ДИАГНОСТИКА УСТОЙЧИВОСТИ СОРТОВ ЯРОВОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ
реклама
ÑÅËÜÑÊÎÕÎÇßÉÑÒÂÅÍÍÀß ÁÈÎËÎÃÈß, 2013, ¹ 5, ñ. 100-105 ÓÄÊ 633.1:632.4:631.524.86:57.087 ÄÈÀÃÍÎÑÒÈÊÀ ÓÑÒÎÉ×ÈÂÎÑÒÈ ÑÎÐÒΠßÐÎÂÎÉ ÏØÅÍÈÖÛ È ß×ÌÅÍß Ê ÎÁÛÊÍÎÂÅÍÍÎÉ ÊÎÐÍÅÂÎÉ ÃÍÈËÈ ÊÎÍÄÓÊÒÎÌÅÒÐÈ×ÅÑÊÈÌ ÌÅÒÎÄÎÌ Ë.Í. ÊÎÐÎÁÎÂÀ1, 2, Ò.À. ÃÓÐÎÂÀ1, Î.Ñ. ËÓÃÎÂÑÊÀß1 Èçâåñòíî, ÷òî ñòðåññîóñòîé÷èâîñòü ðàñòåíèé — ãåíåòè÷åñêè çàêðåïëåííûé ïðèçíàê. Ó ñîðòîâ ÿðîâûõ çåðíîâûõ êóëüòóð, ÷óâñòâèòåëüíûõ ê âîçáóäèòåëþ îáûêíîâåííîé ãíèëè Bipolaris sorokiniana Schoem., ìîäèôèöèðóþòñÿ ïðîöåññû çàïàñàíèÿ ýíåðãèè, èíòåíñèâíîñòü äûõàíèÿ, àêòèâíîñòü ôåðìåíòîâ, ñèíòåç ñàõàðîâ è àìèíîêèñëîò, ïîãëîùåíèå êàëèÿ ó ðàñòåíèé, íàðóøàåòñÿ öåëîñòíîñòü ìåìáðàí, ÷òî ïðèâîäèò ê ÷àñòè÷íîé ïîòåðå ýëåêòðîëèòîâ èç êëåòîê. Ñòåïåíü óñòîé÷èâîñòè (òîëåðàíòíîñòè) ñîðòà ê èíôèöèðîâàíèþ âûÿâëÿþò ïî ïîòåðå óðîæàéíîñòè (àãðîíîìè÷åñêàÿ óñòîé÷èâîñòü ê áîëåçíè) è ïî èçìåíåíèþ ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêèõ, áèîõèìè÷åñêèõ è áèîôèçè÷åñêèõ ïðîöåññîâ â ðàííèå ôàçû âåãåòàöèè (áèîëîãè÷åñêàÿ óñòîé÷èâîñòü). Ìû àïðîáèðîâàëè êîíäóêòîìåòðè÷åñêèé ìåòîä îöåíêè óñòîé÷èâîñòè ðàñòåíèé â ëàáîðàòîðíûõ (èñêóññòâåííîå èíôèöèðîâàíèå â óñòàíîâêå èñêóññòâåííîãî êëèìàòà; 15 ñîðòîâ ÿðîâîé ïøåíèöû è ÿ÷ìåíÿ) è âåãåòàöèîííîïîëåâûõ (ñîñóäû áåç äíà; 4 ñîðòà ÿðîâîé ïøåíèöû, ïîêàçàâøèõ â ëàáîðàòîðíûõ óñëîâèÿõ êîíòðàñòíûå ðåçóëüòàòû) ýêñïåðèìåíòàõ. Êîððåëÿöèîííûå ñâÿçè ìåæäó ðàçíûìè èíäèêàòîðàìè ðàííåé ðåàêöèè ÿðîâîé ïøåíèöû è ÿ÷ìåíÿ íà áèîòè÷åñêèé ñòðåññ îêàçàëèñü äîñòàòî÷íî òåñíûìè è ñòàòèñòè÷åñêè äîêàçûâàåìûìè. Îáíàðóæåíî, ÷òî ýëåêòðîôèçè÷åñêèå ïîêàçàòåëè êëåòî÷íûõ ìåìáðàí ëèñòîâîé òêàíè ïðîðîñòêîâ èçìåíÿëèñü ïðîïîðöèîíàëüíî äëèíå êîðíåé è ðîñòêîâ 14ñóòî÷íûõ ðàñòåíèé, à òàêæå èíòåãðàëüíîìó ïîêàçàòåëþ èõ ðîñòà è ðàçâèòèÿ — áèîìàññå, îòðàæàÿ ñîñòîÿíèå çàáîëåâøèõ ðàñòåíèé àäåêâàòíî áèîìåòðè÷åñêèì, ôèòîïàòîëîãè÷åñêèì è ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêèì ïîêàçàòåëÿì, à òàêæå ïîòåðÿì óðîæàéíîñòè ó ñîðòà. Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: ñòðåññîóñòîé÷èâîñòü, îáûêíîâåííàÿ êîðíåâàÿ ãíèëü, ðîñòîâûå ðåàêöèè, ïðîíèöàåìîñòü êëåòî÷íûõ ìåìáðàí, êîíäóêòîìåòðè÷åñêèé ìåòîä, ñîðòà ÿðîâîé ïøåíèöû è ÿðîâîãî ÿ÷ìåíÿ. Ñòðåññîóñòîé÷èâîñòü ðàñòåíèé — ãåíåòè÷åñêè çàêðåïëåííûé ïðèçíàê. Ó ÿðîâûõ çåðíîâûõ êóëüòóð óñòîé÷èâîñòü ê êîðíåâîé ãíèëè êîíòðîëèðóåòñÿ ïîëèãåíàìè (ìàëûìè ãåíàìè), êîòîðûå íå îáåñïå÷èâàþò ïîëíîé çàùèòû ñîðòà, íî ñíèæàþò ñêîðîñòü ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ èíôåêöèè (1, 2). Ñòåïåíü óñòîé÷èâîñòè ñîðòà ê âîçáóäèòåëþ îáûêíîâåííîé ãíèëè Bipolaris sorokiniana Schoem. ïðîÿâëÿåòñÿ â âèäå ðåàêöèè ðàñòåíèé íà ïàòîëîãè÷åñêèé ïðîöåññ è òîêñèíû âîçáóäèòåëÿ (ãåëüìèíòîñïîðàë, ïðåãåëüìèíòîñïîðîë, âèêòîêñèíèí è äð.) (3-5). Ó ÷óâñòâèòåëüíûõ ñîðòîâ ïðè ýòîì ìåíÿþòñÿ ïðîöåññû çàïàñàíèÿ ýíåðãèè, èíòåíñèâíîñòü äûõàíèÿ, àêòèâíîñòü ôåðìåíòîâ, ñèíòåç ñàõàðîâ è àìèíîêèñëîò, ïîãëîùåíèå êàëèÿ (6-8), íàðóøàåòñÿ öåëîñòíîñòü ìåìáðàí, ÷òî ïðèâîäèò ê ÷àñòè÷íîé ïîòåðå ýëåêòðîëèòîâ èç êëåòîê. Ïîçæå îòìå÷åííûå èçìåíåíèÿ âûðàæàþòñÿ ñíèæåíèåì ïðîäóêòèâíîñòè. Ó ðàñòåíèé óñòîé÷èâûõ ñîðòîâ â îòâåò íà èíôèöèðîâàíèå B. sorokiniana íà÷èíàþò ôîðìèðîâàòüñÿ ïðèñïîñîáèòåëüíûå ðåàêöèè: ïîâûøàåòñÿ ñóììàðíîå ñîäåðæàíèå ìàêðî- è ìèêðîýëåìåíòîâ â êëåòêàõ, òîêñèíû âîçáóäèòåëÿ èíàêòèâèðóþòñÿ ôåðìåíòàìè è ñâÿçûâàþòñÿ â êîìïëåêñíûõ ñîåäèíåíèÿõ (9-10). Ñòåïåíü óñòîé÷èâîñòè (òîëåðàíòíîñòè) ñîðòà ê èíôèöèðîâàíèþ âûÿâëÿþò ïî ïîòåðå óðîæàéíîñòè (àãðîíîìè÷åñêàÿ óñòîé÷èâîñòü ê áîëåçíè) è ïî èçìåíåíèþ ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêèõ, áèîõèìè÷åñêèõ è áèîôèçè÷åñêèõ ïðîöåññîâ â ðàííèå ôàçû âåãåòàöèè ðàñòåíèé (áèîëîãè÷åñêàÿ óñòîé÷èâîñòü). Áèîëîãè÷åñêóþ óñòîé÷èâîñòü ñîðòà ê èíôèöèðîâàíèþ ìîæíî îïðåäåëèòü èíñòðóìåíòàëüíûìè ìåòîäàìè. Îíè äîëæíû áûòü ýêñïðåññíûìè, îñîáåííî ïðè ïîñòàíîâêå ýêñïåðèìåíòîâ â êàìåðàõ èñêóññòâåííîãî êëèìàòà, è èìåòü âûñîêóþ ïðîèçâîäèòåëüíîñòü, ÷òî âàæíî íà ðàííèõ ýòàïàõ ñå100 ëåêöèè. Ïåðå÷èñëåííûìè äîñòîèíñòâàìè èíñòðóìåíòàëüíûõ ìåòîäîâ îáëàäàåò êîíäóêòîìåòðèÿ. Ðåãèñòðèðóåìûå êîíäóêòîìåòðîì áèîôèçè÷åñêèå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ÷åòêî ïðîÿâëÿþòñÿ ñ íà÷àëîì çàùèòíî-ïðèñïîñîáèòåëüíûõ ðåàêöèé ðàñòåíèÿ ê ñòðåññîâîìó âîçäåéñòâèþ ïàòîãåíà, ÷òî ïîçâîëÿåò âûÿâèòü ñïåöèôèêó îòâåòà ñîðòà íà çàðàæåíèå äî ïîÿâëåíèÿ âèäèìûõ ïîâðåæäåíèé êîðíåé. Öåëü ïðåäïðèíÿòûõ èññëåäîâàíèé — ïîêàçàòü, ÷òî êîíäóêòîìåòðè÷åñêèé ìåòîä îïðåäåëÿåò áèîëîãè÷åñêóþ óñòîé÷èâîñòü ñîðòîâ ÿðîâîé ïøåíèöû è ÿ÷ìåíÿ ê îáûêíîâåííîé ãíèëè àäåêâàòíî îáùåïðèíÿòûì àãðîíîìè÷åñêèì, ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêèì è ïîçâîëÿåò ðàíæèðîâàòü ñîðòà ïî ñòåïåíè óñòîé÷èâîñòè ê áîëåçíè. Ìåòîäèêà. Ëàáîðàòîðíûå è âåãåòàöèîííî-ïîëåâûå îïûòû âûïîëíÿëè â ïîñ. Êðàñíîîáñê Íîâîñèáèðñêîé îáëàñòè. Îáúåêòû èññëåäîâàíèÿ â ëàáîðàòîðíûõ îïûòàõ — 12 ñîðòîâ Triticum aestivum L. è òðè ñîðòà Hordeum vulgare L. Èñïîëüçîâàëè ñîðòà ìÿãêîé ÿðîâîé ïøåíèöû ñåëåêöèè Ñèáèðñêîãî ÍÈÈ ðàñòåíèåâîäñòâà (Íîâîñèáèðñêàÿ îáë., ïîñ. Êðàñíîîáñê) è Ñèáèðñêîãî ÍÈÈ ñåëüñêîãî õîçÿéñòâà (ã. Îìñê).  ïåðâîì ñëó÷àå ýòî áûëè ðàííèå ñîðòà Íîâîñèáèðñêàÿ 15, Ïîëþøêî, ñðåäíåðàííèå Îáñêàÿ 14, Íîâîñèáèðñêàÿ 29 è ñðåäíåñïåëûå — Íîâîñèáèðñêàÿ 89, Óäà÷à, Àëåêñàíäðèíà, Ëåãåíäà, Íîâîñèáèðñêàÿ 31, âî âòîðîì — ñðåäíåñïåëûé ñîðò Ñâåòëàíêà, ñðåäíåïîçäíèå Îìñêàÿ 35 è Îìñêàÿ 18. Ó ÿðîâîãî ÿ÷ìåíÿ èçó÷àëè ñðåäíåñïåëûå ñîðòà Íîâîñèáèðñêèé 80 è Áèîì ñåëåêöèè Ñèáèðñêîãî ÍÈÈ ðàñòåíèåâîäñòâà è ñðåäíåðàííèé ñîðò Àðíà ñåëåêöèè Êàçàõñêîãî ÍÈÈ çåìëåäåëèÿ (Àëìàòèíñêàÿ îáë., ïîñ. Àëìàëûáàê).  