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ÎÁÇÎÐÛ È ÐÅÖÅÍÇÈÈ
ÏÎÂÐÅÆÄÅÍÈß ÊÈÑÒÈ ÆÈÄÊÎÑÒßÌÈ ÂÛÑÎÊÎÃÎ ÄÀÂËÅÍÈß
(ÁÀÐÎÃÈÄÐÎÒÐÀÂÌÛ): ÎÁÇÎÐ ËÈÒÅÐÀÒÓÐÛ
Ð.Ï. Ìàòâååâ , À.Ë. Ïåòðóøèí
1
ÓÄÊ 616.576-001
2
1 Ñåâåðíûé Ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé ìåäèöèíñêèé óíèâåðñèòåò,
ðåêòîð – àêàäåìèê ÐÀÌÍ ä.ì.í. ïðîôåññîð Ï.È. Ñèäîðîâ
ã. Àðõàíãåëüñê
2 ÌÓÇ «Êàðïîãîðñêàÿ ÖÐÁ»,
ãëàâíûé âðà÷ – Ì.È. Ñîìàãà
ï. Êàðïîãîðû Àðõàíãåëüñêîé îáë.
 ñâÿçè ñ òåõíè÷åñêèì ïðîãðåññîì êîëè÷åñòâî ïîâðåæäåíèé êèñòè æèäêîñòÿìè ïîä âûñîêèì äàâëåíèåì èìååò
òåíäåíöèþ ê óâåëè÷åíèþ.  ïðåäñòàâëåííîì îáçîðå ëèòåðàòóðû ðàññìîòðåíû âîïðîñû ïàòîãåíåçà, äèàãíîñòèêè è
ëå÷åíèÿ áàðîãèäðîòðàâìû êèñòè. Îñîáîå âíèìàíèå óäåëÿåòñÿ âîçìîæíûì îñëîæíåíèÿì è ïîñëåîïåðàöèîííîìó âåäåíèþ áîëüíûõ. Ïðèâåäåí àíàëèç ðåçóëüòàòîâ êîíñåðâàòèâíîãî è õèðóðãè÷åñêîãî ëå÷åíèÿ äàííîãî âèäà ïàòîëîãèè.
In connection with technological progress the number of
hand injuries by high pressure fluids tends to increase. The
authors review the issues of pathogenesis and treatment this
pathology, feasible complication and postoperative period. The
analysis of results of conservative and surgical treatment is
presented.
Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: òðàâìû êèñòè, æèäêîñòè ïîä âûñî-
Key words: hand injuries, high pressure fluids.
êèì äàâëåíèåì.
Ïîâðåæäåíèÿ êèñòè ñòðóåé æèäêîñòè ïîä
âûñîêèì äàâëåíèåì íàáëþäàþòñÿ ñðàâíèòåëüíî
ðåäêî.  äîñòóïíîé íàì îòå÷åñòâåííîé íàó÷íîé
ëèòåðàòóðå èìåþòñÿ ëèøü óïîìèíàíèÿ î ïîäîáíûõ òðàâìàõ [1]. Áîëüøèíñòâî êëèíèöèñòîâ
ìàëî çíàêîìû ñ äàííûì âèäîì ïîâðåæäåíèé,
îñîáåííîñòÿìè êîòîðûõ ÿâëÿþòñÿ ìíîãî÷èñëåííûå è òÿæåëûå îñëîæíåíèÿ è íåïðåäñêàçóåìîñòü
èñõîäîâ [36, 47, 59]. Åäèíîé òåðìèíîëîãèè äëÿ
ðàíåíèé, ïîëó÷åííûõ â ðåçóëüòàòå âîçäåéñòâèÿ
ñòðóè æèäêîñòè ïîä âûñîêèì äàâëåíèåì, íå ñóùåñòâóåò. Â çàðóáåæíîé ëèòåðàòóðå èñïîëüçóþòñÿ òåðìèíû «high-pressure injection injury,»
«pressure gun injury,» «high-pressure injection»
[27]. À.Â. Êîíû÷åâûì ïðåäëîæåí òåðìèí «áàðîãèäðîòðàâìà» [1]. Êèñòü ïîâðåæäàåòñÿ áîëåå ÷åì
â 90% ñëó÷àåâ; ïîâðåæäåíèÿ òóëîâèùà, ãîëîâû,
íèæíèõ êîíå÷íîñòåé íàáëþäàþòñÿ èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî ðåäêî [36].
Áàðîãèäðîòðàâìû êèñòè èçâåñòíû ñ 30-õ ãîäîâ XX â. [4]. Â ìåäèöèíñêîé ëèòåðàòóðå âïåðâûå ïîâðåæäåíèå êèñòè ñòðóåé äèçåëüíîãî òîïëèâà îïèñàë C.E. Rees [46]. Â 50-å ãîäû ïðîøëîãî âåêà â ñâÿçè ñ âíåäðåíèåì â ïðîìûøëåííóþ
ïðàêòèêó ðàçëè÷íûõ ôîðñóíî÷íûõ ìåõàíèçìîâ,
ðàñïûëèòåëåé êðàñîê è ãèäðîóñèëèòåëåé ïîâðåæäåíèÿ êèñòè ñòðóåé æèäêîñòè ïîä âûñîêèì
äàâëåíèåì ñòàëè ãîðàçäî ÷àùå ïðèâëåêàòü âíèìàíèå ðàçëè÷íûõ ñïåöèàëèñòîâ [4, 39, 44, 53]. Âî
âòîðîé ïîëîâèíå XX â. àêòèâíî èçó÷àëèñü âîïðîñû ïàòîãåíåçà, ìîðôîëîãèè è ðåíòãåíîäèàãÒÐÀÂÌÀÒÎËÎÃÈß
È
ÎÐÒÎÏÅÄÈß
íîñòèêè ïîäîáíûõ òðàâì [44, 53].  ðàííèõ ðàáîòàõ, ïîñâÿùåííûõ ëå÷åíèþ áàðîãèäðîòðàâì,
ðåêîìåíäîâàëàñü âûæèäàòåëüíàÿ èëè êîíñåðâàòèâíàÿ òàêòèêà, ÷òî â áîëüøèíñòâå íàáëþäåíèé
ïðèâîäèëî ê àìïóòàöèÿì ïîðàæåííûõ ïàëüöåâ.
C íàêîïëåíèåì îïûòà ñòàëî ÿñíî, ÷òî, êàê ïðàâèëî, òîëüêî îïåðàòèâíîå óäàëåíèå âíåäðèâøåãîñÿ ìàòåðèàëà ñïîñîáíî îáåñïå÷èòü óäîâëåòâîðèòåëüíûé ðåçóëüòàò, îñîáåííî ïðè ïðîìûøëåííûõ ïîâðåæäåíèÿõ [46].
Íåñìîòðÿ íà ïîâñåìåñòíîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå
àïïàðàòîâ è ïðèáîðîâ ñ æèäêîñòÿìè âûñîêîãî
äàâëåíèÿ, áàðîãèäðîòðàâìà âñòðå÷àåòñÿ ãîðàçäî
ðåæå äðóãèõ ïîâðåæäåíèé êèñòè, â ñâÿçè ñ ÷åì ó
áîëüøèíñòâà ïàöèåíòîâ ïðè ïåðâè÷íîì îáñëåäîâàíèè òÿæåñòü ïîâðåæäåíèÿ íåäîîöåíèâàåòñÿ [45]. Ïî äàííûì N. Verhoven, ÷àñòîòà ïîâðåæäåíèé æèäêîñòÿìè âûñîêîãî äàâëåíèÿ ñîñòàâëÿåò / îò âñåõ ïðîìûøëåííûõ òðàâì êèñòè [62].
