A. Akertof, Procrastination and Obedience, 8r Awr. EcoH. Rev. (Pnpens & PRoc.) t Gggi. Ifthe periodical has no volume number but is nonetheless consecutively paginated throughout each volume, use the year of publication as the volume number and omit the parenthetical reference to the year: ) Thomas R. McCoy & Barry Friedman, Conditional Spending: Federalism's Troian Horse, 1988 Sue. Cr. Rev. 85, roo. ) Stephen D. Sugarman, Using Private Schools to Promote Public Values,t99tU. Cnr. Leenl 16.5 F. r7r. Nonconsecutively Paginated Journals and Magazines Works appearing in periodicals that arc separately paginated within each issue should be cited by author, title of work, periodical name, date of issue as it appears on the cover,the word'at"(rule j,2(a)),firstpage of work,and,if appli cable, page or pages on which specific material appears. If there is no author o o o o o o o o o t O o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o I a o O o o o o o I o o O listed, begin the citation with the title of the piece. Consult tables T10 and T13 to abbreviate the namcs ofperiodicals: F, Barbara Ward, Progress for a Small Plonet, HARV. Bus. Rev., Sept.Oct. 1979, at 89, 9o. *, Barbara Ehrenreich, lranscam: The Real Meaning of Oliver North, Ms., May g87,atz4,z4. # Joan B. Kelly, Mediated and Adversariol Divorce: Respondents' Perceptions of Their Processes and Outcomes, Meotnroru Q., Summer ry89,at7t. w Domages for o Deadly Cloud: The Bhopal Tragedy Will Cost Union Carbide $qZo Million,Ttme, Feb. 27, t989, at 53. If no date of issue is available, provide the issue number in its placc, and indicate the volume numberbefcrrethe title of the periodicalperrule 16.4;alsoinclude thc ycar and month of copyright, if available: & Charles E. Mueller, The American Who Wants to Give Away His Country but Doesn't Know That's What He's Voting for,34 Anrtrnusr L. & EcoN. REv., no. r,2oo8,atr,7. 16.6 Newspapers (a) In general. Matcrials appearing in newspapers arc generally cited in the same manncr as those found in nonconsccutivell' paginated periodicals (rule 16.5) with three exceptions: (i) whcn appropriate, designatc the work as an "Editoriatl"'Opinion" or "Letter to the Editor," in ordinary roman rypc, after thc author's name but beforc thc title , or at thc beginning of the citation if thcrc is no author; (ii) aftcr the dirte, givc the designation of the section in which the piccc is found in a parenthetical if necessary to idcntily the pagc unambiguously;and (iii) givc only the first p:rgc of thc piece and do not indic:rte the location of specilic materill. Substitute "Letter to the Editor" or another designation for the titlc whcn no scparate title is provided. Citations to signed articles should inclucle the author's full name (rule 16.2);citations to unsigned pieces should begin with the title of the piccc: *" Ari L. Goldman. O'Connor Worns Politicians Risk Excommunicotion over Abortion, N.Y. TTMES, lune r5, r99o, at Ar. ':; Cop Shoots Tire, Halts Stolen Car, S.F. CHnon., Oct. ro, 7975, at 43. :' Jane Gross, Silent Right: Lawyer Defends Principles from Her Joil Cell, Cur. Tnre., Mar. 3, lggr, S 6, at 6. ,r" Nancy Reagan, Editoriat, /usf Soy "Whoa," Wrll Sr. J., lan.23, t996, at M4. 'r. Wittiam J. Ctinton, Opinion,AIDS ls Not a Deoth Sentence,N.Y. TrwrEs, Dec. t,2oo2,5 4, at 9. r: Editorial, Pricing Drugs,Wrsu. Posr, Feb. r7, zoo4, at ArB. ,r Michaet Harwood, The Ordeal: Life as a Medicol Resident, N.Y. Ttrues, June 3,7984,5 6 (Magazine), at 38. (b) Place of publication. Include the place of publication in ordinary roman tlpe in parentheses following the name of the newspaper if not clear from the name: ) Trial Judge Will Not Give Enquiry Evidence, TtMEs (London), June r3, Lggo, at3. ) Nancy Johnson, Letter to the Editor, Cnnon. Hte Hrn Eouc. (D.C.), Oct. 8, 2oo4, at A55. (c) Consecutively paginated newspapers. Cite an article in a newspaper paginated consecutively by volume according to I rule 16.4: New York County Lowyers Association: Edwin M. Otterbourg to Represent the Association in House of Delegotes of American Bar Association, rz4 N.Y. L.l. rzzr (rSSo). (d) Wire services. Articles derived from wire services should be cited to a print newspaper in which they are published (rule 16.6(a)), a commercial electronic database (rule 16.6(e)), or a webpage (rule 16.6(f)). Include the name of the wire service (in large and small caps) only if the citation is to the wire service itself: ) Richard Carelli,ludges' Financial Reports Hit Web, AssoctarEo Pness, June 22,2ooo, zooo WL ) 4358974. Kevin Drawbaugh, Obama, Edwards Hit Lobbyists on Private Equity Iax, Reurrns, Oct. 9, zoo7, http://www.reuters.com/articte/ politicsN ews/ id US N o94z zr 9o2oo7 roo9. ) Record Labels Sue LimeWire for Enobling Music File-Sharing, FOXN rws.co m, Au g. 6, zoo7, http | | www.foxnews.com / story I o,2933,2o7 z87,oo.html. (e) Commercial electronic databases. News reports published in electronic 16,8: databases may be cited according to I lustice Minister Calls for Solving lnternational Legol Conflicts, JnpnH EcoH. NewswrnE Plus, Apr. 22, tg9!, at r, DIALOG, Fite No. ) de 6rz. lnfoUSA Tells Shareholders to lgnore Hedge Fund, Reurens , May 4, zoo6, Factiva, Doc. No. LBAoooozoo5 o5o 4e25 4ootvp. (f) Internet and online newspapers. Online newspapers may be used in place of print newspapers. Cite to the online source directly in accordance with rule 18.2.2. Pagination can be included if available but is not necessary. If the time of posting is available, include it in the parentheses in accordance with 18.2.2. de ) John M. Broder, Geography ls Dividing Democrats over Energy,N.Y. Trmrs, Jan. 27, zoo9, at At. becomes: John M. Broder, Geography Is Dividing Democrats ov e r E n e rg y, N.Y. Tr rvr Es tJan. 27, 2OO9), http: | | www. nyti mes. com I zoog I ot I z7 | science I ea rth / z Z coa l. h tm l. o I o o o o o o o I o o o I o I t o t o a o t o o o t t o o o I o o I o o O o Special Citation Forms 16.7 Student-Written Law Review Materials 16.7.r (a) Signed, student-written materials. Signed and titled notes, comments, pfoiccts, etc. are cited in the same manner as any other signed article in a law revicw (rule 16.4), with the author's full name in ordinary roman type at the bcginning of the citation (rule 16.2), exccpt that the designatkrn of the piccc should appear beforc the title of the work (rule 16.3) to indicate that it is student-written.Citc student-written book reviews according to rule 16.7.1(c). with writing or contributing to the piece anlqrhere within the issue in which the work appearson the lirst pagc of thc piece, at the end of the piece, or in the table of contents. If a student work is signed only with initials, it is considcred unsigned: A student work is considcred signed if a student is credited u, Etlen London, Comment, A Critique of the Strict Liability Standard for Determining Child Support in Cases of Mole Victims of Sexual Assault ond Statutory Rape, t5z U. Pn. L. Rev. ry57, t959-63 (zooa). rr. B. George Baltman, Jr., Note, Amended Rule 6.t: Another Move Towords Mandatory Pro Bono? ls That What We Wqnt?,7 Gro. J. Le .' cnr ErHrcs tt39, tt6z n.g5 Q99Q. Barry l. Pershkow, Recent Development, Maryland v.Craig: AChild Witness Need Not View the Defendant During Testimony in Child Abuse Cases,65 TuL. L. REV. 935, 938,94t1t99r). Signed, student-writtcn commentary that is shorter, that falls under a designation such as "Reccnt (,ase," "Recent Statute," "Recent Dccision," "Case Note ," "Recent Development," or'Abstract," and that carries no title or merely a digcstlike heading should bc cited by author folbwed by thc dcsignation of the piccc as provided in thc periodical, both in orclinary roman typc.lVhcn appearing in the title, a case or strtute citation should bc fbrmatted according to the typeface conventions in rule 16.3. Thus: l. Catherine Hauber, Note,30 U. Kau. L. '. Salty Anne Moore, Recent Case, H.L. v. Matheson, (t99t),5o U. Ctu. L. Rrv. 867, 868 (t98r). Rrv.6u (r9Bz). rct S. Ct. tt64 Not: Sally Anne Moore, Recent Case, Constitutional Law-Right of P riv ocy - Ab o rti o n - Fam i ly Law - Pare n t o n d Ch i ld - Sta n di n g - As Applied to Immature, Unemancipoted and Dependent Minors, a State Stotute Requiring a Physicion To Notify a Pregnant Minor's Parents Prior to the Performing of an Abortion ls ConstitutionalH.L. v. Matheson, rct S. Ct. tt64 ?g9i, So U. Cru. L. Rev. 867, 858 (rg8r). (b) Unsigned, student-written materials. Cite unsigned notes, comments, and shorter commentary by the designation given by the periodical, such as "Note," "Comment," "Case Comment," "Project," "Recent Case," "Case Note," ctc., in ordinary roman type, followed by the titlc of the piece , if an1', in italics: ilh Note,A Bad Man ls Hard to Find,rzT Hnnv. L. Rev. z5zr (zo14). ) Hnnv. L. Rev.4r9, 425-27 ) ) o o Case Comment, Evidentiory Use of a Criminal Defendant's Reoding Habits and Political Conversotions: United States v. Giese, 93 Ggl). RecentCase, z4VnHo. L. Rrv. t48,t5t-52(tglo). I I Recent Case, American Civil Liberties Union of lllinois v. Alvarez, 679 F.3d 583 Oth Cir. zotz),t26 Hanv. L. REv. u6z (zotl). When there is no separable designation, italicize the entire title: ) Developments in the Law-The Law of Cyberspace,tt2 Hanv. L. Rw. t577, t6z4 n.95 bSgil. b The Supreme Court, ry98 Term 368,378 n.6o (tggg). - Leading Cases, n3 Hnnv. L. REv. (c) Student-written book reviews. If a review is written and signed by a student,include the author's name and the designation"Book Note"(regardless of the journal's designation) to indicate that it is student-written, followed by the title, if any. Add a parenthetical indicating the work under review if relevant to the purpose of the citation and not clear from the surrounding discussion: ) Wiltiam Dubinsky, Book Note, go MrcH. L. Rev. r5rz (1992) (reviewing DrNrel A. FeneEn & PHtLtp P. Fnrcrev, Law nHo PueLrc CrorcE GSSI)). ) Nathaniel A. Vitan, Book Note, lrons vs. Rehnquist: A Critical Review ofPeter lrons'Brennan vs. Rehnquisl,12l.L. & Pou r4r Ggg). An unsigned, student-written book review should be cited in the same manner as other unsigned student works, with a parentheticd citing the work under review ifrelevant: ) Book Note, letUs ReasonTogether, uz Hnnv. L. Rev. gS8 (rggg) (reviewing PrEnne ScHue, Tnr ExcHnHrMENr oF RensoH GSSS)). 16.7.2 Non-Student-Written Book Reviews Give the frrll name of the reviewer according to rule l6.2,alrtd the title of the reyiew in italics. Include a second parenthetical after the date parenthetical indicating, if relevant to the pulpose of the citation and if not clear from the surrounding discussion, the author, title, and publication date of the book reviewed.If it is unnecessary to identify the book under review, simply include the words'book review" in the second parenthetical: ) Colin S. Diver, Second Governance and Sound Law,89 MrcH. L. Rev. 1436 (r99r) (reviewing CHnrsroenEn F. Eolsv, Jn., Aorvrrr.rtsrRATtvE Lnw: RerxtrurtNG JuDtctAL Conrnol or Bunreucnncv Gsso)). ) Bruce Ackerman, Robert Bork's Grond lnquisition, gg Yrr-e L.l. t4t9, t422-25 (rggo) (book review). If a non-student-writt€n review is untitled, cite it by the designation "Book Review"; it is unnecessary to include a second parenthetical unless there is a need to identify the book under review: o o o I o o o o o o I I I o a O o t t o o I o o t I I a I o I I I o o t " Howard C. Westwood, Book Review, 45 U. CHt. L.Rev.255 Q97). Symposia, Colloquia, and Surveys 16.7.3 When citing a symposium, colloquium, or colloquy as a unit, do not give any author, but include "Symposium;'"Colloquium," or "Colloquy" in roman typc bcfore the title unle ss made cle ar by the title. Cite the first page of the lirst piece: a- Symposium, Chonging Images of the State,roT Hnnv. L. Rrv. tr79 Gggq). 't* The Brennan Center Symposium on Constitutional Law,87 Cnrtr. L. Rrv. ro59 (1999). If an article is part of a survey of the law of onc iurisdiction, thc title of the article should incorporate the title of the survey as follows: lp Atain A. Levasseur, Sales, The Work of the Louisiana Appellote Courts for the ry77-t978 Term, 39 Ln. L. REv. 7o5 Og7). Cite an individual article within a symposium, colloquium, colkrquy, or survcy in the same manner as any other article : F Eric A. Posner, Law, Economics, and Rev. F lnefficient Norms, t44 U. Pn. L. $97 $996). Kevin R. Vodak, Comment, A Plainly Obvious Need for NewFoshioned Municipal Liability: The Deliberote lndifference Standord and Board of County Commissioners of Bryan County v. Brown,48 DrPnur- L. Rev. Z8S (rggg). Commentaries and Other Special Designations 16.7.4 When citing a "Commentaryj"'Tribute,""ln Memoriam," or other special article designation, the designation should appear in roman type after the author's name but before the title. If the author is unnamed or if the iournal's editors are listed as the authors, the designation should appear at the beginning of thc citation. "Commentary" should not bc confused with "Comment," a term frequently used to describe student-written pieccs (rule 16.7. l,). + Alvin C. Warren, Jr., Commentary, Finoncial Controct lnnovation and lncome Tax Policy,lo7 HARV. L. Rev. 46o (1993). s Sandra Day O'Connor, Dedication, Lending Light to Countless Lamps: A Tribute to Judge Norma Levy Shopiro,152 U. PA. L. Rev. r (zoo:). F Marguerite A. Driessen, Response, Not for the Sake of Punishment Alone: Comments on Viewing the Criminal Sanction Through Latter-day Saint Thought, zoo3 BYU L. Rev. 94r. Multipart Articles To cite an entire articlc that appears in more than one part,identiry the numbers of the parts in parentheses aftcr the article's main titlc and give the volume number, first page, and publication ycar for each part: 16.7.5 ) Harlan F. Stone, The Equitoble Rights and Liabilities of Strangers to a Contract (pts. r & z), r8 Cor-um. L. Rev. z9r (r9r8), r9 Colum. L. Rev. r77 (r9r9). If all of the parts appear in one volume, use the shortened form: ) L.L. Fulter, Legal Fictions (pts. r-l), z5 lr-r-. L. Rev. 353, 5l3,,877 Gglo-tglt). To cite only some parts of a multipart article, indicate which part or parts ar€ cited and give only the volume numbe(s), page number(s), and publication year(s) of the part(s) cited: F L.L. Futter, Legal Fictions (pt. z),25lr-r-. L. Rev. 5t3,5t4993). 16.7.6 Annotations Cite discussions in selective case reporters (srrch as American law Reports and Lawyer's Reports Annotated) by the author's full name, followed by the desig- nation"Annotation"in ordinary roman type and the title of the work in italics: ) Ctaudia Catalano, Annotation, Unlawful Access lJnder Stored Communications Act, t8 U.S.C.A. g zTot et seq., r A.L.R. Fed. 3d Art. r (zor5). 16.7.7 Proceedings, Regular Publications by Institutes, and ABA Section Reports Cite ) ) as periodicals, abbreviating according to tables TlO andTl3: Herbert F. Goodrich, 4 nnual Report of Adviser on Professional Relations, 16 A.L.l. Pnoc. +8 (tglg). George Vranesh, Water Planning for Municipalities, z4 Rocrv Mrru. L. Insr. 865 Mru. GSZB). If the volumes are unnumbered, use either the number of the institute (or proceedings) or the year of publication as a volume number; in the latter case omit the parenthetical reference to the year: P David J. Beck, Crude Oil lssues, 30 lNsr. oN OtL & Gns L. & Tnx'ru (tgtd. ) ) Jutius L. Sackman, Landmark Cases on Landmark Law, t979 oN PLAN. ZoHrtlc & Eturnet,tr Dottnrru z4r. lnst. Wiltiam J. Curtin, Reverse Discrimination and Affirmative Action: Practical Considerations for the Utilties lndustry, 1978 A.B.A. Sec. Pue. UrrL. L. REp. 26. Ifthe publication is organized by paragraph or section numbers, use those num- bers in citations: ) r Max Gutierrez,lr., Estote Planning forthe lJnmarried Cohabitant, 13 lrusr. ou Esr. Pur.r. fl t6oo (t979). I I t I o O o o I I I I o I I o I o a I I a I o o o o t I a o I I o a I t o a o To cite part of an article identificd by paragraph or section number, cite both the Iirst paragraph or section number ofthe article and the paragrlph or scction numbe r(s) where the relevant material appears. Add a page citation if necessary for ftlrther identification (see 9 rule 3.3): Watter F.O'Connor, Toxotion of Foreign lnvestors,33 lNsr. oN FED. Tu'ru $ zz.ot, 5 22.04, at zz-to (t98o). Newsletters and Other Noncommercially Distributed Periodicals 16.7.8 Materials appearing in newsletters and other similar periodicals not commercially distributcd should be citcd in the same manner as nonconsecutively pagi nated iournals and magazines (rule 16.5), except that a parenthctical shotlld follow the titlc of the publication indicating the issuing group or organization and its location. Abbreviate the name of the periodical according to tables T10 and T13 and abbreviate the name of the issuing institution according to rule 15.1(d): ? lndictment of Pregnant Woman for Drug Use Dismissed, REPRoD. Rrs. Uponre (ACLU/Reprod. Freedom Project, NewYork, N.Y.), Oct. 26, t99o, at 5. '€' Recent Grants, FCD Uponrg (Found. for Child Dev., New York, N.Y.), Dec. r99o, at r, Z. Electronic Media and Online Sources L6.8 (a) Commercial electronic databases. When citing periodical materials to a datlbase, provide a complete citation to thc document according to rule 16 and a citation to the database. If the database assigns a unique identilier or code to each document within the database, include that identifier or code to assist the rcader in locating the document cited. Some sources are available in two forms, electronic and papcr. To facilitate , it is permissible to include a direct citation to a commer- access to the source cial electronic database: F T.R. Fehrenbach,TV's Alomo Tale Fairly Accurate, Snu Anroruto Expnrss-NEws, Mar. b'. q, ry96, at At, t996WL 2824823. Justice Minister Calls for Solving International Legol Conflicts, Jnpnru Ecor.r. Npwswtnr Prus, Apr. 22,7997, at r, D|ALOG, Fite No. 6rz. (b) Internet and online sources. Where a print version is accessible , citlttion shoulcl be made to the print source.Where, however, the print source is diflicult or inpossible to obtain or the governing authority has designated the electronic source as the oflicial version, citation should be madc to the electronic sourcc with consideration of rule 18's principles on authentication. If a periodical sourcc is only lvailable online, cite to it directly in accordance with rule 18.2.2, L6.9 Short Citation Forms Once a work in a periodical has been cited in fi.rll,use"id." ot"supra"to refer to it in subsequent citations. (a) Id. lf the work cited is the same as the immediately preceding authority within the same footnote or as the sole authority within the immediately preceding footnote, use'id." and indicate any difference in page number: ) ) ) ) ) 1 Lynn Hirschberg, The Misfit, Vnrrry Flrn, Apr. 2 See id.; Recent Case,z4VeHo. L. Rev. ry94at58. r48, t48Q97o). generally Abram S. Benenson etal., Reporting the Results of Human lmmunodeficiency Virus Testing, z6z IAMA3$5 O98g) (stating that actual laboratory results are often obscured by incorrect information). 3 See + ld. at3437. s See, e.9., Bruce Ackerman, Robert Bork's Grand lnquisition, gg L.J. t4t9 Q99o) (book review). Compare rd. (arguing against constitutionaI transformation by iudicial appointment) , with Book Note, Monual Labor, Chicago Style, rct Hnnv. L. Rev. r3z3 (t988) (arguing against stytistic transformation by self-appointment). Ynrr b) Supra, Include the author's last name before "supra"; when there is no author, use the title of the piece, or, if listed before or instead of a title, the designation of the piece . However, if the first citation to the work gives a hereinafter form (rule 4.2(b)), use the hereinafter form in place of the author's name, the title, or the designation. Give the footnote in which the firll citation appears unless the full citation is in the same footnote, in which case"supro" may be used without a footnote reference. In lus]filg a"supra" form, always indicate the page or pages cited except when citing the work in its entirety: ) Ackerman , supro note 5, att42'i see also New york County Lawyers Association: Edwin M. Otterbourg To Represent the Association in House of Delegates of American Bor Association, tz4N.y. 6 L.l.tzzt (r95o) [hereinafler Otterbourg To Represenf] (describing internal politics) Note, Ihe Deoth ofa Lawyer,56 Colunn. L. Rrv. 6o6,5ot Ggs6). ) 7 Recent Case,supra note 2, at t5o. Butsee Randy E. Barnett,A t Th e o ry o f Co nt ra ct, S6 Co lu rvr. L. Rev. 259, z7 5 Q9B6) (noting circularity of reliance theory ofcontract); Jennifer Roback, Southern Labor Law in the lim Crow Era: Exploitotive or Competitive?,5t U. Cxr. L. Rev. n6r, n64-65 (1984) (describing the importance of interaction between a competitive market and a racially biased government). Co n se n ) 8 Cf, David Margotick,4t fh e Bar: Elitist yale Breaks precedent and lnvites a Symbol of Populism to Preside at a Legal Rite, N.Y. Tlmrs, Apr. rz, t99r,at 816 (describingthe reaction to students'decision to invite Judge Wapner to preside over a mock-trial competition at Yate). See generally Roback, supro note 7, at fl63(outlining I o I I O o o I I o I o I I t o I I I I I four basic types of tegislation that aided enforcement of the labormarket cartel under Jim Crow laws). O ) a b 10 Otterbourg to Represent, supra note 6; see o/so Note, supro note O o o o o I t o t o o I I o a I o See Book Note, supra nole 5, for a cogent analysis ofthe more significant flaws in the competing theory. e 6 (discussing problems that arise upon the death of a lawyer). But see Cop ShootsTire, Halts Stolen Cor, S.F. CHnon., Oct. ro, r975,at 43 (discussing the tegal ramifications of the officer's action). For materials available only online, use the normal short form appropriate for the source. A URL need not be rcoeated after a short citation. T7 I]I\PTTBTISHED AND FORTHCOMING SOI]RCES l7.l Basic Citation Forms Unpublished manuscript Jennifer Arlen, Public Versus Private Enforcement of Unpublished student work Alexander J. Blenkinsopp, Honesty vs. Expedience: The Deficient Jurisprudence of Punishment and the Legal Labeling Game (Nov. r, zoo5) (unpubtished A.B. thesis, Harvard University) (on fite with the Harvard University Library system). Securities Fraud n-t9 [une zz, zooT) (unpubtished manuscript) (on fite with the Columbia Law Review). Letter, Memorandum from President Franklin Roosevelt to memorandum, Attorney Gen. Robert H. Jackson 0uly r, rglg) (on file or press release with the Harvard Law School Library). E-mail E-mail from Makau Mutua, Chairman, Kenya Human correspondence Rights Comm'n, to author (Dec. 28, zoo5, r5:r8 EST) (on fite with author). Forthcoming Eduardo Pehatver, Land Virtues, 94 ConHeu L. Rev. (forthcoming May zoog). publication Vorking paper Dan Black et al., Demographics of the Goy and Lesbian Population in the United States: Evidence from Available Systemic Date Sources 9 (Ctr. for Poticy Research, Working Paper No. tz,t999). 17.2 Unpublished Materials In general, cite unpublished materials not scheduled for publication by author; title or description; page or pages, if applicable; the most precise writing date available; and, if possible, information as to where the work can be located. Use ordinary roman type. Refer to 10.8.1 when citing pending and unreported cases and source. de de L2.6 when citing statutes too recent to appear in any published If unpublished materials are subsequently collected and published, cite according to rule 15.5.2(b). L7.2.1 Manuscripts Cite unpublished (or not formally published) manuscripts not scheduled for publication in ordinary roman type, beginning with the author's ftrll name (rule 16.2). The title of the work as ir appears on the ritle page should follow, capitalized according to de 8(a) (unless the title is not in English, in which case follow rule 20.2.2(b)).Provide a subtitle only if it is particulady relevant. Do not abbreviate words or omit articles in the title. The fi.rll date of the manuscript should be enclosed in parentheses after the title of the work or the pincite. Append parentheticals indicating that rhe work is unpublished and describing where it can be found: I I I I o I o t t o I t I o o I t o t o o I a o o o o o t t I t o o o a t I o I h Anatoliy Bizhko, Capitatism and Democracy zS (Feb. zg,zooo) (unpublished manuscript) (on fite with author). Also use this format for studcnt-written comments and notes written under faculty supervision for a law iournal, but not selccted for publication, with the second parcnthetical indicating the type ofwork: tu Victoria E. Anderson, Company Outing: How Consensuat Retationship Agreements Adversely Affect Homosexual Employees rz (Mar. t5, zoo4) (unpubtished comment) (on fite with the University of Pennsylvania JournaI of Labor and Employment Law). Dissertations and Theses 17.2.2 Cite unpublished student-written materials, such as dissertations and thcses, in the same manner as other unpublished manuscripts (rule 17.2.1), but add a parenthetical after the date to indicate the t).pe of work and the institution that awarded the degree: tu Barbara G. Ryder, Incremental Data Flow Analysis Based on a Unified Modet of Elimination Algorithms (Aug. r5, r98z) (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Rutgers University) (on file with author). *' Ambrogino Guisti, The Green Press: Mass Media and the U.S. Envi- ronmental Movement ry45-1975 Gug.8, zooz) (unpublished B.A. thesis, University of Washington) (on fite with the Suzzatlo and Allen Libraries, University of Washington). Letters, Memoranda, and Press Releases 17.2.3 lvhen citing unpublished letters, memoranda, and press telcases, identilv the nature of the document and give the writer and addressee (if any) by name, titlc, and institutional afliliation. Abbreviate title and institutional afliliation according ro tables T6 and T10: r*' Letter from Michael Qin, Exec. Editor, Harvard Law Review, to Alexandra Zabierek, Exec. Editor, Harvard Law Review (Oct. r, zor4) (on fite with the Harvard Law Schoot Library). r'" Memorandum from the Ad Hoc Comm. on Women & Clerkships to the Faculty of Yale Law Sch. r4 (Feb. u, r99r) (on fite with author). $" Press Release, Screen Actors Guild, Screen Actors Guitd Haits Passage of California Privacy Law (Sept. 3o, r99B) (on fite with author). TO cite a letter written to the author of the work in which the letter is bcing cited. omit the addressee's name and use "to author": tr Letter from Katie McCarthy, Exec. Editor, Harvard Law Review, to author (May 4 zot4) (on fite with author). E-mail Correspondence and Listserv Postings When citing personal e-mail mcssages, analogize to unpublished letters (rule 17 .2.5). 'l'hc date of the message and the time stamp may be nceded for spccilic 17.2.4 @ identification of the message. Archival information may be included parentheti cally and is recommended. The e-mail addresses of the sender and recipient are not required, although they may be included if there is a neason for doing so: ) E-mail from Mary Miles Prince, Assoc. Dir., Vanderbilt Law Library, to Edward C. Brewer, lll, Assistant Professor of Law, Salmon P. Chase Coll. of Law (Sept. 26, t999, o6:15 CST) (on file with author). Postings to listservs should follow a similar format, author's e-mail address and the address of the listserv: ) but should include the When citing an in-person or telephone interview, include the name, title, and institutional affiliation (if any) of the interviewee and the date of the interview. For an in-person interview, provide the location of the interyiew before the date. Abbreviate title, institutional affiliation, and location according to tables T6 and T1O. ) Telephone Interview with John J. Farretl, Senior Partner, Hildebrand, McLeod & Nelson (Nov. u, 1999). ) Interview with Aisha Rich, Managing Editor, Harvard Law Review, in Cambridge, Mass. (Mar. 2,2ot4). When the author has not personally conducted the intewiew, provide the name of the interviewer: Interview by Lauren Brook Eisen with Shane Spradlin, CEO, Nextel Commc'ns, in Potomac, Md. (Mar. r, zooo). 17.2.6 Speeches and Addresses When citing speeches and addresses (including those made at panels and conference presentations), identify the speaker by name. Add the speaker's title and institutional aff,liation if they are included in the description or transcript of the document,or if they would be particularly helpfrrl to the reader. The title of the speech or address, pincite where available, and date of the speech should follow. Abbreviate the speaker's title and institutional afiliation according to tables T6 and TlO ) Bradley Smith, Chairman, Fed. Election Comm'n, Keynote Address at the University of Pennsylvania Law Review Symposium: The Law of Democracy (Feb. 6, zoozr). If the speech or address does not have identifying information: F a formal title, provide a description with Senator Hubert Humphrey, Address at the Harvard Law Review Annual Banquet (Mar. 29, t958). If the speech or I I I t Posting of Anastasia Pastan, apastan@act.org, to cara[l-talk@ yahoogroups.com (July 2t,2ot2) (on file with author). 17.2.5 Interviews ) t address has been transcribed but not published, include the location of the transcript in a second parenthetical: I o o o o I I o I I o o o o I I o o o o I o t I I I t o o I o o o a I ts Herbert Wechsler, Remarks at the Meeting of the Bar of the Supreme Court of the United States in Memory of Chief Justice Stone 5 (Nov. rz, 1947) (transcript available in the Columbia Law Schoot Library). lfthe speech or address has been published, citc using rules 1.6(aXi) and 15.5.2(b): an "in" form according to ts James A. Baker lll, U.5. Sec'y of State, Principles and Pragmatism: American Policy Toward the Arab-lsraeli Conftict, Address Before the American lsrael Public Affairs Committee (May zz, t989), in Dep'r Sr. Bulr., Juty 1989,at24,24-25. Forthcoming Publications 17.3 Cite a book, article , or other work scheduled for publication in the same manner as thc published piecc would be cited, with the same typefaces, cxcept: (i) do not include a pincite following the title of the journal or book; (ii) add the designation "forthcoming" in thc date pare nthetical; and (iii) include thc month of publication, if available, in addition to the year in thc date parenthetical: lw Sarah Greenberger, Comment, Enforceable Rights, No Child Left Behind, and Political Patriotism: A Case for Open-Minded Section ry83 Jurisprudence, t5) U. Pa. L. Rrv. (forthcoming lan. zoo5). tu SrnnH BnnntHcen Gonoon. THE TwtN Rrrtcs or Bnnenntsrvl (forthcoming zoor). To cite a particular page of a forthcoming publication, add a second parenthetical with the manuscript page cite and a third with the krcation of the forthcom- ing document. Omit volume number if not yet available : e F. Brandon Baer & James M. Fetdman, We're Low on Vermouth: The Trials ond Tribulations of Two SummerAssociates, r J.L. & OppnEs- sroN (forthcoming zoor) (manuscript at 3) (on fite with authors). 17.4 Working Papers When citing an unpublished work designated as a working paper, provide a parenthctical indicating the name of thc sponsoring organization, thc working paper designation and numbeq and thc year Abbreviate institutional entities according to rule 15.1(d): k' Alan J. Auerbach & Laurence J. Kottikoff, National Savings, Economic Welfare, and the Structure of Taxation z4-33 (Nat't Bureau of Econ. Research, Working Paper No. 729, t98t). F. Richard Briffautt, The Political Porties and Campaign Finance Reform 16-17 (Cotumbia Law Sch. Pub. Law & LegalTheory Working Paper Grp., Paper No. 72,2ooo), http://papers.ssrn.com/ sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id :2237 29. When ing to a work is designated rule 17.2.1. as a working pape r, but is not numbcred, cite accord- I7.5 Electronic Media and Online Sources (a) Commercial electronic databases. When citing unpublished and forthcoming materials to a database, provide a complete citation to the document according to rule l7,md a citation to the database. If the database assigns a unique identifer or code to each document within the database, include that identifer or code to assist the reader in locating the document cited. ) Barbara G. Ryder, Incremental Data Flow Analysis Based on a Unified Modet of Elimination Atgorithms (Aug. t5, t98z) (unpubtished Ph.D. dissertation, Rutgers University), zIPQDT St+61. Some sources are available in two forms, electronic and paper. To facilitate access to the source, it is permissible to include a parallel citation to a cofilmercial electronic database : ) Cass R. Sunstein, Clear Statement Principles and National Security: Hamdan and Beyond,2006 SuP. Cr. Rev. (forthcoming zooT) (manuscript at q), http: I I ssrn.com/absllast -iQ:)zz \06. (b) Internet and online sources. When citing to citation should be made according to ) de an electronic source directly, 18.2.2. See Press Release, Nancy Pelosi, Speaker, House of Representatives Pelosi Statement on Hate Crimes Legislation (Dec. 6, zooT), http : / /spea ker. gov/ newsroom / pressre leas es?id: o 432. 17.6 Short Citation Forms Use the "id." and"supra" forms in the same manner as they are employed for materials appearing in periodicals 1de 16.9) and non-periodicals (rule 15.10), substituting the name of the source in place of an author when no author is listed, and enclosing a page citation to the manuscript version of a forthcoming publication in parentheses: ) l lnterview with Frank Van Dusen, President, Van Dusen Indus., Inc., in Rye, N.Y. (Feb. 15, zooo). ) 2 ) 3SeeOetken, supranote z (manuscriptatr5); Davis, supranote2, at rz; Press Release, Children's Def. Fund, 2.8 Million Children of Mexican Heritage Are Among Nearly 4 Million Latino Children Living in Poverty in the United States (May 5, zoo4) (on fite with author). ) @ ld.; see also J. Paul Oetken, Note, Form and Substance in Critical Legal Studies, roo Yete L.J. (forthcoming May zoor) (manuscript at rz) (on file with author). Oetken points out inherent contradictions in CLS rhetoric. See id. (manuscript at ro-rz); see also Adrienne D. Davis, African American Literature and the Law: Revising and Revisiting Freedom l-+ (Dec. rg8g) (unpublished manuscript) (on fite with The Yale Law Journal) (describing depiction of the law in slave literature). Interview with Frank Van Dusen, supra note r; see Letter from Asma Hasan to Michael Cannon z (Mar. 15, zooo) (on file with 4 author). I o t I o I o o a I I I o I I I o o o I I o a o a o o o o a t I I o t o o o o o $. 5 5ee Letter from Asma Hasan to Michael Cannon, supro note 4, ar 3. F. 6 See Press Release, Children's Def. Fund, supro nole 3. For materials avlilable only online, usc thc normal short lbrm appropriate ftrr thc sourcc. A URI need not be reoeated after a short citation. 1E TIIE INTERNET, ETECTRONIC MEDIA, AI\ID OTHER NOI\IPRINT RESOT]RCES This rule covers citation of information found on the lnternet (rule LE.2); widely used commercial databases such as Westlaw and LEtrS (rule 18.3);CDROMs (rule 1E.4); microform (rule f8.5); films, broadcasts, and noncommercial video materials (rule 18.6);and audio recordings (rule 18.7). 18.1 Basic Citation Forrns (a) Internet Sources (rule 1E.2) Authenticated or official documents Orrrcg or Mcmr. & Buocer, A New Enn or REspoNstBtLtry: RENEwtNG Annenrcn's Pnomtse (zoog). Unaltered scanned copies ofprint soufces United States v. Grigg, qg8F.ldto7o,ro72-73 9th Cir. zooZ). Documents for Conference Report, German Soc'y for ContemporaryTheatre and Drama in English, which print copy is practically unavailable Mediated Drama/Dramatized Media: From Boards to Screens to Cyberspace [une t7-zo, t99), http: | | www p h ilh ist. u n i-au gsbu rg.de/ cdelconf 1ry99. Electronic version Slnra MoHtcl, Cll., MuH. Cooe ch. 3.zo improvingreader (tgl6), http://qcode.us/codes/santamonica/. acc€ss to source also available in print Onlineonly sowces Beru & Jennv's Homemnoe lce Cnennn, http:ll www.benierry.com ([ast visited Oct. 6, zoo8). Subheadings linked David S. Cloud, Gafes Budget Eyes Next Gen. Warfare, PoLrnco (Apr. e, zoo9, : :S+ PM), http://www.politico.com/news/ from main page of website stories/o4o9lzuz3.html. Dynamic webpages, such as blogs Asahi Shimbun, A-Bomb Disease Ruling, JnpnnEse L. Br-oc (Mar.z7,zoo9, 9 :29 PM), http : //ja pa n ese law.blo gs pot.com search?q=A-Bomb+Disease+Rulin g. / Driving Directions from N.Y.C. to New Haven, Cl Online sources requiring form,query or unwieldy URI Gooe lE Mnps, http://maps.google.com Online sources that preserve original pagination, such as a Kenneth W Simons, Retributivists Need Not and Should Not Endorse the Subjectivist Account of Punishmenf, ro9 Cot-utvt. L. Rev. Storenn r, PDF I (zoog), http://columbialawreview.org/wpcontent/uploa ds I zoog I ol I t_Simons.pdf. (follow "Directions" hyperlink; then search starting point field for "NewYork, NY" and search destination field for "New Haven, CT" I I o a o o o t o I I I I I t I I a a I o o a o o o o o o o o t a o I o o a o I Dynamic websites, such as blogs, within larger websites Vanessa Wiltiams, "The Cosby Show" and the Black American Dream, WnsH. Posr: SHe rHE People (Oct. rz, zor4), http://www. washin gtonpost.com/blogs/she-the-peopte/ wp I zot4l to I tz/the-cosby-show-and-the-btack. american-dream. Social media posts b i n (@J effreyToo b i n), Tw rrre n (Au g. 30, 2074, 6:ro AM), https://twitter.com/ JeffreyToobin/status/ 5o57o 4t45o35 4688oo. Archivcd sources Rocio Gonzalez, Puerto Rico's Status Debate Continues os Island Marks 6t Yeors as a Commonwealth, Hurrrncron Posr (July 25, 2ot3, gioo AM), http: //www. h uffi n gtonpost. com I zot3 | o7 I z5 I puerto-rico-statusdebate_n_365r75 5.html Jeff rey Too Ihttp://perma.cclC6UP-96H N]. (b) Non-Internet Electronic Sources (rules 18.3-.7) Commercial electronic databases Bissinger v. City of New York, Nos. o6 Civ. z3z5(WHP), o6 Civ.4z6(W HP), zooT WL zszltS!, at*3 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. z+,3oo), Electronic storage media 46 C.F.R. 5 SZ.roS(a) (Westlaw Desk Code of Federal Regutations CD-ROM, current through luly t, 1999). Microform collections Petition for Writ of Certiorari for DefendantAppetlant, Cosman v. United States, 47tU.S. uoz (1985) (No. 8+-rSBS), microformed on tJ.S. Supreme Court Records and Briefs (Microform, ln Films and broadcasts Commercial audio llcgdinss c.). THr GoornrHen (Paramount Pictures r97z). BEyoNcE, DnrucrnousLv tN LovE (Cotumbia Records zoo3). Videotape: Andrew Haber Monologue Series (Scarsdale A/V Services zooS) (on fite with Non-commercial recordings author). This American Life: Mistokes Were Made, CHrcnco Puelrc Reoro (Apr. r3, zoog) (downloaded using iTunes). Podcasts The Internet r8.2 Tbe Bluebook requires the use and citation of traditional printed sources when available, unless there is a digital copy ticated, official, 14.2.1. of the source available that is authenas described in rule or an exact copy of the printed sourcc, The des that follow offer guidance in formatting Inte rnet citations. Rule 1E.2.1 lays out general principles applicable to all Internet citations. Rule 18.2.2 sets out rules for direct citations to Internet sources. E-mails should be treated as unpublished letters per rwle 17.2.4. 18.2.1 General Internet Citation Principles (a) Sources that can be cited as if to the original print source. When an authenticated, oflicial, or exact copy of a source is available onlin€, citation can be made as if to the original print source (without any URL information appended). Many states have begun to discontinue printed official legal resourccs, instead relying on online versions as the oflicial resourceS for administrutive or legislative documents. The federal govemment is also moving toward increasing access to online versions of legal documcnts, though it continues to publish official print versions. (i) Authenticated documents. When citing to such materials,Tbe Bluebook encourages citation to "authenticated" sources: those that use an encryptionbased authentication method, such as a digital signature or public key infrastructure, to ensure the accuracy of the online source. Generally, an authenticated document will have a certiicate or logo indicating that a government entity verilied that the document is complete and unaltered. (ii) Official versions. Some states have designated, either by legislation or other oflicial mechanism, that the online source is the "oflicial" source for a particular legal document. Some online publishers similarly make a distinction as to whether the document has been approved by, contributed by, or harvested from an official source by the content orilainator, designating such a document "oflicial." Generally, The Bluebook prefers citation to an authcnticated source, or, if none is available, to the "official" source . (iii) Exact copies. An exact copy is one that is an unaltered copy ofthe printed source in a widely used format that preserves pagination and other attributes of the printed work (such as Adobe's portable document format, or "PDF"). (b) Sources where the URL should be appended. (i) Obscure sources. If the cited information is available in a traditional source but such source is so obscure as to be practically unavailable, or if a parallel citation to an Internet source will substantially improve access to the source cited, citation should be made both to the traditional source and to the Int€rnet source by appending the URL directly to the end of the citation. (ii) Online sources with print characteristics. If an online source shares the characteristics of a print source such that it could be fully cited according to another nl/le in Tbe Bluebook, the citation should be made as if to the print source and the URt appended directly to the end of the citation, even if it is unknown whether the cited information is available in print. b FED. Tneoe Courvr'r.r. Cor.rsumen Fnnuo rH THE UNTTED Srnres tz (zoo7), http://www.ftc.gov/sites/default/fi les/documents/ n ited-states-second-federat-trademission-survey-staff-report-federat-trade/fraud.pdf. reports/consu mer-fraud-u com F Tim Ganser & Stan Veuger, Strategic Voting in Proportional Representation Systems 28-29 (Am. Enter. Inst., Working Paper No. 2ot4-o2, zot 4), http: I lwww.aei.org/wp-content/ I a o I o t o o I t I o o I I a o o o I O I I o o o o o u I o o o o o I o o I . To share the characteristics of a print source, an onlinc source must be I version pcrmanently divided into page s with permanent plge numbers, as in a PDI and h:rve the elements that charactcrize a given print source, such as a volume number (for law review articles lnd the like) or publication dtte (f<rr maglzine articlcs and the likc). If an online source can be firrmattcd in full compliance with another rr.rle in ?"/:e Bluebook,for purposes of citation style it does not matter whether that source has in fact bcen published in print. As noted above, traditional printed sotltccs or authenticated digital copies arc required as a matter of authoritv; this does not, however, affect the cit:ttion rules for print-like online sourccs. (c) Order of authorities and parentheticals. A citation to an onlinc sottrce that shares the charncteristics of a print sourcc such that it could bc fully cited according to another rulc in The Rluebook docs not affcct thc order of authorities under rule 1.4. The source is ordcrcd in thc same waY that the traditional printed sourcc would be: b, See Marce{ Kahan & Edward B. Rock, Corporate Constitutionalism: Antitakeover Chorter Provisions os Pre'Commitment, r5z U. Pn. L. Rrv. (forthcoming Dec. zoo3), http://ssrn.com/abstract=416605 Interview with Morris Kramer, Partner, Skadden, Arps, State, Meagher & Ftom, in N.Y.C., N.Y. (Mar. 4, 1997) (discussing the limitations of shareholder rights ptans). O o ploads/2o14/oz /-veuger-strategic-votin g-econ-working- paper_o853o77 49t77.pdf ; V/hen such a citation requires multiplc parentheticals, place them in the order indicatcd in rule 1.5(b). Thus, the URL of a source cited in lccorclance with rule 18.2.1(b) should follow format-related parentl'tctical infbrmation (such as "on file with author," "unpublished manuscript," or "cmphasis added") and rclated authority parenthcticals (such explanatory parentheticals: s as "citing" or "quoting"), but prccede Poltv l. Price, Precedent and Judicial Power After the Founding, 4zB.C. L. REV. 81, 84 (zooo) (emphasis added) (citing Gutoo Lnw ron rHE AGE oF SrArurES 4 CALABRESI. A Commoru (rq8z)), http://lawdigitatcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent. cgi?articte:2166&context:bclr (discussing precedent in the context of statutory construction). (d) Archival. Archiving of Intcrnet sources is encouraged, but only when a reliable archival tool is availablc. For citations to Internet sotlrces, append the archive URL to thc ftrll citation in brackets: lo Tom Goldstein, Somewhat Significont Settlement, SCOTUSeLoc (Feb. z, zoo5, 8:5 4 PM), http: / /www.scotusblo g.com I zoo5 | oz I somewhat-si gnifi cant-settlement Ihttp: / /web.archive.org/ web/ zoo5ozoSoBrgzz/www.scotusblog.com /movabtetypel. p. Letter from Rose M. Oswald Poels, President/CEO, Wis. Bankers Ass'n, to Elizabeth M. Murphy, Sec'y, SEC (Sept. r7, zor3), http:// www.sec.gov/comments/s7 -o3'q I s7 o3t3-r78.pdf Ihttp: I I perma. cclBtZtDgDl\ 18,2.2 Cftanons to Internet Sources An Internet source that cannot be cited according to another rule n Tbe Bluebook rs stated in accordance with rule 18.2.1(bxii), should be cited as if to the original print source in accordance with rule 1E.2.1(a) or according to this rule. AII efforts should be made to cite ro the most stable electronic location available. The Internet citation should include information designed to facilitate the clearest path of access to the cited reference, including the title, pagination, and publication date as they appear on the webpage. The Internet URL should be separated by a comma and appended to the end of the citation. (a) Author. When available,provide author information in ordinary roman type. When no author is cleady announced,omit author information from the citation unless there is a clear institutional owner of the domain. Abbreviate the name of an institutional author according to rule 15.1(d): F Eric Posner, More on Section Z of the Torture Convention, VolorH CoHsprnncv ()an. 29, 2oo9, 10:04 AM), http://www.volokh.com/ posts I tz33z4r45 8.shtm t. ) Povement Plonning New Album Release, Guoe Mnc. (Nov. 6, zoog), http: / /www. glidemagazine. com | 48o7 I pavement-planning-new-album-release. If domain ownership is clear from the website's title, omit the name of the institutiond author: l Durrrru' DoHurs, http://www.dunkindonuts.com (last visited Feb. t, > zoog). Butterfly Conseruatory,Aaa. MusEurvr Ner. Hrsr., http://www. amn h.org/exhibitions/current-exhibitions/the-butterfly-conservatory. ([astvisited Nov. z5,zoo9). The For postings and comments, cite using the usemame of the poster. Comments should include the author of the comment when available but need not include the author of the original post: ) Martinned, Comment to More on Section 7 of the Torture Convenfion, Vo Lo K H Co H s p r nncy (an. 29, 2oo9, rt:oz AM), http: / /www. volokh.com/p osts | 1233247458.shtm1. For social media feeds, provide the author's name if discernible and verifed. If the author uses a username or handle on the social media platform, include the username or handle in parentheses after the name or, if the name is not discernible and verified, use only the username or handle. After author information, include the title of the post if applicable and the name of the social media platform: ) November Project, The Bubble ls GONE!, Faceeoox (Mar. t9, zot4), https: //www.facebook.com / med ialset/?s et= a5$5 46258 4438to .to7 37 4t983.2 46 449ot5 4635 3 7&type:r. ) Wendy Davis (@wendydavistexas), lusncnnm, http://instagram. com/wendydavistexas (tast visited May zo, zot4). ) @LegatRebels, TwtrrER (Mar,24, zor4, ro:35 AM), com / LegalRebels/status/44 8t5t433zzzo6zo8o. https://twitter. I o I o I I o I o t I I I I t o I o o I t o t o o I I I I o o o o o a o o o a I (b) Titles. Titles should bc used to indicate the location of the pagc being vicwed in relation to the rest of thc site. Titles should be takcn either from the "title bar" at the top of thc browser or from any clearly announced heading identiffing thc pag€ as it appears in the browser. All efforts should bc made to include a title that sufliciently identi-fies the pagc but that is not unwieldy, krng, uninformativc, or confusing. Do not italicize descriptivc titles. ? Weird and Dumb lnternationol Laws, JusrtcEDetrY.cotvt, http:// www.iusticedaily.com/weird/partz.htmt (tast visited May zr, zoo4). Not; Weird Law and Dumb Law-Legal Jokes, Lawyer Jokes, Humor, Laur, J usrrce DAr Ly.coM, http ://www.lusticedaily.com I weird I partz. htmt (last visited May zyzoo4). (i) Main page titles. The citation should always include the homepagc or domain namc of which the particular citation is a part, rcferred to here irs a "main page title." Thc website 's main pagc title should be citcd using large and small caps. Capitalization should conform to the title as it appears on the site. Main page titles should be abbreviated in accordance with tables T10 and T13: p Dntv Kos, Hrrp://www.DAtLYKos.com (nsr vtslrED Jnru. 19, 2009). (ii) Titles for pages other than the main page. The titlc of the spccilic pages within the domain name and linked from thc main page, for example postings or comments to postings, should also be included whcre relevant. Titles to subheadings should appear in italics. Follow standard rules for capitalizing the titles of sources in accordancc with rule 8, even if the title bar uses nonstandard capitalization. Wherc appropriate, subheadings should include language indicating the page's relation to the page to which it rcsponds: *' h David Waldman, This Week in Congress, DntlY Kos (an. r9, 2oo9, 68oio4AM), http: //www.dailykos.com sto ryo n ly/ z oo 9 | t I $ I 45zzl I d,8g I 681 | 68S8oz. / Packerland Progressive, How ls Sec n5 Constitutional Under INS v. Chadha?, Comment to This Week in Congress, Dew Kos (.lan. 19, 2oog, 9: zo AM), http: / /www.dai lykos.com / sto ryon lyl zoo 9 I r I 18 I 45zzl I q8g | 681 I 68 S8oz. (iii) Titles for blogs contained within a larger wetrsite. If the cited source is published under the name of I blog that hits its own content and presence within a larger website, both the namc of the site and the name of thc blog should be included: qp Emmarie Huetteman, zot6 Republican Prospects Spor Over Llkraine, N.Y. Tttvtrs: Tue Cnucus (Mar. 9, 2074, 2i57 PM), http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes. com I zot4l oj I o9 | zo6-republican'prospects-spar-over-ukraine. F Andrew Morse. Credif 5uisse Is Lotest Swiss Bank Humbled by Wnlr Sr. J.: L. Broc (May ry, zot4, :o4 PM), http:// bto gs.wsi.com /[aw/ zo U I os I tg I cr edit-suisseis-tatest-swiss-ban k-humbled-bv-u-s-tax-evasion-crackdown. IJ.S. Tax Evosion Crackdown, 5 (iv) Descriptive titles. If the page's headings are not su-fficiently clear, a descriptive title can be used: ) Archive of Columns by Wiltiam Safire, N.Y. Ttmes, http://www. nytimes.com/top/opinion/editorialsandoped/oped/columnists/ williamsafi re (last visited Jan. V, zoo4). ) Review of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy: Collector's Edition, N Torvrnroes, http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/hitchhikers_guide-to-the-galaxy-the-collectors-edition (last visited lan.6, zoot+). Rorre (v) Titles for social media posts. If the content is contained on a social media website , place titles, if applicable, between the author information and the plat- form identi.fication. Only include a title if one is cleady intended and conveyed; otherwise omit: ) November Proiect, The Bubble is GONE!,Fncrsoor (Mar. t9, zot4), https: / /www.facebook.com /media/set/?set = a.5$6 46258 4438to .to7 37 4t983.2 +6 ++gotS +615 ) Ted Cruz (@SenTedCruz), ) Eugene Volokh, LrHxeorr, 37&type=r. Twtrren (Mar.z7,zot4,935 AM), https://twitter.com /SenTedCruz/statuses | 4492232o9o5833267 z. http://www.tinkedin.com/pub/eugenevotokh/9alSbb/boz (last visited Mar. 27, zot4). (c) Date and time. The date should be provided as it appears on the Intemet site. Use only dates that refer clearly to the material cited. The date should be Ashby Jones, Activists, Research Facilities Taking Disclosure Battles to Court, Wnu Sr. J.: L. Bloe (Feb. 26, zoo9, 9:+o AM), http://btogs.wsj.com/law/zo og I oz I z6 | activists-research-facilities-taking-disclosure-battles-to-the-courts. If there is no date associated with the specific subiect matter of the citation, "last updated"or"last modified"dates should be supplied in a parenthetical aft€r the URL "Last updated" or "last modified" dates or copyright designations that refer to a site as a whole should not be used for dynamic sites that are updated regularly: ) Date Fast, History of Biology and Medicine, SruHr )GvreR U., http:// faculty.sxu.ed u/ -fast/generat_biotogy/history.htm (last updated Oct. 3r, zoor). When material is otherwise undated, the date that the website was last visited should be placed in a parenthetical after the URI: ) YnHoo!, http://www.yahoo.com (last visited Dec. r5, zoo4). If an archival tool that indicates when a sorrce was archived is utilized, it is not necessary to include a o I I I I I t I indicated after the main page title and any pinpoint citation: ) I I I "last visited" parenthetical after the uRL. Blogs and other dynamic sites that are updated frequently should include a timestamp whenever possible. Especially when the citation is for a comment to a o I I t I I o a I o o o o o I I t o o o o a o o o o o o o posting or is othcrwise easily idcntifiable by the time of its posting, the timestamp listcd on the subhcading should be included with the date F : Donn Zaretsky, Ruling ls a Setbock for Sports Artist, Anr L. Bloc (Aug. 25, 2oo9, 10:51 AM), http://theartlawblog.btogspot.com' (d) The URL. A site 's Internet address, or URL, shoulcl point reaclers directly to the source cited rathcr than to an intervening page of links. If thc tlRL is straightforw'ard, thcn citc the entirc tlRL as it appcars in the addrcss bar of thc browser: k stanley Kubrick Biography, MDB, http://www.imdb.com/name/ nmooooo4o/?ref-:nv-sr-2 (last visited Feb. zB, zor5). Not: Stanley Kubrick Biography, IMDB, http://imdb.com (search in search bar for "stanley Kubrick"; then follow "Biography" hyper[ink under "Quick Links") (last visited Feb. 28, zor5). Alternativcly, thc root URL of thc site from which information is accessecl may bc used if (l) the URL is long, unwieldl', or full of nontcxtual chamctcrs (such as question marks, percentage signs, or ampersands); or (2) the source may only be obtained by submitting a form or query. If thc root URL is used and the site's format is not clear from the rest of the citation, a clarifring pare nthetical should be addcd to explain how to access the specilic information to which the cita- tion refers: $e http://fjsrc.urban.org/noframe/wqs/q-data-l.htm#zoor (foltow "zoor: A0USC out" hyperlink; then foltow "Offenses: TTSECMO" hypertink). Not: http://fisrc. urban.org/noframe/wqs/q-e.cfm?cat=3&year=2oo1 &agency:AOU SC&saf:out&varr:TTS ECMSO. Notc that some LIRLs arc case sensitive , so cite URLs net browscr. as tl-ley appear in the Inter- (e) Multiple URLs. Somc popular sites are scrved by more than one [lRL. In these cases, a proper citation should use thc primary IJRL rather thm a IIRL that links to an alternate server: fi' MAcy's, http://www.macys.com (last visited Feb. 28, zo15). Not: Macv's, http://wwwr.macys.com (tast visited Feb. 28, zor5). (f) Document format. If a documcnt is avaihblc both in HTML formlt and in widely used format that prescrves pagination and other attributes of printed work (such as Adobe's portable documcnt format, or "PDF"), the latter should alwal's be cited in lieu of an HTML document: a e" Etizabeth McNichot & lris J. Lav, New FiscalYear Brings No Relief from lJnprecedented State Budget Problems, Crn. or BUDGET & PoL'v Pntontrtes r (Sept. 3, zoog), http://www'cbpp.org/g-B' oBsfp.pdf. Not: Etizabeth McNichot & lris J. Lav, New FiscalYear Brings No Relief from Llnprecedented State Budget Problelns' CENTER on Buoqrr & Pot-'v Pntontrtes r (Sept. 3, zoog), http://www.cbpp.org/9-8o8sfo.htm. (g) Pinpoint citations. If the cited document is rendered in a format that preserves t]le pagination of a print version (such as a PDF fite), pinpoint citations should be provided where appropriate. Page numbers should always refer to the numbers that appear on the document itself. Do not use "screen numbers,, or other numbers that may appear in a software viewing window or scroll baf. When there is pagination information available, it should be included between the domain name and the date or URI,whichever comes fust. fE.3 Commercial Electronic Databases of the reliability and authoritativeness of LDilS,Westlaw, Bloomberg and other commercial electronic databases such as Dialog, cite such sources,ifavailable,inpreferencetotheothersourcescoveredbyrule lS.Citations to these electronic databases should be consistent with this present de regardless ofwhether the databases are accessed through proprietary software Because Iaq or through a website such as http://www.westlaw.com or http://www.lexis. com. For guidance as to the specific use of commercial electronic databases, see the following rules: Cases.. Constitutions Statutes. Irgislative Materials. Regulations .rulelo.8,l ....dell . tule 12.5 ..... de 13.7 .....ru1e14.4 Books, Reports, and Other Nonperiodic Materials. . . . . . . . . . . PeriodicalMaterials... rule 15.9 ... rule 16.g r8.4 CD-ROM and Other Electronic Storage Media (a) Print form preferred. lnformation found on CD-ROM or other medium of electronic distribution (flash drive, etc.) is usually available in print form, and citation to the print form is preferred. If the information is accessed by electronic storage medium, however, it should be cited to that medium. (b) Citation forrnat. When citing CDROM or other similar media, include the title of the material, the publisher of the CDROM, the version searched, and the date of the material, if available, or the date of the version searched. The information may be provided in a sourcedate parenthetical or, if the information is voluminous, as related authority (de 1.6): ) Coluen oN BANKRUpTcy fl Zoo.o2 (Matthew Bender Authority Bankruptcy Law CD-ROM, rel. 13, Aug. 1999). 7 Lnwneruce P. Krr.tc, 1E.5 Microform 1E.5.1 Microform Collections Reproducing preexisting Materials In general, when a document is reproduced in microform, it is not necessary to indicate this fact unless it would otherwise be diffcult for a reader to identify and obtain the source.When citing material as,,microformed on,, a service, provide a complete citation to the original document and a citation to the microform in accordance with de 1.6 regarding citations to related authority. If the microform service assigns a unique identifier or code to each document I I o o o I I o I o o I o I I t o I o I o o o o I t o I o o a I o o a I o o o o rcproduccd, include that identifier to assist the reader in bcating the documcnt cited. Includc the name of thc publisher of the microform serics in parenthes€s, abbreviated according to rule 15.1(d): tit. 26,$ 4-263r(g) (Barctay's r99o), microformed on Cal. Code of Reg. r99o Revised Format, Fiche r43 (Univ. Micro- fe' Cnr-. Cooe REGs. forms Int't). B' AppLrcATroN oF EMployER Snrcrtots ro LoNGSHoRE Wonr, H.R. Rep. No. ror-zo8 Q989), microformed on CIS No. 89-H523-r7 (Cong. Info. Serv.). $F S. 1237,991h Cong. 5 sos (rg8s), microformed on Sup. Docs. No. Y (U.S. Gov't Printing Office). r.4lt:99-t237 Microform Collections Containing Original Materials 18.5.2 When a microform collection contains matcrials original to that collection,identi$ the microform set and its publisher, and use the publisher's system for identifying intlividual forms within the set. Use rule 18.5.1 as a guidc. Films, Broadcasts, and Noncommercial Video Materials Cite lilms in large and small capitals, and television or radio broadcasts in italics, by title, episode namc (if available), and exact date (if available). Include thc name of the company or network that produced thc lilm or broadcast. If there is no information as to the producer of the broadcast, include the name of the company or network that aired the broadcast: " ArnplnruE! (Paramount Pictures r98o). p Low & Order: Tobula Rasa (NBC television broadcast Apr. zt,t99). (lite video materials containing images that havc not been commercially displayed or broadcast by the medium of the material, the title of the video or DVI) (if any), the name of the person or institution that produced thc video, and thc year of production. Timestamps may bc used for designating pinpoint citations, but they are not required: ;* Videotape: Installing Your CLS-zoo9 (Emity Weiss Etectric Co.t995) (on file with the Arlington Pubtic Library). F DVD: 2oo4 Yale Law Revue (Yate Media Services zoo4) (on file with author). When a television broadcast is also available online, a citation to the online source is acceptable in accordance with rule 1a.2.2. If the video was originally broadcast online, cite per rule 18.2.2 for dynamic with the gener.rl principles of this rule , all efforts should be macle to cite to the distinct URL for the specific video. Use the creator of the vidco as thc author if available; otherwise treat thc person who posted thc video as the author.When the site indicates that thc video contains contents from another source, use an explanatory parcnthetical to indicatc that sourcc: websites. Consistent + Periodicvid eos, Chocolate and Roses (version i - Periodic Table of Videos,YouTu er (Feb. ro, zoog), htlp: I I www.youtube.com /watch ?v:3ALAZdsguOB&feature:dir. 18.6 t lE.7 Audio Recordings 18.7.1 Commercial Recordings Cite commercial recordings by artist and album title or record title, providing the name of the recording company and the date of release (if available): F MC HnmmEn, Plense Hntrmen 1990). F Benrles, Scr. PeppEn's LoHely HEanrs CLua BnNo (Capitot Records rygo) Gg6). Don'r Hunr'Em (Capitot Records THe If a particular song or musical work is referred to, cite it by analogy to shorter works in a collection according to rule 15,5.1. Timestamps may be used for designating pinpoint citations, but they are not required: ) EnnrH, Wrr'ro & Ftr., September, onf ue BEsr Frnr, Vol. 1. (Am. Recording Co. r97B). or EARTH, WtND & 18.7.2 Noncommercial Recordings If the recording referred to is not commercially available, use ordinary roman tJpe and indicate parenthetically where a copy may be obtained. Timestamps may be used for designating pinpoint citations, but they are not required: ) Audio tape: Conference on Business Opportunities in Space, held by the Center for Space Policy, lnc., and the Commonwealth of Massachusetts (Mar. 3-5, rg86) (on file with author). 1E.7.3 Podcasts and Recordings Available Online If the audio recording was accessed online or is available only online, it should be cited using the principles of rule 18,2.2. If there is no stable URI available to facilitate acc€ss to the source, an explanatory parenthetical should be added explaining how the source should be accessed. Timestamps may be used for designating pinpoint citations, but they are not required: ) War of Words: ludith Thurmon Discusses Scrabble, Both Online and New Yonrrn (Jan. r9, zoog),http:l lwww.newyorker.com/ Off,Inr on li ) n e/zoo9/o rI g I ogottgon_a ud io_th u rma n. Splitting Verbs, Grammor Girl's Quick and Dirty Tips for Better Writing (Feb. 26, zoog) (downloaded using iTunes). r8.8 Short Citation Forms (a) Internet, When citing to a previously referenced lnternet site, us€ a,,supra,' form with the last name of the author, if any, or the ritle or descriprion of the document. "/d. " may also be used in accordance with rule 4. If various subsections of a website with no author are cited or if more than one posting by a given author is cited, include the subsection title. A URI need not be reoeated after a full citation: I a I I I o o t I I I t o I o I a I o o o o o O t o t o a a a o o I o I o o I tr 1See Dougtas Gantenbein, Mad Cows Come Home, Smre (Jan. 5, 2oo4, 72iro PM), http://www.slate.com/articles/news-and-poli- tics/the_best_policy I zoo 4I orl mad_cows-come-home.htm b 2 Prrzrn, luc., http://www.pfizer.com r*, 3 (tast visited lan. q, [. zoo4). Gantenbein, supro note 1; PFtzER, lttc., suprc note z. (b) Commercial electronic databases. For mlterials availablc on an electronic thtabase, use a unique databasc identilier, if onc has becn assigncd, in constructing a short form: .r'" Int'l Snowmobile Mfrs. Ass'n v. Norton, No. oo-CV-zz9-B, zoo4 WL 2337372, at *3 (D. Wyo. Oct. t4,zoo4). beco mes : I n t' I S n owm o b i Ie, zoo 4 W L 2337 37 z, at * 3. ?' Chavez v. Metro. Dist. Comm'n, No. 3:ozCV458(MRK), zoo4 U.S. Dist. LEXIS ttz66,at *5 n.3 (D. Conn.lune yzoo4). becomes: Chavez, zoo4 U.S. Dist. LEXIS uz66,at*5n3. (c) CD-ROM and microform. When citing a separltcly published docttment avlilablc on CD-ROM or microfirrm, use the short form appropriatc f<rr tltc originll document; it is not ncccssary to inclicate the source oncc it has bcen given in the Iirst ftlll cit:rtion. (d) Films, broadcasts, and audio recordings. rnd auclio recordings,"id. " and "supro" n-ray Whe n citing films, broaclcasts, be used according to rule 4: t, Nightline: Microsoft Monopoly (ABC television broadcast Apr. 3, 2ooo) (transcript on file with the Columbia Law Review). I+ p-- 5 ld. :,= 6 See rd.; Menr Loar, For Crying Out Loud, on Bar Our oF HELL (Epic Records 1977). c / MEAr Loer, supra note 6; see also Nightline: Microsoft Monopoly, (describing Microsoft's response to the court ruting). note supro 4 rg SERVICES Cases, administrative materials, and brief commentaries are often published unofficially in topical compilations called'services," which appear in looseleaf form initially and are sometimes published later as bound volumes. Consult Legal Looseleafs in Print,wfuch is updated annually, for a comprehensive listing ofservices. Rule 19.1 provides rules for citing services. Some services are no longer published in print or ane otherwise available online. l9.l Citation Form for Services Cite services by volume, abbreviated title in ordinary roman type, publisher, subdMsion, and date. If the source is a case, include the abbreviated name of the court in the same parenthetical as the date, as you would under rule 10.4. Consult table T15 for service and publisher abbreviations; if a service is not listed, refer to table T13 to abbreviate the words that make up its title: ) ) /n re Smithfield Estates, Inc., [t985-r986 Transfer Binder] Bankr. L. Rep. (CCH) Iito,7o7 (Bankr. D.R.l. Aug.9, 1985). SEC v. Tex. Int'lAirlines, z9 Fed. R. Serv. zd (West) +o8 (D.D.C. 197il. ) Kovacsv. Comm'r, 74A.F.f .R.zd (RtA) 354 6thCr.Lg9d. When citing looseleaf material that will eventually be bound, add the name of the bound form in parentheses if it is different from the name of the looseleaf form;include the volume of the bound form if available: ) Marietta Concrete Co., 3 Lab. Rel. Rep. (BNA) (8+ Lab. Arb. Rep. (BNA)) n58 (May 7, 1985). When citing to services found on a commercial electronic database, provide a parallel citation to the database, including the database identifier and any codes or numbers that identify the information. ) Dynda Thomas, Conflict Minerals - You Have More to Worry About than lust the SEC,38 Chem. Reg. Rep. (BNA) 186, l8 CRR 186 (BL) (Feb. ro, zor4). (a) Volurne. The volume designation of a service may be a number, ayear,a descriptive subtitle from the volume's spine, or a combination of these. If the volume designation includes words or a year, use brackets to avoid confusion: a transfer binder, the volume designation should indicate the years material included in that binder: o o I I I o t I t I I o t I I ) 5 Trade Reg. Rep. ) r979-t Trade Cas. ) [Current Developments] Hous. & Dev. Rep. ) lt979l8 Stand. Fed. Tax Rep. ) [z Wages-Hours] Lab. L. Rep. ) [r Estate & Gift] U.S. Tax Rep. ln citing I I o of I I o I o o I a o I I o a t o o o o o t a I * See [t994-t995 Transfer Binder] Fed. Sec. generally L. Rep. rule 3.1(a) (designation of volumes and use of brackets). a servicc, whether looseleaf or bound, must indicatc the publisher Enclose an abbreviation of the publisher's name in parentheses following the service 's title . Consult table T15 for a list of service pub lisher abbreviations; if a publisher is not listed, abbreviatc according to rule (b) Publisher. Every citation to 15.1(d). r 4 Lab. L. Rep. (CCH) Ilgoq6. *. Ir982] rz Envtl. L. Rep. (Envtl. Law Inst.). services by paragraph or section number if possible, otherwise by page number. See generally ru.le 3.2 (pages, footnotes, endnotes, and graphical materials) and rule 3.3 (sections and paragraphs). Additionally, a report number may be given if it will assist the reader in locating the cited (c) Subdivision. Cite material: lslond Insurance Agents Agree Not to Rig Bids, [Jan.-June] Antitrust & Trade Reg. Rep. (BNA) No. 967,at D-rr (June 5, r98o). L* Rhode w Domination of Markets, AMA Report Finds Consumers Have Few Options, [Jan.-Feb.]Antitrust & Trade Reg. Rep. (BNA) No. 96, at 88 (zoo8). a case reported in a scrvice, give the exact datc (for looselcaf services) or year (for bound serviccs) of the casc (rule 10.5): (d) Date. When citing F Defenders of Witdtife, lnc. v. Watt, ltgSzltz Envtl. L. Rep. (Envtt. Law lnst.) zo,zro (D.D.C. May zB, r98r). When citing a statute or regulation, give the exact date of its enactment or promulgation unless thc exact date is indicated elsewhere in the citation: tr ActofSept. z6,t9}o, Food DrugCosm. L. Rep. (CCH) fl5ff. Citations to other material (such as articles or commcntary) should give the exact date, if available.When citing otherwise undated material in a looselefi service , give the date of the page on which the material is printed or the datc of the subsection in which it is printed: F ERl54 Preemption Bills Draw Praise from Labor and Criticism from Business, [Aug. r99r-June ry93lPens. Plan Guide (CCH) 1126,263, a|27,o37-40 (Aug. z, r99r). Short Citation Forms (a) Cases. For cases, usc short citation fbrms as provided by rule 10.9. Include the complete volume designation for the service bindcr and substitute paragraph or section numbers for page numbers where appropriate. If a case has page numbers as well as paragraph or section numbers, you may cite individual pages insteacl of the paragraph or section number in the short form to idcntif specilic material. To cite the entire case in short form,givc the paragraph or section number of the case or the lirst pagc number of the case,without using"at": rg.2 I a ln re Looney,1t987-r989 Transfer Binderl Bankr. L. Rep. (CCH) fl 72,447,at93,590 (Bankr. W.D. Va. Sept.9, 1988). > 2ld. ) ) t ld. at93,591. a Defenders of Witdtife, Inc. v. Watt, ltgSzlrz Envtl. L. Rep. (Envtt. Inst) 2o,2to, zo,zu (D.D.C. May 28, r98r). Law | 5 ) 6 ln re Looney,[t987-r989 Transfer Binded Bankr. L. Rep. (CCH) at 93,597. Defenders of Wildlife,lrySzltz Envtt. L. Rep. (Envtl. Law Inst.) at 20,2t2. ) zThis was the approach taken in Looney. Seelt987-r989 Transfer Binderl Bankr. L. Rep. (CCH) [i72,447. (b) Other materials. Short form citations for other materials found in services, such as statutes, regulations, articles, and commentary, should follow the relevant citation rules as described elsewhere in Tbe Bluebook. I I I t I I o o I I o o I I t o I I I I o t a o a o o t o t o o a I I o O o o o 20 FOREIGN MATERIALS Table T2 contains iuriscliction-spccific citation examplcs ar-rd is thc primlrv source fbr the citation of firreign materials. For source s not pre scnt in table T2, follow the respectivc cotntry's own citation rttles for the sources as modificd by thcse gencral ntles. 2O.l Jurisdiction When citing an,v non-U.S. source, whether in English or in ltnother langulge, indiclte ptrcntheticall)r thc iurisdiction issuing tl-re source, abbreviated according to table T10, unless the jurisdiction is othcrwise clear from thc other clements of thc citation: ,-3 Chase v. Campbelt, [rg6z] S.C.R. 425 (Can.). + Berry v Dorsey $97) rct ALR ls (Austl.). This parenthctical may bc omitted if the iurisdiction is clear from the context: tu" . Spain has enacted a separate code governing legat procedure in employment cases.' I Labor Procedure Law (R.C.L. r99o,9zz). The plrenthetical is locatcd at the end of the citation but bcfirre any parallel citations. unlcss otherwisc indicated in table T2: o Canada Act, t9Bz, (Can.). c.u (U.K.), reprinted /n R.S.C. r985, app ll' no 5 h, Control of Fishing for Salmon Order zoo8 (S.1. 9Blzoo8) (lr.)' http: / /www.attorneygenerat.ie/esi/ zoo8/ Bz6o6r. pdf. Non-English-Language Documents Documents Appearing in More than One Language 20.2 20.2.1 by the citltion, always citc thc most oflicial or authoritativc version of the document. '[he documcnt itself should clitrify which version(s) is authoritativc. For documents publishccl in mtrltiple languages, use the English-languagc vcrsitln whencver it is as luthoritative as (or Unlcss otherwisc rcquircd morc authoritative than) other vcrsions. If the docume nt is sile nt on the issttc of authorit)', always cite thc English-language version unlcss thc purpose servcd bv thc t itation rcquircs otltcrwisc. Titles and Names of Documents in Languages Other than English a document in I lantitle or namc in the givc full doctlment's the guugc othcr than English, always thc tlriginal-lanlf desircd, is cited. nt the docume thc first time language original guagc title mal'be fbllowcd b1'brackets containing its shortened or full-lcngth English title in thc same typeface as thc original: (a) Original language and translation. \ffhen citing 20.2.2 ) Verdrag tot het Vermiiden van Dubbele Belasting [Agreement for the Avoidance of Double Taxationl (b) Capitalization. Capitalize names and titles in languages other than English as 20.2.3 they appear on the page. Capitalize translations according to rule 8. Abbreviations in Languages Other than English The abbreviations of reporters, codes, statutes, statutory collections, constiiltions, and periodicals in languages other than English may be unfamiliar to the reader. Therefore, the fiilI form should be given the first time the source is cited, and the abbreviation should be given in brackets. Thereafter for the whole piece, the abbreviated form may be used without crosyreference. Abbreviations for many legal materials in languages other than English are given in table T2 ; for periodicals, see rule 20.6 . When abbreviating foreign legal materials for which an abbreviation is not provided, follow the usage of the source. l' ) l BUncenucHEs 2 GESETZBUcH IBGB] [Crvrr- Cooe] art. 13 (Ger.). Bundesgerichtshof IBG H] [ Federat Court of J ustice] Apr. 16, zoo8, 14o ENTSCHETDUNGEN DEs BuruoeseenrcHTsHoFEs rN ZrvtLsAcHEN IBGHZI 245 (Ger.). > 3 BGB art. rz (Ger.); see also BGH Mar. 3,2oo9, t4rBGHZ zqS QSo) (Ger.). 20.2.4 L^ngrages That Do Not Use the Roman Alphabet Transliterate all titles, names, or words cited that are not in the Roman alphabet, using a standard transliteration system (for example, the ALA-LC Romanization Tables). (a) Languages generally. For instructions regarding transliteration that are specifc to particular countries, check the relevant entries in table T2. (b) Chinese language. (i) Chinese language romanization. For citations to Chinese language sources,regardless ofiurisdiction or place ofpublication,always provide romanization as instructed here.Whenever possible, also provide Chinese characters for authors. titles. and case names. Do not use Chinese characters without accompanying romanization, as some publishers or databases may drop them from citations. Use simplified or traditional characters to reflect the usage of the source. Generally, add an English translation or shortened form in English as provided nru.le 2O.2.2.Do not cite a Chinese language source in English only. For romanization of Chinese language citations, use the Pinyin romanization system as set forth in the international srandard,Harryu Pinyin Fang'an (1958), and related documents. Do not include tone marks. Do not use "v" to represent "ii.'Competing standards exist for word division in Pinyin. Follow commonly accepted guidelines for word dMsion in scholady publications as summarized in the examples below and in table T2. Note that the Pinyin standard used in many libraries differs with regard to word division and separates most syllables, so when searching for sources in library catalogs, it may be necessary to break up compound words into sep,rate syllables. I I o o I I o I I I I I I I I I o o I t o o I o o a a I a I o a a o I o o o I o For capitalization in Pinyin romanization, folkrw Do not capitalize thc possessivc -de" X[4. * rule 8 and related guidelines. tf!). Deng Xiaoping \.ltffr.At4'ffiAiFfr'll DuiwaiMaoyiJingjiHezuoBu tt&li" 6i*ilir! Xngzhengyuan 4+.teh#ui, Taibei Difang Faluan Xanggang Fali (ii) Chinese personal names. rJfhen citing a Chinese author or editor's name, regardfess of iurisdiction or place of publication, follow rules l5.l and 16.2, giving the full name in the order it appears on the document. Repeat the full name in subsequent short citations to the source. For Chinese personal names in case citations, follow rule 10.2.1(g). (A) Chinese language sources. In Chinese language texts the surname is always given lirst. Transcribe authors and editors of Chinese texts in Pinyin,ioin- ing multiple syllables of surname andlor forename without hyphens or commas. F Chen Hongyi tr'l E ([f;9A&), Fazhi Qimeng yu Xiandai Fa de Jingshen (i* * 5I[f ti* tt *#lF) Gsse). b" Wang Taisheng ('E*+), Taiwan Falii de Duanlie yu Lianxu (friqif fF F! Hf tgF+i€ lr€) Qooz). (B) English language sources. Chinese names in English texts may follow either Chincse (surname first) or English (surname last) word order. They also may or may not bc spelled according to the Pinyin system and may vary in fullness. Transcribe the full name in the order and in the spelling in which it appears on the document. F ALBERT Hur.rc-vEe CnEru, AH rHr PropLt's h RepueLrc TAy-sHENG WnHc, or lr.ttnooucltott ro tHe LecnL SvsrEtu or CHtrun Lecnl Reronu bd ed. LexisNexis zoo4) (1992). rN TATwAN Uruoen JnentesE CoLo- NIAL RULE (zooo). 8-r3 (zoor). F ZHu SnnzHu, Secuntrtes F Guanghua Yu, Towards a Market Economy: Security Devices in China,S Pnc. Rttvt L. & Pol'v l.r(tggg). Rrculettotrt tN CHTNA Citations to Translations of Non-English-Language Documerfis 20.2.5 If desired, a work that conve niently reprints the primary authority in translation may be cited when referring to a foreignJanguafie source that is not widely available to researchers in the United States. In such cases, provide the citation to the original source in accordance with rules 2O and2l,and' provide a parallel citation to the translated version, according to rule 1.6(a), introduced by "tronslated in": *" Ley Federal de Derechos de Autor [LFDA], Diario Oficial de la Feder- aci6n IDOF] 2t-tz-t963 (Mex.), transloted in CopvntcHr LAWS AND 5zr (U.N. Educ., Scientific & Culturat Org. et al. eds., r99z). TREATES oF rHE WoRLD 2O.3 Cases Cite foreign cases according to rule 1O as modified by the following instructions. 