низкофоновый спектрометр поверхностной альфа

93
«Â³ñíèê Õàðê³âñüêîãî óí³âåðñèòåòó», ¹ 784, 2007
ñåð³ÿ ô³çè÷íà «ßäðà, ÷àñòèíêè, ïîëÿ», âèï. 4 /36/
Þ.Ì. Ãàâðèëþê, À.Ì. Ãàíãàïøåâ, Â.Â. Êàçàëîâ...
Íèçêîôîíîâûé ñïåêòðîìåòð ïîâåðõíîñòíîé àëüôà...
ɍȾɄ 539.1.074
ɇɂɁɄɈɎɈɇɈȼɕɃ ɋɉȿɄɌɊɈɆȿɌɊ ɉɈȼȿɊɏɇɈɋɌɇɈɃ ȺɅɖɎȺȺɄɌɂȼɇɈɋɌɂ ȻɈɅɖɒɂɏ ɈȻɊȺɁɐɈȼ
1
ɘ.Ɇ. Ƚɚɜɪɢɥɸɤ1, Ⱥ.Ɇ. Ƚɚɧɝɚɩɲɟɜ1, ȼ.ȼ. Ʉɚɡɚɥɨɜ1, ȼ.ȼ. Ʉɭɡɶɦɢɧɨɜ1,
ɋ.Ɇ. ɉɚɧɚɫɟɧɤɨ2, ɋ.ɋ. Ɋɚɬɤɟɜɢɱ2, ɂ.Ⱦ. Ɏɟɞɨɪɟɰ2
ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɹɞɟɪɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɚɹ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɹ ɧɚɭɤ, ɩɪ. 60-ɥɟɬɢɹ Ɉɤɬɹɛɪɹ, 7ɚ, ɝ. Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 117312, Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ
2
ɏɚɪɶɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɢɦ. ȼ.ɇ.Ʉɚɪɚɡɢɧɚ, ɩɥ.ɋɜɨɛɨɞɵ, 4, ɝ.ɏɚɪɶɤɨɜ, 61077, ɍɤɪɚɢɧɚ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɢɥɚ ɜ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɸ 12 ɧɨɹɛɪɹ 2007 ɝ.
Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɧɨɣ ɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɚɥɶɮɚ-ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ. ɋɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɧɢɡɤɨɮɨɧɨɜɵɣ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɨɦɟɬɪ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɜ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɹɦɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɫɜɟɪɯɦɚɥɵɯ
ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɚɥɶɮɚ-ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɧ ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɲɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɫɜɟɪɯɱɢɫɬɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɫ
ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟɦ ɜ ɰɟɩɢ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɨɜ ɭɪɚɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɨɪɢɟɜɨɝɨ ɪɹɞɨɜ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɞɟɬɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɞɤɢɯ ɹɞɟɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ ɬɨɤɚ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɤɨɜ ɚɥɶɮɚ-ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɜ ɤɚɦɟɪɟ. ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɚɥɶɮɚ-ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫ
ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚɦɢ ɦɟɞɢ, ɧɟɪɠɚɜɟɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɢ ɫɜɟɬɨɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɥɺɧɤɢ VM2000.
ɄɅɘɑȿȼɕȿ ɋɅɈȼȺ: ɚɥɶɮɚ-ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚ, ɬɪɟɤ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ, ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɧɚɹ ɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɤɚɦɟɪɚ, ɮɨɪɦɚ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ,
ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɚɹ ɚɥɶɮɚ-ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ.
ɉɪɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɢɡɤɨɮɨɧɨɜɵɯ ɞɟɬɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɞɜɨɣɧɨɝɨ ɛɟɬɚɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɨɜ, ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ "ɬɟɦɧɨɣ" ɦɚɬɟɪɢɢ ɢ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɵɯ ɪɪ-ɧɟɣɬɪɢɧɨ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬɫɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ 238U, 232Th, ɢɯ ɞɨɱɟɪɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɢ 40Ʉ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɷɬɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ
ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɝɚɦɦɚ-ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɣ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢ ɢɯ E-ɪɚɫɩɚɞɟ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɜɟɪɯɧɢɡɤɨɮɨɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɞɟɬɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ. ȼ ɰɟɩɨɱɤɚɯ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ 238U, 232Th ɧɟ ɜɫɟ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɵ ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɸɬ E-ɪɚɫɩɚɞ, ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ
ɜɵɥɟɬɨɦ ɝɚɦɦɚ-ɤɜɚɧɬɨɜ. ɑɚɫɬɶ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɨɜ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɧɢɟɦ ɚɥɶɮɚ-ɱɚɫɬɢɰ. ɉɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ
ɬɚɤɢɯ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɨɜ ɩɨ ɝɚɦɦɚ-ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɜɟɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɜ ɰɟɩɨɱɤɟ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɷɬɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶɫɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ [1], ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɱɢɫɬɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɢɡ ɪɭɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɜ ɪɹɞɭ 238U, 232Th ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ
226
Ra (Ɍ1/2=1600 ɥɟɬ) ɢ 228Ra (Ɍ1/2=5,7 ɥɟɬ), ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. ȼ ɝɨɬɨɜɨɦ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɞɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɨ
1000 ɪɚɡ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɨɝɨ [2]. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɝɚɦɦɚ-ɢɡɥɭɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɨɱɟɪɧɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦɢ
ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɪɚɞɢɹ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɝɚɦɦɚ-ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ 238U ɢ 232Th ɜ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɢɠɟ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɞɨɥɝɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɫɹ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ 222Rn, ɬɨ ɜ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɚɤɨɩɢɬɶɫɹ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɵɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ 210Pb (Ɍ1/2=22,3 ɝɨɞɚ). Ɋɚɫɩɚɞ 210Pb ɢ ɞɨɱɟɪɧɢɯ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɨɜ ɞɚɫɬ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɮɨɧ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɚɥɶɮɚ-ɱɚɫɬɢɰ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫ
ɝɚɦɦɚ-ɮɨɧɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɬɶ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɭɸ ɚɥɶɮɚ-ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ (ɉȺȺ) ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɉȺȺ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɵ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ:
1. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨ-ɛɚɪɶɟɪɧɵɯ ɉɉȾ, ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɦɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɦɚɥɚ (<2÷5 ɫɦ2), ɚ
ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɜɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɤɧɚ ɢɫɤɚɠɚɟɬ ɫɩɟɤɬɪ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɧɟɭɫɬɪɚɧɢɦɵɣ ɮɨɧ.
2. ɉɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɰɢɧɬɢɥɥɹɬɨɪ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɨɬ ɚɥɶɮɚ-ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɤ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɵɯɨɞɭ ɨɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɚ ~0,1, ɱɬɨ ɫɞɜɢɝɚɟɬ ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɵ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɜ ɨɬ ɚɥɶɮɚ-ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɮɨɧɚ ɨɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ; ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɜ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚɦ ɧɚɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɩɚɞɚ ɧɟ ɞɚɟɬ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɮɨɧɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ; ɩɥɨɯɨɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɟɬ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɚɥɶɮɚ-ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɚ ɨɬ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ; ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɟɭɫɬɪɚɧɢɦɵɣ ɮɨɧ.
3. ɉɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɚɦɟɪɚ ɫ ɬɨɧɤɢɦ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɨɤɧɨɦ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɜɤɢ ɱɢɫɬɵɦ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦ ɝɚɡɨɦ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ ɝɚɡɹɳɢɦɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚɦɢ; ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɨɤɧɚ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ
ɧɟɭɫɬɪɚɧɢɦɵɣ ɮɨɧ; ɫɩɟɤɬɪɵ ɢɫɤɚɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɚɥɶɮɚ-ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɜ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ ɨɤɧɚ.
4. Ɇɟɬɨɞ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨ-ɛɚɪɴɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɉɉȾ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɉȺȺ ɨɫɚɠɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɫ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɧɵɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ 210Po, ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɞɨɪɨɝɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɯ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɱɢɫɬɵɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɨɜ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɦɟɬɨɞ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɵɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ.
ɐɟɥɶ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ – ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɮɨɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɨɦɟɬɪɚ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɟɪɯɦɚɥɵɯ
ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɉȺȺ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɧɨɣ ɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɫ ɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɧɢɟɦ (ɂɄɂɋ). ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟ-
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«Â³ñíèê Õàðê³âñüêîãî óí³âåðñèòåòó», ¹ 784, 2007
Þ.Ì. Ãàâðèëþê, À.Ì. Ãàíãàïøåâ, Â.Â. Êàçàëîâ...
ɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɨɦɟɬɪɚ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɫɜɟɪɯɱɢɫɬɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɪɟɞɤɢɯ ɹɞɟɪɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɨɜ [3], ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɲɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ. ȼ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɦ ɞɟɬɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ
ɬɢɩɚ, ɤɚɤ ɂɄɂɋ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɫɛɨɪ ɡɚɪɹɞɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɝɚɡɟ ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɟɣ,
ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɬɢɩɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɂɄɂɋ ɨɬ ɞɟɬɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɫ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɦ
ɫɨɛɢɪɚɧɢɟɦ, ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɱɢɫɬɵɟ ɝɚɡɵ, ɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɯ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɝɨ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɟɬɟɤɬɨɪɵ ɫ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɦ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɧɢɟɦ ɜɜɨɞɹɬ ɷɤɪɚɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɟɬɤɢ, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɞɪɟɣɮɨɜɵɣ ɢ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ. ɋɟɬɤɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɵ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚ, ɧɚɜɟɞɺɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ
ɩɨɥɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɚɦɢ ɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɨɬ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɬɪɟɤɨɦ ɢ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɸɳɢɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɦ. ȼ
ɂɄɂɋ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɫɟɬɤɚ ɧɟ ɧɭɠɧɚ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɂɄɂɋ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɜ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ
ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɹɦɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɉȺȺ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɫ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɨɣ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɢ ɞɥɹ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɉȺȺ ɫɜɟɪɯɱɢɫɬɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ.
ɂɆɉɍɅɖɋɇȺə ɂɈɇɇȺə ɂɈɇɂɁȺɐɂɈɇɇȺə ɄȺɆȿɊȺ
ɂɨɧɧɚɹ ɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɤɚɦɟɪɚ, ɫɯɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ.1, ɩɪɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɛɨɪɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɡɚɪɹɞɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɬɪɟɤɚ ɚɥɶɮɚ-ɱɚɫɬɢɰ: ɦɟɫɬɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɸ ɬɪɟɤɚ, ɞɥɢɧɭ ɩɪɨɟɤɰɢɢ ɬɪɟɤɚ ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɞɪɟɣɮɚ, ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɞɥɢɧɟ ɬɪɟɤɚ. ɗɬɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɚ ɢɡ
ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ ɬɨɤɚ ɨɛɟɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ. ȼ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɞɜɟ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɫɨɨɫɧɵɟ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɜɨɥɶɬɧɵɦ ɫɟɬɱɚɬɵɦ ɤɚɬɨɞɧɵɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɦ (ɋ5). ɋɟɬɤɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɚ ɢɡ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɟɞɧɵɯ ɧɢɬɟɣ Ø0,08 ɦɦ ɫ ɲɚɝɨɦ 2 ɦɦ. ɇɚ ɤɚɬɨɞ ɩɨɞɚɺɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ (-2 ɤȼ). Ɉɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɟ
ɞɪɟɣɮɨɜɨɟ ɩɨɥɟ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɺɬɫɹ ɧɚɛɨɪɨɦ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɦɟɞɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɶɰɟɜɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɜ, ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɤ ɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɸ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ. ɋɨɛɢɪɚɸɳɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɵ (ɚɧɨɞɵ) ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɫɟɤɰɢɣ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɵ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɸɸ ɞɢɫɤɨɜɭɸ ɢ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɭɸ ɤɨɥɶɰɟɜɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɢ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ.1 ɞɥɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɫɟɤɰɢɣ
ɨɧɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɋ1, ɋ2 ɢ ɋ4, ɋ3, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɞ ɋ4 ɢɦɟɟɬ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɤɨɦ, ɨɧ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ ɧɚɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɞɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɤɨɣ (ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɧɢɬɢ 0,08 ɦɦ, ɲɚɝ 8×8 ɦɦ), ɢɦɟɸɳɟɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ
Ɋɢɫ.1. ɋɯɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɪɟɡ ɢ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɂɄɂɋ:
ɋ1 – ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɨɞ; ɋ2 – ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɤɨɥɶɰɟɜɨɣ ɚɧɨɞ; ɋ3 – ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɤɨɥɶɰɟɜɨɣ ɚɧɨɞ; ɋ4 – ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɨɞ; ɋ5 – ɤɚɬɨɞ;
ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ ɫ ɛɨɪɬɢɤɨɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚ. ɉɨɥɧɵɣ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɞɪɟɣɮɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɚ ɪɚɜɟɧ 126 ɦɦ, ɜɵɫɨɬɚ – 74 ɦɦ, ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚ – 91 ɦɦ. Ⱦɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɢ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɜɵɛɨɪɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 84 ɦɦ ɢ 3 ɦɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. Ƚɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɪɚɜɧɚ 55,4 ɫɦ2. ȼɵɫɨɬɚ ɞɪɟɣɮɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɚ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɤɚɬɨɞɟ
ɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɝɚɡɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɡɚɪɹɞɚ ɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɭ ɢ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ
ɬɨɤɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɝɧɚɥ/ɲɭɦ ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɣ. ȿɺ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɨ ɢɡ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɚɥɶɮɚ-ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɫ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɟɣ 7,69 Ɇɷȼ, ɫɬɚɪɬɭɸɳɟɣ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ, ɩɪɢ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ (ɚɡɨɬɨɦ) ɩɪɢ ɧ.ɭ. ɋ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɚɥɶɮɚ-ɮɨɧɚ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɚ ɦɟɞɶ, ɢɦɟɸɳɚɹ, ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ, ɧɢɡɤɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ. ɉɨɥɧɨɟ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɮɨɧɚ ɨɬ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɚɧɬɢɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɤɨɥɶɰɟɜɨɣ. Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɫɟɤɰɢɹɦɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɚɧɬɢɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɣ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ
95
ñåð³ÿ ô³çè÷íà «ßäðà, ÷àñòèíêè, ïîëÿ», âèï. 4 /36/
Íèçêîôîíîâûé ñïåêòðîìåòð ïîâåðõíîñòíîé àëüôà...
ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚ ɚɥɶɮɚ-ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ, ɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɝɚɡɟ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɺɤɲɢɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɭ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɜɨɥɶɬɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚ. ȼɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɫɟɤɰɢɹ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɞɨɧɚ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɝɚɡɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ
ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɞɥɢɧɧɵɯ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ ɛɵɥ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧ ɡɚɪɹɞɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɚɥɨɲɭɦɹɳɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɢɥɢɬɟɥɶ (Ɂɑɍ) ɫ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɶɸ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɣ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɚɦɨɪɚɡɪɹɞɚ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ~100 ɦɫ. ɋɢɝɧɚɥɵ ɫ
ɱɟɬɵɪɺɯ ɚɧɨɞɨɜ ɂɄɂɋ ɱɟɪɟɡ Ɂɑɍ ɩɨɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɫɢɥɢɬɟɥɢ (ɍ) ɫ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ 400. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɵ
ɱɟɪɟɡ ɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɢɬɟɥɢ (Ɋ) ɩɨɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞ ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɧɨ-ɰɢɮɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ (Ⱥɐɉ) NI6013 ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚ (ɉɄ) ɢ ɧɚ ɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɬɨɪ ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ (Ⱦɇɍ). Ⱦɇɍ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɢɝɧɚɥ, ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚɸɳɢɣ Ⱥɐɉ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɨ ɥɸɛɨɦɭ ɢɡ ɜɯɨɞɨɜ ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɚ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ ɩɪɟɜɵɫɢɬ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɪɨɝ. ɑɚɫɬɨɬɚ
ɨɰɢɮɪɨɜɤɢ NI6013 ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ 2,5 ɤȽɰ (ɩɨɥɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɨɩɪɨɫɚ – 10 ɤȽɰ). Ɉɰɢɮɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɵ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɉɄ.
ɆɈȾȿɅɖɇɈȿ ɉɊȿȾɋɌȺȼɅȿɇɂȿ ɈɌɄɅɂɄȺ ɂɄɂɋ
Ⱦɥɹ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ ɬɨɤɚ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɬɪɟɤɨɜ ɚɥɶɮɚ-ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ. ɉɪɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɤɚɦɟɪɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɚ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ ‡91 ɦɦ, ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ h=74 ɦɦ.
Ɋɢɫ.2. Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ ɬɨɤɚ ɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɟ ɞɥɹ ɬɪɟɯ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ (h=0 ɫɦ - ɲɬɪɢɯɨɜɚɹ ɤɪɢɜɚɹ; h=3,7 ɫɦ - ɫɩɥɨɲɧɚɹ ɤɪɢɜɚɹ; h=7,4 ɫɦ - ɲɬɪɢɯɩɭɧɤɬɢɪɧɚɹ ɤɪɢɜɚɹ: ɚ) - ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ; ɛ) - ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ; ɜ) ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɣ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫ ɞɥɹ ș =900 ɢ ɝ), ɞ), ɟ) ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɞɥɹ ș =00.
ɋɨɛɢɪɚɸɳɢɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞ (ɚɧɨɞ) – ɞɧɨ, ɜɵɫɨɤɨɜɨɥɶɬɧɵɣ (ɤɚɬɨɞ) – ɤɪɵɲɤɚ. ɇɚ ɤɚɬɨɞ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ (- 2000
ȼ). Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɫɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ (ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɝɚɡ, ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɨɧɨɜ
– 350 ɫɦ2/(ȼ×ɫɟɤ×ɬɨɪɪ), ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɨɧɨɜ – 1070 ɫɦ2/(ȼ×ɫɟɤ×ɬɨɪɪ) ɢ ɚɡɨɬɚ (ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ – 106 ɫɦ2/(ȼ×ɫɟɤ×ɬɨɪɪ), ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɨɧɨɜ – 980 ɫɦ2/(ȼ×ɫɟɤ×ɬɨɪɪ) [4]). Ⱦɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɨ ɪɚɜɧɵɦ 620 ɬɨɪɪ (ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ȻɇɈ ɂəɂ
ɊȺɇ). ɗɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɚɥɶɮɚ-ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɚ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ 6 Ɇɷȼ. ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɞɥɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɟɝɚ ɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɟ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɚɥɶɮɚ–
ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɪɚɜɧɚ 5,1 ɫɦ, ɜ ɚɡɨɬɟ 5,6 ɫɦ. Ɏɨɪɦɵ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ ɬɨɤɚ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɬɪɟɤɚ (ɭɝɨɥ T) ɤ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɧɨɞɚ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ (00,900,-900) ɞɥɹ ɬɪɟɯ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ (h) ɜɞɨɥɶ ɨɫɢ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ.2: (0 ɫɦ (ɲɬɪɢɯɨɜɚɹ ɤɪɢɜɚɹ) – ɬɪɟɤ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɚɧɨɞɟ; 3,7 ɫɦ (ɫɩɥɨɲɧɚɹ ɤɪɢɜɚɹ) - ɫɪɟɞɢɧɚ ɬɪɟɤɚ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ; 7,4 ɫɦ
(ɲɬɪɢɯɩɭɧɤɬɢɪɧɚɹ ɤɪɢɜɚɹ) – ɬɪɟɤ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɚɬɨɞɟ). ɂɡ-ɡɚ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɢ
ɤɨɧɰɟ ɬɪɟɤɚ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɪɚɡɚ, ɬɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɞɥɢɧɟ ɬɪɟɤɨɜ ɜɥɟɬɚɸɳɟɣ ɢ
ɜɵɥɟɬɚɸɳɟɣ ɚɥɶɮɚ-ɱɚɫɬɢɰ, ɩɪɢ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢ ɬɨɦ ɠɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɝɚɡɟ, ɛɭɞɭɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɬɶɫɹ. ɗɬɢ
ɨɬɥɢɱɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ ɬɨɤɚ.
