Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb Äktrnhjyysq éehyfk ÑCBF Ghfdjghbvtytybt d cdjåjlyjv Yjzåhm 1997 u. Njv 2 Yjvth 4 jåotcndt Ghfdjghbvtytybt d cdjåjlyjv jåotcndt Jn htlfrwbb D bltfkt d cdjåjlyjv ltvjrhfnbxtcrjv jåotcndt ghfdjghbvtytybt jceotcndkztncz d fnvjcatht, rjulf pfrjyjgjckeiyst uhfélfyt yt åjzncz gjkbwbb. Gjkbwtqcrbt ckeéfn yf åkfuj jåotcndf b åthen yf ctåz jndtncndtyyjcnm pf cdjb ltqcndbz. Jyb ljkéys cjxtnfnm nhtåjdfybz gj gjllthéfybñ ghfdjgjhzlrf c edfétybtv pfrjyf b ghfd kbxyjcnb. D nfrjq cbnefwbb uhfélfyt dblzn d gjkbwtqcrbö cdjbö lheptq, f yt dhfujd. Yj rfr cjplftncz nfrfz fnvjcathf? Xnj ytjåöjlbvj cltkfnm, xnjås gjlujnjdbnm cjnhelybrjd ghfdjjöhfybntkmysö jhufyjd r dsgjkytybñ ldjqyjq pflfxb gj pfobnt uhfélfy b ckeéåt yf bö åkfuj? Yf änb djghjcs yt ceotcndetn tlbycndtyyjuj dctjödfnsdfñotuj jndtnf. Ghjatccjh Jndby Vfhbyty jnvtxftn d cdjtq cnfnmt, xnj gjlujnjdrf gjkbwtqcrbö d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö yt drkñxftn ntjhtnbxtcrjuj fyfkbpf ghjåktv ltvjrhfnbb. Yj ghfrnbxtcrbt pfyznbz, bysvb ckjdfvb, bpextybt njuj, xnj yflj ltkfnm b rfr, ghtdhfoftn ltvjrhfnbxtcrbt yjhvs d rjyrhtnyeñ äaatrnbdyeñ gjkbnbre. D änjv yjvtht ghfdjghbvtytybt d cdjåjlyjv jåotcndt hfccvfnhbdftncz c hfpkbxysö njxtr phtybz. D cdjq cnfnmt lbhtrnjh AÅH Kebc Lé. Ahb bccktletn yjdst nhfycyfwbjyfkmyst pflfxb, dcnfñobt gthtl ghfdjjöhfybntkmysvb jhufyfvb, b ghtlghbybvftvst AÅH ecbkbz gj bö hfphtitybñ, ghb cjöhfytybb edfétybz r ghfdfv kbxyjcnb. D cjjndtncndbb c pfrjyjv j åjhmåt c yfcbkmcndtyysvb ghtcnegktybzvb b ghfdjghbvtytybtv jn 1994 u., Vbybcnthcndj ñcnbwbb cajhvbhjdfkj Eghfdktybt vtcnysö gjkbwtqcrbö ckeéå. D cdjtq cnfnmt Léjpta B. Åhfyy, lbhtrnjh Eghfdktybz vtcnysö gjkbwtqcrbö ckeéå, ltvjycnhbhetn, rfr ntcyjt cjnhelybxtcndj gjkbwbb c yfctktybtv ghbdtkj d gjcktlybt ujls r cybétybñ ghtcnegyjcnb dj vyjubö fvthbrfycrbö ujhjlfö. Cnfnmñ Åhfyyf ghtrhfcyj ljgjkyztn jgbcfybt ghbywbgjd, ktéfobö d jcyjdt ghfrnbrb ntcyjuj cjnhelybxtcndf gjkbwbb c vtcnysv yfctktybtv, cjcnfdktyyjt Létrjv H. Uhbyjv, ghjatccjhjv eujkjdyjuj ghfdf d Eybdthcbntnt Ntvgk. D htgjhnfét bp Yjdjuj Jhktfyf, rjnjhsq d änjv ujle kblbhjdfk chtlb fvthbrfycrbö ujhjljd gj ntvgfv cybétybz ghtcnegyjcnb, Lädbl Gbnnc hfccrfpsdftn, rfrbv jåhfpjv frnbdyj ghjdjlbvfz htajhvf gjkbwtqcrjuj ltgfhnfvtynf Yjdjuj Jhktfyf åscnhj ghbdtkf r cjrhfotybñ ghtcnegyjcnb d änjv ujhjlt. B, yfrjytw, Cnñfhn Ujhby ghtlkfuftn jåpjh hfåjns fvthbrfycrbö celjd yf atlthfkmyjv, infnyjv b vtcnyjv ehjdyzö, frwtynbhez dybvfybt yf njv, xnj ghtpevgwbz ytdbyjdyjcnb b cel ghbczéysö jcnfñncz aeylfvtynfkmysvb ghbywbgfvb fvthbrfycrjq celtåyjq cbcntvs. 2 Cjlthéfybt Äktrnhjyyst éehyfks ÑCBF, geåkbretvst b hfccskftvst gj dctve vbhe rfélst nhb ytltkb, gjcdzotys frnefkmysv ghjåktvfv, cnjzobv gthtl CIF b vtéleyfhjlysv cjjåotcndjv. Éehyfks ≤Ärjyjvbxtcrbt gthcgtrnbds≥, ≤Ukjåfkmyst djghjcs≥, ≤Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb≥, ≤Dytiyzz gjkbnbrf CIF≥ b ≤CIF: jåotcndj b wtyyjcnb≥ cjlthéfn fyfkbp, rjvvtynfhbb b åbåkbjuhfabxtcreñ byajhvfwbñ gj ibhjrjve rheue djghjcjd. Gthtdjls vfnthbfkjd, jgeåkbrjdfyysö d éehyfkfö, yf ahfywepcrbq, bcgfycrbq, gjhneufkmcrbq b heccrbq zpsrb dsöjlzn ghbvthyj xthtp ldt ytltkb gjckt dsöjlf éehyfkf gj-fyukbqcrb. Vytybz, cjlthéfobtcz d éehyfkmysö cnfnmzö, vjuen yt cjdgflfnm c njxrjq phtybz b gjkbnbrjq ghfdbntkmcndf CIF. Änb cnfnmb vjuen djcghjbpdjlbnmcz b gthtdjlbnmcz pf ghtltkfvb CIF, tckb d ybö yt cjlthébncz erfpfybq yf juhfybxtybz, cdzpfyyst c fdnjhcrbvb ghfdfvb. Cdtébt bkb ghjikst yjvthf éehyfkjd vjéyj yfqnb gj flhtce: http://www.usia.gov/journals/ journals.htm yf yfxfkmyjq cnhfybwt Byajhvfwbjyyjq ckeéås CIF (ÑCBC) yf Bynthytnt. Jyb dsöjlzn d ytcrjkmrbö äktrnhjyysö ajhvfnfö lkz jåktuxtybz ghjcvjnhf d htébvt on-line, gthtlfxb, pfuheprb d kjrfkmyeñ cbcntve b hfcgtxfnrb. Jnpsds j éehyfkfö ghbcskfqnt d vtcnyst jnltktybz ÑCBC bkb d htlfrwbñ: Editor, Issues of Democracy Democracy and Human Rights – I/DHR U.S. Information Agency 301 4th Street, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20547 United States of America Ds vjétnt yfghfdbnm gbcmvj gj äktrnhjyyjq gjxnt Yjdst ntyltywbb d ghfdjghbvtytybb . . . . . . . . . . 4 Kebc Lé. Ahb, lbhtrnjh Atlthfkmyjuj åñhj hfccktljdfybq, hfccvfnhbdftn yjdst ghjåktvs, rjnjhst cnjzn gthtl ghfdjjöhfybntkmysvb jhufyfvb, b vths, ghtlghbybvftvst AÅH lkz bö hfphtitybz. Gjkbwbz b yfctktybt – gfhnyths . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Léjpta B. Åhfyy, lbhtrnjh Eghfdktybz vtcnysö gjkbwtqcrbö ckeéå ghb Vbybcnthcndt ñcnbwbb, jåüzcyztn pfvtnyst ecgtöb åjhmås c ghtcnegyjcnmñ ddtltybtv yjdjq ghjuhfvvs, d hfvrfö rjnjhjq ecnfyfdkbdfñncz ntcyst jnyjitybz gfhnythcndf vtéle gjkbwbtq b vtcnysv yfctktybtv. Gjlujnjdrf gjkbwtqcrbö rflhjd d ltvjrhfnbxtcrjv jåotcndt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 D cdjtv fyfkbpt gjlujnjdrb gjkbwtqcrbö rflhjd d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö ghjatccjh gjkbnjkjubb bp Eybdthcbntnf infnf Dfibyunjy Jndby Vfhbyty ghbdjlbn jcyjdyst äktvtyns jåextybz, wtkm rjnjhjuj cjcnjbn d njv, xnjås gjkbwtqcrbt cfvb cjåkñlfkb pfrjys. D pfobne ntcyjuj cjnhelybxtcndf gjkbwbb c vtcnysv yfctktybtv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Ghjatccjh eujkjdyjuj ghfdf bp Eybdthcbntnf Ntvgk Létr H. Uhby gthtxbckztn jcyjdyst ghbywbgs cjnhelybxtcndf gjkbwbb c vtcnysv yfctktybtv. Yjdsq jhktfy: Djphjélfñobqcz ujhjl . . . . . . . . . . 23 Pf gjcktlybt ldf ujlf Yjdsq Jhktfy cevtk htjhufybpjdfnm cdjñ gjkbwtqcreñ ckeéåe b pyfxbntkmyj cjrhfnbnm ehjdtym ghtcnegyjcnb. D htgjhnfét c vtcnf cjåsnbq Lädbl Gbnnc jgbcsdftn, rfr änj ghjbpjikj. Jåpjh fvthbrfycrjq ñhblbxtcrjq cbcntvs . . . . . . . 30 Cnñfhn Ujhby erfpsdftn yf nj, xnj celtåyj-ghjwtccefkmysq gjhzljr, ghtpevgwbz ytdbyjdyjcnb b cel ghbczéysö jcnfñncz aeylfvtynfkmysvb ghbywbgfvb celjghjbpdjlcndf d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö. Byajhvfwbjyyst htcehcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Åbåkbjuhfabz, htcehcs Bynthytnf Bplfntkm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Léelbn C. Cbutk Ukfdysq htlfrnjh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vfhr Cvbn Jndtncndtyysq htlfrnjh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cnñfhn Ujhby Pfvtcnbntkm htlfrnjhf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eäqy Öjkk Htlfrnjh Bynthytnf b ntrcnf . . . . . . . . . . Ltåjhf V.C. Åhfey Htlfrnjh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lädbl Gbnnc Htlfrnjhs-rjycekmnfyns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rähjk Yjhnjy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Åfhåfhf Cfylthc Öeljétcndtyysq htlfrnjh. . . . . . . . . . . . . Lfqfy Dekdthnjy Uhfabxtcrjt jajhvktybt . . . . . . . . . . . . Cbkdbz Crjnn Htlfrwbjyyfz rjkktubz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Öjdfhl Cbyrjnnf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Léelbn C. Cbutk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Léjy Lädbc Öfvbkk gj flhtce: ejdemos@usia.gov Htlfrnjhs heccrjuj bplfybz. . . . . . . . . . . Bkmz Ceckjd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kblbz Djhjybyf 3 Yjdst ntyltywbb d ghfdjghbvtytybb Kebc Lé. Ahb L D cdjtq htxb yf rjyathtywbb jåhjt enhj, lfvs b ujcgjlf. Vyt ljcnfdkztn åjkmijt eljdjkmcndbt dcnhtnbnmcz c dfvb b edbltnm vyjuj ljåhsö lheptq. Z dscjrj wtyñ dfie Fccjwbfwbñ b cxbnfñ tt ghtrhfcysv ajhevjv lkz jåceéltybz, b vyt jxtym ghbznyj dscnegfnm gthtl dfvb. Gjpdjkmnt vyt cyfxfkf jåcelbnm ytcrjkmrj djghjcjd, rjnjhst, gj vjtve vytybñ, åelen dfv bynthtcys. Rfr ds pyftnt, vs hfcibhztv vyjubt yfib vtéleyfhjlyst ghjuhfvvs, xnj ghbdtltn r njve, xnj d cels gjcnegzn ghbywbgbfkmyj yjdst ltkf b yjdst cktlcndtyyst vfnthbfks. Vs cnfkrbdftvcz c ntv, xnj ghtcnegyjcnm, – d jcjåtyyjcnb ärjyjvbxtcrbt ghtcnegktybz, b jcjåtyyj ghtcnegktybz, cdzpfyyst c yfhrjnbrfvb, jhufybpjdfyyfz ghtcnegyjcnm b nthhjhbpv, – dct åjkmit ghbjåhtnftn ukjåfkmysq öfhfrnth. D änbö jåkfcnzö ghtcnegyjq ltzntkmyjcnb pyfxbntkmyj eceueåkzñncz nhfycyfwbjyfkmyst ntyltywbb. Ytlfdyj vs cnjkryekbcm cj ckexftv, rjulf xtkjdtr, e rjnjhjuj åsk gthtyjcyjq gthcjyfkmysq rjvgmñnth, yföjlzcm d Cfyrn-Gtnthåehut, Hjccbz, ljåhfkcz lj cxtnjd Cbnbåfyrf d Ymñ-Qjhrt b cvju gthtdtcnb ytcrjkmrj vbkkbjyjd ljkkfhjd yf lheujq cxtn, ghtélt xtv åfyr jåyfheébk äne nhfycfrwbñ. Gjnthz cjcnfdbkf 400 000 ljkkfhjd, yj änj åsk öjhjibq ehjr lkz ghfdjjöhfybntkmysö jhufyjd b Fccjwbfwbb atlthfkmysö celtq 1997 ujlf Kebc Lé. Ahb, lbhtrnjh Atlthfkmyjuj åñhj hfccktljdfybq, ujdjhbk j yjdsö ajhvfö nhfycyfwbjyfkmyjq ghtcnegyjcnb, c rjnjhsvb AÅH ljkéyj dtcnb åjhmåe, b j njv pyfxtybb, rjnjhjt jyj ghblftn d gjlujnjdrt cdjbö futynjd bö vjhfkmyjve jåkbre b änbxtcrbv djghjcfv. Htxm ghbdjlbncz d cjrhfotybb. 