 êðóïíûõ öåíòðàõ õèðóðãèè êèñòè â òå÷åíèå
ãîäà íàáëþäàþò îò 1 äî 4 ïîñòðàäàâøèõ [40].
Ñëó÷àéíûå èíúåêöèè âåòåðèíàðíûõ âàêöèí, ïî
äàííûì J.K. O’Nail, âñòðå÷àþòñÿ ó 1 èç 1000 ðàáîòíèêîâ, ñâÿçàííûõ ñ âàêöèíàöèåé æèâîòíûõ,
â ãîä. Êèñòü ïîâðåæäàåòñÿ ó 17% ïîñòðàäàâøèõ
[58]. Ìàëûå ðàçìåðû âõîäíîãî îòâåðñòèÿ ðàíåâîãî êàíàëà è îòñóòñòâèå áîëåâîãî ñèíäðîìà â
ðàííèå ñðîêè ïîñëå ïîâðåæäåíèÿ ÷àñòî ÿâëÿþòñÿ ïðè÷èíàìè ïîçäíåãî îáðàùåíèÿ ïàöèåíòà è
îøèáî÷íîé âûæèäàòåëüíîé òàêòèêè ìåäèöèíñêèõ ðàáîòíèêîâ [16, 27].  áîëüøèíñòâå íàáëþ-
ÐÎÑÑÈÈ
1
600
3(53) – 2009
85
ÎÁÇÎÐÛ È ÐÅÖÅÍÇÈÈ
äåíèé ïîâðåæäåíèÿ æèäêîñòÿìè ïîä âûñîêèì
äàâëåíèåì ïðîèñõîäÿò íà ïðîèçâîäñòâå [20, 62].
Ïîñòðàäàâøèìè â îñíîâíîì ÿâëÿþòñÿ ìóæ÷èíû â âîçðàñòå 34–36 ëåò [20, 29]. Áîëüøèíñòâî
èññëåäîâàòåëåé óêàçûâàþò íà áîëåå ÷àñòîå ðàíåíèå íåäîìèíèðóþùåé êîíå÷íîñòè [28, 30, 52].
A. Wieder ó 13 ïàöèåíòîâ èç 25 íàáëþäàë ïîâðåæäåíèå äîìèíèðóþùåé êèñòè [36]. Ó 50% ïîñòðàäàâøèõ ñ òàêîé òðàâìîé ïîâðåæäàëñÿ II ïàëåö,
íà âòîðîì ìåñòå ïî ÷àñòîòå íàáëþäàëîñü ðàíåíèå îáëàñòè âîçâûøåíèÿ I ïàëüöà. Äðóãèå àíàòîìè÷åñêèå îáëàñòè êèñòè áûëè ïîâðåæäåíû ó
10% ïîñòðàäàâøèõ [36, 62].  áîëüøèíñòâå íàáëþäåíèé òðàâìà ïðîèñõîäèëà âî âðåìÿ î÷èñòêè ñîïëà ïðèáîðîâ, ïðåäíàçíà÷åííûõ äëÿ ðàñïûëåíèÿ æèäêîñòè, èëè ïðè ïðîðûâå òðóáîïðîâîäîâ, çàïîëíåííûõ æèäêîñòüþ ïîä âûñîêèì
äàâëåíèåì [3, 62]. Íåïîñðåäñòâåííûõ ïðè÷èíàìè òðàâì ìîãóò áûòü ïðåíåáðåæåíèå òåõíèêîé
áåçîïàñíîñòè, íåèñïðàâíîñòü îáîðóäîâàíèÿ è
ïðîòå÷êè òðóáîïðîâîäîâ âûñîêîãî äàâëåíèÿ [20,
30, 39]. Ïî ìíåíèþ M. Valentino, áîëüøîå çíà÷åíèå èìååò óñòàëîñòü ðàáîòíèêà: ó 91% ïîñòðàäàâøèõ, òðàâìà ïðîèçîøëà â ïîñëåäíèå 2 ÷àñà ðàáî÷åé ñìåíû [61]. Ðÿä èññëåäîâàòåëåé îäíîé èç
îñíîâíûõ ïðè÷èí òðàâì ñ÷èòàþò íåîïûòíîñòü
ðàáîòàþùåãî [27, 30, 52].
Ïîâðåæäàþùèìè æèäêîñòÿìè ó 57–58% ïàöèåíòîâ ÿâëÿëèñü ðàçëè÷íûå òåõíè÷åñêèå ìàñëà, ó
18% – êðàñêè è ðàñòâîðèòåëè, ó 14% ïîñòðàäàâøèõ – ìîòîðíîå òîïëèâî [19, 34, 38, 54]. Îïèñàíû ïîâðåæäåíèÿ âçâåñüþ öåìåíòà [21], æèäêèì
ñèëèêîíîì [25], ôðåîíîì [6], øïàòëåâà÷íûìè
êîìïîçèòàìè [24, 61], âîäîé [8, 54], ðàçëè÷íûìè
âåòåðèíàðíûìè âàêöèíàìè [4, 17, 58].
 ïàòîãåíåçå áàðîãèäðîòðàâìû âûäåëÿþò íåñêîëüêî ìåõàíèçìîâ, êàæäûé èç êîòîðûõ ìîæåò
âûçûâàòü íåîáðàòèìîå ïîâðåæäåíèå òêàíåé êèñòè [2, 37, 62]. Íàèáîëåå çíà÷èìûì äëÿ îïðåäåëåíèÿ òÿæåñòè ïîâðåæäåíèÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ äàâëåíèå
ñòðóè èíúåöèðîâàííîé æèäêîñòè [14, 62]. Â çàâèñèìîñòè îò èñïîëüçóåìûõ ìåõàíèçìîâ îíî
ìîæåò ñîñòàâëÿòü îò 40 äî 800 êã/ñì [35, 36].
Ïðè ðàíåíèè òåõíè÷åñêèìè ìàñëàìè äàâëåíèå
ïîâðåæäàþùåé æèäêîñòè ñîñòàâëÿåò îò 300 äî
600 êã/ñì , ðàçëè÷íûìè êðàñèòåëÿìè – îêîëî
300 êã/ñì , äèçåëüíûì òîïëèâîì – îò 120 äî 400
êã/ñì [50]. Ïîâðåæäåíèå êîæíûõ ïîêðîâîâ êèñòè ïðîèñõîäèò ïðè äàâëåíèè, ïðåâûøàþùåì
7 êã/ñì [40]. Ïðè âûñîêîì äàâëåíèè æèäêîñòè
íåò íåîáõîäèìîñòè â íåïîñðåäñòâåííîì êîíòàêòå ðàñïûëÿþùåãî ìåõàíèçìà ñ êîæíûìè ïîêðîâàìè [57]. Èíúåöèðîâàííûé àãåíò â òêàíÿõ êèñòè ðàñïðîñòðàíÿåòñÿ ïî ïóòè íàèìåíüøåãî ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ – âäîëü ñîñóäèñòî-íåðâíûõ ïó÷êîâ
[61]. Ïî äàííûì F. Burke, ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå èíúåöèðîâàííîãî ìàòåðèàëà ïðîèñõîäèò êàê â äèñ2
2
2
2
2
86
3(53) – 2009
òàëüíîì, òàê è â ïðîêñèìàëüíîì íàïðàâëåíèÿõ.