âåãåòàöèîííî-ïîëåâûõ ýêñïåðèìåíòàõ èñïîëüçîâàëè ÷åòûðå ñîðòà Triticum aestivum L.: Ïîëþøêî, Îáñêàÿ 14, Íîâîñèáèðñêàÿ 29, Íîâîñèáèðñêàÿ 31. Ëàáîðàòîðíûå îïûòû ïðîâîäèëè â 2005-2010 ãîäàõ ïî ñõåìå: êîíòðîëü (ñåìåíà áåç èíôåêöèè), îïûò (ñåìåíà, èñêóññòâåííî èíôèöèðîâàíû B. sorokiniana). Çàðàæàëè íàêëþíóâøèåñÿ ñåìåíà ñïîðîâîé ñóñïåíçèåé òðåõ ñðåäíåïàòîãåííûõ èçîëÿòîâ ñ èíôåêöèîííîé íàãðóçêîé 5000 êîíèäèé â êàïëå ñóñïåíçèè âîçáóäèòåëÿ íà îäíî çåðíî (ïðåäâàðèòåëüíî ñïîðû ïîäñ÷èòûâàëè â êàìåðå Òîìà-Ãîðÿåâà). Èñïîëüçîâàííûå èçîëÿòû B. sorokiniana âûäåëÿëè èç êîðíåé ÿðîâîé ïøåíèöû (11), èõ ïàòîãåííîñòü óñòàíîâèëè ïî ìåòîäèêå Ëà÷èöîâîé-Ëàíãîëüô (12). Äàëåå ðàñòåíèÿ âûðàùèâàëè (äî ó÷åòîâ) â ðóëîíàõ â âîäíîé êóëüòóðå (7) â òå÷åíèå 2 íåä â óñòàíîâêå èñêóññòâåííîãî êëèìàòà ïðè òåìïåðàòóðå 22 °Ñ, îñâåùåííîñòè 5000 ëê è âëàæíîñòè 60 %. Ïîâòîðíîñòü ýêñïåðèìåíòîâ 6-êðàòíàÿ. Âåãåòàöèîííî-ïîëåâûå îïûòû âûïîëíÿëè â 2007-2009 ãîäàõ. Èñïîëüçîâàëè èíôèöèðîâàííûå B. sorokiniana ñåìåíà è ïî÷âó (â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ äâóìÿ ñóùåñòâóþùèìè â ïðèðîäå ñïîñîáàìè ïåðåäà÷è èíôåêöèè). Ñõåìà îïûòîâ: êîíòðîëü — ñåìåíà áåç èíôåêöèè, ïî÷âà çàðàæåíà âîçáóäèòåëåì íèæå ïîðîãà âðåäîíîñíîñòè (< 20 ñïîð/ã ïî÷âû); îïûò — ñåìåíà èíôèöèðîâàíû, ïî÷âà ñ âûñîêîé èíôåêöèîííîé íàãðóçêîé (> 100 ñïîð/ã). Êàê â ëàáîðàòîðíûõ, òàê è â âåãåòàöèîííî-ïîëåâûõ ýêñïåðèìåíòàõ ñåìåíà ïðåäâàðèòåëüíî îáåççàðàæèâàëè, èñïîëüçóÿ õèìè÷åñêèé ïðîòðàâèòåëü Raxil® Ultra («Bayer CropScience AG», Ãåðìàíèÿ) â äîçå 0,25 ë/ò (êîíòðîëü îñóùåñòâëÿëñÿ ìåòîäîì ìèêîàíàëèçà). Ïîñëå ýòîãî â îïûòíûõ âàðèàíòàõ â ïî÷âó âíîñèëè âûðàùåííûé íà êóêóðóçíîé ìóêå ñ ïåñêîì èíîêóëþì âîçáóäèòåëÿ. Åãî êîëè÷åñòâî ðàññ÷èòûâàëè òàê, ÷òîáû íà îäíó çåðíîâêó ïðèõîäèëîñü 5000 êîíèäèé (èëè áîëåå 100 ñïîð/ã ïî÷âû). Îáúåì íàãðóçêè êîíòðîëèðîâàëè ìåòîäîì ôëîòàöèè (13). Ïî÷âîé (÷åðíîçåì âûùåëî÷åííûé ñðåäíåãóìóñíûé) íàáèâàëè ñîñóäû áåç äíà îáúåìîì 8 êã, êîòîðûå çàêàïûâàëè 101 íà ôèòîó÷àñòêå áèîïîëèãîíà, ðàçìåùàÿ ðåíäîìèçèðîâàííî (14) ñ ïðîñòðàíñòâåííîé èçîëÿöèåé êîíòðîëÿ è îïûòà. Ïîâòîðíîñòü îïûòà 6-êðàòíàÿ.  êàæäûé ñîñóä âûñåâàëè ïî 20 çåðåí ïøåíèöû. Îïûò ïðîäîëæàëñÿ äî ó÷åòà çåðíîâîé ïðîäóêòèâíîñòè ðàñòåíèé.  ëàáîðàòîðíûõ ýêñïåðèìåíòàõ îïðåäåëÿëè ñëåäóþùèå ïîêàçàòåëè: áèîôèçè÷åñêèå (êîíäóêòîìåòðè÷åñêàÿ îöåíêà) — óäåëüíóþ ýëåêòðîïðîâîäíîñòü (ÓÝÏ) è ýëåêòðè÷åñêóþ åìêîñòü âîäíûõ âûòÿæåê ëèñòüåâ (15), ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêèå — áèîìàññó ðîñòêîâ è êîðíåé (16), ìîðôîìåòðè÷åñêèå — äëèíó ðîñòêîâ è êîðíåé (16), à òàêæå âñõîæåñòü è èíäåêñ ðàçâèòèÿ áîëåçíè (17).  