4 Kebc Lé. Ahb cfvjuj åfyrf. Yf ghbvtht änjuj ckexfz vs gjyzkb, xnj d åeleotv yfv ghbltncz dct xfot b xfot cnfkrbdfnmcz c änbv yjdsv dbljv ghtcnegyjcnb. Vs jåyfheébkb, xnj hfcibhtybt Bynthytnf b hfcghjcnhfytybt rjvgmñnthjd ghbdtkb r djpybryjdtybñ yjdjq caths ltzntkmyjcnb lkz ghfdjjöhfybntkmysö jhufyjd. Ctqxfc vs ghtcktletv åtuktwjd yt njkmrj ≤gj pfåjhfv≥, yj b c gjvjomñ Bynthytnf. D yfcnjzott dhtvz yfib futyns ghb jåscrt dct xfot bpsvfñn öfhl-lhfqds b rjvgmñnths d ljgjkytybt r ljrevtynfv b rybufv. Z gjkfufñ, xnj jxtym crjhj vs gjljqltv r nfrjve heåtée, rjulf djghjcs d celt, rjnjhst pflfñncz jådbyztvjve yf cnflbb celtåyjuj cktlcndbz, f nfrét jcyjdfybz lkz gjcnfyjdktybz j dslfxt jhlthjd yf jåscr bkb fhtcn, htprj bpvtyzncz bp-pf gjzdktybz yjdsö ntöyjkjubq b yjdsö vtnjljd hfcghjcnhfytybz, yfrjgktybz b gthtlfxb byajhvfwbb. E z p d b v s t v t cn f d b y a h f cn h e r n e h t b y a j h v f w b b Gjybvfybt pyfxtybz änbö ntöyjkjubxtcrbt ljcnbétybq gjåelbkj yfc r cjplfybñ ghjuhfvv, rjnjhst frnbdyj bcgjkmpeñncz lkz dszdktybz ezpdbvsö vtcn d yfitq byahfcnherneht. Ctqxfc dgjkyt jxtdblyj, xnj cbcntvf yfitq byahfcnhernehs, jcjåtyyj tt ébpytyyj dféyst äktvtyns, bvtñn jxtym vyjuj ezpdbvsö vtcn lkz nthhjhbpvf b ghtcnegyjq ltzntkmyjcnb. Yfghbvth, lfét xtkjdtr cj chtlybv jåhfpjdfybtv vjétn ctqxfc yfytcnb elfh gj byajhvfwbjyysv cbcntvfv. D yfcnjzott dhtvz dct åjkmibq jåütv byahfcnhernehs ghfdjjöhfybntkmysö jhufyjd, f nfrét ñhblbxtcrbö jhufyjd cjplftncz b rjycnhebhetncz d hfvrfö byajhvfwbjyysö cbcntv. F gjcrjkmre änb cbcntvs cnfyjdzncz dct åjktt ezpdbvsvb, e ghtcnegybrjd b nthhjhbcnjd gjzdkztncz åjkmit djpvjéyjcntq yfytcnb pyfxbntkmysq eothå. Yfghbvth, elfh gj ajyljdjq åbhét bkb äythutnbxtcrjq ctnb d ctdthyj-djcnjxyjq xfcnb Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd d cthtlbyt pbvs vjétn ghbdtcnb r xtkjdtxtcrbv éthndfv b pyfxbntkmyjve vfnthbfkmyjve eothåe. Vs cxbnftv, xnj änj nf jåkfcnm, ult vs ljkéys ekexibnm cdjñ gjlujnjdre. K f å j h fn j h b z A Å H R cjéfktybñ, ytrjnjhst bp ezpdbvsö vtcn d yfitq byajhvfwbjyyjq byahfcnherneht jnhféfñncz b yf yfitq jhufybpfwbjyyjq cnherneht: z bvtñ d dble kfåjhfnjhbñ AÅH, ult gj htpekmnfnfv ljrkflf utythfkmyjuj bycgtrnjhf vs ddtkb gjlhfpltktybz gj rjynhjkñ pf rfxtcndjv hfåjns, rjnjhsö e yfc ghtélt yt åskj, f nfrét ghfrnbre dpfbvysö ghjdthjr b ghbdktrkb åjkmit extysö r herjdjlcnde kfåjhfnjhbtq. Dgthdst d yfitq bcnjhbb vs ddtkb d infn kfåjhfnjhbb vyjuj uhfélfycrbö extysö, b z levfñ, xnj d htpekmnfnt änbö ghtjåhfpjdfybq yfif kfåjhfnjhbz cnfytn ujhfplj cbkmytt. Yfghbvth, ytlfdyj yf jcyjdfybb htpekmnfnjd ärcgthbps kfåjhfnjhbb AÅH, åsk jcdjåjélty pfrkñxtyysq, ghjdtlibq d nñhmvt 9 ktn gj jådbytybñ d ghtcnegktybb, rjnjhjuj jy yt cjdthifk. Yfit gjlhfpltktybt, rjnjhjt pfybvftncz bccktljdfybtv vjktrek LYR b rjnjhjt ghjdjlbn ärcgthnbps lkz atlthfkmysö, infnysö b vtcnysö dkfcntq, cybvftn gjljphtybz c gjljphtdftvsö d 25 ghjwtynfö ckexftd. Rfélsq ujl yfif kfåjhfnjhbz ghjdjlbn ghbvthyj 600 000 ärcgthnbp. Bö 5 htpekmnfns cjjåofñncz ghjrehjhfv, b d ytrjnjhsö ckexfzö gthtlfñncz fldjrfnfv pfobns b jådbyztvsv, b, nfrbv jåhfpjv, c åjkmijq dthjznyjcnmñ cnfyjdzncz ghtlvtnjv hfpkbxysö öjlfnfqcnd d celt. Lj cbö gjh yfv yt bpdtcnyj yb jlyjuj ltkf, rjnjhjt dtkjcm AÅH bkb jhufyfvb infnjd, b rjnjhjt åskj ås lbcrhtlbnbhjdfyj dcktlcndbt rhbnbrb kfåjhfnjhbb AÅH bkb gjkextyysö tñ htpekmnfnjd. D kfåjhfnjhbb nhelzncz cgtwbfkbcns, bcrkñxbntkmyj ghtlfyyst cdjtve ltke. Vs cnhjbv yjdeñ kfåjhfnjhbñ AÅH d yfitv extåyjv wtynht Refynbrj, infn Dbhébybz. Tt cnhjbntkmcndj åeltn pfrjyxtyj r rjywe änjuj ltcznbktnbz. Änj åeltn cjdhtvtyyfz gthdjrkfccyfz kfåjhfnjhbz, ult åelen hfåjnfnm extyst cj dctq cnhfys b ult vs ghjljkébv hfåjne d jåkfcnb celtåyjq vtlbwbys, åkfujlfhz xtve b pyfvtybnf kfåjhfnjhbz AÅH. Vs edthtys, xnj jyf jcnfytncz ntv, xnj tcnm ctqxfc – dtleotq kfåjhfnjhbtq celtåyjq vtlbwbys d vbht. Vtyz jcjåtyyj djkyeñn nfrbt ckexfb, gjcrjkmre gjcktlytt ltkj, rjnjhjt z dtk, åelexb gjvjoybrjv ghjrehjhf CIF, åskj cdzpfyj c gjreitybtv yf celmñ d ñéyjv hfqjyt Ymñ-Qjhrf – celmñ Hbxfhlf Lé. Lfhjyrj, rjnjhsq åsk eåbn. Z vjue dfc pfdthbnm, xnj AÅH cjdvtcnyj cj Ckeéåjq celtåysö vfhifkjd jxtym nofntkmyj hfåjnftn yfl nfrbvb ltkfvb. D åjkmibycndt ckexftd änb euhjps ytqnhfkbpeñncz, gjnjve xnj vjéyj åscnhj ecnfyjdbnm kbxyjcnb ntö, rnj bö dscrfpsdftn: pfrkñxtyyst b kñlb c gcböbxtcrbvb pfåjktdfybzvb – b ghbyznm cjjndtncndeñobt vths. Yt ljkéyj crkflsdfnmcz nfrjuj gjkjétybz, xnjås vs yt cjjåobkb j öjlt hfccktljdfybz celtåyjve hfåjnybre, gjkexbditve gbcmvj bkb pdjyjr c euhjpfvb b cjjåobditve yfv jå änjv. Tckb rnj-nj bp dfc jrfpfkcz d nfrjv gjkjétybb, cdzébntcm c yfibv vtcnysv cgtwbfkmysv futynjv, jndtxfñobv pf änb djghjcs. Dct yfib cgtwbfkmyst futyns gjkexbkb erfpfybz rfr vjéyj gjkytt byajhvbhjdfnm celtåysö hfåjnybrjd j kñåjv ghjuhtcct d hfccktljdfybb änbö ltk. E u h j p s d f l h t c g h t l cn f d b n t k t q c e l t å y j q c b cn t v s F ctqxfc z öjxe ytvyjuj gjujdjhbnm j hfccktljdfybzö, rjnjhst vs dtltv d cdzpb c euhjpfvb d flhtc celtq, vfubcnhfnjd b hfåjnybrjd celjd. Dj dhtvz vjbö gjtpljr gj cnhfyt celmb pflfdfkb vyt djghjcs jnyjcbntkmyj njuj, yt djphjckj kb rjkbxtcndj änbö euhjp. Öjnz b vjétn ckjébnmcz nfrjt dgtxfnktybt, yj yfib cnfnbcnbxtcrbt lfyyst cdbltntkmcndeñn jå jåhfnyjv. Yfghbvth, d 1996 ujle vs gjkexbkb b hfccktljdfkb ckexfb j 45 jnltkmysö euhjpfö d flhtc atlthfkmysö celtq b pyfxbntkmyj vtymitt rjkbxtcndj ckexftd ghjnbd lheubö cjnhelybrjd celf. Rjkbxtcndj euhjp d flhtc xktyjd Dthöjdyjuj celf, rjnjhst vs ghjdjlbv gj jnltkmyjq rfntujhbb, jcnfdfkjcm jnyjcbntkmyj ybprbv d ntxtybt gjcktlybö ytcrjkmrbö ktn. Nfrbt ckexfb hfccvfnhbdfñncz jxtym cthmtpyj. Vs hfåjnftv yfl ybvb åscnhj b nofntkmyj, f pfntv ghtlcnfdkztv jåibhysq ljrkfl gj htpekmnfnfv yfibö hfccktljdfybq. Änbrf d AÅH Ctqxfc vs dcnegbkb d jxtym lbyfvbxyeñ cnflbñ yfituj hfpdbnbz. D yfcnjzott dhtvz jrjkj 75 000 xtkjdtr gjlfkb pfzdktybz yf ljkéyjcnb cgtwbfkmysö futynjd, ghbxtv gjxnb dct jyb bvtñn ljcnfnjxyeñ rdfkbabrfwbñ lkz dsgjkytybz änjq hfåjns. Rfélsq ujl vs yfybvftv yf hfåjne jrjkj 1000 futynjd – jnxfcnb lkz njuj, xnjås rjvgtycbhjdfnm njn gthbjl d 1992 b 1993 ujlfö, rjulf vs yt ghbybvfkb kñltq yf hfåjne, yj d åjkmitq cntgtyb åkfujlfhz yjdsv fccbuyjdfybzv, gjkextyysv jn Rjyuhtccf. R rjywe 1998 ujlf kñlb, ghbyznst yf hfåjne d gjcktlybt xtnsht ujlf, cjcnfdzn jrjkj 40 ghjwtynjd dctö yfibö cjnhelybrjd. Änj rjkjccfkmyst gthtvtys. D gjcktlybt ldf ujlf vyjubt cjnhelybrb eikb d jncnfdre, b ghjbpjitk ghbnjr wtkjuj yjdjuj gjrjktybz futynjd AÅH. 6 Vs ghblftv juhjvyjt pyfxtybt gthdjyfxfkmyjve jåextybñ b bycnhernfée änbö yjdsö futynjd. Jcjåjt dybvfybt eltkztncz bö vjhfkmyjve jåkbre b änbxtcrbv yjhvfv. Rjulf z pfyzk d 1993 ujle änjn gjcn, nj jåyfheébk, xnj d extåyjv gkfyt djghjcs änbrb bpexfkbcm yf 14-q ytltkt 16-ytltkmyjuj rehcf. Yf änbö pfyznbzö jxtym gjdthöyjcnyj bpexfkbcm änbxtcrbt yjhvs, rjnjhst ljkéys cjåkñlfnm cjnhelybrb ghfdjjöhfybntkmysö jhufyjd. Åelexb d Refynbrj, z pflfdfk yjdsv futynfv djghjcs, rfcfñobtcz ubgjntnbxtcrbö cbnefwbq, b eåtlbkcz d njv, xnj ceotcndetn yfcnjzntkmyfz gjnhtåyjcnm d åjktt eukeåktyyjv bpextybb änbrb. Celmb-ktrnjhs b ghjåktvs änbrb d ghfdjjöhfybntkmy s ö j h uf y f ö C änjq wtkmñ z ddtk ghjuhfvve, ghtlecvfnhbdfñoeñ ghbukfitybt celtq r yfv d extåysq wtynh. D Refynbrj ghbtpéftn vyjuj celtq, rjnjhst ghjdjlzn wtksq ltym c yfibvb yjdsvb futynfvb. Celmb yt ghjcnj xbnfñn ktrwbb j hjkb atlthfkmysö celjd b j dpfbvjjnyjitybzö vtéle celfvb, celmzvb, ghjrehjhfvb b cktljdfntkzvb. Jyb ltqcndbntkmyj jåhfofñn dybvfybt yfibö futynjd yf juhjvyjt pyfxtybt vjhfkmyjuj jåkbrf d yfitq hfåjnt b yf änbxtcrbt yjhvs, rjnjhst vs ljkéys cjåkñlfnm. B jyb ltkfñn änj nfr, rfr, gj vjtve vytybñ, vjuen ltkfnm njkmrj celmb. Rhjvt exfcnbz celtq d ghjuhfvvt, vs hfphfåjnfkb extåysq gkfy, d rjnjhjv gthdst ldf lyz jåextybz yjdjuj futynf gjcdzotys änbrt hfåjns ghfdjjöhfybntkmysö jhufyjd. Vs hfccvfnhbdftv åkbprbt r htfkmysv cbnefwbb. Yfghbvth, xnj ltkfnm, tckb ghb hfccktljdfybb juhfåktybz åfyrf futyns yföjlzn ljrfpfntkmcndf ytdbyjdyjcnb gjljphtdftvjuj, rjnjhst blen dhfphtp eét ecnfyjdktyyjq kbxyjcnb gjljphtdftvjuj b dctq dthcbb änjuj ghtcnegktybz. Ghjåktvf cjcnjbn d njv, xnjås yfexbnm futynjd, rfr gjcnegfnm c änbvb cdb- ltntkmcndfvb, b jåüzcybnm ytjåöjlbvjcnm ghbdktxm r ybv dybvfybt yfxfkmcndf bkb gjvjoybrf ghjrehjhf CIF. Vs exbv bö njve, xnj jöhfyf rjycnbnewbjyysö ghfd ujhfplj dféytt, xtv htpekmnfn kñåjuj bynthdmñ bkb bcöjl rjyrhtnyjuj hfccktljdfybz. D extåysq gkfy drkñxtyj vyjuj djpvjéyjcntq lkz jåceéltybz b bycnhernféf gj änjve rjhtyyjve änbxtcrjve djghjce, yf rjnjhjv jcyjdsdftncz ltzntkmyjcnm yt njkmrj AÅH, yj b dctö jcnfkmysö atlthfkmysö futyncnd, pfybvfñoböcz hfccktljdfybtv ghtcnegktybq gj gjhextybñ ghfdbntkmcndf CIF. D Refynbrj vs cjplfkb Eghfdktybt gj änbrt hfåjns ghfdjjöhfybntkmysö jhufyjd. Yfib cjnhelybrb ljkéys tétujlyj ghjöjlbnm pfyznbz gj änbrt d ghfdjghbvtytybb. Vtéleyfhjlyfz frfltvbz ghfdjghbvtytybz Vs gjgsnfkbcm nfrét bcgjkmpjdfnm ytrjnjhst fcgtrns änjq ghjuhfvvs yf ehjdyt infnjd b yf vtcnyjv ehjdyt, f nfrét d jåextybb pf heåtéjv. D 1994 ujle cjplfyf Vtéleyfhjlyfz frfltvbz ghfdjghbvtytybz d