:E=MJLH<P?<;_eLWB ;ukljucimlvkgb`_gby wg_j]haZljZlgZijhfure_gghf ij_^ijbylbb JZkkfZljb\Zxlky jZaebqgu_ \b^u khklZ\eyxsbo wg_j]hihlj_[e_gby gZ ij_^ijbylbb < dZq_kl\_ bgkljmf_glZ wg_j]hk[_j_`_gby ij_^eZ]Z_lky bkihevah\Zlv :KDMW HibkZgu kljmdlmjZ aZ^Zqb b wnn_dlb\ghklv :KDMW. Various components of industrial plant’s energy consumption are considered. The paper proposes to use the Automated System of Power Monitoring and Accounting as an energy conservation tool. The system’s structure, tasks and performance are described. KhklZ\eyxsb_wg_j]hihlj_[e_gby • lZjbngZy khklZ\eyxsZy LJK k\yaZggZy k jZkq_lZfb aZ wg_j]hj_kmjku k ihklZ\sbdhf ih nZdlbq_kdbf agZq_gbyf wg_j]hihlj_[e_gby gh g_ ih kZfhfm \u]h^ghfm ^ey ihlj_[bl_ey lZjbnm ijb gZebqbb Zevl_jgZlb\guo lZjbnh\ baaZ hlkmlkl\by mq_lZ kihkh[gh]hj_Zebah\ZlvwlhlemqrbclZjbnijbf_j±^eyjy^Z ij_^ijbylbcahgguclZjbnihwe_dljhwg_j]bb\u]h^g__ ^\moklZ\hqgh]hlZjbnZghlj_[m_l^eywlh]hki_pbZevguokq_lqbdh\bebkbkl_f • j_`bfghlZjbngZy khklZ\eyxsZy JLK), k\yaZggZy k \hafh`ghklvx baf_g_gby j_`bfh\ jZ[hlu h[hjm^h\Zgby ih \j_f_gb b \_ebqbg_ wg_j]hihlj_[e_gby \ aZ^Zgguo ahgZo kmlhd ibdh\uo ihemibdh\uo ghqguo k p_evx fbgbfbaZpbb lZjbnguo ieZl_`_c \ jZfdZoh^gh]hblh]h`_fgh]hahggh]hlZjbnZijbf_j ±kgb`_gb_gZ]jmadb\qZkuibdZb__ih\ur_gb_\qZkuihemibdZbebghqbijbjZkq_lZoihahgguflZjbnZf aZwe_dljhwg_j]bx • l_ogheh]bq_kdZy khklZ\eyxsZy LOK \hagbdZxsZy \ k\yab gZjmr_gb_f l_ogheh]bq_kdh]h pbdeZ b g_wnn_dlb\guf bkihevah\Zgb_f h[hjm^h\Zgby ijhklhc beb g_^haZ]jmadZ h[hjm^h\Zgby ijb _]h iheghf wg_j]hihlj_[e_gbb ih h[t_dlb\guf b km[t_dlb\guf ijbqbgZf • ebqghklgZykhklZ\eyxsZyEQK k\yaZggZykg_kZgdpbhgbjh\Zgguf bkihevah\Zgb_f i_jkhgZehf ijhba\h^kl\_ggh]hh[hjm^h\Zgby • [_kohagZy khklZ\eyxsZy ;OK h[mkeh\e_ggZy g_aZbgl_j_kh\Zgghklvx [_ajZaebqb_f i_jkhgZeZ gZ jZ[hqbof_klZodwg_j]hihl_jyfjZagh]h\b^Z GZ jZaebqguo ijhfure_gguo ij_^ijbylbyo mdZaZggu_ khklZ\eyxsb_ wg_j]hihl_jv b bo klhbfhklb bf_xl jZagucm^_evguc\_k\jZfdZoHLKgh\kmff_h[uqgh ^hklb]Zxlb[he__hlh[s_]hwg_j]hihlj_[e_gby ij_^ijbylbyb_]hklhbfhklb Mjh\_gv wg_j]hihlj_[e_gby ij_^ijbylby