Ââåäåííàÿ â äèñòàëüíóþ ôàëàíãó æèäêîñòü ìîæåò ðàñïðîñòðàíÿòüñÿ íà çàïÿñòüå è ïðåäïëå÷üå
[4]. H. Bekler â ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîì èññëåäîâàíèè äîêàçàë, ÷òî ïðè ââåäåíèè âîäîðàñòâîðèìîãî êðàñèòåëÿ ïîä äàâëåíèåì 4 àòìîñôåðû â ëàäîííóþ ïîâåðõíîñòü ëàïû êðîëèêà âîçíèêàþò
òÿæåëûå ïîâðåæäåíèÿ ñîñóäîâ è íåðâîâ ïî òèïó
èõ ðàñïðåïàðîâêè, ïðèâîäÿùèå âïîñëåäñòâèè ê
äåãåíåðàöèè íåðâíûõ âîëîêîí è ñîñóäèñòûì
òðîìáîçàì. Ïî äàííûì àâòîðà, â áîëüøåé ñòåïåíè èíúåöèðîâàííîé æèäêîñòüþ ïðîïèòûâàþòñÿ
ïîäêîæíàÿ êëåò÷àòêà è ñóõîæèëèÿ ñãèáàòåëåé
II–IV ïàëüöåâ, îäíàêî ãèñòîëîãè÷åñêè îáíàðóæèâàåòñÿ ïðèñóòñòâèå òðàâìèðóþùåãî àãåíòà
âîêðóã ñðåäèííîãî è ëîêòåâîãî íåðâîâ íà çàïÿñòüå è â îáëàñòè ëîêòåâîãî ñãèáàòåëÿ. Âåíû äèñòàëüíûõ îòäåëîâ êîíå÷íîñòè òàêæå â çíà÷èòåëüíîé ñòåïåíè çàïîëíÿþòñÿ èíúåöèðîâàííîé æèäêîñòüþ [2]. Íàãíåòàíèå æèäêîñòè âûçûâàåò
ðàññëîåíèå òêàíåé è êîìïðåññèþ ñîñóäèñòî-íåðâíûõ ïó÷êîâ è, êàê ñëåäñòâèå, ñîñóäèñòûé
ñïàçì, òðîìáîçû è èøåìèþ òêàíåé. Ðàçâèâàþùèéñÿ âïîñëåäñòâèè âîñïàëèòåëüíûé îòåê åùå
áîëåå óãíåòàåò òêàíåâóþ ïåðôóçèþ, ïðèâîäÿ ê
âîçíèêíîâåíèþ êîìïàðòìåíò-ñèíäðîìà ñî âñåìè åãî ïîñëåäñòâèÿìè [62].
Âàæíóþ ðîëü â ïîâðåæäåíèè òêàíåé ïðè áàðîãèäðîòðàâìå èãðàåò õèìè÷åñêàÿ àãðåññèâíîñòü
ââåäåííîé æèäêîñòè. Ðÿä ïåíåòðèðóþùèõ â òêàíè õèìè÷åñêèõ àãåíòîâ îáëàäàþò öèòîòîêñè÷åñêîé àêòèâíîñòüþ, âûçûâàþò îáðàçîâàíèå îáøèðíûõ î÷àãîâ íåêðîçà è âûðàæåííóþ âîñïàëèòåëüíóþ ðåàêöèþ [27, 62]. Îáðàçóþùèåñÿ
âïîñëåäñòâèè î÷àãè öèðêóëÿðíîãî ôèáðîçà ìÿãêèõ òêàíåé â çíà÷èòåëüíîé ñòåïåíè íàðóøàþò
ôóíêöèþ êèñòè [28, 34]. Èíúåêöèè æèäêîñòåé,
íå îáëàäàþùèõ àãðåññèâíûìè ñâîéñòâàìè, êàê
ïðàâèëî, íå âûçûâàþò îáøèðíûõ íåêðîòè÷åñêèõ
èçìåíåíèé [8, 54].
Ñëåäóþùèì ôàêòîðîì, âëèÿþùèì íà ïàòîãåíåç áàðîãèäðîòðàâìû, ÿâëÿåòñÿ îáúåì èíúåöèðîâàííîãî ìàòåðèàëà. ×åì îí áîëüøå, òåì çíà÷èòåëüíåå ïàòîëîãè÷åñêèå èçìåíåíèÿ ïîðàæåííûõ òêàíåé [45, 60]. Âíåäðåíèå íåáîëüøèõ
îáúåìîâ æèäêîñòåé, íàïðèìåð âàêöèí äîìàøíåé
ïòèöû, îáúåì êîòîðûõ íå ïðåâûøàåò 0,5 ìë, êàê
ïðàâèëî, íå âûçûâàåò îáøèðíûõ íåêðîçîâ [4].
H. Bekler ñ÷èòàåò, ÷òî îäíèì èç ðåøàþùèõ
ôàêòîðîâ â ïàòîãåíåçå òðàâìû ÿâëÿåòñÿ òåìïåðàòóðà èíúåöèðîâàííîãî ìàòåðèàëà [59].
Íåêðîçû òêàíåé è èøåìèÿ ñïîñîáñòâóþò ðàííåìó ðàçâèòèþ èíôåêöèè [28, 61]. À.Â. Êîíû÷åâ
ñ÷èòàåò áàðîãèäðîòðàâìó êèñòè îäíîé èõ îñíîâíûõ ïðè÷èí ðàçâèòèÿ ïåðâè÷íîãî ïàíäàêòèëèòà
[1]. Ïî äàííûì S.A. Sirio, âîçáóäèòåëÿìè èíôåêöèè ó áîëüøèíñòâà ïàöèåíòîâ ÿâëÿþòñÿ àññîöè-
ÒÐÀÂÌÀÒÎËÎÃÈß
È
ÎÐÒÎÏÅÄÈß
ÐÎÑÑÈÈ
ÎÁÇÎÐÛ È ÐÅÖÅÍÇÈÈ
àöèè ãðàìïîëîæèòåëüíûõ è ãðàìîòðèöàòåëüíûõ
ìèêðîîðãàíèçìîâ [52]. R. Mirzayan âûäåëèë
êóëüòóðû ìèêðîîðãàíèçìîâ ó 47% ïîñòðàäàâøèõ, â 58% íàáëþäåíèé èìåë ìåñòî ðîñò ãðàìîòðèöàòåëüíîé ôëîðû [7]. Ìåæäó òåì, C.J. Hogan
ñ÷èòàåò, ÷òî ïðèñóòñòâèå èíôåêöèè íå âëèÿåò íà
óäåëüíûé âåñ àìïóòàöèé ïðè áàðîãèäðîòðàâìå
êèñòè, ðåøàþùåå çíà÷åíèå àâòîð ïðèäàåò äàâëåíèþ è õèìè÷åñêîìó ñîñòàâó èíúåöèðîâàííîãî
ìàòåðèàëà [27].
Ïðè çíà÷èòåëüíûõ îáúåìàõ èíúåöèðîâàííîãî ìàòåðèàëà îñîáîå çíà÷åíèå ïðèäàåòñÿ ëîêàëèçàöèè ïîâðåæäåíèÿ. Ïî äàííûì áîëüøèíñòâà
èññëåäîâàòåëåé, âõîäíîå îòâåðñòèå ðàíû ÷àùå
ðàñïîëàãàåòñÿ íà ëàäîííîé ïîâåðõíîñòè êèñòè
è ïàëüöåâ. Ëàäîíü êèñòè èìååò ãîðàçäî áîëüøèé îáúåì êëåò÷àòî÷íûõ ïðîñòðàíñòâ, ÷åì
ïàëüöû, â ñâÿçè ñ ÷åì ââåäåíèå äàæå íåáîëüøîãî êîëè÷åñòâà æèäêîñòè â òêàíè ïàëüöåâ ïðèâîäèò ê ðàçâèòèþ òÿæåëîãî êîìïàðòìåíò-ñèäðîìà [19, 34, 60]. H.Z. Dailiana íàáëþäàë êîìïàðòìåíò-ñèäðîì ðàçëè÷íîé âûðàæåííîñòè ó
âñåõ ïàöèåíòîâ ñ ïîâðåæäåíèÿìè êèñòè æèäêîñòüþ ïîä âûñîêèì äàâëåíèåì [29]. Ïëîùàäü
ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ èíúåöèðîâàííîãî àãåíòà çàâèñèò òàêæå îò ïëîòíîñòè îêðóæàþùèõ òêàíåé,
÷òî îñîáåííî âàæíî ïðè íàëè÷èè ðàíû â ïðîåêöèè ñóõîæèëüíûõ âëàãàëèù. Èíúåêöèÿ æèäêîñòè â ïîëîñòü âëàãàëèùà â áîëüøèíñòâå íàáëþäåíèé âûçûâàåò íåêðîç ñóõîæèëèÿ [58, 62].