Ɏɨɪɦɵ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ ɬɨɤɚ ɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɟ ɞɥɹ T = 900 (ɬɪɟɤ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧ ɤ ɤɚɬɨɞɭ) ɢ ɬɪɟɯ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ.2: ɚ) - ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ; ɛ) - ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ; ɜ) - ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɣ
ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫ. Ʉɪɢɜɢɡɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ ɬɨɤɚ (ɜɨɝɧɭɬɚɹ, ɜɵɩɭɤɥɚɹ) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɫɟɞɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɪɹɞɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ (ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɬɪɟɤɚ). Ⱦɥɹ T=-900 (ɬɪɟɤ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧ ɤ ɚɧɨɞɭ) ɨɛɳɢɣ ɜɢɞ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ ɬɨɤɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɢɫ. 2(ɚ-ɛ), ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɤɪɢɜɢɡɧɭ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ.2(ɝ-ɞ)
96
«Â³ñíèê Õàðê³âñüêîãî óí³âåðñèòåòó», ¹ 784, 2007
Þ.Ì. Ãàâðèëþê, À.Ì. Ãàíãàïøåâ, Â.Â. Êàçàëîâ...
ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ ɬɨɤɚ ɞɥɹ T=00. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɤɨɜ, ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɚ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ ɬɨɤɚ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ, ɡɧɚɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɬɟɧ ɡɧɚɤɭ ɡɚɪɹɞɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɧɭɥɸ,
ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɡɚɪɹɞɵ ɩɪɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɧɭɥɟɜɨɟ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ. ɂɡ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɨɜ ɪɢɫ.2 ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɵ ɬɨɤɚ ɨɬ ɚɥɶɮɚ-ɱɚɫɬɢɰ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɚɧɨɞɚ, ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɨɧɚ ɧɚ ɤɚɬɨɞ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɵɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚɯ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɧɢɹ
ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ (15,8 ɦɫ) ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ (12,5 ɦɫ) ɢɨɧɨɜ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɪɟɣɮɚ. Ɏɨɪɦɵ
ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɯ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 2ɜ (T=900) ɢ ɪɢɫ. 2ɟ (T=00) ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ.
ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɨɬɛɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ: ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɚ ɢ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ ɬɨɤɚ; ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ ɬɨɤɚ; ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɦ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ ɬɨɤɚ
ɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɨɦ ɟɝɨ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ:
1) ɬɪɟɤɢ, ɩɟɪɟɫɟɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɧɨɞɚ (ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ) ɛɭɞɭɬ ɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɫɚɦɵɟ ɞɥɢɧɧɵɟ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɵ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɨɧɵ ɩɪɢ ɞɪɟɣɮɟ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɜɟɫɶ ɞɪɟɣɮɨɜɵɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ;
2) ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ ɬɨɤɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɨɫɟɞɚɧɢɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ (ɛɵɫɬɪɨɣ) ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɬɪɟɤɚ ɫ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ (ɤɨɧɟɰ ɬɪɟɤɚ);
3) ɜɪɟɦɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɦ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ ɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɨɦ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɤɨɧɰɚ
ɬɪɟɤɚ ɨɬ ɚɧɨɞɚ ɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɸ (ɨɬ ɚɧɨɞɚ ɢɥɢ ɤ ɚɧɨɞɭ).
ɇɚ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚɯ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɲɭɦɨɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɢɤɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɦ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɨɦ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɬɨɤɚ ɢ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɨɦ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɫɝɥɚɠɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ. ɗɬɨ ɜɧɨɫɢɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɬɪɟɤɚ.
ɂɧɚɹ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɚɡɨɬɨɦ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɚɡɨɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɨɱɢɳɟɧ ɨɬ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ (d10–4), ɬɨ ɜ
ɧɟɦ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɡɚɯɜɚɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɢɨɧɨɜ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɵ. ɂɯ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ~103 ɪɚɡ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɭ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɨɧɨɜ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɧɟ
ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ, ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɟɬɫɹ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ.3 ɞɥɹ
T = 900 ɢ ɬɪɟɯ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɨɬ ɚɧɨɞɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ
ɬɨɤɚ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ.
ȼɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫ ɬɨɤɚ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɭɥɟɜɭɸ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ.
Ɋɚɫɱɺɬɧɨɟ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɪɟɣɮɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ
ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɜ ɞɪɟɣɮɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɟ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɢ
(-2 ɤȼ) ɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɝɚɡɚ 620 ɬɨɪɪ (ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ȻɇɈ ɂəɂ ɊȺɇ) ɞɥɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢ ɚɡɨɬɚ
ɪɚɜɧɨ 1,57×10-2 ɫ; 1,26×10-2 ɫ ɢ 1,73×10-2 ɫ; 1,7×10-5 ɫ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. Ⱦɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ ɬɨɤɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɨɧɨɜ
ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɬɪɟɤɨɜ, ɩɟɪɟɫɟɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ. ɇɚɊɢɫ.3. Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ ɬɨɤɚ ɜ ɚɡɨɬɟ ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɟɤɚ (ɨɬ ɚɧɨɞɚ – ɤ ɤɚɬɨɞɭ) ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨ
ș=900 ɢ ɬɪɟɯ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ (ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ.2) : ɚ) ɩɨ ɤɪɢɜɢɡɧɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ ɬɨɤɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɨɧɨɜ (ɫɨɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ (ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɵ); ɛ) ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɜɨɝɧɭɬɚɹ – ɜɵɩɭɤɥɚɹ). ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɬɨɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚ
ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ.
(ɡɚɪɹɞ) ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦɭ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɸ ɬɪɟɤɚ ɨɬ ɚɧɨɞɚ.
ɊȿɁɍɅɖɌȺɌɕ ɂɁɆȿɊȿɇɂɃ
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ.4 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɺɧ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɚɥɶɮɚ-ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɤɥɚ ɜɫɟ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ. ɇɭɦɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɨɜ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ ɜɧɢɡ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɭɦɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɸɳɢɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ.1. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ.5 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɜɤɟ ɂɄɂɋ ɩɚɪɚɦɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ
ɚɡɨɬɚ. ɂɡ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɨɜ ɪɢɫ.4 ɢ ɪɢɫ.5 ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ ɞɥɹ
ɚɡɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ. ɗɬɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɪɟɣɮɚ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɪɹɞɚ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɚɡɨɬ ɧɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɱɢɳɟɧ ɨɬ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ, ɜ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɛɚ ɬɢɩɚ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɪɹɞɚ. ɂɯ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɡɚɜɢɫɟɬɶ ɨɬ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɬɪɟɤɚ ɞɨ ɚɧɨɞɚ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɩɪɨɣɞɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɭɬɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɂɄɂɋ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɺɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɛɵɥ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɺɧ ɚɥɶɮɚ-ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ 239Pu (ȿĮ §5,157 Ɇɷȼ) ɢɡ ɧɚɛɨɪɚ ɈɋȺɂ. ȿɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ (Ø24 ɦɦ) ɛɵɥɚ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɚ ɧɢɤɟɥɟɜɨɣ ɮɨɥɶɝɨɣ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ 0,05 ɦɦ. ɉɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɭ ɮɨɥɶɝɢ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɨ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟ
Ø1 ɦɦ. ɗɬɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɥɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɫɱɺɬɚ ɚɥɶɮɚ-ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ~ 1 ɫ-1. Ʉɚɦɟɪɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɬɚ ɚɡɨɬɨɦ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 3 ɱɚɫɨɜ (~30 ɥ
ɚɡɨɬɚ).