20.3.1 Common Law Cases Ifthe reporter does not clearly indicate the court deciding the case,indicate the court parenthetically: F R v. LockwoodQZSz) 99 Eng.Rep. rZg (K.8.). But ifthe couft involved is the highest court in the jurisdiction, only the jurisdiction needs to be identified unless the iurisdiction is otherwise clear from context: ) Cite cases from non-common law countries according to table T2 as modified by the following instructions. (a) Name of the court. Identii/ courts as indicated in rule 20.1. If not otherwise clear from the context, include an English translation of the court designation: Bundesgerichtshof IBG H] [Federal Court of J ustic ej Apr. 7, zoo3, r54 ErurscterouNGEN DEs BuHoEsetntcnTsHoFEs tN ZtvtLsAcHEN lBGHZls: (rz6) (Ger.). Source. Cite the sources listed, with their abbreviations, in table T2. As required by rule 20.2.3,gSve the full form the first time a source is cited, indicating in brackets the abbreviation that will be used subsequently. O) Many civil law decisions do not appear in official reporters. If a case cited does not appear in an official source, cite a journal or periodical, issued within the jurisdiction if possible, or a reprint or translation of the decision according to rules 1.6(a) or 2O.2.5 respectively. (c) Jurisdiction. If the national iurisdiction is not evident from the citation or the context, include the iurisdiction, abbreviated according to table T1O, in parentheses at the end of the citation, as required by rule 2O,1.. (d) Annotations. Annotations to civil law cases are cited according to rule 3.4: F Cour de cassation [Cass.][supreme court for judicial matters] re civ., Dec. t4,:,982, Bull. civ. l, No. 36o note (Fr.) (note of Ayn€s). 2O.4 Constitutions Cite all foreign constitutions by name . If the nature of the document is not otherwise clear from the context, include "Constitution" in brackets following the document name or abbreviation in the first citation. Successive citations may exclude this note. If the country is unclear from the title of the constitution, include the country abbreviation in a parenthetical at the end of the citation. ) oesvrnFAssu z9 (Switz.). Bu N NG t I I t o Chase v. Campbet[, [rg5z] S.C.R. +zS (Can.). 20.3.2 Civil Law and Other Non-Common Law Cases ) I IBV] [CoHsrrrurroH] Apr. 18, t99g,SR ror, art. t t I I t I I I I I o I a o t I a o o C I o o I O a a o o o I o I o 20.5 Statutes Statutes in Common Law Systems 20.5.1 (lite like [J.S. statutcs (rule 12) if the iurisdiction's statutes appear in a codification or othcr compilrtion: &',. Extradition Law,57t4-t95+, B LSI 44 $953-t95+) (lsr.). s of the lJnite d Kingdom (table T2.42 United Kingdom), noting thc iurisdiction parenthctically at the end of thc citation if n(x otherwise clcar from thc context: Othcrwise , cite likc statute .!. Emergency Powers Act (Act No. l/rgz6) (lr.). Statutes in Civil Law and Other Non-Common Law 20.5.2 Jurisdictions Oite generally according to rules found in table T2.When citing a codc,d<r not indicatc the year of the code unless citing a versitln no longer in forcc. In accordance with rule 20.2.3, usc the ftrll publication name tlte lirst time thc publication is cited, indicating in brackcts the abbreviation that will be usc<l subsequently. Thcrcafter,the abbreviatcd form may bc used: |n- CoDE crvrr IC. crv.] [Crvrr- Cooe] art. mz (Fr.). (iivc the pr.rblishcr or editor and date of privately published sources onll' when citinfi an annotation rather than thc codc itself: s' CoDE crvrr IC. crv.][Ctvtt- Cooe]art.ro98 (6+th ed. Petits Codes Dattoz 1965) (Fr.). Non-English-Language and Foreign Periodicals (a) In general. For all fbreign perioclicals, including both Iinglish- and nonEnglishJanguagc sources, abbrcviate thc periodical namc according to table Tl3. Include thc country oforigin in a parenthctical if not othcrwise clear liom thc contcxt. fm' Catherine Labrusse-Riou , La filiotion et la mddecine moderne,33 REvur lrurrnnnroNALE DE DRotr Corvrpnni IR.l.D.C.] 4t9 $986) (Fr.). For foreign newspapers, cite according to b rule 16.6. Marianne Kearney, Indonesia Risks Becoming Like Balkans: Mega, Srnnrrs Trmes (Sing.), Oct.29,2oo1, at 3. (b) Foreign-language sourc€s. Cite foreignJanguagc periodicals according to 16, as modilied by rule 20.2. Givc the author;titlc in the original langulge, folkrwcd by a translation or shortened name in English, if de sircd (rule 20.2.2); the r-olumenumberof thcperiodicalif appropriate(rule L6.4);thefirll namcof thc periodical, if it is being cited for the lirst timc, folkrwed by the oflicial abbrcviation in brackets (rule 2U.2,3):the page number(s);the year (rules 16.4 and rule 20.6 16.5);and the abbreviation of the country of publication, if not otherwise clear from the context. A hereinafter form,provided in brackets at the end of the citation, may be given if desired. ) 1 Marie-Th6rdse Meutders-Klein, te droit de l'enfont face au droit d I'enfant et les procrdations mddicalement assistdeslThe Right of a Child Versus the Right to Have o Child and Medically Assisted Procreationl,8T Revue TRtMEsTRtELLE Dn. Ctv.l645, 5sz (1988) (Fr.). ) 2 > 4 DE DRotr Crvrr- [Rev. Tnrntt. Aktuelle Fragen der Schutzbereichsbestimmung im deutschen und europiiischen PotentrechtlCurrent lssues in ldentifying the Scope of Protection in German and European Patent Lawl, zoo3 GewensLrcFtsn REctrsscHurz uHo UnHEeennecHr [GRUR] 9o5 (Ger.) [hereinafter Scope of Protectionl. Scope of Protection,supranotez,at9o6;see also Benjamin Taibleson & Rebecca Krauss, Embracing Convergence: FortyCountries in Comparative Perspective, rc6 REv. TRtM. Dn. Clv. n9 (zoo7) (Fr.). 20.7 Short Citation Forms (a) Cases. For common law citations, use short forms analogous to those pre vided in rule 10.9, when permitted. For civil law citation forms, the short form should include enough information to uniquely identi$ the original source and any additional information that would be helpfirl to the reader: > 1 Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Naci6n ICSJN][National Supreme Court ofJusticel, t8l 7 l zoot, "Frenquel, Adolfo c. Centro de Ortopedias / recurso extraordinario," La Ley [1.1.] (zoor-D-zz) (Arg.). But see Corte Suprema de Justicia [C.S.J.][Supreme Court], :.5 noviembre t954,"Sulrez, Alfredo c. Perez, Estela," Rolde [a causa:. t24-2oo8 s., divorcio, REVIsrA Gncere Juniorcl [R.G.J.] No. tgo p.t45 (Chite). > t8l7lzoot, "Frenque[, Adolfo," L.L. (zoor-D-z3). But see C.S.J., rS noviembre t954,"Sulrez, Alfredo," R.G.J. No. r9o p. t46. '? CSJN, (b) Constitutions. Do not use a short form, other than'id.,'for constitutions. (c) Statutes. Use short forms analogous to those provided in rule 12.10, when permitted. Otherwise, include enough information to uniquely identiff the original source and any additional information that would be helpfrrl to the reader. The iurisdiction parenthetical may be included in the short form if it is not evident from either the elements of the short form citation or the context: ) Loi 85-599 du m juitlet 1985 tendant i la constitution d'archives audiovisuelles de la justice ILaw 85-699 of July u, 1985 for the Formation of Audiovisual Archives of the Judiciaryl, JoURNAL Orrrcrer oE Ln REpust-teuE FRANCAtse [J.O.][Orrrcrel Gnzerrr or Fnlrcel, July tz, t985, p. 2885. 1 I t I I I a o I t I t a I o o O I I o I o o I o o I I o o o t o o I o t o o ) t ts 2 Ley No. zr7, z May ry96, Ley General del Medio Ambiente y los Recursos Naturales ILey det Medio Ambiente] [Environmentat and Natural Resources Law] tit. lll, ch. ll, sec. l, Le Gecern, Dtnnto Orrcrer- [1.G.], 6 June t996 (Nicar.). ts 3 Law 8s-6gg of July rr, 1985, art. 4 (Fr.); Environmental and Natural Resources Law, tit. lll, ch. ll, sec. ll (Nicar.). (d) Periodicals. tJse short forms analogous to those provided in rule 16.9. 2l INTTRNATIONAI MATERIAI,S 21.1 Basic Citation Forms (a) Treaties and other international agreements. (rale 21.4) Bilateral Trcaty Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation, JapanU.S., art. X, Apr. z, L953,4 U.S.T. 2o63. Agreement Concerning Payments for Certain Losses Suffered During World War ll, Fr.-U.S., Jan. r8, zoor, Temp. State Dep't No. or-35, zoor WL 4t6455. Treaty of Ne utra [ity, Hun g.-Tu rk., Jan. 5, t929, too L.N.T.S. r37. Multilateral Treaty Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War art. 3, Aug. 12, Lg4g,5 U.S.T. 3316,75 U.N.T.S. 135. lnter-American Police Convention, Feb. 29, tg2o, r27 L.N.T.S. 433. North American Free Trade Agreement, Can.-Mex.-U.S., Dec. t7, t992, 32 l.L.M. 289 (1993). (b) International law cases. (rule 21.5) lntemational Court ofJustice Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua (Nicar. v. U.S.), Judgment, 1986 l.C.J. z). 4 0une Fisheries Jurisdiction (U.K. v. lce.), Interim Protection Order, t97z l.C.J. tz (Aug. rZ). Diversion of Water from Meuse (Neth. v. Betg.), Judgment, ry37 P.C.l.l. (ser. A/B) No. 7o, at 7 flune z8). Reservations to Convention on Prevention and Punishment of Crime of Genocide, Advisory Opinion, r95tl.C.l. r5 (May z8). Court ofJustice Case C-zgl89, The Queen v. Sec'y of State for Transp. of the European ex parte Factortame Ltd., r99o E.C.R. l-2433. Union European Court :f Y*Rishs Kampanis v. Greece, 3r8 Eur. Ct. H.R. 29,35 G9g). lreland v. United Kingdo m, z3 Eur.Ct. H.R. (ser. B) at z3 (rgz6). Inter-American Tortrino on v. Argentina, Case n.597,Inter-Am. Comm'n 7/98, OEA/5er.L./V/11.98, doc. 7 rev. Il Commission H.R., Report No. Human Rights 15 $99). Inter-American Restrictions to the Death Penalty (Arts. zr(z) and +(4) Court of Human American Convention on Human Rights), Advisory opinion OC-ll8l,Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (ser. A) No. 3,li7o Rights (Sept. 8, 1983). I I I t I o I I o I o I o I I t I I o I I I a International M/V Saiga (No. z) (St. Vincent Tribunal fbr the Law of the Sea International Prosecutorv. Criminal Court I I o Prosecuto r v. Kata n ga, ICC- ot I o 4- ot I o7 3 436- Anxll, Concurring opinion ofludges Diarra and Cotte, 11 5 (Mar. j, zorl, http: I I www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/ docr748ro5. pdf. International Criminal Tribunals I I I I I o o o Prosecutor v. Tadid, Case No. fi-94-t1, Decision on Defence Motion for lntertocutory AppeaI on Jurisdiction, fl zo (lnt'l Crim. Trib. for the Former Yugoslavia Oct. z, rye). Prosecutor v. Kayishema, Case No. ICTR 95-t-T, Judgment, 1l rz6 (May zr,r99). (c) International arbitrations. (rule 21.6) I I o o Dyilo, ICC-otlo4-otlo6-z84z,ludgment pursuant to Art.74 of the Statute, fl ro7 (Mar. r 4, zotz.), http : / /www. icc-cpi. i n t/ iccd o cs I do c I docr37983B.pdf. I o v. Guinea), Case No. z, Order of Jan. 2o, t998, z ITLOS Rep. 4, 5. Amoco Int't Fin. Corp. v. lran, 15 lran-U.S. Cl. Trib. Rep. rB9 Q98). Savarkar (Fr. v. Gr. Brit.), Hague Ct. Rep. (Scott) 275 (Perm. Ct. Arb. rgrr). (d) United Nations sources. (rule 21.7) Verhrtinr rntl Strmmarv Meetilg Recorcls I.l.N. Charter Resolutiorrs U.N. GAOR, 57th Sess.,4zd plen. mtg. at 3, U.N. Doc. Al Sl lPY.+z (Nov. t, zooz). U.N. Charter art. z, fl r. G.A. Res. G.A. Res. Reports B;z (lX), at 47l1,llz r9 (Oct. zt,t95Q. (Sept. zz,t99z). U.N. Secretary-General, An Agenda for Peoce: Preventive Diplomacy, Peocemaking ond PeaceKeeping: Rep. ofthe Secretary-Generol,llt4, U.N. Doc. Al +t I zzt's I z4tr (June q, t99z). (e) European Union materials. (rule 21.9) Council Directive zootlrS,zoor O.J. (L ro6) r (EC). (0 Wortif."ae Organization. (rule Pancl 2l.ll) decisions Panel Report, Llnited Stotes-Sections 3ot-3to ofthe Trade Act z7 of 1974, WTO Doc. WT/DSrf z/R (adopted lan. , zooo). Appellate Body Appeltate Body Report, Brazil-Export decisions Founding Agreements Ministerial Marrakesh Agreement Estabtishing the World Trade Organization, Apr. r5, t994, t867 U.N.T.S. r54. World Trade Organization, Ministerial Declaration of r4 November zoor, WTO Doc. WT/MlN(oilDEC|t,4r t.L.M. It+6 (zooz). documents 21.2 Financing Programme for Aircraft,ll rg, WTO Doc. WT/DS+6/AB/R (adopted Aug. zo, t999). Non-English-Language Documents For non-English-language documents, see rule 20.2. 21.3 Jurisdiction Not Evident from Context When citing a non-U.S. source, whether in English or another language, indicate parenthetically the jurisdiction issuing the source, abbreviated according to tables T3 and T10, unless the iurisdiction is otherwise clear from the context or other elements of the citation: ) 21.4 Council Directive 66lqS art. ry, ry65-t966 O.J. Spec. Eo. zG5, z68 (Euratom). Citation of a treaty between two parties: name of agreemenl Convention for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Estates, f nheritances, and Gifts,* Fr.-U.S.,* Nov. 24, !978,*J2 U.S.T. 1935. fagreementL___l__r signing Citation of name of a date of L___l__-_______J one U.S. treaty source treaty among more than two parties: agreement subdivision cited I' date of signing one U.S. treaty source North Atlantic Treaty*sft. 5,* Apr. 4,1949,* 63 9tat.2247," 34 U.N.T.S.243. L___r___J one international treaty source Citation of a convention published by an intemational organization: ) Organization of American States, American Convention on Human Rights, Nov. 22,t969, O.A.S.T.S. No.36, u44 U.N.T.S. rz3. ) United Nations Convention on the Law ofthe Sea, Dec. to, 1982, 1833 U.N.T.S.397. Citation of a founding document creating a new international court or organization: I a o I Treaties and Other International Agreements abbreviated names of parties to I I I I I I o I t a o I o I o I I o a I o I I o I I I I I I o o o o O I * * U.N. Charter art. 94, fl r. Covenant ofthe League of Nations art. 16. A citation of a trcary or other international agreement-other than the U.N. Charter and the Covenant of the League of Nations-should include the agreement's name (rde 2L.4.1); the state parties, if applicable (rule 21.4.2); the subdivision referred to, if applicablc (rule 21.4.3); the date of signing (de 21.4.4):and the source(s) in which thc trcaty can bc found (tule 21.4,5): ts Statute ofthe International Tribunal for the Law ofthe Sea art. z, Dec. ro, ry82,t833 U.N.T.S.56r. Name of the 1, fl Agreement 21.4.1 Use the English-languagc version of a trcaty namc whenever possible. See rule 2O.2.2 regar<Jing thc treatment of treaties whosc names are not in English. (a) First citation. Thc lirst citation of a treaty should contain its full name, including both its form (rule 21.4.1(a)(i)) and its subject matter (rule 2r.4.r(a)(ii)): *" Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft, Dec. 16, 7970,22 U.S.T. 164r, 86o U.N.T.S. ro5. (i) Form of agreement. The title of the treaty should indicate the form of the agreement (c.g., Agreement, Convention, Memorand um, Protocol, Treaty, Understanding). Usc only the lirst form designation that appears on the title page, unless doing so would create ambiguity: F Convention Not: Convention & Supplementary ProtocoI Cite lesser-included documents as subdivisions (rde 21.4.3). (ii) Subiect matter. tjse the subiect-matter description that appears as part of the title of the agreement: #' Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (b) Subsequent citations. If a treaty's name is very long, or if the treaty is commonly known by a popular name, the lirst citation of the treaty should end with a bracketed "hereinafter" short-form citation (rule 4.2(b)) to be used in all subsequent citations. The short-form citation must be in the same rypeface as the original: = - 1 ProtocoI for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare, June r7, t925, z6 U.S.T. 57r Ihereinafter Geneva Protocot]. 3 Geneva Protocol, supro note !, aI 572. Parties to the Agreement When citinfi an agree ment be twccn two parties, indicate both parties, abbreviating their names according to table Tl0: 2L.4.2 @ ) ) I Japan-U.S. Fr.-Ger. Parties'names should appear in alphabetical order: ) North American Free Trade Agreement, Can.-Mex.-U.5.,Dec. t7, !992, 32 l.L.M. z8g (rggl). 2r.4.3 Subdivisions When citing only part of an agreement, or when citing an appended document, give the subdivision or appended document: ) Treaty on Commerce and Navigation, lraq-U.S., art. lll, fl z,Dec.3, 1938,54 Stat. r79o. ) Declaration on the Neutrality of Laos, Protocol, )uly U.S.T. no4,456 U.N.T.5. 3or. 4, t952, t4 When citing a subdivision, it is not necessary to include a pincite for the treaty series because the article, paragraph, or section number is sufficient. For a dis cussion of citations to subdivisions and appendices, see des 3.3 and 3,4. 2r.4.4 Date of Signing Give the exact date of signing: ) Protocol to Amend the Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Women and Children, Nov. rz, ry47,53 U.N.T.S. 13. \ffhen multiple dates of signing are given for an agreement or exchange of notes between two parties, give the first and last dates of signing: F Agreement on Weather Stations, Colom.-U.S., Apr. z7-May g, t954, t5 U.S.T. r355. If a treaty is not signed on a single date , use the date on which the treaty was opened for signature, approved, ratified, or adopted, and indicate the signfficance of the date in italics: ) Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuctear Weapons, opened for signatureJulyt,tg6S, zr U.S.T. 483,729 U.N.T.S. r5r. The date on which a treaty entered into force or other such date may be added parenthetically at the end of the citation if it is relevant: ) U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea, opened for signature Dec. to,tg8z, 1833 U.N.T.S.397 (entered into force Nov. 16, 1994). For abbreviations of the months of the vear. see table T12. 21.4.5 Tte*y Sources See table T4 for a list of international reaty sources. Treaty sources of some foreign states are listed with the other materials of those states in table T2. (a) Agreements to which the United States is a pffty. t I a I I I o t o t t I I I I t I o I t I o o o t (i) Bilateral treaties. For agreements betwecn the tlnited States and another party, cite one of the following sourccs, in the fblkrwing order of preferencc: U.S.T. (orStat.);T.l.A.S. (orT.5.,or E.A.S.); U.N.T.S.;Senate TreatyDocuments or Senate Executive Documents;the I)e prrtment of Statc Dispatch; Department of State Press Releases. If the agrecncnt has not appearcd in one of these oflicial sources, cite an unofficial trerty sourcc " o o I I o t t I o o a o Treaty on the Limitation of Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems, U.S.U.S.S.R., May 26, 1972,23 U.S.T. 3435. F Agreement on Defense and Economic Cooperation, Greece-U.S., at 4, Sept. 8, 1983, T.l.A.S. No. ro,Br4. *n Tax Convention, Fin.-U.S., Sept. zr, 1989, S. Tnrntv Doc. No. ror-rr (rggo). h' Memorandum of Understanding Regarding BitateraI Verifi cation Experiment and Data Exchange Related to Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, U.S.-U.S.S.R., art. V(r), Sept. 23, 1989, Dre'r Sr. Burl., Nov. 1989, at rB Ihereinafter ChemicaI Weapons MOU]. I ] lrule 21.4.5(c)): s" Cuban-American Treaty, Cuba-U.S., art. l, Feb. 6-23,t9o3, T.S. No. tt8. F Agreement Regarding MutualAssistance Between Their Customs Administrations, lr.-U.S., art. 3, Sept. 16,t996, zr4r U.N.T.S. 5t. (ii) Multilateral treaties. For agrccmcnts among three or morc parties to which the United States is a parq', citc onc of the [J.S. dome stic sources liste d in rule 21.4.5@)(i), if thcrein. Additionally, a p:rrallel citation may be added liom onc source publishe<I by an international organization (e.g., U.N.T.S., L.N.T.S., O.A.S.T.S., Pan-Am. T.S., O.j., E.T.S., or C.E.T.S.), if thercin: u' North Atlantic Treaty art. 5, Apr. 4, 1949,6jStaI. zz4t,:+ U.N.T.S. 243. lf none of these ofhcial sources can be obtained, citc rn unofficial treaty source (rule 21.4.5(c)) or another reliablc source wherc tl-tc trerty can be found. (b) Agreements to which the United States is not a party. Cite one sourcc publishe d by an international orglnizittion lrde 2l.4.5@)(ii)), if therein: F Treaty of Neutrality, Hung.-Turk., Jan.5,t9z9, roo * L.N.T.S. 137. Agreement for the Avoidance of Doubte Taxation, Neth.-Swed., art. 4, Apr.z5,t95z,t63 U.N.T.S. r3r. If not, cite the official sourcc of onc signatory., if therein, indicating parcnthetically thc jurisdiction whosc sourcc is citcd according to rule 21.3 if it is not clear from the context. If the trcaty is not found in a signator,v's treaq' sotlrce, citc an unoflicial treaty source (rule Zt.4.5kD: &" Agreement on Trade, Economic, and Technical Cooperation, Austl.Oman, Oct. 20, 1987, Irg8z] A.T.S. +. (c) Unofficial treaty sources. Vhcn a treaty does not appear in a required source listed in rule 2t.4.5@)G) or 21.4.5b)Gi), cite International Legal Materials (l.L.M.), if therein: ) Feb. r8, If I I I t Olivos Protocol for the Settlement of Disputes in Mercosur art. 6, 2oo2,42l.L.M. a treaty is not found 2. in l.L.M., cite another unofficial treaty source. These sources include the websites of governments and intergovernmental oryaniza- tions, electronic databases, and sources such as the Foreign Relations of the United States series, Parry's ConsolidatedTreaty Series, Hein's microfiche treaty service, and Martens Nouveau Recueil: ) Agreement Concerning Payments for Certain Losses Suffered During World War ll, Fr.-U.S., Jan. 18, 2oo1, Temp. State Dep't No. t ot36,2ootWL 4t6465. If no other citation is available, you may cite a book (rule 15) or periodical (rule 16). 21.5 InternationalLa'gg o I I I Cases Cite according to rule 10 as modifed by the following instructions. If no authofitative EnglishJanguage source is available, cite foreign-language sources according to ntJ.e 2O.2. The standard citation for an international law case includes: (l) the name of the case;(2) the case number;(3) the reporter (ifany);(4) the characterization ofthe decision (udgment, provisional measures, etc.); (5) a pincite (using paragraph numbers, if available, rather than page numbers); and (6) a parenthetical with the date , prefaced by name of court if not otherwise evident from the citation. o For onlineonly decisions, refer readers to the court or tribunal's website (preferably to the specifc webpage or PDF that includes the court or tribunal's decision). 21.5.1 The International Court of Justice and the Permanent Court International Justice The International Court of Justice (l.C.J.), also known as the ttr/odd Court, replaced the Permanent Court of lntemational Justice (P.C.|.J.) in 1946. Cite a case before the lnternational Court of Justice or the Permanent Court of lnternational Justice by: (l) the case name (rule 21.5.1(a,\); (2) the parties' names, if any (rule 21.5.1O)); (3) the characterizarion of the decision (Preliminary Obiection, Provisional Measure, Advisory Opinion, J udgment, etc.), if relevant; (4) the volume and name of the publication in which the decision is found (rule 21.5.1(c)); (5) the page or case number (rule 21.5.f(d)); (6) the pincite, if any, with preference for paragraph number when available (indicated by the pilcrow symbol "lT"); and (7) the date (rule 21.5.f (e)): ) Mititary and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua (Nicar. v. U.S.), Judgment, 1986 l.C.l. Rep. r4, tl r9o (une z7). ) Reservations to Convention on Prevention and Punishment of Crime of Genocide, Advisory Opinion, r95r l.C.J. Rep. r5 (May z8). ) Diversion of Water from Meuse (Neth. v. Betg), ludgment, 1937 P.C.|.J. (ser. A/B) No. 70, at7 0une z8). of I I I I I I I I I I a o o o t o I o o o o I a a I I I t t t ) Delimitation of Maritime Boundary in Gulf of Maine Area (Can./U.S.), Judgment, ry8zl.C.). Rep. 56o, fl zz (Nov. 5). $(ihen citing a separate opinion of a iudgment in a published report, include the lirst page of the judgment and a pincite for the separate opinion. Include a parenthetical identi$ing the author of the separate opinion: b Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua (Nicar. v. U.S.), Judgment, rg86 l.C.J. Rep. r4, r8r, fl 3 \une z7) (separate opinion by Ago, l.). f)o not include the iirst page of the iudgment when short citing: !r Nicar. v. U.S., 1986 l.C.,|. at r8r. rule 21.5.1(f) and court rules and acts according to rule 21.5.1(g). If necessary cite yearbooks and annual reports of the World Cite pleadings according to Court according to rules 21.7.8 and2l.l5. (a) Case name. Give the case name as found on the first page of the report. Omit the word "Case." Omit articles, such as "the." Do not abbreviate the names of countries wherc thcy appear in case namcs: r Continental Shelf Not: Case Concerning the Continental Shelf Note that an application may appear as the case name: b Application of Convention on Prevention and Punishment of Crime of Genocide (Bosn. & Herz. v. Serb. & Montenegro), tgg6l.C.l. SgS, fl 3r (July u). (b) Parties' names. Give the names of the parties involved in a parenthetical phrase immediately following the case name . Abbreviate the names of countries according to table Tl0.When a dispute is brought by a unilateral application of one country against another, the countries' names are separated by "v' " If the case is brought on the basis of a special agreement between two countries, the names of the parties are separated by a slash: F (Nicar. v. U.S.) b (lndon./Matay.) In advisory opinions, no parties arc listed: F lnterpretation of Peace Treaties with Butgaria, Hungary and Romania, Advisory Opinion, 195o l.C.J. 5S (Mar. lo). F Potish Postal Service in Danzig, Advisory Opinion, r9z5 P.C.l..l. (ser. B) No. u, at 6 (May 16). (c) Volume number and name of publication. IdentiS the volume by the rule 3.1(a). The International Court of Justice publishes its opinions in Reports of Judgments, Aduisory Opinbns and Orders (l.C.l.): date, as required by F r95o l.C.J. 65 Decisions and other documents of the PC.IJ. were published in seven series (lettered A through f; including ffi). Indicate the series in citations to PC.IJ. documents: ) t9z5 P.C.|.J. (ser. B) No. ; u (d) Page or case number. Cite LCJ. cases to the page on which they begin. Cite cases of the PC.IJ. by number: ) I zoo6l.C.).to7 r93z P.C.l.J. (ser. A/B) No. Zo Use pincites to ref€r to specific paragraphs, if available, or pages: ) 1985 l.C.J. r+, llrS ) tgll P.C.|.J. (ser. C) No. 52, at rz See rule 3.3 for more information about paragraph numbers. (e) Date. Provide the month and day: ) Nuclear Tests (N.2. v. Fr.), lnterim Protection Order, 973l.C.J. 0une zz). rlS (f) Separately published pleadings. Cite separately published pleadings by the designation given in the document itself, followed by the name of the case 21.5.1(a)); the names of the parties in a parenthetical 21.5.1(b)); the volume number and name of the publication (rule 21.5.1(c)); and the full date of the pleading. Separately published pleadings before the I.CJ. are published in Ple ad.ings, Oral Arguments, Documents (1. C. J. Plead i n gs), while PC.IJ. rules and acts were published in P.C.l.J.: (de (de ) Memorial of United Kingdom, Corfu Channel (U.K. v. Atb.), rq+q l.C.J. Pteadings r9 (Sept. 3c,194). ) Memorial of Denmark, Legal Status of Eastern Greenland (Den. v. Nor.), 1933 P.C.l.J. (ser. C) No. 62, at rz (Oct. 3t, t93t). (g) Court des and acts. Cite court rules and acts by title, volume number and name of publication, and page or document number. I.CJ. rules and acts are published inActs and Documents Concerning tbe Organization of tbe Court (abbreviated l.C.J. Acts & Docs.), while those adiudicated by the PC.IJ. were published in P.C.|.J.: ) Travel and Subsistence Regulations ofthe InternationaI Court of Justice, ry+Z I.C.J. Acts & Docs. 94. )' Revised Rules of the Court,tgz6 P.C.l.J. (ser. D) No. r, at 33. (h) Online materials. I.CJ. materials that have not been published may be cited to International Legal Materials (l.L.M.) lrule 21.4.5(c)) or to the I.CJ. website (http://www.icj-cij.org) (rule f 8. 1): ) I I I I t t I I Maritime Delimitation in Black Sea (Rom. v. Ukr.), ludgment, Jl 5 (Feb. I, zoog), http : I lwww. icj-ci j.org/docket/fi tes I qz I t4987.pdf . For oral pleadings, the date parenthetical should include the specific date and session time: o o I o I I I I t o I t a o o o I o o o o o o a c o o I o I o h tlfl l.r-l.rg (Nov. r4, 2ooo, 3 p.m.), http://www.icl-cii.org/docket/fi les/ro+ | +66l.pdt. LaGrand Case (Ger. v. U.S.), Verbatim Record, 2r.5.2 European Union Courts Cite a case before the Court of Justicc of the European Union (formerly the Court of Justice of the European (bmmunities) or the Gencral Court (formerly thc Court of First Instance) by case number; the names of the parties, abbrcviated according to rule 10.2 and table T6;and the official reports of the Court, incltrding the 1'ear of decision (rule 21.5.2(a)). A parallcl citation to a private scrvice may be made , if nccessary (rule 21.5.2(b)). For cases lodged beforc the Court ofJusticc sincc 1989, the case number will contain the prelix "C"; older cases will not have a prelix. Cascs lodged before the Cencral Court, created in 1989, will carry the prelix "T." Where the Commission, Council, or Parliame nt of the European Union is onc of the partie s, givc its name as "Com mission,""Council," or " ParliamenU'rcspectively: ts Case I-ryBlgB, Micro Leader Bus. v. Comm'n, ry99 E.C.R. ll-3989. ts Case C-zglBg,The Queen v. Sec'y of State forTransp. ex parte Factortame Ltd., r99o E.C.R. l-2433. ts Case S8l6g,Elz v. Comm'n, ry7oE.C.R.5o7. Cases on European Union law are often dccided in thc courts of member states. These cases should be citcd to the reporters of thc particular member state. If necessary, such cases may also be cited to onc of the unofficial reporters col- lecting materials regarding the Europcan Union (see rule 21.5.8).When citinfi such a case to European lJnion materials, indicatc the court and lurisdiction if not clear from the context, as providcd by rule 20.1. (a) Official reports. For pre-1990 cases, cite th"'- Reports of Cases Before tbe Court rf Justice of tbe European Cunmunities (E.C.R.). For posrl990 cite rhe Reqorts r{ Cases BeJire the Currt of Justice and tbe Court of First Instance (also abbreviatcd E.C.R.). Place the ycar designation before thc reporter abbreviation. Startinll in 1990, page numbers in the E.C.R. begin with cases, a"1,""1ll'or"l||": tr Case C-z86lot, Comm'n v. France, 2oo2 * Case 3ol79,Land Berlin v. Wigei, rg8o &. Joined Cases 56 & E.C.R. l-S+61. E.C.R. r5r. SBl6/+, Etablissements Consten, 5.A.R.1. v. Comm'n, ry66E.C.R.299. If an official report is not available in print, cite the oflicial website of the Court ofJustice of the European Union (http://curia.europa.cu) (for cases beforeJune, 1997 http://old eur-lcx.europa.eu) (rule 18.1), an electronic database (rule 18.3), or a private service (rule 21.5.2(b)): *o Case C-2791o6, CEPSAv. LVTobar, zooS EUR-LexCELEX LEXIS zo99 (Sept. rr, zooS). (b) Private services. If necessary, pr<tvidc a parallel citation to one of the private services providing selected reports of thc court's opinions. Contmon Mar' ket Ldw Reports (C.M.L.R.) is prcfi:rrecl. Vhen citing volumes through 1973, include the fi.rll volume number; when citing volumes 1974 and later, include the issue number to reflect cessation of continuous issue numbering. Otherwise, vse Cornmon Market Reporter (Common Mkt. Rep. (CCH) (through 1988) or European Community Cases (CEC (CCH). See rule 19 for treatment of CCH looseleaf services: ) Case 48178, Pubblico Ministero v. Ratti, 1979 E.C.R. t629, C.M.L.R. g5 (rg8o). ) Case +Sl6g,lmperial Chem. Indus. v. Comm'n, r8 E.C.R. 6t9,lt97t1973 Transfer BinderlCommon Mkt. Rep. (CCH) 8t6t(tglz). t f 21.5.3 European Court of Human Rights Cite cases before the European Court of Human Rights to European Court of Human Rigbts, Reports of JudgnenK and Decisions (Eur. Ct. H.R.).Cite cases before the court by case name (abbreviated according to rule 10.2); volume number; reporte\ page number, where applicable; and year. Recent volumes are numbered by year ofpublication and do not require a separate reference to the year. Older decisions may also be cited to Publicatiolts of the European Court of Human Rlgbrs, which was issued in multiple series (e.g., Eur. Ct. H.R. (ser. A)) or Yearbook of tbe European Conuention on Human Rights (Y.8. Eur. Conv. on H.R.): ) ) Papon v. France (No. z), zoor-Xll Eur. Ct. H.R. 235. Kampanis v. Greece, 3r8 Eur. Ct. H.R. 29,35 G99). Recent volumes contain several cases, but some earlier volumes contain only one case.Where a volume conBins only one case, citing a beginning page is unnecessary and all page numbers may be indicated directly by"at": ) lreland v. United Kingdom, z3 Eur. Ct. H.R. (ser. B) at zZ Ggt6). Until 1999, cases were also heard before the nowdefunct European Commis sion on Human Rights. These cases should be cited to Collections of Decisions of tbe European Commission on Human Rigbts (Eur. Comm'n H.R. Dec. & Rep.) orY.B. Eur. Conv. on H.R.,if therern.lf.not,cite European Human Rigbts Reports (Eur. H.R. Rep.).When citing Y.B. Eur. Conv. on H.R.,indicate paren- thetically whether the case was before the Commission or the Court. lndicate both the parties and the application number for the case: ) Y. v. Netherlands, Rep. ) App. No.7z45l3z,3zEur. Comm'n H.R. Dec. & 345,358 (1982). Smith v. Belgium, App. No. 1;24176,8 Eur. H.R. Rep.445,478 (tg9z). ) If lversen v. Norway, App. No. t458162, 1953 Y.B. Eur. Conv. on H.R. 278 (Eur. Comm'n on H.R.). a case before the European Court is not available in print, you may cite an unofficial printed sorrce or the Court's official website, HUDOC (http://www. echr.coe.int) (rule 18. L). I t o o t o ; I I o o a o c I t I t I t o o o o o t t I o o t I o I a o t a o o Inter-American Commission on Cite cases before the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights to the Annual Report of tbe Inter-American Commission on Human Rtgrts (lnter Am. Comm'n H.R.). l'he citation should include the case name ; the case number; the volume name ; the report numbeq which includcs the ycar of the decision; the series and docket numbers; the pamgrnph number, if applicable; and the year of the reporter: Argentina, Case n.597,Inter-Am. Comm'n H.R., Report No.t lg8, OEA/Ser.L./V/ll.9B, doc. 7 rev. fl 15 G99). i*" Tortrino v. t' Calde16n v. Colombia, Case ro.454, Inter-Am. Comm'n H.R., Report No. 3z I 92, OEA/Ser.L./V/ | 1.83, doc. Q99z-t993). 4 Cite the English version whencvcr possiblc. If an official report is not yet available , cite the Commission's oflicial website (http://www.cidh.org) (rule 18.1). Inter-American Court of Human Rights For case s bcfore the Inte r-American (i)urt of Human Rights, cite the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Decisktns andJudgme,?ts (lnterAm. Ct. H.R.). The citation should include thc case name : the volumc number: the series: the case number;the page number, if nceded;antl thc date. Cite the English vcrsion whenever possible . (a) Advisory Opinions. Cite Atlvisory Opinions by the name of thc opinion; "Advisory Opinion" and opinion code ; the rcport and volume number; the pincite, if an1'; and the date . Cite to SericsA: :,. Restrictions to the Death Penatty (Arts. +(z) and 4(4) American Convention on Human Rights), Advisory Opinion OC-3/83, InterAm. Ct. H.R. (ser. A) No. l, 'tl zo (Sept. 8, 1983). (b) Contentious Cases. Cite Contcntious Cascs by the name of thc case; the matter of decision; the typc of opinion; the rcport and volume numbcr; the pincite, if any; and thc date. Cite to Series (l: i, Batdeon-Garcia v. Peru, Merits, Reparations, and Costs, Judgment, lnter-Am. Ct. H.R. (ser. C) No. r47,fl169 (Apr.6, zoo6). (c) Provisional Measures. Citc Provisionrl Mcasures by the namc of the case or matter;"Provisional Measures"; and the typc of opinion.When citing the print reports, cite Serics E with thc volume number and the lirst page of the decision; the section name in qurtes; the pincite, if any; and the date.When citing an online version, citc the section namc in quotes; the pincite, if any; the court and the date:and the wcbsite IJRI- (rule 18.1): = 86maca Vel6zquez v. Guatemala, Provisional Measures, Order of the Court, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (ser. E) No. 4, at r, "Decides," 11 2 (Sept. 5, zoor). = Mendoza Prisons Regarding Argentina, Provisional Measures, Order of the President of the Court, "Having Seen," fl zr (lnter-Am. Ct. H.R. Aug. zz, 2oo7), www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/medidas/penitenciariamendoza_se_o4_in g. pdf. 2r.5.5 (d) Compliances with Judgment. Cite Compliances with Judgment by the name of the case; "Monitoring Compliance with Judgment'; and the type of opinion.When citing the print reports, cite the volume number, the report name, and the first page of the decision;the section name in quotes; the pincite, if any; and the date.When citing an online version, cite to the section name in quotes; the pincite, if any; the court and date; and the website URt (rule 18.1): ) ) Genie Lacayo v. Nicaragua, Monitoring Compliance with Judgment, Order of the Court, 1998 Rep. Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. 335, "Resolves," fl r (Aug. 29, 1998). Baena Ricardo et al. v. Panama, Monitoring Compliance with Judgment, Order ofthe President ofthe Court, "Considering," tl r4 (lnter-Am. Ct. H.R. Feb. u, zooS), www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/supervisio n es/ baena_rr_oz_o8_i n g. pdf. o o I o t o 21.5.6 lnternational Tribunal for the Law of the Sea Cite cases of the International Tribunal for the law of the Sea to the lntemationalTribunalfor tbe Law of tbe Sea Reports of Judgments,Ad.aisory Opinions and Orders (|TLOS Rep.). Cite cases before theTribunal by the case name and the names of the parti€s in a parenthetical, abbreviated according to table Tlo;the case number;the type of ruling and date;the volume number,the name of the publication, and the page number; and the pincite, if any, with preference for paragraph numbers where available: ) M/V Saiga (No. z) (St. Vincent v. Guinea), Case No. z, Order of Jan. 2o,t998, z ITLOS Rep.4, 5. When print reports are unavailable, cite to theTribunal's official website (trttp:// www.itlos.org) (rule 16. 1): ) M/V Louisa (St. Vincent v. Spain), Case No. r8, Order zonltof lan. !2, 2ou, http://www.itlos.org/index.php?id=r48. 2r.5.7 lntenational Criminal Court and Other Tribunals Cite cases of international criminal tribunals (e.g., the International Criminal Court, the Intemational CriminalTribunal for the FormerYugoslavia, the Interna- tional CriminalTribunal for Rwanda, the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia, the Special Court for Sierra kone, and the Special Tribunal for Lebanon) as follows: l) case name (include only one party on each side of the "v." and include only the last name of individuals); 2) case number; 3) type of ruling (include only the last name of judges); 4) paragraph number, if necessary; and 5) date. If the tribunal's name is not contained in the case number, add the ribunal's name before the date: ) Prosec uto r v. Kata ) Prosecutor v. Tadi€, Case No. lT-94-t-|, Decision on Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on lurisdiction, f Zo (lnt't Crim. Trib. for the Former Yugoslavia Oct. z, t995). n ga, ICC- ot I o 4- ot I 07 3 436- Anxl, Mi no rity Opinion of Judge Wyngaert, fl 3zo (Mar. 7,zot4). |' o o t t t I I I o I o t I t o o o F I o I o o o I o o o o t o 1l rz6 Many cases can be found on ofhcial websites and should be cited pursuant to rule 18.1: F. Prosecutor v. Gombo, Case No. ICC-or/o5-or/o8, Warrant of Arrest, 1l zz (May 23, zoo9), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdo cs I doc I doc535163.pdf. F t o e Prosecutor v. Kayishema, Case No. ICTR 95-t T, ludgment, (May zu tggg). Prosecutor v. Simba, Case No. ICTR-or-76-T, Judgement and Sentence, fl z3 (Dec. g, zoo5),http://www.unictr.org/sites/ unictr.org/fi les/case-documents/ictr-or-26/trial-iudgements/ en /o5rz13.pdf # Prosecutor v. Lukid, Case No. lT-98-32/t-T, Order to Disclose Portions of the Transcript (lnt't Crim. Trib. for the Former Yugoslavia Jan. zz, zoog), http : //www.icty.org/x/cases/mitan lukicsredoje_lu kic/tord /en /o9orz z.pdf. Other International Courts 2r.5.8 When citing other international courts, analogizc the citation format to the format used for citing the courts dcscribcd above in rule 21.5.7. An international court citation will gener.rlly contain the following information:(l) the parties to the case, if adversarial; (2) the court-assigncd case number, if any; (3) the official reporter in which the case is published, with pincitcs, if the reporter has numbered pages and/or paragmphs; (4) the type of dccision; (5) thc court name, if not obvious from other ptrts of the citati<tn, ((r) the datc of the decision; and (7) a web link, if an1,: c' Dabalorivhuwa Patriotic Front v. South Africa, Communication 335lzoo6, African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights [Afr. Comm'n H.P.R.l, fl rs (Apr. 23, zot3), http://www.achpr.org/fites/ sessions/53rd/comunication s I i3s.o6 | achpr5S-335-o6-eng.pdf. ooz/zorr, Decision, African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights [Afr. Ct. H.P.R.], fl 6 (Sept. z,zott), http ://www.african-co urt-cases-experts.org/ uptoads/ me dia I oo7 +- Ababou v. Morocco, No. - zon_decision.pdf. If cases cannot be found in oflicial reports, cite thc International I'aw Reports (l.L.R.) (1950-present) or Annual Digest and Reports of Public International Lau Cases (Ann. Dig.) (1919-49).V<rlume numbers, rather than years, should be used. Eady volumes of theAnnual I)igcst havc been renumbered according to tables appearing in all volumes after volume 25.Include thc name of the court and the year of the decision in a parcnthetical: F' Loomba v. Food & Agric. Org. of the United Nations, 47 l.L.R. 3Bz (lnt't Lab. Org. Admin. Trib. r97o). F Mayras v. Secretary-General ofthe League of Nations, 13 Ann. Dig. r99 (Admin. Trib. of the League of Nations 1946). 21.5.9 International Cases in National Courts If an international case is decided by a national court whose reporter is not indicated in table T2, cite l.L.R., Ann. Dig., C.M.L.R., Common Mkt. Rep. (CCH), a yearbook (rule 21.15),ot an online source (rule 18.1). Indicate the country and coun of origin parenthetically if not otherwise clear from the citation: ) Abdul Ghani v. Subedar Shoedar Khan,38 l.L.R. 196D. ) Ko Maung Tin v. U Gon Man, 14 Ann. Dig. 233 (High Ct. 1947) I (W. Pak. High Ct. (Burma). 21.6 International Arbitrations and Claims Commissions Cite arbitral decisions and claims commission decisions by analogy to rule 21.5, modifed as follows. If adversarial parties are named, name as you would fot a court case: ) able, if not otherwise evident: N. Atl. Coast Fisheries (U.K. v. U.S.), u R.|.A.A. 167,t96 (Perm. Ct. Arb. rgro). Cite arbitration awards to the official source, if possible, unless that source is a pamphlet containing only a single judgment. Consult table T5 for frequently cited arbitral reporters and claims commissions. Indicate the court or tribunal unless it is identified in the name of the reporter: F Amoco Int'l Fin. Corp. v. lran, r5 lran-U.S. Ct. Trib. Rep. r89 GgB). ) Massaut v. Stupp, 9 Trib. Arb. Mixtes 3r5 (Ger.-Belg. r9z9). F Savarkar (Fr. v. Gr. Brit.), Hague Ct. Rep. (Scott) zZS (Perm. Ct. Arb. ) Case No. 5428 of :.988, r4Y.B. Comm. Arb. t9n). 46(lCC lnt'l Ct. Arb.). For International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) awards, include the frrll diplomatic names for each country involved, where relevant. After the case number, include a description of the type of decision or ruling, when relevant: ) Soci6t6 G6n6rale de Surveillance S.A. v. Republic of the Phit., lCSlD Case No. ARB I oz | 6, Obiections to J urisd iction, fl t5 4 (an. 29, zoof,8 ICSID Rep. 5r8 (zoo5). When decisions do not appear in a traditional printed source, an lnternet source may be used pursuant to rule 1E.1: ) /n re Account ofGafner, Case No. CY96-4849, Certified Award, at z (Ctaims Resolution Trib. zoo6), http://www.crt-ii.org/_awards/_ a pd fs / G afn e r_E tisa beth. I o o o t ; Massaut v. Stupp Otherwise, cite by the name of the fust-party plaintiff or by the subject matter if no name is given. lndicate parenthetically the countries involved, when avail- > I pdf. I t o I o o o a a I o C I o o o o a o o I t t a o o t o o I I O o United Nations Sources 21.7 The Official Records are the preferred sourcc for United Nations citations, but masthead documents and documents drawn from U.N. websites are acceptable Press releases, salcs documents, yearbooks, and periodicals should be cited only when preferrecl sources arc unavailablc. . Whenever possiblc, paragraph and article numbers, rather than page numbers of the Oflicial Rccords, should be uscd for pincites. Some documents utilize both unnumbered and numbered paragraphs, referred to as preambular and operative paragmphs, respectively; cite language in preambular paragraphs b-v page number and language in operative paragxaphs by paragmph number. For GeneralAssembly and Security Council resolutions, cite the Ofhcial Records and provide a parallel citation for the individual resolution. This section covers the principal organs of the United Nations and scveral subsidiaries of the Gencral Assembly. Subsidiaries of organs or committccs should be included in citations whenever appropriate. Other organs and committees not specifically covered by this section should be cited anakrgously to the examples in this rule. If a committec is known by an abbreviittion, write out the committee's full name and includc an abbreviation in bmckcts if useful for subsequent citations. Verbatim and Summary Records 21.7.1 The GeneralAssembly, the Securiry Council, and the Economic and Social Council have Official Records. All citations to verbatim and summary records should be to the Oflicial Records whenever possible . Include the Oflicial Records title; thc subdivision of the organ, if nccessary; the if necessary; thc [1.N. ckrcument sym- session and meetinfi number; the pincite, bol; and the date: :'' U.N. GAOR, 56th Sess., 1st plen. mtg. at 3, U.N. Doc. Als6lPY't (Sept. rz, zoor). , U.N. SCoR,59th Sess.,4893d mtg. at 2, U.N. Doc. S/PV.4893 [an. 75,2OOq. Resolutions and Decisrons Authorized versions of resolutions appear in the Official Records. It has become customary, however, to cite elcctronic versions or resolutions found in the Official Document Systcm (ODS) of the United Nations using resolution symbols. For pincites to material within a resoltttion, use paragraph or article numbers. (a) General Assembly. After lgT6,GeneralAssembly resolution symbols are designated as scssion numberAesolution number. The first resolution adopted during the forty-sevcnth GeneralAssembly would thus be G.A. Res. 47 lr' Prior to l976,the resolution symbols continued increasing from year to year and the session number was indicated as a Roman numerrl in parentheses after th€ resolution number 21.7.2 (i) General Assembly resolutions. GeneralAssembly resolutions are cited by resolution number and date. ) ) G.A. Res. 8lz G.A. Res. 47ltq, (lX), at 19 (Oct. fl S (Dec. zt, t954). $,t992). (ii) General Assembly decisions. General Assembly decisions are cired by resolution number and date. ) G.A. Dec. 6zlSSt, U.N. Doc. Al6llqg (Vot. lil), at 106 (Sept.15, zoo8). (iii) General Assembly resolutions known by a popular narne. For GeneralAssembly resolutions known by a specific title (e.g., the Universal Declaration of Human Rights), or for resolutions whose title is important in the context cited, insert the title after the resolution number Note that some documents or statements, such as the last of the three below, are included as annexes to resolutions and need to be identified as such: ) ) ) zt7 (lll) A, Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Dec. to, t948). G.A. Res. G.A. Res. 6olt,zoo5 World Summit Outcome (Sept. 16, zoo5). lri5, annex, Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities G.A. Res. 47 (Dec. r8, r99z). (b) Security Council resolutions. Security Council resolutions and state- ments of the Security Council president are cited by resolution number and date. ) ) ) S.C. Res.5o8, fl 3 S.C. Res. [une 5, r98z). B25,1i8 (Oct.3r, zooo). 5.C. Pres. Statement zoo8l48 (Dec. zz, zoo8). (c) Resolutions issued by other org:rns. Resolutions issued by other U.N. organs should be cited analogously to GeneralAssembly and Security Council resolutions. List the title of the U.N. organ first. F Economic and Social Council Res. ry9ol z6 (May 24, t99o). ) Trusteeship Council Res. zor4 (XXV|), at z (June .'ry6o). (d) Resolutions by subsidiary bodies. Resolutioos by subsidiary bodies of the principal U.N. organs should be cited by rhe name of the subsidiary body and resolution number; the U.N. document symbol; the pincite, if any; and the date: ) Human Rights Council Res. 5/r, U.N. Doc. zooT). Al6zlSl, at 48 (June 18, (e) Short form. Resolutions can subsequently be cited in short form, with "supra" and a pincite: ) S.C. Res. 5o8,supra note > H.R.C. r, fl z. Res.5/r, supranotez,flt, I a o o o o o o o I O t o t o a o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o e 2r.7.t U.N. Reports (a) In general. Rcports from U.N. organs, committees, or the Secre tariat should include the name of the body and the subcommittee (both abbrcviated according to rule 15.f(d)), if any; the title of the report; the pincite, if any; the document symbol; and the date. If a personal author is given, that person should bc named as the author, with official role noted in parentheses if relevant (e.g., Maurice Kamto (Speciat Rapporteur)). (b) Reports of subsidiary bodies to parent organs. Reports of subsidiary bodies to parcnt organs are usually part of the Official Records of thc parent orfaan, as are the reports of the principal organs to the GeneralAssembly. Include the title of the report; the name of the body; the session number; the dates of the session;the pincite , if any;the docttment symbol;the Ofhcial ltccord supplement number; and the date of publication: Al6llz F Rep. = Comm. on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, Rep. of the Legal Subcomm. on lts Fiftv-Third Session, U.N. Doc. Al AC.roSlro6l ofthe S.C., at16-17, U.N. Doc. (zoo8). (zot|. & Int'[ Law Comm'n, U.N. Doc. Rep. on the Work of lts Sixty-Fourth Session, Al6llro,aI 46-5r(zorz). +' Rep. of the Group of Experts on C6te d'lvoire (zoo6), transmitted by Letter Dated 17 October zooT from the Chairman of the Security CouncitComm. Estabtished Pursuant to Resolution $72 (zoo4) Concerning C6te d'lvoire Addressed to the President ofthe Security Councit, 1]fl 6r-8o, U.N. Doc. SlzooT l6u (Oct. r8, zooT). (c) Reports from the Secretary-General or other officials. When citing a report published by the Secretary-General, or anyone acting in an oflicial capacity as a committee chair, representative, envoy, etc., include in the citation: the author of the report; the title of the report; thc pincite, if any; the body to which the document is delivered, if needed; the document symbol; and the date . If a personal author is given, that person should be named as authoq with his or her official role noted in parentheses if relevant: A n Agendo for Peace: Preventive Diplomacy, Peacemaking and Peoce-Keeping,lt14, U.N. Doc. Al q a,' U.N. Secretary-General, lzll- SIz4rrtluneq,t99z). = * Executive Chairman of the U.N. Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Comm'n (UNMOVIC), 8th Quarterly Rep. of the Executive Chairman, UN Doc. Slzoozltg5, annex (Feb. z6,zooz). Maurice Kamto (Special Rapporteur on the Expulsion of Aliens), Fourth Rep. on the Expulsion of Aliens, U.N. Doc. A/CN.z+/Sg+ (Mar. 24, zooS). (d) Reports from conferences. If a rcport is the product of a conference or a series of conferences, include in the citation: the confcrcnce name; the report title; the pincite, if any; the document symbol, if available; and the official document date. Do not include the location and dates of confbrences if listed separately on the title page of the document. Do not include dates if they are integrated into the title of the documenr (e.g.,"Report of High-Level Conference of May zotz Concerning Rights of Indigenous Peoples."): ) Wortd Conference on Human Rights,Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, fl lZ, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.r57 lz3 gune 25, 19%). ) U.N. Conference on Environment and Development, Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, U.N. Doc. A/C0NF.r5r/26/Rev.r (Vol. l), annex | (Aug.tz,t99z). (e) Short forms. For reports v/ith long names, it is appropriate to list a short form in brackets at the end ofthe firll citation (rule 4.2(b)). 21.7.4 Masthead Documents Most U.N. documents are issued as masthead documents. Some documents originally published in masthead form, such as General Assembly and Security Council resolutions, are subsequently issued in the Off,cial Records. Cite the Official Record when possible. Masthead documents should be cited by the name of the institutional author, if any (rule 21.7.4(a)); the title of the document (rule 21.7 .4(b));pincite, if any; the document symbol (de 21.7.4(c)); and the date ofpublication. ) U.N. Secretary-General, Letter dated Mar. z, zoo6 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the GeneraI Assembly, Al6oltoS (Mar.3, zoo6). U.N. Doc. ) ) ) ) 9, zooS from the president ofthe Security Council to the Secretary-General, U.N. Doc. SlzooSlZSt (Dec. 9, zoo8). U.N. President of the S.C., Letter dated Dec. Prevention Through Education, Ministerial Declaration of the rst Meeting of the Ministers of Health and Education to Stop HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infections in Latin America and the Caribbean, in letter dated Aug. r5, 2oo8 from the Charg6 d'affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Mexico to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General, U.N. Doc. Al6lllol (Aug. r9, zooS). Permanent Rep. of Somalia to the U.N., Letter dated May rz, 2oo8 from the Permanent Rep. of Somalia to the United Nations addressed to the President ofthe Security Council, U.N. Doc. Slzoo8l34 (May r4, zoo8). U.N. Secretariat, Expulsion of Aliens, Memorandum by the Secretariat, flfl 702-44,Int'l Law Comm'n, U.N. Doc. A/CN.4/565 fluly ro, zoo5). (a) Author. Include the name of the author, as listed on the cover page of the document: ) U.N. Secretary-General, Letter dated Mar. z, zoo6 from the Secre- tary-General addressed to the President ofthe General Assembly, U.N. Doc. > Al6olto6 (Mar.3, zoo5). U.N., Econ. & Soc. Council, Comm. on Arrangements for Consultation with Non-Governmental Orgs., Dev. of Tourism on the African o o o o o o o ) o o o I o t o o o o o c o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o Continent, Statement Submitted by the Int'l Union of Official Travel Orgs., U.N. Doc. ElC.zlS6z (t96o). (b) Title. Crpitalize thc title in accordance with rule 8 (c) United Nations document symbol. Include the fl.N. documcnt symbol (rule 21.7.1), if available . U.N. Press Releases and Memoranda Cite U.N. press rcleases and memomnda according to include thc U.N. prcss releasc symbol: 21.7.5 rule 17.2.3, but also jr' Press Release, Security Counci[, Security CouncitTakes Up Report on Diamonds, Arms in Sierra Leone; Expert Panel Says Council Sanctions Broken'with lmpunity,' U.N. Press Release SCl6997 ()an. zS, zoot). Adjudicatory Bodies Established by the United Nations 2r.7.6 The International CriminalTribunals for thc Forme rYugoslavia and Rwanda, the Special Court for Sierra Leonc, and othcr ad hoc and regional tribunals should be cited according to rule 21.5-7.l'hc tl.N. AdministrativeTtibund should be cited t<tJudgments of tbe (l.N.Administratiue Tribunal (iudgments U.N. Admin. Trib.) by judgment number: , Etdridge v. Secretary-General of the United Nations, .ludgments U.N. Admin. Trib., No. 32, at 44 U.N. Doc. AI I DEC I lz (rgs). 2r.7 .7 Sales Publications Numerous tl.N. agcncies publish rcports, studies, proceedings, and other docttments for sale . Citation of sales publications should include thc author and title (rule 21.7.7G)); the page(s) or par.rgr.rph(s) (rule 21.7.7(b)); the [1.N. docu- ment symbol, if available (rde 21.7.7k)); the sales nunbcr lrule 21.7.7(d)); and the year lrule 21.7.7(e)). Author and title. Include the author ancl title according to rules I 5. I and 15.3. Inch-rdc the name of the author if it is not apparcnt from the titlc of the document: (a) De p'r oF lNr'L Ecou. & Soc. Arratns, U.N. Mooel DoueLe Tnxnttott Converultot,t Berwre lt DeveropEo AND DEVELoPING CouHrntes, at 243, U.N. Doc. ST/ESA/roz, U.N. Sales No. E'Bo. XVl.; (rg8o). U.N. U.N. FoR DEV. Portcv, Deveropeo Coururnv Cnrrconv: Incru- Drp'r oF EcoN. & Soc. Arrntns, CoMM. HnNosoor oN THE LEAST sroru, GnnounloN AND No. E.o7.ll.A.9 (zoo8). Sprctnl Supponr MEASUREs, U.N. Sates (b) Pages or paragraphs. The volumc and subdivision dcsignations should be followed by the pagc(s) or paraggaph(s) to which referencc is made . Introdttcc page numbers with the word"at." (c) United Nations docurnent symbol. tnclude the (rule 2 1.7. f ), if available. (d) United Nations sales number. Include the U.N. ) U.N. document symbol sales number: U.N. Dep'r oF INT'L EcoH. & Soc. Arrnrns, Wonlo EcoHollrc Sunvrv t977,at l-r9, U.N. Doc. ST/ESA/82, U.N. Sales No. E.78. tt.C.tGgt). (e) Year. Give the year ofpublication. 21.7.E Yeatbooks and Periodicals United Nations yearbooks and periodicals collect summaries of the work of subsidiary organizations and related documents. Citations should include the author andlor title of the document or separately designated article (if any); the name of the yearbook or periodical (abbreviated according to rule 1.6.4); and the U.N. document symbol (ruIe 21.7 .l) or, if none, the U.N. sales number (rute 21.7.7(d)): ) Summory Records of the 447th Meeting,[tglll:. Y.B. Int'[ L. Comm'n r75, U.N. Doc. A/CN.+/SER.AIrytZ. ) Human Rights in the Union of Burma in U.N. Sales No. t955.XlV.r. ) ) r98r U.N. Jurid. Y.B.4t, U.N. Doc. ST/LEG/SER.C/r9. 1985 U.N.Y.B. ry5j, r953 Y.B. on H.R. 31, r39r, U.N. Sales No. E.84.1.r. Matefial reprinted in yearbooks from other U.N. documents should be cited to the original source or to the official records of a U.N. organ: ) Report of the lnternationol Law Commission to the General Assembly, 19 U.N. GAOR Supp. No. 9, at r, U.N. Doc. AlSSog Gg6l), reprinted inltgglz Y.B. Int'l L. Comm'n r87, U.N. Doc. A/CN.+/ SER.A/1963lAdd.r. 2r.7.9 Regional Organi zation Documents Resolutions, reports, and other similar documents produced by regional organizations, such as the Organization ofAmerican States or theAfrican Union, should be cited analogously to U.N. materials with pincites, if the reporter has numbered pages and/or paragraphs. 2r.7.ro U.N. See Charter de ) 21.4: U.N. Charter art. 43, fl r. 2r.7.rr U.N. Internet Materials You may cite a website URI for materials without document or press release symbols. United Nations websites are preferable to all other websites. Cite materials in accordance with rule 21.7.4 and format them pursuant to rule lg.l: o o o o o o o o o o o o o o O o o o o a o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o F U.N. Secretary-Generat, High-Levet Event on the Miltennium Development Goals z5 September zoo8: Committing to Action: Achieving the Miltennium Devetopment Goats: Background Note by the Secretary-General 0uty zl, 2oo8), http://www.un.org/ m ilten n iu mgoats/zoo8h igh tevet/pdf/com miting. pdf. F * Letter from the President ofthe G.A. to all Permanent Representatives and Permanent Observers to the U.N. (Dec. 4, zoo8), http:// www. un.org/ga/president/63 / letters/ udhrprogram me4rzo8. pdf. U.N. President of the G.A.. Remarks on the Work to Date of the Sixty-Third Session of the U.N. G.A. (Dec. z3,zoo8), http://www. un.org/ga/president/63/statements/gaz3rzoB.shtmt. League of Nations Cite the League of Nations Covenant * 21.8 as: League of Nations Covenant art. 16. Cite conventions and treaties promulgated by the League of Nations according to rule 21.4. Cite other League of Nations materials by issuing body title); title; document number; and ycar: 4 (if not included in the Reports Presented by the Comm. of Technical Experts on Double Taxotion and Tax Evasion, League of Nations Doc. C.zt6M.85 r9z7 ll (tgzt). European Union (a) Acts of the Council and Commission. (i) Sources. Cite publications of the (iruncil and Commission published beginning February 1, 2003, to the Official Journal of tbe Europedn Uion (O.1.). Cite documents published between Janurry 1,1973, and January 31, 2003, to the Official Journal of tbe European Communities (also abbreviated 0..1.). Cite documents published before January 1,1973,to the Special Edition of the Official Journal of the European Communities (O.J. Spec. Eo.), if available; otherwise citc to theJournal Officiel des Communautds Eurolfiennes (1.O.). Beginning with thc 1998 editions, the O.l. is available at the European Union's official website, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/enlindex.htm. The online editions may be cited as oflicial editions and should generally include the same information as citltions to paper versions. .1.O. volumes publlshcd prior to 1968 were numbercd in a single series. Since 196u, O.J. and J.O. havc bcen published in parallel scries, paginated separately by issue. Legislative acts appear in the " 1" series, while other documents appear in the "C" series. Citations to J.O. before 1968 must include the issue number,while citations to O'J. and J.O. since 1968 must include both the series and the issue numbcr: Cite volumes of O.J. and J.O. by ycar. * t97tJ.O. (L zo) r. * t975o.1.(Llt)t. 2r.g ) tg6t+1.O.(zld S. Citations to the O.J. Sprc. Eo. must indicate the period covered by the issue: ) t965-t965 O.J. SpEc. Eo.265. (ii) Legislative acts of the Council and Commission. Cite Regulations, Directives, and Decisions of the Council and Commission by the issuing institution, type of legislation, number, and subdivision (if applicable). If it is unclear from the contefi that the source is a European Union (EU) or European Community (EC) act, indicate this with a parenthetical at the end of the citation (de 20.1).If the act was not issued under theTreaty on the Functioning of the European Union, indicate the authority for the promulgation of the act: ) ) ) Cou ncil Directive go I t+l 6, art. 5, tggo O.l. (L 266) r, z (EC). Council Directive 55145, (Euratom). art.5, r965-t965 Commission Regulation 7251 67, 1967 l.O. O.J. Spec. Eo.265,258 (zS) t. The full name of the legislation may also be provided, with or without the date: ) Commission Regulation z75tl9o of Sept.26,t99o, Fixingthe lmport Levies on Compound Feeding Stuffs, annex, r99o O.l. (L z6+) lz, t8. ) Directive zootltS, of the European Parliament and of the Council of rz March 2oo1 on the Deliberate Release into the Environment of Genetically Modified Organisms and Repealing Council Directive zolzzolEEC, zoor O..1. (L ro5) r, 3. (iii) Other publications of the Council and Commission. Cite proposed Regulations, Directives, Decisions, Conclusions, Resolutions, and other notices of the Council and Commission by issuhg institution and title, as given at the beginning of the item. For Common Positions, the complete date and the complete or short form title may be included: l' Council Common Position (EC) No. 57 lzoo3 of z5 June 2oo3, art. 2, zoo3O.l.(C277) t,z. ) Administrative Commission on Social Security for Migrant Workers, zoog O.J. (C zr3) 6,8. (iv) COM and SEC documents. "COM" documents are proposed legislation and other Commission communications to other European institutions, and the Commission's preparatory papers.'SEC" documents are intemal documents of the SecretariatGeneral concerning the operations of Commission departments. Cite'COM" and "SEC" documents by the issuing body (unless clear from the title); the title; the pincite, if any; the 'COM" or "SEC" number, which includes the year of publication in parentheses and the running number assigned to the document; the word "final" (unless the version cited is not final); and the date: ) Commission Proposol for a Directive of the European Parlioment and of the Council to Establish a New Financial Seruices Committee o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o a o o o o o o o o o o o o a ",, Proposol for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council Concerning the Registrotion, Evaluation, Authorisation ond Registration of Chemicals (Reoch), C0M (zoo:) 644frnal (Oct. z9' 2oo3). (b) Documents of the European Parliament. (i) Debates. Debates of thc Europcan Parliament are bound and published in ihe European Parliamentary Debates (Eun. Pnnl. DEe.). Thc debates arc also published in thc annex to the Of|icial tournal of tbe Huntpean (/nion. It is acceptablc to cite debates to the Ofticial Journal (O.J.) befbre they are bound. Include in thc citation thc name of the speakcr, the document number, the full date, and rclevant information, including the name of the speakcr, in pafcntheticals: . : Eur. Parl. Deb. (;28) 4(May 24, 1989) (remarks of Mr. Kuijpers). l975 O.l. (Annex ry3) n3 \uly g, tgl9 (remarks of President Ortoti). (ii) Documents. Cite documcnts to liuropean Pailiament Session Documents (EuR. PARL. Doc.) (entitled European ParliamentWtrking Documents prictr to 1988), if therein; otherwisc cite Pailement Europden Documents de Sdance (PARL. EuR. Doc.). Include the &rcument numbcr: , Eun. Pnnr. Doc. (COM zs8) S Ggt). Pnnr. Eun. Doc. (SEC 6a) 6 (1.g6t. The namc may be included as wcll: Resolution on Action Required Internationatly to Provide Effective Protection for Indigenous Peoples, Eun. Pnnl. Doc. PV SB(ll) (tgsd. (c) Founding treaties. Cite founding treaties according to rule 21'4.5: ' Treaty of Lisbon Amendingthe Treaty on European Union and the Treaty Establishin g the European Comm unity, Dec. r3, 2oo7, 2oo7 O.J. (C ;o6) r Ihereinafter Treaty of Lisbon]. , Consotidated Version ofthe Treaty on the Functioning ofthe European Union art. r5, May 9, zoo9, zoo8 O.J. (C +z [hereinafter n) TFEU]. i, Treaty of Amsterdam Amending the Treaty on European Union, the Treaties Estabtishing the European Communities and Certain Retated Acts, Oct. 2,1997,1997 O.l. (C l+o) r. Subsequent citations should ttsc the appropriatc short fcrrm: f FEU art. q7. ', Treaty of Lisbon arts. 4-5. . Euratom Treaty art.4. The Treaty of Lisbon rename d the Treaty Establishing the European Community (EC Treaty) to theTreaty on the Funcrioning ofthe European Union (|FEU) and renumbered its articles. For cuffent references to the founding treaty, cite the TFEU according to its renumbered articles. To cite previous versions ofthe EU's founding treaty, cite the name of the treaty, the article, the date (in parentheses), and the current number of the article as found in the fiEU (in parentheses), if still active: ) ) EC ) EEC EC Treaty art. 49 (as in effect zoo5) (now TFEU art. 56). Treaty art. Amsterdam). 5: (as in effect 1994) (repealed by the Treaty of Treaty art. 3o (as in effect rgS8) (now TFEU art. l+). (e) Reports, Green Papers, and Vhite Papers. Cite reports from institutions and working groups within the European Union or European Communities according t o n;Jre 2l .7 .3 .lnclude in the citation of reports the issuing body and the committee, dMsion, or group that produced the report, if applicable . If a repoft is not given a document number, provide enough information to locate the document: I Commission White Paper on European Governance, at r7, COM (zoot) 482 finat(luty z5,zoot). ) lnitial Report of the Committee of Wise Men on the Regulation of European Securities Morkets, at+ (Nov. 9, zooo), http://ec.europa. eu/internal_market/securities/docs/lamfalussy/wisemen/ in itia l-report-wise-men_en.pdf. White Papers, Green Prpers, comments, notices, opinions, and proposals should also be cited as reports: ) Opinion of the Committee of the Regions on the "CoR proposals for the lntergovernmentol Conference," zoo4 O.J. (Clz) t, z. If a source takes a form analogous to othef reports and is not given the type of document number that Commission and Council acts are given (e.g., Council Directive (EC) No. z5o4l9o),then it should be cited as a report. (f) Press releases, Presidency Conclusions, and memoranda. European Union and European Community press releases and memoranda should be cited by source (with an indication of the status of the press release,including a number if applicable); the title; and the date in parentheses: ) European Commission Press Release lplUl6So,The Commission, the CounciI and the Parliament Debate the Future ofthe European Union with Religious Leaders (June ro, zor4). Treat Presidency Conclusions of the Council like press releases and include the exact date as well as the meeting place of the Council: ) Presidency Conclusions, Brussels European Counci[ (Dec. rz, zoo3). (g) European Court ofJustice materials. Cite European Court ofJustice materials according to rwle 21.5.2. o t o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o t o I o o o t I o o o o o o o o o o o o o a Council of 2l.l0 Europe Cite debatcs of the Padiamentary Assembly, formerly the Consultative Assembly, to the oflicial reports: H, EuR. CoNSULT. Ass. DEe. roth Sess.639 (Oct. 16, r95B). h EuR. PARL. Ass. Dee. z3d Sess. +gg (Sept.3o, (lite documents + as r98o). follows: Eur. ConsulI. Ass., Reply of the Comm. of Doc. No. ttz6 (t96o). Ministers,l2th Sess., Reccnt (louncil of Europe materials can bc found on the Council of Europe's oflicial website (http://assembly.coe .int) (and should be cited according to rule r8.l). 2l.tl World Trade Organization a citation refbrs to a W'TO or GA|T documcnt, explain the reference in a parcnthctical following the citation. If it is unclcar from the context that (a) WTO panel and Appellate Body materials. Cite rcports of WTO prncls and the Appellate Body by their official documcnt symbol: ' Panel Report, lJnited States-Sections 3ot-3to ofthe Trode Act of ry74,Wf O Doc. WT/DSr5z/R (adopted )an. 25, zooo) [hereinafter Section 3or Panet Reportl. , Appettate Body Report, Brozil-Export Financing Progromme for Aircraft, fl r9, WTO Doc. WT/DSa6/AB/R (adopted Aug. (lite communications of panels and thc Appellate Body, as zo'r99). well ls membcrs' commllnications to panels and the Appe llate Bocly, in a like format: o' Preliminary Ruting by the Panel, Canada-Measures Relating to Exports of Wheat and Treatment of lmported Groin,ll23, WTO Doc. WI lDSzt6ltz 0uty zr, zoo3). Request for Consultations by the United States, European Communities- Measures Affecting the Approval and Marketing of Biotech Products, WTO Doc. WI lDSzgtlr (May zo, zoo3). , Request for the Establishment ofa Panel by Brazit, United Stotes(Feb. Z' Subsidies on uplond Cotton, WTO Doc. WI lDSz6l ll 2oot. A member's written submissions and oral statements to panels and the Appellrte Body are made public at the cliscretion of the individual member. Becluse thcse documents are not normally publicly available, include precise information regarding their location: r, First Written Submission of the United States, United StatesSubsidies on lJpland Cotton,tNI lDSz6l 0uly rr, zoo3), untriesTozoRegions/africa/agreements/pdfs/dispute-setttement/ dsz67 I asset-u pload-fi ler4B-5 598.pdf. (b) General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) panel decisions. Cite Basic Instrumen* and Selected Documents (B.|.S.D.), if therein. Include the title; case number, if listed; th€ document date; the ordinal number of the supplement (annual volume); the page; and the year of publication: ) Report of the Panel, /ap an - Restrictions on lmports of Certain AgriGATT BtSD (f Sth culturalProducts,{l5.z.z,Ll6zSZ (Feb. z, rg88), Supp.), at $3, zz9 Q989). b Netherlands Measure of Suspension of Obligations to the united Sfafes (Nov. 8,tgSz), GATT BISD (rst Supp.), GgSl). aty (c) Reports. Cite reports from the WTO Secretariat and other bodies as you would those from the United Nations (rule 21.7.3): ) Council forTrade-Related Aspects oflntellectual Property Rights, Note by the Secretoriot: Available lnformotion on the Existence of Patents in Regard to the Diseases Referred to in the Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, WTO Doc. lp lClW 0une u, zooz). ly8 F Speciat Session of the Council for Trade in Services, Guidelines and Procedures for the Negotiations on Trade in Seruices, WTO Doc. SlLlgl (Mar.29, zoor). > GATT Secretariat,An Analysis ofthe Proposed llruguay Round Agreement, with Particular Emphosis on Aspects of tnterest to Developing Countries, GATT Doc. MTN.TNC/W/rzz (Nov. 29,t993). (d) Founding agreements. Cite founding agreements according to rule 2r.4.5: ) ) Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Apr. $, 1994, 1857 U.N.T.S. r54 [hereinafter Marrakesh Agreementl. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, Oct. 3o, A-u, 55 U.N.T.5. r94 [hereinafter t947,(rrStat. GATT]. The MarrakeshAgreement concluded the Uruguay Round, which resulted in a set of agreements and appended annexes,some of which constitute agrcements on separate trade issues. Indicate the part(s) of the agreement(s) rhey attach to, if any: l Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Setttement of Disputes art. 1, Apr. 15, t994, Marrakesh Agreement Estabtishing the Wortd Trade Organization, Annex z, t8G9 U.N.T.S. 4ot Iherein- after DSUI. GATT<ra side agreements should be cited to an unoffrcial treaw source. such as B.l.S.D.: ) Agreement Regarding International Trade in Textiles, Dec. zo, t973, GATT B.|.S.D. (zrst Supp.), at 4 Gg7). Subsequent citations should use the appropriate short form, citing only to articles or paragraphs: I o o I a t o a o I o I o o o a o o o o I a o I I o I o t o o o o I o o o a I o F, Marrakesh Agreement fl 5. 'dj. DSU art. 3.7. (e) Ministerial docurnents. Cite ministerial documents by name of issr,ring body, documcnt number, and to an unoflicial source, such as Intcrnational Legal Materials, if therein: .+ Wortd Trade Organization, Ministerial Declaration of r4 November 2oo1, WTO Doc. WT/M I N (ot) I DEC I t, 4t ILM 7 46 (zooz) [hereinafter Doha Declarationl. (f) Other documents. (i) Arbitration documents. Cite ICSID arbitration documcnts according rule 21.6. t<-) (ii) Press releases. Cite press releases according to rwle 17.2.3. (iii) WTO website. Some documents may be found on theWTO's website, and should be cited in accordance with rule 18.1. International Monetary Fund (a) Reports. When citing 21.12 IMF Annual Reports, Regional Economic Reports, Vorld Economic Outlook Reports, Gbbal Financial Stability Reports, Fiscal Monitors, or any other repons published by the IMB cite them as you would those from tlre tlnited Nations (according to nrJe 21.7.3): * lMF, Promoting a More Secure and Stable Global Economy, AnnuaI Report zor3 (Apr. zor3). i* lMF, Building Momentum in o Multi-Speed World, Regional Economic Outlook: Sub-Saharan Africa (May zor3). w lWt, Hopes, Realities, and Risks, World Economic Outtook (Apr. zoB). *' lMF,Tronsition Chollenges to Stability, Globat Financiat Stability Report (Oct. zor3). Executive Board documents. Executive Board documents are oflicial papers for circulation to the Executive Board, the Executive Board's Committees, and thc staff. The citation should include the name of the body (abbreviated according to rule 15.1(d)); the title of the rcport; the pinpoint cite, if any; thc document symbol;and thc date: F Committee on Rules for the Regular Election of Executive Directors, Report ofthe Executive Directors to the Board ofGovernors on the Fifth Regular Election of Executive Directors, EB/CREED/S4lr Supp. t Quly t5, 1954). '# Committee on the Budget, Notice and Agenda of Meeting gS/l,EBl CB I Al gs I I Qune 26, t995). ls, Committee of the Whole for the zoo6 Annual Report, zoo6 Annual Report, First Draft-lnstallment r, EB/CW/AR/o6lr 0uly rB, zoo6). Institutional archives. lnstitutional archives are departmental archives and other collections. The holdings come in a range of formats including manuscripts, digital records, photographs, audio recordings, and multimedia. Cite these sources in accordance with the rule that governs the format of the document. Founding agfeements. Cite sources ) as indicated in rule 21.4.5: Articles of Agreement of the lMF, Art. 8, S 3, 6o Stat. !4o1.,2 U.N.T.S.lg. 21,13 Other Intergovernmental Organizations Cite documents by other international organizations in the same manner as United Nations documents (rule 21.7) or the forms in des 2t.8-21.l2.Citation should generally include: (t) the full name of the author or organization (including an abbreviation from table T3 in brackets); (2) rhe ritle; (3) a pincite, if available; (4) a document number, if available; (!) the frrll date in parentheses; and (6) a web link or other information essential for locating the document: ) lnt'l Atomic Energy Agency llAEAl, Supply Agreement for a Research Reactorin Romania, at 3, IAEA Doc. INFCIRC/zo6 (June 72,r974). ) lnt't CivilAviation Org. llCAOl, Manualof All-Weother Operations, at z-2, ICAO Doc. gl5S-AN/gro (ld ed. zor3), http://www.caa.md/ files I zot3_tz | 5 43. pd f. ) ) Org. of African Unity [OAU] Charter art. 3, fl z. Decision on the Report of the African Committee of Experts on the Rights and the Wellbeing of lnfants, Executive Counci[, Seventeenth Ordinary Session, EX.CL/Dec. S6g(XVll) [uly r9, zoro). > AMISOM in Action, ArnrceH UtroH MrssroN LETTER, ) ) ) Pact tN SoMALIA NEws- lssue r, Aug. zoo8, at ro. ofthe League ofArab States [LAS] art. ro. Ass'n of Southeast Asian Nations [ASEAN] Charter art. 6, 1l z(a). Agreement on the Use and Maintenance of the Premises of the ASEAN Secretariat, art. z, fl 3 (Nov. z5,r98t), http://agreement. asean.org/media/downtoad I zot4o4t6t5z5o4.pdf. ) Moazzam Ali et al., A Global Research Agenda for Family Planning, 92 BULLEnN oF rHE WoRLD Hellrt OnGnHrzerroH [WHO] gf, gS (zor:), http://www.who.int/bu[[etin/volum es | 9z I z I g-tzzz4z. pdf. ) Christopher Dye et al., THr Wonlo HenlrH REpoRr 2013, Wonlo H Enlrn ORenH rznrror'r [WHO] (zorl), http://apps.who.int/iris/bitst ream | rc665 | 8Sl 6t I z I gt8gz4o59o837_eng.pdf. Cite resolutions in similar fashion to U.N. ftneralAssembly and Security Coun- cil resolutions (rule 21.7.2),listing the organization, the document number, and the date: o I o o I o I a a I a o o o o t o o O a I o o o I o o o o I o o o o o o o o I o s, Int'lAtomic Energy Agency IIAEA], General Conference Res. 434, at z, IAEA Doc. GC(XXVIll) lRESlLtl/'t (Sept. zB, tg8+). M Int'lAtomic Energy Agency IIAEA], Assembly Res. Ar5-7 (tg6+) (no longer in force, in Assembly Resolutions in Force, at l-zr, ICAO Doc. gSog (tg86). If useful, provide the title of a rcsolution or regulation. As with U.N. resolutions, the title comes after the resolution or regulation number: F lnt'l Atomic Energy Agency IIAEA], Assembty Res. Ar5-7, Condemnotion of the Policies of Apartheid and Racial Discrimination of South Africa Gg6r',) (no longer in force), in Assembly Resotutions in Force, at l-zr, |CAO Doc. 95o9 (1986). ts Int'l Tetecomm. Union flTUl, Reg. 4.2, Geographical Distribution ond Gender Distribution, rn General Secretariat of the International Telecommunication Union, Staff Regutations and Staff Rules, at 3z (zor3). A citation of a source that is diflicult to find cxccpt online should include information indicating the online location, preferably citing to an oflicial database of sources: s lnt'[ Maritime Org. IlMO], A. S8S (r+), Provision of Facilities in Ports forthe Reception of OilyWastesfrom Ships (Nov. zo,r98S), http:// www.imo.org/KnowledgeCentre/lndexoflMOResolutions/Pages/ Assem bly-%z 8 Ao/o2).aspx. International Non-Govemmental Organizations (NGOs) 21.14 Cite materials from international NGOs anakrgously to Unitcd Nations materials in rule 21.7. Include the name of the organization, including the appropriate abbreviation according to rule 21.13;the title ofthe document;thc document number, if any;and the date: tu Amnesty lnt'l, Sierra Leone: Ending lmpunity an Opportunity Not to Be Missed,Al IndexAFR 5tl6olzooo (uty 26, zooo). Yearbooks 21.15 Cite United Nations yearbooks according to rule 21.7.8. Cite other intcrnational ),earbooks or annual reports as periodicals (rule 16). Italicize article titles, but do not italicize the names of materials not ordinarily italicized (such as casc names in footnotes). Give thc ycarbook titlc in the original language (abbreviated according to tables T3 and T13, and rule 20.2.3) and, if not obvious, the name of the issuing organization. For example : f' Ronatd Graveson, The lnequality of the Applicable Law, r98o Bntr. Y.B. lrr'r L.2jr,233. tu, Revised Staff Regutations,7922-1925 P.C.l.J. Ar.rr.r. Rep. (ser. E) No. y at8a (r9z). ei" X. v. Belgium, 196r Y.B. Eun. Cottv. or'r H.R. (Eur. Comm'n of H.R.) 221!. ) Jean Boulouis, Cour de lustice des Communaut€s Europdennes, 1955 AHHurrne FneHgars oe Dnorr lrurEnHarrorunl (Centre National de [a Recherche Scientifique) 333. b Recommendations of the Customs Co-Operotion Council on the Customs Treatment of Products lmported forTesting, t97zEun. Y.B. (Council of Eur.) 429. 