Ïðè ëîêàëèçàöèè ïîâðåæäåíèÿ â ïðîåêöèè
ìåæôàëàíãîâûõ ñóñòàâîâ, ãäå âëàãàëèùå çàùèùåíî òîíêèìè áëîêîâèäíûìè ñâÿçêàìè òèïà Ñ,
ñóõîæèëüíîå âëàãàëèùå ïî÷òè âñåãäà ïîâðåæäàåòñÿ ñòðóåé ïåíåòðèðóþùåé æèäêîñòè.  ñðåäíåé ÷àñòè ôàëàíã, ãäå âëàãàëèùå çàùèùåíî ïëîòíûìè áëîêîâèäíûìè ñâÿçêàìè òèïà À, èìåþùèìè êîñòíîå ïðèêðåïëåíèå, âåðîÿòíîñòü
ïîâðåæäåíèÿ ñòåíîê âëàãàëèùà ìåíüøå [26]. Ïî
äàííûì ðÿäà àâòîðîâ, ïðè ðàíåíèè â ïðîåêöèè
âîçâûøåíèé I è V ïàëüöåâ èíúåöèðîâàííûé
àãåíò ìîæåò ðàñïðîñòðàíÿòüñÿ ïî ñèíîâèàëüíûì ñóìêàì, ïðîâîöèðóÿ ðàçâèòèå V-îáðàçíîé
ôëåãìîíû êèñòè [56, 57].
Ñîãëàñíî èññëåäîâàíèÿì, ïðîâåäåííûì
J.M. Failla, ïðè èíúåöèðîâàíèè ðàçëè÷íûõ êðàñèòåëåé â ïåðâûå ÷àñû ïîñëå òðàâìû ãèñòîëîãè÷åñêàÿ êàðòèíà õàðàêòåðèçóåòñÿ ñîñóäèñòûìè
òðîìáîçàìè, âîñïàëèòåëüíîé èíôèëüòðàöèåé è
îòåêîì òêàíåé è èõ íåêðîçàìè [13]. Ãèñòîëîãè÷åñêèå èçìåíåíèÿ ïðè áàðîãèäðîòðàâìå òåõíè÷åñêèìè ìàñëàìè õàðàêòåðèçóþòñÿ ãèñòèîöèòàðíîé èíôèëüòðàöèåé âîêðóã èíúåöèðîâàííîãî ìàòåðèàëà, êîòîðàÿ çàòåì òðàíñôîðìèðóåòñÿ
â ýïèòåëèîöèòîïîäîáíóþ ãðàíóëÿöèîííóþ
òêàíü. Äàííûå ïàòîãèñòîëîãè÷åñêèå èçìåíåíèÿ
ñõîäíû ñ ôîðìèðîâàíèåì òóáåðêóëîèäíîé ãðàÒÐÀÂÌÀÒÎËÎÃÈß
È
ÎÐÒÎÏÅÄÈß
íóëåìû [32]. C.M. Stefanato íàáëþäàë ïðè ïîâðåæäåíèè êðàñêîé ãèñòîëîãè÷åñêóþ êàðòèíó,
ñèìóëèðóþùóþ ãèãàíòîêëåòî÷íóþ îïóõîëü ñóõîæèëèÿ [55].
 ïåðâûå ÷àñû ïîñëå òðàâìû ó áîëüøèíñòâà
ïàöèåíòîâ îòñóòñòâóþò âûðàæåííàÿ ñèìïòîìàòèêà [51, 62]. Âõîäíîå îòâåðñòèå, êàê ïðàâèëî,
ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé òî÷å÷íóþ ðàíó [51].  òå÷åíèå ïåðâîãî ÷àñà ïîñëå òðàâìû ó áîëüøèíñòâà
ïîñòðàäàâøèõ îòñóòñòâóþò âûðàæåííûé áîëåâîé ñèíäðîì è îòåê ïîðàæåííîé êîíå÷íîñòè, íå
íàáëþäàåòñÿ âûðàæåííûõ íàðóøåíèé ôóíêöèè
êèñòè [20, 51]. Ñòåðòàÿ êëèíèêà ÿâëÿåòñÿ îñíîâíîé ïðè÷èíîé ïîçäíåé îáðàùàåìîñòè ïàöèåíòîâ è îøèáîê ïðè îêàçàíèè ìåäèöèíñêîé ïîìîùè [3, 12, 45]. Ñðåäíèé ñðîê îáðàùåíèÿ ïîñòðàäàâøèõ çà ìåäèöèíñêîé ïîìîùüþ, ïî
äàííûì ðàçëè÷íûõ àâòîðîâ, ñîñòàâëÿåò îò 6 ÷àñîâ äî 6,5 ñóòîê [27, 29, 60]. Ìåæäó òåì, ôàêòîð
âðåìåíè, ïðîøåäøåãî ñ ìîìåíòà òðàâìû äî îêàçàíèÿ êâàëèôèöèðîâàííîé ïîìîùè, ïî äàííûì
áîëüøèíñòâà èññëåäîâàòåëåé, èìååò ðåøàþùåå
çíà÷åíèå [15, 16, 49]. M. Ebelin óêàçûâàë, ÷òî
áàðîãèäðîòðàâìà ÿâëÿåòñÿ «ñàìîé íåîòëîæíîé
ñèòóàöèåé èç âñåõ ïîâðåæäåíèé êèñòè» [11].
×åðåç 1–2 ÷àñà ïîñëå òðàâìû ðàçâèâàåòñÿ âûðàæåííûé îòåê, öèàíîç êîæè ïîðàæåííîãî ñåãìåíòà êèñòè, íàðóøåíèÿ ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòè è ôóíêöèè ïàëüöåâ [51]. Ïî äàííûì J.J. Silsby, ðàäèêàëüíîå õèðóðãè÷åñêîå âìåøàòåëüñòâî, âûïîëíåííîå
â ïåðâûå 4 ÷àñà ïîñëå èíúåêöèé êðàñèòåëåé, âî
ìíîãîì îïðåäåëÿåò áëàãîïðèÿòíûé èñõîä. Çàäåðæêà îïåðàöèè áîëåå 12 ÷àñîâ â áîëüøèíñòâå
íàáëþäåíèé çàêàí÷èâàåòñÿ àìïóòàöèåé ïàëüöåâ
[51]. M. Pinto ïàöèåíòàì, îáðàòèâøèìñÿ ïîçæå
÷åì ÷åðåç 72 ÷àñà ïîñëå ïîëó÷åííîé òðàâìû,
ïðåäëàãàë âûïîëíÿòü ïåðâè÷íóþ àìïóòàöèþ
ïîðàæåííîãî ïàëüöà [23]. Ñîâðåìåííûå èññëåäîâàòåëè óêàçûâàþò íà çíà÷èòåëüíî áîëåå âûñîêóþ âåðîÿòíîñòü áëàãîïðèÿòíîãî èñõîäà ó ïàöèåíòîâ, îáðàòèâøèõñÿ â ïåðâûå 24 ÷àñà ïîñëå ïîâðåæäåíèÿ [57, 60]. L. Christtodoulou
ñ÷èòàåò, ÷òî èñõîäû áàðîãèäðîòðàâìû â áîëüøåé
ñòåïåíè çàâèñÿò îò õèìè÷åñêîãî ñîñòàâà òðàâìèðóþùåãî àãåíòà è äàâëåíèÿ èíúåöèðóåìîé æèäêîñòè, ÷åì îò âðåìåíè îáðàùåíèÿ çà ìåäèöèíñêîé ïîìîùüþ [12].