Åelfgtint. Jyf åskf cjplfyf Ujcltgfhnfvtynjv cjdvtcnyj c AÅH b lheubvb atlthfkmysvb jhufyfvb lkz jåextybz yjdjuj gjrjktybz gjkbwtqcrbö bp Hjccbb b lheubö htcgeåkbr åsdituj Cjdtncrjuj Cjñpf, cnhfy Åfknbb, f nfrét lheubö cnhfy Wtynhfkmyjq b Djcnjxyjq Tdhjgs. Jåextybt d frfltvbb ukfdysv jåhfpjv cjchtljnjxtyj yf hfåjnt gjkbwbb d ltvjrhfnbxtcrjv jåotcndt, rjnjhfz, åtpeckjdyj, ceotcndtyyj jnkbxftncz jn hfåjns gjkbwbb d ytltvjrhfnbxtcrjv jåotcndt. Jlyjdhtvtyyj vs ghbukfiftv yf djcmvbytltkmyjt jåextybt ghtlcnfdbntktq nhtö cnhfy, b ghb änjv nhb jnltkmyst uheggs gjkbwtqcrbö jåtcgtxbdfñncz cbyöhjyysv gthtdjljv. Änb gjkbwtqcrbt d åjkmibycndt cdjtv åskb exfcnrjdsvb d åsdibö njnfkbnfhysö ujcelfhcndfö. Gthdjt, xtve vs bö exbv – änj edfétybt xtkjdtxtcrjuj ljcnjbycndf. Vs 7 gjlxthrbdfz, xnj d herfö cjnhelybrjd ghfdjjöhfybntkmysö jhufyjd cjchtljnjxtyf juhjvyfz dkfcnm, b xnj d yfitq ghjatccbb ytjåöjlbvs änbxtcrbt yjhvs, ljdthbt b xtcnyjcnm. Yfv ghbznyj dbltnm, xnj d rjywt jåextybz ckeifntkb jwtybdfñn rehc gj änbrt dsit dctö jcnfkmysö. Änj gjlndthélftn ghfdbkmyjcnm bpåhfyyjuj yfvb yfghfdktybz jåextybz b gjybvfybz njuj, xnj bv ytjåöjlbvj d änjq jåkfcnb bpexfnm. xtv nj, rjnjhjt ceotcndjdfkj yf ghjnzétybb vyjubö ktn. D cdjbö gjtplrfö gj cnhfyt z cnfhfñcm dcnhtxfnmcz c celmzvb b bö rjkktufvb. Z gjctofñ hfpkbxyst eghfdktybz AÅH ghbvthyj hfp d ldt ytltkb. B dj dhtvz änbö gjtpljr z dcnhtxfñcm c celmzvb – tckb yt c ukfdysv celmtq, nj c rtvnj lheubv – b ghtcktleñ ldt wtkb: gthdfz – xnjås ghtlcnfdbnmcz cfvjve, b dnjhfz – cghjcbnm, rfr AÅH b atlthfkmyst ghfdjjöhfybntkmyst jhufys vjukb ås ekexibnm hfåjne d änjv jrheut, gjdscbnm rfxtcndj gjlujnjdrb ltk, ghtlcnfdkztvsö yf hfccvjnhtybt celjd, rfxtcndj ljrfpfntkmcnd b rfxtcndj hfåjns futynjd. Pf nhb c gjkjdbyjq ujlf z gjkexbk jn celtq juhjvyjt rjkbxtcndj wtyyjq byajhvfwbb b z änj jxtym wtyñ. Rjjhlbyfwbz hfåjns ghfdjj ö h f y b n t k m y s ö j h uf y j d B gjcktlytt, j xtv z öjntk ås crfpfnm, änj yjdst vths gj rjjhlbyfwbb hfåjns ghfdjjöhfybntkmysö jhufyjd yf atlthfkmyjv, infnyjv b vtcnyjv ehjdyzö. Änb vths ljkéys ghbdtcnb r åjktt rfxtcndtyyjq gjlujnjdrt ltk b r åjktt nofntkmyjve bö hfccvjnhtybñ lj ghtlüzdktybz jådbytybz, f yt gjckt. Yfib egjkyjvjxtyyst cgtwbfkmyst futyns yf vtcnfö ntcyj dpfbvjltqcndeñn cj cdjbvb rjkktufvb bp Åñhj gj rjynhjkñ pf fkrjujkmysvb yfgbnrfvb, nfåfxysvb bpltkbzvb b juytcnhtkmysv jheébtv ghb Vbybcnthcndt abyfycjd CIF b bp Eghfdktybz gj åjhmåt c yfhrjnbrfvb ghb Vbybcnthcndt ñcnbwbb, jcjåtyyj nfv, ult ceotcndeñn cgtwbfkmyst jgthfnbdyst uheggs. Gj cnhfyt yfcxbnsdftncz 152 jgthfnbdyst uheggs, d rjnjhsö futyns AÅH hfåjnfñn dvtcnt c cjnhelybrfvb atlthfkmysö ckeéå, ltgfhnfvtynjd jnltkmysö infnjd b vtcnysö dtljvcnd d gjbvrt kbw, crhsdfñoböcz jn ghfdjcelbz, d åjhmåt ghjnbd nzérbö ghtcnegktybq b d åjhmåt c nthhjhbpvjv. Bö pflfxf pfrkñxftncz d njv, xnjås vfnthbfks ltkf åskb ljkéysv jåhfpjv gjlujnjdktys lj ghtlüzdktybz jådbytybz b ghtlcnfdktybz ltkf d cel. Jyb nfrét jåtcgtxbdfñn hfpevyjt b crjjhlbybhjdfyyjt bcgjkmpjdfybt yfibö htcehcjd. Gjljåyjt gfhnythcndj ecnfyjdktyj nfrét c WHE b Ujcltgfhnfvtynjv d jåkfcnb ujcelfhcndtyyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb. Z gjkfufñ, xnj nfrjt dpfbvjltqcndbt jåtcgtxbdftn ujhfplj kexitt cjnhelybxtcndj, 8 Cgfcbåj. Gjkbwbz b yfctktybt – gfhnyths Léjpta B. Åhfyy D cjjndtncndbb c Pfrjyjv j åjhmåt c nzérbvb ghtcnegktybzvb b j ghfdjjöhfybntkmysö jhufyfö, ghbyznjv d 1994 u., Vbybcnthcndj ñcnbwbb cajhvbhjdfkj Eghfdktybt vtcnysö gjkbwtqcrbö ckeéå (EVGC). Dscnegfz d fghtkt änjuj ujlf d gjlrjvbntnt gj åñlétnysv fccbuyjdfybzv Gfkfns ghtlcnfdbntktq, rjnjhsq dsltkztn chtlcndf yf abyfycbhjdfybt EVGC, tuj lbhtrnjh Léjpta B. Åhfyy ghtlcnfdbk fyfkbp ltzntkmyjcnb änjuj yjdjuj eghfdktybz. Jy jöfhfrnthbpjdfk tt rfr ≤gfhnythcndj vtéle gjkbwtqcrbvb b uhfélfyfvb, rjnjhsv jyb ghbczuyekb ckeébnm b rjnjhsö jyb jåzpfkbcm jöhfyznm≥. D jrnzåht 1994 u. vbybcnh ñcnbwbb Léfytnn Hbyj cajhvbhjdfkf Eghfdktybt vtcnysö gjkbwtqcrbö ckeéå, htfkbpez ntv cfvsv Hfpltk È Pfrjyf j åjhmåt c nzérbvb ghtcnegktybzvb b ghfdjjöhfybntkmysö jhufyfö. Hfpltk È änjuj pfrjyf drkñxftn gjkjétybz, wtkm rjnjhsö hfpdbnbt gfhnythcndf b ntcyjuj cjnhelybxtcndf c vtcnysv yfctktybtv hflb jåotcndtyyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb. Pfrjy ghtlecvfnhbdftn ljgjkybntkmysq yfåjh 100 000 gjkbwtqcrbö d vtcnyst gjkbwtqcrbt eghfdktybz gj dctq cnhfyt. Hfpltk È bvttn jxtym elfxyjt yfpdfybt. Yfbåjktt dféysq fcgtrn yfitq ghjuhfvvs, rjnjhsq ljkéty