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ.6ɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɺɧ ɫɩɟɤɬɪ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ ɫ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ (ɋ4), ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɡɚ 70 ɦɢɧ. ɋɩɟɤɬɪ
ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧ ɩɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞ ɡɚɪɹɞɨɜɵɯ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ ɜ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɟ. Ɋɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɨ 7,2%. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɵ ɜ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɟ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɬɶɫɹ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ
97
ñåð³ÿ ô³çè÷íà «ßäðà, ÷àñòèíêè, ïîëÿ», âèï. 4 /36/
Ɋɢɫ.4. ɉɪɢɦɟɪ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɚɥɶɮɚ-ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚ
ɩɟɪɟɫɟɤɥɚ ɜɫɟ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ (ɤɚɦɟɪɚ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ).
Ɋɢɫ.6. Ⱥɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɧɵɣ ɫɩɟɤɬɪ ɫ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɫɟɤɰɢɢ (ɋ4) ɨɬ ɚɥɶɮɚ-ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ 239Pu, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɡɚ
70 ɦɢɧ: ɚ) - ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɩɟɤɬɪ; ɛ) - ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɩɟɤɬɪ.
Íèçêîôîíîâûé ñïåêòðîìåòð ïîâåðõíîñòíîé àëüôà...
Ɋɢɫ.5. ɉɪɢɦɟɪ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɚɥɶɮɚ-ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɤɥɚ ɜɫɟ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ (ɤɚɦɟɪɚ
ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɚ ɚɡɨɬɨɦ).
Ɋɢɫ.7. ɋɩɟɤɬɪ ɮɨɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɦɟɞɢ: ɚ) - ɫɟɤɰɢɹ ɋ4 + ɫɟɤɰɢɢ ɋ1ɋ2ɋ3; ɛ) - ɫɟɤɰɢɹ ɋ4 + ɫɟɤɰɢɢ ɋ1ɋ2; ɜ) - ɫɩɟɤɬɪ
ɫɟɤɰɢɢ ɋ4; ɝ) - ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɩɟɤɬɪ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ ɋ4;
ɷɬɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɚ Ɂɑɍ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɨɤɚ. ɂɫɬɢɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɥɶɮɚ-ɱɚɫɬɢɰɟɣ ɡɚɪɹɞɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɤɢ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɪɚɡɪɹɞ Ɂɑɍ ɩɟɪɟɫɱɺɬɨɦ ɤ ɛɟɫɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɚ. ɉɪɢ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɢɟɦ
ɩɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɢɡ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɚ, ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɡɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ ɬɨɤɚ. ɇɚ
ɪɢɫ.6ɛ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɫɩɟɤɬɪ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ. Ⱥɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɚ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɚ ɩɨ ɞɟɫɹɬɢ ɬɨɱɤɚɦ. Ɋɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ
ɭɥɭɱɲɢɥɨɫɶ ɞɨ 4,8 %.
Ⱦɥɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɂɄɂɋ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɚɥɶɮɚ-ɮɨɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɦɟɞɢ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɟɰ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɞɢɫɤɚ Ø83,5 ɦɦ ɢ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ 3 ɦɦ. ɉɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɚ ɚɛɪɚɡɢɜɧɵɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɪɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɚɡɨɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɟ.
ɋɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɤɚɦɟɪɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɚ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ ɫ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ 222Rn ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ~20 Ȼɤ/ɦ3. ɉɨɥɧɨɟ
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚɛɨɪɚ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɨ 97 ɱɚɫ. ɉɨɪɨɝ ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧ ɪɚɜɧɵɦ 150 ɦȼ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɚɥɶɮɚ-ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ~1 Ɇɷȼ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ.7ɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɺɧ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɫɩɟɤɬɪ ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞ ɧɟ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ
ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ ɨɬ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ ɋ4 ɩɪɢ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɢ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɜ ɨɬ ɫɟɤɰɢɣ ɋ1, ɋ2, ɋ3. Ⱦɥɹ ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ.7ɛ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɺɧ ɫɩɟɤɬɪ, ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɧɵɣ ɢɡ 7ɚ ɩɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɸ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ
ɜ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɤɨɥɶɰɟɜɨɣ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ ɋ3 ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ ɫ ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 0,5 Ɇɷȼ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ.7ɜ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧ ɨɬɛɨɪ ɩɨ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɸ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɋ1 ɢ ɤɨɥɶɰɟɜɨɣ ɋ2 ɫɟɤɰɢɹɯ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ.7ɝ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɫɩɟɤɬɪ ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞ
ɬɟɯ ɠɟ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɤɢ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɪɚɡɪɹɞ Ɂɑɍ ɢ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɢ ɲɭɦɨɜ ɦɢɤɪɨɮɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ ɨɬ
98
«Â³ñíèê Õàðê³âñüêîãî óí³âåðñèòåòó», ¹ 784, 2007
Þ.Ì. Ãàâðèëþê, À.Ì. Ãàíãàïøåâ, Â.Â. Êàçàëîâ...
ɫɨɬɪɹɫɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɜɨɥɶɬɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚ ɩɭɬɺɦ
ɫɭɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɲɭɦɨɜɨɣ ɞɨɪɨɠɤɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ ɋ1 ɫ
ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɦ ɋ4. Ɇɢɤɪɨɮɨɧɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɟɤɰɢɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɮɚɡɟ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɚ ɚɥɶɮɚɪɚɫɩɚɞɚɦɢ 222Rn (Ɍ1/2 = 3,82 ɫɭɬ.) ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ ɢ ɟɝɨ
ɞɨɱɟɪɧɢɯ ɹɞɟɪ 218Po ɢ 214Po ɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɜɨɥɶɬɧɨɦ
ɢ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɸɳɟɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚɯ ɋ4. Ⱥɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɵ ɜ
ɩɢɤɚɯ 6,00 Ɇɷȼ (218Po) ɢ 7,69 Ɇɷȼ (214Po) ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹɦ ɚɥɶɮɚ-ɱɚɫɬɢɰ. ɉɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɢɤɚ 5,49 Ɇɷȼ (222Rn)
ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ ɹɞɪɚ ɨɬɞɚɱɢ
(0,10 Ɇɷȼ), ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜ ɝɚɡɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɺɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ. ɉɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɸ ɩɢɤɚ ɨɬ
222
ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ
Rn ɜ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɦ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ.7ɝ
Ɋɢɫ.8. ɋɩɟɤɬɪ ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ ɨɬ ɋu, ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɡɚ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ 5,54 Ɇɷȼ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɱɺɬɟ
316 ɱɚɫ, ɫ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɤɨɣ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɪɹɞ ɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɮɨɧɧɵɣ ɲɭɦ (ɩɪɨɩɢɤɨɜ ɚɥɶɮɚ-ɱɚɫɬɢɰ 218Po ɢ 214Po.