Íàèáîëåå îïàñíûìè, ïî ìíåíèþ áîëüøèíñòâà
àâòîðîâ, ÿâëÿþòñÿ ïîâðåæäåíèÿ ðàçëè÷íûìè
îðãàíè÷åñêèìè è íåîðãàíè÷åñêèìè ðàñòâîðèòåëÿìè [4, 12, 61]. Âõîäÿùèå â èõ ñîñòàâ àãðåññèâíûå
õèìè÷åñêèå àãåíòû âûçûâàþò òÿæåëóþ äåçèíòåãðàöèþ êëåòî÷íûõ ìåìáðàí, ïðîâîöèðóþò âûðàæåííóþ âîñïàëèòåëüíóþ ðåàêöèþ [3, 33, 62]. Ðàñòâîðèòåëè èìåþò ìåíüøóþ ïëîòíîñòü ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ äðóãèìè èíúåöèðóåìûì àãåíòàìè
(ìàñëàìè, êðàñêàìè è ò.ä.) è âñëåäñòâèå ýòîãî
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ÎÁÇÎÐÛ È ÐÅÖÅÍÇÈÈ
ðàñïðîñòðàíÿþòñÿ â îêðóæàþùèõ òêàíÿõ çíà÷èòåëüíî øèðå [26]. Ïðè îêàçàíèè íåîòëîæíîé ïîìîùè ïàöèåíòàì ñ áàðîãèäðîòðàâìîé, âûçâàííîé
îðãàíè÷åñêèìè ðàñòâîðèòåëÿìè, ïðåæäå âñåãî, íåîáõîäèìî ó÷èòûâàòü, ÷òî èíúåöèðóåìàÿ æèäêîñòü
÷àñòî îáëàäàåò îáùåòîêñè÷åñêèì äåéñòâèåì.
Îïèñàíû ñëó÷àè îñòðîé ïî÷å÷íîé íåäîñòàòî÷íîñòè, òÿæåëûõ àëëåðãè÷åñêèõ ðåàêöèé, ãåìîëèçà
[62]. Îñîáåííî îïàñíû â ýòèõ ñëó÷àÿõ èíúåêöèè
æèäêîñòåé, ñîäåðæàùèõ óàéò-ñïèðèò è òåðåáåíòèí [34]. Êðàñèòåëè íà îñíîâå ìèíåðàëüíûõ ìàñåë òàêæå ïðîâîöèðóþò âûðàæåííóþ âîñïàëèòåëüíóþ ðåàêöèþ [3, 33]. Ìåíåå îïàñíû èíúåêöèè êðàñîê, èçãîòîâëåííûõ íà îñíîâå ëàòåêñà,
êîòîðûå ÿâëÿþòñÿ âîäîðàñòâîðèìûìè è îáëàäàþò ìåíüøåé ïîâðåæäàþùåé ñïîñîáíîñòüþ [62].
Ïî ìíåíèþ J.J. Silsby, ïîâðåæäåíèÿ òåõíè÷åñêèìè ìàñëàìè õàðàêòåðèçóþòñÿ ìåíåå âûðàæåííîé
âîñïàëèòåëüíîé ðåàêöèåé, îäíàêî ïðè íèõ ÷àùå
âîçíèêàþò âòîðè÷íûå íàãíîèòåëüíûå ïðîöåññû
è áîëåå âûðàæåíû ôèáðîçíûå èçìåíåíèÿ òêàíåé
[51]. Áàðîãèäðîòðàâìà ïðè èíúåêöèÿõ âåòåðèíàðíûõ âàêöèí èìååò ñâîè êëèíè÷åñêèå îñîáåííîñòè. Îáúåì èíúåöèðóåìîãî ìàòåðèàëà, êàê ïðàâèëî, íåâåëèê è ñîñòàâëÿåò äî 0,5 ìë ïðè âàêöèíèðîâàíèè äîìàøíåé ïòèöû è äî 2 ìë ïðè
âàêöèíèðîâàíèè êðóïíîãî ðîãàòîãî ñêîòà è ñâèíåé [4, 58]. Îñíîâîé âàêöèí ÷àùå âñåãî ÿâëÿþòñÿ
ðàçëè÷íûå ìàñëà [4, 17]. Äàâëåíèå, ïðè êîòîðîì
èíúåöèðóþòñÿ âàêöèíû, çíà÷èòåëüíî ìåíüøå, ÷åì
ïðè èñïîëüçîâàíèè ïðîìûøëåííûõ êðàñêîïóëüòîâ è ôîðñóíî÷íûõ ìåõàíèçìîâ. Âñëåäñòâèå ýòîãî òÿæåëûå íåêðîòè÷åñêèå èçìåíåíèÿ â òêàíÿõ
ïîðàæåííîãî ñåãìåíòà êèñòè ïðè ïîâðåæäåíèè
âåòåðèíàðíûìè âàêöèíàìè âîçíèêàþò çíà÷èòåëüíî ðåæå, ÷åì ïðè èíúåêöèè äðóãèõ ïðîìûøëåííûõ àãåíòîâ [4, 62]. Äëÿ ïîðàæåíèÿ âàêöèíàìè
õàðàêòåðíûì ÿâëÿåòñÿ õðîíèçàöèÿ âîñïàëèòåëüíîãî ïðîöåññà ñ îáðàçîâàíèåì îëåîãðàíóëåì, ïîçäíèõ àáñöåññîâ, òðåáóþùèõ âïîñëåäñòâèè íåîäíîêðàòíûõ îïåðàòèâíûõ âìåøàòåëüñòâ [4, 31,
58]. Ðÿä èññëåäîâàòåëåé îòìå÷àþò ÷àñòîå ðàçâèòèå ó ïîñòðàäàâøèõ îò èíúåêöèé âàêöèí ëèìôàíãèèòà è ïîäìûøå÷íîãî ëèìôàäåíèòà [17, 58].
Ðåíòãåíîãðàôèÿ ïîðàæåííîé êèñòè âûÿâëÿåò êîëè÷åñòâî è ðàñïðîñòðàíåííîñòü ðåíòãåíîêîíòðàñòíîé èíúåöèðîâàííîé æèäêîñòè [41, 62].
Íà ðåíòãåíîãðàììàõ êîíòðàñòèðóåòñÿ áîëüøèíñòâî ìàñëÿíûõ êðàñîê, â òî âðåìÿ êàê èíúåöèðîâàííûå óãëåâîäîðîäû (òîïëèâî è ñìàçî÷íûå
ìàñëà) è ðàñòâîðèòåëè íå ÿâëÿþòñÿ ðåíòãåíîêîíòðàñòíûìè [39, 44]. Êîñâåííûì ïðèçíàêîì,
ïîçâîëÿþùèì ñóäèòü î ðàñïðîñòðàíåííîñòè
ðåíòãåíîíåêîíòðàñòíûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ, ìîæåò ñëóæèòü ïîäêîæíàÿ ýìôèçåìà [28].