jåtcgtxbnm tq ecgtö d åeleotv, cjcnjbn d njv, xnj abyfycbhetvst yfvb gjkbwtqcrbt djdktxtys d ajhvbhjdfybt ntcyjuj cjnhelybxtcndf c yfctktybtv lkz åjktt äaatrnbdyjq åjhmås c ghtcnegyjcnmñ yf vtcnfö. Cthlwtdbyjq änjq ltzntkmyjcnb ckeébn gfhnythcndj vtéle gjkbwbtq b uhfélfyfvb, rjnjhsv jyb gjrkzkbcm ckeébnm b rjnjhsö jåzpfkbcm jöhfyznm. Gjkbwtqcrbt, pfyznst nfrjq hfåjnjq, cnfyjdzncz xktyfvb vtcnysö jåoby, d rjnjhsö jyb hfåjnfñn. Jyb pyfrjvzncz c ltnmvb, öjpztdfvb vfufpbyjd, ctvmzvb, f nfrét c ghtcnegybrfvb b yfheibntkzvb jåotcndtyyjuj cgjrjqcndbz. Änb jabwths hfåjnfñn c ghtlcnfdbntkzvb irjk, wthrdtq, 9 ibdfnmcz bkb jcnfyfdkbdfnm ghtcnegktybt ghtélt, xtv jyj ghjbpjikj. D 1989 u. z etöfk bp Cfynf-Fyys b pfyzk gjcn yfxfkmybrf gjkbwtqcrjuj eghfdktybz d Ötqdfhlt, Rfkbajhybz. Z eåtlbkcz d njv, xnj ytcvjnhz yf ltvjuhfabxtcrbt jnkbxbz Ötqdfhlf jn Cfynf-Fyys, d änjv ujhjlt hfåjnf vtcnysö gjkbwtqcrbö ckeéå vjétn åsnm yt vtytt äaatrnbdyjq. B y b w b fn b d y s q g j l ö j l Léjpta B. Åhfyy hfpkbxysö jåotcndtyysö jhufybpfwbq, f nfrét jhufyjd eghfdktybz lkz njuj, xnjås hflbrfkmyj hfphtibnm ghjåktvs d ébksö hfqjyfö, rjnjhst jyb gfnhekbheñn. Cnhfntubz nfrjuj ntcyjuj cjnhelybxtcndf gjkbwbb c jåotcndtyyjcnmñ åskf hfphfåjnfyf yt wtynhfkmysv ghfdbntkmcndjv, f hzljdsvb gjkbwtqcrbvb, rjnjhst öjhjij pyfñn, rfrbt vtnjls hfåjns ghbyjczn gkjls b rfrbt ytn. Vjq 26-ktnybq jgsn hfåjns d vtcnysö ghfdjjöhfybntkmysö jhufyfö eåtlbk vtyz d jlyjv – ntcyjt cjnhelybxtcndj gjkbwbb c yfctktybtv ghbyjcbn htfkmyst gkjls. B cn j h b z g h j u h f v v s c jn h e l y b x t cn d f g j k b w b b c yfctktybtv 21 ujl z ghjckeébk jabwthjv d gjkbwtqcrjv eghfdktybb ujhjlf Cfynf-Fyyf, Rfkbajhybz, b ghjitk genm jn ghjcnjuj gjkbwtqcrjuj lj rfgbnfyf. B öjnz d cfvjv yfxfkt ckeéås z hfpjxfhjdfkcz d hfåjnt gjkbwtqcrjuj, z yt bpvtybk änjq ghjatccbb, gjnjve xnj d eghfdktybb gjzdbkcz yjdsq yfxfkmybr gjkbwbb, rjnjhsq ddtk gjkbwtqcreñ ckeéåe d ébksö hfqjyfö. Z edbltk, xnj gjkbwtqcrbt vjuen cltkfnm ujhfplj åjkmit, xtv ghjcnj åtcrjytxyj htfubhjdfnm yf cjjåotybz jå jlybö b ntö ét ghtcnegktybzö. Gjkbwtqcrbt vjukb fyfkbpbhjdfnm gjdflrb ghtcnegybrf, dszdkznm gjntywbfks ghtcnegyjuj vbhf, dvt- Ghjuhfvvf ltzntkmyjcnb Eghfdktybz vtcnysö gjkbwtqcrbö ckeéå ghtlecvfnhbdftn edtkbxtybt xbckf gjkbwtqcrbö ghbåkbpbntkmyj yf 20 ghjwtynjd b hfcghjcnhfytybt vtnjljd hfåjns gjkbwbb d ntcyjv cjnhelybxtcndt c vtcnysv yfctktybtv yf dcñ cnhfye. Vs öjnbv jåtcgtxbnm, xnjås änb 100 nsczx ljgjkybntkmyj yfåhfyysö gjkbwtqcrbö yt cbltkb pf cnjkfvb, f yföjlbkbcm d ébksö hfqjyfö b dtkb djqye c ghtcnegktybzvb yf vtcnfö. Gjkbwtqcrfz hfåjnf d ébksö hfqjyfö zdkztncz gjlkbyysv yjdfnjhcrbv yfxbyfytv d gjkbwtqcrjq ckeéåt, rjnjhfz åskf gjlödfxtyf gjkbwtqcrbvb d hfpkbxysö eghfdktybzö gj dctq cnhfyt. Ceåcblbb Eghfdktybz vtcnysö gjkbwtqcrbö ckeéå gjikb yf ghbdktxtybt yjdsö eghfdktybq r änjq hfåjnt b yf hfpdbnbt änjq hfåjns nfv, ult jyf eét dtkfcm. Änb ceåcblbb cgjcjåcndeñn åjktt äaatrnbdyjq, åjktt byntycbdyjq b åjktt wtktyfghfdktyyjq ltzntkmyjcnb rfr ytåjkmibö, nfr b rhegysö gjkbwtqcrbö eghfdktybq. Åkfujlfhz ceåcblbzv EVGC, rfr rhegyst, nfr b ytåjkmibt ujhjlf cvjukb frnbdbpbhjdfnm hfåjne ghfdjjöhfybntkmysö jhufyjd b yfdtcnb gjhzljr d ébksö rdfhnfkfö. D gthbjl vjtuj ghtåsdfybz d EVGC z dcnhtxfkcz c yfxfkmybrfvb gjkbwbb, ithbafvb b bö gjvjoybrfvb, gjkbwtqcrbvb, vähfvb, egjkyjvjxtyysvb jrheujd b ghtlcfdbntkzvb jåotcndtyyjcnb. Z cksifk åtcrjytxyst hfccrfps j njv, rfr djphjlbkbcm ujhjlf b jnltkmyst hfqjys, åkfujlfhz hfåjnt vtcnysö gjkbwtqcrbö ckeéå. Änj jnyjcbncz rfr r åjkmibv ujhjlfv, rfr Ajhn-Ejhn, infn Ntöfc, 10 ult ghtcnegyjcnm cjrhfnbkfcm yf 44 ghjwtynf xthtp xtnsht ujlf gjckt jhufybpfwbb vtcnysö gjkbwtqcrbö ckeéå, nfr b r ytåjkmibv, nfrbv rfr Yjhn-Åheycdbr, infn Ymñ-Léthcb, d rjnjhjv ghtcnegyjcnm cjrhfnbkfcm åjktt xtv yf 22 ghjwtynf gjckt njuj, rfr pltcm åskb jhufybpjdfys vtcnyst gjkbwtqcrbt ckeéås c gjvjomñ ceåcblbq nhtö nbgjd: COPS FAST, COPS MORE, COPS Universal Hiring Program (Eybdthcfkmyfz ghjuhfvvf yfåjhf yf ckeéåe). Yfghbvth, d 1996 u. d Vähbcdbkkt, infn Rfkbajhybz, ghtcnegyjcnm cjrhfnbkfcm yf 24 ghjwtynf. Yfxfkmybr gjkbwbb b ghtlcnfdbntkb jåotcndtyyjcnb jåüzcyzñn änj hfåjnjq gjkbwtqcrbö d ébksö hfqjyfö. Vähbcdbkk gjkexbk ceåcblbb jn EVGC yf yftv nhtö gjkbwtqcrbö. Tot jlybv ghbvthjv vjétn ckeébnm Ithkb, infn Vfccfxectnc, d rjnjhjv ghtcnegyjcnm cybpbkfcm yf 36 ghjwtynjd dctuj pf 7 vtczwtd 1995 u. Pltcm yfåkñlfkjcm htprjt cybétybt afrnjd dfylfkbpvf b djhjdcndf – ntö