âåãåòàöèîííî-ïîëåâûõ îïûòàõ óñòàíàâëèâàëè ýëåêòðîïðîâîäíîñòü è ýëåêòðè÷åñêóþ åìêîñòü âîäíûõ âûòÿæåê ëèñòüåâ, ôîòîñèíòåòè÷åñêèé ïîòåíöèàë (18), èíäåêñ ðàçâèòèÿ áîëåçíè è óðîæàéíîñòü. Ïîêàçàòåëè ðåãèñòðèðîâàëè â òå÷åíèå âñåé âåãåòàöèè. Êîíäóêòîìåòðè÷åñêèå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ó÷èòûâàëè c ïîìîùüþ ëàáîðàòîðíîãî êîíäóêòîìåòðà ÊË-Ñ-1 (ÎÎÎ «Ñèáïðîìïðèáîð», ã. Áàðíàóë, Ðîññèÿ) è öèôðîâûõ èçìåðèòåëåé L, C, R, Å 7-8 è Å 7-12. Ñòàòèñòè÷åñêóþ îáðàáîòêó äàííûõ âûïîëíÿëè â ïðîãðàììàõ SNEDECOR (19) è MINITAB. Ðåçóëüòàòû. Êîíäóêòîìåòðè÷åñêèé ìåòîä äîñòàòî÷íî ÷óâñòâèòåëüíî îïðåäåëÿë ðàçëè÷èÿ â òîëåðàíòíîñòè ñîðòîâ ÿðîâîé ïøåíèöû è ÿ÷ìåíÿ ê îáûêíîâåííîé ãíèëè. Èñïîëüçóåìûå íàìè áèîôèçè÷åñêèå äèàãíîñòè÷åñêèå ïîêàçàòåëè ñîñòîÿíèÿ èíôèöèðîâàííûõ ðàñòåíèé, à òàêæå äëèíà êîðíåé è ðîñòêîâ 14-ñóòî÷íûõ ðàñòåíèé, èõ áèîìàññà (êàê èíòåãðàëüíûé ïîêàçàòåëü ðîñòà è ðàçâèòèÿ) èçìåíÿëèñü ñõîäíûì îáðàçîì (ðèñ. 1, òàáë.). Ðèñ. 1. Óäåëüíàÿ ýëåêòðîïðîâîäíîñòü âîäíûõ âûòÿæåê ëèñòüåâ (À) è áèîìàññà ïðîðîñòêîâ (Á) ïðè èíôèöèðîâàíèè Bipolaris sorokiniana Schoem. ó ÿðîâîé ïøåíèöû (ñîðòà ñåëåêöèè Ñèáèðñêîãî ÍÈÈ ñåëüñêîãî õîçÿéñòâà, ã. Îìñê; êàìåðà èñêóññòâåííîãî êëèìàòà). Õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ðåàêöèè íà èíôèöèðîâàíèå âîçáóäèòåëåì êîðíåâîé ãíèëè Bipolaris sorokiniana Schoem. ó ñîðòîâ ÿðîâîãî ÿ÷ìåíÿ (êàìåðà èñêóññòâåííîãî êëèìàòà) Ñîðò Âàðèàíò ÓÝϽ10-3, Ñì/ì Äëèíà ïðîðîñò- Ñóõàÿ áèîìàññà êîâ, ñì 10 ïðîðîñòêîâ, ã Íîâîñèáèðñêèé 80 Êîíòðîëü 3,4 16,2 Èíôèöèðîâàíèå 4,6 12,0 Áèîì Êîíòðîëü 4,9 22,4 Èíôèöèðîâàíèå 5,0 21,3 Àðíà Êîíòðîëü 4,8 17,3 Èíôèöèðîâàíèå 7,4 9,4 ÍÑÐ05 ïî ôàêòîðó À (ñîðò) 0,5 3,8 0,4 3,2 ÍÑÐ05 ïî ôàêòîðó  (èíôèöèðîâàíèå) ÍÑÐ05 ïî âçàèìîäåéñòâèþ À 0,7 5,5 Ï ð è ì å ÷ à í è å. ÓÝÏ — óäåëüíàÿ ýëåêòðîïðîâîäíîñòü. Ñîðòà ÿ÷ìåíÿ Íîâîñèáèðñêèé 80 è ëåêöèè Ñèáèðñêîãî ÍÈÈ ðàñòåíèåâîäñòâà (Íîâîñèáèðñêàÿ îáë., ïîñ. Êðàñíîîáñê); ñîðò Àðíà Êàçàõñêîãî ÍÈÈ çåìëåäåëèÿ (Àëìàòèíñêàÿ îáë., ïîñ. Àëìàëûáàê). 3,3 1,1 1,2 1,1 6,0 2,8 1,8 1,6 2,1 Áèîì — ñå— ñåëåêöèè Êîððåëÿöèîííûå ñâÿçè ìåæäó ðàçíûìè èíäèêàòîðàìè ðàííåé ðåàêöèè ÿðîâîé ïøåíèöû è ÿ÷ìåíÿ íà áèîòè÷åñêèé ñòðåññ áûëè äîñòàòî÷íî òåñíûìè è ñòàòèñòè÷åñêè äîêàçûâàåìûìè. Òàê, äëÿ 15 èçó÷åííûõ â ëàáî102 ðàòîðíûõ îïûòàõ ñîðòîâ ïøåíèöû è ÿ÷ìåíÿ ñèëà ïîïàðíîé ñâÿçè ìåæäó âñõîæåñòüþ, äëèíîé, áèîìàññîé, ñòåïåíüþ ïîðàæåííîñòè êîðíåâîé ñèñòåìû (èíäåêñ ðàçâèòèÿ áîëåçíè) ïðîðîñòêîâ è ÓÝÏ âûòÿæåê ëèñòüåâ ñîñòàâèëà ñîîòâåòñòâåííî −0,68 (10 % óðîâåíü äîñòîâåðíîñòè) — −0,91 (5 % óðîâåíü äîñòîâåðíîñòè), −0,66 (10 % óðîâåíü äîñòîâåðíîñòè) — −0,87 (5 % óðîâåíü äîñòîâåðíîñòè), −0,66 (10 % óðîâåíü äîñòîâåðíîñòè) — −0,88 (5 % óðîâåíü äîñòîâåðíîñòè) è 0,60 (10 % óðîâåíü äîñòîâåðíîñòè) — 0,86 (5 % óðîâåíü äîñòîâåðíîñòè). Òåñíîé îêàçàëàñü òàêæå çàâèñèìîñòü ìåæäó çàáîëåâàåìîñòüþ ðàñòåíèé è ýëåêòðè÷åñêîé åìêîñòüþ âûòÿæåê ëèñòüåâ ïðè ïîðàæåíèè îáûêíîâåííîé ãíèëüþ ó ðÿäà ñîðòîâ ÿðîâîé ïøåíèöû (r = 0,88±0,12), ÷òî âïîñëåäñòâèè íàøëî îòðàæåíèå ïðè ïîñòðîåíèè äåíäðîãðàììû. Åñëè ñðàâíèòü óñòîé÷èâûå ê îáûêíîâåííîé êîðíåâîé ãíèëè è ïîðàæàåìûå ñîðòà ïî äèàïàçîíó îòêëîíåíèé ïðèâåäåííûõ ïàðàìåòðîâ, òî ó ÿðîâîé ïøåíèöû îïðåäåëÿåìûå êîíäóêòîìåòÐèñ. 