T. Wong â çàâèñèìîñòè îò âèäà èíúåöèðîâàííîãî àãåíòà, âðåìåíè, ïðîøåäøåãî ïîñëå òðàâìû,
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è êëèíè÷åñêèõ äàííûõ âûäåëÿåò òðè ñòåïåíè ïîðàæåíèÿ êèñòè: ëåãêóþ, ñðåäíåé òÿæåñòè è òÿæåëóþ. Ïî äàííûì àâòîðà, ïðè ëåãêîé ñòåïåíè
êîíñåðâàòèâíàÿ òåðàïèÿ îêàçàëàñü óñïåøíîé ó
âñåõ ïàöèåíòîâ, ïðè ïîâðåæäåíèè ñðåäíåé òÿæåñòè – ó øåñòè èç ñåìè ïîñòðàäàâøèõ. Ïðè òÿæåëîé ñòåïåíè ïîâðåæäåíèÿ òðîèì èç ïÿòè ïàöèåíòîâ áûëè âûïîëíåíû àìïóòàöèè ñåãìåíòîâ
êèñòè [63].
Íåîòëîæíàÿ ïîìîùü ïðè ïîâðåæäåíèè æèäêîñòÿìè ïîä âûñîêèì äàâëåíèåì çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ â
àíòèáèîòèêîïðîôèëàêòèêå, ïðîôèëàêòèêå ñòîëáíÿêà è ñîãðåâàíèè ïîðàæåííîé êîíå÷íîñòè. Ãèïîòåðìèÿ ïðîòèâîïîêàçàíà ââèäó âîçìîæíîãî
óñóãóáëåíèÿ èìåþùèõñÿ ñîñóäèñòûõ ðàññòðîéñòâ [62].
Êîíñåðâàòèâíàÿ òåðàïèÿ èñïîëüçóåòñÿ ïðè
èíúåêöèÿõ íåáîëüøèõ êîëè÷åñòâ æèäêîñòåé, íå
îáëàäàþùèõ âûðàæåííîé õèìè÷åñêîé àãðåññèâíîñòüþ, òàêèõ êàê âîäà, âàêöèíû, èñïîëüçóåìûå
â ïòèöåâîäñòâå [8, 54]. Ïîñòðàäàâøèì íàçíà÷àþò
àíòèáèîòèêè øèðîêîãî ñïåêòðà äåéñòâèÿ (öåôàçîëèí, àìîêñèêëàâ, êëèíäàìèöèí), èììîáèëèçàöèþ êîíå÷íîñòè â âîçâûøåííîì ïîëîæåíèè, ïðîòèâîâîñïàëèòåëüíóþ òåðàïèþ, àíàëüãåòèêè [8, 54,
63]. Îáÿçàòåëüíûì óñëîâèåì ïðè ïðîâåäåíèè
êîíñåðâàòèâíîé òåðàïèè ÿâëÿåòñÿ àêòèâíîå äèíàìè÷åñêîå íàáëþäåíèå çà ïîðàæåííîé êîíå÷íîñòüþ [8]. Ïî äàííûì J.T. Snarski, êîíñåðâàòèâíàÿ òåðàïèÿ ïðè èíúåöèðîâàíèè âîäû ýôôåêòèâíà ó 80% ïîñòðàäàâøèõ. Ó 20% ïàöèåíòîâ
ðàçâèâàþòñÿ èíôåêöèîííûå îñëîæíåíèÿ, òðåáóþùèå îïåðàòèâíîãî âìåøàòåëüñòâà [54]. Ðÿä
èññëåäîâàòåëåé óêàçûâàþò íà âîçìîæíîñòü ðàçâèòèÿ íåêðîçîâ è íåîáõîäèìîñòü ïîñëåäóþùèõ
àìïóòàöèé ñåãìåíòîâ êèñòè äàæå ïðè èíúåöèðîâàíèè íåáîëüøèõ îáúåìîâ âåòåðèíàðíûõ âàêöèí
[5, 10]. Ïî ìíåíèþ M.G.H. Smith, îïåðàòèâíîå
ëå÷åíèå ïîêàçàíî ïðè ëþáîì ìåõàíèçìå áàðîãèäðîòðàâìû êèñòè [53].
Áîëüøèíñòâó ïàöèåíòîâ, ïîëó÷èâøèõ òðàâìó æèäêîñòÿìè ïîä âûñîêèì äàâëåíèåì, ïîêàçàíî ýêñòðåííîå îïåðàòèâíîå âìåøàòåëüñòâî
[19, 23, 37, 43]. Âûæèäàòåëüíàÿ òàêòèêà ïðè ïîâðåæäåíèè êðàñèòåëÿìè, òåõíè÷åñêèìè ìàñëàìè è ìîòîðíûì òîïëèâîì, ðåêîìåíäîâàííàÿ â
ðàííèõ èññëåäîâàíèÿõ, êàê ïðàâèëî, ïðèâîäèëà ê àìïóòàöèè ïîðàæåííûõ ñåãìåíòîâ êèñòè
[51, 53]. Íåýôôåêòèâíû òàêæå ïîïûòêè âûäàâëèâàíèÿ èíúåöèðîâàííîãî ìàòåðèàëà ÷åðåç
âõîäíîå îòâåðñòèå ðàíåâîãî êàíàëà [62]. Áîëüøèíñòâî ñîâðåìåííûõ èññëåäîâàòåëåé ðåêîìåíäóþò äëÿ îïåðàòèâíîãî âìåøàòåëüñòâà îáùóþ èëè âûñîêóþ ðåãèîíàðíóþ àíåñòåçèþ [16,
27, 62]. H.Z. Dailiana îòäàâàë ïðåäïî÷òåíèå ðåãèîíàðíîé àíåñòåçèè, îáúÿñíÿÿ åå ïðåèìóùåñòâà âàçîäèëàòàöèåé è óëó÷øåíèåì ìåñòíîãî
ÒÐÀÂÌÀÒÎËÎÃÈß
È
ÎÐÒÎÏÅÄÈß
ÐÎÑÑÈÈ
ÎÁÇÎÐÛ È ÐÅÖÅÍÇÈÈ
êðîâîòîêà â òêàíÿõ ïîðàæåííîé êèñòè [29].
J.M. Beguin ïðåäëàãàë ñî÷åòàòü àíåñòåçèþ ïëå÷åâîãî ñïëåòåíèÿ ñ îäíîâðåìåííûì áëîêîì
ñèìïàòè÷åñêîãî çâåçä÷àòîãî óçëà äëÿ îïòèìèçàöèè àðòåðèàëüíîãî êðîâîîáðàùåíèÿ [4].
Îáåçáîëèâàíèå ïî Îáåðñòó èñïîëüçîâàòü íåæåëàòåëüíî èç-çà âîçíèêàþùåãî ñîñóäèñòîãî
ñïàçìà è äîïîëíèòåëüíîãî ñäàâëåíèÿ ñîñóäèñòî-íåðâíûõ ïó÷êîâ ââîäèìûì àíåñòåòèêîì [3,
56, 57]. Îáåñêðîâëèâàíèå âî âðåìÿ îïåðàòèâíîãî âìåøàòåëüñòâà äîëæíî ïðîâîäèòüñÿ ñ
ïîìîùüþ æãóòà áåç äîïîëíèòåëüíîãî áèíòîâàíèÿ êîíå÷íîñòè, ò.ê. ïîñëåäíåå ñïîñîáñòâóåò
ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèþ èíúåöèðîâàííîé æèäêîñòè
ïî ñóõîæèëüíûì âëàãàëèùàì è âäîëü ñîñóäèñòî-íåðâíûõ ïó÷êîâ â äèñòàëüíîì íàïðàâëåíèè [38, 57]. Áîëüøèíñòâî ñîâðåìåííûõ èññëåäîâàòåëåé äëÿ îïåðàòèâíîãî ëå÷åíèÿ ïîâðåæäåíèé êèñòè æèäêîñòÿìè ïîä âûñîêèì
äàâëåíèåì ðåêîìåíäóþò âûïîëíÿòü øèðîêèå
ðàçðåçû ñ ïîëíîé ýêñïîçèöèåé ïîðàæåííûõ
êëåò÷àòî÷íûõ ïðîñòðàíñòâ [23, 29, 62]. Ëîêàëüíûå ðàçðåçû íà ôàëàíãàõ è ëàäîííîé ïîâåðõíîñòè êèñòè, êàê ïðàâèëî, íåýôôåêòèâíû [3].