21.16 Digests Citations to digests should be avoided whenever a more official source is available. (a) Annual digests. Since 1973, the United States Department of State has published an annual Digest of United States Practice in lntemational Law Provide the title for the subsection, the year, the title of digest, the chapter and subsection number, and a pincite if available: )> U.N. Plan for Namibian Independence, tgSg-go DrcEsr or Ururrro Srnres PRAclcE rrrr lrurent'trrrornl LAw, ch. 7, SA(r) at r98. (b) Named digests. Eady digests were multi-volume sets edited by a single editor and known by that editor's name. For these digests, provide the title of the section (including subtitles, if relevant, as under de 15.3), the volume cited, the editor's name followed by the word Drcrsr, the s€ction number, and the page reference, if any: ) Access to Courts, 8 WHrremat Dre esr, ch.4, $7, at 4o8. (c) Foreign digests. When citing digests of another country cite analogously to those published in the United States. If the digest is published as an annual series, cite according to rule 21.1.6(a). If the digest is identified by its editor's name, cite according to rule 21.16(b). The fust time a foreign digest is cited, always provide the firl title ,followed by the abbreviation in brackets if useftrl for subsequent citations, similar to de 2O.2.5. (d) Digests published as periodical sections. When a digest appears as an annual or periodical section of a journal, cite the digest as an article under de 16. Otherwise, cite the particular section in question as included in a larger wor-k: ) John R. Crook, Contemporary Practice of the United States Relating to lnternotional Law, ro4 Arvr. J. Inr'l L. q89 (zoro). 21.17 Short Citation Forms (a) Treaties and other international agreements. Subsequent citations to treaties and other international agreements may use both"id." and"supra,"Prc vide the name of the treaty, followed by "supral'and the pages on which the cited material appears: ) Convention for the Avoidance of Doubte Taxation, supra note 6, a|25. ) Treaty on the Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, suprd note 1, zr U.S.T. at 486, 729 U.N.T.S. at t67 I o o I o o ! a o I o I o o o o o I o o o t o o o I t o o o I o t o o o o o I o If the first citation contains a "hereinafter" short title, use that short title in subsequent "su p ro" cites. (b) International law cases and arbitrations. those provided in rule 10.). [Jse short forms analogous to (c) United Nations and other intergovernmental organizations materials. Subsequent citations to materials of intcrgovernmental organizations may use both "id. " and" supra" : :* G.A. Res. t962, supra note 4, at 22. + Permanent Missions to the United Nations: Report of the SecretaryGeneral, supra note 6, at r8. If the first citation contains a "hereinafter" short title, use the short title in sub- sequent "Suprd" cites: ir, Completing the Internal Market, supro nole 72, at9. (d) Yearbooks and digests. Subsequent citations to articles in yearbooks and digests should follow the short forms for periodicals lrule 16.9). Subsequent citations may use both"id." and"supro)' @ I \ti!{..r"r Iiifli${f {{ ( i{!{}\ o o o T1 I Tl.L t o o I The abbreviations and citation conventions listed in this table, except as noted, are primarily intended to serve a national audience. Practitioners should also adhere to local citation rules (see Bluepages table BT2). The preferred sources ofcitation are suggested when relevant. In the absence of such preference, the user may cite to any listed sources, as appropriate. ln general, when citing to online sources, be sure to cite to stable tlRls of the specilic provision cited in accordance with the principle s of rule 18. Supreme Court (U.5.): Cite to U.S., if therein; otherwise, cite to S. Ct., L. Ed., or U.S,L.W., in that order of preference. o United States Reports o a o o o o I u 9t 1875-date u.s. r r Wallace 1863-1874 e.g., 68 U.S. (t Watt.) Black 186l-1862 e.g., 66 U.S. (r Btack) Howard 1843,1860 Peters rJ(/h€aton 1828-1842 e.g., 42 U.S. (r How.) e.g., z5 U.5. (r Pet.) ! I O t Federal Judicial and Legislative Materials For more information about the federal court system, including a list of the disrict courts and the teritorial lurisdiction of the courts of appeals, access http ://www.uscourts. gov. o a I TJNTTED STATES JURTSDTCTTONS , U.S. to date Cranch l8l6- 1827 l80l-18r5 Dallas e.g., r4 U.S. (r Wheat.) 1790-1800 e.g., 5 U.S. (r Cranch) e.g., r U.5. (r Datl.) b Supreme Court Reporter 1882-date s. ct. e United States Supreme Court 1790-date L. Ed., L. Ed. zd 1933-datc u.s.L.w. ' r R€ports, Lawyers' Edition o United States Law\feek Circuit Justices (e.g., Rehnquist, Circuit Justice): Cite to U.S., if therein; otherwise, cite to S. Ct., L. Ed., or U,S.L.W., if thercin, in that orderof preference 1893-date 1893-date Supreme Court 1790-date r United States Reports U.S. ' , Supreme Court Reporter S. Ct. United Stares Reports, Lawyers' Edition L. Ed., L. Ed. Zd I tlnited States law Week 1933-date . u.5.1.W. Some cases presided over by CircuitJustices are found in other reporters and should be cited as follows: M Halperin v. Kissinger, 8o7 F.zd 18o (Scalia, Circuit Justice, D.C' Cir. 1986). |' United Statesv. Benson, 3tF.896 (Fietd, CircuitJustice, C.C.D. Cal. 1887). I Unitecl States Jurisclicti*ns Courts of Appeals (e.g., zd Cir., D.C. Cir.), previously Circuit Courts of Appeals (e.g., zd Cir.), and Court of Appeals offor the District of Columbia (D.C. Cir.): cite to F., F.zd, or F.3d, if therein. > Federal Reporter 1891-date F., F.zd, F.3d > Federal Appendix 2001-date F. Circuit Courts or App'x (e.9., C.C.S.D.N.Y., C.C.D. Cal.) (abolished 19l2): Cite to F. F. Cas. > Federal 1880-1912 1789-1880 Reporter > Federal Cases F. F. Cas. Citations to F. Cas. should give the case number parenthetically. )" Oelrich v. Pittsburgh, r8 F. Cas. 598 (C.C.W.D. Pa. rSSg) (No. 70'444). Temporary Emergency Court of Appeals (Iemp. Emer. Ct. App.) (created 1971, abolished 199r, Emergency Court of Appeds (Emer. Ct. App.) (created 1942, abolished 1961), and Commerce Court (Comm. Ct.) (created 1910, abolished l9l3): Cite to F. or F.zd. r9ro-r993 > Federal Reporter F.,F.zd United States Court ofAppeals for the Federal Circuit (Fed. Cir.) (created l!82), successor to the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals (C.C.P.A.) (previously the Court of Customs Appeals (Ct. Cust. App.)) and the appellate jurisdiction of the Court of Claims (Ct. Cl.): Cite to F., F.zd, or F.3d, if therein; otherwise, cite to the respective official reporter. 1910-date 1956-1982 ; Court ofCustoms and Patent 1929-1982 > Federal Reporter F., F.zd, F.3d > Court of Claims Reports Ct. Cl. C.C.P.A. Appeals Reports > Court of Customs Appeals ReDorts r9ro-r929 Ct. Cust. United States Court of Federal Claims (Fed. Cl.) (created 1992), formerly United States Claims Court (Cl. Ct.) (created 1982), and successor to the original iurisdiction of the Court of Claims (Ct. Cl.): Cite to one of the following reporters: > Federal Claims Reporter > United States Claims Court 1992-date 1983-1992 ct. ct. r93o-r932 F.zd > Federal Supplement > Court of Claims Reports (created United States Customs Court (Cust. Ct.) (created 1926): Cite to the official reporters, if possible; if unavailable, cite to F. Supp., F. Supp. zd, or F. Supp. 3d to Cust. B. & Dec. (an official publication), or to 1980), formerly l.T.R.D. (BNA), in that order ofpreference. I I a t I o o I o t o o o 1960-1982 F.zd 1932-1960 F. Supp. 1863-1982 Ct. Ct. United States Court of International Trade (Ct. Int'l Trade) t I Fed. Ct. Reporter > Federal Reporter o o I I t I o o o o I o o I o o I o a o o o o o o o - Court of International Trade Reports 1980-date ts Customs Couft Reports l9l8- r Federal Supplement 1980-date Ct. lnt'l Trade 1980 F. Supp., F. Supp. zd, F. Supp. 3d F Customs Bulletin and Decisions 1967-date 'InternationalTradeReporter 1980-date Cust. B. & Dec. r.T.R.D. (BNA) Decisions District Courts (e.9., D. Mass., S.D.N.Y.): For cases after 1932, cite to F. Supp., F. Supp. zd, F.Supp.3d, F.R.D., or 8.R., if therein; otherwise, cite to Fed. R. Serv., Fed. R. Serv. zd, or Fed. R. Serv. 3d. For prior cases, cite to F., F.zd, or F. Cas., if therein. a Federal Supplement 1932-<Jate F. Supp., F. Supp. zd, F. Supp. 3d . Decisions = West's Bankruptcy Reporter " Federal Rules Service Federal Rules 1938-date F.R.D. 1979-dtte B.R. 1938-date Fed. R. Serv. (Caltaghan), Fed. R. Serv. zd (Caltaghan), Fed. R. Serv. e Federal Reporter 1880- 1932 F., F.zd . 1789-1880 F. Cas. Fedeml Cases ld (West) Citations to F. Cas. should give the case number parenthetically. * Ex porte McKean, 16 F. Cas. 186 (E.D. Va. 1878) (No. 88t+8). Bankruptcy Courts (e.g., Bankr. N.D. Ca[.) and Bankruptcy Appellate Panels (e.g., B.A.P. rst Cir.): Cite to 8.R., if therein; otherwise, cite to a service (rule 1!). F Bankruptcy Reporter 1979-dxte B.R. Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation 0.P.M.1.) (created 1968) and Special Court, Regional Rail Reorganization Act (Reg't Rail Reorg. Ct.) (created 1973): cite to F.5upp., F. Supp. zd., or F. Supp. 3d. r Fedeml Supplement 1958-datc F. Supp., F.Supp. zd, Supp. 3d F. Tax Court (T.C.) (created 1942), previously Board of Tax Appeals (B.T.A.): Cite to T.C. or B.T.A., if therein; otherwise , cite to T.C.M. (CCH), T.C.M. (P-H), T.C.M. (RlA), or B.T.A.M. (P-H) = United Stat€s Tax Court Reports + Reports of the United States 1942-date T.C. t924-1942 B.T.A. 1942-date r.c.M. (ccH) 1942-r991 1991 -date t928-1942 T.C.M. (P-H) T.C.M. (RrA) Board of Tax Appeals s Tax Couft Memorandum Decisions r Board of Tax Appeals Memorandum Decisions B.T.A.M. (P-H) United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims (Vet. App.), previously United States Court of Veterans Appeals (Vet. App.) (created 1988): Cite to Vet. App., if therein. United State.s I I Jurisdictitns > West's Veterans Appeals 1990-date Vet. App. Reporter United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces (C.A.A.F.), previously United States Court of Military Appeals (C.M.A.): Cite to > Decisions of the United States Court of MilitaryAppeals > rvest's MilitaryJustic€ Reporter > Court Martial Reports r95r-r975 C.M.A. 1978-date L95r-r975 C.M.R. M.J. Military Senice Courts of Criminal Appeals (A. Ct. Crim. App., A.F. Ct. Crim. App., C.G. Ct. Crim. App., N-M. Ct. Crim. App.), previously Courts of Military Review (e.g., A.C.M.R.), previously Boards of Review (e.g., A.B.R.): For cases after 1950, cite to M.J. or C.M.R. For earlier cases, cite to the official r€porter. > Sfest's > MilitaryJustice coufr Marrial Reporter Reports 1975-date 195l-1975 M.J. Statutory compilations: Cite to U.S.C., if therein. <tit. no.> U,S.C. 5 x (,year,) > United States Code Annotated <tit. no.> U.S.C.A. $ x (West > United States Code Service .tit. > Gould's United States Code Unannotated <tit. no., U.S.C.U. 5 x (Goutd .year,) .yearr) no.> U.5.C.5. 5 x (LexisNexis ,year') Session laws United States Statutes at large <vol. no.> Stat. (page no., (.yearr) (Cite public laws before 1957 by chapter number; cite subsequent acts by lic law number.) Tl.2 pub Federal Administrative and Executive Materials The following is a noncxclusive table of administrative agency and executive materials, with an emphasis on citation forms that vary from rule 14. Ifhere an agency entry only lists that agency's official publications, no unique citation format is used and agency materials can be cited following rule 14. Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals (ASBCA) Decisions: Cite decisions as: <case name), ASBCA No. ,decision number), (citation to service,. Note that in citations to the Board of Contract Appeak Decisiorx (BCA), published by Commerce Clearing House, the publisher is not indicated and the volume number serves to indicate the year of the decision. > KAMP Sys., Inc., ASBCA No. 55317, o8-1 BCA 1133,148. t t O C.M.R. > United States Code (26 U.S.C. may be abbreviated as l.R.C.) l o I I C.M.A., if therein. o o o I I t I I I o t I o o I o o o I o o I o o I I I o I o o o o o Civilian Board of Contract Appeals (CBCA) Decisions: Cite in the same manner as decisions of the Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals, but include the opposing agency in the case name. Cite decisions ofits predecessors, the Board ofContract Appeals for the f)epartment of Agriculture, Energy, Housing and Urban Development, Interior, Labor, Transportation, Veteran Affairs, and the General Services Administration, in the same manner. ) Ftathead Contractors, LLC v. Dep't of Agric., CBCA u8-R, oZ-2 BCA fl 33,688. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFIC) Decisions: Cite as: ,case name'. CFTC No. ,docket number>. ,citation to secondary source if avai163ls, (date'). ) * a Conway Family Trust v. Dorman Trading, LLC, CFTC No. rz-Rooz, zor4 WL 2ooto47 (May 9, zor4). ln re J.P. Morgan Sec. LLC, CFTC No. t4-19,20:^4 WL 18rZ86S fluty 29, zot4). Interpretive Letters, No-Action Letters, and Exemptive Letters: Cite a service (rule 19) or an electronic database (de 18.3), if therein. Include the full name of the correspondent, if available, the CFTC docket number, and the full date on which the letter became publically availablc. ) > Kenneth M. Rosenzweig, CFTC No-Action Letter, CFTCLTR No. 13-54,2o13WL 5488947 (Sept. 27, zor3). CFTC (CCH) No-Action Letter, CFTCLTR No. 94-7o, Comm. Fut. L. Rep. fl 26,t59 (May 23, t994). Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) Decisions: Cite decisions as: <case name>, CFPB No. ,decision number' ,citation to secondary source if available, (,date'). F ACE Cash Express, Inc., CFPB No. zor4-CFPB-ooo8. Departrnent of Agriculture (USDA) Decisions: Cite to the Agriculture Decisions (Agric. Dec.). |" Western Cattle Co., 47 Agric. Dec.99z,1o52 (U.S.D.A. 1988) 0uly 8, zorz+). Directives: Numerous organizations within the USDA issue directivcs. These should be cited as: ,issuing agency abbreviated according to tabte below, Directive ,directive number,, ,directive titte, (U.S.D.A. ,year,). > FSlS Directive 7$o3, Advanced Meat Recovery Using Beef Vertebral Raw Materials (U.S.D.A. zooz). > Agricultural Marketing 'Agricultural Research Service Servicc Service and Promotion AMs ARS s Animal and Plant Health Inspection APHIS > Center for Nutrition Policy CNPP t United States J urisdictions > Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service C5REE5 > Economic Research Service ERS ) FSA Fann Service Agency > Food and Nutrition Service FNS > Food Safety and FSrS Inspection Service > Forcign Agricultural Service o I o FAS > Forest Service FS > Grain GIPSA Inspection, Packers, and Stocklards Administration > National Agricultural Ubrary NAL > National Agricultural Statistics Service NASS > National Institute of Food and Agriculture I NIFA > National Resources Conservation Service NRCS > Risk Management Agency RMA > Rural Business Cooperative Service RBCS > Rural Development RD > Rural Housing Service RHS > Rural RUS Utilities Service Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Decisions in Consistency Appeals Under the Coastal Zone Management Act: Cite decisions of the Secretary of Commerce under the Coastal Zone Management Act as: Decision and Findings in the Consistency Appeal of <party name,, from an objection bV ,state or relevant state agency's n36g, (Sec'y of Commerce ,date'). To date these decisions are not published in an official reporter; indicate the source where the decision is located. ) Decision and Findings in the Consistency Appeal of the Va. Elec. and Power Co., from an objection by the N.C. Dep't of Envtl., Health and Natural Res. (Sec'y of Commerce May r9, 994),htt1l coast.noaa.gov/czm /consistency/appeals/fcappealdecisions/ I mediadecisions/virgin iaelectric.pdf. Other NOAA Decisions: Cite decisions of administrative law iudges in civil administrative law cases to the Ocean Resources and Wildlife Reporter (O.R.W.), if therein. Otherwise cite to an appropriate secondary source ) ) J.H. Miles & Co.,4 O.R.W. zz3 (NOM rgSS). Rio San Marcos, Inc., zoo8 WL64zo99 Decisions of tbe Ad.ministratorfor Appeals ) . (NOM Feb. n,zoo8). (NOM App.; should so speclff. Lars Vinierud Fisheries, Inc., 5 O.R.W. zro (NOM App. 1990). Department of Commerce, Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) Decisions: Cite decisions of the Commissioner of Patents to Decisions of tbe Commissioner of Petents (Dec. Comm'r Pat.) following rule 14.3, except that if the party name includes a procedural phrase, it should be included. > Ex parte Latimer, 1889 Dec. Comm'r Pat. rz3. I o o I o I o o o I I o t I o I o o o o o o o t o o o o t o o t o o o o o { l*ltlli liIrilrr*, llrr il*{tic {[lr'rir' Cite decisions by the Patent Trial and Appeal Board (P.T.A.B.) as: <case name), No. ,docket number>, (citation to secondary source if availabte, (P.T.A.B. ,date'). Cite decisions of its predecessor, the Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences (B.P.A.|.) as: (case name,, No. ,docket number>, ,citation to secondary source if avaitabte> (B.P.A.l. ,date,). b SAP Am., Inc. v. Versata Dev, Grp., Inc., No. (P.T.A.B. June CBMzorz-oooor u, zor3). W Ex parte Baggett, No. zooT-2548 (B.P.A.l. Mar. ro, zoo8). W Exporte Fallaux, No. zoo8-zz5r, zooS WL z463ot4 (B.P.A.l. June t7, zooS). Cite decisions of the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board (T.T.A.B.) as: <case name>, <citation to secondary source> (T.T.A.B. <year>). s" Bos. Red Sox Baseball Ctub, Ltd. v. Sherman, 88 U.S.P.Q.zd (BNA) r58r (T.T.A.B. zooS). Patents: Cite the patent number. The date the patent was filed may be included if relevant. M' U.S. Patent No.4,4o5,829 (filed Dec. !4,tg77). The patent name andlor issuing date may be included if relevant. ts Cryptographic Commc'ns Sys. & Method, U.S. Patent No. 4,4o5,829 (filed Dec. U,1977) (issued Sept. zo, 1983). To cite a specffic field ofthe title page, include the field code in brackets. p U.S. Patent No. 4,4o5,829, at [ZS] (fited Dec. U,197:). Cite a specific portion of patent text, a patent figure, or an item within according to the following examples: a ligure M U.S. Patent No. 4,4o5,829 col. z [. lo (fited Dec.4, t977). p, U.S. Patent No. 4,4o5,829 fi9.3 (fited Dec. 14, t977). b U.S. Patent No.4,4o5,829 fig.3, item zz (filed Dec.4,t977). The short form for a patent includes an apostrophe followed by the last three digits of the patent number. F '829 Patent. Trademarks: Cite registered trademarks tion No. ,registration number,. Ah, as: ,TRADEMARK NAME,, Registra- INTERNATIONAL WALKIE TALKIE, Registration No. 3,o16,449. Vhere the trademark is unnamed. the description filed with the Trademark Office may be used. ts The mark consists ofa stylized representation ofa peacock, Regis- tration No. L,93t,255. Cite tradcmarks that have been filed, but not approved, as: U.S. Trademark Application Serial No. ,SeriaI Numbel, (filed .date,). h U.S. Trademark Apptication Serial zooT). No.77l34t,9ro (filed Dec. t, tJnited States Jurisdictions Official Publications: > Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office (1872-1971) > Official Gazette of the United States Patent and Trademark Office > Trademark Manual > Manual ofExarnining Procedure of Patent Examining Procedure Off. Gaz. Pat. Office Off. Gaz. Pat. & Trademark Office TMEP (Sth ed. Sept. zooT) MPEP (8th ed. Rev. 7, Sept. 2oo8) > Trademark Trial and Appeal Board Manual of Procedure TBMP Gd ed. Rev. z, June zo'3) Department of Education Reports: Cite reports of tlJLe lrxtitution of Education Scimces as: Institute of Education Sciences, <title, (page, (,date,). ) Institute of Education Sciences, Evaluation of the Personnel Development Program to lmprove Services and Results for Chitdren with Disabilities p (2o14). Proceedings: Cite federal student aid proceedings as: <case name), U.S. Dep't of Educ., No. ,docket number) (,date'). ) Va. Potytechnic Inst. & State Univ., U.S. Dep't of Educ., No. rr-3o-SF (Mar. 29, zotz). Deparhnent of Homeland Security, Bureau of Customs and Border Protection The Bureau of Customs and Border Protection and its predecessors have two official reporters: Administratiue Decisions Under Immigration and Nationality Laws (1. & N. Dec.; and the Customs Bulletin and Decisions (Cust. B. & Dec.). Department of Justice Advisory Opinions: Cite published, formal advisory opinions in the same manner as adjudications under rule 14.3. Cite Attomey General opinions to Opinions of tbe Attornq)s General (Op. Att'y Gen.) and opinions from the Office of Irgal Counsel to Opinions of tbe Offi.ce of Legal Counsel of tbe Departtnent of Justice (Op. O.L.C.). ) Legality of Revised Phila. Plan, 42 Op. Att'y Gen. 4o5 Og6g). F Applicability of Exec. Order No. 12,674to Pers. of Reg'I Fishery Mgmt. Councils, r7 Op.0.L.C. 15o, t54Gg%). Department of Labor Decisions in Petition for Modification Cases Under Section lol.(c) of the Mine Act, 30 U.S.C. $ E11(c): At the time of publication, rhese decisions were not reported in any official reporterorservice. Cite as: ,description ofdecision,, (case name), Docket No. .docket number) (Dep't of Labor.date,). ) Administrator's Proposed Decision and Order, RAG Emerald Res., Docket No. zooz-MSA-3 (Dep't ofLaborAug. 6,zooz). I I I I I t o o I o a I I o I t I o I o I o I I I I o o o I o o o I I t a a o o o o { F 'lrit*' { :ht;<{*::r tlu"isr{i{ t i,rmq; ALJ's Decision and Order, RAG Emerald Res., Docket No. zooz- MSA-3 (Dep't of Labor May r5, zoo3). Decisions in Enforcement Actions Brought by the Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs: At the time of publication, these decisions were not reported in any official reporter or service. Cite as: ,case name>, ,docket number', ,description of decision, (Dep't of Labor ,dateD. b OFCCPv. Greenwood Mills, Inc.,8g-OFC-lg, Secretary's Decision and Order of Remand (Dep't of Labor Nov. zo, t995). s' v. S. Pac. Transp. Co., 79-OFC-roA, ALJ's Recommended Decision (Dep't of Labor Nov. 9,1982). OFCCP Decisions by the Benefits Review Board: Cite to a service following rule 19. > P.M.N. v. Bajkowski CoalCo., 33 Black Lung Rep. 0uris) Rev. Bd. zoog). h T.M. v. Reinhalter Shipping Co.,44 Ben. Rev. Bd. Serv. (MB) zr, z3 r-ro (Ben. (zoo9). Department of the Interior Cite agency decisions to Interior Decisktns (lnterior Dec.) or Interior and General Land Office Cases Relating to Public Lands (Pub. Lands Dec.;, if published therein, as per rule 14.3. Where a board within the agency issues the opinion, note the board in the same parenthetical as the date, using the abbreviations below: ts Fortune Oil Co., 90 Interior Dec. 84 (IBLA rg8f). InteriorBoardoflandAppeals ' InteriorBoardof IndianAppeals , IBLA lBlA Department of State Reports: The Department of State publishes reports of the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. Cite as: U.5. Dep't of State, Bureau of Democracy, H.R. and Lab., ,title, <page> (<date>). b U.5. Dep't of State, Bureau of Democracy, H.R. and Lab., International Retigious Freedom Report 13 (zop). Department of the Treasury Regulations: Although Department of Treasury regulations are published under title 26 of the C.F.R., cite as ,Treas. Reg.,. pe1 unamended regulations, cite to the year of promulgation. If the regulation is a temporary regulation, indicate such: F Treas. Reg. $ r.7z-r6(a) F Temp. Treas. Reg. 5 (tg5:). r.ff8-4T(k) (rg8S). Citations to specilic questions and answers should be cited tu Treas. Reg. 5 r.7z-r6(a), Q&A as: (r)(a) (rg6:). If any subsection of the cited section has been amended or for some other reason appears in substantially different versions, give the year of the last I tinitcd States J urisdictitns amendment. Follow this form even if the particular subsection cited has never been amended. ) Treas. Reg. $ r.6r-z(c) (as amended in rggl). When the source of the amendment is relevant, indicate it. ) Treas. Reg. 5 r.6r-z(c) (as amended by T.D. 85o7, tgg536 l.R.B.8). Cite proposed Treasury regulations to the Federal Register. ) Prop. Treas. Reg. $ t.7o4-t,48 Fed. Reg. 987r, 9872 (Mar.9, 1983). Treasury Determinations: Cite Revenue Rulings, Revenue Procedures, and Treasury Decisions to the Cumulatiue Bulletin (C.8,) or its advance sheet, the Intemal Reuenue Bulletin (l.R.B.), or to Treaswy Decisions Under Internal Reaenue Laws ([reas. Dec. Int. Rev.), in that order ofpreference. ) ) ) Rev. Rul. Rev. 83-t37,t983-zC.B.4t. Proc.85-47,198537 l.R.B. ro. T.D.2747,20 Treas. Dec. Int. Rev. 457 (r9r8). The Cumulatiue Bulletin has been numbered in three series: by volume number from l9l9 to 1921, by volume number and part number from l92l to 1936, and by year and part number from 1937 to date. > T.B.R. 29, ) ) T.D. I C.B. zlo Ggrg). l.T.2624, u-r C.B. rzz Q93z). 7 5zz, r978-r C.B. 59. The abbreviations used in the above examples and other abbreviations are explained in the introductory page s of each volum e of the Cumulatiue Bulletin . Private Letter Rulings: Cite by number and the date issued, if available. > 1.R.5. Priv. Ltr. Rul.86-or-orz (Sept. 3o, 1985). Technical Advice Memoranda: Cite by number and the date issued, if available. > f .R.S. Tech. Adv. Mem.85-o4-ooS (Sept. 28,t984). General Counsel Memoranda: Cite by number and the date on which the memorandum was approved. > l.R.S. Gen. Couns. Mem.39,417 (Sept. 3o, 1985). Other Treasury Determinations: Cite all other Treasury materials, including Delegation Orders (Deleg. Order), Treasury Orders (Treas. Order), Treasury Directives (Ireas. Dir.), Notices, Announcements, and News Releases to the Cumulatiue Bulletin, Internal Reaenue Bulletln, or Intemal Reuenue Manual (lRM), if therein. Otherwise cite by number and date issued. > > > 1.R.5. Deleg. Order f .R.S. Notice 84-9, r-35 (Rev. r), IRM r.z.4o.r7 0une r9, zoo8). 1984-tC.8.341. l.R.S. News Release lR-84-ur (Oct. r9, 1984). Cases: Cite the names of Tax Court and Board of Tax Appeals decisions those of a court 10.2), not as those of an agency. (de as t I I I a a o I I I I I o I I t o I I t o o I o O I o o I t o o o a o o o o I a o F Benson v. Comm'r,8o T.C. 789 (rS8f). h' Price v. Comm'r, +6 T.C.M. (CCH) 6SZ (rS8f). If the Commissioner of the Internal Revenue Service has published an acquiescence (acq.), acquiescence in result only (acq. in result), or nonacquiescence (nonacq.) in a decision of the Tax Court or Board of Tax Appeals, that fact may be indicated in the citation of the case. b N.M. Bancorp. v. Comm'r, 74T.C.g4z (r98o), ocq. in result, t983-zC.B.t. Similarly, an action on decision (action on dec.) may be cited as subsequent history by appending its identilying number, if any, and its full date. p Keller v. Comm'r, 79T.C.7 (1982), action on dec., t984-q7 4,1984. See generally de 1O.7 (prior and subsequent history of cases). (Apr. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Decisions: Cite decisions to Enuironmental Administratiue Decisions (E.A.D.), if therein. Indicate whether the Environmental Appcals Board (EAB) law ludge made the decision, if not obvious from the :j;;:Jdrnt"O,rative W Solutia, Inc., ro E.A.D. r93, zr4 (EAB zoor). P' Geron Furniture, lnc.,t994 EPAALJ LEXIS 53. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) Decisions: Most EEOC decisions do not have readily identifiable titles, and should therefore be cited using the decision number in place of the title, and otherwise per rule 14.3. h EEOC Decision No.7t-24444,4 Fair Empt. Prac. Cas. (BNA) t8 (tgtt). EEOC Federal Sector decisions have party names and should therefore be in accordance with cited rule 14.3. Executive Office ofthe President Executive Orders, Presidential Proclamations, and Reorganization Plans: Cite by section number to 3 C.F.R. as per rule 14.2 except that, because all executive orders are not reprinted in successive years ofthe C.F.R., thc original year of promulgation, rather than the most recent edition of the C.F.R., must be cited. Append a parallel citation to the U.S.C. if also therein. h Exec. Order No. tt,6o9,3 C.F.R. S 585 GgltrgT5), reprinted as amended in 3 U.S.C. $ 3or app. at 4o4-o7 (zoo6). Cite to the Federal Register if the material is not in the C.F.R. &' Proclamation No.5366,5o Fed. Reg.37,635 (Sept. r+, rg8S). A parallel citation to th.. Statutes at Large may also be givcn. F. Reorganization Plan No. r of1978,3 C.F.R. lzt(tgZ8),reprinted in 5 U.S.C. app. at 866 (zoo5), and in 9z Stat. 378r OglS). o United States Jurisdictions Other Presidential Papers: Cite to the Public Papers of tbe Presidents n the Pub lic P apers, cite of Presidential Documents (WEEKLY Coltp. Pnes. (Pu B. PAP E Rs), if therein. For material not recorded the Weekly Compilation Doc.), published from 1965 to January 29,2009, the Dai.ly Compilation of Presidential Docurnents (Detlv Cotrle. Pnes. Doc.;, published fromJanuary 29,2009 to date, or the U.t Code Congressional and Administratiue News (U.S.C.C.A.N.) (rule 12.6). ) Memorandum on New Tools to Help Parents Balance Work and Family, r Pue. Pnpens 84r (May 24,t999). ) Presidential Statement on Signing the Consolidated Appropriations Resolution 2oo3, 39 Weerlv Comp. Pnes. Doc, zz5 (Feb. zo, zoo3). ) Remarks on the National Economy, 2oo9 z (Feb. +, zoog). DATLY Conap. PnEs. Doc. Budgets: Cite govemmental budgets as books (rule 15). ) Orrrce oF MGMr. & Buoe Er, Exrc. Orrtce oF THE PRESIDENT, Buoeer or rHe UHtteo Sreres GovtnNMENt, FtscelYenn zoo3 (zooz). Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Decisions: Cite decisions of administrative law iudges in civil penalty enforcement matters adjudicated under 14 C.F.R. Part 13, Section 13.16 and subpart G, as slip opinions following ntle 14.3.2(b). ) Siddall, Docket No. CPo5WPoor6 (FM Oct. 7, zoo8). Decisions of the Administrator or his delegate are cited using an order number rather than a docket number. ) Alaska Airlines, Inc., FM Order No. zoo4-8, zoo4 WL 3r98zo (Oct. 4, ZOO4), Decisions of the Office of Dispute Resolution for Acquisition (ODRA) adludicated under 14 C.F.R. Part 17 should incorporate the rype of dispute in the citation. )> Protest ofthe United Parcel Service, Docket No. o8-ODRA-o4oo (Sept. rz, 1999). Citations to other FAA decisions and orders should indicate the nature of the decision preceding the date. ) Paul D. Asmus & P.D. Aviation Consulting v. Haw. Dep't of Transp., Docket No. 16-o5-u, Determination of the Director of Compliance and Fietd operations (Apr. rz, zoo6). ) Steere v. County of San Diego, FM Docket No. 16-99-15, Final Agency Decision (Dec. Z, zoo4). Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to the Federal Communications Commission Reports (F.C.C., F.C.C.zd), published 1934-1985, or the Federal Communications Commission Record Cite (FCC Rcd.), published since 1986. I I o I o t o I I o a I I I I t a I I I o I o o o t o o o I o o o o o o o t o o o [,ni€*.rei ],i{ntr"r $rm rnrliq f !*r*s Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Cite decisions tothe Federal Energ) Guidelines: FERC Reports (FERC). Federal Labor Relations Authority (FIRA) Cite decisions to the Decisions of the Federal Labor Relations Authority (F.L.R.A.). Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission (FMSHRC) Cite decisions to rhe l-ederal Mine Safety and Health Reuieu Commission Decisions (FMSHRO. Federal Reserve System Enforcement Actions: Cite writtcn agrcemcnts resulting ftom cnforcement actions as: Written Agreement Between (private bank name, and ,Federal Reserve Bank name,. Docket No. ,docket number> (,dateD. F Written Agreement Between Ridgedate State Bank and Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, Docket No. o3-oz4-WA/RB-SM (July 29,2oo3). Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Cite decisions to th-. Federal Trade Commission (F.I .C.). Government Accountability Office (GAO) Bid Protest Decisions: Cite to Decisbns of tbe Comptroller General of the (lnited States (Comp. Gen.), if therein. ts Astrophysics Research Corp., 66 Comp. Gen. 2!1 (198). Cite unpublished decisions to a readily accessible sourcc, as follows: .protesting party', <docket number', <volume number or year' <source> ,location within source volume or year) (Comp. Gen. ,date'). Note that when citing these cases to the Comptroller General's Procurement Decisions, published by West, the publisher is not indicated: 9* Def. Sys. Group, B-z4oz95,tggowLz9396 (Comp' Gen. Nov.6, 1990). $" f nfo. Ventures, lnc.,B-232o94, 88-z CPD tl ++l (Comp. Gen' Nov' 4, 1988). Where a decision resolves multiple bid protests, each of which has its own docket number, indicate this by inserting "et at." after the docket number. ts Midtand Supply, lnc.,B-z987zo et al., 2oo7 CPD Nov. 29, zoo5). 1l z (Comp. Gen. International Trade Commission (USITC) Publications: For investigations, cite as: ,title or case name)' Inv. No. <number>, USITC Pub. <number) (,date,) (,statusD. where a single decision contains multiple investigation numbers, this should be indicated. For other publications, omit investigation number and status. ts Certain Tissue Paper Prods. from China, Inv. No.73r-TA-ro7oB, USITC Pub. 3ZS8 (Mar. 25, zoo5) (Finat). o United States Jurisdictions ) Grain-0riented Elec. Steelfrom lt. & Japan, Inv. Nos. 7ot-TA355, z3t-T A-659 -660, US ITC Pub. 3396 (Feb. 7, zoor) (Prelim i nary). Merit Systems Protection Board (MSPB) Cite decisions to the Deckions of tbe tJnited States Merit Systems Protection Board (M.S.P.B.). National Labor Relations Board (NIRB) Cite decisions and orders to the Decisions and Orders of tbe National Labor Relations Board (N. L. R. B.). National Mediation Board (NMB) Cite decisions to the Decisions of tbe National Mediation Board (N.M.B.). National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) to the National Transportation Safety Board Decisions Cite decisions (N.T. S. B.), published ftom 1967 - 1977, if therein. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) totheNuclear Regul.atoty Commission Issuances (N.R.C.). Cite decisions of its predecessor, the Atomic Energy Commission (1955-1975) to the Atomic Energlt Commission Reports (A.E.C.). Cite decisions of the NuclearRegulatory Commission Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (OSHRC) Decisions: Cite commission decisions reported in a service as: (party name>, <service volume number> .publisher, <service, abbreviated as below> ,page/paragraph number, (No. ,docket number>, <yearr. F Burkes Mech., lnc., 21 BNA OSHC z136 (No. o4-o475, zooT). or: Burkes Mech., Inc., zooT CCH OSHD zooT). 11 32,922 (No. o4-o475, Where an administrative law judge, rather than the commission itself, issued the decision, indicate this parenthetically at the end of the citation. ) Pike Elec., lnc., zt BNA OSHC zr53 (No. o6-ot66, zooz) (ALJ). OSHRC uses abbreviations for services reporting its decisions that vary from table T15: > Occupational Safety & Health > Occupational SafeW & Health Decisions 'Where a osHc Cases @NA) OSHD decision is not cited in any service or database, it may be cited opinion using de as a slip 14.5.2.1}o). > Z & P Builders, No. o8-o93o (OSHRC Dec. r9, zoo8). Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Interpretive lretters, No-Action Letters, and Exemptive Letters: Cite a service (rule 19) or an electronic database (de 18.3). Include the full name of the correspondent and the full date on which rhe lettef became publicly available. I o I I I o o I I I I I o o o I I I o I t I o o t o o o o o o o o I o o o a a o o Itillrr.il''"Irurrr {l ts Union Carbide Corp., 5EC No-Action Letter, [1994-1995 Transfer Binderl Fed. Sec. L. Rep. (CCH) 1176,gtt (Apr. 15, 1994). L Squadron, Ettenoff, Plesent & Lehrer, SEC Interpretive Letter,1992 WL 55818 (Feb. 28, r99z). Releases: Cite the Federal Register, SEC Docket, or a service (rule 19). If the release has a subiect-matter title, it may be presented in a shortened form. Include the act under which the release was issued, the release number, and the full date. h' Customer Limit Orders, Exchange Act Release No.34,79,1t9941995 Transfer Binderl Fed.Sec. L. Rep. (CCH) Ii8S,+l+ (Sept. 29, 199d. F Regulation of Securityholder Communications, Exchange Act Release No.29,315, +gSEC Docket U7 \uneq,r99t). If the release is an adiudication, abbreviate the parties' names accorcling to rule 14.3.L(a). M' Am. KioskCorp., Exchange Act Release No. 585o4, zooS WL 2574438 (une 27, zooS). If the adtudication occurred before an administrative law iudge, indicate this fact in the date parenthetical. h Am. Kiosk Corp., Exchange Act Release No. 57866, zoo8 WL zzz9644 (ALJ May 3o, zoo8) (default order). If a particular release is issued undcr the Securities Act, the Exchange Act, or the Investment Company Act, a parallel citation should be given in that order. M lmolementation of Standards of Professional Conduct for Attorneys, Securities Act Release No. 8r5o, Exchange Act Release No' 46,868,Investment Company Act Release No. 25,829, 67 Fed. Reg. 7r,67 o (proposed Dec. 2, 2oo2). Staff Interpretations: Cite 5EC Staff Accounting Butletins, Staff Legat Bulletins, and Telephone Interpretations as follows: F' SEC StaffAccounting Bulletin No.56,49 Fed. Reg.4936 (May zl' 1980. SEC Filings: For annual reports, proxy statements, and other company filings required under federal securities laws, provide the name of the company (abbreviated according to rule f5.1(d)), thc title as given in the document, the form type in parentheses, thc page number if applicable, and the full date of filing with the SEC. s' Coca-Co[a Co., Annual Report (Form ro-K) (Feb. z7,zoo4). 0,, Sony Music Entm't Inc., Statement of Changes in Beneficial Owner- ship (Form +/A) (Jan. z3,zoo4). If citing annual reports, prory statements, or othef documents in a form other than that filed with the SEC, treat as books under rule 15. F. Cocr-Cor-a Co., zoo3 Suwtnanv AHHUAL REPoRT I Qoot+). [Jnited $tates Jurisdi*tions Small Business Administration (SBA) Decisions: Cite decisions as: (party name), SBA No. .docket number) (dateD. ) Ace Technical, LLC, SBA No. SDBA-r78 (Apr. 17, zoo8). The docket number indicates the type of decision: > Economically Disadvantaged Women Owned EDWOSB Business development program > Service disabled veteran > Size BDP owned business VET stz determination > Small disadvantaged business SDBA > North American Industry Classification System NAICS > Women Owned Small Business Program WOSB Social Security Administration (SSA) Rulings and Acquiescence Rulings: Cite to the Social Securitjt Rulings, Cumulatiue Edition (S.S.R. Cum. Ed.), if therein. If not located therein, cite to another official source, such as the Cod,e ofFederal Regulations ot the Federal Register. Otherwise, cite a commercial database or other readily available source. Cite Social Security Rulings as SSR and Social Security Acquiescence Rulings as SSAR. > SSAR gz-z(6), 57 Fed. Reg. ) SSR oo-4p, 2ooo WL 9z6z (Mar. q, r99z). r8987o4 (Dec.4, zooo). Surface Transportation Board (STB) to the Surface Transportation Board Reporter (S.T.B.). Cite materials from its predecessor, the Intefstate Commerce Commission (lCC), to the Interstate Commerce Commission Reporter (|.C.C., l.C.C. zd). Cite materials from the Surface Transportation Board For unpublished decisions, the official date is the date on which the STB (or ICC) served the decision on the parties or otherwise liled it, not the date ofthe decision itself. Tt.3 States and the District of Columbia Alabama (Na.) //www .ju dicial. alab ama. gov http / / alisondb. legislature. state. al.us/acaslACASloginMac. asp http : : Supreme Court (Ala.): Cire to 5o., So. zd, or 5o. 3d, if therein. 1886-date r84o-r975 1834-1839 Ata. > Stewart and Porter l83r-r834 Stew. & > Stewart 1827-1831 Stew. 1820-1826 Minor > Southern Reporter > Alabama Reports > Pofter > Minor o o I I I Small Business ) I I So., So. zd, So.3d Port. P. I I t I I I o I I I I I I I o I o o t o o o I a o I o a o o I t o o t I * iti.:*l 1*tr.:ia:= -l irri\t{ it{ inlt \ Court of Civil Appeals (Ata. Civ. App.) and Court of Criminal Appeals (Ata. Crim. App.), before 1969 Court of Appeals (Ata. Ct. App.): Cite to So., So. zd, or 5o. 3d, if therein. ' Southem Reporter Courts h Alabama Appellate 191 So., So. zd, So.3d l-date l9ll-1974 Ata. App. Reports Statutory compilations: Cite to ALA. Coor lpublished by l[est), if thcrein r Code ofAlabama, 1975 0vest) ALA. CoDE 5 x-x-x (yeap) , Ala. Cooe $ x-x-x Michie's Alabama Code, 1975 (LexisNexis) (LexisNexis.yean) Session laws: Cite to Ala. Laws, if therein ,year, Ala. Laws < page no.> ,year, Ala. Legis. Serv. ,page no.' (West) " r Alabama Laws r Michie's Alabama Code <year> Advance Legislative Service (lexisNexis) West's Alabama Legislative Service ,year,-, pamph. no.' Ala. Adv. Legis. Serv. (page no.' (LexisNexis) Administrative compilation r Alabama Administrative Code Au. Aowrrr'r. Coog (yeap) r. x-x-x.x Administrative register " ,vol. no.' Ala. Admin. Monthty <page no.> ( month day, year,) Alabama Administrative Monthly Alaska (Alaska) http ://www. courts. alaska. laov hnp://w3.legis.state.ak. r,rs/ Supreme Court (Alaska): Cite to P.zd or P.3d. " Pacilic Reporter l9(r0-date P.zd, P.3d Court of Appeals (ALAsKA Cr. APP.): Cite to P.2o or P.3o ' Pacific Reporter l9{i0-date District Courts of Naska (D. Alaska): P.zd, P.3d These courts had local iurisdiction from l8tl4 to 1959. Cite to F. Supp., F., or F.zd, if therein; otherwise, cite to Ausre or ALnsrn Feo., in that order of preference . Supp. w Fcderal Supplement tL)46-1919 r Federal Repofter l 8n6- 1 932 F., F.zd ts Alaska Reports 1887-1958 Alaska " Alaska Federal Reports 1869-1937 Alaska Fed. F. United States District Courts for California and Oregon, and District Courts of Washington (D. Cat., D. Or., D. Wash.;: These courts had local iurisdiction in Alaska until 1884. Cite to F. or F. Cas. " Federal Reporter 1880-1884 F. a United States Jurisdictions > Fedeial Cases F. Cas. (Citations to F. Cas. should give the case number parenthetically, e.g., The Ocean Spray, r8 F. Cas. 558 (D. Or. r8Z5) (No. ro,4rz).; > Alaska Federal Reports 1869-1937 Alaska Fed. o Statutory compilations: Cite to ALASKA Snr., if therein. > Alaska Statutes (rxisNexis) Ausxa Srar. $ x.x,x GYear,) > $[est's Alaska Statutes Annotated Ansra Srnr. AHl. $ x.x.x (West <yean) Session laws: Cite to ALASKA Srss. Lnws, if therein. > Session Iaws of Alaska .year, Alaska Sess. Laws > Alaska Statutes <year> Advance Legislative ,year,.pamph. no., <Page nO.) Service (rxisNexis) Alaska Adv. Legis. Serv. { page no.) (LexisNexis) > West's Alaska Legislative Service ,year, Alaska Legis. Serv. ,page no., (West) Administrative compilation Ausre > Alaska Administrative Code (IexisNexis) g x.x Aoltnrr. Cooe tit. x, (year,) P., P.zd, P.3d Court of Appeals (Ariz. Ct. App.): Cite to P.zd or P.3d, if therein. > Arizona Appeals Reports 1965-date P.zd, P.3d 1976-date Ariz. 196r-1977 Ariz. App. t Tax Court (Ariz. Tax Ct.): Cite to P.2d or P.3d, if therein. > Pacific Reporter 1988-date P.zd, P.3d Statutory compilations: Cite to Ariz. Rev. Stat. Ann., if therein. > Arizona Revised StatutesAnnotated (West) ARrz. REv. Srar. Att. $ x-x (.year') > Arizona Revised Statutes (IrxisNexis) Anrz. Rev.Snr. $ x-x (LexisNexis ,year,) Session laws: Cite to Ariz. Sess. Laws. if therein > Session lrws, Arizona o I I > Arizona Reports > Pacffic Reporter t t Supreme Court (Ariz.): Cite to P., P.zd, or P.3d, if therein. > Arizona Reports o o http://www.az.courts. gov http ://www .azleg.gov / ArizonaRevisedStatutes.asp 1883-date I I I I Arizona (Ariz.) > Pacific Reporter I I ,year, Ariz. Sess. Laws (page no.) I I I I I a t o o o o o o t o o o I I o O o a t o o ! ,year' Ariz. Legis. Serv. ,page no., (West) Arizona Legislative Service CWest) Administrative compilation r Anrz. Aorvrtt't. Cooe $ x-x-x Arizona Administrative Code (year,; Adrninistrative register <vol. no.) Ariz. Admin. Reg. <page no.> o Arizona Administrative Register (month day, year,) etL""""r t*t.f http,//www. courts. arkansas. gov hnp ://www. arkleg.state. ar.us Arkansas has adopted a public domain r February 13, 2OO9 . The format is: Public domain citation format: citation format for cases F afte Smith v. Hickman, 2oo9 Ark. t2, at t, ztl S.W.ld 34o, 343. h' Doe v. State, zoog Ark. App. 3t8, at 7, zoog WL z4o6t3, at * 8. For additional instruction, consult Arkansas Supreme Court Rule 5-2. Supreme Court (Ark.): Cite to S.W., S.W.zd, or S.W.3d, if therein. " " South Westem Reporter Arkansas Reports 1886-date r837-2oo9 S.W., S.W.zd, or S.W.3d Ark. Court of Appeals (Ark. Ct. App.): Cite to 5.W.2d or S.W.3d, if therein o South lffestem Reoorter r979-rJrte S.W.zd,5.W.3d bArkansasAppellateReports 1981-2009 Ark.App. I Arkansas R€pofts Statutory compilations: Cite to Anr. CoDE ANN. (published by LexisNexis), if therein. , Arkansas Code of 1987 Annotated (LexisNexis) * lwest's Arkansas Code Annotated Anx. Cooe AHru. $ x-x-x (,yearr) Anr. Cooe Ann. $ x-x-x (West,year,) Session laws: Cite to Ark. Acts, if therein. " Acts of Arkansas 0Vest) ' Arkansas Code of 1987 Annotated.yeaP Advance Legislative Service (LexisNexis) ,year> Ark. Acts (page no.> ,year,-,pamph. no., Ark. Adv. Legis. Serv..page no.' (LexisNexis) * West's Arkansas Legislative Service ,year, Ark. Legis. Serv. ,page no., (West) Administrative compilation " Code of Arkansas Rules (LexisNexis) x-x-x Anr. CooE R. 5 x (LexisNexis ,year') a United States Jurisdictions Administrative registers: Cite to Ark. Reg., if therein. {vol. no.} Ark. Reg. <page no., (.month year,) ,iss. no., Ark. Gov't Reg. > Arkansas Register > Arkansas Govefirment Register (page no.) (LexisNexis < month year>) California (Cal.) http ://www.courts. ca. gov http ://www.legislature.ca. gov Supreme Court (Cal.): Cite to P., P.zd, or P.3d, if therein. > Califomia Reports 1883-date 1850-date > West's 1959-date Cal. Rptr., Cal. Rptr. zd, Cal. Rptr. 3d 1855-1910 Cal. Unrep. > Pacific Reporter P., P.zd, P.3d Cal., Cal. zd, Cal.3d, Cal. 4th Califomia Reporter > Califomia Unreported Cases Court of Apped (Cal. Ct. App.;, previously District Court of Appeal (Cal. Dist. Ct. App.): Cite to P. or P.zd @efore 1960) or Cal. Rptr., Cal. Rptr. zd (after 1959), or Ca[. Rptr. 3d, if therein. > West's Califomia Reporter 1959-date Cal. Rptr., Cat. Rptr. zd, Cat. > Pacific Reporter 1905-1959 P., P.zd > California Appellate Reports 1905-date Cat. App., Cal. App. zd, Cal. App.td, Cal. App. 4th Rptr.3d Appellate Divisions of the Superior Court (Cal. App. Dep't Super. Ct.): Cite to P. or P.zd Gefore 1960) or to Cal. Rptr., Ca[. Rptr. zd (after 1959), or Cal. Rptr.3d, if therein. > West's Califomia Reporter 1959-date Cat. Rptr., Cat. Rptr. zd, Cat. > Pacific Reporter 1929-1959 P., P.zd > Califomia App€llate R€ports Supplement (bound with Cal. 1929-d^te Cal. App. Supp., Cat. App. zd Supp., Cal. App. 3d Supp., Cal. App. 4th Supp. Rptr.3d App.) Statutory compilations: Cite to either the West or the Deering subiect-matter code, if therein. ! West's Annotated Califomia Codes CnL..SusJEcr, Cooe 5 x (West,yeap) Clr. ,Sus,ecr' CooE $ x > Deering's Califomia Codes, > Annotated (LexisNexis) (renamed .Food Agricultural n (Deering <year') and Agricultural' Acnrc. 1972) > Business and Professions Bus. & Pnor. > Civil Crv. > Civil Procedure Crv. PRoc. r Cowr. Commercial t I I I I I o I I I a o I I I I I I I a I o t t o t o o I o o I I o o o o a t o o ti b Corporations Conp. ' ' ' Education Eouc. Elections Er-Ec. Evidence Evro. r Family Fnu. , Financial Frr.r. " Fish and Game FlsH & GAME r Food and Agricultural (formerly "Agricultural") FooD & AGRrc. h (iOvemment Gov'r , Harbors and Navigation HARB. ' Health and Safety Henlrn & Snrerv Insufance I I & NAV. Ns. " Labor Lne. ' MrL. & VEr. Military and Veterans PeHnr 'Penal 'Prob:rte Pnoe. r Pnblic Contract PuB. CoNT. u Public Resources Pue. Res. e Public Pue. UrrL. Utilities r Rcvcnuc and Taxation Rev. & F Streets srs. & HrcH. rnd Highways Trx. r Unemployment Insurance Uremp. lHs. 'Vehiclc Vex. ' Wer:n Water r Welfare and Institutions WELF. & lNsr. Session laws: Cite to Cal. Stat., if therein. e Statutes of California h lfest's California Legislative Service ' I)eering's California Advance Legislative Service (LexisNexis) ,yean Ca[. Stat. ,page no.' ,year' Cal. Legis. Serv. ,page no., (West) <year'-,pamph, no.' Cal. Adv. Legis. Serv. .page ns.' (LexisNexis) Administrative compilation * (lalifornia Code of Regulations (West) CAL. CoDE REGs. tit. x, 5 x l,yearD Administrative register ,iss. no., Ca[. Regulatory Notice Reg. <page no.> (,month day, year,) o (lalifornia Regulatory Notice Register Colorado (Colo.) http ://www.coufis. state.co. Lls http://www.tornado.state.co.us,/gov-dir /leg_<Lir / olls/sessionlaws_of-colorado.htm Public domain citation format: Colorado has adopted citation format for cases afte r January , 2012. The format is: 1 a public domain Ufl I ited States Jurisdictiorrs ) lannone v. Callahan, zotz CO 22, F Ca[[ahan v. lannone, zor5 COA r4, ll o L3. !|fl 8-12 For additional information, consult Rules of the Supreme Court Colorado, Chief Justice Directive 12-01. of Supreme Court (Colo.): Cite to P., P.zd, or P.3d, if therein; orherwise, cite to Colo., if therein, orto Colo. Law. or Brief Times Rptr. > Pacific Reporter > Colorado Reports > Colorado Lawyer > Brief Times Reporter > ColoradoJournal > Iaw Week Colorado 1883-date 1864-1980 1972-date 1977-1996 1996-2002 Colo. Law. z0Oz-da,te L. Week Colo. P., P.zd, P.3d Colo. BriefTimesRptr. Coto. J. Court of Appeals (Colo. App.): Cite to P., P.zd, or P.3d, if therein; otherwise, cite to Colo. App., if therein, or else to one of the other reporters listed below. 1970-date > Pacific Reporter > Colorado Court r9r2-r9r5 ofAppeals Repofts > Colorado lawyer > Brief Times Reporter > ColoradoJoumal > Law Week Colorado 189l-1905 1891-1905 1912-l9rt 1970-1980 1972-date 1977-1996 1996-2002 2002-date P.zd, P.3d P. P. Coto. App. Coto. App. Colo. App. Colo. Law. Brief Times Rptr. Coto.j. L. Week Colo. Statutory compilations: Cite to CoLo. REv. Srer., if therein. > Colorado Revis€d Statutes (rnsNexis) Colo. Rrv. Srar. $ x-x-x (.year) > West's Colorado Revised Statutes Annotated Cot-o. Rev. Srar. Atr,r. 5 x-x-x (West <year) Session laws: Cite to Colo. Sess. Laws. if therein > Session laws of Colorado (rxisNexis) > Colorado Legislative Service (West) .year, Colo. Sess. Laws (page no.) .yean Colo. Legis. Serv. <page no., (West) Administrative compilations: Cite to CoLo. Cooe Rees.. if rherein. > Colorado Code ofRegulations Cor-o. Cooe Rees, $ x-x l,yearD > Code of Colorado Regulations (IrxisNexis) <vol. no.> CoLo. Cooe Rees. $ x-x (LexisNexis ,year') Administrative register > Colorado Register .iss. no,> Colo. Reg. <page no., (.month year) I o I I o t I t I I t t I I a I I I O O a I o o a o o o o o o I I t o o o I I o Connecticut (Conn.) http :,//www. jucl. state. ct. us hnp ://www. cga. ct. gov/current/ pult /titles. htm Supreme Court (Conn.), previously Supreme Court of Errors (Conn.): Cite to A., A.zd, or A.3d, if therein. Reporter Repofts a Atlantic ' Connecticut Day F Root r Kirby * 1885-date A., A.zd, A.3d l8l4-date Conn. 1802-1813 Day 1789-1798 Root 1785-1789 Kirby Appellate Court (Conn. App. Ct.): Cite to A.zd or A.3d, if therein. " Atlantic ' 1983-date Reporter Connecticut Appellate Repofts 1983-date A.zd, A'3d Conn. App' Superior Court (Conn. Super. Ct.) and Court of Common Pleas (Conn. C.P.): Cite to A.zd or A.3d, if therein; othcrwise, cite to Conn. Supp., if therein, or else to one of the other reporters listed below. F Atlantic Reporter 1954-<late A.zd, A.3d ts Connecticut Supplement Conn.5upp. F Connecticut Law Reporter 19.t5-datc 1990-date 1986-1994 Conn. Super. Ct. + Connccticut Superior Court Conn. L. Rptr. Reports Circuit Court (Conn. Cir. Ct.): Cite to A.zd or A.3d, if therein l Atlantic Reporter p Connecticut Circuit Couft 196r-1974 196l-1974 A.zd, A.3d Conn. Cir. Ct. Reports Statutory compilations: Cite to CoNN. Grn. Srnr., if therein. ConH. Geru. Srnr. $ x-x " General Statutes of Connecticut (,year') > Connccticut General Statutes Annotated (West) Cor'rr. Gen. Snr. Artt. 5 x-x (West ,year) Session laws: Citc to Conn. Acts. Conn. Pub. Acts. or Conn. spec. Acts, if therein. " Connecticut Public & Special 1650-197r ,year, Conn. Acts <page no., (lReg. or 5pec.l Sess.) .year, Conn. Pub. Acts r789-197r ,year, Conn. Spec. Acts 1972-da,tc Acts * Connecticut Public Acts <page " Connecticut Special Acts no.' <page no.) titles-i.e., Resolves & Private Laws, Private & Special & Private Acts, Resolutions & Private Acts, Private Resolves Laws, Special Laws, (published under various Acts & Resolutions, and Special Acts & Resolutions-and with various volume designations-i.e ., by year or volume number) a United States J trrisdicticns > Connecticut Legislative Service (West) <year) Conn. Legis, Serv. ,page no., (West) Administrative compilation > Regulations of Connecticut State Agencies CoHr. AeeHcres REGs. 5 x-x-x ((year, Administrative registers: Cite to Conn. 1.J., if therein. > Connecticut Law Joumal <vol. no.> Conn. L.J. <page > Connecticut Govemment Register (IrxisNexis) no., ((month day, year) ,iss. no., Conn. Gov't Reg. <page no.> (LexisNexis ,month year) D"h*; Suprerne Court (Det.), previously Court of Errors and Appeals (Del.): Cite to A., A.zd, or A.3d, if therein. Atlantic Repoftef 1886-date A., A.zd, A.3d 3l r9r9-1966 Det. > Boyce 1909-1920 e.g., z4 Del. (r Boyce) > 1897-1909 e.g., r7 Del. (r Penne) > Marvel 1893-1897 > Houston r85r-1893 e.g., r5 Del. (r Marv.) e.g.,6 Del. (r Houst.) > 1832-1855 e.9., 1 De[. 1792-1830 Del. Cas. Del. ro 59 Del. Pennewill Haffington > Delaware Cases (r Harr.) Court of Chancery (Del. Ch.): Cite to A., A.zd, or A.3d, if therein. > 1886-date Atlantic Reporter > Delaware Chancery Repons f814-1968 1792-1830 > Delaware Cases Det. Ch. Del. Cas. Superior Court (Det. Super. Ct.), previously Superior Court and Orphans' (Det). Atlantic Reporter 1957-date A.zd, A.3d Family Court (De[. Fam. Ct.): Cite to A.zd or A.3d > Atlantic Reporter 1977-date A.zd,A.3d Statutory compilations: Cite to Del. Cooe ArH., if therein > Delaware Code Annotated (I€xisNexis) > West's Delaware Code Annotated Del. Cooe Arr. tit. x, 5 x (,year) DEL. CoDE Ant. tit. x, (West <year>) t o o o A., A.zd, A.3d Court (Det. Super. Ct. & Orphans' Ct.): Cite to A.zd or A.3d, if therein; otherwise, cite to one of the official reporters fisted under Supreme Court > I I I I I I > Delaware Reports > o I @;i:) http://www. courts. state. de. us http ://www. delcode. delaware. gov > I $ x I I a t I I I o o I t t I o t o o o t o t o o o I o o o { lt*ltr +$,\t ll{*s .$ur iqrli*.tr ls:rrF Session laws: Cite to De1. Laws, if therein. <vol. " laws of Dclawarc " Delaware Code Annotated <year> Advance Legislative Service (LexisNexis) no.' Del. Laws.page n6., (year') ,year>-, pamph. no., Del. Code. Ann. Adv. Legis. Serv.,page no., (LexisNexis) <year> Del. Legis. Serv. F West's Dehwarc Legislative .page no.' (West) Service Administrative compilations: Cite to Del. AoutH. CoDE, if therein. r Delaware Administrative Code x-x-x DEL. Aorutru. Cooe $ x ' Code of Delaware Regulations (LexisNexis) x-x-x DEL. Cooe REcs. 5 x (,year,) (LexisNexis,yean) Administrative registers: Cite to Del. Reg. Regs., if therein . Delaware Register of Regulations <vol. no., Del. Reg. Regs. <page no.) (month day, r Delaware (iovemmcnt Register (LexisNexis) ,iss. no., Del Gov't Reg. Yeaf') <page no.) (LexisNexis (month year>) District of Columbia (D.C.) http ://www.clccourts.gov http :,//www. clccouncil.washington.dc. us/dcoffi calcocle Court of Appeals (D.C.), previously Municipal Court of Appeals (D.C.) Cite to A.zd or A.3d 1943-dtte " Atlantic Reporter A.zd, A.3d United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (D.C. Cir.), previously Court of Appeals of/for the District of Columbia (D.C. Cir.), prcviously Supreme Court of the Distriat of Columbia (D.C.): Cite ro F., F.zd, or F.3d, if therein. 1919-date F., F.zd, F.3d (burtofAppeals 1941-date U.S. App. D.C. of 1897-1941 App. D.C. 11192-1893 zr D.C. (Tuck. & 18ti0-1892 n Federal Reporter " UnitedStates Reports " Appeal Cases, District Columbia b District of Columbia Reports r Tucker and + Mackey Clephane Ct.) aMacArthurandMackey 1879-1880 72-2c'D.C. (Mackey r-9) e.g., 12 D.C. (r Mackey) rr D.C. (MacArth. & M.) " MacArthur 1873-1879 8-ro 1863-1872 e.g.,8 D.C. (r MacArth.) 6-7 D.C. p District of oolumbia Reports (reported by Mackey) D.C. (MacArth. e.g., 5 D.C. r-3) o United States J urisrlictions > Hayward & Hazleton, Circuit I I 1-2 Hay. & Haz. Court (Circuit Court Reports, vols. 6-7) e.g., 1Hay.&Haz. > Cranch, Circuit Court r-5 D.C. (Cranch r-5) e.g., z D.C. (z Cranch) 1801-1840 Superior Court (D.C. Super. Ct.), previously Municipal Court (D.C. Mun. Ct.): Cite to Daily Wash. L. Rptr. > Daily Washington Law Reporter l97l-date Statutory compilations: Cite to D.C. Cooe, if therein. > District of Columbia Offrcial Code > rVest's District of Columbia Code QrxisNexis) Annorated (West) x-x (year,) D.C. Code Ann, $ x-x (West D.C. Cooe g <tear>) Session laws: Cite to Stat., D.C. Reg., or D.C. Code Adv. Leg. Serv., if therein. > United States Statutes atlatge <vol. no.) Stat. <page no., <vol. no.> D.C. Reg. <page (month day, year,) no.> > District of Columbia Official Code Legislative Service kxis Advance <year)<pamph. no.> D.C. Code Adv. Leg. Serv. (page no.) > District of Columbia Session law Service West ,yean D.C. Sess. L. Serv. ,page no.> (West) Municipal regulations: Cite to D.C. Mun. Regs., if therein. > Code of D.C. Municipal Regulations D.C. Mun. Regs. tit. x, $ x (ryear,) > Code of District of Columbia Muni cipal Regulations (LexisNexis) D.C. Code Mun. Regs. tit. x $ x (LexisNexis <year,) Administrative register > District of Columbia Register (month day, year,) Florida (Fla.) http ://www.fl courts. org http ://www. laws. fl rules. org Supreme Court (Fla.): Cite to So., 5o. zd, or 5o. 3d, if therein > Southem Reponer > Florida Reports > Florida IawWeekly 1886-date So., So. zd, So.3d 1846-1948 Fla. 1978-date Fta. L. Weekly District Court of Appeal (Fla. Dist. Ct. App.;: Cite to So. zd or So. 3d, therein. > Southern Reporter 7957-drte So. zd, So. 3d > Florida 1978-date Fta. L. Weekly law Weekly I I I I I o o o <vo[. no.> D.C. Reg. <page no.> I I o (,yeap) > District of Columbia Register I o Daity Wash. L. Rptr. if I I I I I o t I o I o I o I o o o o o O o o o a o o [,rli{r'rl \{;{ { c]h t$} r {\*{{c. {!*m'q Circuit Court (Fla. Cir. Ct.), County Court (e.g., Fla. Orange County Ct.), Public Service Commission (Fta. P.S,C.), and other lower courts of record: Cite to Fla. Supp. or Fla. Supp. 2d, if therein. ' r Florida Lrw weekly Suppleme nt Fta. Fta. L. Weekty 5upp. Statutory compilations: Cite to t Florida Statutes " west's Florida Statutes Annotated * LexisNexis Florida 5upp., Fta.5upp. zd 1950- 1991 1992-d^te Florida Supplement FLA, Srnr., if therein FLA.5rAr. 5 x.x (year,) FLA. 5rAr. ArH. $ x.x (West ,yearr) SrAr. Arn. 5 x.x (LexisNexis,year,) Statutes Annotated FLA. Session laws: Cite to Fla. Laws, if therein r ,yean Fla. Laws,page no,' Laws of Florida ,year' Fla. Sess. Law Serv. ,page no.' (West) e West's Florida Session Law Service Administrative compilation r Florida Administrative Code Annotat€d Cooe Arun. r. x-x.x (,year') FLA. ADMTN. (LexisNexis) Administrative register: Cite to Fla. Admin. Reg., if th€rein. > FloridaAdminisrative Register 2012-<late <vol. no.> Fla. Admin. Reg. <page no'> ('month day' e Florida Administrative Veekly 1996-2012 <vol. no., Fta. Admin. Weekly <page no.> Year') (LexisNexis) (,month day, year,) Georgia (Ga.) http :,//www.€aeorgiac()urts. orll hnp ://www. legis. ga. gov,/Legislation/en-tJS/default. aspx Supreme Court (Ga.): Cite to S.E. or S.E.zd, if therein. r r South Eastern Reporter Georgia Repons 1887-date 1846-date S.E.,5.E.zd Ga. Court of Appeals (Ga. Ct. App.): Cite to S.E. or S.E.zd, if therein ' ' South Eastem Reporter Georgia Appeals Reports 1907-date 1907-date 5.E., S.E.zd Ga. App. Statutory compilations: Cite to Gr. Cooe AHru. (published by LexisNexis), if therein. , Oflicial Code of Georgia Annotated (LexisNexis) , West's Code of Georgia Annotated Ge. Cooe Arn. $ x-x-x (.yearD Gr. Cooe AHru. $ x-x-x (West,year,) United States Jurisdictiorrs Session laws: Cite to Ga. Laws, if therein. > Georyia Laws <year) Ga. Laws.page no.> > Georgia,yean Advance legislative Service ,year,*pamph. (LexisNexis) no.> Ga. Code Ann. Adv. Legis. Serv.,page no., (LexisNexis) > West's Georgia {year) Ga. Code Ann. Adv. legislative Service Legis. Serv, (page no.) (West) Administrative cornpilation > Official Compilation Rules and Regulations of the State of Georgia Gn, Corvrp, R. & Ree s. x-x- x.x (year,) Administrative register > Georgia Govemment Register (LexisNexis) <iss, no., Ga. Gov't Reg. <page no.> (LexisNexis <month year,) Hawaii (Haw.) hnp://www. courts. state.hi.us http://www.capitol.hawaii.gov,/docs/HRS. htm Supreme Court (Haw.): Cite to P.2d or P.3d, if therein. r9t9-d^te > Pacific Reporter > West's Hawaii Reports P.zd, P.3d (begins 1994-dAte Haw. vol. 1847-1994 Haw. with vol. 76) > Hawaii Repors (ends with 75) Intermediate Court of Appeals (Haw. Ct. App.): Cite to P.zd or P.3d, if therein. > Pacific Reporter 1980-date P.zd, P.3d > $[est's Hawaii Reports (begins 1994-drte Haw, 1980-1994 Haw. App. with vol. 76) > Hawaii Appellate Reports Statutory compilations: Cite to Hew. Rev. Srnr., if therein. > Hawaii Revised Statutes Hnw. REv. Srnr. 5 x-x (.Year') > Michie's Hawaii Revised Statutes Annotated Hnw. Rev.5rrr. AnH. $ x-x (LexisNexis <year>) (kxisNexis) > West's Hawai'i Revised Statutes Annotated Hnw. Rev. Srer. Atr,r. 5 x-x (west.year') Session laws: Cite to Haw. Sess. Laws, if therein. > S€ssion laws of Hawaii <year> Haw. Sess. Laws > Michie's Hawaii Revised Statutes Annotated Advance Legislative Service (LexisNexis) (page no.) <year>-(pamph, no.) Haw. Rev. Stat. Ann. Adv. Legis. Serv. <page no.) (LexisNexis) I I I I I I o I I I I I I I I o I I I I o t I I I t o o O I I I c o t 3 o o o t o t |' rri*t'el iilal{'q .} nrrlstIiil{ F imm,$ <year) Haw. Legis. Serv. Vest's Hawai'i Legislative Service ,page no.> (West) Administrative compilation + Code Haw. Cooe R. $ x-x-x (LexisNexis ,year,) of Hawaii Rules (LexisNexis) Administrative register ' ,iss. no., Haw. Gov't Reg. Hawaii Government Register (LexisNexis) <page no.> (LexisNexis ,month year) Idaho (Idaho) http://www.isc.idaho.gov http ://legislature. idaho. govlstzltutesmles. htm Supreme Court (ldaho): Cite to P., P.zd, or P.3d, if therein r Pacilic Reporter F Idaho Reports l88J-date 1tt66-date P., P.zd, P.3d ldaho Court of Appeals (ldaho Ct. App.): Cite to P.zd or P.3d, if therein L Pacilic Reporter r Idaho Reports 1982-date 1982-dare P.zd, P.3d ldaho Statutory compilations: Cite to IDAHo CoDE (published by LexisNexis), if therein. ' Idaho Code (LexisNexis) P West's Idaho Code Annotated lonHo Cooe $ x-x (,year,) loano Cooe AHru. $ x-x (West ,year') Session laws: Cite to ldaho Sess. Laws, if therein. p Idaho Session Laws .year, ldaho Sess. Laws <page no.> r Idaho Code Annotated Advance Legislative Service (LexisNexis) , West's ldaho Lcgislative Service (yearr-(pamph. no.' ldaho Code Ann. Adv. Legis. Serv. <page no.) (LexisNexis) .year, ldaho Legis. Serv. ,page no., (West) Administrative compilation: http://adminrules.gov/rules/current/ u Idaho Administrative Code lonno AomtH. Cooe r. x.x.x.x (,yearr) Administrative register ' Idaho Administrativ€ Bulletin <vol. no.) ldaho Admin. Bull. .page no., (.month day, year,) o United Statcs J urisrlictions Illinois (Ill.) http ://www. state. il. us/court http://www .lIga.gov /Iegislation/ilcs. asp Public domain format: Illinois has adopted for cases afterJune ) ) 3l,20ll. Loup v. Dube, a public domain citation format The format is: zor4 lL rorz35, tl 5. Dubev. Loup, zor5 lLApp (rst) !o!2r4,1l1lzo-zz, For additional instruction, consult lllinois Supreme Court Rule 6. Supreme Court (lll.): Cite to N.E., N.E.zd, or N.E.3d, if therein. > North Eastem Reporter 1884-date N.E., N.E.zd, N.E.3d > Illinois Official Reports 2Dll-d^te ,year, lL,docket no., > Illinois Reports 1849-2011 111., 1844-1849 > u l1[. to date > Scammon 1832-1843 e.9.,6 ltl. (r Gilm.) e.g., z ll1. (r Scam.) > Breese 18r9-1831 r 1976-dtte Itt. Dec. > Gilman > l1l. zd West's Illinois Decisions ll1. (Breese) Appellate Court (lll. App. Ct.): Cite to N.E.zd or N.E.3d, if therein. > North Eastem Reporter > Illinois Official Reports > lllinoisAppellate Court Reports r936-date zoll-date 1877-20rr N.E.zd, N.E.3d ryear) lL <docket no.) ltl. App., ltl. App. zd, lll. App.td > West's Illinois Decisions Illinois Circuit Court (lll. Cite to > 1976-date Itt. Dec. Cir. Ct.), previously Court of Claims (lll. Ct. Cl.): lll. Ct. Cl., if therein. Illinois Coun of Claims Reports 1889-date Itt. ct. ct. Statutory compilations: Cite to lLL. COMp. Srer., if therein. > Illinois Compiled Statutes .ch. no.,lLt. CoMp. SrAT. <act no., / ,sec. > Sfest's Smith-Hurd Illinois Compiled Statutes Annotated ,ch. no.> Illinois Compiled Statutes AnnoBted <ch. ns. > (<year>) Art. Comp. Srar. <act no.> / .sec. no.> lr-r-. (West,year) > (kxisNexis) no.,lt-t-. Cotrirp. Srer. AttN. <aCt nO,'/ ,SeC. ns., (lexisNexi5,year) Session laws: Cite to ll[. Laws. if therein. > Laws of > Illinois Illinois kgislative Service ($(est) <year, lll. Laws (page no.) <year> ll[. Legis. Serv. ,page no.> (West) t t t I I t t a t I I I t I I a o I I I t I I a I o I a o o I t o o o I o I a o o { rrit' rl !i.rrr r e Illinois Compiled Statutes Annotated Advance Legislative Service (LexisNexis) Administrative compilations: Cite to lt-t-. ,year.,pamph. no., l[[. Comp. Stat. Ann. Adv. Legis. Serv. <page no.) (LexisNexis) AomtH. CoDE, if therein r Illinois Administrative Code It-t-. Aot'nrr,r. CoDE tit. x, S x (<year>) r Code of Illinois ,vo[. no.r lt-t-. Cooe R. ,rule ne., (LexisNexis <year, Rules (LexisNexis) Administrative register ll[. Reg. ,page no., (,month day, year,) <vo[. no.) o lllinois Register Indiana (Ind.) http ://www. in. gov/judiciary https ://iga. in. gov,/legislat iv e / law s/ 2014 / ic Supreme Court (lnd.): Cite to N.E., N.E.zd, or N.E.3d, if therein. F North Eastem Reporter * Indiana Reports r BlacKord l8U5-date N.E., N.E.zd, N.E.3d 1848-1981 1817-1847 Ind. Btackf. Court of Appeals (lnd. Ct. App.), previously Appellate Court (lnd' App'): Cite to N.E., N.E.zd, or N.E.3d, if therein. " North Eastem Reporter ' Indiana Court of Appeals Reports (prior to 1972, Indiana Appellate Court Reports) 1891-date N.E., N.E.zd, N.E.3d t890-t979 Ind. App. Tax Court (lnd. T.C.): Cite to N.E.zd or N.E.3d, if therein. * North Eastem Repofter 1986-date N.E., N.E.zd, N.E.3d Statutory compilations: Cite to ltto. Cooe, if therein. lND. CoDE $ x-x-x-x (,year) r Indiana Code F west's Annotated Indiana Code lND. CoDE Attru. $ x-x-x-x (west ,year') * Bums Indiana Statutes Annotated (LexisNexis) Ir,ro. Cooe AHx. S x-x-x-x (LexisNexis ,year') Session laws: Cite to lnd. Acts, if therein. s Acts, Indiana " West s Indiana Lcgislative Servicc <year' Ind. Acts ,page no. ,year' Ind. Legis. Serv. ,page no.' (West) ' Bums Indiana Statutes Annotated Advance Legislative Service (LexisNcxis) .year,-,pamph. no.' Ind. Stat. Ann. Adv. Legis. Serv. <page no.' (LexisNexis) I United States Jurisdictions Administrative compilations: Cite to > Indiana > lND. Aomtn. Cooe, if therein. <tit. no.> ltrto. Aotvtttt. COoe ,rUle nO., (<yearr) Administrative Code West's Indiana Administrative code <tit. no,> lt'to. AowttH. CoDE ,rule no., (West.year') Administrative register ,vol. no., Ind. Reg. .page no., (.month day, year) > Indiana Register Iowa (Iowa) http ://www.iowacourts. gov http ://www. legis. iowa. gov Supreme Court (lowa): Cite to N.W. or N.W.zd, if therein. > > North Vestem Reporter Iowa Reports (cite to published by Clarke for vols. 1879-date edition 1855-1968 N.W., N.W.2d lowa l-8.) > Greene > Moris > Bradford 1847-1854 Greene 1839-1846 Morris 1838-1841 Bradf. Court of Appeds (lowa Ct. App.): Cite to N.W.zd. > North Westem Reporter 1977-date N.W.2d Statutory compilations: Cite to lowA Coor, if therein. > Code lown Cooe 5 x.x (<year,) lown Cooe Arr. 5 x.x of Iowa > West's Iowa Code Annotated (West,year) Session laws: Cite to lowa Acts. if therein > Acts of the State of Iowa > Iowa Legislative Service (West) .page no., ,year, lowa Legis. Serv. <year> lowa Acts ,page no.' (West) Administrative compilation > Iowa lowl Administrative Code Aorrlrr,r. Cooe r. x-x.x (.yearr; Administrative register > Iowa ,vo[. no.r lowa Admin. Bull. (page ns.) (<month day, year,) Administrative Bulletin http ://wvw. kscourts. org http ://www. kslegislature. org Supreme Court (Kan.): Cite to P., P.zd, or P.3d, if therein. > Pacific Reporter > Kansas Reports l88J-date Il62-dare P., P.zd, P.3d Kan. t I I I I I I I I I I I o o t o I I t o t I I a o t a a I I I t I I I o o I t o I McCahon 1858-1868 McCahon Court of Appeals (Kan. Ct. App.): Cite to P., P.zd, or P.3d, if therein , ' Paci-fic Reporter 1895- 1901 P. 1977 -<1:xe P.zd, P.3d Kan. App. Kan. App. zd Kansas Court ofAppeals Reports 1895-1901 1977-date Statutory compilations: Cite to KAN.5TAT. ANN., if therein Ken. Srnr. AruH, $ x-x w Kansas Statutes Annotated (Year') p West's Kansas Statutes Annotated Karu. , Srer. Arun. 5 x-x (West yearr) Session laws: Cite to Kan. Sess. Laws. if therein. p Session laws of Kansas <year, Kan. Sess. Laws (page no.> 9 West's Kansas Legislative Service ,year, Kan. Legis. Serv. ,page no.' (West) Administrative compilation r Kansas Administrative Regulations (updated by Karu. Aotvttru. Rees. $ x-x-x (,year,) supplements) Administrative register " .Vol. nO., Kan. Reg.,page ns.' (month day, year,) Kansas Register Kentucky (Ky.) http'//www.courts.ky.gov http ://www. lrc. ky. govlstatutes/index. aspx Supreme Court (Ky.): before 1976 the Court of Appeals (Ky.) was the highest state court. Cite to S.W., S.W.zd, or 5.W.3d, if therein. s South Westem Reporter e Kentucky R€ports r 1879-1951 Ky. Bush 1866-r879 Duvall 1863-1866 Metcalf 1858-1863 e.g.,64Ky. (r Bush) e.g.,6zKy. (r Duv.) e.g., 58 Ky. (r Met.) e.g., 40 Ky. (r B. Mon.) e.9., 31 Ky. (r Dana) 78 Kt. to 3r4 Ky. " " ! * Monroe, Ben 1840-1857 F Dana 1833- 1840 " " Marshall, JJ. 1829-t832 e.g., z4 Ky. (r J.J. Marsh.) Monroe, T.B. 1824-1828 e.g., r7 Ky. (r T.B. Mon.) 1822-1821 e.g., 1795-r82r e .g., 16 Ky. l e .g., ' ' Littell " " Marshall, A.K. 1817- 182 Littell's Selected Cases u Ky. (r Litt.) (r Litt. Set. Cas.) 8 Ky. (r A.K. Marsh.) Bibb 1808-1817 e.s,4 Ky. (t Bibb) n Hardin 1ft05-1808 = Sneed 1801 . 1785- 1801 3 Ky. (Hard.) z Ky. (Sneed) r Ky. (Hughes) Hughes -1805 United States Jurisdictions Opinions rKentuclrylawReport€r > Kentucky > Kentucky Appellate Reporter Memo Summary > KentuckyAttomeys > Kentucky taw lf64-t886 Kv.op. 1880-1908 Ky. L. Rptr. 1994-2N0 200l-2007 Kv.App. 196-date Ky. L. Summ. Ky. Att'y Memo Court of Appeals (Ky. Ct. App.) (for decisions before 1976, see Kentucky Supreme Court): Cite to S.W.zd or 5.W.3d, if therein. > South Westem Reporter 1976-date S.W.zd, S.W.3d KentuckyAppellateReporter 1994-2OOO Ky.App. 2OO1-2OO7 Ky. Att'y Memo KentuckyAttomeys Memo 1966-date Ky. L. Summ. Kentucky law Summarv o Statutory compilations: Cite to one of the following codes. ! Baldwin's Kentucky Revised Statutes (West) > Michie's Kentucky Revised Statutes Annotated Kv. Rev. Srar. Ann. Annotated (LexisNexis) $ x.x (West,year>) Kv. Rev. Srnr. Arun. 5 x.x (LexisNexis ,year,) Session laws: Cite to Ky. Acts, if therein. > Acts of Kentucky Kentucky Revised Statutes and Rules Service (West) > Michie's Kentucky Revised Statutes Advance Legislative Service (rxisNexis) <year> Ky. Acts <page no.) <year> Ky. Rev. Stat. & R. Serv. ,page no., (West) (year)-<pamph. no., Ky. Rev. Stat. Adv. Legis. Serv. < page no.) (LexisNexis) Administrative compilation > Kentucky Administrative Regulations Service <tit. no.' KY. ADMTN. ReeS. ,rule nO., (.yearr) Administrative register ' Administrative Register of Kentucky <vo[. no.> Ky. Admin. Reg. <Page no.> ('month Year>) Louisiana (La.) http://www.lasc.org http //www. legis. la. govllegis,/LawSearch. aspx : Public domain citation format: Louisiana has adopted a public domain citation format for cases after December 31,1993. The format is: ) ) State v.Ray,97-to9: (La. App. lCn.zlr+lg8); 7o5 So. 2dt295. State v. Ray, 97-ro93, p. z (La. App. 3 Cir. zlr+lg8);7o5So. zd 7295,7296. ) I I I I I State v. Fleury, zoor-o87t, p. 5 (La. rc | $ | o)i 7gg So. zd 468, 472. For additional information, consult Rules of the Supreme Court of Louisiana, part G, section 8. I I t I I t I t I I o I I I I o o o o o o o I a t o t o o t t a I o t o {'r'ritr..tl S{u{q,\, Itrri\iqIir { i*u'rc Supreme Court (La.), before 1813 the Superior Court of Louisiana (La.) Superior Court of the Territory of Odeans (Orleans): Cite to So., So. zd, or So. 3d, if therein. and the p Southem Reporter 1886-date So., So. zd, So.3d il Louisiana Reports 190l-1972 La. *LouisianaAnnualReports 1846-1900 La. Ann. r Robinson 1841-1846 Rob. l Louisiana 1830-1841 ' Maftin (LouisianaTerm Reports) 1809-1t|30 Reports La. Mart. (o.s.), Mart. (n.s.) Court of Appeal (La. Ct. App.): Cite to 5o., 5o. zd, or So. 3d, if therein. r Southem Reporter n Louisiana Court of Appcals Reports 1928-date 1924-1932 So., So. zd, So.3d Pett. La. App. ts Peltier's Decisions, Parish at Orleans 1917-1924 I Teissief, Orleans Court of Appeals 1903-1977 " Gunby's Reports r885 Gunby McGloin 1881 - 1884 McGl. , Statutory compilations: Cite to one of the following codes. e West's Louisiana Statutes Annotated l Wcst's Louisiana Children's Code Annotated La. Srnr. Arur. $ x:x (year) Ln. Cutt-o. Cooe Al1,|. art. x (yearD , West's Louisiana Civil Code Annotated Lr. Crv. Cooe ANN. art. x y west's Louisiana Code of Civil Procedure Annotated Lr. Cooe Crv. Pnoc. ArH. art. x (,year, b West's Louisiana Code of Criminal Procedure Ln. Cooe Cnrm. Pnoc. (.yearD Arn. " Annotated rvest's Louisiana Code of Evidence Annotated art. x (year,) Ln. CooE EvrD. ANN. art. x , West's Louisiana Constitution Annotated Ln. CoHsr. ANN. art. x (.year') (Year') Session laws: Cite to La. Acts, if therein. ' State of Louisiana: Acts of the Legislature <year, La. Acts,page no.' " West's Louisiana Session Law Service ,yean La. Sess. Law Serv. ,page no., (West) Administrative compilation " Lonisiana Administntive Code La. Aowrrr.r. CoDE tit. x, 5 x (.year'; Administrative register * Louisiana Register <vol. no.> La. Reg. ,page no.' (,month day, yearD o United States Jurisdictions Maine (Me.) http / / www. courts. state. me. us http ://www. mainelegislature. orgllegis/statutes : Public domain citation format: Maine has adopted a public domain citation format for cases after Decembet 31,1996. The format is: ) ) Bangor Publ'g Co. v. Union St. Mkt., 1998 ME 37,7c,6 A.zd S9S. Bangor Publ'g Co. v. Union St. Mkt., 1998 ME 37,Ii3,7c,6 A.2d 595,595. For additional information, consult Administrative Order of the Supreme Judicial Court-New Citation Form (Aug. 20, 1995). Supreme Judicial Court (Me.): Cite to A., A.zd or A.3d, if therein. 1885-date > Atlantic Reporter A., A.zd, A.3d > Maine Reports Statutory compilations: Cite to ME. Stat., if therein > West's Maine Statutes > Maine Revised Statutes Annotated (West) ME. SrAr. tit. x, 5 x (,year,) ME. REv. Srnr. AHr. tit. x, $ x (year,) Session laws: Cite to Me. Laws, if therein. > Iaws of the State of Maine ,yean Me. Laws.page no., > Maine Legislative Service (West) <year> Me. Legis. Serv. <page no., (West) Administrative compilation > Code of Maine Rules (LexisNexis) x-x-x Me. Cooe R. $ x (LexisNexis ,year,) Administrative register > Maine Govemment Register (rxisNexis) <iss. no,> Me. Gov't Reg, (page no.) (LexisNexis ,month year,) Maryland (Md.) http ://www.courts.state.md.us http / / mgaleg. maryland. govlwebm ga,/frmStatutes. aspx : Court of Appeals (Md.): Cire to A., A.zd or A.3d, if therein. > Maryland Repons 1885-date 1851-date ! 