hij_^_ey_lkykh^ghcklhjhguwg_j]h_fdhklvxmklZgh\e_ggh]h l_ogheh]bq_kdh]hh[hjm^h\ZgbyZk^jm]hc±j_`bfZfb _]h wdkiemZlZpbb dhlhju_ aZ^Zxlky i_jkhgZehf ij_^ijbylby g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh gZ jZ[hqbo f_klZo bkoh^y ba ijhba\h^kl\_gguo b ebqguo bgl_j_kh\ b ihlj_[ghkl_c jbk Baf_g_gb_ i_j\hc [Zah\hc khklZ\eyxs_c wg_j]hihlj_[e_gby lj_[m_l aZf_gu mklZj_\rbo wg_j]h_fdh]h h[hjm^h\Zgby b LI [he__ kh\j_f_ggufb b f_g__ wg_j]h_fdbfb l_ k\yaZgh k fh^_jgbaZpb_c ijhba\h^kl\Z b ijb\e_q_gb_f djmiguo bg\_klbpbc qlh \ gug_rgbo mkeh\byo gZr_c wdhghfbdb ijh[e_fZlbqgh Ihwlhfm g_h[oh^bfh h[jZlblv \gbfZgb_ gZ \hafh`ghklb fbgbfbaZpbb \lhjhc hj]ZgbaZpbhgghl_ogbq_kdhc khklZ\eyxs_c >h]h\hjgZy HLK wg_j]hihlj_[e_gby ij_^ijbkhklZ\eyxsZy ylby dhlhjZy g_ lj_[m_l djmiguo ^_g_`guoaZljZl gh ijbj_ZebaZpbb LZjbngZy ^Z_lwnn_dlijZdlbq_kdbf]gh\_ggh khklZ\eyxsZy AZf_lbf qlh ZdlmZevghklv fbgbfbHj]ZgbaZpbhgJ_`bfgh aZpbb wlhc ]jmiiu khklZ\eyxsbo ghl_ogbq_kdZy lZjbngZy khojZgy_lky b ihke_ khdjZs_gby [ZkhklZ\eyxsZy 1 khklZ\eyxsZy (20 - 30 %) ah\h]h wg_j]hihlj_[e_gby \ j_amev2 lZl_fh^_jgbaZpbbijhba\h^kl\Z L_ogheh]bq_kdZy HLK wg_j]hihlj_[e_gby ij_^3 khklZ\eyxsZy ijbylbyb__klhbfhklvbf__lfgh4 ]hkehcguckhklZ\\jZfdZodhlhjh]h 5 EbqghklgZy fh`gh \u^_eblv ih djZcg_c f_j_ khklZ\eyxsZy 6 hkgh\guokhklZ\eyxsbo • ^h]h\hjgZy beb nbdlb\gZy kh;_kohagZy klZ\eyxsZy>=Kk\yaZggZykjZkq_;Zah\Zy khklZ\eyxsZy lZfb aZ wg_j]hj_kmjku k ihklZ\sbdZkhklZ\eyxsZy (70 - 80 %) fbg_ihnZdlbq_kdbfagZq_gbyfwg_j]hihlj_[e_gbyZih^h]h\hjgufbdZd ijZ\beh kms_kl\_ggh aZ\ur_gguf agZq_gbyf qlh ijb\h^bl ihlj_[bl_ey d nbgZgkh\uf ihl_jyf ijbf_ju ± ^\moklZ\hqguc lZjbn ih we_dljhwg_j]bb k aZy\e_gghc fZdkbfZevghc fhsghklvx ieZl_`b aZ l_ieh ]Za \h^m bkoh^ybajZkq_lguoagZq_gbcwg_j]hihlj_[e_gbyih^bZf_ljZfljm[ Jbk 1. KhklZ\eyxsb_wg_j]hihlj_[e_gbyijhfure_ggh]hij_^ijbylby 22 ISSN 1561-1531. IJHFURE?GGU?:KMBDHGLJHEE?JU2002 10 :KDMWdZdbgkljmf_glwg_j]hk[_j_`_gby • lhq_qghklv ± ihlj_[e_gb_ \ dZ`^hc agZqbfhc lhqd_l_ogheh]bq_kdh]hpbdeZ:KDMWiha\hey_l\_klb mq_l ^ey we_dljhwg_j]bb ih dZ`^hfm nb^_jm Z ^ey l\_j^uo `b^dbo ]Zahh[jZaguo wg_]hghkbl_e_c ± ih