ɨɬ
ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ
ɞɭɜɤɚ ɩɚɪɚɦɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɚɡɨɬɚ).
ȿɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 4,3%.
ɋɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɩɢɤɨɜ ɡɚɞɚɺɬɫɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɚɥɶɮɚ-ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɜ ɋ4 ɢ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ
ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɥɢɧɢɣ. Ɋɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɵ 218Po ɢ 214Po ɪɨɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɡɚɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɨɫɟɞɚɸɬ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ ɧɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɵ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɨɜ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɚɥɶɮɚɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɭɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɫɬɟɧɤɭ, ɝɞɟ ɢ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɟɬɫɹ. ȼ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɩɢɤɨɜ ɨɬ 222Rn , 218Po ɢ
214
Po ɪɚɜɧɨ 2:1:1. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ.7ɝ ɷɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɜɧɨ 2:1,34:0,53.
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɜɤɟ ɂɄɂɋ ɩɚɪɚɦɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɚɡɨɬɚ
(~10 ɥ/ɱɚɫ). ɉɨɥɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚɛɨɪɚ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɨ 316 ɱɚɫ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ.8 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɺɧ ɫɩɟɤɬɪ ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞ
ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ ɨɬ ɋ4 ɫ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɤɨɣ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɪɹɞ ɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɮɨɧɧɵɣ ɲɭɦ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɱɚɬɶ ɫ ɩɢɤɚ ɨɬ 214Po (817 ɤɚɧɚɥ, R= 4,6 %). ȿɝɨ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɜɫɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɢ ɦɚɥɨ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧɚ ɢɫɤɚɠɟɧɢɹɦ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɥɢɧɢɣ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɱɶ ɜɤɥɚɞɨɦ ɜ ɮɨɧ ɚɥɶɮɚɱɚɫɬɢɰ 212Po (EĮ=8,785 Ɇɷȼ), ɹɜɥɹɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɞɨɱɟɪɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɦ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ 220Rn (T1/2=55,6 ɫ) ɢɡ ɪɹɞɚ 232Th. Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɩɢɤɨɜ ɨɬ 222Rn, 218Po ɢ 214Po ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɢɡ ɪɢɫ.7ɝ, ɟɫɥɢ ɚɬɨɦɵ
ɪɚɞɨɧɚ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɝɚɡɟ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɟɝɨɜ ɚɥɶɮɚ-ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ ɢ
ɚɡɨɬɟ (ɩɪɨɛɟɝ ɚɥɶɮɚ-ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɫ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɟɣ 6 Ɇɷȼ ɩɪɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ 620 ɬɨɪɪ ɪɚɜɟɧ 5,1 ɫɦ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ ɢ 5,6 ɫɦ ɜ ɚɡɨɬɟ).
ȼ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɬɚɤ. Ɋɚɞɨɧ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɞɨɱɟɪɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɟ ɦɟɞɢ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ
ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɛɴɺɦɧɵɯ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ. ɇɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɦɢɤɪɨɪɟɥɶɟɮ. ȿɫɥɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɟ
ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɨɜ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɩɪɨɛɟɝɚ ɚɥɶɮɚ-ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ, ɬɨ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɚɥɵɦɢ. ȼɵɥɟɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɚɥɶɮɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬ ɩɢɤ. ɋɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɢɤɨɜ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɲɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɜɵɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɨ ɬɢɩɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ 214Po (ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɣ) ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹɯ ɫ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ. ɋɨɛɵɬɢɹ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫɨɜɩɚɜɲɢɟ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɫɟɤɰɢɹɯ ɋ1 ɢ ɋ4, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɚɥɶɮɚ-ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚɦɢ, ɪɨɞɢɜɲɢɦɢɫɹ ɜ ɝɚɡɟ ɨɬ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ
ɪɚɞɨɧɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɺɤɲɢɦɢ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɭ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɜɨɥɶɬɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚ. Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ ɤ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɢɤɚ
214
Po ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɞɨɧɚ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɝɚɡɟ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɜɧɨ 1,57±0,15, ɞɥɹ ɚɡɨɬɧɨɝɨ – 1,26±0,26, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɨɲɢɛɤɢ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɟɬ. Ɉɬɫɸɞɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɜɵɜɨɞ, ɱɬɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ 214Po ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɦ.
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ.8 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɚɩɩɪɨɤɫɢɦɚɰɢɹ ɩɢɤɨɜ ɨɬ 222Rn , 218Po ɢ 214Po ɝɚɭɫɫɢɚɧɚɦɢ. ɋɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ
ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɨɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɭ ɪɢɫ.7ɝ. ȼɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɤɪɨɦɟ «ɪɚɞɨɧɨɜɵɯ» ɩɢɤɨɜ ɜ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɟ ɪɢɫ.6 ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɩɢɤ ɫ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɟɣ 5,297 Ɇɷȼ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɚɥɶɮɚ-ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚɦ ɨɬ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ 210Ɋɨ (Ɍ1/2 = 138,4 ɫɭɬ.). Ɉɧ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ
ɰɟɩɨɱɤɟ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɨɜ 210Ɋb (Ɍ1/2 = 21,8 ɥɟɬ), ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɤɨɩɢɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɚɬɨɞɟ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚɥɚɞɨɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ
ɩɪɢ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɂɄɂɋ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ ɫ ɪɚɞɨɧɨɦ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɚɥɶɮɚ-ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ 1,1÷4,7 Ɇɷȼ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɫɩɟɤɬɪ ɚɥɶɮɚ-ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɢɞ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶɤɢ. ȼ ɷɬɭ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɞɚɸɬ
ɜɤɥɚɞ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɉȺȺ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɨɥɹ ɚɥɶɮɚ-ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɢɡ ɩɢɤɨɜ, ɩɨɬɟɪɹɜɲɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɜ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɯ
ɚɧɨɞɚ ɢ ɤɚɬɨɞɚ. Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɫɩɟɤɬɪ ɚɥɶɮɚ-ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɨɬ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɪɚɞɨɧɚ ɢ ɞɨɱɟɪɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɢɡ ɪɢɫ.7ɝ. ȼɤɥɚɞ ɨɬ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ 210Ɋɨ ɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɟɫɶ ɨɫɬɚɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɮɨɧ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɉȺȺ. ȼ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɉȺȺ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ (3,5 ± 0,7)×10-3 ɫɦ-2 ɱɚɫ-1. ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɚɥɶɮɚ-ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɫ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹɦɢ
ɩɪɢɧɹɬɚ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ (ɧɟ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɚɟɜɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ). Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚ ɫ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ
95% ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɉȺȺ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ 2 ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɟ ɨɬ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɚɥɶɮɚ-ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɤ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɚ ɜɫɹ ɉȺȺ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɭ. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɫɱɺɬ ɨɬ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ ɤ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɭ
ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɭ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ. Ⱦɥɹ 238U ɢ 232Th ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ 5,16 Ɇɷȼ ɢ
99
ñåð³ÿ ô³çè÷íà «ßäðà, ÷àñòèíêè, ïîëÿ», âèï. 4 /36/
Íèçêîôîíîâûé ñïåêòðîìåòð ïîâåðõíîñòíîé àëüôà...