1843-r8rr > Atlantic Reporter Gill > GiIl andJohnson > Harris and Gill > Harris andJohnson > Harris and McHenry 1829-1842 1826-1829 1800-1826 1770-1774 17ffi-1799 A., A.zd, A.3d Md. Gilt G. &J. H. & G. H. &J. H. & McH. I I I o t a t I I a I o t I t I I I I o o I I o o o a o I o o I o o I o I o o o o Court of Special Appeals (Md. Ct. Spec. App.): Cite to A.zd or A.3d, if therein. * Atlantic F Reporter Reports Maryland Appcllate 1967-d^te A.zd, A.3d 7967-<lxe Md. App. Statutory compilations: Cite by sublect to either Michie's Mo. CooE At'ttt. or west's Mo. CooE Aruru., if therein. F Michie 's Annotated Code of Maryland (LexisNexis) ! W€st's Annotated Code of Maryland ts Occupations and Professions r Business Regulation " Commercial I:w 'Constitutions Corporations and Associations ' Mo. Coor Ar.rr.r., ,subiect, $ x-x (West <year, Acnrc. Agriculture F tsusiness Mo. Coor ArH., .subiect'5 x-x (LexisNexis,year') Bus. Occ. & Pnor. Bus. Ree. Llw Cowr, CoHsr. Conps. & Ass'r,rs * Correctional Services * Courts and Judicial Proceedings Conn. 5envs. * Criminal Law CRrM. LAw r Criminal Procedure CRrM. PRoc. Crs. & Juo. Pnoc. ' Economic Development EcoN. DEv. " Education Eouc. > Election lrw ELEC. LAw ) Environment Eruvrn. * Estates and Trusts Esr. & TRUsrs F Family Law FAM. LAw * Financial Institutions FrN. : Health-General H ' ' ' Health Occupations lNsr. ellru-Geru. Heelrn Occ. Housinli and Community Development Hous. & CMrY. DEv. Human Services Huru. Senvs. F Insurance lNs. Lae. & EMpL. ' Labor and Employment b Land Use LAND U5E ts Local Government . Natural Rcsources Locnl Gov'r Nnr. Res. Slrerv n Public Safety Pue. r Pue. UrrL. Public Utilig > Real Property t State Finance and Procurement F State Govemment Renl Pnop. Srarr FtH, & Pnoc. Srnrr Gov'r b State Personnel and Pensions Srnre Pens. & Pens. t. Tax-Cieneral Trx-Geru. l Tax-Property TAX-PRoP. . Transportation TRANSP. LTn ited Statcs J urisdictions Session laws: Cite to Md. Laws, if therein. > .year' Md, Laws ,page no.' Iaws of Maryland > Michie's Annotated Code of Maryland Advance Ifgislative Service (rxisNexis) l <year><pamph. no.> Md. Code Ann. Adv. Legis. Serv. <page no.> (LexisNexis) <year> Md, Legis. Serv. ,page no., (West) West's Maryland Legislative Service Administrative compilation > Code of Maryland Regulations Mo. Cooe Rees. <reg. n6., (,year) Administrative register > Maryland Register <v6l. no.) Md. Reg. (page no.) (,month day, year') Massachusetts (Mass.) http ://www. mass. gov/courts http ://www.malegislature .gov /Law s/ Generallaws SupremeJudicial Court (Mass.): Cite to N.E., N.E.zd, or N.E.3d, if therein. > North Eastern Reporter l88t-date N.E., N.E.zd, N.E.3d > Massachusetts Reports > 97 Mass. to date > Allen 1867-dzte Mass. l86r-1867 e.g., 83 Mass. (r Atten) , r854-1860 e.g., 67 Mass. (r Gray) > Cushing 1848- 1853 > Metcalf 1840-1847 e.9., 55 Mass. (r Cush.) e.g., 4z Mass. (r Met.) > Pickering 1822-1839 r Tyng Villiams 1805-1822 Gray 1804-r805 > (r Pick.) e.9., 2 Mass. (r Tynd r Mass. (r WiltJ e.g., 18 Mass. Appeals Court (Mass. App. Ct.): Cite to N.E.zd or N.E.3d, if therein. > North Eastern Reponer 197Z-da:te :MassachusettsAppealsCourt 1972-date N.E.zd Mass. App. Ct. Reports Lower Courts (Mass. Dist. Ct., Bos. Mun. Ct.): Cite to Mass. App. Div., if therein; otherwise cite to Mass. Supp. or Mass. App. Dec., if therein. > Reports of Massachusetts Appellate Division 1936-1950 Mass. App. Div. 1980-date > Massachusetts Reports Mass. Supp. Supplement > Massachusetts Mass. App. Dec. Appellate Decisions > Appellate Division Advance Sheets r975-1979 ,year, Mass. App. Div. Adv. 5h. <page no.) Statutory compilations: Cite to MAss. GEN. LAws, if therein. I I I o I I I I I t o I t t I o a I t I o a I I I a o I I t I t t o I a o I I t I o I r:iifci g!itl.r,'\ .i{}r'i.!{l!:':ic*: F General Laws of Massachusetts (Mass. Bar Ass'n/ West) MAss. GEN. Lnws ch. x, 5 x (<Year)) o Massachusetts General Laws Annotated CWest) Mess. Gen. Lnws AHn. ch. * Annotated Laws of Massachusetts @exisNexis) MAss. ANN. Lnws ch. x, 5 x (LexisNexis ,year') x,$x(West,year') Session laws: Cite to Mass. Acts, if therein. .year> Mass. Acts ,page r Acts and Resolves of Massachusetts no.> Massachusetts Legislative Service (West) ' ,yean Mass. Legis. Serv. ,page no. (West) ' ,year.,pamph. no., Mass. * Massachusetts Advance Legislative Service (LexisNexis) Adv. Legis. Serv. ,page no. (LexisNexis) ' Administrative compilations: Cite to official Mess. Cooe Rees., if therein. > Code of Massachusetts Regulations ,tit. no., Mnss. Cooe u Code of Massachusetts Regulations (LexisNexis) ,tit. no.' MAss. CoDE REGs. R6GS. .Sec. n9., (,year,) <sec. no.> (LexisNexis ,year') Administrative register ' ,iss. no.' Mass. Reg. ,page no.'(,month day, year) Massachusetts Register Michigan (Mich.) http :,//www. courts. mi. gov http: //www.legislature.mi.gov Supreme Court (Mich.): Cite to N.W. or N.W.zd, if thercin. r North Vestem Report€r * Michigan Reports t Douglass * Blume, Unreported l8-9-tlatc 1847 -d^te Mich. 1843-1847 Doug. opinions 1836-1843 ? Blume, Supreme Court 1805-1836 N.W., N.W.zd Btume Unrep. Op. Blume 5up. Ct. Trans. Transactions Court of Appeals (Mich. Ct. App.): Cite to N.W.zd, if therein l Nofth Western Reporter 1965-date N.W.zd I Michigan Appeals Reports r965-drte Mich. App. Court of Claims (Mich. Ct. Cl.): Cite to Mich. Ct. Cl. - Michigan Court of Claims 1939-1942 Mich. Ct. Cl. Reports Statutory compilations: Cite to MtcH. Co|tp. Lnws, if therein. $ Michigan Compiled Laws (1979) Mtcn. Cot'rtp. Lnws $ x.x (,year') a tlrritecl States J urisdictions > Michigan Compiled (!$Fest) Mrcn. Cotrap. Lnws ArH. 5 x.x (West (year, (rxisNexis) Mrcx. Coanp. Lnws Senv. 5 x.x (LexisNexis (year, laws Annotated > Michigan Compiled Laws Service Session laws: Cite to Mich. Pub. Acts, if therein. > Public and l.ocal Acts of the kgislature of the ,year' Mich. Pub. Acts <page no,) ,year, Mich. Legis. Serv. (page no., (West) <year!(pamph. no.' Mich. State of Michigan > Michigan Legislative Service (West) > Michigan Advance Legislative Service (kxisNexis) Adv. Legis. Serv. ,page no.> (LexisNexis) Administrative compilation > Michigan Administrative Code MtcH. Aot'ltttrt. Cooe r. x.x (,yearD Administrative register ,iss. no,> Mich. Reg. .page no. > (<month day, year') > Michigan Register Minnesota (Minn.) http ://www. mncourts. gov http ://www. revisor. mn. govlpubs Supreme Court (Minn.): Cite to N.W. or N.W.zd, if therein. > North Westem Reporter > Minnesota Reports 1879-date 185l-1977 N.W., N.W.zd Minn. Court of Appeals (Minn. Ct. App.): Cite to N.W.zd. > North rVestern Reporter 1983-date Statutory compilations: Cite to MtNN. Stlt,, > Minnesota Statutes > Minnesota Stafutes Annotated (West) N.W.zd if therein. Mrnn. Srrr. $ x.x (.year) Mtttr. Srnr. AHr. $ x.x (West <year) Session laws: Cite to Minn. Laws, if therein. <yean Minn. Laws <page > Laws of Minnesota no.) > Minnesota Session law Service (West) ,year> Minn. Sess. Law Serv. ,page ns., (West) Administrative compilation MtHtrt. R. (rUle nO.) (,yearr) > Minnesota Rules Administrative register > Minnesota State Regster ,vol. no., Minn. Reg. <page nq., (<month day, year) t I t o t I o I t t I o I t I a I o I I t o I o I o t a I t 3 o o I o I a o o I rr rtr"d $t:r{+.:+ .$ urt'l.t"rilic f i{rm$ Mississippi (Miss.) hnp://www.courts.ms.gov hnp ://www.sos. state. ms. us,/ecl-pubs,/rnscode/ has adopted a public domain July | , 1997 . The format is: Public domain citation format: Mississippi citation format for case s afte r M Pro-Choice Miss. v. Fordice, 95-CA-oo96o-SCT (Miss. rgg8). b Pro-Choice Miss. v. Fordice, 95-CA-oo95o-SCT (fl 1) (Miss. rgg8). For additional information, consult Mississippi Rules of Appellate Procedure, Rule 2fi(O. Supreme Court (Miss.): Cite to So., So. zd, or So. 3d, if therein. 1886-date 5o., So. zd, So.3d " Southem Reporter p Mississippi Reports I o I ! 23 Miss. to 254 Miss. l85l-1966 r Smedes and Marshall r843- r850 Miss. e.g.,9 Miss. (t 5. & M.) r Howard 1834-1843 e.g., z Miss. (r Howard) Valker l8l8- r Miss. (r WatkeD e e Mississippi Decisions 1832 1820- I 885 Miss. Dec. Court of Appeals (Miss. Ct. App.): Cite to So. zd or 5o. 3d " Southem Reporter 1991-date 5o. zd, So.3d Statutory compilations: Cite to Mtss. Cooe Arut. (published by LexisNexis), if therein. ' Mississippi CotJe 1972 Annotated (LexisNexis) Mrss. Cooe Anu. $ x-x-x (Year') F West's Annotated Mississippi Code Mrss. Cooe AruH. $ x-x-x (West,yeap) Session laws: Cite to Miss. Laws, if thercin. ' General Laws of Mississippi ,yean Miss, Laws,page ' Mississippi General laws Advance Sheets (LexisNexis) no.) ,year,-, pamph. no.' Miss. Laws Adv. Sh. , page no., (LexisNexis) n West's Mississippi Legislative Service ,yean Miss. Legis. Serv. .page no.> (West) Administrative compilation r Code of Mississippi Rules (LexisNexis) ,tit. no.>-<ch. no.' Mtss. CooeR.Sx(LexisNexis <year>) Adrninistrative register , Mississippi Govemment Register (LexisNexis) ,iss, no.' Miss. Gov't Reg. <page no.> (LexisNexis ,month year,) a United States lurisdictions Missouri (Mo.) http://www. courts.mo. gov http://www.moga.mo. govlindex. html Supreme Court (Mo.): Cite to S.W., S.W.zd, or 5.W.3d, if therein. 1886-date 182l-1956 > South r*restem Reporter > Missouri Reports S.W., S.W.zd, S.W.3d Mo. Court of Appeals (Mo. Ct. App.): Cite to S.W., S.W.zd, or S.W.3d, if therein. ) South rvestern Reporter l902-date S.W., S.W.zd, S.W.3d > Missouri Appeals Reports 1876-1914 Mo. App. Statutory compilations: Cite to Mo. Rrv. Snr., if therein. > Missouri Revised Statutes > Vernon's Annotated Missouri Statutes (Sfest) Mo. Rrv. Srnr. 5 x.x (year') Mo. Ar,il'r. Srer. $ x.x (West <Yeart) Session laws: Cite to Mo. Laws, if therein. > Session Laws of Missouri <year> > Missouri Legislative Service (West) <year> Mo. Laws <page no.> Mo. Legis. Serv. <page no., (West) Administrative compilation > Missouri Code of State Regulations Annotated Mo. CooE REGS. ANN. tit. x, $ x-x.x (,year,) Administrative register ,vo[. no., Mo. Reg. <page no., (,month day, year,) > Missouri Register Montana (Mont.) http ://www. montanacourts. org http ://www. leg. mt. govlbills,/mca_toc,/index. htm has adopted a public domain citation format for cases after Decembe r 31, 1997. The format is: ) Mont. Envtl. Info. Ctr. v. Dep't of Envtl. Quatity, 1999 MT 248,296 Mont. zo7, 988 P.zd t236. ) Mont. Envtl. Info. Ctr. v. Dep't of Envtl. Quality, t999 MT 296 Mont. 2o7,988P.2d t236, 248,ll2t, For additional instruction, consult Order In /e: Opinion Forms and Citation Standards of the Supreme Court of Montana; and the Adoption of public Domain and Neutral-Format Citarion @ec. 16, 1997), Order in the Matter of Amending Citations Standards for the Montana Supreme Court (fan. 22, ZOO9). Supreme Court (Mont.): Cire to P., P.zd, or P.3d, if therein. > Montana Reports > State Reporter 1883-date 1868-date 1945-da;te P., P.zd, P.3d Mont. State Rptr. a t I a o I o t t I o Public dornain citation format: Montana > Pacific Reporter I I I t I t o I I o I t t o o I o o t o I o o o o o o a o a Statutory compilations: Cite to MoNT. Cooe AHt., if therein. Monr. Coor h Montana Code Annotated AHru. $ x-x-x (.yearr) n west's Montana Code Annotated MoHr. Cooe Arun. $ x-x-x (West.year,) Session laws . ,year' Mont. Laws,page laws of Montana no.> Administrative compilation Aot'rtttt. R. .rule nO.r (.yeafr) Morr. " Administrative Rules of Montana Administrative register ' .iss. no.' Mont. Admin. Reg. Montana Administrative Register (page no.> (month day, year>J Nebraska (Neb.) https',Tsupremecourt. nebraska. gov/ http ://www. nebraska legislature. gov/laws,/browse-statutes. php Supreme Court (Neb.): Cite to N.W. or N.W.zd, if therein. ' North Westem Reporter " Nebraska Repons 1879-date 1860-date N.W., N.W.zd Neb. Court of Appeals (Neb. Ct. App.): Cite to N.W.zd, if therein. r North western Reporter 1992-dtte Reports 1992-date u NebraskaAppellate N.W.2d Neb. App. Statutory compilations: Cite to NEB. Rev. Srnr., if therein. u Revised Statutes of Nebraska Nee. Rrv. Srer, 5 x-x (Year') " Revised Statutes of Nebraska Annotated (LexisNexis) * rvest's Revised Statutes of Nebraska Annotated NEe. Rrv. Srnr. Ar,rru. $ x-x (LexisNexis ,year') Nea. REv. Srnr. Arur. 5 x-x (West,year') Session laws: Cite to Neb. Laws, if therein. ' laws of Nebraska rffest's Nebraska Legislative Service " ,year, Neb. Laws,page no.t .year, Neb. Legis, Serv. ,page no., (West) Administrative compilation n Nebraska Administrative Code ,tit. no.' Nre. AoMrH. Cooe 5 x-x (.year') o United States Jurisrlictions I Nevada (Nev.) http ://www.nevadajudiciary.us hnp ://www. leg.state. nv.us/law1.cfm t Supreme Court (Nev.): Cite to P., P.zd, or P.3d, if therein. > Pacific Reporter > Nevada Reports 1883-date 1865-date I P., P.zd, P.3d Nev. o Statutory compilations: Cite to Nev. REv. STAT., if therein > Nevada Revised Statutes Nrv. Rev. Srar. $ x.x > Michie's Nevada Revised Statutes Annotated Nev. Rev. Srnr. Arr. $ x.x (LexisNexis .year,) (,year') (IrxisNexis) > West's Nevada Revised Statutes Annotated Nev. Rev. Srnr. Arr,r. $ x.x (West,year>) Session laws: Cite to Nev. Stat., if therein. > Statutes of Nevada ,year' Nev.stat. <page D <year, Nev. Legis, Serv. <page no., (West) West's Nevada Legislative Service no.> Administrative compilation > Nevada Administrativ€ Code Nev. AomrH. CooE 5 x.x (,year,1 Administrative register > Nevada Register of Administrative Regulations ,vol. no., Nev. Reg. Admin. Regs.,reg. no., (,month day, year,) New Hampshire (N.H.) http ://www.courts. state.nh.us Supreme Court (N.H.): Cite to A., A.zd, or A.3d, if therein > Atlantic Reporter > New Hampshire Reports 1881-date 1816-date A., A.zd, A.3d N.H. Statutory compilations: Cite to N.H. Rev. Srar. AHl. (published by West), if therein. > New Hampshire Revised Statutes Annotated (West) N.H. Rev. Srnr. Atr,r. $ x:x (yearD > Lexis New Hampshire Revised Statutes N.H. Rev. Srnr. AHr,r. g x:x (LexisNexis ,year,) Annotated Session laws: Cite to N.H. Laws or N.H. Legis. Serv., if therein. > Laws of the State of New Hampshire (West) > New Hampshire Legislative Service (West) <year) N.H. Laws ,page no.> <year) N.H. Legis. Serv. <page no.> t t o I o t I I o o o a a o o I a t o o I a t o o o t o o o I t o c a T o Irlr"i';riri t!,;r:r M Lexis New Hampshire Revised Statutes Annotated <yean Advance Legislative Service (l,exisNexis) <year)-(pamph. no., N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. Adv. Legis. Serv. (page no.) (LexisNexis) Administrative compilations: Cite to N.H. Coor AomtH. , New Hampshire Code of Administrative Annotated (l,exisNexis) " Code of New Hampshire Rules Rules (LexisNexis) R. AruH., N.H. Cooe Aomtn. Ar.rn. if therein R. ,dep't name as abbreviated in Rutes' ,rule ne.' (,year') N.H. Cooe R. ,deprt name as abbreviated in Rutes' .rule nq.' (lexisNexis <year>) Administrative registers: Citc to N.H. Rulemaking Reg., if thcrein . New Hampshire Rulemaking Registcr . New Hampshirc (iovernment Register (LexisNexis) <vol. no.) N.H. Rulemaking Reg. .page no.' (,month day, year') ,iss. no., N.H. Gov't Reg. <page no.> (LexisNexis <month Yearr) NewJersey (NJ.) hnp ://www. jr.r clicia ry. statc. nj. Lls Irttp:,/,/www. n jleg.stete .ni. us Supreme Court (N.1.), previously Court of Errors and Appeals (N.J.): Cite to A., A.zd, or A.3d, if therein Iti85-clate A., A.zd, A.3d o NewJersey Reports 194tt-date N.J. , . NewJersey Law Reports 1790-1948 N.l.L. NewJersey Equity Rcports l ' NewJersey Miscellaneous Reports 1923-1918 e Atlantic Reporter 815- l 948 N.j. Eq. N.J. Misc. Superior Court (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div., N.J. Super. Ct. Ch. Div., N.J. Super. Ct. Law Div.), previously Court of Chancery (N.J' Ch.), Supreme Court (N.1. Sup. Ct.), and Prerogative Court (N.J. Prerog. Ct'): Cite to A., A.zd, or A.3d, if therein. : 1885-datc A., A.zd, A.3d 1948-date N.l. 5uper. u NewJersey Law Reports 7790-t94t) N.j.L. s NewJersey Equity Reports 1830- I 948 N.J. Eq. t 192J-1948 N.J. Misc. Atlantic Reporter * New Jersey Superior Court Reports New Jersey Miscellaneous Reports County Court (c.g., Essex County Ct.) and other lower courts: Cite to A.zd, if therein. Tax Court (N.1. Tax Ct.): Cite to N.J. Tax. " NewJerseyTax(i)urtReports 1979-date N.l. Tax o United States Jurisdictions Statutory compilations: Cite to N.J. Srar. Anr., if therein. N.,. SrAr. Arr,r. 5 x:x (West > NewJersey Statutes Annotated (West) (year, > NewJersey Revised Statutes (2013) N.J. REv. Srnr. $ x:x (,year,) Session laws: Cite to N.J. Laws, if therein. > <year) N.j. Laws ,page no.r Iaws of NewJersey > NewJersey Session law (year) N.J. Sess. Law Serv. .page no., (West) Service (West) Administrative compilation > NewJersey Administrative Code (rxisNexis) N.J. Aotrarr, Cooe $ x:x-x.x (.year) Administrative register > NewJersey Register <vol. no,> N.J, Reg, <page @exisNeds) no.' (,month day, year) Administrative report > New Jersey Administrative 1979-date N.J. Admin., N.J. Admin. zd Reports N;; M&;; (n.il.i http ://www. nmcourts. gov http ://www. nmonesource. com,/nmnxtadmin/nmpublic. aspx Public domain citation forrnaft New Mexico has adopted citation format for cases effectiveJuly l,2Ol3. The format is: a public domain ) Atlixco Coa[. v. Maggiore, 1998-NMCA-r34, 125 N.M. 786,965 P.2d 370. ) Atlixco Coal. v. Maggiore, 1998-NMCA-134,11!4,125 N.M. 796, 965 P.zd 37o. For additional information, consult New Mexico Supreme Court Rule 23-l 12 (effective June 4, 2004) and New Mexico Supreme Court Order No. 13€30G 013 (May 13,20lr. Supreme Court (N.M.): Cite to P., P.zd, or P.3d, if therein. > Pacific Reporter > New Mexico Reports 1883-date 1852-2012 P., P.zd, P.3d N.M. Court of Appeals (N.M. Ct. App.): Cite to P.zd or P.3d, if therein. > Pacific Reporter r967-date P.zd, P.3d > 1967-2012 N.M. NewMexicoReports Statutory compilations: Cite to N.M. Srnr. AHt., if therein. > New Mexico Statut€s Annotated 1978 (Conway Greene) > West's New N.M. Srnr. Aun. $ x-x-x (.yearr) Mexico Statutes Annotated N.M. Srnr. ArH. 5 x-x-x (West,yearr) I I o I t t o o t t t o t t t o c t t o o e o o o o O o o o t I o o o o o o c o o { 'lx " Michie's Annotated I Statutes of New Mexico (LexisNexis) ii r 'l.l N.M. Srnr. Arur. $ x-x-x (LexisNexis ,year') Session laws: Cite to N.M. Laws, if therein. " Laws of the State of New Mexico (year> N.M. Laws,page no., , ,year, N.M. Adv. Legis. New MexicoAdvance Legislative Service (Conway Green) = Serv. ,page no.' ,year, N.M. Legis. N(est's New Mexico Legislative Service Serv. ,page n6.' (West) Administrative compilation ' N.M. Cooe R. $ x.x.x.x (LexisNexis ,year') Code of New Mexico Rules (LexisNexis) Administrative register , <Vol. New Mexico Regist€r no.) N.M. Reg. ,page no.' (,month day, year') New York (N.Y.) http ://www. courts. state. ny. us http :/,/assembly. state. ny. us/leg,/ Court of Appeals (N.Y.) after ltt47: Cite to N.E., N.E.zd, or N.E.3d, if therein = North Eastem Reporter l8tl5-datc 1847-date - west's New York Supplement 1956-datc = New York Reports N.E., N.E.zd, N.E.3d N.Y., N.Y.zd N.Y.S.zd (The first series of N.Y. is reprinted in N.Y.S. and N.Y.S.zd without separate pagination. Do not include a parallel cite to N.Y.5. or N.Y.S.zd in citations to the lirst series of N,Y.) Court for the Correction of Errors (N.Y.) and Supreme Court of Judicature (N.Y. Sup. Ct.) (highest state courts of law before 1847): Cite to one of the following reporters. . Lockwood's Revemed ' Cases Denio's Reports 1799-1847 l 845- 18411 Lock. Rev. Cas. Denio " Hill and Denio Supplement 1842-1844 Hilt & Den. " Hill's Repofts 1841-1844 Hitt ' 1831-1853 Edm. Sel. Cas. . Yates'Select Cases . Anthon's Nisi Prius Cases 1809 Yates 5e[. Cas. " Wendell's Reports ' Cowen's Repons 1828- (Lalor) ' ' Edmond's Select Cases Johnson's Reports Cain€s'Reports * Caines'Cases Coleman & Caines' Cases " Johnson's Cases , Coleman's Cases 1807-l85I l84l Ant. N.P. Cas. Wend. 1823-1829 Cow. 1806-1821 lohns. 1803- 1805 Cai. 1796-1805 Cai. Cas. t794-1805 Cole. & Cai. Cas. 1799-r80) lohns. Cas. t79t - I 800 Cole. Cas. t Urrited States Jtuisdictions Court ofChancery (N.Y. Ch.) (righest state court ofequity before 1848): Cite to one of the following reporters. Reports > Barbour's Chancery Reports > Edwards' Chancery l83l-1850 1845-1848 Barb. Ch. Reports 1843-1847 Sand. Ch. > Saratoga Chancery Sentinel Reports > Clarke's Chancery R€ports 184l-1847 Sarat. Ch. Sent. > Paige's Chancery 1828-1845 Paige Ch. l8l9-1841 cl. ch. > Sandford's Chancery ) Hoffman s Chancery Reports l8J9-1840 >Hopkins'ChanceryReports 1823-1825 > Lansing's Chancery Repofts o I Hoff. Ch. Hopk. Ch. 1824-1826 Lans. Ch. >Johnson'sChanceryReports 1814-1823 >NewYorkChanceryReports 1814-1847 Johns. Ch. N.Y. Ch. Ann. a Annotated Supreme Court, Appellate Division (N.Y. App. Div.), previously Supreme Court, General Term (N.Y. Gen. Term): Cite to N.Y.S. or N.Y.S.zd, if therein. > \ttrest's New > Appellate York Supplement Division Reports > Supreme Court Reports > Iansing's Reports > Barbour's Supreme Court 1888-date N.Y.S., N.Y.S,zd 1896-date A.D., A.D.zd, A.D.3d r814-1896 N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1869-1873 1847-1877 Lans. Barb. Reports Other lower courts (e.9., N.Y. App. Term, N.Y. Sup. Ct., N.Y. Ct. Cl., N.Y. Civ. Ct., N.Y. Crim. Ct., N.Y, Fam. Ct.): Cite to N.Y.S. or N.Y.S.zd, if therein. > west's New York Supplement > New York Miscellaneous Reports 1888-date 1892-date N.Y.S., N.Y.S.zd Misc., Misc. zd Other lower courts before 1888: Cite to one of the following reporters. 1876-1894 > Abbott's New > Abbott's Practice Reports I8t4-r875 Abb. N. Cas. Abb. Pr., Abb. Pr. (n.s.) > Howard's Practic€ Reports 1844-1886 How. Pr., How. Pr. (n.s.) Cases Statutory compilations: Cite to one of the following sources, if therein. > McKinney's Consolidated Laws of N.Y. ,susjscr> Lnw 5 x New York Annotated (lfesD (McKinney ,year,) > New York Consolidated Laws Service @exisNexis) > New York Consolidated laws Unannotated (LexisNexis) N.Y, <sueJEcr) Lew 5 x (Consol..yearr) N.Y. ,suelecr' Llw ABAND. PRoP. ' Agncult ural Conservation Aenrc. Consenv. > Agnculture and Markets AGRrc. & MKTs. > Alcoholic Beverage Control ALco. BEV. CoNT. > Alternative County 5x (LexisNexis ,year,) > Abandoned Property Govemment Alr, Courrv Gov'r > Arts and Cultural Affairs ARrs & Culr. Arr. > Banking Blrrrre > Benevolent Orders Brr. > Business Corporation Bus. CoRP. Ono. t I Edw. Ch. I t t I e o o I o o o ( c a o o o o o o o o o t o t o I o o o o o o o o { lririr,.lsf h{lre*s .}mn i utiir'lt r Canal Cnnnl ' Civil Practice Law and Rules N.Y. C.P.L.R. <rule no,) (McKtnuev .year,) or: N.Y. C.P.L.R, <rule no.) (Cor,lsot-. ,year,) . Civil Rights Rtcrrs Ctv. " Civil Service " Commerce " Cooperative Corporations Crv.5env. F Connecr. Correction Cotvt. Coop. Conp. * Countl Counrv o Criminal Procedure Cnrm. Pnoc. r Debtor ancl Creditor DEBr. & CRED. e Domestic Relations Doru. Rel. " Economic Development EcoN. DEV. " Education n Elder Eouc. 6 Election ELEc. . Ervr. Eminent Domain Procetlure Eloen Dom. Pnoc. " Employers'tiabiliry EwtpL'ns Ltne. h Energy Eu n Environmental Conservation Ervrl. Consenv. ! Esr. Powens & TRUsrs Estates, Powers and Tnrsts e nev Exec. F Executive s Financial Services Frn. Senv. " General Associations GrH. Ass'Hs " r General Business Gen. Bus. General City Geru. CrrY , General (i)nstruction GEt't. Corusrn. , General Municipal Grn. Mutt. " Gencral Obligations GeN. OeLtc. ' Highway HrcH. . Insurance * Indian INDIAN ft I Ns. JUD. " Judiciary Judiciary (lourt Acts luo. Cr. Acrs * Labor LAB. - LEGrs. Legislative F Lien Lr eru F Limited Liability Company r Local Finance " Mental Hygiene Lro. Lree. Co. Loclt- Ftu. Msrurel Hve. F Military Mrr-. ' Multiple Dwelling - Multiple ' Residence Municipal Home Rule and Statute of Local Governments Mulr. Dwru. MULT. REsrD. Mur.r. Home Rule l.Jnited Stntes J uristlictions > Navigation NAV. > Not-for-Profrt Corporation Nor-ron-Pnonr CoRP. > Optional County Govemment Opr. Crv. Gov'r Prnrs Rrc. & Hrsr. > Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation Pnesenv. > Partnership P'sHtp > Penal PENAL > Personal Prop€rty PERs. PRoP. > Private Housing Finance Pnrv. Hous. Frr. > Public Authorities PUB. AUTH. > Public Buildings Pue. BLoes. > Public Health PUB. HEALTH > Public Housing PUB. HoUs. > Public Lands PuB. LANDs > Public Offlcers Pue. Orr. > Public Service Pua.Senv. > Racing, Pari-Mutuel Wagering and Breeding RAc. PARI-MUT. WAG. & BREED. > Railroad ' R.R. Rapid Transit Rapro TnnHs. > Red Property REAr PRoP. > Real Propefiy Actions and Proceedings > RealPropertyTax Reel Pnop. Acrs. Real Pnop. Tlx > Religious Corpofations Relre. Conp, > Retirement and Social Security REnRE. & Soc. Sec. > Rural Electric Cooperative Runnl Euec. Coop. > Second Class Cities Sgcot'ro > Social Services Soc.5env. > Soil and Water Conservation Districts Sorr & WArER Corsenv. Drsr. Cnss Crrres > State STATE > State Administrative Procedure Act A.P.A. > State Finance Srarr Frr. > State Printing and Public Documents Srnre Pnrrr. & PuB. Docs. > State Technology SrATE TECH. > Statutes Srnr. > Surrogate's Court Procedure Act Sunn. Cr. PRoc. Acr > Tax Tnx > Town Towr > Tnarsp. Transportation > Transportation Corporations TnnHsp. Conp. > Unconsolidated UNcoNsot. > Uniform Commercial Code u.c.c. > Vehicle and VEH. & TRAT. Traffic > Village Vrlue > Volunteer Ambu.lance rVorkers' VoL. AMBUL. WoarEns' Benefit e Ber, > Volunteer Firefighters' Benefit Vol. > Workers' Compensation WonxEns'Comp. Frne. Ber. o o o o o o o o o o o o o a O t t I o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 'r1:::r I ,tii i.t':!: ri,:r;" I ili;',t Uncompiled lawsr Cite to one of the following sources, if therein. For the user's convenience, the McKinney's volume in which the law appears is indicated parenthetically below. s McKinney's Consolidated Laws N.Y..Lrw, 5 x (McKinney * Consolidated N.Y.,Lnw>5x(Consot. ,year') Laws Service <Year'J " New York Consolidated N.Y.,Lnw, 5 x (LexisNexis ,year,) I-aws Unannotated n New York City Civil Court Act (29A) Crrv Crv. Cr. Acr ; Crrv Cnrn. Cr. Acr New York City Criminal Court Act (294) o Code of (lriminal Procedure (1 1A) Cooe Cntm. Pnoc. ' Court of Claims Act (29A) . Family Court Act (29A) Cr. w CL. Acr Fem. Cr. Acr UNTFoRM Crrv Cr. Uniform City Court Act (29A) Acr " Uniform District Court Act (294) UHrronm Dtsr. Cr. Acr n Uniform Justice Court Act (29A) Unrronm lusr. Cr. Acr Session laws: Cite to official N.Y. Laws, if therein; otherwise, cite to N'Y' Sess. Laws, if therein. ,year' N.Y. Laws ,page no.' r Laws of New York - McKinney's Session Laws of New York (West) ,year, N.Y. SeSS. LawS <page no.> (McKinney) * Ncw York Consolidated laws Service <year>-<pamPh. no.' N.Y. Consol. Laws Adv. Legis. Serv. <page no.> Advance Legislative Service (LexisNexis) (LexisNexis) Administrative compilation " Official Compilation of Codes, N.Y. Cotvtp. Cooes R. & Rules & Regulations of the State of New York ovest) Administrative register - New York State Register Rees. tit. x, $ x (year,) .vo[. no.' N.Y. Reg. ,page no.' (.month day, year') North Carolina (N.C.) http://www.nccourts.org http ://www. ncleg. net/gascripts,/sta tu tes/statutes. asp Supreme Court (N.C.): Cite to S.E. or S.E.zd, if therein. , South Eastern Reporter 1887-date " North Carolina Reports , 63 N.c. to date S.E., S.E.zd 1868-date N.C. - Phillips'Equity - Phillips'taw 1866- 1868 6z N.C. (Phit. Eq.) 1866-1868 6r N.C. (Phit.) , 1863-1864 6o N.C. (Win.) 1853- 1863 e Winston " Jones' Equity (54-59) ' Jones' Law (46-53) 1853-1862 .g., 54 N.C. (r Jones Eq.) e.g., 46 N.C. (r Jones) Uilited States Jurisdictions > Busbee's Equity r8t2-1853 ql > Busbee's Law 1852-1853 ++ N.C. (Busb.) 1840-1852 1834-1839 e.9.,36 N.C. (r lred. Eq.) e.9., 23 N.C. (r lred.) €.g., 21 N.C. (r Dev. & Bat. r834-1839 e.9., 20 N.C. > Iredell's Equity > Iredell's ) (36-43) law (23-35) 1840-1852 Devereux & Battle's Equity (21-22) Eq') > Devereux & Battl€'s Law (r8-20) (l & 4 Dev. & Bat.) (16-17) Iaw (12-15) > Hawks (8-11) > Murphey (5-7) > Devereux's Equiry 1826-1834 > Devereux's 1826-1834 > Taylor's N.C. (Busb. Eq.) North Carolina Term 1820-1826 (r Dev. Eg.) (r Dev.) e.g.,8 N.C. (r Hawks) e.9., 16 N.C. e.g., rz N.C. r804-r813 r8l8-1819 e.g., 5 N.C. (r Mur.) 1816-1818 + N.C. Oaylor) r8r3-r816 1800-1804 4 N.C. (Car. L. Rep.) e.g., z N.C. (r Hayw.) r N.C. (Cam. & Nor.) r798-1802 r778-r797 r r Repons > Carolina Law Repository > Haywood (2-3) 1789-1806 > Conference by Cameron & Norwood > Taylor > Martin N.C. (Tay.) N.C. (Mart.) Court of Appeals (N.C. Ct. App.): Cite to S.E.zd, if therein. > South Eastern Reporter > North Carolina Court ofAppeals 1968-date 1968-date S.E.zd N.C. App. Reports Statutory compilations: Cite to N.C. GEN. SrAT. (published by LexisNexis), if therein. > General Statutes of North Carolina OrxisNexis) N.C. Grn. Srer. 5 x-x (Year') > West's North Carolina General Statutes Grr. Srar. (West,year,) N.C. Annotated Arr. $ x-x Session laws: Cite to N.C. Sess. Laws. if therein. > Session laws of North Carolina <year> N.C.Sess. Laws > North Carolina <year> Advance Legislative S€rvice (IrxisNexis) ,yearr-,pamph. no.> N.C, r ,year, N.C. Legis. Serv. ,page no., (West) <page no.) Nonh Carolina kgislative Service (West) Adv. Legis. Serv. <page no., (LexisNexis) Administrative compilation > Nonh Carolina Administrative Code (\Ufest) <tit. no,> N,C, ADMTN. COoe,rule n9.' (year,) Administrative register > North Carolina Register (l.rxisNexis) ,vo[. no., N.C. Reg. <page no., (,month day, year') a o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o I o o o o o o o O o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o I *irr ri 3! North Dakota (N.D.) http ://www. nclcou rts. g()v hnp://www.legis.ncl. gov Public Domain Citation Format: North Dakota has adopted a public domain citation format for cases after Dccember 31,l()()6. The format is: * Kautzman v. Kautzman, zoo3 ND r4o,668 N.W.zd 59. s Kautzman v. Kautzman, zoo3 ND t4o,1'9,558 N.W.zd Sg,61. For additional information, consult North Dakota Rule s of Court, Rule 1 1.6. Supreme Court (N.D.): Citc to N.W. or N.W.zd, if thcrein. 1890-date 1n90-1953 * North Westem Reporter ! North Dakota Reports N.W., N.W.zd N.D. Suprerne Court of Dakota (Dakota): Citc to N.W., if therein. ' Nofth western Reporter " Dakota Reports IU79-18ri9 1tt67-l8tt9 N.W. Dakota Court of Appeals of North Dakota (N.D. Ct. App.): Cite to N.W.zd. l9tt7-date N.W.zd " North West€rn Reporter Statutory cornpilations: Cite to N.D. CEnr. Cooe, if therein . North Dakota Century Code (LexisNexis) N.D. CeHr. Cooe $ x-x-x (<year>) (lode Annotated =. West's North Dakota Century N.D. CeHr. Cooe AruH. 5 x-x-x (West,year') Session laws: Cite to N.D. Laws, if therein. > Laws of North Dakota ? North Dakota Century Code <year> Advance Legislative Service (LexisNexis) ,year, N.D. Laws ,page no., ,year,-,pamph. no., N.D. Cent. Code Adv. Legis. Serv. <page no.' (LexisNexis) ! West's Nofth Dakota Legislative Service ,yean N.D. Legis. Serv. ,page no., (West) Administrative compilation F North Dakota Administrative Codc N.D. ADMTN. Cooe ,rute no., (,year,) Ohio (Ohio) http ://www. sconet.state. ()h. Lls ht tp:,/, t'odcs.oh io. gov,/ort Public Domain Citation Format: Ohio has adopted a public domain citation format for cases decided after April 30, 2002. The format is: * State v. Lynch, 98 Ohio St. 3d 5r4, 2oo3-Ohio-2284,781 N.E.zd 1185. tlnited Sfatcs J uri*dictions ) State v. Lynch,98 Ohio St.3d 5r4, zoo3'Ohio-2284,787 N.E.zd u85, at tl3. For additional information, consult the Suprenxe Court of Ohio Writing Manual (2ded.20lT. Supreme Court (Ohio): Cite to N.E., N.E.zd, or N.E.3d, if therein. > North Eastem Reporter 1885-dat€ N.E., N.E.zd, N.E.3d > ohio state Reports 1852-d^te Ohio St., Ohio St. zd, Ohio > Ohio Reports 1821-l8tl Ohio > Vilcox's Condensed Reports r u(rright 1821-1831 Wilc. Cond. Rep. r83r-r834 Wright > 1809-1899 Ohio Unrep. Cas. ld 5t. Ohio Unreported Cases Court of Appeds (Ohio Ct. App.): Cite to N.E., N.E.zd, or N.E.3d, if therein. > Ohio Appellate Reports 1926-date 19r3-date > Ohio Circuit Court Reports r9r4-r917 > Ohio Courts of Appeals Reports 1916-1922 > North Eastem Reporter N.E., N.E.zd, N.E.3d Ohio App., Ohio App. zd, Ohio App. 3d Ohio C.C. Ohio Ct. App. Other law courts: Cite to N.E., N.E.zd, or N.E.3d, if therein; otherwise, cite to another reporter in the following order of preference. r926-date Reports l%2-2012 I North Eastern Reporter N.E., N.E.zd, N.E.3d > ohio Miscellaneous Ohio Misc., Ohio Misc. zd > Ohio Bar Reports Ohio Opinions 1982-1987 1934-1982 Ohio B. F > Ohio Law Abstract 1922-1954 Ohio Law Abs. Ohio Op., Ohio Op. zd, Ohio op.ld > Ohio Nisi Prius Reports 1903-1934 > Ohio Decisions 1894-r92r Ohio N.P., Ohio N.P. (n.s.) Ohio Dec. > Ohio Decisions, Reprint 1840-1893 Ohio Dec. Reprint > Ohio Circuit Decisions 1885-1923 Ohio Cir. Dec. > Ohio Circuit Court Decisions r90r-1923 e.g.,t3-23 Ohio C.C. Dec. r Ohio Circuit 1885-1901 Ohio C.C. > Ohio Law Bulletin r876-192r > Ohio Circuit Court Reports, New Series 1903-1917 Ohio L. Butl. Ohio C.C. (n.s.) > Ohio Law Reporter Court Reports 1903-1934 Ohio L.R. > Tappen's Reports l8l6-1819 Tapp. Rep. > Anderson's 1990 Ohio App. Unrep. Unreported Ohio Appellate Cases Statutory compilations: Cite to one of the following codes. > Page's Ohio Revised Code Annotated (LexisNexis) > Baldwin's (west) Ohio Revised Code Annotated OHro REV. Cooe AHr. 5 x.x (LexisNexis .year,) OHro REv. Cooe AHn. 5 x.x (West,year) o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o t o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o { ul{r,r{ Session laws: Cite to Ohio Laws, if therein. r State of Ohio: Legislative Acts Passed and Joint ,year, Ohio Laws .page no., Resolutions Adopted ' Page's Ohio Legislative Bulletin (LexisNexis) ,year' Ohio Legis. Butt. <page no. " Baldwin's Ohio Legislative Service Annotated OVest) > (LexisNexis) ,year, Ohio Legis. Serv. Ann. ,page 6s., (West) Administrative compilation * Baldwin's Ohio Administrative Code Cwest) Onro AornrH. CooE .rute n6., (,ygarr) Administrative and executive registers: Cite to one of the following registers. n Baldwin's Ohio Monthly Record r C)hio Government b ohio Department Reports Reports 1977-date Ohio Monthty Rec. <page no.> (<month year)) 1965-lL)76 Ohio Gov't <page no.> (.month day, year) 19t4-1964 Ohio Dep't <page no.' (,month day, year,) Oklahoma (Okla.) http://www.oscn.net hnp ://www. oklegislature. govlosstatuestitle.html Public domain citation format: Oklahoma has adopted a public domain citation format for cases after May l,lL)97. The format is: F Herbertv. Okla. Christian Coa[., 1999 OK9o,99zP.zd3zz. cr Herbertv. Okta. Christian Coal.,t999 OKgo, fl 2,992P.2d322, 325. For additional information, consult Oklahoma Supreme Court Rule 1.200(e) and Oklahoma Criminal Appeals Rule 3.5(c). Supreme Court (Okla.): Cite to P., P.zd, or P.3d, if therein. Itt90-date Iu90-1953 'Pacilic Reporter r Oklahoma Repons P., P.zd, P.3d Okta. Court of Appeals of Indian Territory(lndian Terr.): Cite to S'W., if therein ' . South Wcst€m Reporter Indian Territory Repofts 1896-1907 1896-1907 S.W. Indian Terr. Court of Criminal Appeals (Okla. Crim. App.;, before 1959 Crirninal Court of Appeals (Okla. Crim. App.): Cite to P., P.zd, or P.3d, if therein. ' ' Pacilic Reporter Oklahoma Criminal 1908-date Reports l90ti-1953 P., P.zd, P.3d Okta. Crim. Court of Civil Appeals (Okla. Civ. App.): Cite to P.zd or P.3d. , Pacilic Reporter l97l-dare P.zd, P.3d Statutory compilations: Cite to OKLA. Sur., if therein o United States Jurisdictions ) Oru. Srer. tit. x, $ x Oklahoma Statutes (West) (.year') > Oklahoma Statutes Annotated (West) Oxu. Srnr. Anr. tit. x, 5x (West,year') Session lawsl Cite to Okla. Sess. Laws, if therein. > Oklahoma Session (West) laws Oklahoma Session Law Service Of/est) .yean Okla. Sess. Laws <page no') <year' Okla. Sess. Law Serv. <page no., (West) Administrative cornpilation > Oklahoma Oru. Administrative Code Aotrittr. Cooe $ x:x- x-x (,year') Administrative registers: Cite to one of the following > Oklahoma Register sources. 1983-date <vol. no.) Okla. Reg. <page 1962-1983 <vol. no,) Okla. Gaz. ,page no., (,month day, year') l Oklahoma Gazette no.> (<month day, year,) http ://www. courts.oregon. govlOJD http://www.oregonlegislature.govlbills laws/Pages Supreme Court (Or.): Cite to P., P.zd, or P.3d, if therein. 1883-date 1853-date > Pacific Reporter > Oregon Reports P., P.zd, P.3d Or. Court of Appeals (Or. Ct. App.): Cite to P.zd or P.3d, if therein. > Pacifrc Reporter > Oregon Reports, Court of r969-date r969-drte P.zd, P.3d Or. App. Appeals Tax Court (Or. T.C.): Cite to Or. Tax. > Oregon Tax Reports 1962-drte Or. Tax Statutory compilations: Cite to On. Rrv. Srrr., if therein. > Oregon Revised Statutes r West's Oregon Revised Statutes Annotated On. Rev. Srar. 5 x.x (,year') On. Rrv. Srar. AHr,r. S x.x (West ,year) Session laws: Cite to Or, Laws, if therein. When citing statutes repealed during or after 1953, indicate parenthetically the former Or. Rev. Stat. sections. > Oregon Laws and Resolutions .yean Or. Laws <page no., ,year> Or. Laws Spec, sess. ,page no., <year> Or. Laws Adv. Sh. : Vest's Oregon Legislative Service No. x, ,page no.> .yean Or. Legis. Serv. .page no.' (West) t o o I o o o o I o o a o o o o t o o o o o o o o o o o o I o o o o o o o o o o o t{l,iii'""-i I'lrillil 111i ili{i'^ ll'uir Administrative compilation On. Aot'rttt't. R., rule " Oregon Administrative Rules ns.' (,year') Administrative register . (vo[. no.> Or. Bull. ,page no., (,month day, year,) Orecon Bulletin Pennsylvania (Pa.) https :,/u jsportal. pacourts. us/ http,//www. legis. state. pa. us/cfckrcs/legis/l i/public Supreme Court (Pa.): Cite to A., A.zd, or A.3d, if therein. - Atlantic Reporter u Pennsylvania state . Monaghan , Sadler Reports 1885-tl:rte A., A.zd, 1845-date Pa. 1888-1890 Monag. 1885-1889 Sadter 1885 A.3d Walk. " Walker 1855- i 1881-1884 Pennyp. , Grint l8l4-1863 Grant " watts and Scrgeant 184r-1845 Watts & Serg. Pennypacker l84l , , , Wharton 1835- Watts 1832,-1840 Rawlc ' , Penrose and Watts 1828-1835 Rawle 1829-1832 Pen. & W. 1814-1828 Serg. & Rawle 1799-1814 Binn. Sergeant and Rawlc h Binncy r Yeates " Addison , Dallas ' Alden l79l-1808 r19r-r799 Whart. Watts Yeates Add. 1754-1806 Dalt. 1754-1814 Ald. Superior Court (Pa. Super. Ct.): Cite to A., A.zd, or A.3d, if therein. For cases dccided after December 31, 1998, use the following public domain citation format: tr Rapagnani v. Judas Co.,t999 PA Super zo3. F Atlantic Reporter ' Pennsylvania Superior Reports l9J I -dare Court 1895-1997 A., A.zd, A.3d Pa. Super. Commonwealth Court (Pa. Commw. Ct.): Cite to A.zd or A.3d, if thercin. " Atlantic Reporter r Pennsylvania Commonwealth Court Reports r97o-<Jtre A.zd, A.3d 1970-1994 Pa. Commw. Other lower courts: Cite to Pa. D. & C., Pa. D. & C.zd, Pa. D. & C'3d, Pa. D. & C.+th, or Pa. D. & C.5th, if thcrein. Not all lower court decisions are reproduced in the reporters listed below, and it nray be necessary, on occasion, to cite to the legal reporter for an individual county, if availablc. For a comprehcnsive list of Pennsylvania county collrt reports, consult chaptef United litates Jurisdictions seven, appendix four, Fnam Y. I,ru rr ar., PrNnsvrvewn l"EcAI RrsrmcH (2008). > Pennsylvania District and County l9l8-date Pa. D. & C., Pa. D. & C.zd, Pa. D. & C.3d, Pa. D. & C.4th, Pa. D. & C.5th 1892-r92r Pa. D. r870-r92r Pa. C. Reports > Pennsylvania District Reports > Pennsylvania County Court llmnnoor Reports Statutory compilations: Cite to Pl. CoHs. Srlr. (79 titles), if therein. These publications should not be confused with Pa. Cooe, which is a code of regula' tions, not of legislation. > Pennsfvania Consolidated Statutes > Purdon's Pennsylvania Statutes and Consolidated Statutes Annotated ($/est) <tit. no.' PA. CoNs. Srnr. $ x (yearr) (tit. no.) Pe. Srlr. nro CoHs. Srer. ArH. 5 x (West.year') > Purdon's Pennsylvania Statutes and Consolidated Statutes (West) <tit, no.) Pn, Srlr. lno Cors. Srnr. Arr.r, 5 x (West,year,) Session laws: Cite to Pa. Laws. if therein. > Iaws of Pennsylvania > Purdon's Pennsylvania Irgislative Service (West) ,year> Pa. Laws <page no.> <year, Pa. Legis, Serv. <page no., (West) Administrative compilation > Pennsylvania Code (Fry Communications) <tit. no.r Pa. Coor 5 x.x (.year'; Administrative register > Pennsylvania Bulletin (Fry Communications) .vol, no., Pa. Bull. <page ne.' (month day, year,) Rhode Island (R.I.) https://www.courts. ri. gov http :,/webserver. rilin. state. ri. us/Statutes Supreme Court (R.1.): Cite to A., A.zd, or A.3d, if therein. > Atlantic Reporter Reports 1885-date 1828-1980 > Rhode Island A., A.zd, A.3d R.l. Statutory compilations: Cite to R.l. Get. Laws, if therein. > General Laws of Rhode Island > rJi'est's General (LexisNexis) <tit, no.> R.l. Gen. Lnws 5 x-x-x (Year') laws of Rhode Island Annotated (tit. no., R.l. GEN. LAws Atr,r. 5 x-x-x (West.yearr) Session laws: Cite to R.l. Pub. Laws, if therein. > Public laws ofRhode Island and Plantations Providence <year, R.l. Pub. Laws {page no.) o o O a I o o o I t o I o o o o O o I I o o I o o I o o a o o o o o o o o o o o I o . - . Acts and Resolves of Rhodc Island and Providence Plantations <year> R.l. Acts Rhode Island Advance Legishtive Service (LexisNexis) ,year,-,pamph. no., R.l. West's Rhode Island Advancc Legislativc Service <year> R.l. Adv. Legis. Serv. (page & Resolves nO.> Adv. Legis. Serv. ,page no.' (LexisNexis) ,page no.' (West) Administrative compilation , no.>-<ch. no.' R.l. Cooe $ x (LexisNexis ,year>) Code ofRhode Island Rules (LexisNexis) Administrative register ' Rhode Island Government Register (LexisNexis) ,iss. no., R.l. Gov't Reg. <page no.> (LexisNexis <month Year,) South Carolina (S.C.) http://www. jr-rclicial.state.sc. r-rs hnp ://www. scstatelx)use. g<>v/c<>cle,/statrnast. php Supreme Court after 1868 (S.C.): Cite to 5.E. or S.E.zd, if thercin. - South Eastem Reporter l8tt7-date S.E.,5.E.zd . 186{i-date South Carolina Reports 5.C. Court of Appeals (5.C. Ct. App.): Citc to S.E.zd. if the re in. - South Eastem Reporter l9ti3-date S.E.zd ' South Carolina Reports 1983-datc S.C. Courts of law before 1868: Citc t<l S.C.L. South Crrolina Law Reports ' tuchardson (J7-4, ' Strobhart (32-a6) . Richardson (30-31) . Speers (28-2D ' McMullan (26-27) ,Cheves ,Rice " Dudley ,' Riley Hill (19-21) ' Bailey (17-lti) 'Harper McCord (12-15) .NottandMcCord(10-ll) . Mill ((ionstitutional) (6-7) Brevard (3-1) . Bav (l-2) Treadwav (8-9) ltt50-lU6u lu46-1850 c.g., 37 5.C.1. (f Rich.) e.g., 32 5.C.1. (r Strob.) (t 1841-ltl46 e.g., 3o S.C.L. ltl42-11144 e.g., z8 S.C.L. (r Speers) 1840-1t142 c.9., 26 5.C.1. (r McMut.) 18J9-lti40 l|Stt-1839 zS S.C.L. (Chev.) lU37-1818 zl l{136-ltt37 1833-1U37 zz S.C.L. (Rit.) e.g., r9 S.C.L. (r Hilt) lU28-1832 e ltl23-1824 1tt21-l|2u 16 S.C.L. (Harp.) e.9., 12 5.C.1. (r McCord) 1817-1820 e.g., 10 5.C.1. (1 Nott & McC.) 1til7-llll8 1tt12-lttl6 e.e.,8 S.C.L. (t Milt) e .g., 5 S.C.L. (r Tread.) 1793-1u16 e.g., 3 S.C.L. 1783-ltl04 e.g., r S.C.L. (r Bay) Rich.) zzr S.C.L. (Rice) S.C.L. (Dud.) .g., 17 S.C.L. (t Bail.) (r Brev.) U o nitcd States Jurisdictiorrs t Courts of equity before 1868: Cite to S.C. Eq. > South Carolina Equity Repofts (24-35) 1850-1868 e.g., z4 S.C. Eq. >stfobharr'sEquifi(20-2T 1846-1850 e.g., 20 S.C. Eq. (r Strob. Eq.) 1844-1846 e.g., r Richardson's Eqtity > Richardson's Equity (18-19) Speers'Equity > McMullan's Equity > Cheves'Equity > Rice's Equity > Dudley's Equity > Riley's Chancery > 1842-1844 1840-1842 1839-1840 1838-1839 1837-1838 (r Rich. Eq.) r8 S.C. Eq. (r Rich. Eq.) r7 S.C. Eq. (Speers Eq.) 16 S.C. Eq. (McMul. Eq.) r5 S.C. Eq. (Chev. Eq.) r4 S.C. Eq. (Rice Eq.) r3 S.C. Eq. (Dud. Eq.) 1836-1837 rz S.C. Eq. (Ril. Eq.) >Hill'sChancery(10-ll) 1833-1837 e.g., ro 5.C. Eq. (r Hitl Eq.) > Richardson's Cases Equity > McCord's Chancery (6-7) 183l-1832 > Bailey's 1830-1831 9 5.C. Eq. (Rich. Cas.) 8 S.C. Eq. (Bail. Eq.) > Harper's Equity l Desaussure's Equity (1-4) 1825-1827 e.g., 6 S.C. Eg. (r McCord Eq.) 1824 5 S.C. Eq. (Harp. Eq.) 1784-1817 e .9., 1 S.C. Eq. t I I (r Des. Eq.) Statutory compilation > Code of l"aws of South Carolina 1976 Annotated S.C. Cooe Ant. g x-x-x t (,yearr) Session laws > Acts andJoint Resolutions, South Carolina <year) S.C. Acts rpage no., Administrative compilation: Administrative regulations appear in volumes 1-10 of S.C. CooE ArH. This publicarion should not be confused with the statutory compilation of the same name, which also contains volumes l-10. > Code ofLaws ofSouth Carolina Code of Regulations lgT6Annotated: S.C. Cooe ANN. REGs..reg no.) (<year)) (West) Administrative register > South Carolina State Register <vol. no.) 5.C. Reg. <page nq.) (<month day, year,) South Dakota (S.D.) http ://www.ujs.sd.gov http ://www. legis. sd. govlStatutes/Codifi ed_Laws Public domain citation format: South Dakota has adopted a pubtc domain citation format for cases after December 31,1996. The format is: D Wutf v. Senst, zoo3 ) SD ro5, 569 N.W.zd r35. Wulf v. Senst, 2oo3 SD ro5, 1,t4,669 N.W.zd t3S,r4t. For additional information, consult South Dakota Rules of Civil procedure 15-26A49.1. Supreme Court (5.D.): Cite ro N.W. or N.W.zd, if therein. o o o o o $ o o o o o o t o t o o t o o o I o o O t o o o e North Western Reporter N.W., N.W.zd e South l)akota Reports s.D. Supreme Court of Dakota (Dakota): Cite to N.W., if therein. s North Westem Reporter 1879-1889 N.W. r Iti67-ltt89 Dakota Dakota Reports Statutory compilation South l)akota Codified Laws (West) ' (,year') Session laws: Cite to S.D. Sess. Laws. if thcrein. n Session Laws x' <page no.> Administrative compilation . Administrative Rules of South Dakota S,D. Aotvtu.t. R. ,rule p9. (,year,) ' Administrative register <vol. no.' S.D. Reg. .page " South Dakota Register no., (,month day, yearD Tennessee (Tenn.) http :,//www.tnc()Llrts.laov http :,//www. lexisnexis. c<>m/hr>ttopics/tnct>cle Supreme Court (Tenn.): Oite to 5.W., S.W.zd, or 5.W.3d, if thercin. o Sonth Western Rcporter . 60 Tenn. to zz5 Tenn. " Heiskell - Coldwell S.W., S.W.zd, S.W.3d 1a72-r972 Tenn. 1870-1874 c.g., 48 Tenn. (r Heisk.) e .g., 41 Tenn. (r Cotd.) 1860-r870 Head 1ti5tt- I ti60 > Sneed 1853- l 858 * Swan l85l - l ri53 * Humphreys rri39- 1u5I o Meigs 1 ' 838- 1 u39 e.g., 38 Tenn. (r Head) e.g., 33 Tenn. (r Sneed) e.g., 3r Tenn. (r Swan) e.g., zo Tenn. (r Hum.) 19 Tenn. (Meigs) 181{l- 1837 e.g., 9 Tenn. (1 Yer.) s Martin & Yerger 1825-r82tl 8 Tenn. (Mart. & Yer.) n Peck 1821-1824 z Tenn. (Peck) , l8l6-ltrltt e.g., 4 Tenn. " Cooke 181 1-1814 3 Tenn. (Cooke) s Overton r ' I I Itl8(r-datc Tennessee Reports | o o a ,year, S.D. Sess. Laws of South Dakotr ,ch. x 5 I I t S.D. Coorrreo Lnws $ x-x-x Yerger Haywood 79l - 1815 e.g., (r Hayw.) r Tenn. (r Overt.) Court of Appeals (Tenn. Ct. App.): Cite to S.W.zd or S.W.3d, if thcrein " South rvestem Reporter r'Iennessee Appeals Reports l()J2-dnte S.W.zd, 5.W.3d 1925-1971 Tenn. App. Court of Criminal Appeals (Tenn. Crim. App.): cite to S.W.zd or S.W.3d, if therein. Urrited Statcs Juriscl iction.s > SouthVestem Reponer Appeals > Tennessee Criminal 1967-date 5.W.zd,5.W.3d 1967-1971 Tenn. Crim. App. Reports Statutory compilations: Cite to Tetr. Cooe Art. (published by IrxisNexis), if therein. > Tennessee Code Annotated orxisNexis) TEHI. Cooe Arr. $ x-x-x Atn. $ x-x-x (,yearr) > West's Tennessee Code Annotated TErH. Cooe (West,year,) Session laws: Cite to Tenn. Pub. Acts or Tenn. Priv. Acts, if therein. > Public Acts > Private Acts of the State of Tennessee of the State of Tennessee > Tennessee Code Annotated Advance Legislative Service > (rxisNexis) Vest's Tennessee legislative Service <year) Tenn. Pub. Acts <Page nO.) (year> Tenn. Priv. Acts <page no.) <year)-(pamph. no.> Tenn. Code Ann. Adv. Legis. Serv. <page no.> (LexisNexis) (year) Tenn. Legis. Serv. ,page no.' (West) Adrninistrative compilation > Official Compilation Rules & Regulations of the State of Tennessee TeHr. Coanp. R. & ReeS. ,rule ns.' (.year') Adrninistrative register > Tennessee Administrative Register <vol. no.) Tenn. Admin. Reg. <Page no.> (,month Year) Texas (Tex.) http ://www. txcourts. gov http://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us Supreme Court (Iex.): Cite to S.W., S.W.zd, or 5.W.3d, if therein. > South Vestern Reporter > Texas Reports of > Synopses ofthe Decisions the Supreme Court ofTexas Arising from Restraints by 1886-date 5.W.,S.W.zd,5.W.3d 1846-1962 Tex. 1862-1865 Robards (no vot. number) 1845-1846 1840-1844 65 Tex. L. Rev. [e.g., Lamar v. Houston (Iex. 1845),65 Tex. L. Rev.38z (Paulsen rep. 1986)l Dallam (no vol. number) 1957-date Tex. Sup. Cr. Conscript and Other Military Authorities @obards) > Texas Iaw Review (containing previously unpublished cases from the 1845 term) > Digest ofthe Laws ofTexas (Dallam's Opinions) > Texas Supreme CounJoumal J. Court of Criminal Appeals (Iex. Crim. App.), previously Courrt of Appeals (Iex. Ct. App.): Cite to S.W., S.W.zd, or 5.W.3d, if therein. o o o o o o o o o I I o o t o o o t o o t t o o o o o o a I o o o o I o o o o o O o 'SouthWestemReporter " Texas Criminal Repons ' Texas court ofAppeals Reports * Condensed Reports of Decisions in Civil Causes in 1892-date 5.W.,5.W.zd, S.W.3d 1892-1962 Tex. Crim. 1876-1892 Tex. Ct. App. 1876-1883 1883-1892 White & W. Witlson the Court of Appeals (V/hite & lVillson vol. l) (Willson vols. 2-4) Commission of Appeals (Tex. Comm'n App.): Cite to S.W. or S.W.zd, if therein. - . 1886- 1892 South Vestem Reporter Texas Reports s.w. 1918-1941 5.W.zd r879-1892 Tex. 19r8-1945 " Texas Unreported Cases (Posey) r879-1884 " Condensed Reports of Decisions 1879-1883 in Civil Causes in the Court Appeals (\X/hite & Villson) Posey White & W. of Officially published opinions of the Commission of Appeals from 1879 to 1892 were adopted by thc Supreme Court and should be cited as opinions of the Supreme Court. Opinions of the Commission of Appeals from l9l8 to 1945 have a notation from the Supreme Court that usually appears in the linal paragraph of the opinion, e.g., "opinion adopted," "holding approved," or "iudgment adopted." Commission opinions that were adopted by the Supreme Court should be cited as opinions of the Supreme Court. "Holding approved" and "iudgment adopted" opinions are cited by using "holding approved" or "iudgm't adopted," e.g., Savage v. Cowen, 33 S.W.2d 433 (Tex. Comm'n App. r93o, judgm't adopted). Courts of Appeals flex. App.;, previously Courts of Civil Appeals (Tex. Civ. App.l: Cite to S.W., 5.W.zd, or 5.W.3d, if therein. * South Vestem Reporter r Texas CMI Appeals Reports 1892-date S.W., S.W.zd, S.W.3d ltl92-1911 Tex. Civ. App. For additional information on the history and structure of Tcxas courts and on local citation rule s, the following sources are sugge sted: TExAs l-{'w Rll'IEv Ass'N, THe GnErr,rsoor: Tnxes Rurrs op Fonlt (12th ed. 2010); Lvon M.V. BneNlr, Trx,ts Lsc,rl Rlsnencu (1995); and A Rtntnnut;r Gtnot ro Tnxm l-tw,wl LEc,tr Htstonv (Karl T. Gruben &James E. Hambleton eds., 2d ed. 1987). Statutory compilations: Texas is nearing the completion of a recodification of its laws. Cite to the new subiect-matter TEx. Cooe AHH', if therein; otherwise, cite to TEx. Rev. Ctv. Srnr. Arn. or to one ofthe independent codes contained in the seies Vernon's Texas Ciuil Statutes or Vernon's Texas Statutes Annota.ted. Note that the indcpendent codes are not part of the ncw subiect-matter TEx. CoDE ANN. (west) " Vernon's Texas Codes Annotated Vernon's Texas Revised Civil Statutes Annotated (west) Tex. .SuglEcp Cooe Anru. x (west .year, TEx. REV. Crv. Srnr. AnH. art. x, S x (West ,yearD 5 I tJrrited States Jurisdictions > Vernon's Texas Business Tex. Bus. CoRP. AcrANN. art. x (West (year,) Corporation Act Annotated (West) > Vemon's Texas Code of Criminal Procedure Annotated (West) r l Tex, Cooe Cnrm. Pnoc. AtH. art, x (West (year, lrs, Vemon's Texas lnsufanc€ Code Annotated (West) Tex. Vemon's Texas Probate Code Annotated (West) TEx. PRoB. Cooe CooE Arirru. art. x (West.year,) AtH. 5 x (West <year>) > Agficulture Ae nrc, > Alcoholic Beverage Arco. BEV. Bus, & Cowr. > Business and Commerce > Business Organizations (effective Jan. l, Crv. > Education EDUc. > Election ErEc. > Estates EST. PRAC. & REM. > Family Fnru. > Finance FrH. > Govemment > Health and Safety Gov'r Henlrx & Sarew > Human Resources HuM. REs. > Insurance lNs. > LAB. Iabor > Iocal Government Loc. Gov'r > Natural Resources Nrr. > Occupations Occ. > Parks and l/ildlife > Penal PARKs & WtrD. PElrnl Pnop. ' Spec. Drsrs. Special District Local Laws > Tax Tex > TnnHsp. Transportation > utilities > water Urr l. I Weten Session laws: Cite to Tex. Gen. Laws, if therein. > General and Special Laws of the State of Texas <year> Tex. Gen. Laws <page > Vemon's Texas Session Law Servic€ (West) <year> Tex. Sess. Law Serv. > Laws (year> Repub. Tex. Laws <page no.> no.> <page no.r (West) ofthe Republic ofTexas Session laws passed before 1941 must be cited according to the exact o o o o o o o a Res. > Property t I I o 2006) Bus. Ones. > Civil Practice and Remedies I title, e.g., Tex. Loc. & Spec. Laws, Tex. Gen. & Spec. Laws, andTex. Gen. Laws. The Revised Statutes were enacted and published separately in 1879, 189j, l9ll, and 1925 and should be cited as <year) Tex. Rev. Civ. Stat. xxx. The Code of Criminal Procedure and Penal Code were enacted and published separately in 1856,1879,1895, l9ll, and 1925 and should be cited 25 <!€ilr> Tex. Crim. Stat. xxx. t o I I I o o o I I O I o o o o o I o o o o t o o o o 'r{ t{r \ fitl Administrative compilation , ,tit. no.' Tex. Aotvttt't, Cooe Texas Aclministrative (lode (West) 5 x.x (,yearD Administrative register no., Tex. Reg. .page (month day, year') Texas Register (LexisNexis) ' Ut"ft fUi"f,l http :/,/www. Lltc()Lllts. g()v http,//rvww. le. utah.gov,/l ltahCocle/title. jsp has adopted a public domain citation format for cases after December 31, 199tt. The format is: Public domain citation format: lJtah F. Wickham v. Galetka, 2oo2 UT 7z,6tP3d 979. ts Gittey v. Blackstock, zooz UT App 4r4, fl ro, 6t P 3d 3o5. For additionat information, consult tltah Supreme Coun Standing Orde r Nt'r. 4 (effective Jan. 1tt, 2000). Supreme Court (Utah): Citc to P., P.zd, or P.3d, if thcrcin. r Pacific Rcporter Itttil -date P., P.zd, P.3d ' tltah Rcports t87a-1971 Utah, Utah zd Court of Appeals (Utah Ct. App.): Cite to P.zd or P.3d, if therein * Pacific Reporter l9tl7-date P.zd, P.3d Statutory compilations: Cite to one of the folkrwing codes, if thcrein ' Iltah Code Annotated ' West's lltah Code Annotated (LcxisNexis) Urru Cooe Anru. $ x-x-x (LexisNexis ,year,) Unu Cooe AruH. $ x-x-x (West.year) Session laws: Citc to Utah Laws, if thcrcin. r Laws of Utah > tltah (irdc <year> Advance Legislative Service (LexisNexis) r Utah Legislative Servicc (West) <year' Utah Laws,page no. .year,-,pamph. no., Utah Adv. Legis. Serv. ,page no., (LexisNexis) ,year, Utah. Legis. Serv. .page no., (West) Administrative compilation " tltah Administrative (i)de Urex Aomtn. Cooe r. x-x-x IyearD Administrative register " lltth State Bulletin ,iss. no., Utah Bu[t.,page no., (,month day, year,) o United States Jurisdictions t Vermont (Vt.) http ://www.vermontjudiciary. org http / / Ie gislatu re. ve rmont. gov,/statutes : Public domain citation format: Vermont has adopted a public domain citation format for cases after December 31,2002. The format is: ) Charbonneau v. Gorczyk, zoo3 W 1o5, fl 3, A.zd tr7. t76Yt.t4o,838 For additional information, consult Vt. R.App. P.28,2. Supreme Court (Vt.): Cite to A., A.zd, or A.3d, if therein. > Chipman, D. 1885-date 1826-date 1825-1828 1789-1824 > Brayton l8l5-1819 Brayt. > Tyler 1800-1803 Tyl. > Chipman, N. t789-r79r N. Chip. > Atlantic Reporter > Vermont Reports > Aikens Statutory compilations: Cite to Vr. Srnr. A., A.zd, A.3d Vt. Aik. D. Chip. Atl. (published by lrxisNexis), if therein. > Vermont Statutes Annotated (LexisNeds) Vr. Srar. AHH. tit. x, 5 x > \Vest's Vr. Srar. (.year'; Vemont Statutes Annotated Atr. tit. x, 5 x (West,year') Session laws: Cite to Vt. Acts & Resolves, if therein. > Acts and Resolves ofVermont ,yean Vt. Acts & Resolves <page no.) > Vermont <yean Advance lrgislative Service (lfxisNexis) > $[est's Vermont Legislative Service <year>.pamph. no.) Vt. Adv. Legis. Serv. ,page no., (LexisNexis) (year) Vt. Legis. Serv. <page nq., (West) Administrative compilation > Code ofVermont Rules (LexisNexis) <tit. no.>-<ch. no.) Vr. CoDE R. $ x (year,) Adrninistrative and executive register > Vermont Govemment Register QrxisNexis) ,iss. no., Vt. Gov't Reg. <page no,) (LexisNexis <month year)) Virginia (Va.) http ://www.courts.state.va. us http://lis.virginia. govl000/src. htm Supreme Court (Va.), previously Supreme Court of Appeals (Va.): Cite to S.E. or S.E.zd, if therein. I o t o o o I o o a o I I o o o t o t t o I t o I I o o o o I o o o o I o o o o IUttT-date 5.E., S.E.zd 75 Va. to date Ittti0-drte Va. Grattan 1841- 1880 Robinson 1812-1811 e.!t., 42 va. (r Gratt.) e.i.., 40 va. (r Rob.) Lciglt t829-t842 e .!{., 28 Va. Randolph IU2 I - 1828 Gilmer I ti20- I ttzI Munfortl I til 0- 1820 Hening & Munford 1806- r810 Call 1179-t825 (r Leigh) e.g,.,22Va. (r Rand.) zr Va. (Gitmer) c.g., 15 Va. (r Munf.) e.g., 11 Va. (r Hen. & M.) e.s., 5 Va. (r Catt) 1789- 1826 e .g., 3 Va. (r Va. Cas.) 1790-t796 c.!1., South Eastcrn Reporter Virginia Reports Virginia Oases, Crimitral Washin!lton 1va. (r wash.) Court of Appeals (Va. Ct. App.): citc to S.E.zd, if therein South Eastern Reponer Virginia (irurt of Appeds l9tt5-date l9tt5-datc S.E.zd Va. APP. Reports Circuit Court (Va. Cir. Ct.): Cite to Va. Cir. Virginia Oircuit (irurt Opinions 1957-date Va. Cir. Statutory compilations: (lite to VA. CoDE At'ttt. (pnblished by LcxisNexis), if thcrcin. Code of Virginia I 950 Annotated (LexisNcxis) Va. Cooe Ar'rru. $ x-x (,year,) West's Annotated Code of Virginia VA. CoDE Attn. S x-x (West <Yeaf '>J Session laws: Cite to Va. Acts, if therein. Acts of the (ieneral Assembly of the Commonwealth of Virginia <year> Va. Acts ,Page Virginia ,r'ear Advance Legislative Service ,year,-,pamph. no., Va. Adv. Legis. Serv..page ns.' (lsxisNexis) .year' Va. Legis. Serv. ,page no., (West) (LexisNexis) West's Virginia Legislative Service no.' Administrative compilation Virginia Aclministrative (i)de (West) ,tit. no.> VA. ADMtN. CoDE $ x-x-x (,year') Administrative register Virginia Rcgister of Regtrlations (LexisNcxis) <vo[. no.> Va. Reg. Regs. <Page no.> Year)) ('month day, I United States Jurisdictions o Washington (Wash.) http://www.courts.wa.gov I http / / app.leg.wa. govlrcw : t Supreme Court OVash.): Cit€ to P., P.zd, or P.3d, if therein. r Pacifrc Reporter ) Washington Reports > !flashington Temitory 1880-date 1889-date Reports 1854-1888 P., P.zd, P.3d Wash., Wash. zd Wash. Terr. Court of Appeals (Wash. Ct. App.): Cite to P.zd or P.3d, if therein. 1969-date > Pacific Reporter > Washington Appellate Reports 1969-date P.zd, P.3d Wash. App. Statutory cornpilations: Cite to WASH. Rev. Cooe, if therein. > Revised Code of$fashington WAsH. REv. Coos $ x.x.x (,yearr) > West's Revised Code of rvashington Annotated WAsH. REV. CooE Arrir, 5 x.x.x (West <year>) > Annotated Revised Code Washington of WAsH. REV. Cooe (rxisNexis) Arn. 5 x.x.x (LexisNexi5 <year>) Session laws: Cite to Wash. Sess. Laws, if therein. : ,year, Wash. Sess. Laws Session laws of Washington <page no.> > West's Washington Legislative Service .year, Wash. Legis. 5erv. ,page no.' (West) Administrative compilation > rVashington Administrative Code Wasr. Aomrru. Cooe $ x-x-x 0yearD Administrative register > rVashington State Register ,iss. no.> Wash. Reg. <page no., (,month day, year,) West Virginia (W. Va.) http //www. courtswv. gov hnp ://www.legis. state.wv.us/wvcode,/code.cfm : Supreme Court of Appeds (W. Va.): Cite to 5.E. or 5.E.zd, if therein. F South Eastem Reporter > West Virginia Reports 1886-date 1864-date S.E., S.E.zd W. Va. Statutory compilations: Cite to W. Vn. Coor, if therein. > West Virginia Code > Michie's W. Va. Cooe $ x-x-x Vest Virginia Code Annotated (LexisNexis) > West's Annotated Code of West (year,) W. Va. Cooe AHr. $ x-x-x (LexisNexis ,year,) Virginia Session laws: Cite to W. Va. Acts. if therein W. Ve. CooE Atttt. $ x-x-x (West <year,) I a I I I o o o o t o o I I I o I a I Acts of the Legislature of West Virginia o o o I o o o o o o o o o <1'car> Advancc Legislative Servicc <year>-<PamPh. no.' W. Va. Adv. Legis. Serv. ,page no., (LexisNexis) (LexisNexis) I O .yean W. Va. Acts ,page no,> t o o o Vest Virginir West's West Virginia Legislative Service <year> W. Va. Legis. Serv. <page no.> Administrative compilation West Virginia (lode of State Rules ' W. VA. CoDE R. 5 x-x-x (,yearr) Administrative regist€r <vot. no.> W. Va. Reg. .page West Virginia Register ' no.> (<month day, year') Wisconsin (Wis.) http :/,/www.wicoLlrts. gov http ://www. legis.wisconsin. gov/r'sl>,/stats.html Public domain citation format: Wisconsin has adopted a public domain citation format for cases decided after December 31, 7999. The format is: F- Glaeske v. Shaw, * zoo3 Wl App 7r, z6r Wis. 2d 549,66tN.W.2d 72. Glaeskev. Shaw, 2oo3 Wl App 7r,ll9,z6tWis. zd 549, 661 N.W.zd 72. For additional information, consult Wisconsin Supreme Court Rulc 80. Supreme Court (Wis.): Cite to N.W. or N.W.zd, if thcrein. s North western Repofter ' Wisconsin Reports " Pinney e Chandler F Bumett u Burnett (bound with lr.l-9-date l85J-datc N.W., N.W.zd Wis., Wis. zd Iti39-1u52 Pin. 1819-1812 Chand. 1tt42-184j session 1841 Bur. Bur. laws for Dec. 1ti41) Court of Appeals (Wis. Ct. App.): Citc to N.W'zd, if thcrcin u North Wcstern Reporter = Wisconsin Reports l97tt-date l97u-clate N.W.2d Wis. zd Statutory compilations: Cite to Wts. Srnr., if therein n Wisconsin Statutes h N0est's Wisconsin Statutes Annotated Wts. SrAr. $ x.x (year,) Wrs. Srar. Ar.rn. S x.x (West <year>) Session laws: Cite to Wis.Sess. Laws, if therein ,yean Wis. Sess. Laws Wisconsin Scssion Laws . <page no.> F Vest's Wisconsin Lcgislative Service ,yeal Wis. Legis. Serv. ,page no.' (West) I [.inited States Jurisdictions Administrative compilation > ufisconsin Wrs. AonnlH. Cooe .agency Administrative Code abbreviation, g x-x (,year) Administrative register r Wisconsin Administrative Register (iss. no.> Wis. Admin. Reg. <Page no.) (,month day, Year') Wyoming (Wyo.) http://www. courts. state.wy.us http ://legisweb. state.wy. us/LSOVEB/wySrarutes. aspx Public domain citation format: rVyoming has adopted a public domain citation format for cases decided after December 31,2003. The format is: ) ) z,8zP3d rz35 (Wyo. zoo4). CLC v. Wyoming, zoo4 WY CLC v. Wyoming, zoo4 WY 2,]i 4,82P3d t235, rz36 (Wyo. zoo4). For additional information, consult OrderAmending Citation Format (Aug. 19, 2OO5). Supreme Court (!Vyo.): Cite to P., P.zd, or P.3d, if therein. > Pacifc Reporter > $fyoming Repofts 1883-date 1870-1959 Statutory cornpilations: Cite to Wyo. 5rlr. P., P.zd, P.3d Wyo. AHH.lpublished by LexisNexis), if therein. r Wyoming Statutes Annotated (LexisNexis) WYo. SrAT. Arirr,r. 5 x-x-x (,year) > West's Vyoming Statutes Annoarcd WYo. SrAT. AHw. $ x-x-x (West.year) Session laws: Cite to Vyo. Sess. Laws, if therein. > Session laws of t0fyoming <year> wyo. sess. Laws <page no.> > West's $fyoming l€gislative Service <year, Wyo. Legis. Serv. (page no.> (West) Administrative compilation > Code of I7yoming Rules QrxisNexis) <tit. no.r-,ch. no.> Wyo. CooeR.$x(LexisNexis <year>) Administrative register > Wyoming Govemment Register QrxisNexis) ,iss. no., Wyo. Gov't Reg. <page no.) (LexisNexis ,month year) t I I I I I I o I I I t o I I o I I I o a t o o t o o o o o o o o o a t o o o o o Tl.4 Other United States Jurisdictions American Samoa http:,//www.asl>ar.org High Court of American Samoa (Am. Samoa): Cite to Am. Samoa, Am. Samoa zd, or Am. Samoa 3d. . American Samoa Reports 19o0-date Am. Samoa, Am. Samoa zd, Am. Samoa 3d Statutory compilation . American AM. SAMoA Cooe Arun. 5 x Samoa Code Annotated 0Year') Administrative compilation ,. Samor Aot'ntH. Cooe $ x (,year,) American Samoa Administrative Code A'\n. CanalZone (C.2.) (now part of Panama) United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana (E.D' La.): This court has iurisdiction over litigation pending as ofApr. 1, 1982, in the United States District Court for the District of the Canal Zone. Cite to F' Supp. 1982-1983 " Federal Supplement F. Supp. United States District Court for the District of the Canal Zone (D.C.Z.): This coun ceased to exist on Mar. 31, 1982. Cite to F. 5upp. ' 1946-1982 Federal Supplement F.5upp. Statutory compilation " C.Z. Cooe Panama Canal Code tit. x, 5 x ('year') (enacted as Canal Zone Code, Pub. L. No. 8l'8+5,764 Stat' t (t962), and reclesignated ancl continued pafiiarlly in force by the Panama Canal Act of 1979,Pub. L. No.96-7o, 5 llol0),93 Stat. 452,49r. Guam (Guam) http :/,/guamsupremecourt. com Guam cases that cannot be located in paper form may be available at one of the following locations: ' http://www.lurispacilic.com ' http://guamsupremecourt.com/supreme.html Supreme Court of Guam (Guam): Cite using the following pr.rblic domain format: "* Adamsv. Duenas, 1998 Guam r5. - Adams v. Duenas, 1998 Guam r5 fl z. tirrited States Ju I risdirtions District Court of Guam (D. Guam): Cite to F. Supp., F. Supp. zd, or o F. Supp.3d, if therein. > Federal Supplement l95l-date F. Supp., F. Supp. zd, F. Supp. 3d > r95r-r9ao Guam Reports Guam Statutory compilation > <tit. no.> Guam Cooe At'tt. 5 x (,yearr) Guam Code Annotated Session laws > Guam Pub. L. ,law no.t (,yearr) Guam Session laws Administrative compilation > Adminisu?tive Rules & Regulations of the Govemment ofGuam (tit. no.> GUAM ADMTN. R. & REes. 5 x (,year,) Navajo Nation http ://www. navajocou rts. org> Supreme Court (Navaio), previously Court of Appeals (Navaio): Cite to Navaio Rptr. > 1969-drte Navajo Reporter Navajo Rptr. District Court (Navajo D. Ct.): Cite to Navajo Rptr. > 1969-date Navajo Reporter Navajo Rptr. Statutory compilation > Navajo Nation Code Annotated (West) Nevnjo Nnrror Cooe AHx. tit.x,$x(<year,) Northern Mariana l"l;;d" (N:'M";. i:) http ://www. cnmilaw. org Public domain citation format: The Commonwealth of the Northem Mariana Islands has adopted a public domain citation format for cases after June 15, 1996. The format is: > Lifoifoi v. Lifoifoi-Alda n, tgg6 MP t4. Suprerne Court (N. Mar. l.): Cite to N. Mar. l. > Northem Mariana Islands 1989-date N. Mar. l. Reporter District Court for the Northern Mariana Islands, Trial and Appellate Divisions (D. N. Mar. l. and D. N. Mar. l. App. Div.), and Cornmonwealth Superior Court (N. Mar. L Commw. Super. Ct.), previously Commonwealth Trial Court (N. Mar. l. Commw. Trial Ct.): Cite to F. Supp., F. Supp. zd, or F. Supp.3d, if therein. I I I I I I I I o I o I I o I o I o o o o I o o o o I o o o I o o o o o o o O o b Federal Supplement Supplement := Northern N<rrthern Mariana Islands Islands 1979-cltte 1979-date Supp., F. Supp. zd, Supp. 3d N. Mar. l. Commw. F. F. (lommonwealth Reporter Statutory compilation * Northern Mariana Islands (lommonwcalth (irde (LexisNexis) ,tit. no., N. Mnn. l. Cooe x (year') 5 Session laws * Northern Mariana Islands Session Laws Administrativ€ compilation - Northern Mariana Islands Administrative ,yean N. Mar. l. Pub. ,law no,, L. .tit. no., N. Mnn. l. Aoltttt. (irclc Cooe 5 x (,yearD Administrative register ' Northern Mariana Islands Commonwealth <vo[. no.> N. Mar. l. Reg.,page no., (,month Rcgister day, year,) Oklahoma Native Americans Tribal Courts, Courts of Indian Offenses (Appellate Division), Courts of Indian Appeals, and Courts of Indian Offenses: Cite to Okla. Trib. r ()klahoma Tribal (lourt 1979-dtte Okla. Trib. Reports Puerto Rico (P.R.) hnp://w-ww.ramajuclicial.pr (in Spanish) Public domain citation format: Pucrto Rico has adopted a public domain citation format for cascs de cided after De cembcr 31, 1997 Tl-rc format is: + Spanish: Guzman Rosario v. Departamento de Hacienda, 98 TSPR ra8. u' English: Guzman Rosario v. Departamento de Hacienda,98 PRSC r+8. Supreme Court (P.R.): Cite to P.R. or P.R. Offic. Trans., if therein; otherwise citc to P.R. Dec. or P.R. Sent.. in that order of Dreference. " Puerto Rico Reports , Official Translations ofthe 1978 197|-date lri99- P.R. P.R. Offic. Trans. ()pinions of thc Supreme (irun of Puerto Ric<r " l)ecisiones de Puerto Rico " Sentencias del Tribunal Supremo de Ptrcno Rict> 1899-date P.R. Dec. 1899-1902 P.R.Sent. , [,hitr{l $tat.cs Jurisdictitlns Circuit Court of Appeals (P.R. Cir.): Cite to T.C.A. > Decisiones del Tribunal de 7995-date T.C,A. Circuito de Apelaciones de Puerto Rico Statutory compilation > Laws of Puerto Rico Annotated @exisNexis) P.R. Laws Ar.rt. tit. x, 5 x (year) > Leyes de Puerto Rico Anotadas @exisNexis) P.R. Leves At. tit. x, $ x (,year,) Session laws > Laws of Puefto Rico Puerto Rico (LexisNexis) > Leyes de (year) P.R. Laws,page no.> <year' P.R. Leyes,page no.' Virgin Islands (V.I.) http :,//www.visupremecourt. org All courts: Cite to V.l. Virgin Islands Reports l9l7-date v.t. Statutory compilation t Virgin Islands Code 1962-date V.l. CoDE ANN. x, S x-x (year) > Annotated (kxisNexis) tit. Session laws: Cite to V.l. Sess. Laws. if therein. > Session Iaws of the Virgin Islands <year) V,l. Sess. Laws (page no.) > Virgin Islands Code Annotated Advance kgislative Service @exisNexis) <year,-< pamph. no.' V.l. Code Ann. Adv. Legis, Serv. (page no.) (LexisNexis) Adrninistrative cornpilation > Code of U.S. Virgin Islands Rules (IrxisNexis) ,tit. no,>-<ch. no., V.l, CoDE R. $ x-x (LexisNexis,year,) Administrative register > Virgin Islands Govemment Register (LexisNexis) <iss. no., V.l. Gov't Reg. <page no.) (LexisNexis <month year) I I I I I I I I I t o I I I I o I o I o I I a o o o t o o o o o o o t o o o O o a o i ,,1,1 ;,,:,1' 1i"l l.,ijlr;:,"t!';, 1li,l..ir 1i!;.i, ,tr jlifrrjir i i T2 FORETGNJURTSDTCTTONS T2.l Argentine Republic (Civil l.rru ) Cases (litation lirrmat: .court name' [.court abbreviation'] [,Engtish translation of court name,l, .date in day/month/year format', ".6s5s name) / <type of case'," ,name of publication, [,abbreviation of publication>] (<year>.volume'-,page number') (.country abbreviation if not evident from context, ). The partl namcs are scparatcd b)"'c.,' rvlrich refers to "contra," thc transhtion of Sllanish versus.' "* Corte Suprema de Justicia de [a Naci6n [CSIN][National Supreme Court ofJustice]t,$lllzoor, "Frenquet, Adolfo c. Centro de Ortopedias / recurso extraordinario," La Ley [1.1.] (zoor-D-zz) (Arg.). feJerat l".i"ai.ti"" Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Naci6n (CSlN) (Nationd Snprctrtc (br.rrt ofJnsticc: hillhest court on constituti(xr:rl lnd fccleral nrattcrs): (litc to Fallos, if tlrcrcin: othenvisc cite to 1.1., E.D., orJ.A.: Cimara Nacional de Casaci6n Penal (C.N.C.P.) (Nationul (ilt- rt of Appcul on Criminal Nhtters: I-tigltcsl li'clcrll court on criminal matters): (lite to 1.1., E.D.. or l.A.; Cimara Federal de Apelaciones (CFed.) (lctlcnrl courts ofxppeals) andJuzgado Federal (Juzg. Fed.) (krwcr f'ederal courts): (lite to 1.L., E.D., or J.A., rppending thc specific iurisdiction to thc court nlme lncl coun ltbbreviatirtn. . Suprcma 186 i-clate dc la Naci<in Rcvista.luridica Argct.ttiua- 19.16-clate Falkrs rlc la Corte e.g., Fattos (t997 - 299 -t4z) clc.f ustici:r ' l.1r . El e.g.. L.L. (t985-E-z9z) Lcy I)clccllr ' Jurispruclencia Arllcl-rtiul I 9(r2-clate I 9I tl-date c.g.. E.D. (t972- 4z-934) es.l.A. (t96t-Yl-Zlz) Ordinary iurisdiction Provincial courts: Corte de Justicia (CJ) ((lotrrt of.Justice: highest pnx'ir-rcirl court in the provinces of (.atamarca (Cat.), Sllta (Sta.). uncl San (irurt ol .fttstice Juan (Sln.)), Corte Suprema de Justicia (CSl) (Supreme highest provincial court in the provinces of Srnta lrc (SFe.) and'l'ucttm:in (Tuc.)). Superior Tribunal de Justicia (STJ) (Superior Tribunal of .lustice: highest provincial court in the provinccs of Chrco (Cha.). Chubut (Cht.), Corrientes (Ctes.), Entrc Rios (ERs.), Irormosa (For.), Juiuv (lui.), l.ir Pampr (LPa.), Misiones (Mis.), llio Negro (RNg.), San Luis (51s.), Smtiago clel Estero : (5go.). ancl Tierra clel I'uego (TFg.)), Suprema Corte de Justicia (SCJ) (lourt of .Justicc: highest provincirl court ill the provittccs of llucnos Aires (BAs.) and llcr.rckrza (Mza.)), Tribunal Superior de Justicia (Trib. Sup.) (Supcrkrr'Iribunltl of Justicc: Itighcst provir-rcill cotttl in thc provinccs of Crirclobrr (Cba.), La Rioia (LRi.), NcucFr6n (Nqn.). ancl Santa (lruz (SCz.)), (Supre mc ilrr rli'i] ol Foreign Jurisdictions: Argentirre Republic Cirnan de Apelaciones en lo Civil y Comercial (CApel.CC) (provincial courts of app€als in civil and commercial matters), Cimara de Apelaciones en lo Penal (CApel. Penal) (provincial courts of appeals in criminal matters), Cimara del Trabaio (CTrab.) (provincial courts of appeals in labor matters), Juzgado de Primera Instancia (1a Inst.) (provincial lower courts of ordinary iurisdiction): Cite to 1.1., E.D., or J.A., adding the name of the and province or region when the report is local. Append the specific province to the court name and court abbreviation. Include the sala (section or panel), if applicable, after the court and province name. > Civ. y Com. Mendoza, sala 4a, l4,l4lt98o, Rep. LL XL-r724, n. 50. Courts with iurisdiction over the federal district of Buenos Aires: Cirnara Nacional de Apelaciones en lo Civil de la Capital Federal (CNCiv.) (National Court of Civil Appeals of the Federal Capital: court of appeals in civil matters, divided into sections A, B, C, etc.), Cfunara Nacional de Apelaciones en lo Comercial de la Capitd Federal (CNCom.) (National Court of Commercial Appeals of the Federal Capital: court of appeals in commercial matters, dMded into sections A, B, C, etc.), Cimara Nacional de Apelaciones Especial Civil y Cometcial de la Capital Federal (CNEspecial Civ. y Com.) (National Court of Special Civil and Commercial Appeals of the Federal Capital: court of appeals in civil and commercial matters), Cirnata Nacional de Apelaciones en lo Penal Econ6mico de la Capital Federal (CNPenal Econ6mico) (National Court of Economic Criminal Appeals of the Federal Capital: court of appeals in economic criminal matters), Ciman Nacional de Apelaciones del Trabajo de la Capital Federal (CNTrab.) (National Court oflaborAppeals ofthe Federal Capital: court ofappeals in labor matters), Cimara Nacional de Apelaciones en lo Federal y Contencioso Administrativo de la Capital Federal (CNFed.) (National Court of Appeals in Federal and Administrative Litigation of the Federal Capital: court of appeals in administrative matters), andJuzgado Nacional de Primera Instancia (ra Inst.) (ower courts of ordinary jurisdiction): Cite to 1.1., E.D., or J.A. > Corsr. Nrc. Art. 4, Consrrrucr6r'r Necrotal [CoHsr. Nnc.] (Arg.). Codes > C6Drco Cn'r (Civil Code) (Commercial Code) > C6orco Prner (Criminal Code) Cnrr y ColrrncIel DE r.{ ' C6DIGo Pnocrsar NAcI6N (Civil and Commercial Procedure Code) > C6orc,o oe CoMERcro > C6otc,o PRocEsAL PENer or L{ NAcr6N (Criminal Procedure Code) C6o. Crv. C6o. Com. C6o. Per. C6o. Pnoc. Crv. Coltl. C6o. Pnoc. Psr,r. I I I o I t I a I I I o I I Constitution > CoNst:ttucr6N NAcToNAL r1 Y o I o o I t o I o t t o o o o o t o o o I I o I o o Irlw"r'l:;rl .Irrl itr{lr { !lrt,rt: ,\l"t;r titi!rl{. ${('1}tii}ftr Include publication information for the version cited, if available: + C6orco PeHnr-[C6o. Peru.] [CntmtHeL CoDE] art. zz (Abetedo Perrot, Buenos Aires, rgZr) (Arg.). Statutes and decrees Citation frrrmat: Law No. ,law number,, ,province abbreviation, if relevant,, .promulgation date', [,volume number,] <reporter abbreviation,,fi rst page' (country abbreviation if not evident from context'). = Law No. 23o98, oct. r9, rq8q, [XLIV-D]A.D.L.A. 3zl3 @tc.). (;ite to onc of the following. BoLItriN ()HCIAL ' * Anells l)lt B.O. A.D.L.A. LECIST"{CIoN AR(iENTINA = EL DEREcrro-LsctstN;ttiN ARGENTINA E.D.L.A. . A.L.l.A. ANTJART() r)E LEGISIACI6N (fttusnnutxru<re A(;ENt tNA) Periodicals . Rsrrsr,rJunilrtcA LA LEY L. L. " JuRIspRr rr)EN(itA AR(iBNt lNA l.A. r E.D. EL DERE(:tto lnternet sourc€s http://wnry.boletinoficial.gob.ar (Official Gazette; paid subscription and free access to cuffent issue) http://www.diarioiudicial,com.ar (legal portal with free subscription) http://www.boletinofi cial. gob. ar (paid subscription) http://www.abeledoperrot.corn (paid subscription) (database of the Ministry of Justice; free subscription includes national, provincial, and municipal legislation, court decisions, and scholarly sources) http://www.infoius.gob.ar http://rqry.infoleg.gob.ar (Ministry of Economy Database of legislation in PDF format; free access) http://www.diputados.gob.arlindex'html access (National Congress portal; frce to legislation since 1983, Decrees of the Executive Power since 1993, and bills since 1862) (database of the Supreme Court; free access to full text of Supreme Court decisions from 1994 to present; summaries of Supreme http://t ww.csin.gob.ar Court decisions from 1863 to S€ptember 2012) http://www.iieditores.com.ar (Law Library Online; paid subscription with daily updates; free newsletter) http ://www. nyulawglobal. o r g/ glob alex/ ar gentina I htm#-ProvincialJudicial-Power (free research guide to the Argentine Legal System written in English) . Foreign Juristlictions: Australia T2.2 Australia (Common Law) Cases Reported decisions Citation format: <case name, in italics, (,year of publication, when different from volume number,),volume number, <reporter abbreviation,,first page,,,page(s) of specific material, if desired, (,country abbreviation if not evident from context'). Or: <case name, in italics> [.year of volume, if it constitutes volume number'] ,part number, if applicable' ,reporter abbreviation, ,first page,, .page(s) of specific material, if desired, (,country abbreviation if not evident from context,). Only the name of the first plaintiff and first defendant should be cited. Where there are multiple proceedings between the same parties, the number of the decision, if included in the case name itself, should be indicated in square brackets. For example: > Mabo v Queenslond [No. z] (t992) r75 CLR r, 5 (Austt.). Note that all case names are in italics, and the abbreviation "v" for "versus" is not followed by a period. Case names may be abbreviated according to tables T6 and TlO but should also not include periods. For example: > GA v Dep' t of Educ & Training [zoo+] NSWADT z (Austt.). Where the Commonwealth of Australia is aparty, retain only "Commonwealth" as the party name. Where a state or territory is a party, omit ,,State of, or "Teritory of' and retain only the state or teffitory name as the party name (for example, "Queensland" rarher than "State of eueensland,,). I?here an Attorney-Gene ral is a patty, cite as "A-G." Where the Department of public Prosecutions is a party, cite as "DPP." Both "A-G" and "DPP" should be followed by the relevant iurisdiction short abbreviation in parentheses. For example: > Silbert v DPP (WA) Izoo+l HCA 9 (Austt.). Jurisdiction short abbreviations are as follows: Commonwealth (Cth), New South Wales (NSW), Victoria (Vic), South Australia (SA), Western Australia (WA), Tasmania (Tas), Queensland (Qld), Northern Temitory (NT1, and Australian Capital Territory (ACT). The Crown is abbreviated as "R" except as a respondent, when it is cited as either "The Queen,, or ,,The King." For example: > Dickson v The Queen (zoto) z4t CLR 49r (Austl.). In some reporters, the year acts as the volume number, so there is no separate volume number and parentheses should not be placed around the year. When the year is the volume number, the year is cited in square brackets. The volume year should be cited even when it differs from the year of the decision. When more than one part is issued per volume, the part number is cited after the volume number. For example: > Perini Corp v Commonwealth1196912 NSWLR 53o (Austt.). t I t I I I t t I I o I t o I I I I I o I o o I o o o o I I o o o o o In somc instances, a reporter uses parlgraph rcfcrcnces or othcr indicia r:Lther In such instances, citc to thc subdivisiott refcrcnce rtsed thar-r page numbers. l'rr,the repurtcr. For examplc: . Hart v HerronlryS4lAust Torts Report fl1l 8o-zor (Austl.)' 