dbljd ghtcnegktybq, rjnjhst cybéfñn ehjdtym ébpyb d nfrbö ujhjlfö, rfr Ithkb. Yfxfkmybr gjkbwbb Gjkm Nbåjlj jåüzcyztn nfrjt cjrhfotybt ghtcnegyjcnb åjktt pfvtnyjq hfåjnjq gjkbwtqcrbö pf cxtn ceåcblbq, gjkextyysö gjkbwtqcrjq ckeéåjq ujhjlf. Ujhjlcrbt dkfcnb Ithkb bcgjkmpjdfkb äne ceåcblbñ lkz jhufybpfwbb gfnhekbhjdfybz yf ekbwfö yf dtkjcbgtlfö b gtirjv. L j å b d fn m c z h t p e k mn fn j d Åkfujlfhz vtcnysv gjkbwtqcrbv ckeéåfv xbckj nzérbö ghtcnegktybq pyfxbntkmyj cjrhfnbkjcm d nfrbö ujhjlfö, rfr Nfvgf, infn Akjhblf, b Gbncåehu, infn Gtycbkmdfybz. D Nfvgt åskj pfabrcbhjdfyj cybétybt ehjdyz ghtcnegyjcnb yf 15 ghjwtynjd dctuj pf 6 gthdsö vtczwtd 1995 u. D Gbncåehut ghtcnegyjcnm cybpbkfcm d 1995 u yf 17,5 ghjwtynf b ljcnbukf cfvjuj ybprjuj ehjdyz pf gjcktlybt 30 ktn. Nfrbt htpekmnfns cnfkb djpvjéys d änbö ujhjlfö åkfujlfhz cjnhelybxtcnde vtéle gjkbwbtq b yfctktybtv. Gj gj- cktlybv lfyysv, xbckj eåbqcnd d ujhjlt Abybrc, infn Fhbpjyf, evtymibkjcm d 1996 u yf 16 ghjwtynjd. EVGC gjvjukj dctv änbv ujhjlfv dytlhbnm gjkbwtqcreñ hfåjne d ébksö rdfhnfkfö, eukeåbnm ljdthbt b gjdscbnm rfxtcndj ébpyb pf cxtn gjdsitybz xedcndf åtpjgfcyjcnb b, xnj cfvjt ukfdyjt, cybpbnm ehjdtym ghtcnegyjcnb. Gjéfkeq, yfbåjkmieñ hjkm EVGC csuhfkj d ntö yfctktyysö geyrnfö, ult yfib ceåcblbb gjpdjkbkb cjplfnm gjkbwtqcrbt exfcnrb, rjnjhst lj änjuj jncencndjdfkb. Yfghbvth, Yfdfccf d Ctdthyjq Rfhjkbyt – änj ytåjkmijq ujhjljr, rjnjhsq cnfk gtxfkmyj pyfvtybn d jrheut Åheycdbr njhujdktq yfhrjnbrfvb. Yfdfccf cvjukf cjplfnm cdjq cjåcndtyysq gjkbwtqcrbq exfcnjr – d cjcnfdt yfxfkmybrf b ldeö jabwthjd – åkfujlfhz ceåcblbzv EVGC. B njhujdws yfhrjnbrfvb gjrbyekb ekbws, f yf gthtrhtcnrfö änjuj ujhjlrf åjkmit yt cnjzn ghjcnbnenrb. Z vju ås ghjljkébnm gthtxtym ghbvthjd njuj, rfr vtcnyst gjkbwtqcrbt ckeéås jhufybpjdfkb gfnhekbhjdfybt b ljåbkbcm zdysö htpekmnfnjd c gjvjomñ ceåcblbq, ghtljcnfdktyysö EVGC. Gjujdjhbnt c yfxfkmybrfvb gjkbwbb, ithbafvb b jabwthfvb gj dctq cnhfyt, rjnjhst cxbnfñn, xnj vtcnyst gjkbwtqcrbt ckeéås cgjcjåcndjdfkb cybétybñ ghtcnegyjcnb dj dctö htubjyfö cnhfys. Bö ltzntkmyjcnm ghbyjcbn htpekmnfns. Åkfujlfhz änbv gjkbwtqcrbv ckeéåfv, ébntkb ujhjljd xedcndeñn ctåz edthtyytt b åtpjgfcytt. Gjkbwtqcrbt ckeéås d ébksö hfqjyfö hfåjnfñn, b hfåjnfñn öjhjij. Yjdst pflfxb D cjjndtncndbb c ghjuhfvvjq EVGC xbckj jabwthjd vtcnysö gjkbwtqcrbö ckeéå ljkéyj edtkbxbnmcz r 2000 u. yf 100 nsczx xtkjdtr. Vyt ghbznyj cjjåobnm, xnj änf ghjuhfvvf ecgtiyj htfkbpetncz. Pf ldf c gjkjdbyjq ujlf vs dsltkbkb chtlcndf yf ghbtv bkb gthtdjl yf äne hfåjne ljgjkybntkmyj åjktt 56 nsczx jabwthjd lkz vtcnysö gjkbwtqcrbö ckeéå. Gjckt bö ghbtvf yf hfåjne b jåextybz vtcnys- 11 vb ghfdjjöhfybntkmysvb jhufyfvb, änb gjkbwtqcrbt åelen jåckeébdfnm åjktt, xtv 87 ghjwtynjd ébntktq CIF. Vtyz cghfibdfkb, gjxtve tot yt dct 56 nsczx jabwthjd, ghbtv rjnjhsö yf hfåjne jåtcgtxty d cjjndtncndbb c ghjuhfvvjq EVGC, ghbcnegbkb r cdjbv jåzpfyyjcnzv. Ghbxbyf cjcnjbn d njv, xnj nhtåetncz jn 6 lj 18 vtczwtd lkz njuj, xnjås yfqnb rdfkbabwbhjdfyysö rfylblfnjd, ghjdtcnb nofntkmyst ghjdthrb, yfghfdbnm rfylblfnjd yf jåextybt d extåyst wtynhs b pfntv yf extybz d gjktdsö eckjdbzö. EVGC ghtljcnfdkztn djpvjéyjcnm jnltkmysv hfqjyfv htfkbpjdfnm cdjb ghjuhfvvs ghjdthrb, yfåjhf b gjlujnjdrb rflhjd. Åjktt njuj, vs ghbpsdftv ntö, rnj gjkexftn yfib ceåcblbb, yt ghjzdkznm bpkbiytq cgtirb, yt cnhtvbnmcz r njve, xnjås gjkbwtqcrbt rfr vjéyj crjhtt ghbcnegbkb r hfåjnt. Rfr dtnthfy ckeéås d ghfdjjöhfybntkmysö jhufyfö, z vjue crfpfnm, xnj cgtirf ghb gjlujnjdrt jnhbwfntkmyj crfpsdftncz rfr yf åtpjgfcyjcnb ébntktq, nfr b yf åtpjgfcyjcnb cfvjuj jabwthf. EVGC dctulf cnhtvbkjcm b åeltn b dghtlm cnhtvbnmcz xenrj htfubhjdfnm yf yeéls ntö, rjve vs ckeébv, – ghfdjjöhfybntkmysv jhufyfv b gjkbwtqcrbv yfitq cnhfys. Vs pyftv, xnj d rjywt änjuj ujlf bcntrftn chjr ltqcndbz gthdsö ceåcblbq EVGC, b vtcnyst jhufys ljéys åelen ghbyznm yf ctåz jgkfne eckeu änbö ljgjkybntkmysö gjkbwtqcrbö. Dct exfcnybrb ghjuhfvvs EVGC cjjåobkb, xnj bvb hfphfåjnfys gkfys cjöhfytybz änbö gjkbwtqcrbö, b jyb gjcnfhfñncz cltkfnm lkz änjuj dct djpvjéyjt. EVGC åeltn ghjljkéfnm jrfpsdfnm bv cjltqcndbt lkz cjöhfytybz b ghjljkétybz gjkbwtqcrjq hfåjns yf vtcnfö. hfpjdfybz. Jéblftncz, xnj änf ghjuhfvvf, d cjjndtncndbb c rjnjhjq cnbgtylbfns ljkéys jnckeébnm xtnsht ujlf gjckt jrjyxfybz extåyjuj pfdtltybz, cjplfcn ytjåöjlbvst cnbveks lkz ghbdktxtybz b elthéfybz ñyjitq b ltdeitr yf ckeéåt d ghfdjjöhfybntkmysö jhufyfö. D änjv ujle