2. Õàðàêòåðèñòêà ôèòîïàòîëîãè÷åñêîãî (èíäåêñ ðàçâèòèÿ ðè÷åñêèì ìåòîäîì ðåáîëåçíè — ÈÐÁ, äèàãðàììà) è ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêîãî (ôîòîñèí- çóëüòèðóþùèå ðàçëè÷èÿ òåòè÷åñêèé ïîòåíöèàë çà ïåðèîä âñõîäû—ðîñò ñòåáëÿ — áûëè áîëüøå, ÷åì ðàçÔÏ, ãðàôèê) ñîñòîÿíèÿ ó ñîðòîâ ÿðîâîé ïøåíèöû íà èíôåêíèöà â ìîðôîìåòðè÷åöèîííîì ôîíå: 1-4 — ñîðòà Íîâîñèáèðñêàÿ 29, Íîâîñèáèðñêàÿ 31, Îáñêàÿ 14, Ïîëþøêî (ñåëåêöèÿ Ñèáèðñêîãî ÍÈÈ ñêèõ õàðàêòåðèñòèêàõ ðàðàñòåíèåâîäñòâà, Íîâîñèáèðñêàÿ îáë., ïîñ. Êðàñíîîáñê). ñòåíèé. Òàê, ó ÷óâñòâèÂîçáóäèòåëü êîðíåâîé ãíèëè Bipolaris sorokiniana Schoem. òåëüíûõ ê âíåäðåíèþ âè(âåãåòàöèîííî-ïîëåâîé îïûò, Íîâîñèáèðñêàÿ îáë., 2008ðóëåíòíûõ øòàììîâ ïà2009 ãîäû). òîãåíà ñîðòîâ ïøåíèöû ýëåêòðîôèçè÷åñêèå ïîêàçàòåëè îòëè÷àëèñü îò àíàëîãè÷íûõ ó óñòîé÷èâûõ íà 30-57 %, à ñòàíäàðòíî ó÷èòûâàåìûå áèîìåòðè÷åñêèå ïîêàçàòåëè — íå áîëåå ÷åì íà 20 %. Ó ÿ÷ìåíÿ ìîðôîìåòðè÷åñêèå è ýëåêòðîôèçè÷åñêèå îòêëîíåíèÿ ó íåîäèíàêîâûõ ïî óñòîé÷èâîñòè ê ïàòîãåíó ñîðòîâ áûëè ñîïîñòàâèìûìè.  ïîëåâûõ óñëîâèÿõ áèîôèçè÷åñêèå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè êëåòîê çàáîëåâøèõ ðàñòåíèé ÿðîâîé ïøåíèöû òàêæå èçìåíÿëèñü ñèíõðîííî ñ ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêèì è ôèòîïàòîëîãè÷åñêèì ñîñòîÿíèåì ñîðòîâ. Ó ñîðòîâ â óñëîâèÿõ 2008 ãîäà ýëåêòðîôèçè÷åñêèå ïðîöåññû â ëèñòüÿõ èíôèöèðîâàííûõ ðàñòåíèé îòíîñèòåëüíî êîíòðîëÿ óñèëèëèñü â ðÿäó: Îáñêàÿ 14 → Ïîëþøêî → Íîâîñèáèðñêàÿ 31 → Íîâîñèáèðñêàÿ 29 (ñîîòâåòñòâåííî íà 11,1; 17,3; 33,0 è 41,2 %). Àíàëîãè÷íûì îáðàçîì ïðè èíôèöèðîâàíèè ïîâûøàëàñü ïîðàæåííîñòü êîðíåâîé ñèñòåìû è óìåíüøàëàñü ïëîùàäü ëèñòîâîé ïîâåðõíîñòè (ðèñ. 2). Ðàñ÷åòû ïîêàçàëè, ÷òî â ïàðå ÓÝÏ—èíäåêñ ðàçâèòèÿ áîëåçíè (ÈÐÁ) r = 0,85±0,007 è d = 0,72 (d — êîýôôèöèåíò äåòåðìèíàöèè), â ïàðå ÓÝÏ—èçìåíåíèå ôîòîñèíòåòè÷åñêîãî ïîòåíöèàëà (ÔÏ) r = 0,63±0,060. Ïîñêîëüêó ÓÝÏ êàê áèîôèçè÷åñêèé ïîêàçàòåëü öåëîñòíîñòè äëÿ êëåòî÷íûõ ìåìáðàí ëèñòüåâ ÷åòêî îòðàçèë ðåàêöèþ íà áîëåçíü ó ñîðòîâ ÿðîâîé ïøåíèöû, êîíäóêòîìåòðè÷åñêàÿ îöåíêà èõ óñòîé÷èâîñòè ê îáûêíîâåííîé ãíèëè ñîîòâåòñòâîâàëà ïîòåðÿì óðîæàÿ çåðíà.  ÷àñòíîñòè, íà ñèëüíîì èíôåêöèîííîì ôîíå ñîðò Îáñêàÿ 14 ñíèçèë óðîæàéíîñòü íà 30,5 %, îñòàëüíûå èçó÷åííûå ñîðòà — íà 40,8-41,5 %. 103 Ó ñîðòîâ ÿðîâîé ïøåíèöû îáíàðóæåííàÿ àãðîíîìè÷åñêàÿ óñòîé÷èâîñòü ê îáûêíîâåííîé ãíèëè îêàçàëàñü ïîëíîñòüþ àäåêâàòíà ïîëó÷åííîé ïðè ëàáîðàòîðíîé êîíäóêòîìåòðè÷åñêîé îöåíêå áèîëîãè÷åñêîé óñòîé÷èâîñòè, ïîñêîëüêó ïðè òåñòèðîâàíèè â êàìåðå èñêóññòâåííîãî êëèìàÐèñ. 