Îñíîâíîé öåëüþ ïåðâè÷íîé õèðóðãè÷åñêîé
îáðàáîòêè ÿâëÿåòñÿ íàèáîëåå ïîëíîå óäàëåíèå
èíúåöèðîâàííîãî ìàòåðèàëà [2, 14, 47]. Èñïîëüçîâàíèå ðàñòâîðèòåëåé äëÿ óäàëåíèÿ ââåäåííîé æèäêîñòè ïðîòèâîïîêàçàíî, ò.ê. ââèäó
ñâîåé òîêñè÷íîñòè îíè âûçûâàþò äîïîëíèòåëüíîå ïîâðåæäåíèå ìÿãêèõ òêàíåé [51, 62].
N. Verhoven ïðèìåíÿë øèðîêèå çèãçàãîîáðàçíûå ðàçðåçû íà ïîðàæåííûõ ïàëüöàõ è êèñòè
[62]. H.Z. Dailiana ðåêîìåíäîâàë ðàçðåçû ïî
ñêëàäêàì êèñòè ñ ïåðåõîäîì íà çàïÿñòüå [29].
Ïî äàííûì F. Burke, ó 45% ïàöèåíòîâ âîçíèêëà íåîáõîäèìîñòü â äåêîìïðåññèè êàðïàëüíîãî êàíàëà [4]. Ïðè íàëè÷èè íåîáðàòèìûõ ñîñóäèñòûõ è íåâðîëîãè÷åñêèõ ðàññòðîéñòâ íåîáõîäèìî ðåøèòü âîïðîñ î ïåðâè÷íîé
àìïóòàöèè ïàëüöåâ èëè èõ ñåãìåíòîâ [34]. ×àñòî ïðè áàðîãèäðîòðàâìå ïðèõîäèòñÿ âûïîëíÿòü ðÿä ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíûõ îïåðàòèâíûõ âìåøàòåëüñò⠖ íåêðýêòîìèé – â ñâÿçè ñ ðàçâèòèåì
âòîðè÷íûõ íåêðîçîâ [23, 44, 63]. H.Z. Dailiana
âûïîëíèë ó 8 ïàöèåíòîâ îò 2 äî 5 îïåðàòèâíûõ âìåøàòåëüñòâ [29]. Áîëüøèíñòâî ñîâðåìåííûõ èññëåäîâàòåëåé ïðåäëàãàþò îòêðûòîå
âåäåíèå ðàíû, èñïîëüçóÿ ðåãóëÿðíûå ïåðåâÿçêè è ôðàêöèîííîå ïðîìûâàíèå ñîëåâûìè ðàñòâîðàìè è ðàñòâîðàìè àíòèñåïòèêîâ [23, 29,
43, 64]. G. Rappold, H.Z. Dailiana ðåêîìåíäóþò âûïîëíÿòü ïîâòîðíóþ ðåâèçèþ ðàíû ÷åðåç 24 ÷àñà ïîñëå ïåðâè÷íîé õèðóðãè÷åñêîé
îáðàáîòêè äëÿ óäàëåíèÿ î÷àãîâ âòîðè÷íîãî
íåêðîçà [29, 45]. Ïî äàííûì M. Pinto, îòêðûòîå âåäåíèå ðàíû ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ðåãóëÿðÒÐÀÂÌÀÒÎËÎÃÈß
È
ÎÐÒÎÏÅÄÈß
íûõ ïåðåâÿçîê è ïðîìûâàíèé ïîçâîëèëî ñíèçèòü óäåëüíûé âåñ àìïóòàöèé äî 16% [23].
Áîëüøèíñòâî ñîâðåìåííûõ èññëåäîâàòåëåé ðåêîìåíäóþò îòñðî÷åííîå çàêðûòèå ðàí ñ ïîìîùüþ êîæíîé ïëàñòèêè ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ñâîáîäíûõ òðàíñïëàíòàòîâ, òðàíñïëàíòàòîâ íà ïèòàþùåé íîæêå è ëîñêóòîâ ñ ñîõðàíåííûì
îñåâûì êðîâîòîêîì [29, 42, 43]. B.K. Chan
ïðåäëàãàåò ïîëíîñëîéíûé êîæíûé òðàíñïëàíòàò, âûêðîåííûé èç ïîäîøâåííîé ïîâåðõíîñòè 1 ïàëüöà ñòîïû [9].
 ïîñëåîïåðàöèîííîì ïåðèîäå áîëüøèíñòâî èññëåäîâàòåëåé ðåêîìåíäóþò ïðîâîäèòü
àíòèáàêòåðèàëüíóþ òåðàïèþ, çàêëþ÷àþùóþñÿ âî âíóòðèâåííîì ââåäåíèè àíòèáèîòèêà [17,
52, 62]. N. Verhoven ïðåäëàãàåò ïðèìåíÿòü öåôàëîñïîðèíû 3-ãî ïîêîëåíèÿ [62]. K. Gutowski
èñïîëüçîâàë àíòèêîàãóëÿíòíóþ òåðàïèþ [22].
Äàííûå î íåîáõîäèìîñòè íàçíà÷åíèÿ êîðòèêîñòåðîèäîâ ñ ïðîòèâîâîñïàëèòåëüíîé è ïðîòèâîîòå÷íîé öåëüþ ïðîòèâîðå÷èâû. H.A. Lewis
ðåêîìåíäîâàë ïðåäíèçîëîí â äîçå 100 ìã îäíîêðàòíî è â ïîñëåäóþùåì ïî 25 ìã â ñóòêè â
òå÷åíèå 3–5 äíåé [34]. F. Burke èñïîëüçîâàë
êîðòèêîñòåðîèäû ïðè ïðîâåäåíèè êîíñåðâàòèâíîé òåðàïèè áàðîãèäðîòðàâìû íåáîëüøèìè îáúåìàìè âåòåðèíàðíûõ âàêöèí [4]. Îäíàêî áîëüøèíñòâî ñîâðåìåííûõ èññëåäîâàòåëåé
ñêåïòè÷åñêè îòíîñÿòñÿ ê íàçíà÷åíèþ êîðòèêîñòåðîèäîâ, óêàçûâàÿ íà èõ ñïîñîáíîñòü ïîäàâëÿòü ôàãîöèòîç è ñïîñîáñòâîâàòü ðàçâèòèþ
èíôåêöèè [62, 63]. Ïî ìíåíèþ C.J. Hogan, èñïîëüçîâàíèå êîðòèêîñòåðîèäîâ íå îêàçûâàåò
âëèÿíèÿ íà óäåëüíûé âåñ àìïóòàöèé ïðè áàðîãèäðîòðàâìå êèñòè [27].  ïîñëåîïåðàöèîííîì ïåðèîäå A. Fery ñ÷èòàåò îáÿçàòåëüíîé èììîáèëèçàöèþ êîíå÷íîñòè â ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêîì
ïîëîæåíèè [14]. Ðÿä ñîâðåìåííûõ èññëåäîâàòåëåé, íàîáîðîò, ïðèäàþò áîëüøîå ïðîãíîñòè÷åñêîå çíà÷åíèå ðàííåé (â òå÷åíèå ïåðâûõ 3 íåäåëü) ìîáèëèçàöèè ïîâðåæäåííîé êèñòè ñ âûïîëíåíèåì âíà÷àëå ïàññèâíûõ, a çàòåì àêòèâíûõ
äâèæåíèé [45, 62]. Ïî ìíåíèþ N. Verhoven, âñåì
áîëüíûì ñ ïîâðåæäåíèåì êèñòè æèäêîñòüþ âûñîêîãî äàâëåíèÿ ïîñëå îïåðàòèâíûõ âìåøàòåëüñòâ íåîáõîäèìà èíòåíñèâíàÿ ôèçèîòåðàïèÿ, êîòîðàÿ äîëæíà ïðîäîëæàòüñÿ â òå÷åíèå
6–12 ìåñÿöåâ [62].