'fhe bcst availablc rcport of a casc shortld bc citctl. Vhen availablc, an ofhcilrl reporter should bc citcd. A gencrtlist reportcr is prcfcrretl to a subjcct spccific reportcr. lVhcn inclucling morc than onc citatiotl. citc the official reporter lirst. Thc corrcct lbbrcviation firr a reporter will be inclucled in the front of thc reportcrs. Official rcporters include thc Cttrnnumu,calth I'au Relxrrl.s (CLR). the F'ecleral Court Reports (FCR), the Victoriurt R('P()rts (VR), rtnd thc Nea' South Wales Lau,Reltorts (NSWLR). If relevant. thc court mrv bc citcd in ptrcnthescs sttbscqucnt to a citlttiott. For example , : Aldrickv EM lnvs (QId) Pty Ltdl2oool2 Qd R f+6 (Court of Appeat) (Austt.). Courts High Court of Australia (the tirul court of lppeal rlith botlr original ltltl appellate iuriscliction sincc l90l): Citc to CLR, if thcrein. An aventtc of lppcal to thc Privy Council (PC) was previously pcrmittecl, but limitetl il-r l96U ancl abolishcd in 1975. All appcals fiom state and tcrritory cotlrts to tlte P(l wcrc abolished in thc 1980s. Iror Privl Cortncil dccisions, cite to a rc1-rot'tcr listecl rrnrler table T2.42 \Jnited Kingdom. if the Austr:rlirur reportef re in; othe rwise , citc to an olhcial . Federal Court of Australia (cstablished in 197(r, sits in cach state and it.t thc Australian (iapital 'l'erritorv and thc Northertr Tcrritory', rvitlt original juriscliction and lppellatc juriscliction liom single iuclges of the Fctlcral (irttrt. dccisions (otlrer than familv law decisions) of the Fcdcrll (lirctrit (lotrrt, and some clecisions of State and I'erriton, Sultrcme Cortrts): (litc to FCR, if thercin. Family Court of Australia (established in 19'5, with original ancl appcllatc t jurisdiction rcgurding famil.v and chilcl support disptltcrs (other than in Vcstcrt-t Australia); heurs mainh' complcx cascs and appells): (litc to Fam LR, if therein. I that rcgularl-v conducts regional circtlits; proviclcs an ltccessiblc alternative to litigxtion in thc F'ccleral (lourt of Atlstrltlia and Irlmilv Court of Attstralir' with which it broadl-v sharcs jurisdiction): Cite to FCR, if therein. o o o o Federal Circuit Court of Australia (lormerll thc Federal Magistrates Court. which wus estublishect in 2000) (cstablishctl iu 201.1. sits in each stxtc cnllitul and othcr maior regional centers and is the onll' fcderal cottrt There are sevcrll luthorizccl f'ederal Iltw rcports in Austrllix, atlcl a nttnrber of aclclitional subjeclspccific rcpol'ts that ma.v itlstl llc rtsetl. Sonre law sclrool wchsites list various lltw rcports lnd their abbreviltions, including: . The Univcrsirv of Melbournc. http://unimelb.libguides.com/ authorised-law-reports. . l'lre []niversitv of Adclaicle , http://t,try.adelaide.edu.au/libtary/abott/ lib r arie s / law / res e arch/cases. . l'hc I nivcrsity of Westem Austrxlit, http://guides.is.uwa.edu' au/ case law. I a Irnrcign Juri.srlicionsl Artstrill ia The following are malor Australian federal law reports (* indicates an authorized reporter): > Commonwealth law Reports' > Federal Court Reports* ) Family Law Reports* l Australian Argus Law Reports (previously the Argus law Reports Oic) (1895-1959) (AlR) and continues as Australian Law Reports (ALR)) ) Australian Law Reports > F€deral Irw Reports L Australian Law Journal Reports l Administrative Law Decisions > Australian Criminal Reports > Commonwealth Arbitration Reports > Commonwealth Public Service Arbitration Reports > Australian Company l-aw Reports > Australian Corporations and Securities l9O3-date CLR 1984-date FCR 1976-date Fam LR 1960-1973 AALR 1973-dare 1956-<lare ALR r927-d^te 1976-date 1979-<hte 1905-1994 r92r-r984 o FLR ALJR ALD A Crim R CAR CPSAR 1974-1989 1989-date ACLR 1928-1964 ABC ACSR Reports Australian Bankruptcy Cases Intellectual Property Reports > Industrial Reports > Australasian Tax Reports > Australian Tax Reports ! Australian and New Zealtnd Income Tax > > 1982-date 1981-date IPR lR 1970-1990 ATR l99o-date ATR 1940-1969 AITR Reports Australian Tax Cases r Commonwealth Taxation Board of Review Decisions > Decisions of the Income Tax Board of Review, Commonwealth > Decisions of the Board of Review, Commonwealth Taxation Board of Review Decisions > 1969-date r950-r9a6 ATC CTBR (NS) 1925-1937 CTBR 1937-1950 CTBR Unreported decisions When the court has adopted an unreported case, cite in medium neutral format as: (case name, in italics, [,year'] ,unique court identifier) <case number or reference assigned by the court; if none assigned, then court n6ms' (date of judgment in day month year format') <page(s) of specific materia[, if desired, (,country abbreviation if not evident from context,). > SZQM v Minister for lmmigration and January zor:) Citizenshiplzogl I I FCA S (rS (Austt.). otherwise, cite unreported decisions as: <case name, in italics' (Unreported, <court name>, <name of judge,, date of iudgment in day month year format,) ,page(s) of specific material, if desired, (.country abbreviation if not evident from context,). I I I I o I I I I o I o I o o I o i a:at'::ii: + O I I il:; l:."i '.:1ir 1i:r:r'.r Browne v Dunne (Unreported, Supreme Court of Queensland, Btand J, 22luly 1999) z (Austt.). References to fudicial officers Abbreviations are as f<rlkrws. (lhiefJustice = c, r Acting Chief Justice ACJ o i Justice(s) t,I ! Acting Justice AJ " Judlte Judge O , Justice(s) of Appeal ,A, = Magistfate e Master Magistrate Master ' Presidcnt a I o a t t o o a o I o o a o JJA P VP " Vicc-Presiclent Constitution The enacting legislation fcrr the Australian Constitution is thc Commonwealth of Australia Act, rgoo (lmp), 63 & 54 Victoria,c. rz, S S (U.K.). Citation may bc madc directly to the Australian (lonstittltion. For example * : Austrolian Constitution s 5t. Constitutions of Australian states should be cited as <lrdinary statutes Statutes and regulations (litation formirt fbr statutes: ,short title of the act, in itatics' <year of passage, in italics, (,jurisdiction short abbreviation') 'subdivision, if relevant> (.country abbreviation if not evident from contextD. (Statutes of the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory were refcrred to as ordinances prior to self-government.) The short title of an act is found within the text of the act. When an act does not have a short title, thc long title should be used. For example: w Trode Practices Act tgz4 (Cth) s z (Austt.). Subclivisions of acts and corresponding abbreviations include the following: . chapter(s) ch, chs . scction(s) s, ss * schedule(s) " part(s) sch, schs pt, pts " division(s) div, divs 'subdivision(s) sub-div, u sub-divs para, paras paragraph(s) rWhcre multiple abbreviations and numbers are necded, no comma should bc used bctween them (e .g., Pt III div 7\ i:,i1\. t l.,1tal I tiiii.{ Acts cited are pr€sumed to be as amended. Anending acts do not need to bc cited unless the amending statute is being directly cited. Ref'erence to the year should be to the year the act wls originally passecl, not thc ycar of ame ndmcnt. Citation format fbr delegated legislation (regulations, orders, etc.): (name of delegated legislation, in italics' <year of passage, in italics, (,iurisdiction short abbreviation') .subdivision, if relevant, (country abbreviation if not evident from context,). w Family Low Regulations ry84 Qth) reg zo$) (Austt.). Pnrvisions within a rcgulation are simply rcfcrred to ls regulations. Subdivisions with corresponding abbreviations include the folkrwing: rcgulation(s) chapter(s) ch, chs ordcr o reg, regs mle(s) sub-regulation(s) r, ll sub-reg, suD-regs sub-r, sub-rr strb-rule(s) (iitation format for bills: ,bitI name> (year of submission, (,jurisdiction short abbreviation,) .subdivision, if relevant> (,country abbreviation if not evident from context,). Note that the titles of bills arc not italicized. Provisions within a bill are usually ref'erred to as clauses (cl or cls) or schedules (sch or schs). Provisions within * a table or schedulc Migration Amendment Bill zor3 ma_v be rcf'errcd to as items. (Cth) sch 1 item 9 (Austl.). Copies of bills arc available fiorn thc relcvant parliament's website. For cxample, (lommonwealth bills are available at http://wr.w.aph.gov.au/ Padiamentary Business/Bills_Legislation. for cxplanatory memoranda of bills: Explanatory .bill name, <year of submission' (.lurisdiction short abbreviation,) ,page(s) of specific material, if desired, (country (;itation format Memorandum, abbreviation if not evident from context,). e' Explanatory Memorandum, Clean Energy Legistation (Carbon Tax Repeat) Bit[ zor3 (Cth) z (Austt.). Citation lbrmat frrr parliamcntary dcbates (Hansard): .jurisdiction fu[[ name', Parliamentory Debafes,, legislative chamber,,,date of debate in day month year format>, ,page(s) of specific materia[, if desired' (fu[[ name of speaker and position if appticable,) (country abbreviation if not evident from context,). = Commonwealth, Parliomentary Debates, House of Representatives, z5 June zoo8, 5823 (Robert McCtettand, Attorney-Generat) (Austt.). Oopies of parliamentary debates are availablc from thc relevant padiament's website. F'or cxamplc, copics of Commonwcalth parliament dcbatcs arc availablc at http ://www.aph. gov.au/parliamentary_business/hansard. I I I o a a o o I o a o a o a I o o o O I o I I I I o I I o t a o t o o t o o o o Treaties (litation firrmat for trcaties in the Austrtlian Trcaty Serics: .treaty name, in italics,, signed ,date of conclusion in day month year format,, [,year,] ATS,reference number' (status and date, if appticable,),articte number,. r' Treaty on Judiciol Assistance in Civil ond Commercial Matters Between Australia and the Republic of Korea, signed r7 September 1999, [zooo] ATS 5 (entered into force 16 lanuary 2ooo) art 9. Citation Guide 'l'hc most recent guicle to legal citation in Artstralia is the 2010 second ccliticxr of the Australietrt Guitle to Lega! Cittrtintr,lvailable at http://www.law. unimelb.edu.aw/ files/ dmfile /FinalOnlinePDF-20 1 2Reprint.pdf . Internet sources There arc scveral lice Internet sourccs for pdmitn legal materiltls. (loml.aw is mlnagecl bl the Ofhce of Parliamentan Cottttscl irtlcl is itrtenclctl ttt provide low or no-c<lst access to the larv. (lolttllrv incluclcs Cot.t-tt.uonrvealth primary legislation (and lr-rcillttry docttmcrtts) :tncl thc l:ctlcritl llcgistcr of Lcgislative Instmments (F'RLI) (establishecl inJar-ruaq' 2(X)5 uncler the Legislativc Instrumcnts i\ct 2(X)3). (,ontlaw llso contains tll Cornmotrlvealth (iazcttc Notices publisl-red since Jull' l, 2011; copics of (ieneral and Spccial Noticcs publishcd bctween October t, 20l2 rtnclJtrnc 10, 201J; and PDF versions of Gxzettes publishcd bctweenJull' 1, 2(X)2 ancl Decenrber.ll, 2012. (lrtzettes itre no longer printed. The PI)F vcrsiotts of all legislativc instrunrcnts itncl mlnv Acts ott (lomLaw arc authoritativc. Authoritative text is stlmpccl \\'ith the clocttnlent's tttticlttc identificr on cvcq' page ancl rclcvant rccorcls are markccl with one of two variations tlf a "tick" krgo. This logo clisph.vs a mall of Artstrlrlirr in bluc ovcrlaitl with a rcd check mark. (irml-aw is rtccessiblc at http://tryw.comlaw.gov.au. Austlll, the Austrahsiun Legal lnfirflnation Institutc, is I joint flcilitl of thc ljnivcrsity of 'l'echnology Svdney and tl-tc Ljniversit'l' of New South Wales. Austl.II contains primary and scconclary nuterials, irlclutling (irmmonwcalth and state ancl tcrritory legisllttirxt lncl case lar'. i\r,rstlll is not an authoritltivc source. It clocs not alwa,vs contain the rnost ttp-to-clittc legishtion, altl-rotrgh it usually contains thc most recent cases as well its <>ral argument transcrillts fi<lm the High (lourt of Australil. AustLII is rrvnilable at http://wqrw.austlii.edu.au. All Australian strtes and territories publish their statutcs on thc Intcrnct' as indicatcd below. Not all clatabases are comprchensive. http://vqrw.legislation.act.gov.au (Australian Cirpital 'l'e rritory- Legislrttion Registcr) http://wv.'w.padiament.nsw . gov.at / pr od/padment/nswbills.nsV V3BillsHome (Ncw South \Walcs Bills lnd Exphnatory Notcs) http://r"wry.legislation.nsw.gov.au (Ncw Sotrth Wltlcs lcgisllttion) http://www.legislation.qld.gov.auloQPChome.htm (Quecnslancl lcgislation and bills) http://www.parliament. Pages/default.aspx sa. gov. aullegislation/BillsMotions/SALT/ (Soutl-r Australia bills) Foreign Jurisdictions: Australian $tates and Tcrritcries http://www.legislation.sa.gov.au/index.aspx (South Austratia bills since 2005 and legislation) http ://www. parliament.tas. gov. aulbills,/billssearch.htm Clasmania bills) http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.aulindex.w3p (current Tasmania legislation) http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au (Victoria legislation and bills) http ://www. slp.wa. gov. au,/legislation /statutes.nsf/default.htunl (Western Australia legislation and bills) http://www.nt.gov.au/dcmAegislation/current.html (Northem Territory legislation) http://www.nt .gov.au/ dcmAegislation /register.html (l.,lorthern Territory bills) http://www.norfolkisland.gov.nf (Norfolk Island legislation and bills) Some Australian courts also publish fudgments on the Int€met (sometimes via AustLII). Databases may not be comprehensive . For example: http:/ /urww.iade.barnet.com.au/ (udgments and Decisions Enhanced database) http:/ /www.austlii.edu.aulau/cases/ 6h/HCA (High Court of Australia) http://www.fedcourt.gov.au (Federal Court of Australia) http://wnrw.supremecourt.justice.nsw.gov.au (Supreme Court of New South lflales) http://www.supremecourt.vic.gov.au (Supreme Court of Victoria) http://www.supremecourt.tas,gov.au (Supreme Court of Tasmania) http://www.supremecourt.wa.gov.au (Supreme Court of Westem Australia) http://www.sclqld.org.au (Supreme Court of Queensland) http://www.supremecourt.nt.gov.au (Supreme Court of the Northem Teffitory) http://www.courts,act.gov.au/supreme/ (Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory since 2002) Guides to online resources for Australian law are available at the following website: http://www, aph. gov. au,/About-Parliament/ParliarnentaryDepartments/Parliamentary_Libtary / Browse_by_Topic,/ Auslaw (Federal Parliament's Parliamentary Library) Other legal materials, including various secondary sources, are available from commercial publishers, including Thomson Reuters (includes Westlaw Australia), CCH Australia, and LexisNexis Australia. T2,2.1 Australian States and Cases Australian Capital Territory Australian Capital Tenitory Law Reports 2008-date o I o a I t Teritories Cite to a reporter below, in the following order of preference: > I t I I I I o I I I I t ACTLR o o o t o I o o o I I t o o I o o o o o o a O o l;nli'i11lr -!ttc i e{lt:t b Australian Capital iirll}; .-1..iir*t l; rii,;n ir{;rlr" Teffitory Reports ", ,$1{(i. tr t i f,;i,r}r'ir':. r973-2008 ACTR 1970-date NSWLR New South Wales " New South Wales [.aw Reports : New South Wales Reports 1960-1970 NSWR . Statc Rcports, Ncw South Wales 1901-r970 sR (Nsw) 18ri0- l 900 LR (NSW) New South Wales Supreme Court Reports, Equity 1862-r876 NSWSCR (Eq) " New South Walcs Supreme Court Reports, 1862-r879 NSWSCR (L) 1825- 1879 NSWSCR NS 1881- 1970 WN (NSW) 1902-l9l I AR (NSW) n New South Wales Law Reports ' Law = New South Wales Supremc Court Reports, New Series r Weekly Notes r Industrial Arbitration Rcports, New South l9t2-1926 Wales 1927-d^te " New ! South lvales Industrial Gazette New South Wales Local Government Reports * Land Appeal Court Cases * Lancl:rnd Valuations Court Reports, New South Valcs New South Vales Workers' Compensation Reports ' 9I 1 2-date NSW lndus Gaz 191 1- 1956 LGR (NSW) 1890-1921 LACC 1922-r970 NSW LVR 1926- 19fi0 WCR (NSW) Northern Temitory * Northem Territory Law Rcports I 99 l r979-r99r NTR 958-date QdR Northern Territory Reports Queensland r Queensland Reports r Queensland I 1 -date NTLR 1902-1957 SR (Qd) Queensland LawJournal Reports " Queensland Law Reports by Ileor . Queensland Supreme Court Reports 1881-1901 QLI 1876-r878 QLR (Beor) 1ni9- QSCR r Quecnsland Law]'er, Repofts 1973-date '. Queensland Justice of thc Peacc and Local 7907 State Reports , Authorities' Journal, Rcports r Queensland Land (;ourt Reports 1tt81 -1972 Qtd Lawyer Rep QJP Rep 1971-date QLCR 18i9- 1973 CL (Q) " South Australian Strte Reports State Rcports S<-ruth Austmlir 1927 -d^te SASR t92l-1950 SRSA n South Australian Law Reports r 865- ltt92 SALR " Crown Lands Law Report, Queensland Land (lourt South Australia 1899-l i South Austrxlian Industrial Reports I9I 92 I 6-date SAIR Tasmania ! Tasmanian Reports 1 p Tasmanian State Reports l9/tl-1918 !- Tasmanian Law Rcports l 979-date 905- 1940 Tas R Tas SR Tas LR I Victoria 'Victorian Reports 1957-datc ! Victorian Law Rcports r Victorian Law Rcports, Equit,y 1875-1956 VLR 1875-1881 VLR (E) 187i-1881 VLR (l) ' Victorian Lirw Rcports, Insolvencl', Probate VR and Matrimonial (lauses i Victorian Llw Repons, Iaw Victorian Law Rcports, Mining , Australian Jurist Reports Oictoria) h 1875-1tlu1 1875-188.i Iu70-1u7.1 VLR (L) 1960-datc WAR VLR (M) A Jur Rep Western Australia Western Australian Reports West Australian Llw Reports 1898- r 958 WALR 1979-d:rte State Rcports, Wcstcrn Australia SR (WA) (Civil Lalv) Cases (litation format firr first citati<ln of decisions of courts of last resort: ,court name, [,court abbreviation'][.English transtation of court name'] ,date of decision,,,docket number', <volume number, if desired' (reporter name> [,reporter abbreviation,] No. ,case number> (,country abbreviation if not evident from context,), ?. Oberster Gerichtshof [OGH] [Supreme Court] Jan. 15, zoot, 4 Ob 3rt I ooi, 74 Erurscner ou NGEN DES 6srennercHrscH EN OBERSTEN GrnrcHrsHores rN ZrvrLsAcHeu ISZ] No. 5 (Austria). Oberster Gerichtshof IOGH] [Supreme Court] Jan. 27, 2ot4, t6 Ok tt I g, https : / / www. ris. bka. gv.at / Do ku m e nte /,1 ust iz / lR _zor 4o tz7_OG H oooz_or6oO Kooou_r3 ooooo_oo3 / llR _zor 4otz7 _OG H oooz_or6oO Kooou_r3ooooo_oo3. htm l. Citation of krwer court case to a spccial subiect collection of dccisions: i' Landesgericht fi.ir Zivitrechtssachen ILGZ] Wien, Apr. z, zooz, 4z R 382 I otz, 39 EH e- u N D FAM I Lr EN REcHTLTcH E ErrscH er ou r'r c Er'r IEF-Sr-c] No. roz.649 (Austria). Citation formtt fbr cor.rrt decision in collection of dccisions in a pcriodical: ,court abbreviation,,,date of decision,,,docket number,, .name of collection of decisions' [,abbreviation of cotlection of decisions'] ,case number within coltection,, rn ,volume number' ,periodical name, ,first page,, ,page(s) of specific material, if desired, (,year') (.country abbreviation if not evident from context,). F OGH, Nov.26, rE LETSCH E I 2oo2,7Obz68lozx, EvroEr{zelntt DU r'rCe r.r I EVBr-] Zocf. I 53, I I t o t T2.3 Austria, Republic of e o a in 58 oSre luntsreru-Zerruruc z6o (zoo3) (Austria). n n DER REcHTSMTTercH rscH E I o a o o I o o I o I o o t t o I o I o o o t t o I o I o o o o a o Ordinary iurisdiction Oberster Gerichtshof (OGH) (Suprenre (irurt): (lite to SZ lirr civil nrttters antl to 5St firr criminrl mattcrs, or to a pcriodictl. specill srtltiect rcporlcr. or elcctronic sourcc: Oberlandesgericht (OLG) (higher rcgionrtl cortrt fi)r appcals fionr a Llnclesgericht), Landesgericht (LG) (regionlrl trial cottrts ancl courts <>f appcals fionr a l3czirksgcricht), lr-rtl Bezirksgericht (BG) (locrrl tli:rl courts): (litc to lnv itvailablc sortrce, nltnring thc cotlrt's locatiou (e.g.. OLG Wien or LG Satzburgl. In Wicn untl (ifitz, the Lantlesgcricltt is split irlto lt cotlrt tirr civil matters (LGZ) (c.g., LGZ Wien) lntl onc firr crinitltl cases (LGSt). ' Il\Ts(.ngu)r Nct,N l)t-rs ()s'r'r,rtRtttcttts(.ttEx 19l9-19J8 SZ ()BljRS'lt\ (irtur.tLtsttort,s tl Ztttt.:.tt.tlt,\ l()t(r-d:tte , Ihls<:rtt:lotrlt<;llN r)Its l92l-l9.ltt (;rRt(.rrr.Str()I,;s lN l9 i()-dlrtc ()tltittslliN SrgAt,sActljN SSr Special iurisdiction Arbeits-und Sozialgericht (ASG) (tritl court fi)r labor aucl sociul insufiurcc matters): Citc to AneRSLG fi>r hbor nritttcrs. and SVSrc f<rr sociltl itrstlrancc mattcrs. if thcrein; Handelsgericht (HG) (triil cotrrt ancl cottrt of rtppcals lirr commcrcial matters): (lite to HS, if thcrcin; Kartellobergericht (OGH as KOG) (clivision of Suprcnte (.ottrt firr antitrtlst nlatters) lrncl Kartellgericht (KartG) (trill cuurt firr alttitrgst mttters): Cite to the sotlrcc wherc t|c dccisigu is rcprintecl. SAt'tNfl .t 5( )ZlAl.\ ENt s( t.lcllllll rN(; ARlllirrstiliclLl I\ls(.lilIl)t l9l.l-(hte An e l9l5-tl:rte SVSTG |9J9-tltte HS \(;t,\ lltslcHIltt N( isltF(.1 ITI-l(.1 jil.il)t rN(;tiN Itl HANI)t,t-sRt'( ;Ht t.t<.ttt, Ext s<.ut,tt>t \<'t,l Constitutional iurisdiction Verfassungsgerichtshof (VfGH) ((i)nstittltiorlal Oorrrt): oitc to VrSlc. if thcrein. llr{KI,\rr\rsst' I \D Ilt-.s(tttl.fssl, VERt,,\ssl N(;s(;trtilcil l st r t( I)l,s )trhs l92l-l9lJ. I VrSlc 916-prcscllt Verfassungsgerichtshof [VfGH] [ConstitutionaI Court], Oct. r5, 2OO4, ERKENNTNISSE UND BeSCHt-0SSe DES vERFASSUNGSGERICHTSHoFEs [VFSLG] No. 17339lzoo4 (Austria). Administrative jurisdiction Irt>rnlt for first citution of Atlmitristrativc (lottrt of .lusticc clecision: <court name, [,court abbreviation'][, Engtish transtation of court name'] 'date of decision,, ,docket number>, <votume number' (reporter name, [.reporter abbreviation,l (case number within cottection, (,country abbreviation if not evident from context'). = Verwaltungsgerichtshof [VwGH] [Administrative Court of Justice] June 29, zooo, 96 I ot I to7 1, 55 Enreru rurru tsse u ND BEScHLUSSE DES VERWALTUNGSGERICTHSHOFES [VwSLc] 15 444 A (Austria). ADMINISTRATIVRECHTLICHER TEIL i 1:ri1 r.l: , i1ltl'r!irr'1rii'rf r' o rl'{!lrll Verwattu n gsgerichtshof [VwG H ] [Ad m inistrative Court of J ustice] lan. 25, t98o, t753179, 35 EnrrnrurrrssE UND BescHlUssE oes VrnwnlruHesGERrcHTsHoFEs FrNANzREcHrr-rcHrn TetL [VwSt-c] 54:.l F ltgSo (Austria). Verwaltungsgerichtshof (VwGH) (Administrative Court of Justice): Cite to VwSt-c, distinguishing betwcen administrative and liscal decisions by the letters A or F after the case number. I][sclil.lissE rfsr IoFls AonrNtstn,rlvnn<:rnr-t<;r ten Tsrr- ERKINNTNTSSE r rND 1916-d^re VwSr-c 1946-date VwSle Ixs Vlnwe.l.TuN(isc[Rr(]l ERKFTNN'I NIssE t rNI) Btisct ILUSSE r)ES VER'JrAI-I t rN(;scERIcl rrst IOtTES Electronic citations citation format: ,court name, [,court abbreviation'] [,court name in translation,l, <f,61s', <dock€t number,, .URL-tink to BKA/RlS, (,country abbreviation if not evident from context,). Verfassungsgerichtshof [VfGH] [Constitutional Court], Sept. 28, zoo 4, Bzgz I o4, https: / /www.ris.bka. gv.ati Doku mente/Vfgh / IFR_o99 59o7 z *o 4Boo2gz _z_or/J FR_o99 5g 07 2 _o 4Boo2g2 _2 _ot. pdf (Austria). Constitution (litation format: .constitution name' [.constitution abbreviation'] ICorusrtrurtoll] .federal law gazette abbreviation' No., num ber,/.year' ,"as amended" or "as last amended by" and citation of amending [aw, if pertinent,, .article number, if desired,, .paragraph, if desired,, ,[ink to consolidated version in BKA/R15, if available, (,country abbreviation if not evident from context'). ,'' ors-VrRFAssu NGscEserz IB-VG] [Corusrrrurroru] BGBr- No. as last amended by Bundesverfassungsgesetz IBVG] BGBL I No. z/zoo8, art. t47,1l z, http://www.ris.bka.gv.atl GeltendeFassun g.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnu m mer=1oooo138 (Austria). Buru tlt93o, (lite fecleral statutes of constitutional rank and constitutional provisions in f'cderal statutcs and treaties of international law according to the format for these enactments. "" Br rxot:s-VnnressuN(;sclisE . i o I I t o FrN,ruznncr rrr.r<;rrrn T'trr- . I I'z Menschenrechtskonvention (European C(tlvention on Human Rights) st.ratsgrunclllesetz iiber die allgemcinen Rechte cler Staatsbiirger (fecleral bill of rights) B-VG MRK SIGG Codes (litation format:,name of code' [,abbreviation of code,] [,Engtish transtation of name of code'] .section, if desired',paragraph, if I I a a t o o I t I o I O o a o I I o I o I a t I I o o I o t o a I I desired', ,link to consolidated version in BKA/RlS, if available, (,country abbreviation if not evident from context'). ' BURGERLTCHES GESETZBUcH [ABGB] [Crvlr- Coor] 5 84r, http: / /www.ris.bka.gv.at/GettendeFassun g.wxe?Abfrage= Bu AlLcrturtrurs nd esn o rm e n &G Ar_r_(;tlN,tUNrjs FI esetzes n u m m er = Biln(;ERl.tcilrs (;r,sEtZril rcII tooot622 (Austria). (()vlt. (lol)ti) ABGB Nr)r,r.s(;risrtfztlt IcH ((,()MN4lit{cIAl- (l()l)t1) STr{Ar,(;Eslr'r'zBI rct t (PLN,u (i S'I'RA.l,pROZltss()Rt>NttNt; (Ci<lt>tt Ztvtt.pnoz|ss<tttt)NI jN(; HGB SrGB >tx) of (lRIMlNAL Ptt<><:ntlt lttr) (()\4t. PR(x.Et)tllili Sl A l til SrPO l) zPo Statutes and regulations (litarion format: .futI or short name' [,abbreviation, if it exists,] [,Engtish translation of name'l ,date of promutgation (optional), .gazette of promulgation> [<gazette abbreviation'] No.,number'/'year', "'as amended," if appticable', ,section, paragraph, or other subdivision, if desired'. ,link to consolidated version in BKA/RlS, if available' (,country abbreviation if not evident from context,). ' RecHrsnnwALrsoRDNuNG IRAO] [Acr oN ArroRNEYs] RetcHsg61t868, as amended, 5 r fl z tetter D' https: / /www.ris.bka. gv.at/Gettende Fassun g.wxe?Abfrage= Bunde snormen &Gesetzesn um mer=70007673 (Austria). GESETZBLATT [RGBr-] No. ', SrnnrsonucKEREtGESErz l996lAcr on or 799618u tt https: / /www.ris.bka. sno rm e n & Ge s etze rsr Stnts PntHrtt.te Orrtce IBG BL] No. t I t997, as amended, gv.at/Geltende Fassun g.wxe?Abfrage= Bunde oEse rs Erze Lnrr snum m er= 7oo o 6 67 5 (Au st r i a). 'fhe date of enactmettt is not rcquircd. Tl-rc clate of promulllatiou also is not rcquircd, unless it is pertincnt. Thc law or rcgulation bccomes cff'ectivc on thc dirl'after promulgation in thc gazctte , rtnless otherwisc spccified r Bundesvcrfassungsgesetz (BVG) (fcderal statute of constittttional rank), Bundesgcsetz (BG) (fedcral stittlrtc), or Vcrordnung (V) (regtrlation) to Btrntlesgesetzblatt (BGBI). (lite their prcdecessors, a l{cichsgesctz (RG) or Clcsctz (G), to Reichgesetzblatt (RGBL) <x deutscbes Reichsgesetzblall (DRGBL), or a Staatsgcsctz (StG) or (lesetz (G) to St.talgesetzblotl (STGBL). (lite Since 1997, thc RLtnelesgesetzbltttt is publishecl in thrce pans: Tcil I (statutes)' Ill (treatics). For 1940-1945, thc deutscbes Teil II (regulations), and'feil Reicbsgesetzblat, cotlsists of two plrts: Teil I (stirtutcs and regulations) anrl Teil II (treatics). Since January l, 2001, tlle elcctronic version of tlrc Ilunclcsgesctzbtatt, whicll is avrilable at http://wv"ry.ris.bka.gv.atlBund, is the tuthofitativc version. llsing the elcctfollic version of this sortrce docs t.tot change thc format or the citatiul. BuNtxs<;rsritzBtafl I Bt:xoesr;r,s[tzttt-ltt lI Rr Nr)Es(;tisBt zrlrAfi III B( rNDEs(;ltsFirzllr.A rr DEr',tsclIlts Rt,t<.tIst;t:st'tzgt.'rL'T I 1997-date 1997-tlatc 1997-dlte t915-t996 1940-1915 BGBI- | BGBL ll BGBt- lll BGBL oRGBt- | Forcign J o urisdictinns: rtrustriit > DEUTSCHEs RErcHscEsETzBlATr II oRGBL ll 1938-1940 GgLO GrsErzsLerr > Busorscpserznu.T-r r92o-r938 BGBI- > StaatscEsetznLlt-r 1918-1920 STGBI > REIcHScEsE TZBLATT r849-r9r9 RGBL FUR DAs l,\ND OsrennetcH r94o-r945 > Periodicals > Eltt>mqznler.t DER Rt<THTsMITTELENTScHEIDUN()EN IN EvBr- OstmnrrcHrscHE JtrFJsrENzErruNG >JunrstscHr BrltTrER JBr > OsmnnrrcHrscut Junrsruru-Zrrrunc 6Jz t RoW OsrunnucHrscsrs Rrcut nm rVntscH,ut > OsrunnucHrscHrs B,lxr-Ancnrv 0eR > OsrrnnncrilscgE BL|T'IER FUR GEWERBUCHEN fucHTsscuttrz uNo 0aL Unurnrnnrr;ut > ECOLEX t ECOLEX Osrnnnntculs<;m Znnscsnrr, FUR WrRTscHAFrsREcnr > DER GESELISCHAFTER > Ztn'scHrum' FUR VERvALTTJNG 0zw GesRZ ZN Legislative materials Citation format: ,legislative body name, [,legislative body abbreviation,] [,Engtish translation of name,] ,legislative period) [,legislative period abbreviation'l,legislative period number>,materia[s name, [.materials abbreviation,l No. .document number>,,link to parliamentary material, (.country abbreviation if not evident from context,). > Nationalrat INR] [National CounciU Gesetzgebungsperiode IGP] z+ Beilage IBlS] No. 168o 446, http://www.parlament.gv.atlPAKT/ VHG/XXIV/l / l_or68o/index.shtmt (Austria). Internet sorrces The Austrian Bundeskanzleramt (Federal Chancellery) maintains Rechtsinformationssystem (BKA/RIS), a free electronic legal database available at http://www. ris.bka.gv.at. BKA/RJS contains the federal statutory gazettebackto 1848 and links to earlier collections of laws as provided by the Austrian National Library. BKA,/RIS also provides a consolidated version of federal laws as currently in effect, texts of the decisions of the courts, legislation of the I;inder (states), some trarc lations of federal laws, and some administrative directives and draft legislation. The decisions of the Landesverwaltungsgerichte are available at Bundeskanzleramt Rechtsinformationssystem @KA/RIS), https://www.ris.bka. gv.atlLvwg; the decisions of the Bundesverwaltungsgericht are available at https://www.ris.bka.gv.atlBr.vrg; and the decisions of the Bundesfinanzgericht are available at https://findok.bmf.gv.atlfindok?execution=e 1s1&BFG_Suche=1, a website of the Federal Ministry of Finance. I I t I o I I I I I I a o t t o o t t o I a I t o t I o o o t o a o I o o o I t o 't !;r r':lri:: , ; T2.3.1 Austrian Linder Cases All courts are f'cderal courts, listccl above Constitutions . L\NI)ltsVERFAsstiN(; LVG Citirrion formrr: LnruoesvenressuHc ILVG] [Srarr ConsrrrurroN], ,article number, if desired, (,name of state') .tink to BKA/RlS, if availabte, (,country abbreviation if not evident from context'). t" LANDESVERFASsUNG ILVG][SrnrE Corsrrrurron], art. 3 (Kiirnten), https: / /www.ris.bka. gv.at/Gettende Fassun g.wxe?Abfrage= LrK&G esetzesn um mer=roooozoS (Austria). Statutes and regulations (litc l Landcsverfassungsgesetz (LVG) (strte constitutional statutc), Landesgesctz (LG) (statc statute), or Verordnung (V) (administrative regulation) to [.andesgesetzblatt (LGBL). Oite by numbcr/ycar. LANr )tis(irisr-tf T2.4 zrlrAt'r' LGBt Belgium, Kingdom of (Civil Law) All f'ederal lnd regional statutcs and legislative matcrials have official vcrsions in French (thc language in Wallonia) and l)utch (the languagc in Flanclers). The same lpplies to thc case law of the two highest courts in Bclgium, thottgh dccisions of lower courts are issucd in one language <tnh'. Furthermore, thc namcs of all Bclgiln courts exist in two languages. It is customarv in llelgian legal publishing to cite to the vcrsion that is in thc same language that one is writing in, eithcr l)utch or Frcncl.r. I3elgian citation rtrles and customs diffcr slightlv bctween the Frcnch- and Dutch-spcaking parts of the countn'. Cases citation firmrat: ,court name' [,court abbreviation'] [,Engtish translation of court name'l ,city, if applicabte', ,chamber, if appticable' ,date of decision, ,reporter or journaI name' [,reporter or journal abbreviation,] (year of publication,, <part number, if applicabte>, <case number, if applicable', ,first page,, ,author of case note, if applicabte' (country abbreviation if not evident from context,). r" Tribunal de Premi6re Instance [Civ.][Tribunal of First Instance] Charleroi, 2e ch. Apr. g,2oo3, Revue oe Dnotr oe u Sanr€ [Rev. dr.sant6l zoo3, 768 (Betg.). r' Tribunal de Commerce [Comm.][Commerce Tribunat] Ostende, R6f, Oct. rz, 1987, Revue oe Dnort CotvtturnctaL Belcr IRDC] 1988, 268, note Verougstraete (Betg.). t Foreign Juristlittions: Belgiunr > Hofvan Beroep IHvB] [Court ofAppeaU Antwerpen, Feb. 18, zoo3, RecHrsruNote WEEKBLAD IRW] zoog, s84 (BelS.). Ordinary iurisdiction Court of Cassation: Cour de Cassation (Cass.)/Hofvan Cassatie (Cass.): Cite to PAs., or to ARR.CASS., if therein; oth€rwise, cite to the official online version, giving the date and docket number only, or cite to another Belgian law review. > PAsrcRrsrE Brrcs (French) Hor V.tN > ARRESTEN vAN HET CASSATIE l79l-d?;te Pns. 1937-date ARR.CASS. (Dutch) Prior to 2003, the Pasicrlsie was published in three parts: Part I, the Cour de Cassation decisions; Partll, a selection of courts of appeal cases; and Part III, a selection of lower court cases. ln 2OO3, the publisher decided to maintain only Part I. > Hof van Cassatie [Cass.] [Court of Cassation], Dec. 24,1993, ARR. Cnss. 1993, nrZ (Betg.). > Cour de Cassation [Cass.] [Court of Cassation], Oct. 3, 1985, Pns. rg87, l, No. 64, 886 (Belg.). > Hof van Cassatie [Cass.] [Court of Cassation], Mar. r5, zoo7, AR Fo5oo49N, http://www.cass.be (Belg.). Cours d'Appel (CA)/Hoven van Beroep (HvB) (Courts ofAppeal). There of appeal: Anvers/Antwerpen and Gand/Gent in Flanders, Lieg€/ Luik and Mons8ergen in Wallonia, and Bruxelles in the bilingual capital region are five courts Brussels. Cour du Travail (Cour. Trav.)/Arbeidshof (Arbh.) (Labor Court: hears appeals in social law matters). Cour d'Assises (Cour. Ass.)/IIof van Assisen (Assisen) (Coun of Assizes: court of original iurisdiction for very serious crimes; the only Belgian court with a iury). Tribunaux de Premiire Instance/Rechtbanken van Eerste Aanleg (tribunals of first instance: ordinary courts of original iurisdiction, either in civil matters (Civ./Rb.); in commercial matters as Tribunaux de Commerce (Comm.)/Rechtbanken van Koophandel (Kh.) (commerce tribunals); in criminal matters as Tribunaux Correctionels (Corr,)/Correctionele Rechtbanken (Corr.) (criminal tribunals); or in social iustice matters as Tribunaux du Travail Gri b. Trav.)/Arbeidsrechtbanken (Arbrb.) (labor tribunals)). Tribunaux desJuges de Paix 0.P.)/Vredegerechten (Vred.) (Justices ofthe Peace : hear civil and commercial low-value claims). Tribunaux de Police (Pol.)/Politierechtbanken (Pol.) (Police Courts: deal with minor offenses). Journals Belgian law reviews are either in French, in Dutch, or bilingual. Most journals publish case law, and they are the main source for lower courts' case law. All I I o I I I I o o I I t I t o I o I o o a o o o o O I I o o t t o o t o a t I t o iir::il, types of cases are reported in thesc journals, and thcre is no preferred citation. Several iournals and their abbreviations follow. For a full list of abbrcviations, see http://www.law.kuleuven .be/rechtsaf / + JouRNAr- oes TmsuNeux . RE\.IJE " NrEtrv Jumnrs<Lr Wuernra.D s AI-GEMEEN JuRtDIs<:tt TtJDs<:Hnn-I - RwUr 1882-date 1947-dare 2002-.J^te 1994-2002 1987-date Crur'tqtrr DEJtJRIspRIrDENc[ BELGE r)EJuRrspRUlxN(;E Ds . Lrict, MoNs jT RCJB NJW A'T ILMB BRTJXII,I,ES ' JLrRrsPRtrr)ENcE D[ LticE * RTCHTSPRAAK ANTVERpEN BRUssrt. GENT . TrJos<:Hntrr v<ton IJrtc;ts<:tt HeNorlsnr<:trt- Rr\.r;n ' DE Dnort (irtrturn<rAl RE\.riE GENERAT. l)[ I)Rorr JL TBH-RDC 1987-d^te TBBR-RGDC RABG BBLcE Cn'rt. l]Rt-<;r- Ttlosr;tnrn"l vooR IlRrcts<:n RE(rrr 1888-1987 2003-date 1968-date BtiRCERLIIK Administrative iurisdiction Citation format for highest administrative court: (court name, [,court abbreviation,] [.Engtish translation of court name>] ,date of decision,, (names of parties,, <case number>, <reporter name or website, [,reporter abbreviation,l, <year of publication,, (page, (<country abbreviation if not evident from context'). Conseil d'ftat (CE)/naad van State (RvS) (Council of State): Cite to RACE or Arr.RvS fur cases decided prior to lL)94; cite to the official publicatkrn on the website of the Council for cases decided 'tfter 1994, using the date , names of parties, and docket number. The Council of State is the highest administrative court in Belgium and seryes as a court of first instance for iudicial review of administrative acts and as a court of appeal for various administrative commissions. " REc(IltrL Dls ARREIs r)rj C()NSEIt- l)'ETA]' 1948-1991 RACE 1948-1994 Arr.RvS (French) p VRR7.\NIELIN(; v,rN Annsstnr veN vAN STA'Ir (l)utch) = tx Rr,tr Conseil d'Etat [CE] [Councit of State] June 3, r975,Beeckman, No. r7.o55, REcuet DEs ARRCTs DU CoNSEIL o'Ernr IRACE], r975 (Belg.). e" Raad van State IRvS] [Councit of State] Nov. 4, 1985, Vtaamse Gemeenschap, No. z5.797,VEnzamrLtHc vAN ARRESTEN vAN DE Rnno r' vnr Srare [Arr.RvS], rgSf (BetS.). Conseil d'Etat[CE][Councit of State] Nov. 25, 2oo4, Ingrosso, No. t37.642, http: / /www.conseildetat.be (BelS.). Constitutional f urisdiction Citation format: ,court name' [,court abbreviation,] [,English translation of court name,] ,case number,, (date of decision,, ,reporter name' [,reporter abbreviation'][,Engtish translation of reporter name,], ,date of publication', ,page' (,country abbreviation if not evident from context,). l oreign J urisdictions: giuttr Rel Cour Constitutionnelle (CC)/Grondwettelifk Hof (GwH) (Constitutional Court (Cour d'arbitrage/Arbitragehof prior to 200D): Cite to M.B. or 8.S., if therein; otherwise, cite to the court's website, giving the date and docket number only. } MoNITEIJR BErcE/BnrcrsCu STMTSBI-{D (Official Gazette of Belgium, case extracts only) > Rrcunn DEs ARRtTs or r-l Coun CoNs'nrti'noNNEIE/ARRESTEN 1845-2003 M.B./8.S. (print) 1997-date (online) 1985-drte ACC/Arr.GwH GnoNnwttruJr Hor (complete official versions of cases) > Cour Constitutionnette ICC] [ConstitutionalCourt] decision no t44lzoo8, Oct. 3o, 2oo8, MoNTTEUR BELGE IMB] [Officiat Gazette of Belgiuml, Nov. zo, 2oo8, 61,692 (Belg.). > Grondwettelijk Hof IGwH][Constitutionat Court] decision no n3 | 2oo7, luly 26, zoo7, http: | | www. grondwettetii khof.be (Be lS.). Constitution } I-A CONSTITTITION COIST. Citation format: (year) Corusr. <article, (,country abbreviation evident from context,). if not The original 1831 constitution was amended on numerous occasions. The most recent version was published in 1994. If desired, cite by date: > t994 CoHsr. art. r (Betg.). Codes Ciration format: ,code name, l.code abbreviation,] (article> (.country abbreviation if not evident from context,). > CooE Crvrr- [C.Crv.] art.235 (BelS.). > CODE Cnll/BuncsRrrJx WE-rBoex C.Ctv./BW > Coos DE C.Corvrrvr./WKn Coulrrn<;o/ktnoEK vAN KoopnalrDEr > CoDE D'INSTRUc'r'roN CTMTNELr-E/WETBOEK vAN C.l.Cn./Sv. StnervomrnrNc > CoDE JuDrcrArna/GrmcurEr-rJr > CoDE PENAT"/STRAFVETBoEK Wrrsorr C.Juo./Gen.W. C.PEn./Sw. Statutes and decrees Citation format: <statute or decree name, [.English translation of statute or decree namer] of .date of enactment', ,"MoNlrEUR Belce" or "BELGtscH Sralrsglro", [,"M.B." or "B.S.",] [Officiat Gazette of Belgium], .date of publication,, ,edition if applicable,, ,first page, if not citing the online version> (country abbreviation if not evident from context,). > i [a responsabitit6 du fait des produits d6fectueux LiabitityAct] of Feb. 25, r99r, Morurreun Belee [M.B.] IProduct Loi relative [Official Gazette of Belgium], Mar.22, t99t,5884. I I t t t o o I I I I I I o I o o o I t I I I o I o a o a o o o I o o I o t I t I o i 1,t'1 {i;il.il;, r:riir i;1:r:ih. l;i ij-'.iiir,: u- Wet houdende diverse bepalingen ILaw Concerning Diverse Dispositionsl of Dec.z7,2006, BELGTscH Srnnrseuo IB.S.] [Official Gazette of Betgium], Dec. 28, 2006,3d ed., http://www. staatsblad.be. " MoNrr'rl rR Brx;l/Bgt.< ; tst ;r t ST,\AI rn45-2oo.l sBLAI) M.B./8.5. (print) (0fficial Gazette of Bctgium) 1997-date (online) ! Ilul-r-EtrN ()r,lrr;rEr- l)l]s L()ts ur AnRfi|]s R()YAtrx l)E BEl.(;relrI 178u-ltt45 Butt.Off. Treaties and conventions Citation format: ,name of law ratifying the treaty, [,Engtish translation of law name,] of ,date of [aw,,,"Montteun Btlce" or "BelctscH SranrseLaD", [,"M.B." or "8.S.",] [Official Gazette of Betgium], .date of publication,, ,first page, (,country abbreviation if not evident from context'). e i Loi portant assentiment [a Convention de Budapest retative au contrat de transport de merchandises en navigation int6rieure (CMNI), faite Budapest le 22 juin zoor ILaw Ratifying the Budapest Convention on the Contract for the Carriage of Goods by lntand Waterway (CMNI), Done at Budapest on June zz, zootl i of June 29, zoo8, MoHtreuR BELGE IM.8.][Officiat Gazette Belgiuml, Oct. 10, zoo8,54,229. of Internet sources http://www.belgiumlex.be (acccss to the constittlti(x-I, cocles, official gazette, consolidated legislation, court dccisions, and othcr official publications) http://wwv.iust.fgov.be (Ministry of Justice) http://w*ry.lachambre.be (House of Representatives, providing acccss to recent legislirti(n) http:,/www.senaat.be (the Federal Senate, providing acccss to rccent lcgislation) http://wvw.vlaamspadement.be (Flemish Parlirmcnt) http:,7w"sry.parlement-wallon.be (Vdloon Parliamcnt) http://wrv,pcf.be (French Community Parliantent) http:/,/tr*ry.padbruparl.irisnet.be (llrussels Parliament) http://u"ww.furidat.be (thc Judicial Powcr, providing a free searchablc database of case law) http://www.councilofstate.be (Council of State, providing access to a database of its iudgnrents) http://wwry.constitutionalcourt.be (Constittrtional Court, provicling access to a database of its judgments) http://r.wry.ejustice.just.fg ov.be/ cgi/ w elcome.pl (olIicial Gazcttc, provicling acccss to back issues (2002-datc)) o Foreign J lrrisd.ictions: llraeil http://www.eiustice.iust.fgov.be4oi4oi.htm (consolidated legislation, providing access to federal and regional materials) o http://www.fisconet.fgov.be (federal tax legislation) http://wallex.wallonie.be Cfly'alloon legislation) I http://www.gallilex.be (French Community legislation) http://www.codex,vlaanderen.be (Flemish legislation) Most important commercial databases including books and joumals: http://www.iura.be (books and loumals from Kluwer publisher) http://www.furisquare.be (books and ioumals from Intersentia, die Keure, Anthemis and other publishers) http://www.stradalex.com @ooks and joumals from Larcier publisher) T2.5 Btazil, Federative Republic of (Civil Law) Cases Citation format: .court abbreviation'-,chamber/region number,, .docket number,, Relator: <relator name), .judgment date in day.month.year format,, <volume number,, <reporter name> [<reporter abbreviation,], ,publication date in day.month.year format,, ,first page,, ,page(s) of specific materia[, if desired, (country abbreviation if not evident from > TRF-2, Ap. Crim. No. r99o.5r.or.043265-8, Relator: Des. Fernando Marques, L4.!r.2oo8,232, DrARro oa Jusrt$ [D.J.], z8.u.zoo8, r3 (Braz.). > T.,.M.G., Ap. Civ. No. r.ooz4.o8.r5853o-9/oor Belo Horizonte, Relator: Des. Fernando Caldeira Brant,z6.tt.zoo8, 136, Di6rio do (Braz.). J ud ici6rio Eletrdn ico I D.J.e.], og.t2.zoo8, t47 Official gazettes > DLiRro Orrcnr o,r Ur.leo (federal laws and cases from D.O.U. oeJusrq.r (righer court cases) laws and cases) D.J. s.T.F.) > DrARro > Dr,iRro OFrcrAL Dos Esreoos (state > e.g., Rio deJaneiro > e.g., D.O.E. D.O.E.R.J. Slo Paulo D.O.E.S.P. > e.g., Minas Gerais D.O.E.M.G. Higher courts Supremo Tribunal Federal (5.T. F.) (highest coun of appeals on constitutional matters): Cite to R.T.J., R.S.T.F., or S.T.F.J., if therein. Rrttstl Tnrurstner nr JunrsenuD€NclA 19t7-d^te e.g., R.T.l. > RrvtsrA oo Supneuo TnrsuNAL Frorner 1914-1956 R.S.T.F. > I 5O/ 1O1 o o I I I o o I t o I O l I I a a I o o o o o o I I o o I o o t o I o a I o tJq:.'i1tr,!l: lrtl!: I i:'rl"-: l1r;lr!! Fronnat.Juntsrntll)ENcll h SripREMo TnrnttN.Lt (available at http://w.ww.stf.jus.br) S.T,F.|. Superior Tribunal de Justiga (S.T.J.) Gighest court of appeals on all nonconstitutional mattcrs): Cite to R.S.T.l., S.T.J.l., or R.T., if therein. , R[vrsrA * SrrpsRr()R TruRrrNe.l Dri JIISTIQA Jt lo Srn'Entott TntsuN'\t- l)F] R.S.T.|. s'T'J'J' jRISPRrjDliNclA (available at " Itrsrl(tA 1989-datc http://wwv.stj.jus.br) 1912-clxe RIVISI'A nr>s Tttu]uNAls R.T. Tribunal Superior do Trabalho (T.S,T.) (highest court of appeals on labor law): Cite to R.T.S.T. or T.S.T.|., if therein. " Rrvrst.r oo Tnrrulln. Sttprnlon no Tn,ttte.uto 1946-date R.T.S.T. r T.S.T.'. TnrsuneL SupEtu()lt D() TRAItAr.tto Jt TRISPRTJT)ENctA (availablc at http://www.tst.jus.br) Tribunal Superior Eleitoral (T.5. E.) (highest court of appcals on electoral law): Citc to T.S.E.J.. if the rcin. p 'l'rr.rsurl,u SupriRroR Et.lrtott,LlJttnlst'ntrtriN<;lq. (available at T.S.E.J. http://www.tse. jus.br) Superior Tribunal Militar (S.T.M.) (highcst court of appeals on militar)' law): (lite to S.T.M.l., if th(rcin. TnllrN.,lr. Mmrln Jr;ntsrntrl)iiNctA (available http ://wwry. stm.ius.br) F SrlpEriroR at 5.T.M.J. Federal coutts Tribunal Regional Federal (TRF',region number>, e.g., TRF-r) (regional fedcral court of appeals on matters of federal intercst): Cite to R.T.R.F', if therein. o Rr'.vrsre. lo'I'nlRtrN.q.L RE(iloNAL Ft,osnnL (regiclns vary) R.T.R.F. Yara da Justiga Federal 0.F.) (federal district courts on mattcrs of fcderal intcrest): Indicate number and city. State courts Tribunais de Justiqa dos Estados O.l. ,state initials,, Minas Gerais) (higher state coufis of appcals): Cite e .9., T.J.M'G. for to D.J..state initials' (e .9., D.J.M.G. for Minas Gerais), if therein. o ST.IL'n'sJlor<;rARy GAzETlu ; Rgvtst.r uos Tntgutl,Lls > ItNrs'rA FonrNsn (regions vary) c.g.. D.l.M.G. 1912-date R.T. 1904-date R.F. C"""tit"ti"" . (l()Nsttrt:tei() Ft:rxnhL C.F. s" CoNsrrurqAo Feoennl [C.F.][Cor.rsrrrurtoN] art. 3 (Braz.). t .F'oreign Jurisdictions : tsrazil c;i;; > C6orco on Acu,rs C.ae > C6orco Cnrl c.c. > C6Drco Counncrer (Pt. I revoked, recodified in Civil Code. 2002) C.Cotvt. > CdDrco c.E. > C6orco FLoRxsrAL C.rlon. > C6Drco C.mrn. > CoNsouoecAo oes Lrrs no Tn.nsAulo c.L.T. > C6mco Pouer c.P. > C6or<;o > C6nrco ELETToML DE MNAS Pexlr Mnrten DE PRocEsso c.P.M. c.P.c. Cn'L c.P.P. > C6orc,o os PRocrsso PnNAr > C6orc,o DE PRopRTEDADE C6uco or Pnottqeo n Dnrrse Do C6uco TRTBUTARTo N.lcror.rAr > C6orco Bmsrlrtno CoNSUMIDoR Prnat Mlrrren c.B.T. c.P.P.M. C.ce. DE CAQA BRAsTLETRo c.D.c. c.T.N. DE TELECoi\4uNrcAqoES > C6Drc,o DE PRocEsso } C6DIGo > C6uco c.P.t. hqnusrru,u > > . or ArnoN.(rntce c.B.A. > C6orco or TniNsrto Bnesnerno c.T.B. > Este,I.uto oe CnreNqe E.C.A. B no AoorrscBr,rte Statutes > ESTATUTo DA ADvoc-{cIA E DA ORDEM Dos ADvocADos Do E.O.A.B. Bnrsrl > ESTATUTo oe Croeor > EsrAT'uro oe Cruerqe > E.Cro. E Do ADoLEScENTE EsrAT!'ro or Drrrse oo ToncBoon E.C.A. E.D.T. > ESTATUTo Do DESARMAMEI.TTo E.Des. > ESTATUTO Do ESTRANGEIRo E.Esr. > ESTATUTo Do IDoso E.lDs. Estenro ne Icueroeor Recnr Estltuto no iNoro > Eretuto neJwrnruor > E.l.Rnc. > E.IND. > EsrAT!'ro oos Mrrtanrs > EsrA'r'uro nos > E.luv. Es'rLrtiro NecroueL oe MtcnonupnrsA Pequeruo E.Mtt-. Musrus E.Mus. E DA EMpREsA DE E.M.EMP, Ponrr > ESTATUTo Dos RTFUGIADoS E.Rera. > EsrAT'uro DA TERRA E.Trn. I I I I o I I I o I I I I t t t o I o o t I o o I I o I Statutes and decrees Citation format: <statute/decree number', de <date of promutgation in Portuguese,, ,official gazette name' [,official gazette uO5r"ulu1isn,] de ,date of publication in day.month.year format' (country abbreviation if not evident from context,). Or: ,statute/decree number', de ,date of promulgation in Portuguese', ,reporter name' [,reporter abbreviation,],,volume number, (,number,, t. ,tomo number'): ,page(s)' de ,date of publication in day.month.year format, (,country abbreviation if not evident from context,). Usc "t." to rcf'er to "tomo," which is Portuguesc for "volume." Official 1ti62-clate D.O.U. u.q. tlrvrAo (available at }rtl.p:/ /portaL in.gov.br) (fedcral laws) - I)rAnr<> OFr(.rAr- <of state name> (state larvs, e.g.. D.O.E.R.J. regions vary) " t o o I o o I o I o I I o g zettes DrAnro Or,r<;rel $' Decreto No. 6.626, de 3 de Novembro de zoo8, DrAnro Orrcrnl on UnrAo ID.O.U.] de 4.n.zoo8 (Braz.). {s" Decreto No. 4r.565, de z7 de Novembro de zoo8, DtAnto Ortctnl Do Rro DE Jarurrno ID.O.E.R.J.] de z8.n.zoo8 (Braz.). Alternate sources Citation format: ,statute/decree number', de .date of promulgation in Portuguese',,publication name, [,publication abbreviation'],,date of publication, (,country abbreviation if not evident from context'). Or: ,statute/decree number,, de ,date of promulgation in Portuguese', .reporter abbreviation,,,vOlume number, (,nUmber,, t.,tomo number,): ,page(s),, ,date of pubtication in month year format, (,country abbreviation if not evident from context'). e ILFJ,/tsiA LItx Lex b (l()LE(.Ao l)AS Ltits Cot. Leis Rep. Fed. Brasil *' Lei No. BRAsrL, 9.zt5,de zz de Dezembro de 1995,Cor. LErs t87 Gz, t.r): S388, Dezembro r995 (Braz.). REP. FED. Treaties and conv€ntions ' (.olcr,'lio tle Att.rs Inlernlcionais l92 t--1964 Co[. Atos I nternacionais, No. ,treaty number' Ministry of Forcign Affairs: http://www2,mre.gov.br/dai,/bilaterais.htm (intcrnttional bilateral mcnts b1, agree. country) http:/ / www2.mre.gov.brldailquadros.htm (international bihterll mcnts by topic and international multilateral agreements) agrec- Foreiglr J I I uri*dir:tinns: fl alrada Internet soufces Presid6ncia da Repfblica http://www4.planalto.gov.brflegislacao (Website of the Brazilian Presidency that provides free acc€ss to the Constitution, laws, codes, statutes, provisional measures, decrees, and historical legislation.) Senado Federal http://egis.senado.gov.br/sicon/ (website of the Brazilian Federal Senate that provides free access to laws and bills and is searchable by topic.) Cimara dos Deputados (Iris do Imp6rio): Irnperial laws http / / www 2.camara.leg.br /atividade-legi slativ | aAe glslacao / publicacoes,/doimperio (Website of the Brazilian Chamber of Deputies that provides free access to the laws in force in the country between 1808 and 1889.) Republican Laws hW / (tris de Repriblica) (until the year 2000): wyw 2.canata.leg.bt /atividadeJegislativalegislacao/ publicacoes/republica (Website of the Brazilian Chamber of Deputies that provides free access to the laws in force in the county between 1890 and 2000.) Legislation (Legislaqlo): httpf /www2.carnan.leg.br/atividade-legislativaflegislacao (\0?ebsite of the Brazilian Chamber of Deputies that provides free access to laws and bills and is searchable by topic.) Previous Constitutions (Constituig6es Anteriores): http':/ / www 2.camara.leg.br / atividade-legi slativ a/legislacao / Constituicoes-Brasileiras/anteriores.htrnl (Website of the Brazilian Chamber of Deputies that provides free access to the previous Btazllnn constitutions.) T2.6 Canada (Common Law and Civil Law (Qu6bec)) Cases Privy Council (P.C.) (criminal appeals until 1935, civil appeals until 1949): T2,42UnrtedKingdom if therein; otherwise Cite to reports listed undertable cite to Olms. l Great Britain priry council iudicial committee, decisions Olms. relating to the British North American Act, 1867, and the Canadian Constitution 1867 -19t4, arranged by Richard A. Olmsted Supreme Court of Canada (S.C.C.): Cite to S.C.R. if therein; otherwise cite to D.L.R. > Canada: Supreme Court Reports 1876-date 5.C.R. a I I a o t t o o t I I I I I o I I o t t o I o o o o I o I I o I I o o I I o o i r't r !;:: l:,:; ":,:-ilr i l9l2-date Dominion Law Reports i,::tt. l...tri..-:J:t D.L.R. Federal Court (Fed. Ct.) (formedy the Exchequer Court): Cite to F.C. or Ex. C.R. if thereinl otherwise cite to D.L.R. " Federal Corrt Reports Exchequer Court Repons ' 1971-dlte 1875-1971 F.C. Ex. C.R. Tax Court of Canada (Can. Tax Ct.): Cite to C.T.C. or Tax A.B.C. if therein; otherwise cite to D.T.C. or D,L.R. P Canada . Tax Cases Canada Tax Appeal Board Cascs * I)ominion Tax Cases 1985-date 1915-r972 1920-date C.T.C. TaxA.B.C. D.T.C. There are six main citation stylcs used by Canadian case reporters: 1) Reporters for which the year constitutes the volume number. The following reporters lit this description during the specilied year ranges: " Supreme (lourt Reports * Federal Court Reports i ()ntario Reports 1923-1974 S.C.R. r97r-1973 193r-1962 0.R. F.C. Citation formar: ,case name>, [,year of report>] ,abbreviation of report' ,first page, (country abbreviation' ,province abbreviation, if applicabte' ,court abbreviation, if appticable'). * Chase v. Campbe[1, [rg6z]5.C.R. +zs (Can.). + Rom6o Lafrance c. H6pitat St-Luc et Commission des affaires sociates, Irg8o]C.A. +gZ (Can. Que.). Always include the province abbreviation for decisions of provincial courts. Only include the court abbreviation when it is not apparent from the rcporter. When citing French translations of Canadian cases, the party names are separatcd by "c.," which refers to "contre," the French translation of "versus." 2) Reporters that begin at volume one each year, and are thus organized by year first, then volume number. The following reporters lit this description during the specified year ranges: " Supr€me (louft Reports b Fedefal Oourt Reports b Federal Court Reports " Ontario Reports N Dominion Law Reports 1975-tlate 1974-2003 2o04-d:nte 1963-1973 1923-1955 S.C.R. F.C. F.C.R. 0.R. D.L.R. Omit the year of decision when it is the same as the reporter year: Citation format: <case name>, [,reporter year>] <vo[ume number> <reporter abbreviation',fi rst page, (country abbreviation,,province abbreviation, if applicabte, <court abbreviation, if applicabte'). F R. + Brockville Hotel Co. v. Aga Heat (Can.) Ltd., Itgt++lz D.L.R. 698 v. Morgentater, [1993] 3 S.C.R. +6f (Can.). (Can. Ont. C.A.). Includc the vear of decision when it is diffcrent fiom the reDorter vear: citatbn fixmat: <case name> ((year of decision'), [,reporter year'] 'volume number,,reporter abbreviation,,first page' (,country abbreviation, ,province abbreviation, if appticable, ,court abbreviation, if appticabte'). e Swiss Bank Corp. v. Air Can. (rq8z), [rg88] tF.C.7t (Can. C.A.). l) Reporters that are dividccl into series, and are thus organized by series lirst, then volume numbcr. The folkrwing reporters lit this description during the spccilicd )'ear ranges: " ()ntarir> Rcports (2d, .ld) 1971-datc O.R. zd, O.R. 1956-date D.L.R. zd, D.L.R. 3d, D.L.R. 4th 3d l)ominion Law Reports (2d, 3d, 4th) Many other Canadian casc reporters lit this dcscription. In addition, some Canadian and provincial ldministrative tribunal reporters sttch as I'abour Arbitratktn Casc.s (L.A.C.) lit this description. Ciration fbrmat: ,case name> (<year of decision,), <volume number> ,reporter abbreviation' <series>,first page' (,country abbreviation' ,province abbreviation, if appticable' ,court abbreviation, if appticabte,). Weberv. Ont. Hydro Gggz),g8 D.L.R.4th 3z (Can. Ont. C.A.). *. DeTorzi Estate v. Read (zoo8), l8 E.T.R. 3d 3r8 (Can. Ont. Sup. ct. J.). M Ferrelv. Ontario (Att'y Gen.) (tgg8),42 o.R. 3d 97 (Can. Ont. c.A.). w Westfair Foods Ltd. v. U.F.C.W., Local r4oo (zoo8), r75 L.A.C. 4th r (Can. Ont.). 4) Reportcrs that are organized by volume onl,v . The following rcporters fit this description during the speciliecl year rxnges: ' t876-r922 1977 -d:tte r882-1901 r90l- Supremc C()urt Reports " Albcna Repons ()ntario Reports | ()ntario Law Reports 5 S.C.R. f)ominion Law Reports t9r2-1922 ' Saskatchcwan Ileports u Exchequcr Coun of(lanada Report 1979-date 1875-1922 0.R. D.L.R. R. Ex. C.R. In addition, some Canadian ar-rd provincial administrative tribunal rcporters such as the Ontario Securities Commission Bulletin (O.S.C. Bu[[.) and the Carutdian. Human Rigbts Reporter (C.H.R.R.) lit this description. Citation fbrmat: .case name' (,year of decision,), ,volume number' <reporter abbreviation,,fi rst page' (,country abbreviation',province abbreviation, if applicable' <court abbreviation, if applicable'). p R. v. Chehimi n' R. (1.Y.) (zooz), 4r9 A.R. l:6 (Can. Atta. Q.B). v. Moolla (M.) (zoo8), 3ro Sask. R. 254 (Can. Sask. C.A.). n* Falconer v. The Queen (r88q), z Ex. C.R. 8z (Can.). o t I o I o t I t o.L.R. Sask. I I o A.R. t%o/19J1 F o o o o o o I o o o I I a o o o o e a a I I o o o I o I o a F' Leamy v. The King bgt6), st+ 5.C.R. r43 (Can.). * 5t. John (Re) (tgg8), zr O.S.C. Butt. 385r (Can. Ont. Sec. Com.). * Corren v. B.C. (Ministry of Educ.) (No. z) (zooS), SS C.H.R.R. D/26 (Can. B.C. H.R.T.). 5) Ncutral citltions. Sincc l99it. nrany Canadiun cor-lrts and administrativc lribuuals haye adoptecl ncutral citations. 'l'hc ncutral citation is applicd to the casc prior to clisseminltion ancl tl.rus ciurnot be changccl. A ner.rtlal citution is denotccl bv trvo r.nain characteristics: the vcar of decisiorr witlxrut brackcts or parcnthescs. irnd the court abbreviation, not sepxrated by pcriods. Ncutrll citations are prefc'rrecl over other citations. A ne utral citalion shoukl ltlwl1's be placcd bctirrc l parellcl case citlrtion. (litation lirrmar: ,case name>, ,year of decision, .neutral citation court abbreviation, .document number',,paratleI citation, if desired, (country abbreviation a if not evident from context' (province abbreviation, if pplicable,). * MacDonald v. Taubner, zoo6 ABQB r38 (Can.). e R. v. Fuhrer, zooTABQB 58, 4t3A.R. l8S :" R. (Can.). v. Mann, zoo4 SCC 5z,lzoo4l3 S.C.R. sg (Can.). @ L. v. Fraser-Cascade Sch. Dist. No. 78, 2oo4 BCHRT zl6 (Can.). I\rr furthcr infirrmation, see (lanacliin (litation (irmmission, Tlrc Preparation, (litation and Distribution of Clnacliun l)ecisions, u'hich is available mhttpsz// lexum.com/cc c-ccr / pr epar ation/en. 6) (lasc citxtions to clectronic systcms. 'l'he two main clcctronic lcgal research systems fix (lanadl are Westluw Canadu (WL) rnd Quicklaw (QL). Each systcm assigns its own citations to clecisiorrs that it collccts. WL citations are normallr,dcnotetl by two rlain characteristics: thc (x pltrcntlrcses, ancl the clectronic reportcr _vear of dccision without brackets name that includcs thc word 'Carswell.' QL citations arc norrnalll denotecl thrce urain chlracteristics: the 1'ear of dccision in brackets, the clectronic fcportcr irbbrcviation thirt includcs thc letter "l," ancl tl.rc documcnt number precedecl by "No." A ncutral citation or a citation to r printed rcportcr is ll' prefL'rred. WL citation format: ,case name', <year of decision, <online reporter name> ,document number> (.country abbreviation,,province abbreviation, if applicable' <court abbreviation, if appticabte') (WL). ,' Appte Computer Inc. v. Mackintosh Computers Ltd., 1987 CarswetlNat 675 (Can. F.T.C.D.) (WL). decision,] ,online reporter name, No,,document number, (country abbreviation,,province abbreviation, if appticable' ,court abbreviation, if applicabteD (QL). QL citrtion format: .case name), [<year of i Victorov v. Davison, [rg88l O..|. No. r9o (Can. Ont. H.C.J.) (QL). (lanl.ll is a free collcction of (lanadiln cases. tribunal clccisions. and law. (lanl.ll provicles its orvn citation systefi, clenotccl bv tlrrcc mlin cltlractc|istics: thc Forcign Jurisdictiuns: Citnrcla year of decision without brackets or parentheses, CanLII as the reporter name, and the document number applied by CanLII. CanUI citation format: ,case name>, (year of decision, CanLll .document number) (,country abbreviation' <province abbreviation, if applicable, (court abbreviation, if applicable,). > Doug Burns Excavation Contracting Ltd. v. Int'l Union of Operating Eng'rs, Local 721, L999 CanLll ro8r (Can. N'S. 5.C.). Pinpoint citations Generally, it is appropriate to provide a pinpoint citation to a specific page in the print€d reporter, especially for cases published prior to 2002. For SCC cases published after 1996, and other cases published fiter 2OO2, provide a pinpoint citation to the specific p ragr ph, if available. Pinciting to a paragraph is also appropriate when referring to content from an online legal research service' > Chase v. Campbell, hg6zlS.C.R. 425,426 (Can.). > Brown v. Lefebvre (zoo7),4r9 A.R. 347, para, z+ (Can. Alta' Q.B.). > Bank of N.S. v. Visentin, [rqg6] O.J. No. 4563, para.2 (Can. Ont. Gen. Div.) (QL). > L. v. Fraser-Cascade Sch. Dist. No. 28, zoo4 BCH RT 276, para. 4 (Can.). Order of rqrorters Neutral citations and citations to official and semiofficial reporters are preferred over all other citations. Dominion Lau Reports is the preferred unofficial reporter. Printed reporters are preferred over electronic reporters. Official reporters > Canada Supreme > Canada Court Reports law Reports: Supreme Court 1876-1922 of 1923-1969 S.C.R. S.C.R. Court Reports Exchequer Court of Canada Report > Canada Federal Court Reports > 797o-drte r87t-r970 S.C.R. Ex. C.R. 197r-2003 F.C. 2004-d^te F.C.R. Case reporters from the provinces and temitories *denotes a reporter that is published under the auspices of a law Society > 1976-date > 1908-1932/1933 Atta. L.R. British ) Brirish > British r British 1977-1992 1992-2002 2o02-date l%7-1947 1977-1986 1986-1995 1995-2002 2o02-d^te *Alberta Reports *Alberta Law Reports > Alberta law Reports (2d) >Alberta lrw Reports (3d) >Alberta Iaw Reports (4th) > *British Columbia Reports > Reports columbia Irw Repofts (2d) Columbia Law Reports (3d) Columbia Iaw Reports (4th) Columbia Iaw A.R. Alta. L.R. zd Alta. L.R. 3d Atta. L.R.4th B.C.R. B.C.L.R. B.C.L.R. zd B.C.L.R. o I I I I I I o o I I o o Cxtada > Canada Supreme I I ld B.C.L.R.4th t o o I o o o t o t o o o o o I I o o I o o o o I o o ! Manitoba Law Reports 1875- 1883 Man. L.R. l88l-r961 ".Manitoba Reports . Manitoba Reports (2d) 1979-date * Maritime Provinces Reports: Cases 1929-1968 decided in the Supreme (lourts of Ncw Bmnswick, Newfoundlancl, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island Man. " New Brunswick Repofts *New Bmnswick Reports (2d) ' 1825-1929 N.B.R. 1969-date N.B.R. zd " Newf<>undland Law Reports 7817 -1946 Nfld. L.R. o 197 l -date Nftd. & 19ti3- 1998 N.W.T.R. 78a4-1929 N.S,R. *Newfoundland & Prince Edward Island R. Man. R. zd M.P.R. P.E.t.R. Reports ' *Northwest Territories Reports ,.Nova Scotia Rcports 1()65-1969 n *Nova Scotia Reports (2d) ' ()ntario Appeals Reports ()ntario Appcal Cases " . *()ntario Law Reports 1970-date N.5.R. zd 1876-1900 o.A.R. l9tt4-date o.A.c. 1901-1931 o.L.R. 7909-1962 o.w.N. *Ontrrio Weekly Notes , ()ntario Reports 18ft2- l90l o.R. * *Ontario Rep(xts 19Jr-1973 o.R. - *Ontario Reports (2d) * *Onrario Reports (3d) r974-1991 O.R. zd 1991 -clate O.R. 3d 1986-date R.J.Q. 1970- l 985 c.A. 1892-1969 970- 1 985 c.s. 1975- L.t n n , *Recueils de jurispmdence du Qtt€bec (continues (1.A., C.S., C.P., C.S.P., TJ.) *Recueils de du Qu€bcc: iurispmdencc Cour d'appel - *Rapports jucliciaires officiels cle Qu€bec: Cour supdrieure *Recueils cle jurispruclence clu Qu6bec: " Cour provinciale o *Recueils de ltrrispruclencc du Qu6bec: Cour tles Sessions dc la paix *Recueils de jurisprudence du Quebec: " Tribunal de la ieunesse * *Rapports ludiciaires officicls cle Qu€bec: Cour dr.r Banc dc la Reine/du Itoi * *Recueils de jurispruclence du Qu€bcc: Cr>ur du bicn-€trc socia r Qu6bec Appeals Oascs , *Saskatchewan Law Rcports , Saskatchewan Reports ' " *Territorics Law Reports *Yukon Reports r 1 985 . r975-1985 c.s.P. r975-t98t T.J. 1892-1969 B.R. r975-198t c.B.E.S. 1987 -1995 1907-1931 1980-date Itt85-1907 1987- l9ft9 Q.A.C. Sask. L.R. Sask. R. Terr. L.R. Y. R. Other commonly cited reporters . Atlantic Provinces Reports ' Dominion Law Reports * Dominion Law Reports (2cl) 1975-date 19r2-r9t5 1956-l96u A.P.R. D.L.R. D.L.R.2d {;rr: lli;l ' Dominion Law Repons (Jd) F f)ominion Law Reports (4th) n Eastem Law Reporter " Maritime Provinces Reports e National Reporter F \trestern Law Reporter r Western Weekly Reports 1969-1984 l9tt4-date 1906-1911 1929-1968 1974-dxe 1905-1916 1911-date D.L.R.3d D.L.R.4th E.L.R. M.P.R. N.R. W.L.R. W.W.R. Only some commonly citcd reporters are listed here. For a ftlll list of reporters fbr Canada, see McGnt- L,twJot;nx.rt., C,tN,lnleN Gttltt ro Ulltrtxll app. ti (6th ed. 2006). Lr<;,tt- Ctt,nox Constitutions Canada's constitution consists of a series of Unitecl Kingdom cnactments reprinted in the appendix to the Reuised Statutes of Cdn(tda (R.S.C.). Cite to the U.K. statute followingtable T2.42 United Kingdom and, if desired, the relcvant rcprint in the R.S.C. > Constitution Act,t867,3o & 31 Vict., c a (U.K.), reprinted,n R.S.C. 1985, app ll, no 5 (Can.). p Canada Act, 1982, c (Can.). r. Constitution c r' rr (U.K.), reprinted in R.5.C. 1985, app ll, no 44 Act, 1982, being Schedule B to the Canada Act, 1982, u (U.K.). Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Part I ofthe Constitution Act, t982, being Schedule B to the Canada Act, :,982, c tl (u.K.). Statutes Consolidated statutes Current consolidated fedcral statutes are available onlinc through the Justice Laws Consolidated Acts collection: http://laws.justice.gc.caleng/acts. Current consolidated Ontario statutes are available online through E-Laws: http ://www. e-laws. gov. on. c a / nav igation?fi le=browseStatutes&reset=y es&menu=browse&lang=s1. Other provincial online consolidations may also be available. Cite cuffent consolidated statutes using the citation provided. If thc consolidated statute appcared in the last Reuision (R.S.C. 1985; RSO r99o;, and has not been repcaled, it will be cited to thc rcvision. If the consolidatccl statute was enacted after the btst Reuision, it will be cited using the Session Law citation (S.C., S.O.). (lite statutes appcaring in historical federal or provincial Reuisions (alphabetical consolidation of acts in forcc) analogously to codilied United States statutes (rule L2.3). Note that thc chapter numbers fbr federal statutes in thc R.S.C. are labeled using a letter and a numbcr (L-2), and the chapter numbcrs for C)ntario statutes in the R.S.O. are labeled using a lctter and a number (P.3o). Inclividurl provinces may have similar variations. s Canada LabourCode, R.S.C. t985,cL-2. p Province of Ontario Savings Office Act, R.S.O. r99o, c. P.3o (Can.). o o I I o o o o I a o o o I I t o o o o o a o t t o t o o I o I I a I o I o t I o I i',.1, , t ,:r l, i i,i ir, rt I :r ',i: Code of Civil Procedure, R.S.Q., c C-25 (Can.). Alwll's provide thc country abbrcvirttion unlcss it is clcar from thc contcxt. Ahvals provide a proviuce al'rbreviation unlcss the provittce ol'origin is made clelr in the title of the act of thc oublicrtion lbbreviation. Session laws 'lir citc a statute rs cnrctecl, cite to the lnnual.t/a/ules of Cuttuclu. or provincial statutcs to their xnnurl volnmcs (firr cxamplc, Stdlules of-Albarta,.\tttttrlcs ttf Qrldbac). in a manner similar to tlut usccl for I lnitccl Stltcs scssion lltws (rule 12.4): , Antarctic EnvironmentaI Protection Act, S.C. 2ooj,c zo (Can.). ,' Civit Code of Qu6bec, S.Q. r99r, c 64, arI2 (Can.). Iror Qudbec codes, include ir pinpoint citution to the tnicle nurrbcr. Wl'rcn citing an act appcaring in the current Rettisiotr lts u'ell ls thc act's subsetluent nmentlment, the name of the amcndment ncctl not l)c lliven: . Freehotd Mineral Rights Tax Act, R.S.A. 2ooo, c F-26, amended by S.A. zoo6, c zr (Can. Alta.). Regulations (lurrcr.rt consoliduted federal regulations arc avuilable onlinc througll the .lusticc l.nws (lonsoliclatccl l{cgLrlations collecti<xr: http:/,/www.laws-lois. justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations. (lurrcnt consolidatctl Ontario rcgulations lure ar,uilable onlitrc thnrugh E-l.as,s: http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/. other pror,irrcial online consolidations mxv also bc ttvailablc. Cite current consolithtecl rcgulutions using thc citutittn proviclecl. lf tl-tc consoliclatecl regtrlatiotr aplteitred irr thc last print l{evision/(bnsolidatir>n (C.R.C. r978; R.R.O. r99o). antl hls not beeu rcpcalcd, it will bc citccl to thc Rcvision/(lonsolidation. lf the consolidation regulation $Ixs enxcted:rfter thc last Rcvision, it will be citecl tusing thc rergulation numbcr as rcgistcrccl (S.O.R.; O. Reg.). Fcclcrtl rcgulations, as rcgistcrc(l citatiort: (name), SOR/,year'-,number> or Sl/,year'-,document number,. ' Additionat Legislative Powers Designation Order, C.R.C., c rz35 (Can.). , Passenger Information Regulations (Preclearance Act), SOR/zooz- u+l (Can.). I)rovincial reguhtions havc thcir own lirrm of citation: . ,. Speed Limits, O. Reg. l8llo8 (Can.). Nova Scotia Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Regulations, N.S. Reg. tg (Can.). 8+l - Hatching Eggs Regutation, Alta. Reg. z8ol1997 (Can.). Statutory and regulatory compilations Federal Revisccl Statulcs oi (,anada (lorrsolidatcd llcgulatious of (lanacla R.S.C. c.R.c. ,,,i1 o Foreign Jurisdictions: Canada Provincial Revised Statutes of Alberta R.S.A. > Revised Statutes of British Columbia R.S.B.C. > Revised Statutes of Manitoba > R.S.M. Continuing Consolidation of the Statutes of Manitoba > Revised Statutes of New Brunswick > Revised Statutes of Newfoundland and Labrador > Consolidated New{oundland and labrador Regulations > Revised Statutes of the Nonhwest Teffitories > Revised Regulations of the Northwest Territories > Revised Statutes of Nova Scotia > Revised Statutes of Ontario > Revised Regulations of Ontario Revised Statutes of Prince Edward Island Revised Regulations of Prince Edward Island > Revised Statutes of Qu€bec > Compilation of Qudbec laws and Regulations > Revised Regulations of Qu€bec > Revised Statutes of Saskatchewan > Revised Regulations of Saskatchewan > > Revised Statutes ofYukon c.c.s.M. R.S.N.B. R.S.N.L. c.N.L.R. R.S.N.W.T. R.R.N.W.T. R.S.N.S. R.S.O. R.R.O. R.5.P.E.r. R.R.P.E,I. R.s.Q. c.Q.L.R. R.R.Q. R.S.S. R.R.S. R.S.Y. Federal > Statutes of Canada s.c. > Statutes of the Province of Canada S. Prov. C. > Canada Gazette C. Gaz. o I I t I o I ; Provincial Statutes of Alberta Albefta Gazette ' Bfitish columbia statutes > British Columbia Gazette > Statutes of Manitoba t Manitoba Gazette > Statutes of New Brunswick > The Royal Gazette New Brunswick > Statutes of Newfoundland (before December 21,2OOl) > Newfoundland Gazette (before December 21, 2OOl') > s.A. > A. Gaz. 5.8.C. B.C. Gaz. s.M. M. Gaz. s.N.B. N.B. Gaz. S. Nfld. N. Gaz. > Statutes of Ne*{oundland and Labrador (after s.N.L. > December 21,2OOl) Newfoundland and labrador G^zette (after N.L. Gaz. December 21.2001) Ordinances of the Northwest Teritories > Statut€s of Nova Scotia > The Royal Gazette Nova Scotia > Statutes of Nunavut I t t Session laws and regulations > I o.N.w.T. s.N.s. N.S. Gaz. 5. Nu. I o a I t o a I a o o a o o o t o o o a o o o a o a o o o r rt, il.r' :'li, ,{rr 1i',1,1 n /"il' ' Nunavut Gazette Stntutcs of ()ntario 3 ()ntari() Oazette Nu. Gaz. F 5.O. Statutcs of Qu€bcc s.Q. ts O. Gaz. (iazette ollicicllc clu Qudbcc - Statutes of Saskatchewan 1 G.O.Q. s.s. S. Gaz. t Sxskatchewan Gazettc Statutes of Yukon n Yukon ()azette Y. Gaz. F 5.Y. Treaties + (lanacla Trcaty Series I <year> Can. T.S. No. 925-date (treaty number> Internet sources http://www.lo c.gov /law /help/ guide / nations/canada.html (Library of Congrcss Guicle to Law Online : Canada) http://www.llrx.com/features/ca.htm (law and techrlokrg-v resourccs for legal prof'cssionals) http:/ /legakesearch.orgl (guide to Canadian legal rcsearch) T2.7 Catholic Church Codes before 1917: Cite by the ttirme of thc individual docuncnt or frai{ment, as in thc examples bekrw, not by the title of a collection that it-tclttcles thc materirl. For other examplcs, see lhe Bulletirt of Medieuul Canon Lar. " (;ratian c. 1 140 e 9., D.33 c.r (d.a.) c.g., C.9 q.3 c.r e,g., De colrs. D.z c.84 Part I l'art 2 Part 3 " I)ecrctals <>f Grcgory IX E l)ecrctals of Bonifacc \IIII ' (lonstitutions of Clement V ! Extravagants of.fohn )O(II " (lommon Extravagants l2a1 l29U lJlT e.g.,X3.z4.z e.g., Vl r.rr.r e.g.. Crrm. 3.5.7 1al6-1334 e.g., Exrnnv. Jo.1,4.3 126l-1181 e.g., Exrnnv. Cowr. 2.1.1 Codes after 1917: Citc to either the 1917 or 19tt3 Codex Iuris Canonici. r (loclcx Iuris Canonici (1917) '(lodcx Iuris Canonici (19UJ) 1917-1983 e.g,.,7977 Cooe c'430, S 1 1981-date e.g.,1983 Cooe c.515,5 3 T2.8 Chile, Republic of (Civil Law) Cases (litation fornat: .court name, [,court abbreviation,] [,English translation of court name'1, ,date of decision in Spanish, in day month year format>, ",case name'," Rot de [a causa: <case number>, <cds€ type,, .publication nsms' [,publication abbreviation'],publication votume and/or number, Foreign J I urisdictions: Chilc p.,first page) (<country abbreviation if not evident from context,). Note that many reporters depart from this format, as detailed below. In the case name, use "c." between the party names, which refers to "contra," Spanish for "versus." > Corte Suprema de Justicia [C.S.i.] lSupreme Court], 15 noviembre tg14,"Suerez, Alfredo c. Perez, Estela," Rot de ta causa: 124-2oo8 s., divorcio, Revtsra Gncern junfotcr IR.G.i.] No. r9o p.rqS (Chile). National iurisdiction Corte Suprema de Justicia (C.S.J.) (Supreme Court) and Tribunal Constitucional (I.C.) (Constitutional Court) (ltighest court on constitutional matters). Appellate couds Corte de Apelaciones (C. Apet.) (courts of appeals): Cite to R.D.J., G.T., or F. oel M. Lower courts Tribunales de Juicio Oral en lo Penal O.J.O.P.) (criminal trial courts), Juzgados de Garantia 0.G.) (criminal courts), Juzgados de Familia 0.F.) (family courts), Juzgados de Cobranza Laboral y Previsional 0.C.1.P.) (abor and social security courts), Juzgados Civiles (,|. Civ.; (civil courts), Juzgados del Crimen 0. Cri.) (criminal courts), Juzgados de Menores (. Men.) (iuvenile courts), Juzgados del Trabaio (.T.) (labor couru), Juzgados Mixtos 0. Mix.), andJuzgados de Letras 0.1.) (small claims courts). Reporters Generally follow the examples below when citing to the volumes andl or numbers of these reporters. Note that "t." refers to "tomo," Spanish for "volume." > FArLos osr > MEs GAcErAJuRiDtcA > GAcE-rA nn r-os TnrsuNlr-Es Drnrclro v Jtntslnuorrucn Y CrcNcns Socnrm > RsvrsrA no > RE!'rsrA DE DERECHo JuruspRUDENcrA ros Tnrsur.rAr.ss y 1958-date e.g., F. oel M. vol.37 No. Sentencia 86(1995) 1976-date r, p.z5 Q976) vol.44z, p.lo83 (r8Sr) e.g., R.D.J. vot. XLVI No. r & z, e.c., G.,. t. 1850-1950 e.9., G.T. 1908-1951 p.5 Ge4e) v Gacn-ra oE (merged) 1951-date e.g., R.D.J. & G.T. vol. XCV No, r, p,37 (Enero-Abril 1988) c;;;iit"ti;; > CoNsntucr6N PoLiTrcA nr Lr Rnpdsuc,{ or > CoHslrrucr6r'r Polirrca CHrrr C.P. DE LA REp0BLrcA DE CHrLE [C.P.] b;d;; >C6orco Cml (Civil Code) C6orco or Conrnclo (Commercial Code) > C6o. Crv. C6o. Corvr. art. f . e t o I I t I I I I t o a o I o o a o I t o o t a o o o o o o e I {ifi " (la)rlt<io PTINAL , CtiDr<;o I)[ ((lriminal (irde) PR(x]l,DIMiliNTO Cnrt. Coo. (Civil Procedure Peru. C6o. Pnoc. Crv. C6o. Pnoc. Per. Code) , C6l)r(;o ()ncANr<;o ol TruttuN. tls (fucliciary C6D. ORG. TRIB. Code) Mrlrrrrn (Military Jtrstice n Criorrxr Code) $ C6r)rco r>ll.'Ihnn,rlo (Labor Codc) r>r JusL r<;r.L C6o. Jus. Mrr-. C6o. Tnna. " CoDr<;o'I'tttsu'r'ARr() (Revcnue and Taxation C6o. Tnte. Qrde) ! C(il)r(;() rrr, Ac;lLs (Water Oode) . C<ir>r<;o SANIrARro (Hcalth Code) C6o. Acuns r C(ir)r(x) l)r C6o. Mrru. MrNrir{iA. C6o. Snrurr. (Mining Cocle) ;' Conr<;o AriRoNArrrrc() (Aeronautics (irde) C6o. Aen. n C(rDl<;O t)r: D[RttcH() Iu,fennx;ronAL PRIVAD()/ (ltiorc;o Brisl,rlre.N'Lr, (Conflict of Laws Cocle) il;d;;il C6o. Den. lNr. PRrv. 4"..""" Citarion f<rrmat: Law No. ,number of law,, .title of the [aw, if available', ,promulgation date in Spanish in month day, year format,, <reporter name' [, reporter abbreviation,] (,country abbreviation if not evident from context'). e Law No. F DtARIo t9496art.1, Febrero 7,tgg7, Dtnnto OrtctnlID'O.] (Chite)' ()l,I6rAL D.O. t F JrlRlspRul)EN(r,r t . Rrivrs'rA r)E DERtcH() yJttRISpRtlt)tiN(lA TRtsuN,\r-ns o I o a a o .l u lq: Code) * C6or<;o PRocESAr. Prru,rr- (Criminal Procedure 'G,r<;ntrJrrnill<;.r o !. ! REpTRT()rrr() l)l G.j. LEcrsrACr(iN y.luRlspRtJr)tlN(]t.q CHtt.ttN,ts Rep. Leg. lurisp. Periodicals ,ll Die . fu,vrste (ltflt.aN,r F RDVIsTA r>r t>r l)eRE<:ltt, DtntcHo l.D. v GA(.ltlA l)li L()s R.D.vJ.vG.T. R.CH. D. R.D. Internet sources http://www.legalpublishing.cl (legal publishing company offering jurispmdence, cloctrinc, and legislation online; paid subscription) http://wn'w.diariodigital.cl (official digest, paid sttbscription for full tcxt, fiee summaries) http//*nryt.bcn.cl (clatabase of the Library of thc National Oongress, frce access) http ://wv.'w.lexadin.nl,/wlg/legis/nofr/oeur/lxwechl.htm (unofficial sourcc for legislation, free access) http:/,/www.loc.gov /law / new s/ glin/ (Gkrbal Lcgal Information Network, database of laws, rcgulations, and other complementary legal sources) a l'creign J urisdictions: China http://www.tribunalconstitucional.cl (the official website of the Constitutional Court; complete free access to its decisions) access to the law ioumals Ias et Praxis (Universidad de Talca), Reuista Cbilena de Derecbo Clniversidad Cat6lica de Chile), Reuista de Derecbo Cjniversidad Austral de Chile), and Reuista de Derecbo (Jniversidad Cat6lica de Valparaiso)) http://www.scielo.cl (free oe -gov flaw /help/ gfide/ Congress Guide to Law Online: Chile) http://www.l T2.9 nations/chile.html (Library of China, People's Republic of (Civil Law) Jurisdictional note Apply these guidelines to sources related to the People's Republic of China. I7hen citing sources related to the Republic of China betwe en 1912 and 1949, see the guidelines for table T2.41Taiwa+ Republic of China. For sources prior to the founding of the Republic of China n L912, adapt these guidelines as necessary. Romanization For romanization of Chinese language citations, follow the instructions in de 20.2.4. Translated sources For citations to translated or bilingual sources, choose one of the following options: 1) Follow and a de 20.2.5, giving parallel citations to the original language source translated version; 2) Where the original is diff,cult or impossible to veriry, cite to the translated source without reference to the original language version. In this case, it is not necessary to preface the source with"translated in." > Law on Guarding State Secrets (promulgated by the Standing Comm. Nat'l People's Cong., Sept. 5, 1988, rev'd Apr. 29,2oro, effective Oct. r, zoro), art. 11, 2o1o P.R.C. Laws Zt.lS (China). Abbreviations Regardless of the language of the document being cited, cite to official or wellknown English equivalents where possible and abbreviate according to tables T6,T7,TIO, and T13. If no such abbreviation is available, use any abbreviated Chinese form in common use, or use the full form the first time and use an appropriate "hereinafter' reference for subsequent citations. For example: > Zuigao Renmin Fayuan Sup. People's Ct. > Shanghai Shanghai lnterm. People's Ct. > > Zhongji Renmin Fayuan Guowulrran Quanguo Renmin Daibiao Dahui Changwu Weiyrranhui > Zhongguo Fali.i Nianlian St. Councit Standing Comm. Nat't People's Cong. LAw Y.B. CHINA o o o o o o t t) o o I ? t a o o o o o o I o o o o o o o t o o o ? Choice of authorities Chincse laws are not codilietl (though somc publications call themselvcs "codcs"). and case repofts are not s,vstematicttllv ptrblished. Whcre not specilictl othcrwisc hcrein, prcf-er sourccs publisl-rccl or compiled b.v the legislatil'c dlltirs division of the National People's Oongrcss or the State (louncil, a !