3. Êëàñòåðèçàöèÿ ñîðòîâ ÿðîâîé ïøåíèöû ïî ïðè- òà ñîðòà Íîâîñèáèðñêàÿ 29, çíàêó óñòîé÷èâîñòè ê âîçáóäèòåëþ êîðíåâîé ãíèëè Ïîëþøêî è Íîâîñèáèðñêàÿ 31 Bipolaris sorokiniana Schoem.: 1 — Ïîëþøêî; 2 — òîæå áûëè âêëþ÷åíû â êëàÓäà÷à; 3 — Íîâîñèáèðñêàÿ 29; 4 — Íîâîñèáèðñêàÿ 31; 5 — Íîâîñèáèðñêàÿ 89; 6 — Íîâîñèáèð- ñòåð ñëàáîòîëåðàíòíûõ (ìàëîñêàÿ 15; 7 — Îáñêàÿ 14; 8 — Àëåêñàíäðèíà (ïî äàí- óñòîé÷èâûõ) ê áîëåçíè (ðèñ. 3). íûì êîíäóêòîìåòðè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèé â óñëîâèÿõ Ó äðóãèõ ñîðòîâ ñåëåêöèè Ñèêàìåðû èñêóññòâåííîãî êëèìàòà). áèðñêîãî ÍÈÈ ðàñòåíèåâîäñòâà áèîôèçè÷åñêàÿ ðåàêöèÿ íà çàáîëåâàíèå ñóùåñòâåííî îòëè÷àëàñü îò õàðàêòåðíîé äëÿ óêàçàííîãî êëàñòåðà, îñîáåííî ó ñîðòà Îáñêàÿ 14. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, êîíäóêòîìåòðè÷åñêèé ìåòîä ïîêàçàë ñåáÿ âïîëíå ïðèãîäíûì äëÿ ðàííåé äèàãíîñòèêè îòíîñèòåëüíîé óñòîé÷èâîñòè ê îáûêíîâåííîé êîðíåâîé ãíèëè ó ñîðòîâ ÿðîâîé ïøåíèöû è ÿ÷ìåíÿ è èñïîëüçîâàíèþ â àãðîíîìè÷åñêîé è ñåëåêöèîííîé ïðàêòèêå. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, óñòàíîâëåíî, ÷òî îöåíêà ñòðåññîóñòîé÷èâîñòè ñîðòîâ çåðíîâûõ êóëüòóð ê îáûêíîâåííîé ãíèëè, ïðîâîäèìàÿ íà ñòàäèè ïðîðîñòêîâ ïî áèîôèçè÷åñêèì ïîêàçàòåëÿì ñîñòîÿíèÿ êëåòî÷íûõ ìåìáðàí, ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ñíèæåíèþ áèîìåòðè÷åñêèõ ïîêàçàòåëåé, âñõîæåñòè è áèîìàññû ó èñïûòûâàþùèõ ñòðåññ ðàñòåíèé. Êîíäóêòîìåòðè÷åñêèé ìåòîä áîëåå ÷óâñòâèòåëüíî îòðàæàåò ðåàêöèþ ñîðòîâ ÿðîâîé ïøåíèöû íà ñòðåññ, ÷åì áèîìåòðè÷åñêèå ïàðàìåòðû: ðàçíèöà â ýëåêòðîôèçè÷åñêèõ ïîêàçàòåëÿõ ìåæäó ÷óâñòâèòåëüíûìè ê âíåäðåíèþ âîçáóäèòåëÿ îáûêíîâåííîé ãíèëè ñîðòàìè ïøåíèöû è óñòîé÷èâûìè ñîðòàìè ñîñòàâëÿåò 30-57 %, â òî âðåìÿ êàê â èçìåíåíèè áèîìåòðè÷åñêèõ ïàðàìåòðîâ — íå áîëåå 20 %. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, êîíäóêòîìåòðè÷åñêèé ìåòîä ðàííåé äèàãíîñòèêè ñòðåññîóñòîé÷èâîñòè ñîðòîâ ìîæåò áûòü ðåêîìåíäîâàí äëÿ ýêñïðåññ-îòáîðà ïåðñïåêòèâíîãî ñåëåêöèîííîãî ìàòåðèàëà ó çåðíîâûõ êóëüòóð. 1ÃÍÓ Ñèáèðñêèé ôèçèêî-òåõíè÷åñêèé èíñòèòóò àãðàðíûõ ïðîáëåì Ðîññåëüõîçàêàäåìèè, Ïîñòóïèëà â ðåäàêöèþ 7 ìàðòà 2012 ãîäà 630501 Ðîññèÿ, Íîâîñèáèðñêàÿ îáë., ïîñ. Êðàñíîîáñê, e-mail: lnkorobova@mail.ru, guro-tamara@jandex.ru; 2ÔÃÁÎÓ ÂÏÎ Íîâîñèáèðñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé àãðàðíûé óíèâåðñèòåò, 630039 Ðîññèÿ. ã. Íîâîñèáèðñê, óë. Äîáðîëþáîâà, 160 RESISTANCE TO Bipolaris sorokiniana Schoem. IN WINTER WHEAT INDICATED BY CONDUCTOMETRIC METHOD L.N. Korobova1, 2, T.A. Gurova1, O.S. Lugovskaya1 1Siberian Physical and Technical Institute for Agrarian Problems, Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, pos. Krasnoobsk, Novosibirsk Province, 630501 Russia, e-mail lnkorobova@mail.ru, guro-tamara@jandex.ru; State Agrarian University, 160, ul. Dobrolyubova, Novosibirsk, 630039 Russia Received March 7, 2012 2Novosibirsk Abstract Resistance to stresses is known to be under the plant genes control. In winter cereals which 104 