dZ`^hcljm[_ • l_jjblhjbZevghklv ± jZkij_^_e_gb_ ijhp_kkZ wg_j]hihlj_[e_gby ih l_jjblhjbb ij_^ijbylby :KDMW \_^_l mq_l b dhgljhev ih ex[hc l_jjblhjbZevgh m^Ze_gghclhqd_ • h[t_dlghklv ± hlghr_gb_ wg_j]hihlj_[e_gby d lhfmbebbghfmh[t_dlmij_^ijbylbymklZgh\d_mqZkldm p_om aZ\h^m ijhfiehsZ^d_ dhl_evghc `bebsgh [ulh\hfm khhjm`_gbx :KDMW \_^_l mq_l b dhgljhev dZd ih dZ`^hfm h[t_dlm hl^_evgh lZd b kmffZjgh ih ex[hcbokh\hdmighklb Kh\j_f_ggu_:KDMW\iheghcf_j_mqblu\Zxl\k_ \ur_mdZaZggu_ hkh[_gghklb ijhp_kkZ wg_j]hihlj_[e_gby ijhfure_ggh]h ij_^ijbylby b h[_ki_qb\Zxl g_ij_ju\guc lhqguc iheguc ^hklh\_jguc hi_jZlb\guc b ^he]hkjhqguc dhff_jq_kdbc b l_ogbq_kdbc wg_j]hmq_l \k_o \b^h\ wg_j]hj_kmjkh\ ih \k_f kh[kl\_gguf b km[Zj_g^guf kljmdlmjZf ij_^ijbylby ijbq_f \_ebqbgZ wnn_dlZ hl bkihevah\Zgby :KDMW \h fgh]hf aZ\bkbl hl iheghlu b ]em[bgu wg_j]hmq_lZ Z lZd`_[ukljhlubm^h[kl\Z^hklmiZdbgnhjfZpbb:KDMWdZdkhklhjhguhl^_eZ]eZ\gh]hwg_j]_lbdZbjmdh\h^kl\Z ij_^ijbylby lZd b kh klhjhgu jmdh\h^bl_e_c wg_j]hihlj_[eyxsboih^jZa^_e_gbcij_^ijbylby Mq_l dhgljhev b fbgbfbaZpby khklZ\eyxsbo wg_j]hihlj_[e_gby b _]h klhbfhklb \hafh`gu gZ ij_^ijbylbblhevdhijbZ\lhfZlbaZpbbwg_j]hmq_lZby\eyxlky h^gbfbba]eZ\guop_e_ckha^Zgby:KDMWKfukekha^Zgbybbkihevah\Zgby:KDMWaZdexqZ_lky\ihklhygghc wdhghfbb wg_j]hj_kmjkh\ b nbgZgkh\ ij_^ijbylby ijb fbgbfZevguo gZqZevguo h^ghjZah\uo ^_g_`guo aZljZlZo<_ebqbgZwdhghfbq_kdh]hwnn_dlZhlbkihevah\Zgby :KDMW ^hklb]Z_l ih ij_^ijbylbyf \ kj_^g_f ± hl ]h^h\h]h ihlj_[e_gby wg_j]hj_kmjkh\ Z aZljZlu hdmiZxlky aZ d\ZjlZeZ ^Zggu_ ijb\_^_gu gZhkgh\_Z\lhjkdh]hhiulZ\g_^j_gby:KDMWgZfgh]bo ij_^ijbylbyo j_kim[ebdb Z lZd`_ hiulZ jhkkbckdbo ihevah\Zl_e_c :KDMW GZ k_]h^gyrgbc ^_gv :KDMW ij_^ijbylby y\ey_lky l_f g_h[oh^bfuf bgkljmf_glhf [_a dhlhjh]h g_\hafh`gh j_rZlv ijh[e_fu ihegh]hdhgljheyk\h_]hijhp_kkZwg_j]hihlj_[e_gby\ lhfqbke_h[_ki_q_gby_]hgZ^_`ghklbb[_ahiZkghklb pb\bebah\Zgguo jZkq_lh\ aZ wg_j]hj_kmjku k ihklZ\sbdZfb ih jZaebqguf ^_ckl\mxsbf b i_jki_dlb\guf lZjbngufkbkl_fZfg_ij_ju\ghcdjm]ehkmlhqghcwdhghfbbwg_j]hghkbl_e_cbkgb`_gby^hebwg_j]haZljZl\ k_[_klhbfhklbijh^mdpbbij_^ijbylby :KDMW