{ovcrnmcnt agenc\'. or a court (inclucling Sovernnlent antl court rvcbsites) ovcl' other sources. Chincsc sourccs arc alwafs mofc ttuthoritativc thall tritnslations, btlt somctimcs it rna.v be appropriate to cite k) I translation wherc availlble . Cases Citation firrmat: ,romanized Chinese case name> (.Chinese case name') [,English transtation of case name>], <source> (.court abbreviation, ,date of decision, fottowing rute 10.5t (.country abbreviation if not evident from context,). nanrecl bclow. if thercin lnd irv:rilablc. Othcnvise. citc to t source publishcrl bt' or with the c(x)pcratiotl ol I court or govcrnment agcncv (inclucling agenc)' ol court wcbsitcs), if therein and lrvailnble, tltctt itttv sottl'cc. (lite ttl sourccs , Ztrign<t Fa,vuan (iongbao Sup. People's Cr. Gnz' Sup. PEoPLE'S PRoc. (SupremePeople'sProcuratorltte Cowtwtul'ttQur (lommunicuc) Anli Xtr:rn (Selectecl (lascs fi'om the Pcoplc's (l()urts) " Rennrin ljal'u:ur RENMIN FAYUAN ANLI XUAN r, Wei Qiniian Su Zhongbao Caichan Baoxian Youxian Gongsi Taishan Shi Zhigongsi, Zhongguo Nongye Yinhang Taishan Shi Zhihang Xiachuan Yingyesuo CIFI{OiF' I 'iti[XFiir]hfilll{ 2: t'J i.i t o o o o o o o ltcnmin (Suprcrnc People's Oottrt (iazette) , Zuign<> llcnmin.fiancha-vuitn (iongbao rlril.. f 2;''1 ' ,l.tFl&)lL+Rf r'firlrrli{lr' l''JIlHtlltlrli; lweiQiniian v. PICC P&C Ltd., Taishan Branch & China Agric. Bank, Taishan Branch, Xiachuan Operation Officel, 1991 SuP. People's Cr. Gnz. ror (Sup. People's " Ct. zoor) (China). China Nat'l Technicat lmp./Exp. Corp. v. Indus. Res. Co., CHtun L. & Pnac., Aug. zz, t988, at z6 (Shanghai Interm. People's Ct. May n, rg88). c"""tit"ii""t 6itxlion lbrmrt: Xrnrurn .article,, ,section, (year,) (country abbreviation if not evident from context,). (iivc thc promulgation 1'ear of the version citccl. Abbreviltte thc subclivisions ol' constitr(io1s, such to table T16. as article :tnct clattse, trsing Elglish a|fireviations. accgrding Zhonghtra llcnmin (krngheguo r XIANFA Xianf:r Xtnrurn art.35,5 r (rg8z) (China). Laws (litxtion format: <romanized Chinese law name' (,Chinese [aw name,.) [,Engtish translation of law name or shortened n3ms'] (promutgated by O <enacting/adopting authority,, .promulgation date>, effective,effective date,) ,volume number' <source> ,first page,, .page(s) of specific materia[, if desired, (country abbreviation if not evident from context,). Cite to sources namecl below, if therein and available . Otherwisc, citc to a source published or compiled by the Legislative Affairs Commission of the Standing Committec of the Nationrl People's Congress (hcrcinafter "NPC Legislative Commission"), Legislative Affairs Oflice of the State Council (hereinafter "State Council Legislative Office"), a govemment agency, or a court (including government or court websites), if therein ancl available, thcn any soufce. Quangrxr Rcnmin l)aibiao I)ahui Changwu Weiyuanhui (iongbacr Srnnorruc CoMM. NAT'L Zhonghua Renmin (iongheguo Falii l luibian (compilecl by NPt) Lcgislativc FALIi HurBrAN Peoprr's CoNG. GAz. ()<rmmission) Zhonghua Renmin (krngheguo Fagui I{uibian (compiled by State Council Fne ur Hurarnr,r Legislative Oflice) Zhonghua llenmilr Gongheguo Xin Fagr.ri Hr.ribian (compilcd by Statc Council Legislative 0lhce) Zhonghua Renmin (iongheguo Fadian Laws of thc Pcople 's I{epublic of China (compiled by NPC l-egislative (lommission, in English) * Xrru Fne ur HurB|AN Fnorar P.R.C. Lnws Lifa Fa ( nti/:/l) lLaw on Legistationl (promutgated by the Standing Comm. Nat'l People's Cong., Mar. 15, 2ooo, effective July 1, 2ooo) 2ooo STANDTNG CoMM. Nnr'l PeoplE's CoNG. Gaz. nz (China). m Shiyou Tianranqi Guandao Baohu Fa (-/iiiltXf\"irii'E1til+F)*) ILaw on the Protection of Petroteum and NaturaI Gas Pipelines] (promulgated by the Standing Comm. Nat'l Peopte's Cong., June 25,2oto, effective Oct. r, zoro), art. 10, 2o1o FnlU Hurararu ro5, rcT,tronslated in zoto P.R.C. Laws 7o9,773. ;. Chuiing Rujing Guanli Fa (iliFliAi'iiii;tll1iX) [Exit and Entry Administration Lawl (promutgated by the Standing Comm. Nat'I Peopte's Cong., June 3c,2072, effective Juty r, zor3), art. 47,2or2 Fncur HurernN 283,29r, r.g"f"ti""t (lncluding xingzl.reng tagui it'!4ilr*L, and bumen guizhang illll'J*L'"1.) Citation format: <romanized Chinese regulation or rule name> (,Chinese regulation or rule name,) [.Engtish translation of regulation or rute name or shortened name'l (promulgated by .enacting/adopting authority>, ,promulgation date,, effective .effective date') <source',,publication 611s', at ,first page,, .page(s) of specific material, if desired' (country abbreviation if not evident from context'). o o o o o o t o o o ? e o o t t o o o lo o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o I Lo (litc to the source bclow, if thercin. Otherwisc, cite to it sottrcc publishetl or compilcd bl the Nl'C Lcgislative (lommission, Statc (lourrcil Legishtive Ollicc, ir govcrnment rllcl"rcy, of a court (includit-tg governntent of cotlrt wcbsitcs), if avlilablc, thcn an)' s0urcc. (iuowu\rtalt (iongba<r Sr. Courucrr Gaz. Fneur HutgtnN Zhonghua ltenmin (iongheguo Iragtti Htribian (compiled l)) Stlrte (ilrncil I-cgislativc Ofhce) Zl'ronghua l{cnnrin (i0nghcgtto Xin lragui Xtru Fncut HulBlAN Iluibian (compilecl l),v State (irtrncil Lcgislativc Ollicc) Yaopin Jiandu Xingzheng Chufa Chengxu Guiding t4 i'ollf ff lt' i'tA;T,f?IilM,ii) [Provisions on Procedures for Administrative Penalties of Drug Supervisionl (promulgated by the St. Food & Drug Admin., Apr. 28, 2oo3, effective luly 2, 2oo3; rev'd by the Ministry of Health, Oct. r7, 2072) Sr. Coutlctt- Gnz., Mar. ro, 2073, at 7, http: / /en gtishr.en gtish.gov.cn / offi ciat/ zot3-o3 I tt I content 45t6 44.htm (Ch ina). Note that many' (ihincsc clatahases clo uot provicle scarchltblc cttcles t>r nttnrllers Lrniquclv iclcntilj'ing a case, rcgulatiolt, ctc. " Regutation on the Administration of Tourism in Beiiing Municipatity (promutgated by the Standing Comm. People's Cong. Beiiing Municipatity, 5ept. ro, 2oo4, effective Dec' 1, 2oo4), CLl.to.567 4z(EN) (Lawinfochina). Local regulations, regulations of autonomous regions, and special des (tr.rclucling difangxing tagui ll!/i1ul,#r*L, zizhiqu zizhi tiaoli 1'liiilx. rncl drnxing tiaoli tsl t'ilflll.) l',1 iii tirl' (lite to thc l4lzette of the standing conmiltce of the corrcspontlit-tg locltl or rcgional governntent, if thcrcin rnd avltilablc, thcn an'f' sourcc (irrcluclitrg thc lot ltl l.l0r crrttttcrtt rr cbritt s.). f."uti.r' and conventions (iitation ol'a bihteral trcat\'. convcntioll. or intcnlatitltrltl lgrccnrcnt: 'treaty name), ,date of signing', ,subdivision,, ,abbreviated names of parties to agreement', ,treaty source, (country abbreviation if not evident from context,). (litatirxr 0f u multihterltl trcatv, convcntion, or intcrnational ltgrccnle tlt: 'treaty name', ,date of signing,, ,subdivision,, ,one Chinese treaty source', 'one internationaI treaty source, if applicabte' (country abbreviation if not evident from context'). (lite t0 one tlf thc sources bckrrl', if thcrein. Othcr$,isc. cite to a soufcc pLrlllishcd l-rr'or with the c(npcrxtion ol a cottt't or llovcrnmcnt agency (incltrtling ll8enc! or corlrt rvcbsitcs), thcn anv sourcc. (iuowr.rvu:tt-t ( iongltao Sr. Cour,rctr Gnz. Foreign J urisdictions: China Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo Tiaoy'ue Ji > Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo Duobian TiaonreJi > Sources > China law and Practice > China Patents & Trademarks > Code of the People's Republic of China TraovuE lr DuoaraN TreoYur Jt Cnrrn L. & PRAC. Cnru Prr. & TRADEMARKS (+E$trlRffi{*) FADIAN (++,l.R+ffitr)*4) (4fu+2\R) > Duobian TiaolueJi > Fagui Huibian (l**fl,ttffi) (Y*ee+) > Falii Quanshu > Guowuluan Gongbao > Law Year Book of China Fee (trf [ftL\#) Jr ur HursrnN FelU Quarsuu 5r. Courrrc[ Gaz. Lnw Y.B. Cnrre <f E€fUr:dfnt > Duoernl Trnovue Iaws and Regulations of the People's Republic of China > Laws of the People 's Republic of China > Quanguo Renmin Daibiao Dahui Changwu Weiyuanhui Gongbao P.R.C. Lnws & REes P.R.C. Laws Srluorre Coturu. Nnr'l People's Core. Gez. (Atr/\R,ft*X+H+4fr > Renmin Falrran Anli Xuan (u\Ri*[i ^+e) Rerrtarn FlYuar Anlr Xuen *Frltfr) >Xin Fagui Huibian > Ji > (ffi\**fl)lffi> Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo Tiaoy'ue Xrru Fleur Hureralr Treovur Jr (++/\R+f!E+r!R) Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo Xianfa XIANFA (++,\R+ffitr8)*) > Zt]igao Renmin Fayuan Gongbao ( qr > Sup. People's Cr. Gaz. +y'. R+ru Efr H,,\ R)*[ia\ffi ) Zuigao Renmin Jianchayuan Gongbao (&ft/\R&R[ta\ffi) O 5up. People's Pnoc, Cowrtvturteue Internet sorrces hltpl / / ov ersea.cnki.netlkns 55 /btief/ rcsttlt.aspx?dbPrefix=CJFD AcademicJoumals (China +trHalAtryffitr (cAD http:,/www.wanfangdata.com/COJ/intr.asp ffi+l?Hltl+X&+8tr (coD (China Online Joumals http:/ /iovnaLchinalawinfo.com (Chinalaw Joumals i*+Hflj (Chinal. J.)) http://chinalawinfo.com (Chinalawinfo 1Llti*1*'fF,E ffi) http://www.isinolaw.com (Isinolaw +l+)*f+li{) http://www.lawinfochina.com Qawinfochina iLt /f i#4{FiJ) http://www.lawyee.net (Lawyee Jt ti*H) o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o I o o O o o o o o o o o o o o o o $"r.t r.'!1."r http:,rywww.lexiscn.com (Lcxis China 9n16. http://www.wanfangdata. co m/ ploc/ _l rr li rr:$ {11fl,'iliiJ ii i lnqc: t .r il*lllill r (IEXIS China Online)) intr.asp (Policics & Laws of (lhina (PLOC)) http://westlawchina.com flVestlaw China ]r1Jl (Westlaw China)) T2.lO Colombia, Republic of (Civil Law) C"""" Citarion format: <court name> [<court abbreviation'] [,English translation of court name>1, ,chamber, if applicable, ,date of decision in Spanish,, <writer of ruting if applicabte,, ,decision number,, .publication name, [,publication abbreviation'] (,pubtication volume and/or number>, p. .page number,) (country abbreviation if not evident from context,). " Corte Suprema de Justicia [C.S.J.][Supreme Court], Sala. Lab. febrero g, 1994, M.P: E. Ramirez, Expediente ry94-oooz346, Gaceta ,udiciat[G.J.] (No. 10, p. 120) (Cotom.). w' Corte Constitucionat [C.C.] [Constitutional Court], noviembre 15, r995, SentenciaC-zz5l95, Gaceta de la Corte Constitucional lG.C.c.l(vot.4, p. rg) (Cotom.). Ordinary jurisdiction (particular disputes and crime, including family law, civil law, commercial law, and lal'nr law) Corte Suprema de Justicia (C.S.J.) (Supremc (lourt of Jttstice: dividecl into threc chambers: (livil, Criminal, and Labor), Tribunales Superiores 1T. Sup.) (appellate courts: clividcd into three chambers: Civil, Criminal, :rnd Labor), Juzgados de Circuito (uzg. Circ.) (circuit courts: labor, civil, and criminal jurisdiction), andJuzgados Municipales (Juz. Mun.) (lower courts: civil antl criminrl lurisdiction). Constitutional iurisdiction (all Cokrmbian Courts have juriscliction to rulc on constitutional matters through Acciones de hiela (actiorls ir-r clef'ensc of consritutional fights)) Corte Constitucional (C.C,) (Highest (lourt ()n (lonstitutional N'latters: rulcs on thc constitutionality of laws, codes, and dccrces with force of la$' ancl is the lrighcst court of rcview on Acciones de Tutela) and Consejo de Estado (C,E.) (tlighest (lourt on Aclministrative Law: rules on the cotlstitutionalit-Y of decrees). Administrative jurisdiction Consejo de Estado (C.E.) (Ilighest (i)urt on Administrativc Law: divided into five chambers: Ceneral Mattcrs; Labor; Public (bntracts, Arbitrltion Control &'l'orts; Taxes; and Elcctoral), Tribunales Administrativos (T. Admtivos.) (administrativc superior courts: dividecl into fttur chamtrcrs: General Matters; Lubor; Public (i)ntracts, Arbitration Control & ltrrts; antl'l'axes), and Juzgados Adrninistrativos (J. Admtivos.) (administrative circuit courts). Reporters Generally follow the examples below when citing to thc volumcs and/or numbcrs of thcsc rcportcrs. whcre appropriate, ttsc "t." to rcfcr to "tomo," thc Spanish word for "volume." ' GACLfA Dn r,r 1992-(lme CtxL[ (]ONstttrt<;l<>s,rl e.g., G.C. t. r, p'704 " GAcrilAJrn)I(rrAr. AleL|s DEr. 1tt87-date e.g., G.l. vol. ro, l9l5-date c.g., An.C.E. t. 10, p. 13 p.74 (krNsryo l)E EsrADc) Therc is no comprehcnsive oflicial or unofiicial rcgtrlar publication of appellate or lower court opinions. Son-re of the lorver cout'ts havc thcir own l<lttrnlls: A.5. Arrros Y SEN]LN(:L\S 'InrBUN,rt Sl:l,ER()R os Mrr>st-t-iN " * (;A(ili|A Ar)MTNTsTRATIVA T,S.M. (civil cases) c.c.,. (administrative cases) G.A. (1,\s()s ()vrr.Es JriRrsPRrrDrNcr..\ Constitution , (l()Ns'l rTU(ir(iN P()LiilcA l)Ij (]or.()rlBIA iF CoNsrrucr6r Porirrcn c.P. DE CoLoMBTA [C.P.] art. O l. Codes = ' (16l)r(;() Crvrr- (Oivil Oode) C(ir)r(i() r)r (i)MER(.ro (Commercial c.c. (lode) C. Cotvt. : (kiolr;o Plr,u. (Criminal (lode) C. PEN. ()vu. (Civil Proceclure oode) 'Ctir>lco * C()l)r(x) r)r. PR(xLl)tMtENt{) PENAI- (Criminal Procedure c.P.c. r)ri PR()cu)lMlENro ; Cocle) (l()r)r(;() C()N'r'r,Ncros() ADN'ltNISl'R,utv() (Administrativc c.P.P. c.c.A. l-itilaation Code) ' Cool;o rrn r,r Ii.r'-r.N<;re. y I"\ Al)or.EsoEN<r,r (Chilclhoocl and Coo. lrur. Aoor-. Adolescencc Code) - Ci;pr<;i1 StistANtrvo onr. fh,rs.{o (I_abor Oodc) Cripr<;o PRocrisAr. orL'fnrn,r.Jo (Labor Proccclure Code) c.P.T. " C(ilx;() NActoN,u. oe t.Os Rt:<;uRsos N.Llrner.ss Coo. Nec. Rec. Nnr. Y Pnor. PR()t E(]cl6x ,c,r- MuDto ,A,vBtENl E llENovABl-Es (Natural Resources and Environmcntal Protection (lode) Mro. Atvrg. C<jor<;<> SANI'I-ARro (Hcalth Cocle) C6o. Snurr. C(iDr(;cl oe Mrr.ls (Mining Code) Coo. Mrt't. Statutes and decrees Citation format: L. ,law number>, <promulgation date in Spanish,, [,volume number, if applicable'] <reporter name, [.reporter abbreviation'] .page, if desired, (,country abbreviation if not evident from context,). tu L. 50l9c., marzo 7,1990, DtARto Ortctal ID.O.] (Cotom.). I)rARr() ()r,rclAl. I864-date D.O. o o o o O c.s.T. > y t)Ij o o a o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o a o o o o o o o o o o Periodicals DiA l,n<;rsr,rr;t<iru " ' Rrivrsr.\JriRrspRrr)F.N(irA y I)oc'r'RIN,\ , RFrvrslA rx l)snx.uo l)tuv,tt.ro s RlrvrslA ns l)Enx;tto PrNAl. y (lnrvtroltx;i,t e Jrlrtrsl,Rur)tsN(.lA AL J.D. REVtsrA R. Leg. R.J. y D. R.D,P. R.D.P.C. or Denl.cIto Y (lttN<:t,ts P<xiLt<;.rs R.F.D.C.P. (l Iniversidad Pontilicia Bolivariana, Medellin) n Rrvrs'r',r l)E I-A FA(;Lrt.lAD ts JtjRlsplu rDRN(.u PuNet- * Rti\'IstA l)rns<LIo l.P. R.D,E. DEL ES'I'AD() Internet sources http://wwry.ramajudicial.gov.co (oflicial site of the iudiciarv; frce acccss to court clecisions) http://wv.'w.secretariasenado.gov.co (oflicial site of thc Colombian Congrcss; frcc access to legislation since 1992 and bills sinceJuly 2000) http://www.lexadtn.nl/ wlg/legis/nofr/oeur/lxwecol.htm (unof licial site; free acccss to legislation) http://www.todoelderecho.com/Colombia (unofficial site for lcgal information; partially paid subscription) llrttpz//cienciasjuridicas.javeriana.edu.co/publicaciones (free access to selccted law iournals of the Ponti-ficia lJniversidad Javeriana in llogtxii) http ://nw. gacetaconstitucional. com.pe/constitucion al -gaceta / gc.php (frcc access to thc Gaccta (lonstitucional) http://www.legismovil.com (legal information online; Private publishing compan)'; paid subscription) http://w*v.imprenta.gov.co (pnrvides the Diario O1icia[ and Gaceta dcl Congreso; paid subscription) http://www.coljuristas.org (oflicial site of the (lolombian (lommission of Jurists; fiee access to legal information on humln rigl-rts) http://www.jurisprudenciaaldia.com (court clecisions of thc Constitutional Court, Supreme Court, and Council ofStatc; paid sttbscription) http://w"srw.notinet.com.co (legal ncws, legislation, and court decisions; paid subscription) http://www.corteconstitucional.gov.co/secretaria (free access to Constitutional Court tlecisions in Spanish, ancl summaries of main decisions of thc Constitutional Court in English) T2.ll Czech Republic (Civil Law) Cases Citation format: ,court' .date of adoption of decision in day.month'year format' (,court abbreviation, if avaitable) [.Engtish translation,], .docket identification and number, pub[. in: (reporter name, if the decision is l-oreign Jurisdictions: Czech Reputrlic reported>, ,subdivisions, if desired, ((country abbreviation if not evident from context,). > Rozsudek Kraisk6ho soudu v Plzni ze dne r4.u.zoo5 (KS) [Decision of the Circuit Court in Plzei of Nov. t4, zoo6l, sp.zn. 3r Odo 5olzoo4 (Czech). > Rozsudek Nejvy55iho soudu ze dne 3o.m.r99g (NS) [Decision of the Supreme Court of Nov. 3o, tg99l, sp.zn. 20 Cdo 16orlt998 (Czech). > Rozsudek Nejvy55iho spr5vniho soudu ze dne z7.9.zoo7 (NSS) IDecision of the Supreme Administrative Court of Sept. 27, zoo7l, ti. t+ Azs 3tl zooT-58 (Czech). > N6lez Ostavniho soudu ze dne 29.o5.1992 (05) [Decision ofthe Constitutionat Courtof May 29,t997l,sp.zn. lll. tsylgl pubt. in: Sbfrka n6lezfr a usneseni 0S, sv. e, i. 65 (Czech), abbreviated cita- tion: lll US 3rl97 Snu. 'When citing to a reporter, cite to Sbirka rozbodnuti Nejuyttibo sprdun{ho soudu (Collection of Court Decisions of the Supreme Administrative Court), in which selected decisions of Nejry55i sprlvni soudeesk6 republiky (NSS) and lower courts are reported. Note, however, that apart from decisions of the Constitutional Court (0S), court decisions are not systematically reported by any published court reporter. All decisions of the N5 (Supreme Court), NSS (Supreme Administrative Court), and 05 (Constitutional Court) are systematically published in Czech on the coults' resp€ctiv€ websites. Ordinary iurisdiction Nejvy5Si soudCesk€ republiky (NS) (Supreme Court), Vrchni soud 05) (high courts), Kraiskf soud (KS) (circuit courts), MEstskf soud (MS) (Circuit Court in the City of Prague and District Court in the Cify of Brno), Okresni soud (district courts), and Obvodni soud (District Court in the City ofPrague): Cite using the docket identification "sp.zn.' Administrative iurisdiction Kraiskf soud (KS) (Circuit Court), M6stskf soud v Praze (MS) (Circuit Court in the City ofPrague), NejvySSi spr6vni soud Cesk6 republiky (NSS) (Supreme Administrative Court): Cite using the docket identilication "ii." Constitutional iurisdiction fstavni soud Cesk6 republiky (05) (constitutional court): Cite by identifying the court, the date on which the decision was adopted, the docket identi-fication "sp.zn.," and, optionally, the court reporter Sbirka ndlezh a usnesenl tstauntbo soudu (Collection of Constitutional Court Rulings and Opinions). Cite as "Usn" for nalez (judgment) and "Usu' for usneseni (opinion). Constitution Czech law reflects the following hierarchical order: The Constitution, European Union legislation, constitutional laws, codes, ordinary laws, and other legal acts. There are several laws that are considered to be ofconstitutional importance in o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o t o o a o o o O o o o o o o o o t o o I o o o o I Czech llw. Oitc accorcling to thc format fi)r statutes. appentling the tlcscription of the l;rw if desircd: " 0stavniz5kon t. tl9935b., 0stavaCesk6 Republiky IConstitution ofthe Czech Repubticl. Statutes and regulations Citc a zikon (statute), ristavni z6kon (constitutionll statutc). or vyhldika (rcgulation) t<t Sbirku ziikortti (Sb.) ((i)llection of Lrws (Cott.)). Citation lirrmat: ,titte' [,English transtation,],,type of act,,number of publication',abbreviation of pubtication' (,country abbreviation if not evident from context,). " Vodny z6l<on [Water Act], Z5l<on t.364lzoo4 Sb. (Czech). Ooclcs complisc a s1-rccific crtegory of laws t.hat provi(le comprchensivc regrrlatrrry coverage of a legal liclcl. Nlajor c<>dcs inchrcle : obdansky zikonik ((livil (irdc). obchodni zikonik ((.ommercial (ircle). obtansky soudni i6d ((livil l)nrcedurc (lotle ), trestni zdkon (Oriminal (irdc), trestni idd (Criminal Procetlure Ooclc), sprivni i6d (Administrxtivc Procedure Cocle), zdkonik prdce (Labor Ooclc), ancl daiovy i6d (Tax Cocle). oocles are citccl bv their title an(l tlrc law that prontulgutecl them. ,' ( 4olzoog Sb. (Czech). l'here are two t.ypes of lclministrativc rulcs: naiizeni (clccrec issued b.v thc vlida Cesk6 republiky (cabinet)) ancl ryhliika (rcguhtion issuecl cither bv ir ministerstvo (ministry') or xnothcr ristredni orgin stitni sprdvy (ccntrll Trestniz5konil<, Z6kon administrativc agcncv)). * * Naifzenid.3c31ry95 Sb. (Czech). Vyht. (.39lzotz Sb. (Czech). Treaties (lite intcrnatior-rll trcxties promulgatcd through 1999 to Sbirku zdkon.it (Sb.) (oollection of [.aws (Cott.)). Citc irltcrnrtionll trc:rties promnlgutecl since 20(X) t<r Sbirku nrczinlixtcluich.t'71771y1, (Sb.m.S.) ((iollcction t>f Intcrnutionirl 'l'reatics) using the slme firrnlt as lor luws. Internet sources http://www.nsoud.cz (Sr4rrcmc (lourt of the Ozech Republic) http:,(w\trv.nssoud.cz (Suprentc Adninistrativc l{e Clourt of the (lzcclt public) http://ww.usoud.cz/en ((,onstitr.rtional (lourt of thc Ozcch Republic) For Ihrlianlent: http:,ryw\'!'w.psp.cz/sqw,/hp.sqw (Poshuccki sni'movnit Iohambcr of I)cputicsl ) http://v.ww.s efiat.cz (Sen:it I Senatel ) http://www.psp.czlsq/hp.sqw?k= l)cfiutics) 183 (docufl cnls ol' the Chambcl ol http://wwrr.sbirka.cz (Sbirka piedpisir, ofhcial collection of government regulations) http://www.mv cr.czf claneldsbirka-zakonu.aspx (Ministry of the Interior: provides access to archived issttcs of the Collection of Laws (Coll.) from 1945, but not updatcd frccluently) http://w"w'w.s tgit.cz/ pages/zakony.asp (fice access to legislation and treaties published in the (lollection of Laws (Coll.) from 1993 to date) http://w*v.lexdata.cz (searchable database of case law and legislation avail:rble upon subscription; mainttined by lleck publishing) http://www.lexgalaxy.cz (scarchable database of clse law and legislation available upon subscription) ht/.{,t//www.zakonynawebu.cz (onlinc datablsc of curtcnt and histotic Czech legislation; maintained by Woltcrs Kluwcr) http://r'*w.justice.cz (Intertret portal fbr thc Czcch national iudiciary) T2.12 Egypt, Arab Republic of (Civill,aw) Egypt is a civil law iurisdiction. Article 2 of the 201'1 tsgyptian (lonstitution stirtes that the principles of lslamic Sharia arc thc main source of legisllttion. Romanization llse the ALA-LC Rrnnanizotion Tables: Transliteration Scbemes fitr Non- Runun.trzrpf.s, approvecl b1' thc Librlry of Oongrcss and the Anrerican Library Association, available at http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/ arabic.pdf. Cases Judicial power is vcstcd in threc scparate court systems: the Suprem€ Constitutional Court with iuriscliction ovcr constitutional matters; the State Council with juriscliction over aclministrativc cases; and the rcgular court s_vstem with jurisdiction over civil ancl criminal mattcrs. In addition, the military has its own corlrt systcm with iurisdiction pcrtaining to military criminal affairs. Citation format: <court name> [,English translation of court name>1, <region if appticabte,, <number of decision, case, or petition,, session of ,date of session in day month year format', ,pubtication name and volume number, if applicable,, year ,iudicial year number>, p. .page number if desired' (country abbreviation if not evident from context,). *,' at-Mahkamah at-ldariyahat-'U tya [Supreme Ad min istrative Cou rt], session of 21 Dec. 7987, yeat zz, p. 852 (Egypt). e" al-Mahkamah at-Dusturiyah al-'Ulya [Supreme Constitutional Courtl, case no. 10, session of 29 June r974,yea( 4. n'" Mahkamat at-Naqd [Court of Cassation], session of yea( 32, p.277. q Feb. ry72, o o o o o o o o a o t t o o o o o o o o o a o o I o o o o o o o I o o o o o t o o o s" Mahkamat at-Naqfl [Court of Cassation], petition no.7042, session of zz Feb. r99o, MalmU'at Ahkamat-Naqd ICompitation of Cassation Decisionsl vot. r (part r), year 58, p. 855. ". Mahkamat al-lsti'naf [Court ofAppeal], session of n Apr. ry23, Muhamah IPractice of Law] vol. z3 (part 4), p. 30. Constitutions = CorusrrrurroN oF THE Anae REpueLrc or Ecvpr, r8 Jan. zor4. a series of w-rittcn corlstitutional docuntettts. beginning with the l92J fixurdrtional instmment. Thc ditltrent constitutions must be cited to a consoliclatccl tcxt incorporating thc revisions rtnd substantial relbrrns adopted. Forexrmple,CoNslnr;ftoNor,tttlArutrRlptrttt.tt; ot,EctYp't, II Sept. 1971,a.s untettded,22 \'1.t1 1981), 25 I'lat'2005, 26 Mrr. 2007. lg1'pt hls h:rrl An ur-urfficill English trunslation of the current Constittttion, enlctecl inJanttan 20 1,1, is rvaihble rt http://wwv.sis.gov.eglNewvr/Dustor-en001.pdf. Codes, statutes, and decrees Citatiorl firrnrat: <Law, Act, or Decision number, of ,year of enactment' (subject matter of code, statute, or decree, if available,),,name of publication in itatics', vot,.number of volume, if known',,date of enactment in day month year format,, .page(s) or articte(s) of specific materiat, if desired, (,country abbreviation if not evident from context,). ". Law No. 88 of zoo3 (Law ofthe Central Bank, the Banking Sector, and Monetary Poticy), ol-Jartdah al-Rosmiyah, vot. z4 (Dupticate), r5 lune zoo3 (Egypt). + Law No. = Law No. tt7 of t983 (Law on the Protection ofAntiquities), al-Jortdah al-Rasmlyah,vol. 3z bis, rr Aug. rg8l (Egypt). l8tof 1948 (Civit Code), ol-Waqa'i'ol-Miirtyoh,vot. ro8 bis (a), zg Juty 1948, arts. 4r8-8r (sates) (Egypt). : of t937 (Criminat Code), al-Waqa'i'ol-Miiriyah,vol. August rgfZ (Egypt). 7r, 5 '' Act No. 8t of t996 (To Amend Provisions of the Code of Civit and Commercial Procedure, Law No. r3 of t968), ol-Joridah al-Rosmiyah, vot. 19 bis, zz May ry96, pp.z-t (Egypt). " President ofthe Repubtic of Egypt Decision No. 3z of zoor (Ratification of the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child), ol-Jarldoh al-Rosmtyoh,vol. 44, z8 Oct.2oo4, pp.2447-71 Law No. 58 (Egypt). Subsecprent reft'rcnces m:tl cite onh the n:tme t>f the h* ltucl thc rclcvant provision(s). For example: ', CivitCode, att. j73 (Egypt). The Ofificial Gazette 'l'lrc Ofhcial G'rz,ctte (al-larldah al-Rasniyah) ancl its lccomprtnling pr.rblicltion (al-Waqa'i' al-Miirlyah; ltrc thc ituthoritativc sor.rrces firr laws antl presitlcntial I iirj. r',iiii ;i(ii'r'*; t r,!iii:1.' I l:lIri;rl rnd rrrinisterial decrees. Earlier laws should be citcd to the relevlnt government newspaper of the time , . al-Waqa' as folkrws: i' al-Miirlyah , lournal oficiel du gouvernement O Dec. 5, 1828-Feb. 22, 1958 1873- 1958 igyptien (French-language edition of al-Waqa' i' o al-Miirlyah) , Mar. 1958-Aug. l97l al- I arldah al- Rasmiyah (al-f umhuriyah t o t al-'Arabiyah al-Muttatridah IUnited Arab Republicl) * al-Jarldah al-Rasmlyah (Jum.hlriyat Mi.sr Sept.9, l97l-date al-'Arabiyah, Riynsat al- jum.hniyah IArab Republic of Egypt, the Presidency of the Republicl) Internet sources http://wwrv.padiament.gov.eg (parliamcntary infbrmation) http:,rywww.cc.gov.eg (access to Eglptian laws and Court of Cassation dccisions) http://www.sis.gov.eglEn/Default.aspx (St:rte Information Selvice ofhcill website) htlp:/ / www.arablegalportal.orglegyptverdicts/home.aspx (websitc nuintaincd by the Ministry ofJusticc, the IINDP, and other national organizations; provicles copies of l mlmbcr of Egyptian laws) ia, com/ index.html (A[ Amiria Printing llouse websitc, | containing an intlcx of nl-laridah al-Rasmlyah tnd al-Waqa'i' al-Miiriyah; hW / / wwwalamfu http:,4www.mohamoon-montada.com ('l'hc Arab Lawycrs' Forum, containing a number of Eg.vptian laws) T2.13 ( France, Republic of (livil Llrv ) Cases (litation lbrmat: ,court name' [.court abbreviation'] [,Engtish translation of court name,l ,city, if appticable,, .chamber, if applicabte,, .date of decision in month day, year format>, <case number, if available,. <reporter or iournat abbreviation, if avaitable' <year of publication, if applicabte,, <section of journat, if applicable,, <page on which decision appears, or decision number, if appticabte,, <author of case observation or note, if applicabte,l (country abbreviation if not evident from context,). i* w Cour d'appet ICA] [regional court of appeat] Limoges, civ., Oct. r, 2072,771 07c,87. CE Ass., Nov. 8, 1974, 9o368, Rec. Lebon 54r. 'When citing to a rcportcr or journ:rl. fbllorv thc pulticulal firrnats bckrw u'herc thcv dille r from the {:cncral format above . o o o o o I o o o t I o o o I I I o o o o o o o a o I I o o I o I o o o [i*t r"igrl -lrrr"iadi,-'tiu{tq; f]r:!*:r i :* Tribunal de grande instance ITGl]lordinary court of original lurisdictionl Nice, May 3e,7990,D. t99t Somm. rr3, obs. F. Derrida tr r,.,, p Cour d'appel [CA] [regionat court of appeal] Paris, re ch., Dec. zo, t994, jCP t994,11,222jo, note Neirinck (Fr.). Ordinary jurisdiction Cour de cassation (Cass.) (Suprcme Court forJudicial Mattcrs (Tribunal de cassation prior to 1804)): highest court of ordinary iurisdiction. It ordinarily sits in scparate chambers (called "sections" prior to 1826), which :rre abbrcviatcd as folkrws: s Assembl6e plenidre " Chambres r€unics " Chambre mixte F Premiare chambre civile r Deuxicme char.nbre civile r Troisiime chambre civilc r Chambre criminclle p Chambre cornnterciale ct fin:rnciare u Chambre socialc * Chambre clcs recFr€tcs r Chambres tcmporaires cles l97tJ-date ass. p[6n. 1790-1978 1976-date ch. mixte ch. r6uns. 1790-date 1952-clate 1952-date 1790-date 1947-d^te re civ. 193tJ-ctate 1790-1917 1964-1967 soc. 2e civ. 3e civ. crim. com. req. chs. exprops. cxpropriations (lour de cassrtioll decisiot"ts are publishcd in an oflicial reporter set in two scrics: i llulletin 1792-clate Bul[. civ. n 179tt-date Bull. crim. dcs arr€ts cle la (lotrr dc clrssation renclus cn matieri, civilc Bulletin cles arr€ts cle la Cotrr cle crssation rendus en matiera. crimitrelle Cite to Bull. civ. or Bu[[. crim., as appropriate, if thcrein, indicating part and case number. Otherwise cite to one of thc legal rel'icws listcd below if possible Thc parts for the Iive civil chan-rbers arc as frrllows: . . le civ. Butl. civ. r 2e civ. r le civ. Bul[. civ. ll F COm. Butt. civ. lV ; Bull. civ. V Bult. civ. lll s()c. e '- I Cour de cassation [Cass.] [supreme court for iudiciat matters] 2e civ., Mar. 76,2ooo, Bull. civ. ll, No. z+6 (Fr.). Cour de cassation lCass.][supreme court for judicial matters] soc., luly tg8l, Bul[. civ. V, No. 433 (Fr.). l, h' Cour de cassation [Cass.] [supreme court for iudicia[ matters] crim., lan. !6,zoot, Bul[. crim., No. r+ (Fr.). Cours d'appel (CA) (rcgional courts of appeal), Tribunaux de grande instance (TGl) (orclinary courts of original jurisdiction (Tribunaux de Foreign J urisdictions: France premiere instance (IPl) prior to 1958)), Cours d'assises (do not abbreviate) (courts of original jurisdiction for very serious crimes), and Tribunaux d'instance (Irib. inst.) (courts of petry jurisdiction Quges de paix (P) prior to 1958)): All cites should include the city and the chamber, if any. There are no official reporters for lower judicial court decisions. They are reported in general and specialized commercial legal ioumals or reviews. The editorial boards of these ioumals choose what to report and to includ€ either the frilItext or a summary of a decision. Lower court decisions are also reported in commercial databases or on govemment w€bsites. The following legal reviews are among the best known. Some of them have changed name andlor format through the years. They usually contain several parts. The full text of a court decision is generally under the heading " jurisprudence, " while summaries are under'sommaires" or "panorama. " > Recueil Dalloz > Formerly 1965-1996 Dalloz-Sirey Actualit6 Jurisprudentielle 2007-date > e.g., D. .year> A.i. (page) Informations Rapides 1965-2007 196t-2oo7 e.g., D. <year>, <page> > > Sommaires Commentds l96t-2OO7 e.g., D. <year> Somm. <page) 1945-1964 D. Jur. > Jurisprudence e.g., D. <year> inf. rap. ,page, > > Juri sprude n ce Analytique, /z risprudence Dalloz, Cfitique, J uri spru d e n c e P6riodique et critique > Cour de cassation > > r94r-r944 r94r-r944 D.A. Jur. D.C. Jur. 1825-1940 D.P. Cours royales, cours I D.P. tl impdriales, cours d'appel > > Conseil d'6tat D.P. ill Recueil Sirev (entitled Recueil Gdndral des Lois et des ArrOrs > 1956-1964 Sirey,Jurtsprudence until 1950) S. Jur. r79r-1955 > Cour de cassation 5. Jur. I > Other coufts S. Jur. ll 5. lur. lll Jurisprudence administrative > Gazette du Palais >Jurisprudence > > 1881-date e.g., Gaz. Pal. <year>, 2, <page) Sommaires des cours et tribunaux e.g., Gaz. Pal. ,year,, Somm. <page> > Juris.Classeur P€riodique > Edition G€neral (Ia Semaine Juridique) >Jurisprudence > Panorama de 1942-date e.g., JCP <year' Jurisprudence ll <number) e.g., ICP (year) lV <number) o o o t o a o I I o o I I I a o I I o o o !t llullctinJoly c.g., Bult. Joly .year,, (page> llLrllctin Joly -_ Periocliquc uc Juris-Classeur Periocliq I.. g.li,krn otrri.., Eclitkrn Entrcprisc ., et Af'faircs Ilt I c.g...lCP E. ,year,, <numoer> " Eclition Notarialc et Immobiliere t.i.';'rll.l,'uttt" . e Eclitkrn sociale .g., JCP 5. ,year" 'number' - " .Jurist)xta c.g., JurisData .number' 1|, It Administrative iurisdiction Tribunal des conflits (TC) (reconciles disl;utcs betwccn cassation rcndus cn marieri), Conseil d'Etat (CE) (highest administmtive court: sits in sub- I d'appel (CAA) iregional atlministrativc courts ol'appcal), and Tribunaux scction (CE), section (CE Sect.), or asscrnbl)'(CE Ass.)), Cour administrative administratifs (TA) (regional aclministrative courts of lirst irrstance): If possible , citc tt - to Rec. Lebon or to onc of thc legal rcviews listed r Recucil clcs rt'rtts tltr (lonscil tl'lltet 1tt2 I -clatc '- CE Sect., Mar.5,1943,, Rec. Lebon 6z " CE Ass., Nov. 8, 1974, 9o.368, Rec. Lebon 54r t = CAA - ' TAAmiens, Apr. ro, 1973,Rec. Lebon 78o - f l!- r- tt- t I \t- - o . Douai,3e ch.,Aug. 7,2c73,72DAo1725 Constitutional jurisdiction (tirarion firrmat: Conseil constitutionnet ICC] [Constitutionat Court] decision No. .decision number,.category of decision,, ,date of decision in month day, year format,, .publication abbreviation> 'first page', 'page(s) of specific materiat, if desired, (,cou ntry abbreviation if not evident fro m contextt. ' O al'rove Rec. Lebon Conseil constitutionnet [CC] [Constitutional Court] decision No. 8z-t54DC,Dec.29,1982, Rec.8o (Fr.). Conseil constitutionnel (CC) ((bnstitutional (i)urt): Citc to J.O. or Rec., if thcrcin. Thc Conscil constitutionnel revicws the constitutionllit,v ol laws befirrc the_v are promulg:ltecl. Mrcn it finds a provision unconstitutiortal, the provisiotl is not promulgatccl. '['hcrc arc sevcml catcgorics of clecisions. I)6chration clc conlirrmit(' (DC), which revicws the coltstitr.ltionality of laws lnd pitrliantcntxq standing orders. is thc catcgon,citccl most ofien, ' .fournal ()fhcicl de la Ri'ptrbliclue l|70-datc Frangaise (()fhcial (;azettc ofFr:rncc) - Jottrnal ()flicial clc l'Ernpitc " Mtrnitcur llliverscl . (;xzettc Nari()nalc ' lltrlletir-r des I-ois liranc-ais lu52-18r0 lull-ltt52 lr89-1ttl0 1r9l-l9jl J.O. I I Fnreign Jurisdictions: France > Recueil des d€cisions du Conseil 1960-date Rec. constitutionnel Constitution Colsr. CoNsrruroN > I-A Citation format: .year, CoHSr. (article, (,country abbreviation evident from context,). France has had fifteen different constitutions since its first if not in 1791. The current constitution was adopted in 1958. Codes Citation format: <code name> [,code abbreviation'][.English translation of code name,] ,article, (country abbreviation if not evident from context,). > Cooe crvrr- [C. crv.][Ctvtt- Cooe] art. zl Gr.). > CoDE ADMINISTRATIF (ADMINISTMTI\T CODE) > Coos cML (Cnt C. ADM. C. crv. Coor) > Coon os coMMERCE (CoMMERcIAT CoDE) C. com. } C. p€H. CoDE PENAL (Pnur COOE) > CoDE DE pRocEDURE pfNAr.E (CRIMINAL PRoCEDURE CoDE) C. pn. pEH. Colr ou rneven (L,uon Cou) } CoDE DE PRocfDURE CMLE (CML Pnocpotlnr Coog) C. > rnnv. c.P.c. Statutes and decrees Citation format for a French law or decree: Loi (or D€cret),[aw or decree number, du ,date in French of law or decree, .[aw or decree name, [,Engtish translation of law or decree number, date, and name)], <reporter or iournaI n3ms) [,reporter or journal abbreviation,][,English translation of reporter or iournal,], .date of publication,, p. ,page number, (country abbreviation if not evident from context'). > Loi zooS-776 du 4 ao0t zoo8 de modernisation de l'6conomie lLaw zooS-776 ofAugust 4,zoo8 on the Modernization ofthe Economy], JounHnl OrrrcrEt DE LA R€puBLtoue FneHqntse [J.O.] lOrrrcrnr Gnzerre oF FRANcE], Aug. 5, 2oo8,p.7247t, > Loi 85-699 du u iuiltet 1985 tendant i la constitution d'archives audiovisuelles de la iustice ILaw 8S-6gg of July u, 1985 for the Formation of Audiovisual Archives of the Judiciaryl, Ln Semrtrue f unroreuE [JCP] [Junrotcal Wesrlv] lll,No.57447. Cite to the J,O., if therein; otherwise, cite to one of the following: >JoURNAL OFFTCTEL DE r-{ J.O. fu6runuqur Fnenqersr > REcuErL DALLoz > D,rrroz-Srnw, > D,lrroz, LEGrst"4TIoN LEGTSLATTqN > ANALYflQUE, LEGISLATI9N 1965-1996 D.S.L. 1945-1964 D.L. 1941-1944 D.A.L. o o o a I I a o t I o o o o I I t o o t o o t I I o o o o o o o o o o o o o o t (lRn ()Urr, LiG tsL{'r'toN P6R()lx)rn rl cRIIrer rr: D.C.L. 1848- l9,10 1821-1817 D.P. IV D.P. ilt o BULI-utIN t.6(;lsLA.TIt, I)Al.r.()z 1918- I 982 B.L.D. ! 1983- r 99> A.L.D. 1912-2004 l92J-dafe c.9., ICP lll, No. <nu mber> 17ri8- 1949 Duv. & Boc. Ac'I t tAlfl E LE(;tst {l tv!: I)ALL( )z " L{ SENIATN[ JtrRl)tet]rl (Jr rRrs-(lLASS[r]R PFnror>rqt j|1) r 191r-1911 Cor.r.tscnoN <;ol.tt,Lit't l, I)tlcRlrs, ()Rr)oNNAN(;lis, ttii(il-EMBN'lS bT AVIS l)LI C()NSfil- o'Er',rr' (I)UvencilrR & BoceuEl') Treaties and conventions Citation format: ,treaty or convention name>,,date of signing>, ,abbreviated names of parties', Jounrunl OrrtctEt- DE LA REPUBLTQUE Fnengetse [J.O.] [Orrrcrnl Gnzerre oF FRANcEI, ,date of publication,, p. ,page number, (,country abbreviation if not evident from context'). u u, Tourism Accord, Oct.z6,rg79,Fr.-Mex., Jounlnl Orrtctel oe RipueLreue FnnHqntse [J.O.][Orrtctnl Gnzrrre oF FRANcE], June 15, t98o, p.1478. Citc to the J.O., if thcrein; otherwise , cite to onc of the following: " R[ct]t]il. or's trurrLfs tir Acc()Rl)s Dli 1961-clate e.g., <year, Recuttt LA DES TRAITES, NO. <numDer> Fn,tn<:r: u Rt:<;t:llt. Drs'|RAITES Ite lir l7l3-1906 e.g.,,votume, FR,rNc:E Recuttr oes TRATTES <page> Internet sources http://wrry.legifrance.gouv.fr (govcmment portal to Frcnch law: providcs constitution; codes (somc translatecl into English); ofhcial gazettcs since 1990; treaties; recent decisions from the Cour clc cassation, (lonscil tl'Etat, and Cor-rscil constitutionnel; and links to European laws) access to the http://r.wry.assemblee-nationale.fr (National Assembly) http ://www.f ournal-offi ciel. gouv.fr (Ofhcial Gazettc) http://www.senat.fr (Senatc) http://nqrw.courdecassation.fr (Grur dc clssation) http://www.conseil-etat.fr (ConsciI d Etat) http://wwv.conseil-constitutionnel.fr (Conseil constittttionnel) http://www.loc.govllafhelp/ guide / nations/france.php Congrcss Guide to I;rw Onlinc: Frtnce) (Librrtry of Federal Republic of Cases oitation format: ,court name, [,court abbreviation'] [.English translation of court name'l ,date of decision', .volume number, if applicable, ,reporter or periodical name, [,reporter or periodical abbreviation,] .first page' (,page(s) of specific materiat, if desired'), ,for periodicals, year of publication of volume' (,country abbreviation if not evident from context,). + Bundesgerichtshof IBGH] [Federat Court of Justice]Apr. 16, zoo8, Nrur lunrsrrscHr WocHeHscHntrr INJW] 2455, zoo8 (Ger.). Format for subsequent citations: ,votume number, if appticable, .reporter or periodical abbreviation' ,first page, (.page(s) of specific material, if desired') (,country abbreviation if not evident from context,). e 154 BGHZ 37o (371) Citation format fbr unpublishcd decisions: <court or court abbreviation, ,date,, .docket number,, ,link to online version (optional),. *" BG H Fe b. t4, 2014, Xll ZB 6o7 I tz, http: / /ju ris.bundesgerichtshof. de/cgi-bin/rechtsprechung/document.py?Gericht=bgh&Art=en& Datu m = zor4&n r= 56934&po 5= 2297s7= 3t6. Ordinary jurisdiction Bundesgerichtshof (BGH) (Fcderal Court of Justice (previously Reichsgericht (RG)): court of last resort for civil and criminal matters): Cite civil matters to BGHZ or RGZ. and criminal mattcrs to BGHSr or RGSI. or to oeri<ldical or electronic sotrrcc. ENts<ltul>uN<;nN ols Bt JNI)Es(; ERIcILI SI t()FIis 1950-datc BGHZ 1879-1945 RGZ a rN ZIvtLSACltuN ENtsctIetorrN<;nl pls Rlitct Is(;tiRr(:trls lN Ztv[-sA(.llLN ENl scHEIr)rrN(;r.N Dr-.s Bt;nt >ls<;trltt<;Ht stt< lpns 1 950-date BGHSr IN STRA[SACIIEh. ENls<ttntnr rl<;tlt ot:s RIitclIs(;LRI(:tils lN Sln q.ns.l<.r rnN 18110- 1944 RGSr Obedandesgericht (OLG) (in most states, Higher Regional Court): Citc civil matters to OLGZ, and criminal mattcrs to OLGST, or to a periodical or electronic source; Bayerisches Oberstes Landesgericht (BayObLG) (Bavarian Higher Regional Coun): Citc civil matters to BIYOeLGZ and criminal mltte$ to BIYOaLGST, or to a periodical or elcctronic source; Landgericht (LG) (regional courts): Cite to periodicals. RE(:HTSPRE(;nr JN(; DB8 ()Bgnlq.N ut,st;Rnt<;t ttn 1965-1994 OLGZ It]j l9ttl-date OLGSI rx Zrvtt.s,qcsr,N RE<.il'rspne<;Ht iN<; I>nn OBERT.ANT)tis(;IRI(.r IN s'IRAFSACIII.]N o o I I I o o o o o o o I o o I I o o o a a o o t o o o I o o o o o o o ' liNtscHtiil)tiN(;EN l)tis IlAYuRIsclII]N Our,rrs'r'r,x L\NDIts(;Erucn'ls IN Zntt.srcttttli . lllL sr.sr,r uL t.tt ;lir\ )ts IJ | I I o o BAYOBLGZ l9i0-2(D6 BnvOeLGSr t t,;',1 Constitutional jurisdiction Bundesverfassungsgericht (BVerfG) (Iederal (lonstittrtional Court): Citc ttr BVEnTGE, if thcrcin; if unpublishecl, cite by dltc and docket ttuntber lncl link to online sourcc. if avlilable 1951-dnte EN'fscHIilt)r.tN( ;tiN t)lts BVenrGE Bl \t)lis\ tRI',\ssl N(;s(;trt{lctt'rs "' BVerfG, z BvR z7z8 I t3, lan. q, 2014, https://www. bu ndesverfassu ngsge richt.de/entscheidu ngen / rc2o74o774 zbvrzTz8r3en.htmt. Administrative iurisdiction Bundesverwaltungsgericht (BVerwG) (Fcclerrrl Aclnillistrrtlilc Court): (lite to BVenwGE. if thercin; Oberverwaltungsgericht (OVG) or Verwaltungsgerichtshof (VGH) (Higher Admiuistrativc Courts): Clitc to thc litrtscheitltrrrga, (case rcporter) of thc cottrt; Verwaltungsgericht (VG) (udministrativc triul courts): Cite to perioclicals. lf unpublishctl. citc (k)ckct number and link to onliue sourcc, il ltvailablc: bl clatc and := BVerwG, Oct. 24, 2ot3, 7 C 36.tt,http://www.bverwg.de/ entscheid u ngen /entscheid u ng. ph p?ent=z 41o73U7C36.71'o. Et]] scttt:lot N(ilt\ t)Fts IJI rNI)lisvftlwAl- tl rN(;s(;Eltl( tH'l I95,i-datc BVenwGE s Special jurisdiction Bundesfinanzhof (BFH) (Fctlerirl Financc Court): Citc to BFHE, if tlrercin; Finanzgericht (FG) (tirx courts): Citc t<> EFG, if thereirl; Bundesarbeitsgericht (BAG) (Fcderlrl L:rbor (lourt): (lite to BAGE, if thcrein: Landesarbeitsgerichte (LAG) (Highcr Labor (iourts): Oite to perioclicals: Bundessozialgericht (BSG) (Feclcral Sociul Court): Cite to BSGE, if thcrein; Landessozialgericht (LSG) (Highcr Social Courts): Cite to pcrioclicals; Bundespatentgericht (BPatG) (Feclcral Patcnt Coun): Cite t() BPnrGE. if therein. O o vliRts(l I t,N ( )t jtittsl t,N I"\NDlis(; FllilcH'l s tN S t Rrr|srt<:t 1950-2(X)6 lc I)tR liNts(;ttEIl)t'\(;tr\ t \l) (;(rrAcHt'IjN o|s BUxDnst'tx,txzttot's S,tltttt.t , EN'ts<:tttitolx<;tiN DnR FINANZ(;ltRI(tttrtl " ' ENis<:rrr:tot NGtiN I)us EN llt NI)tls'\llBlilfs(;l,Rl(lllls tscltitDt N(;r,x tttts Bt lttl.ss()zlAl.(;llRl(.lrls ENisciltiIDt ),,J(itr\ l)Tts Bt sot sp,q.l'llN ft;tlttt<:lfls 1952-clttc l95J-ilate l95l-date 1955-date 1962-clatc BFHE EFG BAGE BSGE BPITGE Constitution ' (ittulvlrt;tst;tz l,t'rR I)ltt BtiNDl:sttlil>l I)r,r'r s(.ilt.,\NI) (Brst<, L't$) 'l'hc Ba.sic lrra' is subclivided into III-IK lnicles (rRt rNIXI IiSlrTT GG 'When citing rln.. Bdsic Lau for the first time within a work, provide thc link to the up{o-drtc vernacular text or to a recent translation as providcd by Gesetze im lntemet, http://www.gesetze-im-intemet.dcl. s GRUNDGESETz [GG][Brsrc Lnw], translotion at http://www. gesetze-im-internet.de/en glisch_gg/index.htmt. Cite amencling laws to the Basic Luw like statutes: p' Gesetz zurAnderung des Grundgesetzes ILawAmending Basic Lawl, June 28,!993, BGBt. I at rooz (Ger.). Codes Citation format: ,code name' [,code abbreviation,] [,Engtish translation of code name,l, ."as amended," or amending law with citation, if applicabte,, ,relevant subdivisions, if desired, ,online version in German or English, if available, (,country abbreviation if not evident from context,). It is possible to citc to sentence number. r" a sentence or clause within the section, paragraph, or (lite thc section before paragraphs or sentence numbers. BURGERLTcHES GEsErzBUcn IBGB] [Crvrr- Coor], g 793, para. z, sentence z, translation af http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/ englisch_bgb/index.htmt (Ger.). * HnroelscesErzBUcH IHGB] [CowrueRctAL CoDE], 5 8, http://www. gesetze-im-internet.de/ hgb/_8. htm t. I]trR(;ERLt( )rIES G rlsrt z-Br,<;r r Hrnrxr.sr;r:srilzrlr ;cr r ((lrvr. C()D|) BGB ((loMr,lFR(ir,u Oorrr) SozrAr.(;ESt'-fzllu(.H (So( rL\1. Sr'tu\F(;r,sEIZBr rcr r (PE\,\L S'TRAFpROZESS()RIrNt,N<; HGB C()Df.) SGB (i)r)r.) StGB (C()r>r ol, CnrutN.tt. PR(xiED( rRlt) ZrvllpRozlssotttNuNc (C()l)E or. Crvlr. PR(xrn){ltB) stPo zPo The Sctzialgesctzbuch (SGB) (Social Oode) is subdividcd into twelve books th:tt are described by a Roman numcral. For instance, Sozialgesetzbuch V Gesetzliche k'ankenr.tersicberunp deals with social health insurance. Statutes and decrees Citirtion format: <statute or decree futl name or, if available and part of the statutory titte, short title' [,abbreviated statute or decree name, if availabte,l [,Engtish translation of short titte>], <date of enactment', ,name of gazette of promulgation, [,abbreviation of gazette of promulgation'] at ,volume, page, and/or sentence number of gazette, if desired', ,"as amended," or amending law with citation, if applicable,, ,relevant subdivisions, if desired, (,country abbreviation if not evident from context'). n Finanzmarktstabilisierungsfonds-Verordnung IFMStFV] [Financiat Markets Stabilization Regutationl, Oct. zo, 2oo8, ELEKTRoNtscHER BuHoesnnzercen IeBAruz] at e3 zooS Vl (Ger.). o o t I o o o t t o a o a o o I o o o I a a o o a o o t I o o t o o o o o o o O o o Subsequcnt citution mly be made to the lbbrcviution of the glzctte, rxther than the lirll r.ramc of thc publication. . Waffengesetz [WaffG][Weapons Act], Oct. tt,2oo2, BGBr. I at 39to,g r . (Ger.). Bundes-Bodenschutz-und AltlastenverordnungIBBodSchV] IFederat SoiI Protection and Contaminated Sites Ordinance], Juty 7, 1999, BGBr- | at r554, $ z, no. 6 (Ger.). '.' Einfuhrliste IList of lmport Restrictions], Dec. t5, 2oo3, BArz at 26,87 (Beilage no. z43a) (Ger.). Statutcs lre oftcn amcnclecl b1' subsequent lcgishtion. and cititlg tlle originltl cnactment ckles not indicate what ltmendmcuts havc sincc occttrtecl. Acld "as amended," or citc a particular amctrding law. Aclcl t trlnshtiot.t of thc stltttttc namc if hclpfirl, rLud cite an English translation of thc stltttlte if avaihble , or provide a link to the consr>lid:ttcd onlinc vcrsion, if avlilaltlc. u Aktiengesetz [Al<tG][Stocl< Corporation Act], Sept. 6, 1965, BGBtI at ro89, last amended by Gesetz [G], AJuty 23,2073 BG Bl I at 2586, art. z6 (Ger.), http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/aktg/ BJN Roro89o965. htm t. \{anl larvs arc repromulgatcd vcars lfter thcir cnlctment to provide ln officiallv uptlated text. Cite such luws witl-r thcir latcst rcpromttlgation dlttc, or ii the fbrnrcr vcrsion is dso pertinent, citc the first cnltctme nt, firll<xvecl lly the clate and citation of the pcrtincnt reprontulgrtion. .' Bundesnotarordnung IFederaI Act on Notaries Pubtic], Feb. 13, 1937, RGBr- ll at r9r, repromulgated Feb.24, 196r, BGBI I at 97 (Ger.). (litc a Gesetz (G) (f'cderll statute) or Verordnung (V) (rcgulittion) to the feclcral law glzettc whcre it u'as promulgated, cither tlle BGBt- or the RGBt-. or, in the cuse of some regulations, BAttz or e BAnz. When the BGBr or RGBt- is divided into'l'cil I and'l'eil II, tkrmestic lcgislltion is in thc Iirst volttmc. 1951-clate 1951-clxte lfl-l- 1921 192'2-t945 1922-t915 1919-clate . Ii rNl)tis(;Frslilzlll.A ft,'l'eil I Ii Nl)ris(;r'srtlztl.,r'n,'l'cil II ' RI't(-ils(;Lsti't zBL\t-t. ' Ilr'r<tts<;esr,r'zBr.,r't"r,'l'eil I ' lilirclrs(irsrir'7lll.A'ff,'l'cil II , I} rNI)l,sANZLI(;tiR BGBI I BGBt- ll RGBr- RGBr I RGBt- ll e.g.. BAnz at <page number, (Beitage no. ,numberr) Lt.tiKt tt<txtsr.gt,n Bt lltt s,rlzt,tt;t,R 2(X).1-tlate e .g.. EBANz at <oocu menl numbert Legislative materials 'Ihcre lre trvo f'ederal lcgisl:ttivc (Fcclenrl Parliament) antl thc botlics: the Deutscher Bundestag (BT) Deutscher Bundesrat (BR) (Fcclcrll (inncil). Cite publishccl Drucksachen (litcrlrlll ptrblicltions, i.c., leg,islative nratedrtls) t F'nreign Jurisdictions: Gerrrran.v by legislative period and number for BT and by number and last two digits year for BR (optionally add link to online version). of > Regierun gsentwurf [Cabinet Draft ], Deurscn r n Bu ru orsrae: DnucrsacxrH lBTltl I rlt+zl, http://dipzr.bundestag.de I dipzrl btd I tt I gq I qU+zl.pdf (Ger.). > Regierungsentwurf [Cabinet Draft], ButrloEsnnt Dnucrsncxel IBR] zst lo6 (Ger.). o Treaties and conventions Cite treaties and conventions to BGBt- ll. and use the citation fomat for statutes. Internet sources Free websites Up-to-date consolidated versions of German laws are available on many websites, some published by German agencies and offering reliable uPtGdate versions of numerous laws. Gesetze im Internet, http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de, published by the Federal Ministry ofJustice in partnership with;unrs, provides the up-todate text of most laws and regulations. > Gesetz Uber Urheberrecht und verwandte Schutzrechte IUrheberrechtsgesetzlIUrhG][Copyright Act], Sept. 9, 1965, BGBt- | atp73 (Ger.), http: //www.gesetze-im-internet.de. Statutes provided on this site are usually updated I I I within one month. Unless indicated by the text, a citation of the amended status is not typically necessary. For some statutes, translations are also available. Other Resources http://www.cgedi.orglindex.php?id=61 (translation of selected laws and court decisions provided by the Centre for German kgal Information) https ://www.bundesanzeig er. de / ebanmtww / wexsservlet (regulations published in the electronic Bundesanzeiger (rBANz)) The federal courts have websites that make their decisions available: www.bundesverfassungs gericht. de (Bundesverfassungsgericht) httpr// http ://www.bvger.ch @undesverwaltungsgericht) Federal legislative materials: http://dip.bundestag.de @undestag) http://www.parlamentsspiegel.de (Bundesrat) Commercial services Germany's comprehensive legal database, .Junrs, is authoritative but not the primary official source. The online, fee-based subscription service offers more than forty online libraries including the text of federal statutes (Bundesrecht), reported cases (Rechtsprechung), the laws of several states, tax regulations and dings, and bibliographic references to the legal literature. All materials quoted from .Junrs should be cited according to the established format for printed materials. In addition, a parallel reference to the JURIS source may be t t o I I t o t I a o I a o o I t o given. For court dccisions fiom an clectronic source that may not as.vct have becn rcportecl elscwhcrc, also cite the ckrcket numbcr. I a O o o a t o o o o I o o o a o o O ;, i. Produkthaftungsgesetz IProdhaftG] [Products Liabitity Act], Dec. t5,t989, BGBr- lat zr98 (Ger.), available of ,uRts bysubscription. Bverfc, Mar. q, 2oo4, bscription. t BvR tz65 I oo (Ger.), av ai la ble at t u nts by su In atldition to Jt Rrs, Oermln legal publishcrs offtr ntlmcrotls clcctrolric lrroducts, including commcrcial CD-llOMs. T2.l4.l German Linder Cases In thc intcgntcd (ierman court s\,stcm, thc tri;tl and irppellate cotlrts ltre state courts, and the courts ()flast rcsort are l'cdcral cotlrts. Thesc courts acl,udicate mattcrs of f'edcral irncl statc law. Constitutional jurisdiction Staatsgerichtshof (StG H) or Verfassungsgerichtshof (c.g., BayVerfG H fbr Ilavaria) (constitutionitl court tllat adjuclicates nlatters rehting to the state s constitution): (litc to the of ficial reporter, a pcriodicltl, or a wcbsite. = BayVerfGH Juty r9, zoo7,6o Sntutvtlut',lc voru EnrscHrtDUNGEN DEs BavrnrscHen VERwALTUNGsGERtcHTsHoFS Mlr ENTScHEIDUNGEN DEs BAyERrscHrn VenrassuttGscERlcHrsHors IBavVGH (NF)I tSt (Bavaria) (Ger.). b.""tit"iir"t (lonstitutions (Verfassung) of the (ierman statcs (l.intlcr) are clcsignatcd such, folkrwcd by the namc of the statc in clttestion: " Vrirrr,ASsrrN(; ll,\\'riRN as Venr BnY Statutes and decrees Oitc a Landesgesetz (LG) (sttte statutc) or Landesverordnung (LVO) (statc administflrtivc rcgulation) to thc law gazettc (GVBt-.) of the inclividull statc. a, Bayerisches Verfassungsschutzgesetz, repromulgated Apr. ro, 1997, BAyERtscHES GESETz- uno VenonoruuNGsBLArr IBnv GVBL] zo (Bavaria) (Ger.). B,tt titttsr :rtls (lt,st,'tz- t :xlt Vttttttullt'tl< ;sgl-t l'r Bav GVBr lnternet sources I-indcr ltws lnd regulations, :ts well as clccisions of the L:inclcr cotlrts, are lvlihblc on their official rvcbsites. For instancc, in thc Land of North llhincWestphalil, the Ministn of .lusticc pt'ovides I legal liblan'that contains thc court clecisions of North ltl-rinc-\i/cstphalil as wcll lts thc most important laws of the licclcration ancl the othcr Llinclcr. 'l'he ltort:tl is avrilablc in tinglish at http://www.justiz.nrw.de/WebPortal-en/legal are in (iermln. library. bttt tl.tc sottrccs For additionrl electronic sources, see table T2.14 Germany, Federal Republic of. T2.15 Greece (Civil Law) Cases (litation format: .court name, [.court abbreviation,] [,Engtish translation of court name'] .case number, f ,year,, p.,fi rst page,, .page(s) of specifi c materia[, if desired, (country abbreviation if not evident from context,). r, Areios Pagos [A.P.] [Supreme Courr]355 | zoo4, p. 3 (Greece). o Symboulion Epikrateias [S.E.] [Supreme Administrative Court] n5o1ry95, p.8 (Greece). Areios Pagos (A.P.) (Sr.rpreme Court), Symboulion Epikrateias (S.E.) (Supreme Administrative Court), Eirinidokeia (Erin.) (courts of peace), Protodikeia (Monomele-Polymelc) (Mon. Pr. or Po[. Pr.) (district courts), and Epheteia (Ephet.) (courts ofappeals): Oite to various lcgal journals. There are no oflicial reporters for court dccisior-rs. Constitution (litation format;,ysar, SyNTAcmn ISvr.] [CoNsilTUTro (.country abbreviation if not evident from context,). t' N ],section n um ber' t975 Svr'rrne nn [Svru.][Cousrtrurroru] 6 (Greece). Codes Citation format: <code name> [,code abbreviation,][,English translation of code name,] ,chapter number':,article number, (country abbreviation if not evident from context,). E- AsnKos Koorrns [A.K.] As'r-rK()s [Crvrr- Coor] r:r (Greece). Kor)rKAs ((lrvlL (i)r)r,) A.K. PorNlxos Koorx,c.s (CRtMrNAr. C()DL) Kot)IKAs P.K. (MILII ARy (lRIMt NAL (l()Dli) STRAI t()TlKOs P()rNIKOs Kr>urriris lrto'nroU N,Lutrr<o| l)tr,rtott ((irDE ot, MARlllMl KIND PRIVA'rE LA,t(,) EMporilK()s Kor)rK{s (Ooumrncnr. (irDB) K()r)IKA.S Pol.t'rKEs I)IK()N()MrAs (Cor>n op Kot)tKAS PoINKrs l)rxor.krl.rr,rs Pno<:r:t>r Srn.P.K. (Corx EK ()vlL PR(xtH)uRFt) <lt, (lRlr'IINAL KPol.D. KPor.D. rnt) K()t)IKAS t'()N I)raM()sr()N Yler.lur.oN KODtx,ts BLLINtxr.:s lttt,l<;rNrr.q.s ((irol ((itrrr or ot, Ctvtr SnnvlN'rs) KDY GRtjEK Cl'l tzliNSI Ip) l)AsrK()s K()l)rKAs (F'oR[st C()r)r) Kor xx.l s SyMvot"\(x;RAptt<>x ((i rur KEI DK ()N N( l;\Rllts) Kot)IKAS I)t()tKI'ilKtis Dr,urrKAsr,rs ((l()r)r, ()r, Ar)MrNls'fRAftvtl PROC.lit)t rRt) KS K.D.Drno. o a a o I o o o t I a o a O o o o o o o O a o o t o a o o a l:lr r':,1ri .1r!!':.,t!!i K()DTKAS l)rorKlrrKrrs DrKoN()MrAs Jtrt)tcl{t. O I a o o o o o I o i1!r't\' {ri{','{ { tj ((l()Dr oF ADMrNrsrRATrvr K.D.DtK. Pno<:rt>r rnr) Stafutes and decrees Citation format for statutes: Nomos (,year,:,taw number>) ,Statute name, [,Engtish transtation of statute name>], ,publication n6ms, [,publication abbreviation,l <year>, <part>:<issue number, (country abbreviation if not evident from context,). ts Nomos (zot3:4t64) Symplerose ton Diatakseon Peri Ethnikou ktematotogiou kai Alles Rythmiseis ICompletion of Provisions on National Registry and Other Regulationsl, EpHervtents rrs KvvrnrEseos rES HELLENTKEs DEMoKRATtAs IE.K.E.D.] zot3, Ai756 (Greece). Citation format fbr decrces: Diatagma (,year,:.law number,) ,decree name, [,English translation of decree name,], ,publication name, [,pubtication abbreviation'] ,year>, ,part,:,issue number, (,country abbreviation if not evident from context). h' Diatagma (zor4:8) Epharmoge tes Apophasis t9z9 (zoto) toy Symvouliou Asfaleias tou Organismou Enomenon Ethnon (O.H.E.) Ilmplementation of Decision ry29 (zoto) of the United Nations (U.N.)1, EpHeruEnrs Tes KvvrnruesEos TEs HelLeHlres DEruornnrrns IE.K.E.D.] zot4, B:t3 (Greece). t a { Periodicals Citation f<rrmat: ,author name', ,title in transliterated form, [,English translation of title,] ,volume number' ,periodical 66ms, [,periodical abbreviation,], No.,number,,,fi rst page,,,page(s) of specific material, if desired' (,year,) (,country abbreviation if not evident from context,). + Kostas Mpeis, He Anogkastike Ektelese Enantion Allodapou us Kata to H e lle n i ko D i koi o lE n fo rce me nt Proceed i n g s Against a Foreign State According to Greek Lawl5z Nomtron K rato VErvrn [N.V.l, No. 4, 558 (zoo4) (Greece). The lirllowing arc thc most common journlls: o FlAIlMENoPotr.os " Drxr n HARM. (Tur.lr-) Dn.tlo ER(;Ar-rKl,s D. N()MolttlstAs (Btit-lr,'nr ()F L,uloR LAv) , Drr.r'ro PHottot.o<;tKrs N()\'to]il[st^s (BUI-I-jj]'IN ol'T.'txtttoN) *EptluE()rursusDluosr<lrKAIDt()tKtilK()r.tI)tr'rtottV (founN,u ' ()r, Pt10t.ft; ANr) Ar)MrNrsrRArrvr EprfuE()rtEsrrs Stx-lu. Dtrltol INst rruN<:n D.Pn.N. E,D.D.D. l"rw) K()rN()NIKES Aspttet.tsttcts (lttt'nr.u. <tt' E.D.K.A. l,lw) h EprrlrE()REsrs En<;,q.Trxorr F EpnriNrERrs Er.r-sN()N D,E.N. l)rr,lrol (JolttNAL oF LAB()R NoNtKoN (Jo{rRN,\t. o Epr|ssonus|s Eltponrrorr IA$,) ol (inttt:xJtrnls'ts) l)rti\rotr (lot:nxxt. ()F (loMllltRctAl E.ERG,D. E,E.N. E.Etvtp,D. L,rw) Tnrsr RurtiNtt) Vl]NrA (I-E(;AI-'l Koorx,rs Ntlnrx.or VIr't,rtrrs ((,()r)1, ()l Lnt;'rt. 'l'tttnr Nt,) NtxrrroN N.V. K.N.V. o :; ii:i:1,: " T() SYNTAGMI (THr' CoNsl'rlUTloN) . l)tKAt(xr^t'A T<lu ANt Rttopou (Revrcw ot, Hrrv,rN To S. fur;Hrs) D.T.A. Treaties Cite treaties to the O.fficiat Gdzette of Greece: ,title', ,parties,, ,date of signature, IEeHemenrs rEs KyvERNEsEos rEs Hellentres Dttuoxnnrtns] IE.K.E.D.], <part>:<issue number>,,date of pubtication, (,country abbreviation if not evident from context'). ,h' Agreement on Double Taxation, Greece-U.S., Oct. zz, t96o IEeH ervr rnts rEs KyvE RN EsEos rES H E t-t-E ru t rES Detvto rnnrtas] IE.K.E.D.], A:28, Oct. 28, t96o (Greece). Internet soufces http://n'rw.et .gr (OfJicial Gdzette of Greece, availablc lirr frec) http://www.dsanet.gr (lsokratis (Athens l]ar Association)) http: / / last db.intrasoft net.com (NOMOS) http://r.wry.l oc.gov /law /help/ gtide/ nations/greece.html (Library of (irngress (iuide to Law Online: Greecc) http://wrw.ministryofi ustice.gr / site (Ministry of Justice, Transpareucy. and Human Rights) http://n'nv.hellenicpadiament. gr (Hellcnic Parliament) T2.16 Hong Kong (Cornmon Lalv) Chinese and English language sources Hong Kong has two oflicial languages: English ancl Chincse . Where a sourcc is available in both languages, generall,v cite to the Englislr source, unless therc is a specilic rcason to citc to the Cl"rincse version. When citing an English language primary source, it is not necessary to preface thc source with the w <trc\s " t ra n slate d i n." Romanization For romanizatior-r of Chinese language citations, fblkrw instructions in rule 20.2.4(b). English abbreviations Follow abbreviatbn guidelines for U.S. matcrirls, using tables T6 and T1O, unless an exccption is providecl in table T2.42 United Kingdom. Render "Hong Kong Special Administrative Region" or "HKSAR'' as "Hong Kong.' Cases Citation format: .caSe name>, [,year of decision'] ,volume number or part, <reporter abbreviation' .first page,, ,page(s) of specific materiat, if desired' (court abbreviation') (iurisdiction abbreviation if not evident from context,). I t o o o o o o o o I o o o o o I o o O o a o o o I o a o !" Law Soc'y of H.K. v. Brook, Hong Kong v. Chan Hing Hung, I1998]+ H.K.C. +81, t+88C (C.F.l.). b,' Tong Ping-chuen v. AG, [r9go] r H.K.L.R. 55r, 559E (H.C.). Priry Council (P.C.) (all criminal and civil linal appeals untilJuly to reports listed under table T2.42 United Kingdom. 1997): Cite 1,1997): Cite to H.K.C.F.A.R., H.K.C., or Lega[ Reference System, if therein. ts Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal 1997 /l99tl-date H.K.C.F.A.R. Reports o It){6-dile 1997-date Hong Kong Cases " Legal Reference Systcm H.K.C. LegalReference System Court of Appeal of the High Court (C.A.): Cite to H.K.L.R.D., H.K.L.R., H.K.C., or LegaI Reference System, in that order of preference. "'Ihe Authorized Hong Kong Law r997-dxe H.K.L.R.D. r9o5 / 1906- 1996 H. K. L. R. Reports and Digest I District Court (D.C.): For ' , Hong Kong Oases Legal Ref'erence System 1946-date 1946-d:tte H.K.C. LegaI Reference SYstem Court of First Instance of the High Court (C.F.l.) (High Court ofJustice (H.C.) from 1975 t<t 1998): Cite to H.K.L.R.D., H.K.L.R., H.K.C., or Legal Reference System. if thcrein. an online source, cite using application number, abbreviation, and date as provided in the fudgment. Citc to D.C.L.R. or Legal Reference System, if thercin. Provide a parallel print source citation where available. ' District (lourt Law Reports (Supplement to Hong Kong Law l9ri-1996 D.C,L.R. Reports) Legal Reference System O o o o o o l, Court of Final Appeal (C.F.A.) (all criminal and civil linal appeals afterJuly I I o o H.K.C.F.A.R. 228,237D s " Hong Konfi Law Reports o [r997-t998lt (c.F.r.). m" 196tt-date Legal Reference System Ward v. Harting (HK) Ltd., DCCJ zlt++lzoo4 (D.C. Dec. t4, zoo5) (Legal Reference System) (H.K.). Family Court (F.C.): Cite using application number, abbreviatkrn, and date pnrvided in the iudgment. Cite to Legal Reference System. Provide print source citation wherc available . = Lcgal Ref'erence !*- System 1972-dtte a as parallcl Legal Reference System c v. L, lzoo4lz H.K.L.R.D. r, FCMC 7268l2ooo (F.C. Jan. tS,zooz) (Legal Reference System) (H.K.). Lands Tribunal (L.D,): Cite using application number, abbreviation, and year provided in the iudgment. Cite to Legal Reference System. as o Foreign -[urisdictions: [{ong Knng > Legal Reference > System I Legal Reference System 1970-date o Naylor v. Konmill Ltd., LDNT 6tlzoo4 (1.D. f uly 27, 2oo4) (Legal Reference System) (H.K.). Constitution See also listing under > tableT2.9 China, People's Republic of The Basic law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China > XIANGGANG JreeN Fn art.24, S XrnHeenNe f reeH FA t t (H.K.). Laws and ordinances Cite to one or more of the following sources, if therein and available. Provide parallel citation where available. The Iaws of Hong r""g t6ffi,*fr-d> > Ordinances of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for the year <year> (Irgal Supplement No. I to The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Gazette) > Bilingual laws Information System > l99l-date 1855-date O.H.K. 1997-date BLIS a L.H.K. Citation format for The Laws of Hong Kozg: <statute or ordinance name), (.edition year,) Cap. <chapter number,, ,page number,, $ ,section' (,jurisdiction abbreviation if not evident from context,). Proceedings and Property Ordinance, Q99o) Cap. ry2, r, $ r(r) (H.K.). Citation format for the Ordinances of the Hong Kong Special Adrninistratiue Region: (statute or ordinance name), No. ,ordinance number,, (,year of publication,) <volume> O.H.K., 5 ,section, (,jurisdiction abbreviation if not evident from context'). > Hong Kong Reunification Ordinance, No. 11o, (tggil I O.H.K., zg(r). Regulations Cite to one or more of the following sources, if therein and available The Laws of Hong ro"g fAHi*1Fdl Regulations of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for the year <year) (Legal Supplement No. 2 to The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Gazette) > Bilingual Laws Information System > > (ry-#lt(nJlfft+#ffi) l99l-date 1948-date L.H.K. R.H.K. I o I I (rye9;EVrl/Htr+#frfi) > Matrimonial I I . S t I I I I o I t o 1997-date BLIS I I a o o o o O o a o t o o I a o O o t o o o Internet sources http://vqrw.basiclaw.gov.hk (The Basic Law of Hong Kong) http://www.legislation.gov.hk/eng/index.htm (Bilingual Laws Information system, ry;*#lrll'ft't+*ffi tsrts) http://www.gld.gov.hk/egazette (The Govemment of the Hong Kong Spccial Administrative Region Gazette (Hoxc KoNc Gaz.)) http://www.hklii.org (Hong Kong Legal Information Institute (HKLII)) lntlp?//leg bef.judiciary.gov.hk (Legal Reference Systcm of the Hong Kong Judiciary) http://nnrw.doj.gov.hk/eng/laws/treaties.html (Treaties and Intemational Agreements (In Force and Applicable to the Hong Kong SAR) (HK TIA)) http://www.hku.hk/ccpl/hkfie ty/ d^tabase.html (Hong Kong Treaty Database) T2.17 Hungary, Republic of (CivilLaw) Cases Citation fomat: <court name) (court abbreviation, if appticabte,) ['Engtish translation of court name,l ,fu[[ date of iudgment, if avaitable,, ,gazette abbreviation, if citing to a gazette,..case number, or if none avaitable, docket number> (.country abbreviation if not evident from context')' - Kriria [Curia of Hungaryj Kfv.lll.37 512/2012/9 (Hun9.). +- K[ria [Curia of Hungary)Ptu.Y.20.125/2013/5 (Hung.). * > F6vdrosi lt6l6tebla lBudapest-Capital Regional Court of Appeal] March 4, 2014,9.Pf .20.408/2013/10 (Hung.). DebreceniTorv6nysz6k [Debrecen Regional Court] July 4, 20'l 3, 1 0.P.20.07 5 / 20 1 3 / 22 (Hung.). Constitutional and civil law courts Alkotmrinybir6sdg (AB) (Constitutional Court): Cite to MK or AK, if therein; Kriria (Curia of Hungary): Cite to BH, if therein; Szegedi it6l6tibla, P6csi it6l6t{bta, Gy6ri it6l6t6bla, Debreceni it6lti,t6bla, and F6v6rosi itel6t6bla (regional court of appeal and the Budapest-Capital Regional Court of Appeal; adjudicates civil and criminal matters as a second- or thirdinstance forum and other cases referred to its jurisdiction); Tiirv6nysz6k 6s F6virosi Ttirvdnyszdk (regional court and Budapest-Capital Regional Court) and f6r6sbir6s6g or keriileti bir6s6g (district court): Cite to BH, if therein; Kdzigazgatfusi 6s munkaiigyi bir6s6g (administrative and labor court). Major gazettes " Magyar Krizl<iny (Official Gazette of Hungary) MK I Foreign Jurirdictions: Hurrgary > Alkotmdnybir6s6g Hatdrozatai (Decisions of the Constitutional Court: Official Gazette of the Constitutional Court) > Kririai Drint6sek: Bir6srlgi Hatirozatok (Resolutions of the Curia: Court Cases) > It€l6t{blai Hat6rozatok (Cases ofthe Courts ofAppeal) > Alkotm6nybir6s6gi Szemle (Constitutional Court Review) > Bir6s6gi D<int6sek T6ra (Reports ofCourt Resolutions) > K<izigazgat6si-Gazdasrigi D6ntv6nyt6r (Court Decisions on AK BH IH BDT KGD Public Administration and Economy) > Bir6sigi Kiizldny (Official Journal of the National Offrce for the Iudiciary) Law journals > Magyar Jog (Hungarian Law) MJ fogtudom6nyi Krizl6ny (Gazette ofLegal Science) > Eur6pai |og (European Law) > > IK Acta Humana: Emberi fogi K<izleminyek (Human Rights Bulletin) Acta Juridica Hungarica r Csalidi log (Family Law) > > > Infokommunik6ci6 6s fog (Infocommunications and Law) Kiizjogi Szemle (Public Law Journal) Constitution ts MAGvARoRSZAG ALApTORV€Hve [Tre FuNolrvrsrral Llw or HuHcanv], Aupr0nv€rv. Statutes and decfees Where available, cite statutes to Magtar Kdzliiny (MK) (Official Gazette of Hungary) and decrees to the specific ministerial gazette, e.g., Honvidelmi Kdzl1ny (HK) (Gazette of National Defense). Citation format for tiirv6ny(ek) (act(s)): (year of issuance,. <number of the act within that year). <scope of regulation, (Engtish translation of the name ofthe act,) (,country abbreviation ifnot evident from context,). > 2ot2.6vi XXXVI. t0rv6ny az Orsz5ggyfl6sr6l (Act XXXVI of 2ot2 on the Parliament) (Hung.). > 2ot3.6vi V. tiirv6ny a Polg6ri Ttirv6nyk6nyvr6t (Act V of 2013 on the Civil Code) (Hung.). Citation format for decrees: ,decree number>/<year of issuancer. (,month of issuance, in roman numerals>.(day'.) ,abbreviation of issuer' ,abbreviation of type of decree> <scope of regulation) (.English translation of the name of the decree,) (,country abbreviation if not evident from context,). When following the format above, use "Korm." (Govemment), 'FVM" (Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development), " EUM " (Minister of Health), and so on. For govemmental and ministerial decrees, use "r.' for "rendelet" (decree); for municipal decrees, use "6r," for "rinkorminyzati rendelet." t I I I t I t I I I I I I o I I I t o I O a o o o t a o o I o a T o o o a o o o o I ,i;'t'ir;:l Nl'r'rsrilr iitrr;r: iiiil;:;'Ll * + 3o3l2oto. (Xll. zf.) Korm. r. a Nemzeti Innov6ci6s Hivatalr6l (Governmental Decree No. 3o3/zoro (Xll.z:.) on the National Innovation Offi ce) (Hung.). a 3rlzoo8. (Xll. fr.) IRM r. az igazs6gtigyi szak6rt5i mukiid6srol (Decree of the Minister of Law and Law Enforcement on the Operation of Forensic Experts) (Hung.). Codes Polgdri Torv6nykonlv (Civil Code) Biintet6 Tcirv6nyk<inyv (Criminal Code) ' ' Prr. BrK. " Polgiiri perrendtartis (Civil Procedure Code) * Bintet6eljrirrisi torv6ny (Criminal Procedure Code) Pp. , K<izigazgatrlsi elj6rds16l KEr. sz616 t<irv6ny (Administrative Be. Procedure Act) ' Munka Torv6nykonlve (Labor Code) MUNKA TV t6rsas6gokr6l sz616 t<irv6ny (Company Law) Kereskedelmi Torv6ny (Commercial Law) GT e Gazdasiigi ' " C6gtcirv6ny (Act on Company Registration Procedure) befektet6seir6l (Law " T<irvdny a ki.ilfcildiek magyarorsziigi on Investments of Foreigners in Hungary) " Bir6s6gi T<irv6ny (Law on the Organization ofthe Courts) KERTV CTV Bszr. Internet sources http://www.mkab.hu/dokumentumoVab-kozlony (Alkotminybir6sdLg Hatirozrtai-Decisions of the Constitutional Court: Official Gazette of the Constitutional Court) http ://www. mkab.hu/ugyek-stat/kiadvanyok /abh-eves-kotetek (Annual Collection of Alkotminybir6sig Httirozatai-Decisions of the Constitutional Court) http://kozlony .magyxrorczag.hu (Magyar Kdzlony-Oflicial Gazette of Hungary) http://www.kozlonyok.hu/kozlonyok/valaszt.htm (current official gazettes) http ://birosag.hu/ugyfelkapcsolati-porta/anonim-hatar ozatok-tat a (Bir6sigi Hatirozatok Gytiltem€nye-full text database of court cases and decisions) http ://www.birosag.hu/enlszakmai-informaciok/birosagi-kozlony (Bir6slgi Kozlony-Official Joumal of the National Officc for the Judiciary) http://www.kormany.hu/download/ a/ 2l /OOOOO/ Magy arotszo/oC}%Al g,a/o20 Napf/oC5o/oB6rf/oC3%A9nye.pdf (thc fundamental law of Hungary in Hungarian) http ://www.kormany.hu/dow rioad'/ e / O2 / OOOOO/The%2 0Newo/o2 0 Fundamental%20Lawa/o20oP/o2oHungary.pdf (the fu ndamental law of Hungary in English) hw / net.joctar.hu (Hatllyos Jogszab'lyok Gyrijtemdnye-database of valid statutes, decrees, free access) Ircreigtr Juristlictions: lrrcli* http://nit.hu (NemzetiJogszab6ll,tfu-database of valid statutes, decrees and intemational treaties, free access) (ftirv6nyek http://www.complex.hdexternal.php?url=l 6s OGY hrttrrozatok-padiamentary acts and resolutions by year, free access) o http://bdt.complex.hu Gir6sigi Dont6sek Tira-Reports of Court Resolutions. fee-based) http://kgd.complex.hu D<inw6nltlr-Court (Kozigazgatlsi-Gazdastrgi I I I Decisions on Public Administration and Economy, fee-based) http://kuriadontesek.hu (Kirriai Dont6sek-Resolutions of the Curia, fee-based) T2.18 India (Common Law) English is the primary language ofthe legal system oflndia. Publication ofcases, laws, regulations, and reporting systems are all in English. Cases Citation format: <case name>, (,year of reporter,) .volume number) (reporter abbreviation) .first page, (,year of decision if different from the year of reporter,) (,country abbreviation if not evident from context,). Note that many reporters depart from this format, as detailed below. > Charan Lal Sahu v. Union Carbide, (rg8g) r SCC674 (lndia). > Singh v. Punjab, (tg8o) zSCl 475,524 (lndia). > labalpur v. Shukla, AIR 1976 SCrzoT (lndia). Citeto Pri,y Council Reports (lnd. App.), tndian Appeals (lA), Supreme Court Reports (SCR) or Suprenxe CourtJournal (SCD, or Alt India Reporter (AlR). Indian law Reporls is the offlcial law reporter for each High Court. Preference should be given to this reporter for High Court decisions. Privy Council (PC) (appeals until 1949): Cite to lA, Ind. App., AlR, or Ind. Cas., in that order of preference. > Indian Appeals ) Law Reports, Prilry Council > r873-1950 IA 1836-1872 Ind. App. (year,) AIR <volume> AII India Reporter L9l4-date e.g., lndian Cases 1909-1947 lnd. Cas. PC <page' Supreme Court (lndia) (Federal Court (lndia Fed.) from 1937 to 1950): Cite to 5.C.R. if therein; otherwise cit€ to one of the reporters below in the following order of preference: > Supreme Court Reports 1950-date e.g., (year') ,volume, SCR <page> > All India Reporter l9l4-drte e.g., federal courts: AIR <year> SC,page' state courts: AIR ,vear> <state> <page> I I t t I o I o I o I o I a t o o a t o I o o o o o a o a I o o o o o I o o Ilu i:'"ali{ {i*nr: irtt{,u;l = Supreme CourtJoufnal 1936-date scJ + Supreme Court Cases 1969-date e.g., (,yearD <volume) " UnreportedJudgments 1969-dlte e.g., Unreported ludgments 1979-date e.9., <year> SCALE (Page, " Federal Oourt Reports o Federal l^awJournal 1939-1950 FCR 1937-1949 FLI r Indian Cases " Accidents Claims Joumal 1909-1941 lnd. Cas. 1966-date e.g., SCC <year>, <page> Supreme Cottrt Almanac ' ,page, (,year) .votume, ACJ ,page, (,year of decision,) F Criminal Law Journal 1904-date (,year) <volume> Crim (,"5C" or "HC",) <page> (.date of decision) e.g., L! 'All 19tt3-date e.g., (Year,) ,volume' Crim L Rptr. (<"SC" or "HC"') * Election Law Reports 1945-d^te e.g., India Criminal Law Reporter (,i3ts of decision) (,year) <volume> ELR ,page> (,"5C" or "HC"') ,page, (,date of decisionD 'Indian Factories & Labor 1960-date Labor & Industrial Cases (year) <volume> FLR (,"SC" or "HC",) ,page' (,date of decision,) Repofts ' e.g., 1968-date e.g., (,year,) <volume, LIC (,"SC" or "HC",) ,page' I Labor e Sales Law Journal Tax Cases (date of decision) (,year) ,volume' 1957-d:rte e.g., 1970-date (,"SC" or "HC",) .page' (date of decision') e.g., (Year,) <volume' STC (,"SC" or "HC",) ,page, (,date of decision') LLI High Courts (e .g., Madras HC) (highest state courts (Supreme Courts (e.g., Catcutta 5C) prior to 1860)) and Courts of the Judicial Commissioner (e .9., CJC Manipur) (Sadar Dewani Adalats (e.g., SDA Agra) prior to 1860): Cite to AlR, lndian Dec., or lLR, in that order of prefercncc. When citing to AIR or to lLR, give the state or regional jurisdiction parenthetically tu tg54AlR z+ (Det.) a' ILR 53 (Cal.) zrs r8z , AII Inclia Reporter (different l9l1-date AIR series for each state) 'Indian Decisions r Indian Law Repofts (different series for each region) 1774-date lndian Dec. 1876-date ILR Cr"rtit"iirt In citing the Constitution and its amendments the following form may be used: Foreign Jurisclictions: India > f Horr Corsr. art. 1, 5 9, c1,.2. > rora Corsr. aft,269, amended byThe f Constitution (Eightieth Amendment) Act, zooo. Statutes Codes A govemment publication is preferred over other sources. Tlrc India Code, a statutory compilation of all laws of India, must be the primary source of citation. Absent an update, cite to the,4ll India Reporter Manual (6thed.) and then update by the session law volume and the individual amending act fot ^ subsequent amendment. > > > Banking Regulation Act, No. to of t949,lrorl India Code INDIA CoDE Procedure Procedure > Hindu Code > Indian Penal Code > General Statutory Rules and Orders r Code ofCivil > Code > Cooe (tggl),vol. r5. lndustrial Disputes Act, No. t4of t947,Inorn Coor (tggl),vol. r3. Cooe Ctv, Pnoc. of Criminal A.I.R. Manual: Unrepealed Central Acts (5th Cooe Cntm. Pnoc. Htttou Cooe PEN. CoDE GEN, S, R. & O. ed.) A.l.R. Mnrunl Session laws Session laws of India are published annually in a consolidated form under the titleActs of Parliarnent. Citationformat: <act name), No. <act numbert,Acts of Parliament, ,year of volume' (,country abbreviation if not evident from context,). > Copyright (Amendment) Act, t992, No. 13, Acts of Parliament, r99z (lndia). At times, year<nd enactments are published in the subsequent year. > Taxation Laws (Amendment) Act, 2ooo, No. r, Acts of Parliament, zoor (lndia). Altemative statutory sources: > Subsidiary India Subs. Leg. > cts Legislation Current Indian Statutes > Cuffent Centfal kgislation Indian Curr. Cen. Leg. Regulations General Statutory Rules and. Orders (Gen.S. R. & O.) is the official publication for rules and orders issued under acts, but the compilation is not very crrfrent. 