are sensitive to a rot pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana Schoem., the metabolic processes, i.e. the energy accumulation, respiration intensity, enzymatic activity, polysaccharide and amino acids synthesis, K input, cell membrane intactness, change significantly. As a result, a part of intracellular electrolytes are lost. A variety resistance (tolerance) is usually evaluated as the yield loss which indicates an agronomic resistance to disease, and by estimating the physiological, biochemical and biophysical parameters during early vegetation which reflect a biological resistance. We used a conductometric method to estimate the resistance of 15 winter wheat and winter rye varieties under plant inoculation with B. sorokiniana Schoem. in a climatic chamber, and then the 4 winter wheat varieties with contrast characteristics in that test were examined in pot trials. The correlations between different indexes of early plant reaction to biotic stress were shown to be really tight and reliable. It was revealed that the electrophysical parameters of leaf cell membranes changed equal to root and sprouts length in 14-day seedlings, and to their biomass as an integral growth index. Thus, the electrophisical parameters are adequate to biometric, psychopathological, physiological parameters and yield losses, and can be used as the indicators for plant resistance to stress caused by B. sorokiniana Schoem. infection. Keywords: stress resistance, common root rot, growth responses, cell membrane permeability, conductance-measuring method, spring wheat and barley varieties. REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. Odintsova I.G. Uspekhi sovremennoi genetiki, 1994, 19: 119-132. Tyryshkin L.G. Geneticheskoe raznoobrazie pshenitsi i yachmenya po effektivnoi ustoichivosti k boleznyam i vozmozhnosti ego rasshireniya. Avtoreferat doktorskoi dissertatsii [Wheat and Barley Genetic Diversity on Effective Resistance to Diseases and its Extending. DSc. Thesis]. St. Petersburg, 2011. Akulov A.Yu. Biologicheskie osobennosti sorokiniana (Sacc. in Sorokin) Shoe-maker i diagnostika vozbuditelei kornevoi gnili i chernogo zarodysha yarovogo yachmenya. Kandidatskaya dissertatsiya [Biological Peculiarities of Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc. in Sorokin) Shoe-maker and Diagnostics of Root Rot and Black Germ Pathodenes in Spring Barley (PhD Thesis)]. Khar'kov, 2006. Berestetskii A.O. Prikladnaya biokhimiya i mikrobiologiya, 2008, 44(5): 501-514. Êumar J., Huckelhoven R., Beckhove U., Nagarajan S., Kogel Ê.H. A compromised Mlo pathway affects the response of barley to the necrotrophic fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana (teleomorph: Cochliobolus sativus). Phytopathology, 