iha\hey_l iheghklvx mq_klv \k_ hkgh\gu_ ki_pbnbq_kdb_ \j_f_ggu_ b ijhkljZgkl\_ggu_ oZjZdl_jbklbdb ijhp_kkZ wg_j]hihlj_[e_gby ^ey ex[h]h ijhfure_ggh]hij_^ijbylby • dhfie_dkghklv ± ihlj_[e_gb_ jZaebqguo wg_j]hKljmdlmjubaZ^Zqb:KDMW j_kmjkh\\dhfie_dk_we_dljhwg_j]bboheh^ghc]hjy>ey h[_ki_q_gby k\h_]h gZagZq_gby kh\j_f_ggZy q_c b l_iehnbdZpbhgghc \h^u k`Zlh]h \ha^moZ iZjZ :KDMW ^he`gZ kljhblvky dZd lj_omjh\g_\Zy kbkl_fZ ]ZaZ fZamlZ b l^ :KDMW dhfie_dkgh]h wg_j]hmq_lZ jbk iha\hey_lbaf_jylvbjZkkqblu\Zlv\qZklghklbj_Zevgu_ m^_evgu_ ghjfu jZaebqguo wg_j]hghkbl_e_c ^ey • gb`gbcmjh\_gv±i_j\bqgu_baf_jbl_evgu_ij_ij_^ijbylby gZ \uimkd _^bgbpu _]h ijh^mdpbb beb h[jZah\Zl_eb IBI k l_e_f_ljbq_kdbfb \uoh^Zfb ]b]ZdZehjbbl_ieZ^eydhl_evguo hkms_kl\eyxsb_ g_ij_ju\gh beb k fbgbfZevguf bgl_j\Zehfmkj_^g_gbybaf_j_gb_iZjZf_ljh\wg_j]hmq_lZ • g_ij_ju\ghklv ± ihlj_[e_gb_ wg_j]hj_kmjkh\ _`_fbgmlgh _`_qZkgh b djm]ehkmlhqgh:KDMW\_^_lmq_lbdhgljhev Kj_^gbc wg_j]hihlj_[e_gby \ JF< k fbgbGb`gbc <_jogbc mjh\_gv mjh\_gv mjh\_gv fZevgufb aZ^_j`dZfb \u^Zqb bg:KDMW :KDMW :KDMW nhjfZpbb • pbdebqghklv ± ihlj_[e_gb_ ih kmlhqguf g_^_evguf ^_dZ^guf IBI f_kyqgufk_ahggufb]h^h\ufpbd1 Baf_jbl_evgu_ I eZf :KDMW ^hdmf_glbjm_l \k_ DZgZe M dZgZeu H k\yab pbdeu b ihfh]Z_l ieZgbjh\Zlv ihI L J lj_[e_gb_ ih hq_j_^guf pbdeZf J : IBI \j_f_gb ? < 2 Dhgljhee_j ; • jblfbqghklv ± ihlj_[e_gb_ IW<F E D B wg_j]hj_kmjkh\ \ jZfdZo kmlhqgh]h ? L .......... pbdeZ \ khhl\_lkl\bb k q_eh\_dh G ? B fZrbggufb jblfZfb ij_^ijbylby E ? :KDMW ^hdmf_glbjm_l wg_j]haZB IBI ljZlu ih kf_gZf ahgZf \ZolZf qlh n Ijh]jZffZ Ijh]jZffZ iha\hey_lhlghkblvwg_j]haZljZlugZ mq_lZ :KDMW k[hjbh[jZ^_yl_evghklvdhgdj_lguo[jb]Z^ dhfie_dkgZy [hldZ • g_jZ\ghf_jghklv ± \heghh[h[jZ[hldZ ^Zgguoih Baf_j_gb_ jZagh_ihlj_[e_gb_wg_j]hj_kmjkh\\ hlh[jZ`_gb_ kljmdlmjZf ih lhqdZf ^hdmf_glbjh\Zgb_ jZfdZo kmlhqguo pbdeh\ :KDMW mq_lZ mq_lZ dhgljhebjm_l ebfblu fhsghkl_c b jZkoh^h\ZlZd`_boij_\ur_gbyih jZaebqguf \j_f_gguf bgl_j\ZeZf JbkH[h[s_ggZykljmdlmjgZylj_omjh\g_\Zyko_fZ:KDMW \dexqZyqZkuh]jZgbq_gbc ISSN 1561-1531. IJHFURE?GGU?:KMBDHGLJHEE?JU200210 23 jbl_evgu_ ljZgknhjfZlhju lhdZ b gZijy`_gby we_dljhkq_lqbd k l_e_Wg_j]h Wg_j]h Wg_j]h Wg_j]h f_ljbq_kdbf \uoh^hf b ^\moijh\h^mq_l mq_l mq_l mq_l gmx ebgbx k\yab ^h dhgljhee_jZ < k\hx hq_j_^v kj_^gbc mjh\_gv :KKbkl_fZ Kbkl_fZ Kbkl_fZ Kbkl_fZ DMWk\yaZgk\_jogbfdZgZehfk\yab\ dZq_kl\_dhlhjh]hfh]mlbkihevah\Zlvkynbabq_kdb_ijh\h^gu_ebgbbk\yab \u^_e_ggu_ beb dhffmlbjm_fu_ l_e_nhggu_ dZgZeu jZ^bhdZgZeu \ kh^_j`Zgb_ihgylbydZgZeZk\yab\ohDhl_evgZy ^ylg_lhevdhebgbbk\yabghbh[hjmWg_j]h IW<F mq_l ^h\Zgb_ k\yab h[kem`b\Zxs__ wlb ]eZ\gh]h Kj_^Zk\yab wg_j]_lbdZ nbabq_kdb_ebgbb ebgbb kh\hdmighklv dZgZeh\ k\yab l_e_nhggucdZgZe Kbkl_fZ gZau\Zxl kj_^hc k\yab I_j_^ZqZ jZ^bhdZgZe ^Zgguo ih wlbf dZgZeZf hkms_kl\ey_lky dZd ijZ\beh ih klZg^Zjlguf <ehdZevgmxk_lvij_^ijbbgl_jn_ckZf b hij_^_e_gguf klZgylby ^Zjlguf beb hjb]bgZevguf ijhlhdheZfh[f_gZ P_o P_o P_o P_o GZb[he__ i_jki_dlb\ghc j_ZebaZpb_c \ur_jZkkfhlj_gghc lj_oWg_j]h Wg_j]h Wg_j]h Wg_j]h mjh\g_\hc ko_fu y\ey_lky ^_p_gmq_l mq_l mq_l mq_l ljZebah\ZggZy :KDMW jbk dhlhjZy dhgkljmbjm_lky gZ [Za_ g_^hKbkl_fZ Kbkl_fZ Kbkl_fZ Kbkl_fZ jh]bo fZehdZgZevguo kbkl_f mq_lZ kh \kljh_gguf lZ[eh b deZ\bZlmjhc LZdb_ kbkl_fu mklZgZ\eb\Zxlky g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh gZ dhgljhebjm_fuo h[t_dlZo b q_j_a kj_^m k\yab ih^Ijhfij_^ijbylb_ dexqZxlkydm^Ze_gghcIW<F]eZ\gh]h wg_j]_lbdZ ij_^ijbylby >_p_gljZebah\ZggZy :KDMW h[_ki_qb\Z_l \ JF< ^hklmi d bgnhjfZpbb JbkKo_fZ^_p_gljZebah\Zgghc:KDMWijhfure_ggh]hij_^ijbylby wg_j]hmq_lZ \k_f aZbgl_j_kh\Zgguf ebpZf ± dZd jmdh\h^kl\m ij_^ijbylby lZd b jmdh\h^bihlj_[bl_e_c ± jZkoh^ fhsghklv ^Z\e_gb_ l_fi_jZlml_eyf ih^jZa^_e_gbc dhl_evghc h[hkh[e_gguo ohaycjm dhebq_kl\h wg_j]hghkbl_ey dhebq_kl\h l_iehlu k kl\_gguoh[t_dlh\bkm[Z[hg_glZf^hklmidbgnhjfZwg_j]hghkbl_e_f±ihlhqdZfmq_lZnb^_jljm[Z pbbgZf_klZoh[_ki_qb\Z_lkyq_j_aimevlbdeZ\bZlmjm • kj_^gbc mjh\_gv ± dhgljhee_ju ki_pbZebabjhkbkl_f qlh g_ bkdexqZ_l bo ih^dexq_gby d f_klguf \Zggu_ baf_jbl_evgu_ kbkl_fu beb fgh]hnmgdpbhIW<F k p_evx m\_ebq_gby k_j\bkZ mq_lZ LZdZy :KgZevgu_ ijh]jZffbjm_fu_ ij_h[jZah\Zl_eb kh \kljhDMWiha\hey_lijb[ebablvfZrbggucbgl_ee_dldf_k_gguf