'When the govemment publication does not include a rule or order, a reference may be made to any commercial publication, for example, Current Ind.ian Statutes (ClS), which is generally more up to date . In addition, regulations are also published in the govefiiment gazettes on a weekly basis. Rules may be found in part II, section 3G) of the Gazette of Ind.ia. I t I I I I o I I I I o I o t I a o I o o a I t a a o I o o o o o a t o O O I I I o f.r 1{ {..t llrt Citation format: .regutation name), <year of enactment,, <volume number> ,pubtication abbreviation',page(s) of specific materia[' (.country abbreviation if not evident from context,). u. Beedi Workers Welfare Cess Rules, 1977,22 Gen.5. R. & O.7r9 (lndia). n* Indian Post Office (rst Amendment) Rules, t996, t997 CIS r35 (lndia). e. Indian Medical Counci[ (Profession Conduct, Etiquette and Ethics) Regulations, 2oo2, Gazette oflndia, pt. lll sec. 4(Apr.6,zooz). Internet sources Parliamentary bills, including texts, and other enactments may also be searched and located on the website of the Govemment of India at http://indiacode. nic.in. The site provides information from the India publication, and provides e a Code, an official wide variety of other information. The Indian MajorityAct, No. 9 of 1875, lHotnCooe (1993), vot. z, http://indiacode.nic.in. Parliamentary bills and Acts can also be found in the Gazette of India, which is available online at http://t'nw.egazette.nic.in. Bills crn be found in the Gazette in pa;rt II, section 2 and Acts, Ordinances and Regulations can be found in part II, section l. The latest status of court cases that are eithcr pending or disposcd of by the Supreme Court or any other High Court can be found at http://nurw .courtnic.nic.in. Other resources http://www.l oc.gov/law ftrelp/ gdde/ nations/india.html (Library of Congress Guide to Law Onlinc: India) http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/chejudis.asp (udgment Information System of the Supreme Court of India: frec access to all the judgments of the Supreme Court and certain High Courts, as well as the SCR iournal from 1950 to pfesent) http:,rywww.manupatra.com (subscription database that includes the latest acts, rcgulations, rules and amendments made by the Parliament and the state lcgislature s, as well as ludgments of the Supreme Court and the High Courts from 1950 to present) T2.19 Iran, Islamic Republic of (Civil Lawllslamic Law) Cases three-tiered couft system, but since the 1979 Revolution, lower-court not been reportcd, and the only Supreme Court cases reported have been unification cases (cases taken to resolve split decisions by differcnt branches of the Supreme Court or by lower courts). Such cases trom 1944 Iran has a cascs have !'oreign Jurisdictions: I ran 2OO2 are contained in a one-volume reporter issued by the law Research Dkectorate of the President's Office in 2003. It organizes cases chronologically by subiect. The title of this volume is as follows: to > MAIM0'AH-|ARA'-| VA.HDAT-I RAWAH-| DivAN-r 'ALl-t Ktsxvln [Comerurror oF THE UNrFrcATroN DEcrsroNs oF THE SueREME CoURT]. citation format: ,serial number, <court name) [.Engtish translation of the court name,l <case number,-,date on lranian calendar in month/ day/year format' l,date on Gregorian calendar in month/day/year format,l ,first page,, (page(s) of specific material, if desired' (,country abbreviation if not evident from context). > t7 Marja'-i to Hear Rasidagi bih'Amr-i Taba'iyat [Court Having Jurisdiction a Citizenship Casel Zor-orlzol13Srltlzolzoo3ll3Tz (lran). Historically, following the dissolution of the Islamic religious courts, introduction of the European legal system, and formation of what was then called 'Adliyah-i ladid New Justice) in kan n 1927 , it was not the practice to report court decisions. In 1954, the decisions ofthe then-eight chambers ofthe Supreme Court, as well as the decisions made at the general meetings (the court sitting en banc) of the Supreme Court from 1932 tol954, were published. This serial collection continued its publication annually, with a change of publisher and format in 1964, until the 1979 Revolution. > MAruo'eH-r RAvtyAH -r QaZE't [Com pr LAno N o r J u n rs enu o e rce]. Court of Administrative Justice: Article 173 of the 1979 Constitution established th€ Court of Administrative Justice in order to investigate complaints and grievances conceming civil servants, organs, or state agencies and regulations. Currently, the Court has ten chambers. The Official Gazette of the Islamic Republic of Iran regularly publishes the decisions of the Court. The Court also provides a database of all its authoritative decisions. Citation format: ,date on lranian calendar in year/month/day format, [.date on Gregorian calendar,l, File No. .file number,, (case name) [,English translation of the case name'] (,country abbreviation if not evident from context,). > tZBzlglzl [Dec.9, zoo4], File No. 446179, Raye Heyati Umoomii Divani ldaalati ldari IRuling of the General Meeting of the Adminis- trative Justice Tribunatl (lran). Constitutions Iran has had two constitutions, as indicated below. Cite by the name of the constitution or amendment, followed by an English ffanslation in brackets, and the year of the constitution or amendment (either in the Iranian calendar with the Gregorian equivalent in brackets, or in the Gregorian calendar without brackets). To refer to a particular passage, include the article number. > QnNurrAssessr Jumnunrr lsumnr Inaru [Tre CorusrrrurroH or rne lsun,trc REpuBLrc or Inntl 1358 [r98o]. > ISLAHAT VA TAeyyRATr Vn TntnnrtrnlH ro rHE CoNsrrunoNl Qetulr Asslssr [Arraetometr 1368 [1989] (lran). I I o I I t I I t I I I o I I t I I I a o I I a o o t o t o o o o I I a a O I o o o l':rr'q hb QANUNT :tir -!lrlio,rli+ ili+rtqr f r "r'r AssAAssr InnN ilnanrnru CorsrrrurtoH] r9o5. According to the Constitution of 1980, the Guardian Council ensures that thc House of Representatives passes no law inconsistent with Islamic law or the constitution. The decisions of the (luarclian Council are published under the following title: w Maimuahi Nazariati Shurai Nigahban [Compilation of the Opinions of the Guardian Councitl Tehrcnr99z. Codes Citation format: <name of the code, [,English translation of the name of the code,l[,abbreviation for the code, if appticable,] .year of publication' [,if the year has been given in the lranian calendar, then append the date from the Gregorian calendar in brackets,], ,article number(s), (,country abbreviation if not evident from context'). F QANUNT Maoenr lCrvrr- Cooe]Tehran 1314 lrglS], arts. 6s6-Bl (lran). F" AlNr DADRAssT MADANT ICrvt Pnoceoune Coor]Tehrant3lg lzoool (lran). F" MAJMUAHT Klnn[r QnveNrNr VA MUQARRATI BAZERGANt Vn TtJlnt [Cooe or rHE CoMMERcTAL LAws AND REGuLArtoHs] Tehran r37o lrggol (lran). e. MAIMuAHt QnvnHtHt lnznr [Cooe oF CRIMINAL Lnws]Tehran r38r lzoozl (lran). F MAIMUAHt QeveHtNt Ntnunet MussnLnstJutuHuntt lsLAMll IRAN [CorrapturtoH or rxE Laws or tHE Anmeo Foncrs or tHe lsLemtc RrpueLrc or InaHl Tehran 116+ [rg8S]. e MA,MUAHT Qnvnltrr Seert ILnHo REctstnnttott Lnws] Tehran r38z lzoo3l (lran). si"tut"t ""J t"g"i"iit"i Citation format: ,statute or regulation name, of ,date of enactment in day month year format' (,country abbreviation if not evident from context,). or: .type of [aw' of ,date of enactment in day month year format'(subject of law,) (,country abbreviation if not evident from context). + State Monetary and Banking Law of9 July t972, amended 1975 (lran). * Law of e^ Act of r9 Feb. 1988 (Direct Taxation) (lran). rz/r3 May r98z (Nationalization of Foreign Trade) (lran). g' Regulations of z June 1984 (Establishment, Operation, and Dissolution of Representative Offices of Foreign Banks) (lran). Gazette The Official Gazette is published daily. Its supplement is nominally publishcd on a weekly basis, but in reality publications are irregular. The Iranian Ministry ofJustice publishes thcse publications and the annual compilation. Citation format for an lranian gazettc RuzrunrutEnt Rnsmt JutuHunl lsLAMl Innru [TxE Orrrcrnl GnzErtE oF rHE lsLAMtc REpuBLtc oF IRAN], (statute or regulation citation,, ,serial number' ,first page', ,page(s) of specific material, if desired, (,country abbreviation if not evident from contextD. Or: Zarrarmexr RuzHervreHr Rnsmr [Suppr-EMENT To rHE OFFTcTAL Gnzrrre oF THE lsLAMrc RepuaLtc or Inen], .statute or regulation citation', .serial number' ,first page', ,page(s) of specific materiat, if desired, (,country abbreviation if not evident from context,). or: Mnlnulur Qnvnlrru Snuuer [Ant.tunl CotvtptlartoH or Laws], <statute or regulation citation,, .first page,, ,page(s) of specific materia[, if desired' (,country abbreviation if not evident from context,). Citation for the 1945-1979 OfJicial Gazette: RuzruntvteHt Rnswtt KtsuvaRt SHcHeNsHnHr [THe lrueenrnL IRANTAN Orrtctnl Gnzerre], <statute or regulation citation,, ,seriaI number, ,first page', .page(s) of specific material, if desired' (,country abbreviation if not evident from context). Internet sources http://www.rooznamehrasmi.ir (R.uznamahi Rasmi Qranian Official Journal)) http://n'rw.lo c.gov /bw /7relp / g\ide/ nations/iran.html (Library of Congress Guide to Law Online: Iran) T2.2O lraq, Republic of o o o I t I o I t I o (Civil Law) Romanization Use the ALA-LC Romanization Tables: Transliteration Scbemes for NonRoman Scripts, approved by the Library of Congress and the American Library Association, available at I I I http://w.srw.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/tomanization/ arabic.pdf. Cases Citation format: ,name of court, [,short name of court,] [,name of court and/or chamber in English,l [,short name of court in Engtish'], ,region if applicable', ,decision number, if availabte, of ,date of decision, spetled out,, <reporter or journa[' [,name of reporter or journaI in Engtish'], (volume of lournal, if appticabte', .year of publication,, .first page, (,country abbreviation if not evident from context,). n' Mahkamat al-Tamyiz [Tamyiz] [Court of Cassation] [Cassation], decision No. r4z8 of March 6, r974, Al-Nashra a[-Qa. da'iyah [Judicial Report], vo[. r, year 5, p. r5r (lraq). I I I o t o o o t o o o o I I I a o o I I o o a I o a o Courts Iraqi courts whose decisions are normally cited are: Ma[rkamat alTamyrz (Tamyiz) (Court of Cassation: highest court of ordinary jurisdiction, sits only in the capital and has several chambers). Citation is sufficiently recognized by referring to this court as "Ma[rkamat al-Tamyiz" or simply "Tamyiz." !' Tamyiz [Cassation, civiI chamber], decision No. r5o9 of March r8, 1974, a[-Nashrah at-Qa'd'iyah, vo[. r, year 5, p. :.r (lraq). Mahkamat al-Isti'naf (lsti'nafl (Court of Appeal: general court of second instance). Cite with the name followed by the geographic area. t*" lsti'ndf Baghdad [Court of Appeal, Baghdadl, decision No. 48 of September 1985, Majm0'at at-Al;rkam al-'Adliyah [Compilation of Judiciat Decisionsl, issues 3 and 4 of 1985, p. r4r (lraq). Sources Cite to the following publications of the lraqi Gove mment: " aI-N ashrah al-Qa' a'iyah *. Tamyiz [Cassation], decision No. 9or of ry73, a[-Nashrah at-Qadd'iyah, vol. 1, year 5,p.247 (lraq). , Majmu' at v al- Afukdm al-' Adliy ah lsti'n6f Baghdad [Court of Appeat, Baghdad], decision No. r87z of 1979, Malmrj'at at-Ahkam a[-'Adliyah, vo[. 4, year 5, p. nz (lraq). Statutes, codes, and decrees Citation format: ,name and number of the taw' of .year, ('country abbreviation if not evident from context,). or: .subiect of the law' lsvv sf .ys3r' (,country abbreviation if not evident from context'). Or: ,name or subject of the law' (,country abbreviation if not evident from context,). r* Residency of Foreigners Law No. u8 of 1987 (lraq). l" Weapons Law of r99z (lraq). w Civil Procedures Law (lraq). Official Gazette The official g zette of Iraq is called al-Waqa'i'al-'lraqryah and is published periodically by the Iraqi government. Cite by the issue number and date of publication. ,title of the Iaw,, a1-Waq6'i' at-'lrdqiyah Ilraqi Official Gazettel ,issue number, of ,date of issue' 'page number, if desired' (country abbreviation if not evident from context'). Citation format: o Constitutions 'World War I. If Iraq has had sevcrll constitutions since its crcation atter referring to a particular provision, provide the articlc and scction number beforc the name. u Article rz, al-Qanr.rn al-Asasi al-'lraqi [The OrganicLawlof r9z4 (lraq). ' a[-Dustlr al-'lraql al-Mu'aqqat [The Interim lraqi Constitution] of 1958. ', a[-Dust0r al-'lraqi at-Mu'aqqat [The Interim lraqi Constitution] of 7964. M at-Dust0r at-'lrdqi al-Mu'aqqat [The Interim lraqi Constitution]of t968. i'. a[-Dust0r at-'lraqi al-Mu'aqqat [The Interim lraqi Constitution]of 1970. , Article 4, Section z, Dustur Jumlluriyat al-'lraq [The Constitution of the Repubtic of lraql of zoo5. Internet sources http://www.parliament.iq (Iraqi Parliament website with a number of laws rnd proposcd draft laws) http://www.moj.gov.iq,/tmeez (Iracli Ministry ofJustice wcbsite; inclucles limited number of Court of Cassation clccisions) http://www.m oi.gov.iq/ facts (lraqi offi cirl gazette) (Cornrn<ln Law) Cases Citation fbrmat: ,case name, [.year,] .volume number, if one exists' ,neutraI citations, if applicable' .reporter/publication abbreviation, if avaitable, and unreported cases, ,first page of case, or opinion number in that calendar year for neutral citations and unreported cases, (,court abbreviation, untess citing to the highest court or indicated by neutral citation, ,year of decision if not already provided) (.country abbreviation if not evident from context,). [rg6f ] lR 294 (n). KSK Enters. Ltd. v. An Bord Plean6la DPPv. Carolan lryg8lz ILRM zrz lrygqjz a o o I t I a o o t o o T2.21 Ireland (nire), Republic of Ryan v. Att'y Gen. I lR rz8, r35 (lr.). (H. Ct.) (lr.). Gittigan v. Special Criminal Court Izoo5] IESC 85 [zoo5] z lR 4o6 (lr.). The Irislr Legal Information Initiativc, http://www.ucc.ie/law/irlii/index. php, can help to dctermine whcther a neutral citation numbcr l-ras been issued for a case. I t t o I I t I o I o t I I o t a a I o o I o o t o o o I if{i:irlr Ilrr'irtiilf t{ii}\t l$t'i,{ii{i Supreme Court of Eire (SC), High Court (H. Ct.), and Court of Criminal Appeal (CCA): Cite to lR, if therein; otherwise, cite to one of the reporters below: 1990-date Employment Law Reports 'Irish Company Law Repons F Irish Reports " Irish l^aw Times Reports r Irish Law Reports Monthly * Irish Law Reports ' o Irish + o Jurist Reports ELR 196r3-rt)97 1868-clate 1866-1980 ICLR 1976-tlate 1838-19r2 19i5-1966 ILRM lR ILTR ILR lr. lur. Rep. 1849-1866 1922-1927 1924-1989 Irish Tax Reports Ffewen ITR Frewen Constitution Citation format: Constitution of lreland 1937 aft.,article number). c)r: Constitution of the lrish Free State 7922 art. <article number). tg37 aft. z, http://www.irishstatutebook. ie/en/constitution / index.htmt. n- Constitution of lreland F- Constitution of the lrish Free State 7922 aft. 5. e C()NSTlrrrnoN oF IREr.\ND (BuNRFAcHi , uEtnmnn) (loNsrrrirrr()N NA St,lts 1922 ()F ruE IRrsrI Fnt:e (SA()RSrAr Eu$euN) A<':r Constitution of lretand 1937. Constitution ofthe lrish Free State 1922. Statutory compilations and session laws citation fomat: <short titte, including year if in title' ('Act No'' or if before t938, Pub. Stat. No.,/,year,) (.gsun11y abbreviation if not evident from context'). Online references should be to the lrisb Statute Bor.rk, where available . + Control of Exports Act zooS (Act No. r/zoo8) (lr.), http://www. irishstatutebook.ie/zoo8/eni act/ pub/ooor/index.htmt. p Dublin Transport Authority Act zoo8 (Act No. r5lzoo8) (lr.), http:// www.irishstatutebook.ie/zoo8/en /act/ pu b/oor5. Ac'l s ()r' TIIE OrRIAclt'LAs Acls 1937 -date oF lHIr OIRF,rcttrAS (SAoRs'L('l' ErnenNn) 1922- 1917 Administrative materials Citation format: ,short name of instrument or order' (Sl ,number'/,year') (.country abbreviation if not evident from context'). Or: .short name of instrument or order, (SR & O ,number' of ,year,) (.country abbreviation if not evident from context'). Online rcfcrences should be to the lzsl: Statute Book, where available. Foreign > J o *risdir:fions: ncland tr t t Control of Fishing for Salmon Order zoo8 (Sl g8lzoo8) (lr.), hnp://www.irishstatutebook.ie/zoo8/en/si/oo98.htm1. > rish Nationality f and Citizenship Regulations zooS (Sl rlzoo5) (lr.), http: / /www.irishstatutebook.ie/zoo5 /en/si/ooor.html. > Eggs (Regulation of Export to Germany) Order 1936 (5R & O 8g rgl5) (f of r.), http://www.irishstatutebook.ie | ry16 | en lsiloo89 .htmt. > Stennonv INsTRUMENTS > STAT'r-rroRY RuEs eNo Onorns 1947-date 5l 1922-1947 SR & O Padiamentary debates Citation format: ,volume number, ,publication abbreviation, (.date,) col. (column number' (,country abbreviation if not evident from context,). > 8l D6il Deb. (Feb. L7,1g7g) col. ss5 (lr.). > 87 Seanad Deb. (Mar. zt, 1977) col. 97o (lr.). > > Parliamentary Debates, Diil Debates Padiamentary Debates. Seanad Debates 1922-d^te D6il Deb. 1922-date Seanad Deb. Citation format for debates that occured prior to the availability of the print version: ,volume and number as given by the online source> .printed publication abbreviation,, (section of the debate being cited, (.date,) (,country abbreviation if not evident from context,), ,URL'. > 212 No.9 Seanad Deb., Business of Seanad (Jan. u, zorz) (lr.). c;;tt;; ;; .;;i;;i;; "6;;; ,author name', ,title, (,Parliament number if available,, Citation format: ,year of publication if available') (,country abbreviation if not evident from context). > Gov'r oF lR., INTER-DEIARTMENTAL WonrrHe Gnoup oH Agoertoit, GnrrH Pepen oN ABoRrroN (rggg), http://www.taoiseach.ie /attached_fi les/ PdP/ozofi les/Green Pa perOnAbortio n. pdf. Treaties Citation format: .treaty name), ITS No. .treaty number,l,year, (,country abbreviation if not evident from context'). > Agreement Between the Government of lreland and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern lreland, ITS No. tlzooS (lr.), https://www.dfa.ielmedia /dfalalldfawebsitemedia/treatyseries/uploads/documents / tegaldivisiondocuments/treatyserieszooS/ no.-r-of-zoo8. pdf. > IREIj.ND TREATY SERIES 1930-date Internet sources http://www.bailii.org (British and Irish lrgal Information Institute) http://www.irishstatutebook.ie (Irish Statute Book) o I I I I o I I I o a I I o o I o I t o I I I o t a I o o a a o o o o t o o o http://www.irishlaw.org, http://w"ww.u cc.ie/law /irishlaw (trish Law Site at thc University College Cork (hosted by the University Coltege Cork law facult')) http://www.attorneygeneral. ie (Oflice of the Attorney General) http://wqry.l oc.gov /law /help/ guide/ nations/ireland.html (tibrary of Congress Guide to Law Online: Ireland) T2.22 Israel ( Mixccl Juriscliction) Cases Supreme Court (functions both as a Court of Appeals, hearing civil appcals (CA), administrative appeals (AdminA), and criminal appeals (CrimA) from thc district courts, and as a High Court of Justice (HCJ), sitting as a court of fust instance in constitutional and some administrative cases): Cite to Piske Din (PD, sometimes referred to as lsrSC), which contains reports of dccisions of the Supreme Court oflsrael from 1948 to date. Citation format: ,court abbreviation, <case number) (case name> (volume number>(<part number>) <reporter abbreviation, ,first page,, ,page(s) of specific material, if desired, (,year of decision,) (.csun1ry abbreviation if not evident from context'). > CAt48zl9z Hager v. Hager 47Q) PD lgZ (rgg:) (lsr.). c" HCJ 8Sz186 Aloniv. Minister of Justice 4r(z) PD r, S (rg8Z) (tsr.). District Courts (DC) (hear civil appeals (CA) and criminal appcals (CrimA) from the magistrate courts, original matters in civil cases (CC), somc administrative cases (AdminC), and severe criminal cases (CrimC), in six judicial districtsJcmsalem (er), Tel-Aviv-Jaffa OA), Haifa (Hi), Be'cr-Sheva (BS), Nazareth (Nz), and Ccntral District (CT)): Cite to Psakim Mehoziim (PM), which contains reports ofdccisions ofthe district courts oflsrael, from 1949 to datc. Citation format: ,court abbreviation' (,locationD <case number' (case name>, <reporter abbreviation, ,Hebrew calendar year of volume' (,part number').first page',,page(s) of specific material, if desired' (,Gregorian calendar year of decision) (,country abbreviation if not evident from context'). u" CrimC ffA) 5ztl9r Ben Moshe Kokhavi 57fi@) 267 Q9y) (tsr.). v. State of lsraet, PM Religious Courts For recognized communities, religkrus courts generally have jurisdiction in matters of marriage and divorce, with the Sharia courts having jurisdiction in all personal status mattefs. Some decisions of the rabbinical courts tre periodicafly published in Piske din sbel batei ba-din ba-rabaniyim be-Yisrael (PDR). To distinguish between lirst-instance cases and ctses on appcal, note the location of the lirst-instance courts in order to be consistent with citation of the decisions of the district court. Citation format: File No. ,file number, ,court name/details, (,tocation,), (case name', (votume number, <reporter abbreviation' ,first page', ,page(s) of specific material, if desired' (.country abbreviation if not evident from contextD. *" File No. 6S6llS Rabbinical Court cipalAshkenazi City Rabbi, u (PT), A v. Electing Body for Prin- PDR 97 (lsr.). Electronic databases Many reported and unreported decisions-particulady of special coutts such as the rabbinical and military courts, but also of the general courts-are available on widely used electronic databases such as thc Nevo Legal Database athttp:// www.nevo.co.il or the Takdin Legal Database at http://wtw.takdin.co.il (both by subscription, in Hebrew). (litation format: Fi[e No. .fi le number, .court name> (,tocation,),,case name, (,date of decision,), ,database n6ms' (by subscription, in Hebrew) (.country abbreviation if not evident from context). Or: Mi[. Appeat ,military appeal number, ,court name, (,location)), .case name, (,date of decision,), ,database n6ms, (by subscription, in Hebrew) (country abbreviation if not evident from context). a File No. 3437-21-l- Rabbinical Court (Netanya), Anonymous v. Anonymous (Oct. 25, zooS), Nevo Legal Database (by subscription, in Hebrew) (lsr.). + Mil. Appeat t+g8l lo8 Mititary Court of Appeals (Judea & Samaria), Hasin Nafa v. Military Prosecution (Nov. r3, zoo8), Nevo Legal Database (by subscription, in Hebrew) (lsr.). Statutes Cite to L(tus of tbe State of Israel (LSl), which contains the authorized English translation of legislativc enactmcnts from 1949 rc 1989. (litation to LS I is use ful for English readers for laws enacted prior to 1989 and for thc original text of legislati<ln that has since bcen amended. Citation fbrmat: ,statute name,, ,Hebrew calendar year of enactment).Gregorian catendar year of enactment (except for Basic Laws) ,section, ', if desired', ,volume number' ,compitation abbreviation, ,first page,, (.coverage date range of volume,) ("as amended," if retevant,) (,country abbreviation if not evident from contextD. u. Extrad itio n Law, (lsr.). 57 r 4-t9 5 4, 5 2, t 44, Gg Sl-tS t+) (as a mend ed) If citation to the LSI is impossiblc (for example, if the translation is partial or is not availablc), citc to Sefer HaHukim (5H), which contains the legislativc enactments of the Knesset (the Israeli parliamer-rt) from 1949 to date . Citation format: .statute name', .Hebrew calendar year,-,Gregorian calendar year', ,publication abbreviation, ,issue number, p. .page(s) of specific material, if desired' (,country abbreviation if not evident from context'). n" Protection of Witnesses Law,5769-zoo8, SH No. 2!92 p. g8 (lsr.). o o I I t I I I o o I t o o o o o I o o I o a I o t t o I I I o o a I o o o I o o I Legislative history For draft bills from 1949 to 2002 cite to Hatza'ot Hok (HH). Starting in 200J, for draft bills submitted by the Govemment cite to HH (Gov.); for those submitted by the Knesset (Israel's parliament) cite to HH (Knesset). Private membcr bills are only availablc on the Knesset website, at http://www.knesset,gov. il/ priv atelaw / Plaw_display. asp?lawtp= 1. Identiff such bills as private member bills and cite to the Knesset website . Citation format' ,proposed Statute name), ,Hebrew calendar year,.Gregorian calendar year,, <publication abbreviation with identification of generat, government, Knesset, or private member bilt, as appropriate, ,issue numbep, p. ,page(s) of specific materiat, if desired, (,country abbreviation if not evident from context,). > Draft Bill Amending the Income Tax Order, 5773-1974, HH No. rr49 p. +++t+ (lsr.). > Draft Bitt for Replacement of the Term Employer (Legistative Amendments) ,5774-20:.4, HH (Knesset) No. 535 p. 44 (lsr.). + Draft Bill for Minimizing the Deficit and for Changing the Tax Burden (Legislative Amendments) ,5774-2or4, HH (Gov.) No. 83o p. zzo (lsr.). p Draft Bi[[ for Prevention of Sex Offenses in Minors (Legislative Amendments), 577 4-2or4 (Private Mem ber Bitt), http: / /www. knesset.gov.il/ privatetaw/ Ptaw-display.asp?lawtp=1 (scrolt down to relevant text) (lsr.). For protocols 1949 to date. of Knesset proceedings, cfte to Diurei HaKnesset (DK) from Citation format: .series abbreviation' (,Gregorian catendar year of proceedings,) ,first page,, ,page(s) of specific materia[, if desired' (.country abbreviation if not evident from context'). =- DK (1965) zo85 (lsr.). Regulations Cite to Kol,etz HaTakanot (KT), which contains regulations of the State of Israel from 1949 to date. Citation format: ,subsidiary [egislation name>, ,Hebrew calendar year,-,Gregorian calendar year,,,publication abbreviation,,issue number, p. ,first page>, <page(s) of specific materia[, (,country abbreviation if not evident from context'). F Knesset Election (lnstructions regarding Voting Procedures by Soliders, Employees and Persons under Military Custody),5773- 2otz,KI 7196 p.l5z (lsr.). Treaties Cite to Kituei Ama.na (KA), which contains treaties and conventions signed bv Isracl. I I;nreign J urisclir:tions: ltalv citation format: <treaty name), (volume number) (series abbreviation, ,issue number, p. ,first page,, ,page(s) of specific material, if desired, (,Gregorian calendar year of pubtication,) (.country abbreviation if not evident from context,). > Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism, 5o KA r4or p. r (zoo+) (lsr.). Internet sources http://www.knesset.gov.il (Ihe Knesset (padiamen) http://www.court.gov.il CIhe State of Israel: the Judicial Authority-in Hebrew); http:/ / elyonL court.gov.il,/eng/home/index.html (in English). http://www.pmo.gov.i/english,/Pages/default.aspx (fhe Prime Minister's Office) http://www.mfa.gov.iVMFA,/Pages/default.aspx (Ministry of Foreign Atrairs) http://www.rb c,gov.il/P ages/default.aspx (Rabbinical courts) http://www.nevo.co.il (Nevo Legal Database, by subscription, in Hebrew) http://www.takdin.co.il (Iakdin Legal Database, by subscription, in Hebrew) http://www.l oc.gov/law /help/guide/nations/israel.htrnl (Library of Congress Guide to Law Online: Israel) http://www.llrx.com,/features/israel3.htm (Israeli Law Guide by Ruth Lelush via LLRD a I I t I I I I t T2.23 Italy, Republic of (Civil Law) Cases Citation format: <court name), (court session, for the Supreme Court only', ,date of decision in ltalian, in day month year format>, n. (case number, for the Supreme Court only', ,lspertsr or iournal abbreviation, <year of publication of decision,, ,part of reporter>, ,session number), <page or column number) (,country abbreviation if not evident from context,). Cass., sez. un.,17 novembre 1975,n.3852, Giur. it.t977,1,1.,t32 (tt.). Ordinary jurisdiction Corte Costituzionale (Corte Cost.) (Constitutional Cout): Cite to Racc. uff. corte cost., Foro it., or Giur. it., if therein. e 1956-date Ufficiale delle Sentenze Ordinanze delle Corte Costituzionale > Foro Italiano (indicate section) 1876-date > Giurisprudenzaltalianr (indicate section) 1849-date > Raccolta I o http://www.gov.tl/ firstgov / english (main government portal) > I Racc, uff. corte cost. e.g., Foro e.g., Giur. it, I it. ll o o o a I o O I o o a I o t I t o I a o t I o o o a t o o Corte di cassazione (Cass.) (court oflast appcal on issues oflaw in civil (as Cassazione Sezione Civile (Cass.)) and criminal (as Cassazione Sezione Penale (Cass. Pen.)) matters): Citc to Foro it. or Giur. it., if therein; Corte di Appello (App.) (orclinary courts of appcal): Oite to Foro it' or Giur. it', if thercin, firllowcd by the krcation of the court; Corte di Assise di Appello (Ass. App.) (extraordinary court of appcal): Cite to Foro it. or Giur. it.' if thcrein; Tribunale (Trib.) (ordinary courts of lirst instancc): Cite to Foro it. or Giur. it., if thercin, fbllowecl by the krcation of the court ar-rd tl-re clate; Corte di Assise (Corte d'Ass.) (court of original iurisdiction for very serious crimcs): (litc to Foro it. or Giur. it., if therein; Pretore (Pret.) (abolished alter 1999). Giudice Conciliatore (Concit.) (abolishcd atter 1991) (courts ofpetty iurisdiction), and Giudice di Pace (Giud. Pace): Citc to Foro it. or Giur. it., if thcrein. Itt76-clate Foro Italiano , (lorte Cost., (,ass. " (lriminal cases Foro " Administrative cascs Foro . it. I Foro it. ll Foro EllC and foreign cases , Misccllaneous it. lll it. lV Foro it. V Giurisprudcnza Italiana (indicate scction) (iir.rrisprudenza complcta della Suprema (i)rte di (lirssazione Iu49-date e.g., Giur. 1941-t955 Giur. comp[. Cass. civ. or Giur. compt. Cass. pen. Giurisprudenza delle imposte I)irette di rcgistro c di ncgoziazionc Giustizia civilc (inclicate section) 1928-date Giur. imp. reg. negoz. 1951-datc e.g., Giust. (iiustizia penalc (indicate section) Itt95-date e.g., Giust. Pen. I it. ll Civ. ll Administrative urisdiction f di Stato (Cons. Stato) (court of last appeal in administrativc Tribunale amministrativo regionale OAR) (regional itdministrative court of lirst instance), Corte dei conti (Corte conti) (high cout'l fbr liscrl matters), Giunta provinciale amministrativa (Giun. pro. ammin.) (formerly the a<lministrative court of lirst instancc), and Consiglio di giustizia amministrativa per la Regione siciliana (Cons. gius. ammin. reg. sic.) (adn.rinistrative judicial body fbr the region of Sicily): (lite to Foro amm. or Giur. it.. if thercin. Consiglio matters), F()ro Amministrativo (indicatc section) e.g., Foro amm ill (iiurispmdenza Italiana (indicate secti()n) Constitution . (i)stituzione i! Art. 2 Costituzione [Cost.] (lt.). 1849-date e.g., Giur. it. ll Foreign J I urisclicti*rns: Italy o Codes Codice civile > Codice di commercio (merged with Codice civile in 1942) > Codice della navigazione > Codice penale > Codice di procedura civile > Codice di procedura penale > t C.c. C. comm. a o C. nav. C.p. c.p.c. c.p.p. Statutes and decrees Citation format: <type of law, (date in ltalian, in day month year format,, n. ,law number,, in ,publication abbreviation, <publication date), n. ,publication number, (,country abbreviation if not evident from context,). > Legge zr novembre t99t,nA74, G.U. Nov. 27,t99r, n.zZ8 (lt.). Short form citation format: ,abbreviation of type of law, n. ,law number,/,year, (,country abbreviation if not evident from context,). > L.n.lt4lr9gr (lt.). Types of laws and abbreviations: I€gge Decreto l€gge > Decreto kgislativo > Decreto Ministeriale > Decreto Presidente della Repubblica > Decreto Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri > Legge regionale > Decreto Luogotenenziale (prior to 1942 only) > Regio Decreto (prior to 1942only) > L, > D.L. D.Lgs. D.M. D.P.R. D.P.C.M. L. Reg.,region, D.LCt. R.D. Cite to Racc. Uff. or G.U., or, if appropriate, to the official reporter for an autonomous region; if available, give a parallel citation to Lex, Leggi, or Legisl. Gazzettx Uffrciale della Repubblica G.U. Raccolta Ufficiale degli Atti Normativi della Repubblica Italiana > Raccolta Ufficiale delle Leggi e dei Decreti della Repubblica Italiana > Bollettino Ufficiale della Sardegna 1987-date Racc. Uff. or R.U. 1946-1987 Racc. Uff. or R.U. Botl. Uff. Reg. Sardegna > Gazzetta Ufficiale della Sicilia G.U. Reg. Sic. > Lex: Legislazione Italiana (Utet) Lex > Le Leggi (Sefi) Leggi > Ia Legislazione ltaliana (Giuffre) Legist. ital. (indicate section) National legislation Legist. ital. o I o (indicate section) > I I I I I I I I Italiana > o o ital. > I I I o t o t I o I I t o t a I I t o o o t o I o h Legisl. ital. ll Parliamentary reports Legist. itat. lll 'Regional lcgislation Treaties and conventions Current treaties are printed in Gazzeta Ufficiale and Raccolta (lfJiciale when they are promulgated in the form of a law incorporating the t€xt of the treaty. Cite older treaties according to rule 21.4, followed by a cite to either G.U. or Racc. Uff., using the format below: n Trattati e Convenzioni fra L'Italia e Altri Stati gli 186I-1915 ,votume, Trattati e Convenzioni .first page' Internet sources http://www.l oc.gov /law /help/ gaide/ nations/italy.html (Library of Congress Guide to l^aw Online : Itall) http://www.norlllLattiva.it/ (Normattiva is a public, online publication of statutory authorities in Italy) http:,/www.altalex.com/ (Altalex is a privately run online encompassing statutory as well as database doctrinal materials) T2.24 lapan (Civil Law) Romanization For romanization, word division, and capitalization of Japanese words, apply the rules of the American Library Association and the Library of Congress: Use the modilied Hepbr-rrn romanization system adopted by Japancse-English dictionaries, such as Klnrv0snr\ sHIN Wl-Et l,rtlrtn (KTNKYOSHA's Nnw J.tt'.lxrst, EN<;r-rsrr Dr<;lon,ltv). Indicate krng vowels with a macron as in "horei" or "hanreishu." Add an apostrophe between 'n' and a vowel, and 'n' and 'y' as in "gen'in," or "kin'yu," to clariff the meaning of words. For details, see the Library of Congress ALA-LC Romanization Tables at http:/,/www.loc.gov/ catdir / cp s o / t oman. html. Cases Citation format: ,court name, [,English abbreviated translation of court name'] ,date of decision,, <case number), (volume number> (reporter or periodical name, [,reporter or periodical abbreviation'] ,first page', ,page(s) of specific material, if desired' (,country abbreviation if not evident from context'). u. Saiko Saibansho [Sup. Ct.] Dec. 4, zoo7, Hei r8 (kyo) no. 45, 6r Setro SnteeNsHo MtNJt HANREtsn0 [Mrr'rsHu] 3245,3252 (Japan). p" TOkyO ChihO Saibansho [Tokyo Dist. Ct.] no.29850,1221 HANRET lune 8, zoo6, Hei r5 (wa) rAlMUzu IHnrra] t83,zot (Japan). Foreign Jurisdictions: Japart Intemet and database citations: when citing to electronic resources, follow de 18. Citation format (if source is available only in electronic format, or printed format is difficult to obtain): <court name) [.Engtish abbreviated translation of court name,] ,date of decision,, .case number,, ,database name, [,database abbreviation,] ,first page', ,page(s) of specific material, if desired,,.URL' (.country abbreviation if not evident from context,). > Citation format (parallel citation, if source is available in printed and electronic formats): <court name> [,English abbreviated translation of court namerl ,date of decisionr,,case numberr, ,volume number, <reporter or periodical name, [.reporter or periodical abbreviation,] ,first if not evident from context,), available at ,database name' ,database case number'. > Yamaguchi Chiho Saibansho [Yamaguchi Dist. Ct.] Mar. t3, zot3, Hei zr (wa 7) no, tg7, roTo Roo0 umnrt [ROHm] 6, ro [apan), available at LEX/DB 255oo464. When unclear, append a case ID letter inJapanese Hiragana or Katakana to the case number, as shown above: Hei 2l (wa V) no.197. Cases under the Constitution of 1946 Saiko Saibansho &H#.t#tjffi (Supreme Court: court of last appeal in all matters): Cite to reporters below, if therein; otherwise, cite to periodicals. > 5,1116 SelneNsHo MrNlr ruutusn0 1947-date Mrrsnu 1947-date Krrsn0 1947-date Sersn0 nrr,rjr 1947-date Snrsn0 rerjr 1948-dare SaUt 1947-l9rl Sntmtt ftra-#+UrfRS+IJ{t{€ > Slrxd SersANsHo KErlr HANRETsH0 &H&+tJrfifr1l++tJFrl€ > Slrxo SersANsHo sATBANSH0 MrNfr frF,'fi+t]rF&+l+R+ > Slrxo SlrsANsuo slrnlrsu0 xrrtr fri-=,**+riFf#t+\+-frl+ > Sernerssno rrn6 e+|jFfB+# > Srrro SrrsANsHo MrNlr seunpr roruHd ftH#-i+UFfR++lfrrJffi+E > Slrro S.lrsANsHo KEilr HANKETsU roKUHo 1947-19t0 louo #+rJB[fr+tfrd'l€# (available at http://www.courts.go.jp) Snrrer HANTOKU RH#+|]Fftr|J++Unf++fi > SetgeNsHo setneNnrr HANToKU 1947-date SareaNsHo WEB t I o Chiteki Zaisan Koto Saibansho Ilntellectual Prop. High Ct.] Nov. rorrz, SltenHsxo sAtBANREt ,0H0 [Snr aaHsxo wee] r, 8, http://www.courts.go.jp (apan). 13, 2oo8, Hei zo (gyo ke) no. page,, ,page(s) of specific materia[, if desired, (,country abbreviation o o I o I I I t I I o o o o I o I I o a o a o I o t o o t t o I o o I I o I a i; ' SArKO SATBANSHo HANRETsH0 1917-dfie it'.";&'t1Di111r{k SetenNsHo wEB (available at http://wwry.courts.go.jp) Koto Saibansho il;iSlitlltll:Ji (high courts: regional coufts of appeal for Chiho Saibansho iU,bJii (district courts: courts of original jurisdiction in gencral civil and criminirl cases, which hear appcals from summlry courts), Katei Saibansho jflilik ril|.Jiii (family courts: courts of original iurisdiction in domcstic rclations and jrrvenile dclinqucncy cases), Kan'i Saibansho ffiiD)liJ:lrt (summary courts: courts of petty jurisdiction in minor civil and criminal cases), and Chiteki Zaisan Koto Saibansho l'n i(lMli. r,H it i.Ji+ll t h 0ntcllcctual Property High Court: herrs appeals pertaining to intellcctual property and suits against appcals from clistrict, family, and summary courts), 'FlJtli decisions made by theJapan Patent Oflice. A branch ofthe Tok-yo High Court): Cite to reporters below, if therein; otherwise, cite to topical reportcrs or periodicals. REISHa f)errssurN xerlr sAIBAN ffi ' 195tt lssHtu rersnu 1959-196ti Knxersxu 1950-1981 Kenrusnu 2o02-cltte SarenNsHo Ei )lt)'F );\:l'')lh141p Kervu serseNsHo KEIIt sarsaN nersH0 + l',i* *l ft] t lillU *t &'llU ird Knrvu sAtBANsHo MrNlr sAtBAN F , ;f{.t*'Fti r,i I t *: &+11 RUsHU IttlK Kexvu sArBANsHo ueunttstt0 WEB Ft)lf:/c'fltfi1'tlltrlf" (available at http://8"$"w.courts.go.jp) cnllo ' KelJr sarRan . fl,lj'FiJi+rlJl fli Koro serg,\r,rsuo Ei'.'; *t +lJ HANREISHU di'11 J frrl 1969-l9tl6 Kersnreeppdv 1947-d^te SnrenNsHo WEB 4: (availablc at http://rrryw.courts.go.ip) " K6rO e-; ^.+ " if Kdrd llirlrltlijt{ F Koro rtt;l rl r1i Jf 1950-1956 7()17-2oo2 KErJr sATBAN I'lriiti KoxersnU tr soKUHOsHt l9tl1-datc rJtiii'Fljj8+|,iq: trl.l.* sATBANSHo MrNlr Korer HANTOKU HaNnrtsH0 SATBANSHO KErrr SATBAN rj i,ild'l toruHo R ,lli+li rjt-'+rl {tJ ik*tlitti.lt'tl KdTo sAiBANSHo ,H ^$ . /,k Yrl DiJf rl -{1.+rl K6 r0 sereeNsHo rfr " sArBANsHo KErlr HANKEISu roKUHd Korer sArsoKUsHU 1951-l9ttl Koret sltroxu tii slwnnrsHu 1917-2002 Kottrtsnu l,tl* l;i if l"L ttl F,f l t' I|11I o S,uR,ulsno sATBANRET l6Ho 19.i7-datc wEB rrril:t'Frlitrjtr5tli ' f'l'ljrj (available at http://ll.qrw.courts.go.jp) Toxvo Kord Slrsersso uaNrnrsu lrsd (rr:rlr) 4r }i- rri' 4j: rSi.Ftl r ii+11 ' i^ [+,liR (]ru T6xvo K6ro SlrseNsHo { fi rij !i. l}'p11 1 !}iJ1J rl HANKETsu r.? tH ( SAIBANSHo lgil-datc Toro Jrso rrrlr l95l-date Toro llH6 F.) lnro (urNlr) l1'li-) rvrrutr o Foreign Jurisdictions: J;rpan Kdro SlrseNsno xuII neNrEtsu > Tdxvo FH H S# +rJ ErilU S:+|l IIuO 1951-1953 Toroxer lrno rtf+# Topical rqrorters > Currrrr Zlrslr,r K6r6 SernersHo sAIBANREI 2004-date Cxrznt rosat WEB KENSAKU # tn Ht Ff E H S & +tl Ffi ffi+tJ FrS& (available at http://www.ip.courts.go.ipl search,/jihp0o10) I CHrrEKr zArsAN s.qIn,rN nrIsn0 1965-d*e SATBANSHo WEB (available at http:,7www,courts.go.fp) ^ntulffiE&+tJ+YtR > cydsEr 199l-1998 srrsrN nnrslrufilfrltrtrffiH4fiR+ ' liW CHrrrrr ZATsANKEN KANKET MrNIr Crrrerr snrsH[t &+tllns€ RErsHO ftr\91**.YtlFrl€ > Grospr rrKEN sATBAN > nnrsnu Gr6slr rrxrN slrslN 1950-1997 1969-date (available at SareeHsHo WEB 11Ws1+ffi+tF,tR httpf /www.courts.go.jp) GEPPo Itw&+tiBw > Gvosrr Gvoslr netsnu slsAN r KArErs,uslNcnpp6 1948-1950 GYoeersu 1949-date Kacersu Zfe*YtE# > Murer nrNir cyospr sersA.N 1959- 1990 ZATSANKEN KANKu Murlr nersx0 RErsH0 ffi fAFtEffi > Rood lxsN 85ffi SATBAN R+ . I1Wffi+tJFttR REISH0 1969-date SnrenHsHo WEB XWr4l+ffiYtJFt#(available at.http / / www.courts. go. jp) z > ROD6 KANKET MrNJr JrKEN slrrlrsnrl 1949-1950 RomrH Sersr0 1950-1997 RotvrtHsuu 79J5-date Snocersu 1984-date HnHner lrcHr 1953-dxe HIHJt 1948-date HlHrn f;@THffiRSSI+&fiJ#> RoDo KANKET MrNIr sATBAN RErsH0 XMTAffiR+&+IJFTR > SHorrru crppo {t#Ew Periodicals > Heunnr cntuo IrcHt yJmtwfiarc > H.runu;ru6 +l{riB+ffi > HeNner TATMUZU AA > Hdsd sHrNBuN +tJ$rlr4 i*H*rfH 1946-1964 Hoso SHINBUN I I t I I I I I t I t a I t o I I o I o o o I I t o I o I o o t a o o t o I o o t E ' r:l'r.'i=r'l JUNKAN KIN,YU HoMU JIJo ^sl114fr4/*if Stff e JuureN suoyr uorrlu .'rrlirrlit !i*l:r: trrgllrr 1953-drte Krnxo 7972-date SHotr 1966-1967 Ktt't 1967-1975 KTNHAN htYtJtfi+lt# " SguxeN rrN'v0 nelnr,t ' Suuxln rrn'vu sHoJl ueNnet t Hrtt fu+ E fU+ftf ' P,;t++rlir,J (t+ift *h m fiA> : KrN'Yt sHdlr HANREI 1976-date KrnHnn . Korsu ItKo MIN)t setslN nttsFlU 1968-date Korsu ,n"E+diR +*+rl{tJ+ * Roto MI NSHU 1969-,Jate HeNnel RoHAN ?ilflt+tl{r\ 2012-d^te > Rooo HlNnsr IiNARU jil$1'tJll\) r tv -t RoHen JAHnnu o R6no uonrrsu lur.lpo/RoluN 1949-drte Ro,ur'r 1950-date Rorersoru 1984-date SHrnvoaaN Nl$lt1+,h1w " RoDo KEtzAl He.t.tntl soxutto TtlgkY#+Ulrtl.B+ft ' SHtnvoseN snolt uorr,ru ,a++Mffii+lEtE SHotr 1989-date Snotrsxa > Ssdsrsseso Nyusu ii\HAil;=a-7 1962-1995 SHurorrnu * SHutotsnu t = 14 :L/v Chuo Rodo tinkai SAtrtf"i4RA @eclsions and orders of the Central Labor Relations Commission) u Brss,lrsu cHUo RoDO lrH6 Erllffif ,(*f9rH.l+li rdl lrxrr MErRErsHt e Furo n6oo l96ti-date CnUnor lrno 1949-date Cxonor uerner 1959-date Csunor DB 4-\'frtfitli )3+\+,6ih+ " Rono LNxlr KANKET MEIRET, sAIBANREI DETABESU KENSAKU 'it@r+E\^fr+ ' lfll f,il'tllnlT- *^t r': +< (available at http://web.churoi.go.jp) Kokuzei Futuku Shinpanjo Elfi,4iflliEsilFf (Decisions of the National Tax Tribunal) r Serrsrsu lrRErsH0 1&:{\+lrlk 1970-dtte Snrxersu lrner t F'oreign J urisdictions: JaPan 1992-date ltntl > KoHv6 setrErsu Sntrersu Jtnet DB lA#.&*sFrl (available at http f / www.kfs' go.ipl service/JPlindex.html) Kosei Torihiki rinkai AEF4I*HA (Decisions and orders of the Fair Trade Commission) > KosEr ToRIHIKI IINKAI SHINKETSUSHU aEnBr+tr+#R+ r K6sel TonrHtrt ltxxu Hetlo trlrtnrtsu0 > Koser ToRrHrKt ltNrlt srltNrursu oirenEsu sHIsurEMU Acndl+F+#]F.g-.t^7 A (available at ro F 1947-dte Srtrrersusnu 1962-date Harmetsnu 1962-da'te K6rontr DS .:- z http://snk.jftc.go.ip) Tokkyocho ffi-#lt gapan Patent ofhce) Tokkyo Denshi Toshokan WiTff ffi;f€+tr€f;H, Industrial Property Digital Library (PDL) Appeal & Trial Decision Search, > SHrNrnrsu http://www.ipdl.inpit.go.iplshinpan/shinpan.htm rono DB 6itA# DB, > SHtNxersu roRtxssHr sosHo HeNretsusH0 ron0 1997-1999 HANKETSU http:,/wwwl. ipdt.inpit. go.iplPDF/ Sonota/sinketu/index.htrnl Cases under the Constitution of 1889 t#ffi (C.""t Court of Judicature; court of last appeal for civil and criminal matters, and the only court concerning matters of the imperial household and insurrection against the state): Cite to reporters below, if therein; otherwise, cite to newsPaPers or periodicals. Append the Daishin'in or Taishin'in version or publisher, such as T6ky6 Hogakuin Ctt"o Daigaku EF, Sttitrosho > F,F.i*+pi, +*t+, "-Ji*A', Daishin'in [Great Ct. of Jud.] Jan. 29, 7g25,Tai Sanwa Shobo or H6s6kai y*He. 1875-r92r DAIHAN MINROKU 1875-r92r DAIHAN KEIROKU 1885-1887 MINSHO A#PiRS+|JRffi > DltsttIN'tN xtIlI HANKETSURoKU t#[ifls+|]nffi > De.rsnru'IN tttlNlt sttolt s,uxrrsunoxu HANROKU t#ffiR+ffi++li*ffi > =f[ rl (re) no. 2077, v. 4, no. 1 DArsHrN'rN KEtJt HANREtsHU IDAtHAN KEIsHU] (Hdsokai) zr, z4 0apan). > DltsHrN'rN urNJr HANKETsuRoKU Dlrsnrrir MrN)r HANKETsu sHdRoKU tSFiRS+|jRftffi > D,q.TSgIN,IN KEIJI HANKETSU SHOROKU t#Fitrlj++[R+tffi I I t I I TontresHt #RniHiFili+ln€ t I t o 1940-date Srtrretsu //www.ipdl. inpit. go.iplshinpan/ spsogodb.ipdl?N0fl X)= 1 07 http t t 1898-192r M|r.rsHonoru 189l-1921 KErsxonoru t o o o o o O o I a I o I I I o o I o t I o I o o o t o o a ' D.rrtstttl'lN tt.llNJt it*lrf,R . uaNnnrsu0 'F'ftllr,l+ De.tsHtN'rN xlrJr H.LNnpIstt0 Gyosei Saibansho il&#iilll,tii Detunrut'atrsHu lt)22-lt)4- Dnrnnru rersH0 (Administrative couft, court fbr all adminis- trative cases): Cite to the folkrwing source . 1922-lL)46 Gv6srr SetnlNsHo HANKETSURoKU : 1890-1947 Gy6noru lirtf**rIliYrli^f* Newspapers and periodicals Daishin'in or Taishin'in J'.;*iljr. (Creat (i)urt of Judicaturc), Kosoin tti/t Ifi (court of Appeal), Chiho Saibansho fti;l.t+tlii,ri (Disrict Court), and Ku Saibansho tx.#ittJtlfi OVarO Court): (litc to one of the sources below, if thcrein. " DarsHrn'lN HANKETsU ]t'# ' i^ AlE (U: t+#i +lit I'i+tJ ,t'ff t'fr it'l1,b|J (i* Fli ll]l I f lr i;ri Efl C-4r.1 Lli' I t.J HoRITSU SHINBUN , 1 tt +,ti Bil if, i Hdnrrsu sHtNpd " H6s6 xrtr l (tl its t lt*ii *U H6sdKAr llrili 1927-1978 SrteeNnet 193r-1911 Hdcnru l9oo-1944 SxtNeuN 1924-1944 Srtt'rpo 1891-192) H6sO sx[ lt-) ft) (i/:i l!#i+lilt) tf,'Ii;f it (iti'Jrii) , Hnrunrr ,t';,1*+ A) . | | FJi Ef 1925-1927 lt H6caru //, rl Haruxersu zeusnI l) D,trsHrN'rr,r set.tnrt sH0t ,,t'i*i [t+r] ltJn rl*'rlt ' DllsHrN'lN sAIBANRET ' 1931-1944 zENSHU 192!-1944 ZASSHT Hosorar zAss A+t{.;1rJ xrJr HI Legislative materials iti t lii !i-, Cite from authoritative sources, such as Kanpd 'l\'+V, Horei zensho L fl A Genko hoki saran 8,1 rll,filfit\H (oalcni Hoki), Genko Nihon hoki Guhikaku), and various tsutatsushar r.lll illF. (cyosei), Rippo zensho S€, if therein. When citing to Internet sources, follow rule 18. r.'iltB Constitutions Citation format:,Constitution name' [.Constitution abbreviation'] [CoHsrtrurtoH], art.,article,, para. <paragraph, (,6eun11y abbreviation if not evident from context,). b" NtHoNKoKU Ker.rpo [Krr.rpo] [Corusrrrurroru] , art. g, para. z flapan). " NrsoNroru KsNpo (1946) tr.4l El;tiits Krnpo o Der NruoN Tnrroru KrNro (1889) /'. E t Mrrlr KeHp0 Z'ffiLr'lr.*i/, Codes Citation format: ,code name' [,code abbreviation, if different from full name'] [,Engtish translation of code abbreviation or name,] <year of enactment, if not evident>, <article, paragraph, number, if applicable, (.country abbreviation if not evident from context'). e MlNpo lMrrrrpo] [Crv. C.] art.398-zo, para. 1, no. r (Japan). i," MtNJr sosHoHo [Mrr.tsoHo] [C. Crv. Pno.] 1996, art. 4, para.6 (Japan). Mrwro (Clvu- Com) Mrnpo (Crv. C.) f(/* Su6uo (Coul,trncrll Coor) Srdxd MrNlr sosHoHO (Coor oE Crvrl Pnoctouna) Lt MrNsoHo (C. Ctv. Pno.) sili;Ai/: KrrHo (Cotvrtvt. c.) d,iilr', (Prul Coor) KeuO (PrH. C.) fri)l* Ku;r sosuoHd (Coor on Cnrnrt.lnr Pnocnounl) KErsoHo (C. Cnrm. Pno.) frtJSi;6;1\i/: Statutes, regulations, and orders The following citation format applics to horitsu l*1* (statutes), kisoku lfl 4 fllJ (rules and regulations), chokurei A/.ti (imperial orders), seirei (cabinct orders), furei fi11) (Prime Minisrer's Office orders), shorei 'd' (ministry ordinances), kuffei elll) (instrucrions), kokuiifr',r. (norifications i i or notices), and tsitatsu :$E (circulars). Citation format: ,taw name, [,taw abbreviation, if different from full name,] [,Engtish transtation of law abbreviation or name'1, ,number, of ,year', ,article, paragraph, number, if applicable, (,country abbreviation if not evident from context,). = Hakai katsud6 boshih6 [Haboh6] [Subversive Activities Prevention Actl, Law No.240 of 1952, art.4, para. m" 1 (Japan). Sh6nen shinpan kisoku [Rules of Juvenile Proceedings], Sup. Ct. Rule No. 33 of 1948, art.26 (Japan). Citation format in electronic sources: ,law name, [.law abbreviation, if different from fu[[ name'] [.Engtish translation of law abbreviation or name,], ,number, of .year,, ,article, paragraph, number, if appticable, (,database name' [,database abbreviation']),,URL, (,country abbreviation if not evident from context'). + Hojinzeih6 [Corporate Taxation Act], Law No. 34 of 1965, art. 6-2 (H6rei teikyd dCta shisutemu [Horei DB]), http://law.e-gov. gojp/cg i'bin/idxsearch.cgi (Japa n). When citing a translation, include the translation sourcc in addition to thc original version, fbllowing rule 2O.2.5. I o o o o I I o o I o I o o t O o t o a o KankyO kihonhO [Basic Environmental Act], Law No.91 of 1993, art.37 (.Japan). translated in 7 EHS Law Bull. Ser. no. 7800 (1 ee6). t * I I a I o t o o I o I I o t o o o o Shohisha kyoiku no suishin ni kansuru h6ritsu [Sh6hisha ky6ikusuishinh6l [Act on Promotion of Consumer Education], Law No. 61 of 2012, aft.7, translated in (Japanese Law Trans- lation ULT DSI), http://wwwjapaneselawtranslation.gojp (Japan). i;;il;;; .""r""tt""" For citation of treaties and other intcrnational rgreemcnts, follow rule 21.4. Cite to trcaty se ts publishetl by the Ministry of Fore ign Affairs, 'l'rcaties Bureau, if therein; otherwise, cite to other authoritative sources suchas H|rei zensho lL or KanpOEf:H. (see the Legislative Materials section above). iA# - |6YexusHu 1922-1961 Jovrxusxu t964-2001 Ntroruren l6vnru 1964-2001 TaroxuxnH +frt+ ' J0verusu0: NTKoKUKAN IoYAKU *K't4=, .lrlFi^fr'r ' Jor',rrusuu: TAs0KoKUKAN *k't ' , IoYAKU t6vnru t'&lglfi+t{J G,rruusso J6veru orr,t KENSAKU 2002-date Jovnxu wee 9li4$Kfti?*rFtd: e" Nihonkoku to Ch0ka Jinmin KyOwakoku to no aida no heiwa y0k0 jOyaku IHeiwa y0k0 iOyaku] [Treaty of Peace and Friendship Between Japan and the Peopte's Republic of Chinal, Japan-China, Aug. rz, 1978, Treaty No. r9, 1978 Nikokukan ioyaku, 323,i27 0apan). Internet sources Governmental (Cases) http://www.courts.go.jp (S,o.rneNsuo wEB) (Saibansho Sanbanrei Joho +'t+llFf /*Ji)Flllt{'f6+R Courts inJapan: cases fiom all courts under the (bnstitution of 1946) Governmental (Legislative materials and court rules) http:/ / l^w.e- gov. go. jp (e-Gov Horei tcikyo dcta shisutemu t/: t fir fJt i* F 'z z7 J' (H6nsr DB) (Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications Administrative Management Bureau: constitutions, statutes, orders, ntles, regulations, and ordinances)) http://w"wr.e-gov.go.ipllinVordinance.html (c-(iov &,ll'.1 d) ;i,A A *. n 4 * )J 1 (Ministry of Inte rnal Affairs and Communications, Aclministrative Managemcnt Bureau: statutes, orders, rules, regulations, ordinances, noti-fications, circulars, and bills of all Ministries and Agencies)) http://hourei.ndl.go.iplSearchSys (National Diet Library Nihon horei sakuin lrl ,).trltlXEffii ilAiEA?-Cl (Honnr sexurN) (lndex toJapanese I foreign J urisdictions: lienya legislative materials: pending bills; statutes, orders, rules, regulations, and ordinances in force and repealed; treaties in force, lapsed and terminated)) http://dl.ndl.go,ip/ *kanpo (National Diet Library Digital Collections Elf EAB€AHi, F tv= V ) v a >Effi (Krrpo) (official gazette from 1883 through 1952, and in English from 1945 through 1952)) http://kanpou.npb.go.ip Gnternet Kanpo .l > ,*4y l- ffiE"+R (KeNn6) (National Printing Bureau: Official gazette)) http ://www.shugiin. go.iplinternet/itdb_housei. nsf/htnVhousei,/ menu.htm (Shngiin seitei horitsu *#Wfti/lBlta4+ (Surrr uonrrsu) (House of Representatives: Session laws)) http,//w**3.mofa.go.iplm ofal/ garko/treatylindex.php Joyaku d€ta kensaku 4HE**3i*, trAR (Gaimusho (6vmu wrn) (Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Treaties and other intemational agreements)) http://www.courts.go.fp/kisokusl,u (Courts in Japan, Saibansho kisokushu ff+lffiffi,FU+ (SeruNsHo rrsoru wrn) (Supreme Court ofJapan: Supreme Court rules)) http://www.iapaneselawtranslation.go.ip (apanese law Translation Database System in English (LT DS) Ministry ofJustice: Constitution, stanrtes, regulations, orders, ordinances, and notifications) Commercial, mostly free (Legislative materials) http://www.houko.com (Hoko l*ffi ) Commercial, paid subscription (Cases and legislative materials) http://www.tkc includes LEX/DB materials) html (TKC Law Library: cases and Gyosei's Super Horei Web for legislative http://www.d1-law.com @lJaw.com: includes Hanrei taikei YlJIftJffF' ana Genko hoki frTt$*fr. (Daiichi H6ki ffi-if*F,) https:,/www.hanreihisho.netlindexip.htrnl (tLIlDB Hanrei Hisho Intemet +JFrlME4 >, *4 y l. (Irgal Information center)) https ://www. lexis-asone.iplacllogin. aspx?ReturnUrl=%2f (Lexis AS ONE/IrxisNensJP) https://go.westlawiapan.con/ wlip/ app/ signon /display (Westlaw Japan) T2.25 Kenya (Common Law) Cases Citation formar: ,case name> (<year decision reported) <volume number) (reporter abbreviation> ,first page', ,page(s) of specific materia[, if desired' (.court name, if in reporter,) (,country abbreviation if not evident from context). > Alla Rakha v. Mohamed Ahmed GgS6) zg L.R.K.6 (Kenya). t o I I t I t I I I I o I o I I I I I t t o o o r o o o o I O I I I o t I o t I o F'oreign Jurisdictions: lietrya > E. N. Wainaina v. Franz Haas (1986) 2 K.A.R. 79 (C.A.K.) (Kenya). Priry Council (P.C.) (all final appeals until 1964): Cite to reports listed under tableT2.42 United Kingdom, or citc to L.R.K. or > Law Reports E.A. ofKenya L.R.K. African Law Repofts > East E.A. Supreme Court of Kenya (S.C.K.) (establishcd in 2011 undcr the 2010 Oonstitution); Court of Appeal for Kenya (C.A.K.) (superior coLrrt of record, formerly the East African (lourt of Appeal from 1 897 to 1979); High Court of Kenya (H.C.K.). Cite to a reporter listed below. (* denotes an oflicial reporter) > Law 1897-r9t6 L.R.K. > Law 1934-1975 E.A. ) 200 I -date Reports ofKenya* Reports of the Coun of Appcal firr Eastem Africa East Afiican Iaw Reports Kenva Law Reoorts* I 976-date K.L.R. 1976-r991 > Kenyan Appcal Reports > LawAfrica Law Reports (onlinc) 1982-1992 K,A.R. 1999-date L.L. R. High Court-Milimani Commercial Courts of Kenya (C.C.K.): Cite to a reporter listcd below. > 1999-date L.L.R. 1976-date E.A. 1897-1956 L.R.K. LawAfrica l-aw Reports (online) > East African Law Reports > I-aw Reports of Kenya* Industrial Court of Kenya (l.C.K.): (lite to L.L.R., if thcrein Constitution Give the article number, section (if applicable), and promulgation year of the version cited. > Cor'rsflrurroN art. 12 (zoro) (Kenya). Legislation .title' (.revised edition year,) Cap. <number' (country abbreviation if not evident from context,). Ciration format: or: ,title,, No. ,number, (,year,) ,KEruYn Gnzerre/KeHYA GAzErrE SuppLemEnr' No.,supplement number, <section' (country abbreviation if not evident from context,). > The Advocates Act (zorz) Cap. > The Finance Act, No. 38 (zor3) KeHYn GnzerrE SUPPLEMENT No. 14J5 4. r5 5 r+ (Kenya). For legislation, cite to Tbe Laws of Kenya and provide the date of the revised edition, or cite to the OfJicial Gazette. The ref'crencc to laws irs chapters (Caps.) and to the dates of revised editions is only for those laws that make up part of the consolidatcd materials. Foreign Jurisdictions: Lebanon > Tnr Le.ws oF KENvA, Rsvrsro Eornox >THr Orrrcrer Gaztrru oF THE EAsr em Ucervol Pnorncronerns > THr Orrrcret GlzEmr or PnotsctoRAtr > Oprrcnr GezrrrE oF tur ATFJCA Eest Arnrc,r K >THs KENvA GAZETTE [RtpuBuc on Kxrwe 1908-1920 Vols. fl-zz Vols. z3-58 T.IYA 1957-1963 Vots.59-55 >KENYA GAZETTE > 1899-1908 Vols. r-ro 192r-1956 THE CoLoNIy AND PROTECToRATT oF 1924-date Knm] G r-ZEfiT' SupprnunNt 1964-dtte Vols.66-current 1931-date Internet soufces http://www.kenyalaw.org (official source for judgments, dings, and opinions of the superior courts of record, statutes, the Kenya Gazette, bills, and parliamentary proceedings) http://www.lo c.gov /lav /help/ gfide/ nations/kenya.html (tibrary of Congress Guide to Law Online: Kenya) T2.26 Lebanon, Republic Romanization Use the ALA-IC Romanization Tables: Transliteration Schemes for NonRoman Scripts, apptoved by the Library of Congress and the American Library Association, available at http: / / www.loc. gov / catdrr/ epso/ rctnanization/ arabic.pdf. Cases Citation format: (court name, [,court abbreviation,][,English translation of court name>], <region if applicable,, (number and/or date of decision in day month year format>, (reporter or journa[ 6srng, [.reporter or journal abbreviation,l, (section of lournal if applicable,, ,year of publication>, p. ,first page, (.country abbreviation if not evident from context). I kamat al-Tamyiz [Tamyiz] [Cou rt of Cassation ], to Majm0'at Biz IBdz], t962, p.73 (Leb.). Ma t o t o I I of (Civil Law) > o e o o D ec. t962, Courts Lebanon has different categories of courts, including religious courts dealing mainly with family law matters. The most commonly cited courts are as follows: Ma[rkamat al-Tamyiz (Tamyiz) (C,ourt of Cassation: highest coun of ordinary jurisdiction). This coun sits only in the capital and has several chambers referred to generally by numbers (Chamber 1,2, and so forth). Citation is sufflciently recognized by refering to this court only as "Tamyiz" or "Qar6r (decision) Tamyiz." Malkamat al-Isti'naf (lsti'ndD (courts of appeals: general courts of second instance). Lebanon is divided into a number of appellate jurisdictions. Citarion o I o I I o o t a t a o I o a t t I o o o o o I l:*rciglt .lurirdir'{ ionr: l.ehatton is sufliciently recognized by rcferring to this court as "lsti'naf" or "Qarar lsti'naf," folkrwed by the namc of its gcographic jurisdiction. Malrkamat al-Darajat al-Ula lCourts of First Instance). This court is composed of two sections, thc section of the "Qidi Munfarid" Qrrdge of Irirst h.rstance), and the "Ghurfat MaIkamat at-Daraiat al-Uta' (Chamber of First Instance). Lcbanon is divicled into a large number of first instance jurisdictions. Decisions of lirst instance are seldom published or citcd. (litations are sufliciently rccognized by refcrring to the section (ludgc or chambcr of lirst instancc) or to the "hukm" (iudgment) of such sections firllowed by the nlme of its geographic jurisdiction. Sources for cases Case citations can be made to the Al-Nashrah al-Qafla'iyah (a[-Nashrah), an oflicial publicrtion of thc Lebancse Ministry of Justice containing firll texts of court decisions. a private publicrtion issucd on a ycarly brsis containing the lcgal reasoning of the Court of Cassation decisions. Majmil'at Baz (.Baz), Majmu'at'dtim (Hatim), I o o o o a privrte publication identiiicd by its consecutive issue numbcrs containing selected portions of court decisions. Majallat al-'Adl ('Adl or at-'Adl), an ofhcial publication of the lleimt Bar. lt is publishcd quarterly and has a section fbr court cascs. Statutes and decrees (litation format: ,statute or decree name or number> of ,date in day month year format' (translation of subject matter of the law, if desired,) (.country abbreviation if not evident from context,). > t o o folbwing publications: Legislative Decree r38 of 7 5ept. e' Decree Law 44 of rg8: (Leb.). 12 June 1959 (Taxation on Natural and Juridicat Persons) (Leb.). b Decree 2,385 of the French High Commissioner of q Jan. gz4 (Leb.). p Lawof r7 Sept.t96z (Taxation on Structures Builton Land) (Leb.). Two compilations of Lebanese legislation currently in forcc (in Arabic), published in Beirut are: Mlluu'er,orL-TlsHnr .qr-LueNANi r QawaNiN LusNAN: MAIMU'Ar AL-NUSU$ el-Tasuni'iven ' wl-er-TauziuiveH ornli"i Gazette Thc Oflicial G^zette, al-laridah al-Rasmiyah, is publishcd weekly and clividcd into two parts. The lirst contains laws, decree-laws, lnd clccrees and dccisions by ministries. The second part contains official notices ancl announcemcnts. o Foreign Jurisdictions: Mexico Internet sources http://www.lp.gov.lb (site of the Lebanese Padiament where the constitution and electofal laws are posted) http://www.l oc.gov /law /'help/ gude/ nations/ebanon.php (tibrary of Congress Guide to Law Online: Lebanon) http://www. law. cornell. edu,/wodd,/mideast.html#lebanon (online guide to legal materials and other information about Lebanon) http://www.pcrn. gov.lb/arabic/index.aspx? pageid=S (website of the Presidency of the Council of Ministers where issues of the official gazette since 20O6 are posted) T2.27 Mexico (Civil Law) b;;;; Mexico does not have an official system of citation for cases decided by courts at the federal level. It is customary to cite federal cases in the following fonnat: Citation format for cases decided by the Mexican Supreme Court and the Tribunales Colegiados de Circuito: (rubro>, <court name> [,court abbreviation'l ,reporter name, ,6poca (time period),, tomo .volume number, <month and year of reporter' (number of decision in reporter' (case number' P6gina .first page of decision, (,country abbreviation if not evident from context'). ) Personalidad. En contra de [a resoluci6n que dirime esta cuesti6n, previamente a[ fondo, procede el amparo indirecto, Pleno de la Suprema Corte de Justicia [SCJN], Semanario Judicial de la Federaci6n y su Gaceta, Novena Epoca, tomo Xlll, Enero de zoor, Tesis P-ll.4lzoor, PSgina u (Mex.). The "rubro," or "case title" in English, is a short statement prepared by a court on the topic and issue discussed in the case. "Iipocas" or "time periods" in English, are periods of time detennined by the Supreme Court of Mexico in order to organize cases by chronological order. As of 201 1, the Supreme Court was in the tenth 6poca. The first four 6pocas are no longer in force. The last six €pocas (from the fifth through the tenth) include cases that are curently in force. All cases decided by federal courts indicate the 6poca in which the case was decided. Federal couft structure The Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Naci6n (SCJN) is the highest court of constitutional and federal jurisdiction io Mexico and sits as a firll couft (pleno) or in chambers. The Tribunales Colegiados de Circuito (ICC) are the equivalents, to some extent, of the U.S. federal courts of appeals. >Juzgado de Distrito (District Coufts) > Suprema Corte deJusticia de la Naci6n (Supreme Court Justice of the Nation) JD of scJN t I o I I o a o o o o t I o a a o t o o o o t o t o o o o o Irortign urisclic:tiolrs: iltexico _f ;TribunalAgrarios (Agrarian o o t t o o o o o a TA Court) TC >Tribunales Colegiados de Circuito (Full-Fanel Circuit Courts) >Tribunal Electoml del PoderJudicial de la Federaci6n al Coun of the Judiciary of the Federation) (Elector- TEPIF of Tribunal Federal de Conciliaci6n yArbitraje (Federal Court > TCC TFCA Conciliation and Arbitration) >Tribunal Fedeml Elcctoral (Federal Electoral TFE Court) (Federal TFJFA >Tribunal Fedeml deJusticia Fiscal yAdministrativa Court of Fiscal and Administrative Justice) >Tribunal SuperiorAgrario (SuperiorAgrarian Court) TSA 'TribunalesUnitariosAgmrios(One-JudgeAgrarianCourts) Tribunales Unitarios de Circuito (One-Judge Circuit > Courts) TUA TUC Case law publications by federal coufts in Mexico are currently published in the SemanarioJudicial de la Federaci6n y su Gaceta (SIFG) (Judicial Veekly of Cases decided Federation). Only cases decided by SCJN and the TCC are published in the The SJFG volumes are published monthly. rAnalesdeJurisprudencia(AnnalsofJurisprudence) >Ap6ndice al SemanarioJudicial de la Federaci6n (Appendix the Federal Judicial \fleekly Report) > > , Courts) rTribunal Colegiado (Three-JudgeAppellate to Boletin Judicial (fudicial Bulletin) Boletin de Informaci6n Judicial (tsulletin of Judicial Informa- SJFG. AJ ASJF BJ BU tion) Boletin del Semanario Judicial de la Federaci6n (Bulletin of the Fedeml Judicial Weekly Report) r Informe de la Suprema Corte de Justicia @eport of the Supreme Court ofJustice) > rJurisprudencia por Contrndicci6n deTesis (urisprudence Contradiction) >Juzgados de Distrito (District Coufts) > Precedcntes Relevantes by BSIF lnfo. ICT JD PR > Semanario Judicial de la Federaci6n (Federal Judicial \i(ieekly Si F Report) r SemanarioJudicial de la Feder.rci6n y su Gaceta @ederalJudi- SIFG or GSIF cial \,Xreekly Report and Its Gazette); or Gaceta del Semanario Judicial de la Feder.rci6n (Gazette of the Federal Judicial Weekly Report) TFE >Tribunal Federal Electoral (Federal Electoral court) (Tax TFF Federation) Court ofthe de la Federaci6n Fiscal 'Tribunal > Tribunal Federal de Justicia Fiscal y Adminisrativa Court of Fiscal and Administrative Justice) (Fed€ral TFJ FyA b""rtit"ti"" > Constituci6n Politica de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos CP or CPEUM Citation format: <constitution name, [(constitution abbreviation'], .specific provision(s) cited, if appticabte', Diario Oficial de [a Federaci6n [DOF] ,date of original publication', ,date of latest revision, if appticabte, (,country abbreviation if not evident from context'), Foreign Jurisdictions: Mexico ) Constituci6n Polftica de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, CP, Diario Oficial de la Federaci6n IDOF] oS-oz-r9r7, riltimas reformas DOF ro-o2-2ot4 (Mex.). ) Constituci6n Politica de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, CPEUM, Diario Oficial de la Federaci6n IDOF] o5-oz-7g77,0ttimas reformas DOF ro-oz-zor+ (Mex.). il; Citation format: <code name, [,code abbreviation,], (specific provision(s) cited, if applicable', Diario Oficial de la Federaci6n [DOF] ,originaldate of publication', ,date of latest revision, if applicable, (,country abbreviation if not evident from context,). ) C6digo Civit[CC], Diario Oficialde [a Federaci6n [DOF] 74-o5-:,928, 0ltimas reformas DOF z4-tz-zog (Mex.). ) C6digo Civil [CC], aft.2r4, Diario Oficial de la Federaci6n IDOF] t4-o5-t928, rlltimas reformas DQF z4-tz-zog (Mex.). cc >C6digo Civil Federal (Federal Civil Code) > C6digo Aduanero (Customs Code) CA > Codigo Agfario (Agmrian Code) CAgr ) C6digo Contencioso Administrativo (Administrative Action Code) ccA >C6digo de Comercio (Commercial Code) CCom C6digo de Justicia Militar (Military Justice Code) > C6digo Federal de Institutciones y Procedimientos Electorales (Federal Code of Electoral lnstitutions and Procedures) CFIPE > > C6digo Federal de Procedimientos Civiles (Federal Code Civil Procedures) of >C6digo Federal de Procedimientos Penales (Federal Code Criminal Procedures) ) C6digo Fiscal de la Federaci6n (FederalTax Code) > C6digo Penal Federal (Federal Criminal Code) >C6digo Sanitario (Health Code) of CJM CFPC CFPP CFF CPF CS The Mexican govefirment publishes legislative and executive materials in the Diario Oficial de la Federaci6n, which is the official gazette of the federal govemment in Mexico. The DOF provides ready access to the official text of federal laws, presidential documents, administrative regulations and notices, treaties, and descriptions of federal organizations, programs, and activities. Some administrztive orders issued by the Supreme Court are published in the DOF as well. Cite to DOF for all federal legislation. Subdivisions >ap6ndice (appendix) ap6nd. r articulo (article) art capitulo (chapter) >coleccion (collection) cap. > > columna (column) edici6n (edition) > fracci6nlesl (sectionlsl) > colecc. col. ed. frac., fracc, o o ? o o o o o o o o o t t I o o o o o o o o o o I O o I I o o o o I o o o o a c o !:or-t'ign .f rrtisriirl ionsl p., pp. plgina[sl (pagels]) > r pirrzLfcr (pamgraph) Pfo. r parte (paft) pt. r reglamcnto (regulation) reg. r sccci<in (section) srU)lement0 (supplement) sec. supl. ' (title) ' titulo tit. t. n tomo (tome) r volimen (volume) vo[. Statutes (liration format:,statute name, [,statute abbreviation,],specific provision(s) cited, if appticable,, Diario Oficial de [a Federaci6n IDOF] .original date of publication,, .date of latest revision, if appticabte' (country abbreviation if not evident from context'). ts Ley Aduanera ILAD], Diario Oficiat de [a Federaci6n IDOF] 15-rz- r995, 0ttimas reformas DOF og'tz-zora (Mex.). l.cyAduancm ((lustoms Law) ' LAD r [.cyAgraria (Agr.lrian Law) r t.e_v de Migracirin (Immigration law) LAG LM Adquisiciones y Obras Pirblicas (Acquisitk)ns and Public Vorks Litw) LAOP > l.ey dc (Airport Law) r l-ev de Aeropucrtos r Lcy de Aguas Nacionales Ahorro Credit) > Ley dc .v LA (NationalWater Law) Cr6dito Itrpular (hw LAN on Savings and Popular r l.ey de Amnistia (Amnesty Law) r lrl'dcAmpanr, Reglamentaria de losArticulos lt)3 y 107 LACP LAM <Ie LARACPEUM la Constituciirn Politica de los Estados Llnidos Mexicanos (Constitutional Law, RcgulatingArticles 103 and 107 ofthe Political Constitution of the Mexican I Inited Statcs) r Lcy dc Asccnsos de la Armada de M6xico (Promotions l-aw of the Navy of Mexico) r Ley de Ascensos y Recompensas del Eie;rcito y lucrza At'rea Mexicanos (Promotions and Salary l.aw of thcArmy andAir LAAM LAREFAM Force) ' > Ley de Asistencia Social (Social Assistancc Law) LAS Lcy de Asociaciones Rcligiosas y Culto I'ilblico (Law of Relipiions Associations and Public Vorship) LARCP Le1' dcAvicacitin Civil (CivilAviation Law) r Ley de Cimaras Emprcsariales y Sus Confedentcioncs (Law ot Chamtrers of Commerce and'I'heir (irnfbderations) > Puentcs yAr.ttotransporte F'cderal (l.aw Fedcral Roads, Bridges and Autotransportation) > l-ey de Caminos, of r Lo'de Ciencia yTecnologia (Law of Sciencc andTechnology) Law) (Bankruptcy Llw) r Ley dc Comercio Exterior (Foreign Commerce , Ley dc Concursos Mcrcantiles Le-v dc Cooperaci6n Internacional para el Desarollo (Law " International Ooopcration firr Devekrpment) * Ley de Coordinaci<in lriscal (Iriscal (ilordination Law) LAC LCEC LCPAF LCT LCE LCM on LCID LCF Foreign Jurisdictions: Mexico > ky de Desarrollo Rural Sustenable (.aw of Rural Sustainable LDRS Development) > Iry de Disciplina del Ei6rcito y FuerzaA6rea Mexicanos @is LDEFA ciplinary Law of the MexicanAfmy andAir Force) Disciplina para el Personal de laArmada de Mdxico (Disciplinary Law for Personnel of the Nary of Mexico) > Ley de > Ley de LDPAM Educaci6n Militar del Ejdrcito y FuerzaAerea Mexicalaw of the Army andAir Force) LEMAFAM nos (Military Education > Ley > ky > ky de Expropiaci6n (Expropriation law) LE de Extradici6n Internacional (International Extradition Law) de Fondos de Inversi6n (Investment Funds Law) LEI LFI > Ley de Ingresos de la Federaci6n para el Ejercicio Fiscal de 2Ol4 (law ofFederal Revenue for the FiscalYear of 2Ol4) LI FEF de Inspecci6n de Contratos y Obras Priblicas (Contract Inspection and PublicWor{<s law) > ky de Instituciones de Cr€dito (Credit Institutions Law) LICOP > Ley de Instituciones de Seguros y de Fianzas (Law of Insurance Institutions and Surety) > Ley > > ky ky de Inversi6n Extranjera (Foreign Investment Law) de la Casa de Moneda de M6xico LISF LIEX (aw of Mexico Mint) LCMM of LCNBV de la Comisi6n Nacional Bancaria y deValores (Law the National Banking and Securities Comrnission) > Ley > Ley de la Lrc Comisi6n Nacional de los Derechos Humanos (Law LCNDH of the National Commission of Human Rights) la Comisi6n Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos LCNDPI Indigenas (aw of the National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples) > I,ey de > Ley > ky de la Policia Federal (Federal Police Law) de la Propiedad LPF Indusrial (aw of Industrial property) los Derechos de las PersonasAdultas Mayores @aw the Rights of the Elderly) > Ley de LPI of de los Impuestos Generales de Importaci6n y de Exportaci6n (GeneralTax Law of Importation and Exponation) > Ley > Ley de los Institutos Nacionales de Salud (Iaw of the Nationd LDPAM LIGIE LINS Institut€s of Health) > ky de los Sistemas deAhorro para el Retiro (Savings Iaw for Retirement) r tey de Nacionalidad (Nationality Iaw) > LN ky de Navegaci6n y Comercio Maritimos (Navigation Law and Maritime Commerce) de Obras Pfblicas y Servicios Relacionados con las mas (Law of Public rvorks and Related Services) > Ley > lry Mi] de Petr6leos M€dcanos (Iaw of Mexican Petroleums) > Ley de Planeaci6n @anning Law) de Productos Orginicos (Organic Products > Ley de Protecci6n alAhorro Bancario (Law on the Protection > ky Savings LNCM LOPSRM LPM LP > Ley of Bank LSAR law) LPO LPAB Accounts) de Protecci6n al Comercio y la Inversi6n de Normas Extranieras que Contravengan el Derecho Internacional (Iaw on Protection ofTrade and Foreign Investments thatViolate lnternational Law) LPCI NECDI o o o o o o t t o o o I o t o I o o O c o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o a o o o *ilrrtig;'l "f trrirdict ilrns: Melilq.t r Ley de Protecci6n y Defensa al Usuario de Servicios Financieros (Law on thc Protection and Dcfcnse of F'inancial LPDUSF Services Users) r Ley de Puertos (Law of Scaports) > Lc1' de Responsabilidad Civil por l)aios Nucleares (Iaw of Oivil Liability for Nuclear Damages) LP r Ley de Seguridad Nacional (National Security Law) LSN ; l.ey de Sistemas de Pagos (Payments Systcms Law) LSP ' I-ev de Sociedades de Responsabilidad l.imitada de Inter€s Pirblico (l.aw on Limited Liability Companies of Public Inter- LSRLI P LRCDN est) r Lev deTransparencia y dc Fomento a la (iompetencia en el (lrddito (;arantizado ('l r.rnsparencyAct lnd Promotion of (i)mpetition in the Credit Guar.rntec) * Lcy de IJniones cle Cr€dito (Crcdit tInions Law) r Le1'deVias Gener.rles dc (lomunicacitjn (Cieneral Law of LTFCCG LUC LVGC Means of Comnrunications) r Lcy deVivicnda (llousing Law) LV r Ley tlel Banco de Mdxico (Mexican Bank Law) LBM r Lcy del Diario Oficial de la Fedcraci6n y Gacetas Gubernamentales (Law of the Official l)ai\' and Govcrnmcnt (;azettcs) LDOFGG > Lo,del Impuesto alValorAgregado (AdcledValue'lhx Law) r Ley del Impuesto tsspecial Sobre Producci6n y Scrvicit>s LIVA LI EPS (Special'thx Law on Prodttction and Services) r Lcy clel Impuesto Sobre la Rentt (IncomcTax l.aw) del Instituto del Fondo Nacional dc laViviencla para los 'lrubajackrres (Law of the Institute of the National Housing > Le.v LIR LI FNVT liund firrWorkers) > Lcl del lnstituto Nacional de las Muiercs (Law of the National LINM Institute forWtrmen) > l.o'del Mcrcado deValores (Stock Market Law) LMV > Lcy del llcgistro Nacionll de Dat<-rs dc Personls Extraviadas o Desaparecidas (taw on thc National Rcgistcr of Pcrsonal I)ata on Missing Persons or l)isappeared Persons) LRN DPED r Lcy dcl llcgistro Pirblico Vchictrlar (Law of thc Vchicttlar LRPV Public Registrl') r l.ey del Scguro Social (Social Security l.aw) r Le-v del Scrvicio de Administracitin Tributaria (l.aw of thc Tax LSS LSAT Administration Service) r l.cy del Servicio dcTesoreria de la Fedcraciirn (Scrvice Llw of LSTF the Federal Treasur) ) r l.cy dcl Scrvicio Exterior Mexicano (Mcxican lroreign Scrvicc LSEM L:rw) > Ley del Servicio Militar (Military Service Law) > Ley del Servicio Postal Mexicano (Mexican Postal Service l.aw) ; Lc1' Federal Anticorrupci6n en (;ontratacioncs Pirblicas (Fed- LSM LSPM LFACP cml (irrruption Law in Public Procurement) r l.cy Fcdcral Contra la Delincuencia Organizacla (Fcdcral Law LFDO Against Organized Crimc) r Lev Fetlcral de Archivos (Federal Archivcs Law) LFA Foreign Jurisdictions: Mexico deArmas de Fuego y Explosivos (Federal law Firearms and Explosives) > Ley Federal > Ley Federal of de Competencia Econ6mica (FederalAntitrust LFAFE LFCE Law) r Ley Federal de Correduria Pfblica (Federal law on Public LFCP Brokerage) > Ley Federal de Defensoria Pfblica (Federal Public Defender LFDP Iaw) > Ley Federal de Derechos (Federal Rights law) LFD >LeyFederal de Derechos deAutor (Authors'Rights Law) > LFDA Ley Federal de Instituciones de Fianza (Federal Law for Bond LIF Institutions) > Ley Federal de Justicia para Adolescentes (Federal Justice LFJA Iaw forAdolescents) > Ley Federal de las Entidades Faraestatales (Federal Law of LFEP Public Entities) > Ley Federal de los Derechos del Contribuyente (Federal Iaw LFDC ofTaxpayers Rights) > > ky LFTSE Ley Federal de Presupuesto y Responsabilidad Hacendaria (Federal Budget and Fiscal Responsibility law) LFPRH Federal de los Trabaiadores al Servicio del Estado (Federal Civil Sewice Law) > Ley Federal de ProcedimientoAdministrativo (FederalAdmin- LFPA istrative Procedure Law) Procedimineto ContenciosoAdmilistrativo (Federal law of Administrative Disputes Procedures) > Ley Federal de > ky Federal de Protecci6n al Consumidor (Federal Consumer LFPCA LPC Protection Law) de Proteccion de Datos Personales en Posesion de los Particulares (Federal law on the Protection of Personal Data in Possession of Individuals) > Ley Federal >Ley Federal de RadioyTelevisi6n (FederalLawof Radio Television) > Ley Federal de ResponsabilidadAmbiental (Federal Law LFPDPP and LFRT on LFRA Environrnental Responsibility) ResponsabilidadesAdministrativas de los Servi LFRASP dores Pfblicos (Federal Law ofAdministrativ€ Responsibilities of Public Sef!?nts) > Ley Federal de r Ley Federal de Seguridad Privada (Federal [aw on Private LFS P Security) > Ley Federal de Telecomunicaciones @ederal Telecommunica- LFT tions Law) > Ley Federal deTransparencia yAcceso a la Informaci6n LFTAIPG Publica Gubernamental (Federal law ofTransparency and Access to Public Government Information) > > lry Federal del Derecho deAutor (Fed€ral Copyright Ley Federal del Impuesto Sobre Autom6viles Nuevos Tax Law on NewAutomobiles) taw) LFDA (Federal LFIAN (FederallawoftheSeas) (Federallaborlaw) Para laAdministraci6n y Enaienaci6n de Bienes >LeyFederaldelMar LFM >LeyFederaldelTrabajo LFT > Ley Federal LFAEBSP del Sector Priblico (Federal Law for theAdministration and Disposition ofAssets ofthe Public Sector) o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o |:rltrign .f urisllitliots: \{ex ir. o r Ley Fccleral pam h Prevenci6n e ldentificaci6n dc Operacio- LFPIORPI nes con Recursos de Procedencia Ilicita (Federal l.aw on the Prevcntion and Identilication of Operations IJsing Illicit Resources) r Ley Fcderal para la Protecci(in a Personas quc Intcrvienen en el Proccdimicnto Penal (Federll Law for the Protection of Pcrsons'lestiffing in (iriminal Matters) LFPPIPP F-ederal Para Prevenir y Eliminar la Discriminaci<in (Fed- LFPED eral Law for the Prevcntion and Elimination of DiscriminatlonJ , l.ey (Fcdenl Law for the Prevcntion and Punishment of'Ibrture) * Ley Federal Sobre Monumentos y Zonas Arqueologicas (Fctl* Le1'Federal Para Prevenir y Sancionar [aT<rrtum LFPST LMZAA cral Law fcrr Monuments and Archacoklgical Areas) r l-ey Firma ElectronicaAvanzada (Advanced Illectronic Signature Law) LFEA * Ley (iencral de Acceso cle las Mujercs a [Jna Vida Librc de Violencia ((iencral Law of aWoman's Right to a Life Free LGAMVLV of Violence) r Ley Gencral de Asentamientos Ilumanos (Generll Law on Population (lentcrs) LAH General dc Bibliotecas (Gcneral Law of Libraries) LGB > l.e_v : Ley (ieneml de Bicnes Nackrnales (General Law on National LGBN Property) ' Le1'Gencral de Cambio Change) Climitico ((iencral Law on Climatc * Ley Gencral cle Contabiliclad Ciubernamental (Gcneral Ac- LGCC LGCG counting Law) n Lc1 Gencral dc De rcchos Ling,iiisticos dc los l)ueblrs lltdigenas (General Law of the Linguistic Rights of Indigenous LGDLP Pcople) r Ley Gencral dc Desarrollo Forestal Sustentable ((ieneral Law for Sustainrble Forest Dcvekrpment) LGDFS r Ley General de Dcsarrollo Social ((iencral Law firr Social LGDS Dcvekrpmcnt) r Ley General de Deudit Pfiblica (General Law of the Public LGDP Dcbt) rLey General dc Eclucaci6n (Gener,rl Education Law) LGEEPA r Ley Gencral de Instituciones y Socicdades Mutualistas de Segur0s (Oeneral Law oflnstitutions and Mutud Insurance LGISMS y. Protecci6n LGE Ambiente r Lcy Gencral de Equilibrio Ecoltigico ((ieneral Environmcnt Law) al (irmpanies) r Lcy Gencral dc Organizaciones y Activitladcs Attxiliares de Cr6dito (General Law ofOrganizations andActivities LGOC Related to Credit) oLey General de lbblaci6n (Gencral Population Law) Ley General de Prest:tci6n de Servicios para la Atencidn, " Cuidado v Deslrrollo Integral Infirntil (Children Iaw for the Delivery of Crre and Integral Devclopment of Infants) >Ley General de Protecci<in Law) Civil ((iencral Civil Protection r Ley General de Salud (General Health Law) LGP LGPSACDII LGPC LG5 Foreign Jurisdictions: Mexico >LeyGeneraldesociedadesCooperativas (Generallawfor LGSC Cooperative Associations) > ky for LGSM > Iry (General LGTOC > Ley General de Tirrismo (Gene ral Tourism General de Sociedades Mercantiles (General law Cofimercial Corporations) General de Titulos y operaciones de Cr€dito Law for Securities and Credit Operations) >ky > ky > Iry law) ofvictims) (General Iaw ofVildlife) LGT General devictimas (General Iaw LGV C'eneral deVida Silvestre LGVS General del Equilibrio Ecol6gico y la Protecci6n alAmbi- LGEPA ente (General law of Ecological Equilibrium and Environ- mentd Protection) en >ky General del Sistema de Medios de Impugnaci6n Materia Electoral (General Law of the System of Electoral Challenges) > Ley General del Sistema Nacional de Seguridad Priblica eral law ofthe National System ofPublic Security) (Gen- the Iry General Para el Control delTabaco (General law for Conuol ofTobacco) > ky General Para la lgualdad Entre Mujeres y Hombres (General Iaw for Equality BetweenVomen and Men) > > Ley General para la Prevenci6n Social de laViolencia y la Delincuencia (General Law for Social Prevention ofVio lence and Delinquency) >ley Minera (Mining law) LGSMIME LGSNSP LGCT LGMIH LGPSVD LMin Ley Monetaria de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos (Monetary law of the United Mexican States) LM Ley Orginica de laAdministraci6n Pfblica Federal (Organic Iaw of Federal Public Administration) LOAPF > ky LOA > ky > Ley Orgdnica de la Procuraduria e la Defensa del > > Orginica de laArmada de M6xico (Organic law of the Nary of Mexico) Orginica de la loteria Nacional para laAsistencia Pfblica LOLNAP (Organic law of the National Iottery for PublicAssistance) Con- LOPDC tribuyente (Organic Iaw of the Office of theAdvocate for Taxpayer) > Repfblica Ley Orginica de la Procuraduria General de la (Organic Law of the Attorney General's Ofifice) >LeyOrg6nicadelosTribunalesAgrarios Ag,rarian > > (Organiclawof LOPGR LOTA Couru) Ley