2001, 91: 127-133. Fadeev Yu.N. Sel’skokhozyaistvennaya Biologiya [Agricultural Biology], 1987, 12: 29-34. Polonskii V.I., Surin N.A. Otsenka zernovikh zlakov na ustoichivost' k neblagopriyatnym ekologicheskim faktoram [Estimation of Grain Crops’ Tolerance to Unfavorable Environmental Factors]. Novosibirsk, 2003. Khapilina O.N. Ispol'zovanie toksichnykh metabolitov Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.: Sorok.) Shoem. v kletochnoi selektsii yarovoi myagkoi pshenitsi na ustoichivost' k gel'mintosporioznoi kornevoi gnili. Avtoreferat kandidatskoi dissertatsii [Use of Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.: Sorok.) Shoem. Toxic Metabolites in Cell Selection for Breeding Spring Bread Wheat Resistant to Helminthosporiosis Root Rot (PhD Thesis)]. Astana, 2005. Durynina E.P. Tezisy dokladov 11 Vsesoyuznoi konferentsii «Mikroelementy v biolodii i ikh primenenie v sel'skom khozyaistve i meditsine» [Microelements in Biology and their Use in Agriculture and Medicine (Proc. 11 All-Union Conf., USSR)]. Samarkand, 1990: 283-284. Roginskii V.Z. Vestnik Sel'skokhozyaistvennoi Nauki, 1992, 1: 131-138. Metody eksperimental'noi mikologii /Pod redaktsiei V.I. Bilai [Methods in Experimental Mycology. V.I. Bilay (ed.)]. Kiev, 1982. Langol'f E.I. Nauchno-tekhnicheskii byulleten' VASKHNIL (Novosibirsk), 1981: 24-26. Ledingham R.J., Chinn S.H.F. A flotation method for obtaining spores of Helminthosporium sativum from soil. Canad. J. Bot., 1955, 33(4): 298-303. Dospekhov B.A. Metodika polevogo opyta (s osnovami statisticheskoi obrabotki rezul'tatov issledovanii) [Field Trial Methodics]. Moscow, I985. Korobova L.N., Gurova T.A., Goloshchpova E.A., Kutserubova N.S., Lugovskaya O.S., Mineev V.V. Otsenka stressoustoichivosti sortov zernovykh kul'tur konduktometricheskim metodom. Novosibirsk, 2010. Diagnostika rastenii k stressovym vozdeistviyam: Metodicheskie rekomendatsii /Pod redaktsiei G.V. Udovenko [Plant Diagnostics for Stress Tolerance. G.V. Udovenko (ed.)]. St. Petersburg, 1988. Ekologicheskii monitoring i metody sovershenstvovaniya zashchiti zernovikh kul'tur ot vreditelei, boleznei i sornyakov: Metodicheskie rekomendatsii [Environmental Monitoring and Methods for Improving Grain Crops Protection from Pests, Diseases and Weeds]. St. Petersburg, 2002. Vasil'chuk N.S., Evdokimova O.A., Zakharchenko N.A., Kumakov V.A., Pozdeev A.I., Chernov V.K, Sher K.N. Nekotorye priemy i metody fiziologicheskogo izucheniya sortov zernovykh kul'tur v polevykh usloviyakh /Pod redaktsiei V.A. Kumakova [Some Physiological Techniques and Methods for Field Study of Crop Varieties. V.A. Kumakov (ed.)]. Saratov, 2000. Sorokin O.D. Prikladnaya ststistika na komp'yutere [Applied Statistics on PC]. Krasnoobsk, 2004. 105