IH wg_j]hmq_lZ hkms_kl\eyxsb_ \ aZ^Zgghf lm ihlj_[e_gby wg_j]hj_kmjkh\ b [eZ]h^Zjy wlhfm hi_pbde_ bgl_j\ZeZ mkj_^g_gby djm]ehkmlhqguc k[hj bajZlb\ghbwnn_dlb\ghj_rZlvgZf_klZoaZ^Zqbbomq_f_jbl_evguo^Zgguokl_jjblhjbZevghjZkij_^_e_gguo lZdhgljheybwdhghfbb>ZggZykljmdlmjZ:KDMW^ZIBIgZdhie_gb_h[jZ[hldmbi_j_^Zqmwlbo^ZgguogZ _l\hafh`ghklv[_aijhlb\hj_qbch[t_^bgblv\jZfdZo \_jogbcmjh\_gv _^bghc:KDMWnmgdpbbdhff_jq_kdh]hbl_ogbq_kdh]h • \_jogbc mjh\_gv ± IW<F kh ki_pbZebabjh\Zgguf mq_lh\ h^gZ beb g_kdhevdh fZehdZgZevguo kbkl_f \uIH:KDMWhkms_kl\eyxsZyk[hjbgnhjfZpbbkh^gh^_eyxlky ^ey j_r_gby aZ^Zq dhff_jq_kdh]h mq_lZ b ]hbeb]jmiiudhgljhee_jh\kj_^g_]hmjh\gyblh]h\mx khhl\_lkl\_ggh iehf[bjmxlky wg_j]hdhgljhebjmxsbh[jZ[hldmwlhcbgnhjfZpbbdZdihlhqdZfmq_lZlZdb fbhj]ZgbaZpbyfb^eyaZsbluhlg_kZgdpbhgbjh\Zgghih bo ]jmiiZf ± ih ih^jZa^_e_gbyf b h[t_dlZf ij_^]h ^hklmiZ Z hklZevgu_ hldjulu_ kbkl_fu j_rZxl ijbylbyhlh[jZ`_gb_b^hdmf_glbjh\Zgb_^Zgguomq_aZ^Zqb l_ogbq_kdh]h mq_lZ >_p_gljZebah\ZggZy :KlZ \ \b^_ m^h[ghf ^ey ZgZebaZ b ijbgylby j_r_gbc DMW bkihevamxsZy kbkl_fu mq_lZ k ^hihegbl_evmijZ\e_gby hi_jZlb\guf i_jkhgZehf kem`[u ]eZ\ghgufb nmgdpbyfb mijZ\e_gby fh`_l j_Zebah\Zlv Z\]hwg_j]_lbdZbjmdh\h^kl\hfij_^ijbylby lhfZlbq_kdh_ mijZ\e_gb_ gZ]jmadhc ihlj_[bl_eyfb Gb`gbc mjh\_gv :KDMW k\yaZg kh kj_^gbf mjh\g_f ± j_]meylhjZfb g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh gZ f_klZo mklZgh\baf_jbl_evgufbdZgZeZfb\dhlhju_\oh^yl\k_baf_jbdb kbkl_f ^ey ijhba\h^kl\ k \ukhdhc l_ogheh]bq_l_evgu_ kj_^kl\Z b ebgbb k\yab hl lhqdb mq_lZ ^h dhgkdhc ^bkpbiebghc >ey kj_^gbo b f_edbo ij_^ijbljhee_jZ \dexqZy _]h \oh^gu_ p_ib LZd gZijbf_j ^ey ylbc j_ZebaZpby wnn_dlb\ghc :KDMW lj_[m_l aZqZkwe_dljhmq_lZih^baf_jbl_evgufdZgZehfih^jZamf_\Z_llmxijbf_g_gbygZkj_^g_fmjh\g_\k_]hebrvh^ghc kyp_ihqdZhliblZxs_]hnb^_jZijhoh^ysZyq_j_abaf_±^\mog_^hjh]bofZehdZgZevguokbkl_fwg_j]hmq_lZ >_lkdbckZ^bd 24 H[s_`blb_ Clheh\Zy ;ZaZhl^uoZ ISSN 1561-1531. IJHFURE?GGU?:KMBDHGLJHEE?JU2002 10 • lhqguc jZkq_l k km[Z[hg_glZfb ij_^ijbylby ih wg_j]hihlj_[e_gbx k p_evx kijZ\_^eb\h]h jZkij_^_e_gbywg_j]haZljZl