Orginica de Sociedad Hipotecaria Federal (Organic of the Federal Mortgage Corporation) law LOTM try Orginica law LOSH F de Sociedad Hipotecaria Federal (Organic of the Federal Mortgage Corporation) >ley Orginica del Banco delAhorro Nacional y Servicios LOBNSF Financieros (Organic law of the National Savings Bank and Financial Services) > Ley Orginica del Banco Nacional de Comercio Exterior ganic Law of the National Bank for ForeignTrade) > Ley Orginica del Banco Nacional de Obras y Servicios (Or- Pfbli- cos (Organic Law of the National Bank for Public Works and Services) LOBNCE LOBNOS o o a o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o O o o o o o o o o o o o o t o o o o o o o o o Forcign Jrrrisd ietions: Mcxic<r > > > Ley Orginica del Congreso General de los Estados lJnidos Mexicanos (Organic l^aw of the Congress of the United Mexican States) LOCEUM Ley Orginica del Poder Judicial de la Federaci6n (Enabling Law for the Federal Judiciary) LOPJF Ley Orginica delTribunal de los ContencioAdministrativo LOTCA (Enabling Law for theAdministrative Disputes Court) Ley Orginica del Tribunal Federal de Justicia Fiscal yAdministmtiva (Organic Law of the Federal Court for Fiscal and > LOTFJFA Administrative Justice) Ley Orginica del Tribunal Fiscal de la Federacion (Enabling Law for thc Federal Fiscal Court) > LOTFF Pais (National Neutml- LCNP r Ley Fara el Aprovechamiento Sustentable de la Energia (Law for the Sustainable Use of Energy) > Ley Para el Desarrollo de la Competitividad de la Micro, Pequefra y Mediana Empresa (Iaw for the Development of the Competitiveness of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises) LASE r Ley Para la Depuraci6n y Liquidaci6n de Cuentas de la Hacienda Priblica Federal Qaw for the Elimination and Settlement ofAccounts of the FederalTreasury) LDLCHPF r Ley Para la Protecci<in de los Derechos de Niflas, Ninos yAdc lescentes (Iaw for the Protection of the Rights of Children and Adolescents) LPDNNA r Ley Para laTransparencia y Ordenamiento de los Servicios Financieros (Iaw for the Transparency and Regulation of the Financial Services) r Lcy Para Promover la Inversi6n Mexicana yVigilar la Inversi6n Extranjera (Iaw to Promote Mexican Investments and Monitor Foreign Investments) LTOSF Lcy Pir.l Conservar la Neutralidad > de I ify Iaw) > Ley Fma Regular las Sociedades de Informaci6n Crediticia (Law to Regulate Credit Information Companies) r Ley Sobre Delitos de Imprenta (Law on Publishing Crimes) > (law r Ley Sobre la Aprobaci6n deTratados Internacionales en Materia Econ6mica (law on the Adoption of International Economic Treaties) Ley Sobre la Celebraci6n de Tratados (I-aw ofTreaties) > LIE LRSIC LDI LSCS Ley Sobre el Contrato de Seguro > Ley Sobre el Escudo, la Bandera y el Himno Nacionales on the Coat of Arms, Flag and NationalAnthem) ' LDCMPME Ley de Impuestos sobre Ingresos Mercantiles (Tax Law on LEBHN LATIME LCT LIIM Commercial Income) > Ley del Impuesto a los Dep6sitos en Efectivo (Thx Cash Deposits) law on r Ley clel Impuesto Empresarial aTasa Llnica (Law of the Ftat Tax for Corporations) Ley del Impuesto sobreTenecia o Uso deVehiculos (Tax Law ' > LIDE LIETU LISTUV ofVehicles or Use ofVehicles) Ley del Servicio de Inspecci6n Fiscal tions Service) (Iaw of theTax Inspec- LS IF o Foreign Jurisdictions: Mexico Administrative and executive materials Citation format: ,document titl€', ,document number, if applicable,, ,specific provision(s) cited, if applicable,, Diario Oficial de [a Federaci6n IDOF] ,e1i91nal date of publication,, ,date of latest revision, if applicable,(country abbreviation if not evident from context,). ) Decreto de Promulgaci6n de la Convenci6n de Viena, sobre el Derecho de los Tratados entre Estados y Organizaci6n Internacionales, Diario Oficiatde la Federaci6n lDOFlz4-tz-rggz (Mex.). ) Norma Oficial Mexicana, NOM-oor-SESH-zor4, Plantas de distibuci6n de Gas L.P. Disefro, construcci6n y condiciones seguras en su operaci6n, Diario Oficial de [a Federaci6n IDOF] 22-Lo-2oL4 (Mex.). Regulations Citation format:,regulation name, [.regulation abbreviation'],,specifi c provision(s) cited, if applicable,, Diario Oficial de la Federaci6n IDOF] ,originaI date of publication,, ,date of latest revision, if applicable' (,country abbreviation if not evidence from context'). ) Reglamento de la Ley Aduanera IRLA], Diario Oficial de la Federaci6n IDOF] o6-o6-1996, frltimas reformas DOF z8-ro-zool (Mex.). >ReglamentodeA-flliaci6n(lncorporationRegulations) > Reglamento de Financiamiento Priblico @ublic Regulations) Finance >Reglamento de Ingenieria Sanitaria Relativo a Edificios ing Health Regulations) > (Build- hw) RCD Customs RLA >Reglamento delaLey Agrariaen Materia de Certificaci6n de Derechos Ejidales yTitulaci6n de Solares (Regulations of the law onAgrarian Matters of Certification of Eiido Rights and Titling of Iots) > > RISRE the Reglamento de la Cimam de Diputados @egulations of House ofDeputies) ) Reglamento de la LeyAduanera @egulations of the RA RFP Reglamento de la kyAgraria en Materia de Ordenamiento de la Propiedad Rural @egulations of the law on Iand Management of Rural Property) RLAMCDETS RLAMOPR Reglamento de la LeyAgraria Para Fomentaf la Organiztci6n RLAFOyDMCR y Desarrollo de la Mujer Campesina @egulation of LandAct for Promoting the Organization and Development of Rural Vomen) r Reglamento de la ky de Adquisiciones, Arendamientos y Servicios del Sector Priblico @egulations of the Law of Acquisitions, Leases and Services of the Public Sector) >Reglamento de la Ley deAeropuertos (Regulations ofthe RLMSSP law RLA ofAirports) > Reglamento de la ley deAguas Nacionales (R.egulations of the RLAN Nationalvater law) > Reglamento de la Ley deAscensos de laArmada de M€xico (R€gulations ofthe law on Promotion ofthe Nalry of Mexico) RLMM t o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o t o o o o o I o o o o o o o o o o o o Forcign "f urir<lictic:lls: llk xi*.o r Reglamento de la Ley de Ascensos y Recompcnsas del Efercito y Fucrza A6rea Mexicanos (Regulations of the Law fbr Promotion and Pay of the Mexican Army an<I Air Force) RLAREFAM r Reglamcnto dc la Lcy de Asociaciones Plblico Privadas (Regttlations ofthc Law on Public-Private Pannerships) RLAPP r Reglamento de la Ley tle Asociacioncs Re ligiosas y Culto P[rblico (Regulations of the Law of Rcligious Associations RLARCP and Pr.rblicV<rrship) Reglamento de la Ley de Aviaci6n Civil (Regulations of thc Irw of CivilAviation) > RLAC r Reglamento de la Ley de Bioscguridad dc Organismos Gen6ticrmente Modilicados (Regulations of the Law on lliosatet)' of Gcnetically Modificd Orgmisms) RLBOGM Reglamento de la Ley de Ciimarrs Empresariales y Stts Confedcraciones (Regulations of thc Law of Commcrcial Chambers andTheir Confedemtions) r Rcglamento de la ky de (lomcrcio Exterior (Regulations of thc Foreign'Ira<Ie Law) Reglamcnto dc la Ley de Energia Para el Oampo (Regulations RLCEyC > ' RLCE RLEC of the Energ-v Law f<lr the Countryside) > Reglamento de la Ley de Informaci6n Estadisticl y GeograIica (Regulations of the Law on Statistical and (ieographic RLIEG Information) r Reglamento dc la Ley dc Inversi6n Extranjera -Y dcl Registro Nacional de Inversiones Extmnjeras (Regulittions ofthe Law on Foreign Investment and National Register of Forcign Invcstment) r Rcglamento de la Ley de la Policia l'ederal (Rcgulations of the law of the Iredcrnl Police) . Reglamento de la Ley de la Propiedad Industrial (Regulations RLIERN IE RLPF RLPI of the Law of Intellcctual Property) r Reglamento de la Ley de los Siste mas de Ahorro Par.l el Retiro (Regulations of the Law on Saving Systems for Retirement) RLSAR r Reglamento dc la Ley dc Migraci<in (Regulations of the Immigration Law) r Reglamento de la Ley dc Nacionalidad (ltegulations of thc Nationality Law) RLM Reglamento de la Ley dc Navegaci6n (Regulations of thc taw of Navigation) > Repy'amcnto cle la Lcy de Obras l'riblicas y Scrvicios Rclacitr nados (lon las Mismas (Regulations of the Law of Public Works and Related Matters) RLN de h Ley de Organizacioncs Ganaclcras (Regulations of thc Law of Livestock Organizations) r Reglamcnto de la Ley dc Pcsca (Rcgulations of the Fishing RLOG > > Reglametrto RLNac RLOPSRM RLP Law) r Reglamcnto de la Ley dc Petrdleos Mexicanos (Regulations of thc Law of Mexican Petroleum) r Reglamento de la Ley de Productos Orginicos (Regulations of RLPM RLPO thc Law of Organic Products) * I{eglamento de la Ley de Pnrmoci6n y l)esarrollo de krs Bio- encrgeticas (Regulations of the Ltw t>n the Promotion and Devek)pment of Ili0energy) RLPyDB Foreign Jurisdictions: Mexico > Reglamento de la Ley de Puertos @egulations of the Law Ports) of RLP Reglamento de la ky de Sociedades Cooperativas (Cooperative Law Regulations) RLSC > Reglamento de la Ley del Impuesto alValorAgregado (Regulations of the Added Value Tax Law) RLIVA > Reglamento de la Ley del Impuesto Especial Sobre Producci6n y Servicios Gegulations of the Law on SpecialTaxation on Production and Services) RLIEPS > Reglamento de la Ley del Impuesto Sobre la Renta (Regulations of the IncomeTax Law) RSIR > Reglamento de la Ley del Registro PriblicoVehicular (Regulations of the law of the Public Register ofVehicles) RLRPV > Reglamento de la Ley del Servicio deTesoreria de la Federaci6n @egulations of the Law of Service of theTreasury of the Federation) RLSTF > Reglamento de la Ley del Servicio Exterior Mexicano @egulations of the Law of the Mexican Foreign Service) RLSEM Reglamento de la Ley Federal deArmas de Fuego y Explosivos @egulations of the Federal Law on Firearms and Explosives) > Reglamento de la Ley Federal de Competencia Econ6mica @egulations of the Federal law on Economic Competition) RLFAFE > Reglamento de la Ley Federal de Correduria Publica @egulations ofthe Federal Law ofPublic Brokerage) RLFCP > Reglamento de la Ley Federal de Juegos y Sorteos (Regulations of the Federal Law of Games and Sweepstakes) RLFJS ky Federal de las Entidades Paraestatales @egulations of the Federal Iaw on the Parastate Entities) > Reglamento de la ky Federal de Presupuesto y Responsabilidad Hacendaria @egulations of the Federal Law on the Budget and Responsibility of theTreasury) RLFEP Reglamento de la Ley Federal de Protecci6nAl Consumidor S.egulations of the Federal Law of Consumer Protection_; > Reglamento de la Ley Federal de Protecci6n de Datos Personales en Posesi6n de los Particulares @egulations of the Federal Law on the Protection ofPersonal Data in Held bv Pri!?te Farties) RLFPC Reglamento de la Ley Federal de Seguridad Privada S.egulations of the Federal Law on Private Secudty) RLFSP Reglamento de la lry Federal deTransparencia yAcceso a la Informaci6n Pfiblica Gubemamental (Regulations of the Federal Law ofTransparency andAccess to Public Government Information) RLFTAIPG > > > Reglamento de la > > > > Reglamento de la Federal ky Federal deTurismo (Regulations of the RLFCE RLFPRH RLFPDPPP RLFT law onTourism) > Reglamento de la Ley Federal del Derecho deAutor (R.egulations of the Federal Copyright Law) RLFDA > Reglamento de la Ley Federal Para la Prevenci6n e ldenti6caci6n de Operaciones Con Recursos de Procedencia Ilicita @egulations of the Federal law for the Prevention and Identification of Operations with Illicit Resources) RLFPIORPI o o o o o o o t o o o o o o o o o o o o o I o o I I o o o I o o I O o o o o a o o o lrorcign Jurisdictions: r Reglamento de la Ley Fedcral Sobre Monumentos y Zonas Me xico RLFSMZAAH Arqucol<igicas,Artisticos E Hist6ricos (Rcgulations of thc Fedcral law on Monumcnts and Archaeological Zr>nes, Artistic and Historical) > Reglanento de la Ley Gencral de Acceso de las Mujeres a llna Vida Libre de Violencia (Regulations of the General Act on Access ofVomcn to a Lifc Frce FromViolcnce) r Reglamcnto de la Ley General de (lultura Fisica y l)eporte RLGAMVLV RLGCFD (Rcgulxtion of the Gencral Law on Physical Culture and Sports) > > Reglamcnto dc la Ley General de l)esarrollo Forestal Sustentable (Regulations of the General Law for Sustainable Forestry I)evelopment) Reglamcnto dc la Ley Gcncral de Desarrollo Social (Regula- RLGDS tions of the Gcncr.rl Law on Social Deve krpment) de la Ley General dc l'oblacitin (Regulations the (ieneral Law on P<4rulation) > Reglamcntt.r > > > RLGDFS of Reglamento de la Lcy Gcneml dc Salud cn Materia de Prestacion de Scrvicios de Atcrlci6n M€dica (Rcgulations of the (ieneral IJealth Law Responsible for Prol'iding Healthcare Scrvice) RLGP RLGSMPSAM Reglamcnto de la Ley General de Sah:d en Materia de Protec- RLGSMPSS ci6n Social cn Salud (Rcgulations of thc (ieneral llealth l-ew Regarding Social Protection) Reglamcnto de la Ley Gcncral de Salud en Materia dc hrblici- RLGSMP dad (Regulations of the Gener.tl l;tw of Health in Relation to Advertising) r Reglamento de la l.ey Gcneral dc Salud en Materia de Sanidad RLGSMSI Internacional (Regulations of thc Gencr:tl Law of Health Regarcling International Health) r Reglamento de la Ley Gcneral dcVida Silvestre (Rcgulations RLGVS of the General Law on Wildlilc) ' ' " Reglamento de la Ley General del Equilibrio Ecokrgico y la Protecci6n al Ambiente en Materia de Arcas Naturales Protegidas @egulations of the Ge ncr.rl Law of thc Ecological Balance and Protection ofthe Environmcnt on Matters of Protccted NaturalArcas) RLGEEPAMAN P Reglamcnto dc la Ley General del Equilibrio Ecoltigico y l" Protcccion el Ambirntc rn Matcria dcAutorregulation y Auditorias Ambientalcs (Regulations of the Gcncral Law of Ecological tsalance and Environmental Protection in thc Field of Environmental Audits and Self-Regulation) RLGEEyPA Reglamento de la Ley Gencral del Equilibrio Ecokigico y la Protecci6n alAmbiente en Materia de Evaluaci6n del Impacto Ambiental (Regulations of thc (ieneral [.aw of Ecological Balance and Environmental Protection in the F'icld of Environmental Impact Assessment) RLGEEyPAMEIA , Reglamcnto dc la Ley (ieneral del Equilibrio Ecokigico y la Protecci6n alAmbiente en Materia dc Registro de Emisioncs yTransfere ncia de Contaminantes @egulations of the General Law on the Ecological Balancc and Environmental Protection in Matters of Registering Pollutant Release and Transfcr) de la Ley Ocneral Ihra el Control dclTabaco (Regulations of the General Iaw for the Contnrl ofTobacco) . Reglamento MyAA RLGEEPAMRETC RLGCT Forelgn J urisdictions: Mexico >Reglamento de la Ley General Fara la Prevenci6n y Gestion Integral de los Residuos @egulations of the General Iaw on the Prevention and Integral Management ofVastes) RLGPGIR Reglamento de la try General Fara la Inclusion de las Perso nas Con Discapacidad @egulations of the General Law for the Inclusion of Persons with Disabilities) > Reglamento de la Ley Minera @egulations of the Mining Law) RLGIPD >Reglamento de la ky Orginica de la Fracci6n I delArticulo 27 Constitucional @egulations of the Organic law of Faragra.ph I ofArticle 27 of the Constitution) RLOFRI >Reglamento de la Ley Orginica de la Procuraduria General de la Repriblica (Regulations of the Organic Lav/ of the Attorney General of the Republic) RLOPGR > > Reglamento de la Ley Para el Desarrollo de la Competitividad de la Micro,Pequefra y Mediana Empresa (Regulations of the Law to Develop Competitiveness of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises) >Reglamento de la Ley Para la Protecci6n de Personas Defensoras de Derechos Humanos y Periodistas @egulations of the Law for the Protection ofHuman RightsAdvocates and Joumalists) >Reglamento de la lry Para Promover la Inversi6n Mexicana y Regular la Extranlera @egulations of the l,aw to Promote Mexican Investment and Regulate Foreign Investment) > Reglamento de la Ley Que Crea El Fondo de Gara'nti?- y Fomento Para laAgriculture, Ganaderia yAvicultura (Regulations of the Law Establishing the Guarantee Fund and Development forAgriculture, Livestock and Poultry) RLM RLDCMPME RPPPDDHYP RIMRE RLCFGFAGA >Reglarnento de la Ley Reglamentaria delArticulo 27 Constitucional en el Ramo del Petr6leo (Regulations ofthe Regulatory Law of ConstitutionalArticle 27 Relating to Petroleum) > Reglamento de la lry Sobre Produccitin. Certificaci6n y Cc mercio de Semillas @egulations of the law on Production, Certification and Seed Trade) RLRACRP >Reglamento de la Ley Sobre Refugiados y Protecci6n Complementaria (Regulations of the law on Refugees and Complementary Protections) RLRPC Reglamento del Articulo 122 de la, ky Federal de Protecci6n al Consumidor (Regulations of futicle 122 of the Federal Consumer Protection law) > Reglamento del C6digo Fiscal de la Federacion (Regulations of the FederalTax Code) RALFPC >Reglamento del Impuesto Sobre la Renta (IncomeTax Regula- RISR > RSPCCS RCFF tions) >Reglamento del Registro Federal de Contribuyentes @egulations of the Federal Register ofTaxpayers) RRFC Reglamento del Registro Nacional de Inversiones Extranieras (R.egulations of the National Registry of Foreign Investments) > Reglamento del Senado de la Repfblica (Regulations of the Senate of the Republic) >Reglamento Interior de la Secretgia de Hacienda y Cr€ditos Pdblicos (Regulations of the Department ofTreasury and Public Credit) RRNIE > RSR RISH o o I I o o o I t o o t o t o t o a I o I t I o o o o o I I o o I o o I o o a I o o l:ol'rigrr _f llritdir Iiurrs: lllricrr N Rcglamcnto Para el (lobierno Interior del Oongreso General de los Estldos IJnidos Mexicanos (lnternal Regulations for the Clovcrnmcnt of thc Congless of the tlnitcd Mexican statcs) r Reglamento del la Lcy General del Equilibrio Ecol6gico y la Protecciirn rlAmbiente cn Materia de Ordenamiento Ecokigico (Regulations of the ()eneral Law of thc Ecokrgi cal Balance and Environmcntal Protection in the Fielcl of Ecologl) ! Reglamento de la Ley dcl Impuesto sobre la Renta (lncome RGICG LGEEPAMOE RLI R Tax Regulations) r Rcglanrentos dcl Cirdigo Fiscal dc [a Fedcraci<-rn y de la Ley del Impuesto al Activo (Regulations of the Fedeml Tax Fiscal (irde ancl theAssetTax Law) RCFFLIA State materials It is common to cite local materials analogously to thc federal examples given in the above table. Statc governments have websites where local statutes and codes are often availablc. A comprehensive list of state govemment oflicial websites is provided in the fcderal government's onlinc lcgal repository, which is maintaincd by the Mcxican Department of the Interior, at http://ETv.ordenjuridico.gob.mx. Links to state materials can also be found at http://www.mexlaw.com/best_ w€bsites/appendix3.html. Periodicals Citation format: ,last name of author', <first name of author', ",title of article"', <name of periodicat' [.periodicaI abbreviation,], ,votume number>, ,issue number,, ,date,, p. .page number). tr Acosto Romero, Miguet, "Derecho bancario," Boletin Mexicano de Derecho Comparado [BMDC], vo[. 151, nlm.24,29 de agosto de 2o13, p.1o5. r Anuario Mcxicano cle Historia deI Derechcr (Mexican Yearbook of Legal History) Anu. Mex. Hist. Derecho sBoletin del Instituto de l)erecho Comparado lL)48-1967 de M€xico (Bulletin of the Institute of Comparatir.e Law of Mexico) BIDCM Mcxicano dc Derecho Comparaclo 1968-date (Nlcxican Bulletin of (lomparative Law) ' lloletill " Boletin Oticial (Ofticial Bulletin) BMDC BO r Criminalia (Criminologr"'Periodical") r I)iario del (iobierno de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos (l)aily Journal of the Government of the United Mexican States) ' Diario Ofit'ial de la Fedcracitin Fedcrd DailyJournal) t ()fficial DG | 9 | 6-datc DOF !. Grceta de Tribunales (Gazette of the (iourts) ; Gaceta del Foro (Bar (;azette) (;aceta del Gobierno ((;ovcrnmcnt (;azette) GT ' GG r (laceta Olicial (Oflicial Gazctt€) GO GF I Foreign Jurisdictions: Mexico BI Juridica Boletin de Informaci6n Juridica, 6rgano del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (lrgal Informational Bulletin, Pub lication of the Mexican lnstitute of Social S€curity) > Revista Compromiso (Commitment Joumal) > > Revista Critica de Derecho Inmobiliario (Critical Joumal of Real Estate law) ) Revista de DerechoAdministrativo Qournal RC l36ldate RCDI 1989-date RDA ofAdministrative law) >Revista de Derecho Mercantil (ournal Commercial Iaw) of RM Revista de Derecho Mexicano flournal of RDM > Mexican > law) Revista de Derecho Notarios (|ournal Notary of 1955-1968 RDN of 199O-dalte RDP of 1945-date RDPP law) >Revista de Derecho Privado Qournal Private Law) >Revista de Derecho Priblico (ournal Public Law) Revista de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales Jus (oumal of taw and Social Science) Jus > Revista de Investigaciones Juridicas (ournal RIJ > of kgal Studies) > Revista de la Escuela Nacional de Jurisprudencia de M€xico Sournal ofthe National > Revista de la Facultad de Derecho de Mexico (oumal of the Law Faculty of Mexico) School RENJM oflaw ofMexico) 1951-200t >Revista de la Facultad deJurisprudencia flournal of the Faculty ofJurisprudence) > Revista del lnstituto de laJudicatura Federal Qoumd of the Institute of the Federal > Revista del Instituto Federal de Defensoria Priblica (ournal of the Federal Institute of > Revista delTribunal Fiscal de la Federaci6n RDFM RFJ RUF Judiciary) RIFDP Public Defenders) RTFF (oumal ofthe FederalTax Court) > Revista General de Derecho yJurisprudencia (General Journal of Iaw and Jurispru- RGDJ dence) > Revista General de Legislacion yJuris. 19261930 RGLJ prudencia (ournal of Legislation and Jurisprudence) ) Revista Investigaci6n Fiscal (ournal of Fiscal RIF Research) > Revista Juridica (Iaw Journal) R' > Revista Mexicana de la Propiedad Industrial RMPIA yArtistica (Mexican Journal of Industrial andArtistic Property) t o o o o o o t I o I I o I I a I o o I o o o o o I a t I o o I O F-r noott Citationformat: ,last name of author>,,first name of author,,,title of book', .edition,, ,[ocation of publication,: ,pubtisher', ,year of publication,, ,volume/ tome number or name of series or collection, if applicable', p..page number>. ) o t o I I Acosta Romero, Miguel, Teoria general delderecho administrativo, r7a. ed., M6xico: Porr0a, zoo4, vo1. 4,p.32!. To cite a chapter in a book, insert the title of the chapter and "en" before the title of the book. ) Acosta Romero, Miguel, Titulos valores, en: Derecho bancario, M6xico, Porr0a, 2ot3,p 2t9. If a book has four or more authors. olace "et al." after the name of the first author. ) If a Acosta Romero, Miguel, et al., Tratado de sociedades mercantiles con 6nfasis en la sociedad anSnima: M6xico, za ed., M6xico, Porr0a, zoo4,p.t69. book has been translated, place the name of the translator after the edition. ) Acosta Romero, Miguet, Teoria general del derecho administrativo, r7!. ed., trad. de lorge Ochoa Tena, M6xico: Porrtia, zoo4, p.32t. Intemet sources When citing any source that is found online, it is necessary to include the type of electronic format of the source . the URI, and the date of the last time the source was viewed. ) Constituci6n Politica de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, CP, Diario Oficiat de la Federaci6n IDOF] o5-oz-r9r7, tittimas reformas DOF to-o2-2or4 (Mex.), formato HTML, http: //www.diputados.gob.mx/ LeyesBibtio/htm/r.htm (consultada el z7 de febrero de zor4). ) C6digo Civil [CC], Diario Oficialde la Federaci6n IDOF] t4-o5-t928, frttimas reformas DQF z4-rz-zotl (Mex.), formato PDF, http:/i wwwdiputados.gob.mx/LeyesBibtio/ pdf/ z-z4rzt3.pdf (consul- o I I reign Juris*lictions: illexico tada e[ z7 de febrero de zor4). )' Ley Aduanera ILAD], Diario Oficial de la Federaci6n IDOF] t5-rz1995, riltimas reformas DOF o9-tz-zog (Mex.), formato HTML, http://www.dof.gob.mx/nota-detalle.php?codigo=532494r&f echa:ogltzlzor3 (consultada e[ z7 de febrero de zor5) (Mex.). Offi cial government websites: http ://www. diputados. gob. mx,/inicio.htm http://www.senado. gob.mVindex.php http ://www. normateca. gob. mx,/NF-Disposiciones' php?Status= http: / / dof .terra. com. mV I o o Foreign Jurisdictions: Nethedands http://www.dof. gob.mx/ http ://www. scf n. gob.m/Paginasflnicio. aspx I The following websites provide links to the law and codes of Mexico: http://www. loc. govfafhelp/guide/nations/mexico.php http ://www.iuridicas.unam. t mV http ://eyco. orglindex.html I I http://mexico.iustia. com/ http://www.mexicanlaws. com,/ http ://www.woddlii.orglcatal ogt/ 2O7 6.htrnl http ://biblioteca.itesm. mx,/proyecto/ T2.28 Nethedands, Kingdom of the (Civil Law) Cases citation format: <court abbreviation, .city (except when citing HR), ,date of decision in Dutch,, (reporter abbreviation, ,publication year', ,publication number, m.nt. ,initials or name of annotator) (,plaintiff name'/.defendant name) (.country abbreviation if not evident from context). > HR 30 > Hof 's-Grave nhage z7 mei zoo4, JOR zoo4, 206 m.nt. Van Ravels en Van Andel (Vie d'Or/Stichting Pensioen- en Verzekeringskamer en Staat) (Neth.). januari 1959, NJ t959,548 m.nt. DJV (Quint/fe Poel) (Neth.). Until June 28, 2013, many court decisions published in the Netherlands received a National Reports Number (LJN), consisting of two letters and four digits. After that date, decisions are to have a European Case Law Identifier (ECLD, a standard that was adopted in late 2010. For purposes of conversion into ECLI coding, the LJN is included in the final (numeric) part of ECLI, e.g., ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2014:555, where NL is for Netherlands and GHAMS is Gerechtshof Amsterdam. A search for cases on websites such as Rechtspraak. nl, http://www.rechtspraak.n/Uitspraken-en-Registers/Uitspraken/ Pages/ECll.aspx, can be done using the identifier. Ordinary iurisdiction Hoge Raad der Nederlanden (HR) (Supreme Court of the Netherlands), Gerechtshof (Ho$ (ordinary courts of appeals), Hoog Militair Gerechtshof (HMG) (Military Court of Appeals) (abolished in 1991), and Kriigsraad (Kr.) (Court Martial) (no longer in existence): Cite to N, or W, if therein. Prior to 2002, there were two courts of first instance: Arrondissementsrechtbank (Rb.) (ordinary court of first instance and court of appeals to the Kantongerecht) and Kantongerecht (Ktg.) (court of first instance for labor, rent, and misdemeanor cases). In 2002, these two courts merged, eliminating the latt€r court as a sepamte court (instead, it is now a subdivision ofthe former court). Crurently, labor, rent, and small claims (rather than misdemeanor) cases are still decided by a different kind of judge-the Kantonrechter (Ktr.)-than o o o a I I I o I a o a t o I o I o I o I o a o O O o t o o I o a o o I [:ore i gn -f * ri sel.ict irx-ls: & {.'t.trtrla rrds arc other civil cases. Becausc of thc merger, the Arrondissementsrechtbank (Rb.) is no krnger a court of appcals to the Kantongerecht (Ktg.). After the merger, those specific types of cases should be cited to thc Kantonrechter (Ktr.) instead of the Kantongerecht (Ktg.), following the form mcntioncd above. (lite to Prg. or NJF, if therein. Reporters a Nederlandse Jurisprudentie r weekblad van het Rccht (by issuc l9l3-date NJ 1819-1913 W number) Kon (ieding * Kort (ieding Kort r Rechtspraak van de Week , Administratiefiechteliike bcslissingen r Beslissingen in belastingzaken v l9ril-2003 KG 1981-2ool KGK 1939-datc RvdW l9tt5-date AB r9r0-1953 B. 1953-date BNB Practijkgids 196.1-datc Prg. Nedcrlanclse iurisprudentie 2003-datc NjF 2005-date NIFS F Ileslissingcn in belastingzaken / Nederlandse Bclastingrcchtspraak ' > Feitenrechtspraak r Nederlandse jurispntdentie Feitcnrechtspraak Strafzaken > Jurisprudcntie bestuursrecht > Belastingblad urisprudentie ()ndememing !?eekblad voor Fiscaal Recht t.J e 1994-date lB 19tt2-datc BB cn Recht 199(r-date JOR 1955-date WvFR Special jurisdiction Afdeling Bestuursrechtspraak van de Raad van State (ABRvS) (Administrative (burt of Highest Instance (Afdeling Rechtspraak van de Raad van State (ARRvS) prior to 791)4)), Centrale Raad van Beroep (CRvB) ((lcntral Council ofAppeal), and College van Beroep voor het Bedriifsleven (CBB) (Administrative Court for Tradc and Industry): (lite to AB, if thcrein. Constitutions (liration f<rrmat: SrAtuur Neo [Charter] art. <article number'. Or: GW [Constitution] art. ,article number,, sub. ,subdivision number' > Srnruur Neo [Charter] art.9r. > Gw. [Constitution] art. 6, sub. r. > ' Belastingrechtspraakstatuut v<>or hct Koninkriik der Ncderlanden (Charter ofthe Kingdom ofthc Netherlands) (;rondwet voor hct Koninkrilk der Nederlanden (Constitution of the Kingdom of the Netherlands) Sraruur Gw. NEo Foreign Jur:isdictions: Nethedands Codes Citation format: Art. (or ArtikeD ,book number if multiple books':,article number, para. (or lid) ,paragraph/tid number, ,code abbreviation, (country abbreviation if not evident from context,). > Art.3:65 para. r BW. > Artikel 3o, lid z, Sv. > Artikel l6e tid z Sn (ouo). Burgediik Wetboek (Civil Code) (established in 1992) > Wetboek van Burgediike Rechtsvordering (Code of Civil Procedure) > Wetboek van Koophandel (Commercial Code) > Wetboek van Strafrecht (Criminal Code) > > Vetboek van Strafrordering (Code of Criminal enacted in 1992, Rv WvK 5n Sv Procedure) > Faillisementswet (Bankruptcy Code) > wet op de Rechterlijke organisatie @aw onJudicial Organization) > Burger$k Wetboek van f 838 (Civil Code of 1838) (in force until 1992) The Algemene Wet BW Fw Wer RO BW (ouo) Bestuursrecht (Awb.) (General Administrative Law Act), is not technically a code, but it provides a general foundational framework for Dutch administrative law. Statutes and decrees Citation format: ,law or decree, ,date',,gazette abbreviation> <year), <page number) (country abbreviation if not evident from context,). > Wet van 4 februari 1994, Stb. > > Besluit van 20 mei 1982, Stb. t987,278. t994,99. Regeling risicobeoordeling nieuwe stoffen Wms, Stcrt. 1994,L33. The Staatsblad uan bet KoninkriJk der Nederlanden (Stb., sometimes cited official gazette of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is the offlcial source for finding and citing the authoritative text of all codes, laws, general administrative measures, and royal decrees. as S.) is the Tlte Nederlandse Staatscourant (Stcrt.) is an offlcial daily joumal used for the publication of some royal decrees, ministerial decrees, ministerial circulars, and other offlcial statements. A parallet citation to Nedersanfue Staatsuetten (Schuurman & Jordens) or Nederlandse Wetgeuing (Cremers) may be given. > Staatsblad van het Koninkriik der Nederlanden stb./s. > Staatscourant Stcrt. > Nederlandse Staatswetten (edited by L.N. Schuurman and P.H. Jordens) Schuurman & Jordens > Nederlandse Wetgeving (edited by Cremers) Cremers I I o t I o o o o O o I o O I I o I I o o o o a a o I I o o o t I I I a o o I o t o Itoreign J urisclictions: Netherlands P;;;i;"i; > > Militair-rechteliik tiidschrift Tiidschrift voor rechtsgeschiedenis 1905-date 191 8-date MRT TvR (availablc online) > Nederlands Juristenblad 1925-<late > Ars Aequi I 95 > Weekblad voor Privaatrecht. Notariaat 1870-date WPNR 1870-date Hand, NIV 1 -date NJB M en Registratie Handelingen - Nederlandse Juristen Vereniging electroning > - t Advocatenblad 1 9 I 8-date Adv.bl. > Rechtsgeleerd Magaziin Themis 1839-date RM Themis > Justitiele verkenningen 1956-date JV > Nederlands Tiidschrift voor Burgediik Recht > Ondememingsrecht 1999-rlate Onderneming- ) Delikt en delinkwent 1970-date DD NTBR srecht > Netherlands International Law Review (available online by subscriptbn) 1910-2012 NILR > Weekblad voor Fiscaal Recht 1955-date WFR * Maandblad Ilelastingbeschouwingen r Tijdschrift voor privaatrecht (available online by subscription) 1958-date BB 1964-<iate TPR > s.E.\(l'. 7975-d^te SEW t\) / / -(laae TvCr 1979-date FJR 1986-date NCJM-Butletin > > Tiidschrift voor Criminologie Tijdschrift voor Familie- en Jeugdrecht Bulletin (Nederlands Juristen Comit6 voor de Mensenrechten) > NCJM > > Tiidschrift voor Civiele Rechtspleging Tijdschrift voor Bouwrecht (available 1993-date TCR 2008-date TBR 7987 -date NTB 1995-tlate MenR 1977 -<Jxe AMI online) r Nederlands Tiidschrift voor Bestuursrecht > Milieu & Recht r AMI: Tiidschrifrt voor Auteurs-, Media- & Informatierecht >Journaal LuchtRecht 2002-date JLR > School en Wet 2OO2-d^te School en Wet > Utrecht Law Review (available online) 2005-date ULR Treaties and conventions Citation format: ,Treaty title'; .city (if provided)', ,date in day-month-year format' Trb.,year,, <number> (country abbreviation if not evident from context>). o o l'oreign Jurisdictions: Nethedands > Verdrag inzake de heffing van rechten voor het gebruik van bepaatde wegen door zware vrachtwagens; Brussel, 9 februari ry94 Trb. zot4, tz6. > Het Verdrag van Straatsburg, Straatsburg; 8 november ry9o Trb. O 7990,772. > Tractatenblad van het Koninkriik Nederlanden der 1950-date Trb. Internet sources Legislation passed since January I, 1995 that has been published in the Staatbl.ad ot the Staatscouranl is available on the govemment's website at http://www.overheid.nl. Treaties and Parliamentary Papers are also available from this site. This site gives further access to all Ministries and other govemment ofganizations. The de Rechtspraak website, available provides free access to cases. athttpt/ /www.rechtspraak.nl, Decisions of the Administrative Court of Highest Instance are searchable and available in full text at http://*Trw.raadvanstate.n/uitspraken.html. t Parliamentary documents from 1814-1995 for both houses of the Dutch Padiament (Staten-Generaal) are available on its website, at Staten-Generaal Digitaal, http://www.statengeneraaldigita l$l/. The website of the Eerste Kamer (First Chamber of the Parliament) ishttp:./ / www. eerstekamer.nVhome. The website of the Tweede Kamer (Second Chamber of the Parliament) is http ://www.tweedekamer.nV. Comprehensive online access to legislation may be obtained through a paid subscription to the SDU online database , http://www.sdu.nl, or to the Lexplicatie database offered by Kluwer, http://www.lexplicatie.n/. The general government website, http://www.governrnent.nV, provides links to the individual ministries and includes more than two hundred documents and publications, among other features. The website of the Ministry of Security and Justice is http://www. governrnent.nl,/ministries/ven!. The online portal Boom Legal (BoomJuridische, or BJu) Publishers has articles from twenty€ight Dutch law joumals, available by paid subscription to one or more, and five open access joumals: BJu Tijdschriften,htfryr// www.biutiidsdrrift en.n/paginalinformatie. The commercial website Dutch Civil Law (DCL) provides "free information online in English on the principles and provisions of Dutch Civil law, the Dutch legal order and the rules of private intemational law of the Nethedands," http://www.dutchcivillaw.com,/. The website's translations are done by DCL unless otherwise noted and are not offtcial. o o I a o I O I o t t o o a o o O o o I t o o I o o I o o I o a I t o o o I |litrti gn tn'istt ir:t iIrns: lrit'rr ?,taI;tllrl _l The Advisory Administrative Law Foundation (Stichting Advicsgroep Bestuursrecht, S!AB) has a wcbsite devoted to laws on social security, with view to providing frcc legal assistance, http:/fu'*w.st-ab.nVindex.html. a T2.29 New Zealand (Cornmon I-au') Cases Medium-neutral citations In 2005, the Supreme (lourt of New Zealand acloptcd a medium-ne utral citati0n format. The Court of Appcal adopted this fbrmat in 2007, and some other courts followed later. A large numbcr of tribunals has also adopted neutral citation fbrmats since 2010. If a medium-neutral citation has been assigned b_v thc court it should be used to cite the case. If thc case has also been reportcd, cite the medium-ncutral citation followcd by thc citation to the report, separatcd by a comma. Do not givc the court identifier at the end of the tlecision, as this is evident from the neutral citation. (litation format: <case name> [,yeg1'] ,mgflium-neutraI court abbreviation> (case reference number> at ,paragraph number in brackets or page number, if desired, per ,iudge identifier, if appticable' (,country abbreviation if not evident from context,). If a decision contains paragraph numbcrs, use these for pinpoint ref'crences. If there are no pamgraph numbers, usc the report page number instcad. F'or example : w Aylwin v. Police [zoo8] NZSC u3, [zoo9]z NZLR r at [8] (N.2.). The medium-neutral court abbrcviations for those that hrve adooted this format, and the years of adoption, are b Supreme Clouft ' C()urt of Appcal 'Hilah Court t Employment Court Envifonment Couft ' ! Family (lourt as follows: NZSC 20|o5 NZCA 2007 NZHC NZEmpC 20r2 20 l0 NZEnvC 20 1o NZFC 2012 Notc that the Pri\T Council also adopted medium-neutral citations in 2(X)1, with the abbrcviation UKPC. Reported decisions If a case is re porte d in more than one rcport, cite only to the most authofitative report. The New Zcaland Law Reports is currentll' thc onll'oflicial report (sce bekrw). Citation format: ,case name) <year of decision in parentheses or brackets, .volume number> <reporter abbreviation, ,first page' (,court abbreviation,) at ,page(s) or Iparagraph(s)l of specific material, if desired, per , judge identifier, if applicable, (,country abbreviation if not evident from context). I Foreigrr Jurisdictions: New Zealancl Year of decision: 1) If the reports are in a consecutively numbered series from the fust volume, use parentheses around the year, which references the year of the decision' > Rv. Noble (zoo6) zz CRNZ 4zz (HC) at 422. 2) If the teport series consists of one or more volumes per year with no consecutive number sequence, use square brackets. In some reports, the year acts as the volume number and therefore there is no separate volume number. In such cases, squafe brackets are used instead of parentheses around the year. Particular attention should be paid to reports that have changed titles (see below). > Kerridge v. KerridgelzooSl > NZFLR fo (HC). Koin v. Hutton[zoo8] NZSC 6r, [zoo8] 3 NZLR S89 at [+Z] per Tipping J. > Attorney-Generalv. ZoouilzooslNZSC 38, [zoo6] r NZLR 289. l) AII pre-1900 reports use parentheses and the year reference is to the year of the decision. > Wellington Gas Co v. Patten G88t) NZLR I CA zo5. The correct citation form with abbreviation is indicated in the front of the repofts. Where the court of decision is not obvious from the title of the report, the name of the court (abbreviated) should be included at the end of the citation. Common abbreviations are High Court (HC), Court of Appeal (CA), Supreme Court (SC), andJudicial Committee of the Privy Council (PC)' Official reports > New Zealand Iaw Reports 1881-1887 NZLR These volumes contain separately numbered and paginated parts for Court of Appeal cases and Supreme Court cases. Citation format: <case name) (<year of publication, NZLR (volume number) <court abbreviation, ,first page, at (page(s) of specific materia[, if desired, (country abbreviation if not evident from context'). > > Wellington Gos Co. v. Potten (r88r) NZLR 3 CA zo5. New Zealand law Reports (vols. 6-34) 1888-1915 NZLR In these volumes, Court of Appeal and Supreme Court decisions are mixed. Citation format: ,case name> ((year of publication') ,volume number) NZLR,first page> (<court abbreviation,) at,page(s) of specific material, if desired, (,country abbreviation if not evident from context,). > > Cleland v. South British lnsuronce Co (r8go) 9 NZLR rzz (CA) at 178. New Zealand Iaw Reports (volume numbers discontinued) l9l6-date NZLR Since 1973, more than one volume has been published each year and they are consecutively numbered only within each yeat. Citation format: <case t I o I o I I I t t I o I I I o o o o o t o o o o o O I o O I a I o o o o o o o o Foreign Jurisc"lictions: fiew Zeul:rlrcl name, [<year of publication,] ,volume number, if applicabte' NZLR ,first page>, (<court abbreviation') at [,paragraph(s)] or page(s) of specific material, if desired ' (,country abbreviation if not evident from context,). > Moreton v. Montrose Ltd (in liq) lt986lz NZLR +q5 (CA). Other reports > Magistrates' Court Decisions (continued as District Court Reports) > Magistrates' Court Reports (continued as Magistrates' Court Decisions) 1939-1980 MCD 1906-1952 MCR Each volume contains multiple years and therefore the year and volume must be cited. Citation format: <case name> (,year of decision') .volume number) <reporter abbreviation, ,first page, at ,page(s) of specific material, if desired, (.country abbreviation if not evident from context'). > > Christchurch City Council v. McCIeary Gg65) > Police v. Mortin Q93) z6 MCR ZS (N.2.). District Court Reports tt MCD q5S (N.2.). 1980-1988 DCR These volumes contain multiple years. Citation format: <case name' (,year of decision') <volume number> <reporter abbreviation, ,first page, at <page(s) of specific materia[, if desired' (,country abbreviation if not evident from context,). > > Tipple v. Attorney-General Q98z) r DCR 358 (N.2.). District Court Reports 1989-date DCR In these volumes, the year of the volume is the same as the year of decision. Citation format: (case name' [.year of volums,] DCR ,first page, at ,page(s) of specific materiat, if desired (country abbreviation if not evident from ' context'). > MK v. PolicelzooTl DCR ZZo (N.2.). Specialist series reports should be cited as dhected within the report. The Legal Citations ofAotearoa (LCAN| website also provides guidance on the citation of all major law reporting series, past and curent: http:,/www.lcanz.auckland. ac.Iz. ludicial Committee of the Privy Council (PC) Until 2004, the Priry Council was New Zealand's highest court of appeal. When reported in New Zealand Law Reports (NZLR) (since 1932), cite according to the NZLR citation format above, with the court abbreviation following the citation. If a medium-neutral citation is available use this citation followed bv the NZLR citation. > O'Connorv. HartlryS5lr NZLR rSg > (P.C.). New Zealand Prily Council Cases Citation format: <case name> (,year ra40-r932 of decision') NZPCC NZPCC,first page> at .page(s) of specific material, if desired' (.country abbreviation if not evident from context,). Foreign Jurisdictions: i\lew Zealand > Barkerv. Edger G8g8\ NZPCC qzz (N.2.). Unreported decisions with no medium-neutral citation citing to an unreported decisionforwhich a medium-neutral citationfomat has not been adopted, the format is: <case name) (court abbreviation, ,file t$trhen number>, ,date in day month year format) at <paragraph number(s) in brackets or page number(s), if desired, (.country abbreviation if not evident from context). > Waitikiri Links Ltd v. Windsor Golf Club lnc CAt3zl95, z5 June t998 (N.2.). Vrhen citing any court other than the Supreme court or the Court of Appeal, include the place of registry: > Gitmons v. AlexonderHC Aucktand CIV zoor-4o4-1937,9 December zoo3 at [r6f[r8l (N.2.). Statutes, session laws, and regulations Provisions in statutes are cited as sections, abbreviated as "s" or "ss" for multiple sections. Other subdivisions include subsections ("subs" or 'subss"), paragraphs ("para" or'paras"), schedules ("sch' or "schs"), and parts ('pt" or "pts"). Subdivisions in schedules are clauses ("c1" or "cls"). Citation format for statutes: ,act short title, .year enacted,, .subdivision, if appropriate, (,country abbreviation if not evident from context,). > Adoption Act 1955, s u (N.2.). References to legislation are taken to be the latest version; there is no need to state that a statute has been amended. Ifan amending statute is being referred to, cite in the same way. > Child Support Amendment Act 2013, sch 1, cl 4. Delegated legislation has been referred to as 'l.egislative Instruments" since August 2013; previously "Statutory Regulations." Provisions within a regulation are referred to as regulations and abbreviated as "reg' or "regs." Provisions in rules are "t" ot "rt" and provisions in orders are "cl" or "cls". Citation format for regulations and other delegated legislation: (regulation name, ,year of regulation>, .appropriate section abbreviation, <section number(s), (.country abbreviation if not evident from context). > Adoption Regulations rgSg, reg +(r) (N.2.). Provisions within a bill are referred to as clauses, abbreviated as "cl" or "c[s". .bill name> <year> (,bill number and versionr, cl or cls ,clause number(s), (,country abbreviation if not evident from Citation format for bills: contextt. > Domestic Violence (Enhancing Safety) Bill zooS (9-r), ct Z (N.2.). Citation fomat for select committe reports on, and explanatory notes to, bills: ,bi[1 name, .year, (,bill number and versionr, select committee report OR explanatory note) at <page number(s), (,country abbreviation if not evident from context). > Child and Family Protection Bill zoog (72-z) (select committee report) at 3 (N.2.). I I I I o t I o o I I o t I I I t o o o o o f r*re i g r* .l r.r ristl i rl i *lr s : \c*uv ./.l'al ;l n el t > O Citation fomat: ,treaty nsms' ,participants' names, if appropriate, [,year'] NZTS ,number, ("signed" or "opened for signature" ,applicable date in I o o I o o I t o o o I o I o o o o 1944-date Ncw Zcaland Treaty Series NZTS day month year format', "entered into force" .appticable date in day month year format' or "not yet in force"). t" Free Trade Agreement Between the Government of New Zeatand and the Government ofthe People's Republic ofChina Izoo8] NZTS r9 (signed 7 Aprit zoo8, entered into force r October zoo8), art 5. Padiamentary debates (litation f<rrmat (Hansard): (,d31s in day month year format, ,votume number' NZPD ,page number'. N (zr March zor3) 688 NZPD 885o. New Zealand Gazette The New Zealand Gazette is the ofhcial govemment newspapcr and publishe s notices that arc required by legislation. Citation format: ,"title of notice, in quotation marks", (.date of notice in day month year format') ,issue number, New Zealand Gazeffe ,starting page number of notice,. p "Classification of Reserve" (3r January zot3) u New Zealand Gazette 396. Citation guide The Law Foundation of New Zealancl first published the Neu Zealand Lau Style Guide in 2009. It has been adopted by all New Zeiland law schools, publishers of law reports and iournals, and most courts. The most rccent version is the second edition, published in 2011, available online at htp:.// www.lawfoun dation. or g.nz / style-guide/index.html. Internet sources http://egislation.gort.nz (Website owned by the Padiamentary Counscl Office , which contains oflicial versions of statutes and legislative instruments. The PDF versions of all statutes and legislative instruments enactcd or macle since 2008 are authoritative; the PDF ofthe latest versions ofall statutes and legislative instruments enacted or made between l93l and 2007, and some earlier legislation, if still in force, are also authoritative. Also contains copies of bills, supplementary order papers, eadier versions of statutes and lcgislative instruments, and amendment legislation.) http://www.pco.parliament.govt.nz/online-legislation (lists other online sources of legislation) http://www.padiament.nz (provides access to Hansard transcripts and other parliamentary materials from 2003 to present, as well as up-to-date inf<rmation on the progress of bills currently before the House) http://www.nzlii.org (New Zealand Legal Information Institute (NZLII) website : New Zealand law joumals and Law Commission reports, unollicial I Foreign Jurisdictions: Nicaragua o case law and statutes, including historical legislation and regulations; also publishes NZTS) http ://www.iustice. govt.nz/courts/accessing-courtdecisions'online (udicial Decisions Online, New Zealand Ministry of Justice website: publishes all Supreme Court cases, Court ofAppeal decisions afterJanuary 2O03, and High Court decisions after August 2005) http://www.courtsofnz. govt .nz/fu om/ decisions/iudgrnents (courtissued PDF copies of all Supreme Court decisions and a few high'profile Court ofAppeal and High Court decisions) hftp://gazette.govt.nz (New Zealand Gazette notices published since 1993; full PDF versions of editions published since 2000) http://www.lawcom.govt.nz (lllew Zealand Law Commission website : o reports and papers on various aspects of New Zealandlaw) http://www.thomsoffeuters.co'nz (fhomson Reuters (commercial source)) http://www.cch.co.nz (CCH New Zealand Ltd. (commercial source)) http://www.legislationdirect.co.nz (Legislation Direct (contracted with the Parliamentary Counsel office for print and distribution of legislation) (commercial source)) http://www.lexisnexis.co.nz (IrxisNexis New Zealand (commercial source)) (Civil Law) Cases Sala Constitucional (Constitutional Chamber), Sala Civil (Civil Chamber), Sala Penal (Penal Chamber), and Sala de lo Contencioso Administrativo (Administraive Litigation Chamber). Citation of a Nicaraguan Supreme Court ofJustice case: Sentencia [S.] No. .judgment number', ,time of judgment, in Spanish,, ,date of iudgment in day month year format), <name of chamber that issued the iudgment,, ,publication name, [,publication abbreviation,] [,English translation of court name'l p. ,first page', ,page(s) of specific material, if desired', Cons. ,paragraph number(s), (country abbreviation if not evident from context,). > t o t o o T2.3O Nicaragua The Nicaraguan Supreme Court is comprised of four Chambers: the I I I I Sentencia [S.] No. 77,delas 10:45 a.m., z5 May ry9z,Sala Civil, Bolerfr luorcrrr- [B.J.] [Supreme Court of Justice] p. 102, Cons. | (Nicar.). Because the BoletfnJudicial (B.J.) is only published at the end ofeach year, the Supreme Court also publishes its most important cases in its quartedy magazime,Justicia. Citation of a case published in the magazine Justicia'. Sentencia [5.] No' ,judgment number,, ,time of judgment, in Spanish,, ,date of iudgment in day month year format>, <name of the chamber that issued the I I I I o o o o o o o I Foreign Jurisclictions: Nicaragua judgment,, Rrvtsrn Jusrrcre [,Engtish translation of court n3rns'] No. <volume number, <month and year of publication, p. ,page number(s),, Cons. ,paragraph number(s) of opinion' (.country abbreviation if not evident from context,). > I O o I o I t o o o o a o o o o o o Sentencia [S.] No. 2, de las 12:oo p.m., Sluly t997,Sala Constitucional, Revrsrn Jusrrcre [Supreme Court of Justice] No. u Jan. 1998 p. 35, Cons. ll (Nicar.). The cases of the nine Nicaraguan Tribunals of Appeals and other lower courts were previously (but not regularly) publishcd in Boletin Informatiuo (B.1.) by the Center of Judicial Documents (Centro de Documentaci6n Judicial) of the Judicial Branch . The Boletin Informatiuo was first published in 1999, and again in 2000, 2002, and 2005. It was discontinued after 2005 Citation of a Nicaraguan Tribunal of Appeals case: Sentencia [S.] No. ,judgment number,, ,time of ludgment, in Spanish,, ,date of judgment in day month year format,, <court name> [,court abbreviation'][,Engtish translation of court name,], ,chamber', <city,, ,pubtication name, [,publication abbreviation'] No, ,volume number>, <month and year of publication,, p. ,page number(s), (country abbreviation if not evident from context'). > Sentencia [S.] No. 27, de las 10:oo a.m., 1 March 2ooo, Tribunal de Apetaci6n, Circumscripci6n Norte ITACN][Appellate TribunaI of the North Regionl, Sala de lo Penal, Matagalpa, BolEriH lHronmarrvo lB.l.lNo. 4,luly zooz, p. 255 (Nicar.). Courts: Corte Suprema de Justicia (CSJ) (Suprcme Court ofJusticc): Citc to B.J., if thercin; Tribunales de Apelaci6n (TA) (tribunals of appeals: one fbr each judicial region of the country), Juzgados de Distrito (district courts), and Juzgados Locales (local courts). Tribunals of Appeals >'l'ribunal de Apelaci6n, Circumscripci6n Las Scgovias > Tribunal de Apclaci6n, (lircumscripci6n Norte Occidental >'Iribunal de Apelaci6n, Oircumscripci6n Managua > Tribunal de Apelacicin, Oircumscripci6n Sur >'fribunaldeApelaci6n,Oircumscripci6nOriental > Tribunal de Apelaci6n, Oircumscripci6n Centfal > Tribunal de Apelaci6n, Oircumscripci6n Atlintico None > Tribunal de Apelaci6n, Circumscripcion Atlintico Sur > Tribunal de Apelacion, Oircumscripci<in TACLS TACN TACO TACM TACS TACOT. TACC TACAN TACAS b""ttit"ti"" Citation format for the Nicaraguan constitution published in the omcial gazctte : .constitution name, [,constitution abbreviation']<relevant subdivisions, if desired,, Ln Gecern, Drnnro Orrcrel [1.G.] ,date of publication in day month year format', as amended by ,citation of amending act, if necessary,, L.G. ,date of publication of amending 361' (country abbreviation if not evident from context,). o o Foreign Jurisdictions: Ni geria > Consrrrucr6r Polfrtca tit. Vlll, ch. lll, DE LA REP0BLtcA DE NtcARAGUA [CN.] GrcerA, DtARto Ortctel [1.G.] 9 January 1987, as amended by Ley No. 33o, Jan. 18, 2ooo, Reforma Parcial a la Constituci6n Politica de la Rep6blica de Nicaragua, L.G. Jan. r9, La 20()0. Statutes There are three qpes of legislative enactments: ley (statutes promulgated by the National Assembly), decreto A.N. (decrees promulgated by the National Assembly), and decreto (decrees promulgated by the President of the Republic). fomat: ,type of tegistative enactment' No. ,enactment number,, ,date of enactment in day month year format), ,full law or decree name' [,law or decree abbreviation, if available,] [.English translation of law or decree name,l ,title(s), chapter(s), and section(s), if any; or article(s) and clause(s) or paragraph(s), if any,, Ll Gecera, Dtnnto Ortclat [1.G.], Citation ,date of publication in day month year format> (,country abbreviation if not evident from context'). > ztT,zMay g96,Ley General del Medio Ambiente y tos Recursos Naturales ILey del Medio Ambientel IEnvironmental and Natural Resources Law] tit. lll, ch. ll, sec. l, La Gncrte, Dtnnto Orrcral [1.G.], 6 June 1995 (Nicar.). Ley No. Citations to a law subsequent to the fifst citation to that law may include only the abbreviated law or decree name and the abbreviation of the offrcial gazette instead of the full law or decree name and full name of the official gazette. ofn;i;i c;;;tt; The official publication of all legislation, including the constitution and intemational treaties ratified by Nicaragua, is the Official Gazette, Ia Gaceta, Dlario Oficlal (1.G.). The legislation becomes binding after it has been published in Ia Gaceta. Internet sources http://www.asamblea.gob.ni (Asamblea Nacional (National Assembly)) http://www.poderiudicial.gob.ni (Poder Judicial (udicial Branch)) http://www.lo c.gov /laut/help/ gaide/nations/nicaragua.html (Ilbrary of Congress Guide to Law Online: Nicaragua) T2.31 Nigeria (Common Law) Cases Citation format: ,case name' [,year of decision,] ,volume number, (reporter abbreviation, .first page,, ,page(s) of specific materia[, if desired' (,country abbreviation if not evident from contextD. > Oladele v. State lrygilt NSCC rz (Nigeria). t t I o t I t I I I I o I o t a a o I I a o I I o a I a I I t o o a I o o a o o i *rrt'igrt -!uris*.{it {i;:nr; \igr.'r'i;r x. Mohammadu Labaran v. Nigeria Custom Serv. [rgpg]1 FHCLR 648 (Nigeria). Privy Council (P.C.) (highcst appeals court until 1960): Cite to N LR or WALR, if thefein. 1881-1958 1956-195{i b I-aw Reports * West African Law Rcports NLR WALR West African Court of Appeal (WACA): Cite to SJWACA or WALR, if therein. '' SelectedJudgments of the west African 1930-1960 Court of Appeal v West African Law Reports 1956-195fi SIWACA WALR Supreme Court (S.C.) (highest appeals court after 1960): l88l-1958 I-aw Ileports ' t Nigerian 1956-l9rJ8 195(r-datc Supreme (lourt Cases r Fedcral Strpreme Court Selected NLR NSCC FSC .lucltaments ' Supreme (iourt of NigeriaJudgments ' Nigeria Weekly Law Report ! Law lleports of Courts of Nigeria t All Nigeria Law Reports o Nigcrian Monthly Law Rcports p (lommercial I;tw Reports of Nigeria Court of Appeal (C.A.): (iitc to ' F'ederal Oourt ofAppcal a l9tl7-datc 1985-date 1991-date 1961-1982 1961-1976 2004-datc SCNJ NWLR LRCN Alt NLR NMLR CLRN reporter below. Rcserved 1977-1978 FCA Juclgments " Nigeria ooun ofAppeal Reports t Nigcrian Appeal Cases Report Reports ' I-aw Repofts of Courts of Nigeria ' Commercial l-aw Reports of Nigeria p Nige ria weekly Law l97u 191)4 1985-dnte l99l-date 2004-dile NCAR NACR NWLR LRCN CLRN Note that some of thcse reporters provide only intermittent reporting Federal High Court (F.H.C.): Cite to a reporter bekrw. ' Law Repofts (lourt of Nigeria " Fedcral High Law 1881-1955 1973-date NLR FHCLR ReDorts P l.asr' Rcports of Courts of Nigeria " All Nigcria Law Reports " Nigeria Monthly Law Reports ' Commercial Law Reports of Nigeria 1991-date LRCN 196r-1982 Att NLR 1961-1976 20()4-d^te NMLR CLRN Constitution (litation format: .constitution name> ((year of the version cited,), <section, if desired' (,country abbreviation if not evident from context,). Foreign Jurisdictions: Nigeria Statutes Citation format: <statute name) (,revised edition year) Cap. (,number,), ,section, if desired, (,country abbreviation if not evident from context'). Or: .decree name, No. (,number,) (,yearr) .volume number,:,issue number, if applicable,."O.G." or "S.0.G.",, ,page(s) of specific material, if desired, <section, if desired, (,country abbreviation if not evident from context). > Arbitration and Conciliation Act (zoo6) Cap. (Ar8), 5 rZ (Nigeria). > Civil Aviation (Amendment) Decree No. (Sr) (rg9g) 86:ll O.G., ArSgS 5 r (Nigeria). > Electoral Act No. (6) (zoto) 97:64 O.G., Auo3 (Nigeria). For legislation, either cite to the Iaws of Nigeria and provide the date of the revised edition, or cite to the Officid Gazette. > Iaws of the Federation of Nigeria, http:/ / Revised Edition (available ^t www.nigeria-lew.org) The Nigeria Gxzette Federation of Nigeria Official Gazette > Supplement to the Official Gazette > > 1990-date 1914-1954 1954-date O.G. 1916-19/ca s.o.G. Internet sorrces http://www.nigeriaJaw.oryfawlibrary.htm (The Intemational Centre for Nigerian Lawwebsite; provides access to the constitution, cases from the Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court, and some legislation) > Acts Authentication Act (rggo) nigeria-law.or g Cap. (+), 5 r (Nigeria), http://www. I Actso/ozoAuthentication%zoAct.htm. > Adiatu Ladunni v. Oludoyin Adekunle Kukoyi & Ors[r97zl3 NLR 3 (Nigeria), http://www.nigeria-law.org/LawReporting Beforezooo.htm. http://www.placng.orglnew (The Policy and Legal Advocacy Centre; provides copies of most Nigerian federal laws) hW / /-.*.nassnig.org (National Assembly website; makes available parliamentary materials, including bills and Hansard (official reports of proceedings) for both the House of Representative and the Senate, as well some recently enacted Acts) as http://supremecourt.gov.ng (Supreme Court of Nigeria website; provides iudgments of the Supreme Court) http://www.loc .gov flzw /help/ gaide/nations/nigeria.html (Library of Congress Guide to Law Online: Nigeria) I I a o t o t I I o a t I I I t I o I o o I o o I a o o I Forcign Jurisdictions: Pakistan T2.32 Pakistan, Islamic Republic of (Common Law) The legal system ofPakistan is based on the common law system ofEngland and the United States. The publication of laws, regulations, and reporting systems is in English. Cases Citation format: (case name', (,year of reporter,) ,volume number> <reporter abbreviation' (,court abbreviation or province, if applicable) ,first page', ,page(s) of specific materia[, if desired' (,year of decision if different from year of reporter) (,country abbreviation if not evident from context). Province names are not abbreviated, with the exception of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (K.P.K.). The province was formerly known as North-West Frontier Province (N-W.F.P.). o I a a o I o I o o a o O > Muhammad v. State, (1985) > Nayak v. Goa University, (zooz) 3o PLI (5C lndia) r8 PLD (SC) r3 (Pak.). > Abdulla v. Government of Punlab, (zoo4) z7 Ul (Pak'). NLR Civil 8S (Pak.). For decisions relating to Islamic law, Pakistan has established a separate Federal Shariat Court (FSC) whose decisions are subiect to review by the Supreme Court of Pakistan (SC). The Federal Shariat Court may call for and examine the record of any case decided by any criminal court under any law relating to the enforcement of Islamic law. > Sharman v. State, (zooz) 3o PLJ (FSC) ff (Pak.). Reporters > All-Pakistan Legal Decisions > Supreme Court Monthly Review > Civil l"aw Cases > > Pakistan Criminal law Journal Pakistan Tax Decisions > Pakistan Labour Cases Corporate Iaw Decisions Monthly law Digest > Yearly Law Reporter > > > Pakistan lawJoumal National l-aw Reporter r Karachi l-aw Reports > 1949-date 1968-date PLD SCMR l98l-date CLC 1958-date PCrLJ 7959-date PTD 1960-date PLC 2002-date CLD 1989-date MLD 7999-date YLR 1973-d^te PL, 1981-date NLR 1982-date KLR c"""tit"iil" Since 1947, when Pakistan was created, the country has adopted three constitutions: one in 1956, another in 1962, and the last one , which is still effective, in 1973. The latest constitution took effect on August 14, 1973. Since its adoption, it has undergone a number of amendments. In citing the constitution and its amendments, the following forms may be used: t Foreign Jurisclictions: Pakistan > Pxrsrnr Coxsr. art.4, S 2, cl. a. > Prrrsrer Corsr. art.63(lxh), substituted by The Legal Framework Order, 2oo2, C.E.'s Order No. z4 of zooz (Pak.). Statutes Government publications are preferred sources. The Pakistan Code (Plx. CoDE), an official publication of the compilation of all laws of Pakistan, is the primary source of citation. The Code, however, is not regularly updated to reflect enactments amending the statutes. Otherwise, citation to a commercial law publisher is appropriate. The most commonly cited commercial law publications for statutes arc All-Pakistan Legal Decisions, National Law Reporter, Key Law Reports, and Pakistan Law Journal. These reporters publish statutes, regulations, and decisions of the superior courts of Pakistan. > The Political Parties Act, No. 5 of 1962, Pax. Cooe (zd ed. ry67),v. :^4,omended byThe Political Parties (Amendment) Act, No. zz of 1985, 1985 PLD (Statutes) rB (Pak.). Other codes may be cited as follows: > Pakistan Code PAK. CoDE > Code of Civil Procedure Pnx. Coor Crv. PRoc. > Code of Criminal Procedure PAK. CoDE Cnrra. Pnoc. > Pakistan Penal Code Plx. Pelnl Cooe Provincial-level legislation can be found in provincial codes such as the Punjab Code, the Sindh Code, and the Baluchistan Code. However, they do not appear to be frequently updated. Each province also has its own official gazette, which publishes bills and acts. Bills and acts at the provincial level can also be found on provincial government or assembly websites, such as Punjab Iaws Online (http://www.puniablaws. gov.pk/index.html). Session laws Session laws of Pakistan, including amendments of former acts, are published in the offlcial gazettes of Pakistan. Ttrc gazettes are diffrcult to obtain, however, and receipt is often delayed. Furthermore, the govemment printer does not bind the looseleaf form gazettes individually or annually. Private commercial law publishers print them in bound volumes annually, and session laws may be cited to such commercial publications as those listed previously. The official gazettes should be cited as sources for the most recent laws if a commercial publication has not yet reported them. > The National Command Authority Ordinance, No. 7o of zoo7, Tne Gaz errg o r Pax rsrel Exrnao n o r reny, D ec, L3, 2oo7. > The National Vocational and Technical Education Commission Ordinance, No. 5 ofzooS, Tne GazErrE oF PAKTsTAN Exrnnonoilrnv, May 3r, zoo8. Regulations Statutory Rules and Orders (5.R. & O.) is the primary official source for regulations issued under Central Acts and should be preferred to other sources. For rules after 197O, commercial publications should be cited as: <regulation name, (,year,), ,volume number) <reporter abbreviation, ,first page,, I I I t I o I I t I I t I I I a o a o I I I I <page(s) of specific material, if desired' (.country abbreviation t o t o I a I o o t not > The Cost and Industrial Accountants Regulations O. re+ (Pak.). > The Pakistan Legal Practitioners and Bar Council Rules (rg8S), PLD (Statutes) tz (Pak.). (tg66),5 S.R. & l8 Internet sources http://pakistrn.gov.pk (official site of the govemment of Pakistan) http://www.supremecourt.gov.pk (Supreme Court of Pakistan) http://pakistani.org/pakistan/legislation (legislation available online from selected dates) http://www.pakistanlawsite.com (online access to Pakistani legal materials, available by subscription) http://wnry.lo c.gov flaw/help/guide/nations/pakistan.html (Library of Congress Guide to Law Online : Pakistan) T2.33 Philippines (Mixed Jurisdiction) Cases Citation format: ,case name>, ,volume number,:,docket number where applicable, <reporter abbreviation' .first page', 'page(s) of specific material, if desired, (,court abbreviation', ,date of decision') ('country abbreviation if not evident from context'). or: <case name>. ,volume numberr:,number, O.G. ,first page', .page(s) of specific materia[, if desired' (court abbreviation,, 'date of decision') (country abbreviation if not evident from context,). Or: ,case name>. G.R. No. .docket number', <parallel citation, if desired, (court abbreviation if not evident from context,, 'date of decision') (,country abbreviation if not evident from context'), 'URL to official source, if no parallel citation to a print source provided'. > People v. Quimson,4rg Pnrr-. Rep. 28, 33-43 (S.c.' !n Banez v. Banez, 99:3o I o o o o if evident from context,). t o o l'hilippitrel Foreign Jurisdictions: p o.G.+lls (S.C., luty 28, Gonzalez v. Katigbak, G.R. No. L-695oo, lZ oct. 5' zoor). zool) (Phit.). S.C.R.A. 7r7,728 Quly zz, rg8r) (Phit.). > zoo3) (Phil.)' http:// People v. Diaz, G.R. No. 133737 (S.C', Jan. udiciary.gov.ph/ jurisprud ence I zoo3 | ianzoo3 | :337 37.htm - 4, sc.f Supreme Court of the Philippines (5.C.) (highest appeals court and the only court that can produce binding precedents): Cite to an official reporter or to an unofficial reporter in the following order of pref'ere nce : > OFFICIAL GAzErIFl t SrrpRnM[ CcxrnT Rlponts, ANN(XATEL 1902-date 1961-date O.G. S.C.R.A. Foreign Jurisdictions: Philippines 1901-date > PHIUPPINE RrPoRTs > PHrr. REP. The Supreme Court (http ://sc.iudiciary. gov.ph) Constitution Citation format: Consr. (,promulgation year, if citing a previous constitution,), <drticler, <section) (,country abbreviation if not evident > CoHsr. (t98il, art. Vl (Phit.). > CoHsr. $973),art. Vll,5 r (Phil.). > Corsr. (1935), art. Vll, 5 r (Phit.). Codes Give the code name, subdivision if relevant, legislation type and number, and amendment information if applicable . $ r, Exec. Ord. No. 292,as amended by Rep. Act 6682 (Phit.). > Crvrr- Cooe, $ ro, Rep. Act 385, as amended (Phil.). > Conponnrror Cooe, B.P.Blg.68 (Phil.). > Fnmtv Coor, Exec. Ord. zo9, as amended (Phit.). > Rrvrseo Peul Cooe , Act No. 3815, as amended (Phil.). Legislation Citation format: (statute name), ,legislation type, No. .number,, ,section(s) of specific material, if desired, (year of promulgation'), (reporter abbreviation, (series'), Book ,book number,, p. ,first page,, ,page(s) of specific material, if desired, (country abbreviation if not evident from context,). Or: <statute nsmg,, Rep. Act No..number',,section(s) of specific material, if desired', (vglume number':,number' O.G. .first page', ,page(s) of specific materia[, if desired, (date of enactment,) (country abbreviation if not evident from context,). > > I o o from context,). > Aoltlrrrsrurrvr Coor, I I I An Act Converting the Municipality of Sipalay, Province of Negros Occidental into a Component City to Be Known as the City of Sipatay, Rep. Act No.9027, 5 fo (r A) (zoor), V.L.Doc. (zd), Book rs, p. rl8 (Phil.). An Act Providing for a System of Overseas Absentee Voting by Quatified Citizens of the Phitippines Abroad, Appropriating Funds Therefor, and for Other Purposes, Rep. Act No. 9189, 5 S(a), gg:rg O.G.2997 (May rz, zoof) (Phil.). Cite to a source in the following order of preference: > OFFICIAL GAzE'r-rE 1902-drte O.G. > PuBuc I.Aws 1903-1937 P.L. I I o t I I I t t t I o a o t I I I t o a t o I I I a o o I t o o t o I Iroreign Jurisdictions: Ilhilippines 1946-19-2 1971-date > L,rws e.Nr RESot.ti'floNS Vnar Lrcer > DoouMENTs LAws & REs. V.L.Doc. Types of legislation: Acts (Nos. > l-4275) Commonwealth Acts (Nos. I -733) > Republic Acts (Nos. l-6635) > Presidential Decrecs (Nos. l-2O27) > Ratas Pambansa (Nos. l-884) > Republic Acts (Nos. 6636-current; > 1900-1934 1935-1945 1946-1972 1972-1982 1978-1986 Act 1987-date ReP. Act Comm. Act Rep. Act Pres. Dec. B.P.Btg. Cite to the Official Gazette: > Exec. Ord. > Proc. Executive Order Proclamation > Memorandum Order Mem. i;";ii;; Cite the title, the date ofsignature or acccssion by the Philippines, and the date of entry into force. Cite at least one Philippine source and one other source listed in table T4, available, or two sources listed in table T4. f > > Treaty of Friendship with India, luly tt, t95z GgS), ll-z D'F.A.T.S. 1,2 P.T.S.797,2o3 U.N.T.S. zr (Phit.). I)cpartmcnt of Foreign Affairs Treaty > Philippine Treaty Series Series Internet sources http://wwv.gov.ph D.F.A'T.S. P.T.S' (Government of the Philippines antlthe OfJicial Gazette online) hltpz/ / elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph (Supreme Court of the Philippines eJibrary, an online legal repository maintained by the Supreme Court) http://vurw.judiciary.gov.ph (ponal of the Philippine Judiciary) http://wrry.congress.gov.ph (House of http://nqry.senate.gov.ph Representatives of the Philippines) (Senate of thc Philippines) http://www.chanrobles.com/indexL.htm ((lhan Robles Virtual Law Library, a website maintained by the Chan Robles Law Firm, a Philippine lcgal services company) (1'he Lawphil Proiect, a legal website maintained by the Arellano Law Foundation, a Philippine nonprofit institution specializing in legal education) http://www.lawphil.net http.//61.25.1a5.135/treaty @hilippine'Ireaties online, maintained by the Oflice of Legal Affairs, Philippine Departme nt of Foreign Affairs) http://r'rry.loc.gov/a/help/ gide/ nations/philippines.html of Congress Guide to Law Online: Philippincs) (Library Foreign Jurisdictions: Russian Federation fn4 Roman Law (Civil Law) Cite all Roman legal materials by the name of the indMdual document or ftagment, as in the examples below, not by the title of a collection that includes the material. 'Pr.' may be used for principio, which refers to the first paragaph or the fragment of a title of any of the sources below. Citations to a particular English translation may be included parenthetically. > Nov.15.pr.(535). > G. lHsr. t.t44G. de Zuleta trans., 1945). Institutes of Justinian. Citation fotmat: .work abbreviation' ,book number,.,title number>.<section number(s),. > J. Insr. z.z3.r. Digest of Justinian. Citation format: ,work abbreviation, .book number).(section number'..item number, (,name of author', ,title of work of author,,book number of work of author,). > Drc.9.2.23 (Ulpian, Ad Edictum r8). Code of Justinian. Citation format: <work abbreviation, ,book number,.<tltle number).(section number(s), (relevant emperor name(s), .year(s) > '). Cooe Jusr. 2.45.3 (Diocletian & Maximian 29o1293), Novels of Justinian. Citation format: ,work abbreviation, <number of novella,,<section number) (,year,). > Nov.15.1 (535). Institutes of Gaius. Citation format: (work abbreviation, ,book numberr.,section number,. > G. Code lHsr. r.r44. of Theodosius, Citation format: ,work abbreviation> ,book number,.(title).<section number(s),. > Cooe Txroo.8.4.14. 72.35 Russian Federation (Civil Law) Romanization Use the ALA-LC Romanization Tables: Transliteration Schemes for NonRoman Sc'ripts, tpproved by the Library of Congress and the American Library Association, available at http://www.lcweb.loc.gov/catdir/cpso,/roman. html. Cases Citation of a ruling or explanation of the Verkhovnyi Sud Rossiiskoi Federatsii (Verkh. Sud RF) @ussian Federation Supreme Court): ,ruling I I I I t t I o I o o I I I I t I o I o I o o t o o a a *'l-ll'r igtr ,f ulisetir {!rli',: }ltt:si;lil or decision name, with subdivisions if desired, [.Engtish translation of ruling or decision name, with subdivisions if desired,l, ,pubtication n3ms, [,publication abbreviation'] [,Engtish translation of publication name>l <year of pubtication, or full date of publication if citation is made to a newspaper,, No, .issLle number', p(p). .page(s) of specific material, (,country abbreviation if not evident from context ). e* Postanovlenie Plenuma Verkhovnogo Suda Rossiiskoi Federatsii "Nekotorye Voprosy Vozmescheniia Vreda" ot r noiabria zoo8 g., abz.4p.l. IPart 3, Section 4 of the Russian Federation Supreme Court Plenary Ruling on Selected lssues of Damage Compensation of Nov. r, zoo8l, BtuLLrreru'VenxHovttoco Suon RF IBVS] [Buttetin ofthe Supreme Court ofthe Russian Federation] 2oo8, No. 12, p.t7. h" Postanovlenie Plenuma Verkhovnogo Suda Rossiiskoi Federatsii I t I t a o I I I I o t o t litrit'r':tlti*rl "Nekotorye Voprosy Vozmescheniia Vreda" ot r noiabria zooS g., abz. 4 p. 3 st. 89 [Articte 89, Part 3, Section 4 of the Russian Federation Supreme Court Plenary Ruling on Selected lssues of Damage Compensation of Nov. r, zoo8], Rossttsxnta Gnzere IRos. Gaz.l Dec. r, zoo8. For individual c:tses and rulings of other coufts of general iurisdiction, cite to description ofthe case in a Russian publication. I Konstitutsionnyi Sud Rossiiskoi Federatsii (Konst. Sud RFl (Russian Fedention (lonstitutional Court): Oite to the Russian official gazcttes Sobranie Zakonodatel'stt'a Rossiiskoi Federatsii ot Rr xsiiskaia Gazeta. (litation f<rrmat: ,ruling or decision name, with subdivisions if desired' [,Engtish transtation of ruting or decision name, with subdivisions if desired,l, SosneNtr ZaroNooareL'srvA Rosstlsrot Feornntstt [SZ RF] IRussian Federation Collection of Legislation] ,year of publication', No. ,issue number,, ltem ,item number, (,country abbreviation if not evident from context,). or: ,document name, [,Engtish transtation of document name, with subdivisions if desired'1, Rossttsrntn Gnzetn IRos. Gnz.] ,date of pubtication' (,country abbreviation if not evident from context'). p Postanovlenie Konstitutsionnogo Suda Rossiiskoi Federatsii ot I dekabria 2oo8 g. IRuling ofthe Russian Federation Constitutional Court of Dec. r, zoo8], Soennlte Zaxouoonrrl'stvn Rossttsrot FrorRarstt [SZ RF] [Russian Federation Collection of Legislation] zoo8, No. 37, ltem 345r. F Postanovlenie Konstitutsionnogo Suda Rossiiskoi Federatsii ot r dekabria zoo8 g. IRuting of the Russian Federation Constitutionat Court of Dec. r, zoo8l, Rossttsxntn Gnzrrn IRos. Gez.] Sept. r7, 2OO3. Vysshii Arbitrazhnyi Sud Rossiiskoi Federatsii (Highest Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation: hears commercial disputcs betwecn juridical persons, and reviews decisions of fcderal circuit arbitration couns): oite to the (lourt's oflicial bulletin Vestnik Vyssbego Arbitrazhnogo '\uda Rossiisktti Federatsii CVestnik VAS RD. a Foreign Jurisdictions: Russian Federation Citation format:,ruling or decision name, including case number, [,English translation of ruling or decision 13rng,],!gstt'ttx Vvssxeco AnarrRAzHNoco SuDA RosslsKot Feoenrrstt [VestnikVAS RF] IBulletin ofthe Highest Arbitration Court ofthe Russian Federation] ,year of publication,, No. ,issue number>, p. (page number, (,country abbreviation if not evident from context'). > Postanovlenie Prezidiuma VAS RF ot 6 sentiabria 2o1t g. No. qlSqlnlRulingof the Presidium of the HighestArbitration Court of the Russian Federation of September 6, 2ou, No. 47841 ttl,Vesrrrx Vvssxreo AngrrnrzHNoGo Suon Rossttsxor Feoenrrsrr [Vesrrrx VAS RF][Bultetin of the Highest Arbitration Court ofthe Russian Federationl zon, No. 3, p.154. a Constitutions Citation format of the current Russian constitution: ,name of constitution, [,abbreviation of constitution,] [Corsrtrurtor],section, (,country abbreviation if not evident from context). > Korlsrrrursrn Rossrrsxor FEoEnlrsrr IKorsr. RF] [CoxsrrrurtoN] art. z7 (Russ.). For constitutions in force before 1993, indicate the iurisdiction and the date ofadoption: > Konsrrrursrrn RSFSR (1978) [KoHsr. RSFSR][RSFSR Consrrrurrorl. > Korsrrrursrra SSSR (1977) [Korsr. SSSR] [USSR CoHsrrrunor]. Codes Codes can be cited to their publication in Russia's official gazette or as individual documents. Citation format: .code name' [,code abbreviation'][,English translation of code name,l <article, (,country abbreviation if not evident from context,). > GnazxonrsKn Rossrsror KoDEKS FEDERATSn [GK RF] [Civil Code] att. r23 (Russ.). Russian Codes presently in force: >Guznoexsrrr KoDEKs RossusKor FEDEMrsrr (Civil > GRAZHDANsKI Pnotsrssuer'vyr Koorxs Rossrrsror (Civil Procedural Code) >Uc,orowyr KoDEKs RossrrsKor FEDEMTsU Code) Frornatsr (Criminal Code) GK RF GPK RF UK RF >Uc,olovNGPRorspssulr'Nyr KoDEKs RossrrsKor FEDERATsU UPK RF (Criminal Procedural Code) N.uocovn Koorrs Rossnsror FEDERATSTT (Iax Code) NK RF >BnnzHrrrn Koonxs Rossnsror Fronnersrr (Budget Code) BK RF > >KoDEKs RossrlsKol Fnpanersu RI onAoungrstnerrutyrn PRAvoNARUSHEMnxn (Code of Violations) Administrative KOAP RF I I o I I I t t I I o I t I o o I o I t I I t o I I t t t I t a t o I I I a o I Foreign Jurisdictions: Rtlssiarr Fecleration > Uc<xovNo-Isp()LNrrEr.Nyr KonsKS R()ssltsKot Fnlmetsn UIK RF (Correctional Code) > AnBTTRAZHNGPRoTSESsuALI{yI K()DEKS Rossllsrtx FEDERATSI APK RF (Code of Arbitration Procedure) >TAM()ZHENNYT Koorxs Rossusxol FEDERATSII (Customs TAK RF Code) Code) Code) > ZnrrrscHrvvr Koorxs Rossttsrol FEDERAI'sII (Residential >Tmroovor Koours Rossilsrol > FEDERATsII (Labor SnuuNtt Kootxs Rossnsxot Frornq.lsn (Family TK RF 5K RF ZUK RF Code) > GRAD()sTRoITELI\yI KoDEKS R()sstIsKoI Feorn-qrsu (Code GRAK RF of Urban Architecture) >LESNol Koorxs Rossnsx()r FEDERATstt (Forestry Code) Kolrrs Rossnsrot Fnotursn (Water Code) > Zsnrnm Koorrs Rossttsxot FEDERATsII (land Code) > VoDNyr >Vozr)usHr.ryr K()DEKs RossItsK()I FEI)ERATsII > KoDEKS (Air Code) LK RF VK RF ZK RF VOK RF Tonc<lvo<;ct Monrpltv.,rNtIe RossllsKol FEDERATSII KTM RF (Code of Merchant Shipping) Statutes and decrees Citation format: ,name of [aw, [,Engtish translation of law,], <name of publication, [,abbreviation of pubtication,] [,name of publication in Engtish, unless citing to Ros. Gnz.,l ,year of publication, or full date of publication if citation is made to a newspaper', ,issue number','item number, (,country abbreviation if not evident from context'). Cite federal'nyi konstitutsionnyi zakon (federal constitutional law), federal'nyi zakon (federal law), postanovleniia palat Federal'nogo Sobraniia (resolutions of the State Duma (lower chamber) and Federation Council (upper chamber) of the Federal Assembly (national legislature))' ukazy (decrees) and rasporitzheniia (resolutions) of the RF President' postanovleniia (regulations) and rasporiazheniia (resolutions) of the RF Govemment, and rulings of the R-F Constitutional Court to the offlcial gazette where the document was published. > Federal'nyi Zakon RF o Grazhdanstve Rossiiskoi Federatsii IFederat Law ofthe Russian Federation on C