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1. Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɨɜ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚɯ, ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɚɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɂɄɂɋ ɢ HPGe – ɞɟɬɟɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ.
Ɉɛɪɚɡɟɰ,
Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ[ɦȻɤ/ɤɝ] /Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ [ɝ/ɝ]
Ɇɟɬɨɞ
238
232
ȼɪɟɦɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ
U
Th
Cu
‡83 ɦɦ, h=3 ɦɦ,
d490/d4,0×10-8
d860/d2,1×10-7
ɉɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɚɹ Į316 ɱ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ
VM2000
(ɂɄɂɋ)
‡83 ɦɦ, h=0,07 ɦɦ,
d1200/d0,7×10-8
d2100/d5,2×10-7
429 ɱ
VM2000
m=372 ɝ,
d7,9/
d9,0/
Ȗ-ɫɩɟɤɬɪɨɦɟɬɪ
552 ɱ
(HPGe-ɞɟɬɟɤɬɨɪ)
ɇɟɪɠɚɜɟɸɳɚɹ ɫɬɚɥɶ
d1/
AISI 321
d1,4/
m=4,2 ɤɝ, 1219,2 ɱ
4,30 Ɇɷȼ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. ɉɟɪɟɫɱɺɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫ ɭɱɺɬɨɦ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɝɚɡ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ 25% ɚɥɶɮɚ-ɱɚɫɬɢɰ,
ɪɨɞɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɨɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ, ɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɟɝɭ
ɷɬɨɣ ɚɥɶɮɚ-ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ [5]. ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ 238U ɢ 232Th ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɟ
ɦɟɞɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ.1.
ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɂɄɂɋ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɵ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ
ɉȺȺ ɫɜɟɬɨɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɥɺɧɤɢ VM2000, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɬɟɧɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɬɟɥɹ ɜ ɤɪɢɨɫɬɚɬɟ ɫ ɠɢɞɤɢɦ ɚɪɝɨɧɨɦ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ GERDA
[6]. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɪɢɨɫɬɚɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɛɨɪɤɢ ɝɟɪɦɚɧɢɟɜɵɯ ɞɟɬɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɪɚɡɦɟɳɺɧɧɵɯ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ. ɀɢɞɤɢɣ ɚɪɝɨɧ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɫɰɢɧɬɢɥɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɞɟɬɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɚɧɬɢɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɣ. ɋɬɟɊɢɫ.9. ɋɩɟɤɬɪ ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ ɨɬ VM2000, ɧɚɤɨɩɧɨɱɧɵɣ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɬɟɥɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ
ɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɡɚ 429 ɱɚɫ, ɫ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɤɨɣ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɪɹɞ ɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɮɨɧɫɜɟɬɨɫɛɨɪɚ.
ɧɵɣ ɲɭɦ (ɩɪɨɞɭɜɤɚ ɩɚɪɚɦɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɚɡɨɬɚ).
Ɉɛɪɚɡɟɰ ɩɥɺɧɤɢ Ø83 ɦɦ (ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ 70 ɦɤɦ) ɛɵɥ
ɪɚɡɦɟɳɺɧ ɧɚ ɞɧɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɚɧɨɞɚ ɋ4. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ
ɩɥɺɧɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɤɨɦ, ɨɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɚɤɪɵɬɚ ɦɟɞɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɤɨɣ. ɉɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹɯ ɂɄɂɋ ɩɪɨɞɭɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɩɚɪɚɦɢ
ɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɚɡɨɬɚ. ɋɩɟɤɬɪ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ ɫ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ ɋ4, ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɡɚ 429 ɱɚɫ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ.9.
Ɉɧ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɞɨɛɟɧ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɭ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ.8. ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɫɱɟɬɚ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ 1,1÷4,7 Ɇɷȼ ɡɚ ɜɵɱɟɬɨɦ ɜɤɥɚɞɚ ɪɚɞɨɧɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɞɨɱɟɪɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ (3,0±0,6)×10-3ɫɦ-2ɱɚɫ-1, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɨɲɢɛɤɢ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɫ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ
ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɦɟɞɢ.
ɗɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɮɨɧ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ 210Ɋɨ ɧɚ ɤɚɬɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɤɟ. ȼɤɥɚɞ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɉȺȺ ɤɚɬɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɤɢ ɢɡ ɦɟɞɢ ɫ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɚɥɶɮɚɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɦɟɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ, ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɜ ~15 ɪɚɡ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ. ɗɬɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɡ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɟɬɤɢ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ.
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ 238U ɢ 232Th ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɟ VM2000 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ.1. Ⱦɥɹ
ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ 238U ɢ 232Th ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚɯ ɧɟɪɠɚɜɟɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɢ VM2000,
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɡ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɝɚɦɦɚ-ɫɩɟɤɬɪɨɜ. ɂɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɧɢɡɤɨɮɨɧɨɜɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ 4HPGe ɫ ɬɪɟɦɹ
ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɞɟɬɟɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɢɡ ɫɜɟɪɯɱɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɝɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ [7]. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɜ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɧɢɡɤɨɮɨɧɨɜɨɣ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɢ ȻɇɈ ɂəɂ ɊȺɇ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ 660 ɦ ɜ.ɷ. ɢ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɟ IGEX ɞɥɹ
ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɛɟɡɧɟɣɬɪɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɨɣɧɨɝɨ ɛɟɬɚ-ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ 76Ge.
ɂɡ ɩɪɹɦɨɝɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɩɨ VM2000 ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɚɹ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
ɂɄɂɋ ɜ ~150 ɪɚɡ ɯɭɠɟ ɝɚɦɦɚ-ɦɟɬɨɞɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɧɵɯ ɰɟɩɨɱɤɚɯ ɜ 30 ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɡ, ɬɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ ”5 ɪɚɡ.
ɁȺɄɅɘɑȿɇɂȿ
ɉɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɚɤ, ɮɨɧ 210Ɋɨ ɨɬ
ɤɚɬɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɤɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧ ɜ 100 ɪɚɡ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɭɬɺɦ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɢɬɟɣ ɢ
ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɪ ɩɨ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɱɟɪɧɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦɢ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɪɚɞɨɧɚ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ
ɝɚɡɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɂɄɂɋ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɚ ɱɢɫɬɵɦ ɚɡɨɬɨɦ. ȼɤɥɚɞ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɉȺȺ ɧɢɬɟɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ
100
«Â³ñíèê Õàðê³âñüêîãî óí³âåðñèòåòó», ¹ 784, 2007
Þ.Ì. Ãàâðèëþê, À.Ì. Ãàíãàïøåâ, Â.Â. Êàçàëîâ...
ɛɵɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɧɢɬɢ ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɲɚɝɚ ɫɟɬɤɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɨɬ ɧɢɬɢ
Ø80 ɦɤɦ ɤ ɧɢɬɢ Ø20 ɦɤɦ ɢ ɨɬ ɲɚɝɚ 2 ɦɦ ɤ ɲɚɝɭ 4 ɦɦ ɫɧɢɡɢɬ ɉȺȺ ɤɚɬɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɤɢ ɜ 8 ɪɚɡ. Ⱦɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɧɟ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ, ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɂɄɂɋ ɜ ~3 ɪɚɡɚ.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɞɥɹ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ ɬɪɟɤɨɜ ɚɥɶɮɚ-ɱɚɫɬɢɰ, ɫɬɚɪɬɭɸɳɢɯ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɺɧ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ ɬɨɤɚ. Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɬɪɟɤɚ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɬɪɟɤɭ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɭɥɭɱɲɢɬɶ ɲɭɦɨɜɵɟ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ Ɂɑɍ ɜ ~3 ɪɚɡɚ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɭɥɭɱɲɢɬɫɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ.
ɋ ɭɱɺɬɨɦ ɜɫɟɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɂɄɂɋ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɚ ɜ 100 ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɡ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɫɱɺɬɚ ɚɥɶɮɚ-ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ 1,1÷4,7 Ɇɷȼ, ɪɚɜɧɨɣ 1/500 ɱɚɫ, ɞɥɹ ɦɟɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶɸ
400 ɫɦ2 ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ 0,5 ɦȻɤ/ɤɝ ɩɨ 238U ɢ 0,9 ɦȻɤ/ɤɝ ɩɨ 232Th.
Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɮɨɧɨɜɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɛɵɱɧɨɝɨ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ. ɂɄɂɋ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɚɥɶɮɚ-ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɞɢɨɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɦɢɤɪɨɦɢɧɢɚɬɸɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɯɟɦɚɯ
ɩɪɢɜɟɥ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɬɪɟɤɨɜ ɚɥɶɮɚ-ɱɚɫɬɢɰ, ɢɫɩɭɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɟ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɨɜ, ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɦɢɤɪɨɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɜ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ. ȼɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɬɪɟɤɭ ɚɥɶɮɚ-ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɫɤɜɨɡɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ, ɩɪɨɛɨɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɸ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɯɟɦɵ. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɚɥɶɮɚɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɜ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɯɟɦ, ɡɚɞɚɸɬ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ 0,005÷0,001 ɚɥɶɮɚɱɚɫɬɢɰ/(ɫɦ2×ɱɚɫ). ɑɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɞɟɬɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɬɶ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɭɦɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ (10-100 ɱɚɫɨɜ) ɩɪɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚ (50-500 ɫɦ2), ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ
ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɩɪɢɛɨɪ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɨɬɛɨɪ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ
ɫɜɟɪɯɱɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɟ ɟɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ.
ȼ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɟɞɭɳɟɦɭ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɦɭ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɭ ȼɂɆɋ (ɝ.Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ) Ⱦɨɧɱɟɧɤɨ ȼ.Ⱥ. ɡɚ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɟ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɤ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ.
Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ INTAS (ɝɪɚɧɬ INTAS-05-1-000008-7996 «The germanium detector array for the search of neutrinoless double beta decay of Ge-76 at LNGS»).
ɋɉɂɋɈɄ ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊɕ
1. Ƚɚɜɪɢɧ ȼ.ɇ., Ⱦɚɧɶɲɢɧ ɋ.ɇ., Ʉɨɩɵɥɨɜ Ⱥ.ȼ., ɑɟɪɟɯɨɜɫɤɢɣ ȼ.ɂ. ɇɢɡɤɨɮɨɧɨɜɵɣ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɝɚɦɦɚɫɩɟɤɬɪɨɦɟɬɪ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɟɪɯɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ 238U, 226Ra ɢ 232Th: ɩɪɟɩɪɢɧɬ/ɂəɂ ɊȺɇ ɉ-0494, -1986. -28c.
2. Ʉɨɩɵɥɨɜ Ⱥ.ȼ., ɑɟɪɟɯɨɜɫɤɢɣ ȼ.ɂ. ȿɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ. ɉɪɟɩɪɢɧɬ ɂəɂ
ɊȺɇ ɉ-0604, -1989. -10ɫ.
3. Gavriljuk Yu. M., Gangapshev A. M. Kuzminov V.V., Osetrova N. Ya., Panasenko S. I., Ratkevich S. S. Analysis of ĮParticle Background Events in a High-Pressure Proportional Counter. // Phys. Atomic Nuclei. -2004.-Vol.67,- ʋ11.- p.2017–2020.
4. ɉɪɚɣɫ ȼ. Ɋɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɹɞɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. -Ɇ.: ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ ɢɧ. ɥɢɬ-ɪɵ, 1960. -464ɫ.
5. Ⱥɛɪɚɦɨɜ Ⱥ.ɂ., Ʉɚɡɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɘ.Ⱥ., Ɇɚɬɭɫɟɜɢɱ ȿ.ɋ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɵ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɹɞɟɪɧɨɣ ɮɢɡɢɤɢ.-Ɇ.: Ⱥɬɨɦɢɡɞɚɬ, 1970. -471ɫ.
6. GERDA – The GERmanium Detector Array for the search of neutrinoless ßß decays of 76Ge at LNGS. Proposal, INFN
LNGS, 2004.
7. Vasiliev S.I. (for GERDA collaboration) “Results of radiopurity measurements of the stainless steel sample AISI 321 and
VM 2000 WLS one at the Baksan Neutrino Observatory(preliminary results)”. The talk given 26-28 June 2006 at Gran Sasso at the
GERDA meeting.
1
LOW-BACKGROUND SPECTROMETER ALPHA-ACTIVITY OF DIFFERENT LARGE SAMPLES
Yu.M. Gavriljuk1, A.M. Gangapshev1,V.V. Kazalov1, V.V. Kuzminov1,
S.I. Panasenko2, S.S. Ratkevich2, I.D. Fedorets2
Institute for Nuclear Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, 60th October Anniversary pr., 7a, Moscow, 117312, Russia.
2
V.N.Karazin Kharkiv National University, Svobody sq. 4, Kharkiv, 61077,Ukraine
The construction of an ion pulse ionization chamber aimed at measuring levels of surface alpha-activity of different samples is described. Created on a basis the ionization chamber the low-background spectrometer together with corresponding methods of registration and processing of signals allows to achieve high sensitivity of direct measurements of midget levels of superficial alphaactivity. Allows to solve a problem of the control of superpure materials, with the broken balance in a circuit of disintegrations of the
uranium and thorium decay chains used at creation of detectors for research of rare nuclear processes. The results of modeling of
pulses of a current are with depending on orientation and site of tracks of alpha-particles in the chamber are given. The results of
measurement carried out with alpha-source, and also with copper samples, stainless steel and light-reflecting film VM2000 are presented.
KEY WORDS: alpha-particle, track, structure, pulse ionization chamber, form of a pulse, modeling, superficial alpha-activity.