01.03.04 – 2008 . : .- . ( ) : .- . ( ) .- . ( ) : . . 29 2008 . . 12:30 002.113.02 : 117997 . , , . 84/32, . 20 .- . 2008 . . , . . 8,6•10-7, . (CO2) – 96,5% (N2) – 3,5%. , (CO), (H2O), (Ar), (SO2), (He) , 0,1%. 90 . – 20. 65-70 – . . . – . , 243 . . 100 , ( ., , . , Gierasch et al., 1997). . 65-70 1 . 100 1988). (Newman et al., 1984; Limaye et al., , 4-4,5 , ( ) 117 . . « ». , Mariner-10 (Murray et al., 1974). , . - Pioneer-Venus . , ». « Pioneer-Venus – 260 , , , 70 80 . ., (Taylor et al., 1979 ). ( ) « -15» (Zasova et al., 1995). 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(1.1) : 9 u n2 un2 u n2 1 un2 1 R 2tg ( ) R 2tg ( ) T T n 1 T n T n 1 . (1.3) n (1.3) u0 ) ). 58 , Pref = 280 ( ): u0 ( ) 200sch 75 10 (1.4) 75 cos , Counselman (1980). 1.3 . , (1.3) . 1.4 . . 1.5 , . : 10 u ( L) 98 , 44 5 ,78 cos( L 89 , 64 ) 9 ,36 cos( 2 L 88 , 65 ) 0 ,19 cos( 3 L 32 ,99 ) 3,52 cos( 4 L 34 ,69 ). (1.5) : - . , 1- 4- . . 1. «x» - : , «+» – , 20 10 . (1.5), . 11 , - 20, , : 9 AM 9 PM (115 110 ). , , 5-10 ( . 1). . , 7:30 AM, . « » . ( ). , , , » . , , . , , . 1.6 , ., 2000). « » . 2 , . , , 12 . : , . 1.7 , 1. . 2. ( ( ), 70 90 . 13 ) 2 – « » – (365 10 ), VMC (Markiewicz et al., 2007). 2.1 VMC, Venus-Express, (365 10 – ). , , 65-70 (Tomasko et al., 1985). 2.2 , . . 3. 0030), 1 VMC . 0461 (1( .). 14 , 0025; 2, , .3 25 , 26 VMC 2007 . ( t), ( , ) ( , ) , uZ uM : ( uZ uM R– 2 1 ( 2 )( R h) cos( 1 ) , t (2.1) )( R h) , t (2.2) 1 ,h– . 2.3 : 0281 0462. , . , . , 45-57 ( ) . . 20 . 15 . 4. VMC: , ( , ( , ). ), . 2.4 , . : 17 000 57 16 . . . : - 90 . 47 -105 . 50 . 4 ); 5 , 3 50 ( . . 4 ); 0 , -10 ~ 50 , («-» ) . 4 ). . , ~ 50 – , (Limaye et al., 2008; Moissl et al., 2008 2008 ). 2.5 . , , : 35 . 17 55 . . : , 16h30m, , 8h30m , ., , . 2.6 , 2. 3 –« »– . 3.1 VIRTIS (Drossart et al., 2007). – VIRTIS-M, Venus-Express. , . . – 1,74 – ~ 50 ) 3,70 ( 63 ( ). 3.2 . . Venus-Express VIRTIS . 18 , , -2,48 0,05 45 . (Piccioni et al., 2007). 3.3 , 1,74 ( : 0352 – 50 ). 0474. 0352 0474. . , 0474, . 5. . 5. , 1,74 0474. P( ). 19 3.4 , 3,7 ( – ~ 63 ). 3.5 . 3.6 . : , . 50 2,7 ( ). 2,4 63 , 1,9 2,6 . . , , . . , 63 - , 50 (1,74 , . 20 (3,7 ). ), 4 – « “ ”» – , 100 . « ». 4.1 , (Subsolar-Antisolar – SS-AS). , 1,27 (Connes et al., 1979; Meadow & Crisp, 1996; Mills & Allen, 2007). : 1,27 VIRTIS. 21 , 1000 . 2006-07-02 2007-04-07. 4.2 . . , -100 +100 ( «-» ). . 4.3 . 21 , . . 6. , . . . .6 , . , . 22 . 4.4 , 4: »: , , ( . . 6). - « » , 95-100 . , « ». . , . , . , , « »). 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