Óäåëüíûé âåñ àìïóòàöèé ñåãìåíòîâ êèñòè ïðè
áàðîãèäðîòðàâìå êîëåáëåòñÿ îò 16 äî 55% [23,
37, 45, 49], ïðè ïîâðåæäåíèè àãðåññèâíûìè æèäêîñòÿìè îí ïðèáëèæàåòñÿ ê 80% [27, 50]. Åñëè
äàâëåíèå èíúåöèðóåìîãî àãåíòà ïðåâûøàåò
490 êã/ñì – ê 100% [57]. Èñõîäû ëå÷åíèÿ ó ïàöèåíòîâ ñ ëåãêîé ñòåïåíüþ ïîâðåæäåíèÿ, êîòîðûì íå òðåáóåòñÿ îïåðàòèâíîå ëå÷åíèå, êàê ïðàâèëî, óäîâëåòâîðèòåëüíûå. Ôóíêöèÿ êèñòè ó
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ÎÁÇÎÐÛ È ÐÅÖÅÍÇÈÈ
âñåõ âîññòàíàâëèâàåòñÿ ïîëíîñòüþ [8, 55]. Äàí- Ëèòåðàòóðà
íûå îá èñõîäàõ ó ïîñòðàäàâøèõ ñî ñðåäíåé è òÿ- 1. Êîíû÷åâ, À.Â. Ãíîéíî-âîñïàëèòåëüíûå çàáîëåâàíèÿ
æåëîé ñòåïåíüþ ïîâðåæäåíèÿ ïðîòèâîðå÷èâû.
âåðõíåé êîíå÷íîñòè / À.Â. Êîíû÷åâ. – ÑÏá. : ÍåÐÿä àâòîðîâ óòâåðæäàþò, ÷òî ïðè ñâîåâðåìåííî
âñêèé äèàëåêò, 2002. – 351 ñ.
è ãðàìîòíî âûïîëíåííîì îïåðàòèâíîì âìåøà- 2. Bekler, H. Dissimination pathways in high-pressure
òåëüñòâå ìîæíî äîáèòüñÿ õîðîøåãî ðåçóëüòàòà
injection injuries of the hand: an experimental animal
model / H.Bekler, A.Gokce, T. Beyzadeoglu // Acta
[17, 29, 64]. Ïî äàííûì A. Zyluk, èññëåäîâàâøåOrthop.Traumatol.Turc. – 2007. – Vol. 41, N 2. –
ãî ðåçóëüòàòû ëå÷åíèÿ â ñðîêè îò 1,5 äî 3,5 ëåò
P. 147–151.
ïîñëå òðàâìû, ó ïîäàâëÿþùåãî áîëüøèíñòâà ïî- 3. Booth, C.M. High pressure paint gun injuries / C.M.
ñòðàäàâøèõ îáúåì äâèæåíèé è ñèëà çàõâàòà ïîBooth // Br. Med. J. – 1977. – N 2. – P. 1333–1335.
âðåæäåííîé êèñòè íå îòëè÷àëàñü îò çäîðîâîé 4. Burke, F. Veterinary and industrial high pressure
[64]. Âñå ïàöèåíòû âåðíóëèñü ê ïðåæíåé ïðîôåñinjection injuries / F. Bruke, O. Brady // Br. Med. J. –
ñèîíàëüíîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè â ñðîê îò 8 íåäåëü äî
1996. – Vol. 8, N 312. – P. 1436.
12 ìåñÿöåâ ïîñëå òðàâìû [23, 33, 62]. Îäíàêî 5. Couzens, G. Veterinary high-pressure injection injuries with
äðóãèå èññëåäîâàòåëè íå ðàçäåëÿþò ïîäîáíîinoculations for larger animals / G. Couzens, F.D. Bruke //
ãî îïòèìèçìà. Ïî èõ äàííûì, ó áîëüøèíñòâà
J. Hand Surg. – 1995. – N 20-B. – P. 497–499.
ïàöèåíòîâ â îòäàëåííîì ïåðèîäå ñîõðàíÿþò- 6. Craig, E.V. A new high-pressure injection injuries to the
hand / E.V.Craig // J.Hand Surg. – 1984. – Vol. 9-A,
ñÿ ãèïåðåñòåçèÿ, áîëè â ïîðàæåííîé êîíå÷íîñòè, ïîâûøåííàÿ ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòü ê õîëîäó, 7. N 2. – P. 240–242.
Culture results and amputation rates in highðàçëè÷íûå êîíòðàêòóðû [36, 44]. A.A. Wieder,
pressure paint gun injuries of the hand / R. Mirzayan
èçó÷èâøèé îòäåëåííûå ðåçóëüòàòû â ñðåäíåì
[et al.] // Orthopedics. – 2001. – Vol. 24, N 6. –
÷åðåç 8,5 ëåò ïîñëå ïåðåíåñåííîé òðàâìû, îòìåP. 587–589.
÷àë óìåíüøåíèå îáúåìà äâèæåíèé â ïÿñòíî-ôà- 8. Curka, P.A. High-pressure water injection injuries to the
ëàíãîâûõ ñóñòàâàõ íà 8,1%, ïðîêñèìàëüíûõ ìåæhand / P.A. Curka, C.D. Chisholm // Am. J. Emerg. Med.
ôàëàíãîâûõ – íà 23,9%, äèñòàëüíûõ ì/ôàëàíãî– 1989. – Vol. 7, N 2. – P. 165–167.
âûõ – íà 29,7% ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñî çäîðîâîé 9. Chan, B.K. Free toe pulp transfer for digital reconstruction
after high-pressure injection Injury / B.K. Chan, S.K.
êèñòüþ. Ñèëîâîé çàõâàò óìåíüøèëñÿ íà 12%,
Tham, M. Leung // J. Íand Surg. – 1999. – Vol. 24,
ùèïêîâûé – íà 35%. Òàêòèëüíàÿ ÷óâñòâèòåëüN 5. – P. 534–538.
íîñòü ñíèæàëàñü íà 49%. Òîëüêî 43% ïàöèåí- 10. Duncan, K. Accidental self-inoculation with veterinary
òîâ âåðíóëèñü ê ðàáîòå ïî ïðåæíåé ñïåöèàëüvaccine // K. Duncan // Br. med. J. – 1996. – N 312.
íîñòè [36]. Ïî äàííûì M. Valentino, 9 èç 12 íàáëþäàåìûõ ïàöèåíòîâ ïðèîáðåëè ñòîéêóþ 11. – P. 1436.
Ebelin, M. High-pressure injection accident of the
óòðàòó òðóäîñïîñîáíîñòè [61]. Ëèøü ó 9 ïàöèhand / M. Ebelin // Rev. Prat. – 1994. – N 44. –
åíòîâ èç 43, íàáëþäàåìûõ G. Rappold, ôóíêP. 2461–2463.
öèÿ êèñòè âîññòàíîâèëàñü ïîëíîñòüþ [45]. Îïè- 12. Functional outcome of high-pressure injection injuries
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Êîíòàêòíàÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ:
Ïåòðóøèí Àëåêñàíäð Ëåîíèäîâè÷ – ê.ì.í. çàâåäóþùèé
õèðóðãè÷åñêèì îòäåëåíèåì
e-mail: pal11@atnet.ru
HIGH PRESSURE INJECTION INJURIES OF THE HAND
R.P. Matveev, A.L. Petrushin
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