Hlh[jZ`_gb_ baf_jbl_evghc b I_j_^\b`ghc klhe[_p jZkq_lghc bgnhjfZpbb wg_j]hmq_lZ mdZaZl_ev ij_^gZagZq_g :KDMW hkms_kl\ey_lky gZ IW<F ^eykdZgbjh\Zgbylhq_d \_jog_]h mjh\gy \ \b^_ dhfie_dkZ ]jZnbdZ k mdZaZl_e_f ]jZnbdh\ lZ[ebp b \_^hfhkl_c GZ k\yaZgh bgnhjfZpbhgjbkijb\_^_g\b^kmlhqgh]h]jZnbgh_ hdhrdh \ \_jog_f m]em \ dhlhjhf ijb\hdZ gZ]jmadb j_Zevgh]h ij_^ijbylby ^ylky agZq_gby fhsghIjZdlbdZ ihdZau\Z_l qlh ]jZnbdb klb b __ hldehg_gby hl wg_j]hihlj_[e_gby y\eyxlky gZb[hebfblZ\Z[khexlguob e__ wnn_dlb\guf kj_^kl\hf dhgljhhlghkbl_evguo _^bgbpZo ey b ijbgylby j_r_gby ih mijZ\e_gbx wg_j]hihlj_[e_gb_f GZ ]jZnbdZo dZd ijZ\beh nbdkbjmxlky \k_ hldehg_gbydhgljhebjm_fuo\_ebqbg hl aZ^Zgguo ebfblh\ qlh mkdhjy_l ijbgylb_ j_r_gby ih mijZ\e_gbx wg_j]hihlj_[e_gb_f LZ[ebpu b \_^hfhklb ijbf_gyxlky ]eZ\guf h[jZahf ^ey blh]h\uo [ZeZgkh\ b jZkq_JbkIjbf_jkmlhqgh]h]jZnbdZZdlb\ghcgZ]jmadbij_^ijbylbyihwe_dljhwg_j]bb lh\f_`^maZbgl_j_kh\ZggufbklhjhkmdZaZgb_febfblh\fhsghklb\qZkumlj_gg_]hb\_q_jg_]hibdh\imgdlbjghcebgbgZfb ih wg_j]hj_kmjkZf aZ hlq_lgu_ _chlf_q_ggZnhg_hkgh\gh]h]jZnbdZ]jZnbdihlj_[ey_fhcj_Zdlb\ghcfhsghklb i_jbh^u >_p_gljZebah\ZggZy:KDMWij_^ijbylbyh[_ki_qb\Z_l • dhfie_dkgucZ\lhfZlbabjh\Zggucdhff_jq_kdbcb l_ogbq_kdbc mq_l we_dljhwg_j]bb b wg_j]hghkbl_e_c ih ij_^ijbylbx \ _]h bgnjZ b bgljZkljmdlmjZo ih ^_ckl\mxsbflZjbngufkbkl_fZfih\k_fiZjZf_ljZfwg_j]hmq_lZkp_evx\g_rgbob\gmlj_ggbojZkq_lh\ihwg_j]hj_kmjkZfbh[_ki_q_gbybojZpbhgZevgh]hjZkoh^Z • dhgljhevwg_j]hihlj_[e_gbyih\k_fwg_j]hghkbl_eyflhqdZfmq_lZb\ur_mdZaZggufkljmdlmjZfmq_lZ\aZ^Zgguo\j_f_gguobgl_j\ZeZofbgahgu kf_gu kmldb ^_dZ^u f_kypu d\ZjlZeu b ]h^u hlghkbl_evghaZ^Zgguoebfblh\j_`bfguobl_ogheh]bq_kdbo h]jZgbq_gbc fhsghklb jZkoh^Z ^Z\e_gby b l_fi_jZlmju k p_evx wdhghfbb wg_j]hj_kmjkh\ b h[_ki_q_gby[_ahiZkghklbwg_j]hkgZ[`_gby • nbdkZpbx hldehg_gbc dhgljhebjm_fuo \_ebqbg wg_j]hmq_lZbbohp_gdm\Z[khexlguobhlghkbl_evguo _^bgbpZo k p_evx h[e_]q_gby ZgZebaZ wg_j]hihlj_[e_gbybh[_ki_q_gby_]h[_ahiZkghklb • kb]gZebaZpbx p\_lhf a\mdhf jZki_qZldhc hldehg_gbc dhgljhebjm_fuo \_ebqbg k\_jo ^himklbfh]h ^bZiZahgZ agZq_gbc k p_evx ijbgylby hi_jZlb\guo j_r_gbcbij_^hl\jZs_gbyjZa\blbyZ\ZjbcguokblmZpbc • ijh]ghabjh\Zgb_ djZldh kj_^g_ b ^he]hkjhqgh_agZq_gbc\_ebqbgwg_j]hmq_lZkp_evxieZgbjh\Zgbywg_j]hihlj_[e_gby • Z\lhfZlbq_kdh_ mijZ\e_gb_ wg_j]hihlj_[e_gb_f gZ hkgh\_ aZ^Zgguo djbl_jb_\ b ijbhjbl_lguo ko_f \dexq_gbyhldexq_gby ihlj_[bl_e_cj_]meylhjh\ k p_evxwdhghfbbjmqgh]hljm^Zbh[_ki_q_gbydZq_kl\Z mijZ\e_gby • \gmlj_ggbc ohajZkq_l ih wg_j]hj_kmjkZf f_`^m p_oZfb b ih^jZa^_e_gbyfb aZ\h^Z k p_evx wdhghfbb wg_j]hj_kmjkh\ b bo jZpbhgZevgh]h jZkoh^h\Zgby gZ jZ[hqbof_klZo Wnn_dlb\ghklv:KDMW G_h[oh^bfhklv gZ\_^_gby ihjy^dZ \ wg_j]hohayckl\_ ij_^ijbylby b `_kldhf dhgljhe_ k\h_]h wg_j]hihlj_[e_gbyaZihke_^gb_]h^uhkhagZebfgh]b_gh^Ze_dh g_ \k_ jmdh\h^bl_eb ij_^ijbylbc :KDMW klZeb ihy\eylvkyg_lhevdhgZdjmiguoij_^ijbylbyo\bl_[kdb_ aZ\h^u ³<blyav´ ³Fhghebl´ `h^bgkdZy ljbdhlZ`gZynZ[jbdZ³K\blZghd”, @h^bgkdbcaZ\h^ly`_euo rlZfih\hdghgZkj_^gbobg_[hevrboij_^ijbylbyo lZdbogZijbf_jdZdDe_pdbcfZkehkujaZ\h^Kempdbc fykhdhf[bgZlEb^kdbcfykhdhf[bgZlFheh^_q_gkdbc fykhdhf[bgZl Kfbeh\bqkdbc dh`_\_gguc aZ\h^ fbgkdb_h[m\gu_ij_^ijbylby³Emq´³Kb\_ev]Z”, “Q_\eyj” b^jIj_^ijbylbykha^Z\rb_k\hb:KDMWm`_g_fh]mljZ[hlZlv[_awlh]hlhqgh]hbwnn_dlb\gh]hbgkljmf_glZ Fgh]b_ ba gbo [he__ q_f h^ghdjZlgh hdmibeb \k_ k\hb gZqZevgu_ ba^_j`db gZ j_ZebaZpbx :KDMW kgbabeb k\h_ wg_j]hihlj_[e_gb_ b ieZlm aZ wg_j]hj_kmjkuih\ukb\l_fkZfufdhgdmj_glhkihkh[ghklvk\h_c ijh^mdpbb b `b\mq_klv ij_^ijbylby Wdhghfbq_kdbc wnn_dl gZ hl^_evguo ij_^ijbylbyo khklZ\be «hl]h^h\h]hihlj_[e_gbywg_j]hj_kmjkh\ijbq_fwnn_dl\ur_gZlhfij_^ijbylbb]^_om`_^hkha^Zgby :KDMW [ue mq_l beb mq_lZ \hh[s_ g_ [ueh Jmdh\h^bl_eb ij_^ijbylbc b bo wg_j]_lbdb ^he`gu agZlvqlh\kh\j_f_gguomkeh\byog_ij_djZsZxs_]hky jhklZ p_g gZ wg_j]hj_kmjku b `_kldhc dhgdmj_glghc [hjv[u gZ jugdZo k[ulZ Zevl_jgZlb\u wg_j]hk[_j_]Zxs_c iheblbd_ g_l b kZfuc i_j\uc kZfuc g_h[oh^bfucrZ]gZij_^ijbylbb\wlhfgZijZ\e_gbb±kha^Zgb_ :KDMW ;m^_l Z\lhfZlbabjh\Zgguc mq_l ± [m^_l wdhghfby Íý÷íñõöØíôíýòïõÐ ýÿûïòï²÷íúñÿòúúí ÷þÿúí ú þûÿýÎòøûý þþ÷ûðûÿòüøû úòýðòÿõòþ÷ûðûõúþÿõÿ ÿí ×ûúÿí÷ÿúòÿòøòûú ISSN 1561-1531. IJHFURE?GGU?:KMBDHGLJHEE?JU200210 25