vs gjkexbkb pfzdrb yf exfcnbt d änjq ghjuhfvvt jn 17 infnjd. Pfrjy j cnbgtylbzö lkz hfåjnybrjd ghfdjjöhfybntkmysö jhufyjd ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq ljgjkytybt r Ghjuhfvvt lkz gjkbwtqcrjuj rjhgecf. D cjjndtncndbb c änbv Pfrjyjv, gjkbwtqcrbt b gjvjoybrb ithbaf, rjnjhst ghjltvjycnhbhjdfkb cdjñ ghtlfyyjcnm ghfdjjöhfybntkmysv jhufyfv, åelen gjkexfnm abyfycjdeñ gjllthére lkz gjkextybz dscituj jåhfpjdfybz. Gj gjkjétybzv änjq ghjuhfvvs, rfr b d ckexft ghjuhfvvs cnbgtylbq gjkbwtqcrjuj rjhgecf, cnbgtylbfns ljkéys dpznm yf ctåz jåzpfntkmcndj ghjljkéfnm ckeéåe, xnj jcjåtyyj dféyj lkz lfkmytqitq dthåjdrb, elthéfybz yf ckeéåt b gjdsitybz jåhfpjdfybz hfåjnybrjd ghfdjjöhfybntkmysö jhufyjd rfr d infnfö, nfr b yf vtcnyjv ehjdyt. B, yfrjytw, Ghjuhfvvf dthåjdrb gjkbwtqcrbö yfwtktyf yf dthåjdre b elthéfybt rfylblfnjd yf hfåjnt d gjkbwtqcrbö eghfdktybzö. Änf ghjuhfvvf drkñxftn cktleñott: ckeéåe dthåjdrb, d njv xbckt ghjuhfvvs ljgjkybntkmyjq gjlujnjdrb r clfxt dcnegbntkmysö ärpfvtyjd d extåyst pfdtltybz; gjvjom rfylblfnfv d jajhvktybb ljrevtynjd, f nfrét eckeub, jrfpsdftvst hfpkbxysv dtljvcndfv lkz elthéfybz rdfkbabwbhjdfyysö rfylblfnjd. Ghjuhfvvs ceåcblbq EVGC Åkfujlfhz Ghjuhfvvt lkz gjkbwtqcrjuj rjhgecf, edtkbxbncz xbckj öjhjij jåhfpjdfyysö b gjlujnjdktyysö gjkbwtqcrbö, f rfylblfns, pfbynthtcjdfyyst d ckeéåt d ghfdjjöhfybntkmysö jhufyfö, gjkexfn ytjåöjlbveñ gjllthére lkz pfdthitybz jå- 12 Gjlujnjdrf gjkbwtqcrbö rflhjd d ltvjrhfnbxtcrjv jåotcndt Jndby Vfhbyty Cbcntve ghjatccbjyfkmyjq gjlujnjdrb gjkbwtqcrbö d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö vjéyj jgbcfnm njkmrj d jåobö xthnfö, gjcrjkmre d cnhfyt ceotcndetn jrjkj 17 000 ghfdjjöhfybntkmysö dtljvcnd vtcnyjuj, infnyjuj b atlthfkmyjuj ehjdyz. D änjq cnfnmt l-h Jndby Vfhbyty, ghjatccjh gjkbnjkjubb, cgtwbfkbcn gj eujkjdyjve ghfde d eybdthcbntnt infnf Dfibyunjy, jgbcsdftn hfpkbxyst ajhvs gjlujnjdrb gjkbwtqcrbö d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö. Fdnjh gjlxthrbdftn, xnj ≤njkmrj ghfrnbxtcrfz gjlujnjdrf gjpdjkztn djgkjnbnm ltvjrhfnbxtcrbt yjhvs d äaatrnbdyeñ gjkbnbre≥. D kñåjv jåotcndt dsgjkytybt gjkbwtqcrbö aeyrwbq – jlyf bp cfvsö ckjéysö b nhelysö pflfx. D ltvjrhfnbxtcrjv jåotcndt gjkyjvjxbz b aeyrwbb gjkbwbb jcyjdfys yf pfrjyt, b d nj ét dhtvz gjkbwbz dj vyjujv cfvf jghtltkztn, rjulf b rfr ghbvtybnm pfrjy. Gjkbwbz ljkéyf dsgjkyznm nhtåjdfybz jåotcndf gj pfobnt b åtpjgfcyjcnb yfctktybz b d nj ét dhtvz ljkéyf ghjnbdjcnjznm kñåsv gjgsnrfv yfheibnm jöhfyztvst Rjycnbnewbtq ghfdf jnltkmysö kbw b uhegg kñltq. Gjkbwbb ghtljcnfdkztncz jghtltktyyfz cntgtym cdjåjls ghjatccbjyfkmyjq ltzntkmyjcnb – rfr jnltkmysv kbwfv, nfr b jhufybpfwbzv. Yj d nj ét dhtvz jyf ljkéyf cktljdfnm jghtltktyysv yjhvfv gjdtltybz b ytcnb jndtncndtyyjcnm gthtl jåotcndjv d wtkjv b gthtl bpåhfyysvb yf ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö jcyjdfö jabwbfkmysvb kbwfvb. 13 Vyjubt caths ltzntkmyjcnb gjkbwbb, rfr-nj ghbvtytybt cbks lkz jåtcgtxtybz cjåkñltybz jåotcndtyysö yjhv, kjém b jåvfy ghb dsgjkytybb ctrhtnyjq hfåjns bkb exfcnbt d regkt-ghjlfét yfhrjnbrjd, blen dhfphtp c jåotghbyznsvb jåotcndtyysvb yjhvfvb gjdtltybz, b ntv yt vtytt jyb ytjåöjlbvs lkz eljdktndjhtybz gjnhtåyjcntq jåotcndf d cjöhfytybb gjhzlrf, åtpjgfcyjcnb b åkfujgjkexbz. Rjhjxt ujdjhz, gjkbwbz ljkéyf cjxtnfnm d cdjtq ltzntkmyjcnb pfrjyyst, yj d nj ét dhtvz ghjnbdjgjkjéyst lheu lheue wtyyjcnb b ghfdf. Jyf ljkéyf jåtcgtxbdfnm äaatrnbdyjcnm cdjbö ltqcndbq, yt yfheifz ghfd kbxyjcnb. Jyf ljéyf gjllthébdfnm jåotcndtyysq gjhzljr, yt juhfybxbdfz bpkbiyt cdjåjle ltqcndbq. Jyf ljkéyf euhjéfnm ghbvtytybtv cbks bkb ghbvtyznm cbke yf ltkt, yt ljgecrfz pkjegjnhtåktybz tñ. Jyf ljkéyf herjdjlcndjdfnmcz d cdjbö ltqcndbzö pfrjyjv b d nj ét dhtvz ghjatccbjyfkmysv jgsnjv. Wtkm jåextybz pfrkñxftncz d njv, xnjås ghtljcnfdbnm gjkbwtqcrbv byntkktrnefkmyst b ghfrnbxtcrbt yfdsrb lkz ghbyznbz ghfdbkmyjuj htitybz ghb extnt dctö änbö jcjåtyyyjcntq. Ghjatccbjyfkmyfz g j l uj n j d r f D wtynht dybvfybz änjq cnfnmb – vtcnyst gjkbwtqcrbt jhufys d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö, gjcrjkmre jyb cfvst vyjujxbcktyyst, d bö herfö yföjlzncz åjkmibt gjkyjvjxbz, b bvtyyj c ybvb xfot dctuj cnfkrbdfñncz uhfélfyt cnhfys. Njkmrj d 1993 u. d infnysö b vtcnysö gjkbwtqcrbö jhufyfö hfåjnfkj 830 nsc. xtkjdtr, bp ybö jrjkj 620 nsc. jabwthjd, ghbyzdibö ckeétåyeñ ghbczue, f jcnfkmyst – uhfélfycrbt kbwf. Åjkmibycndj vtcnysö gjkbwtqcrbö yt cgtwbfkbpbhetncz d rjyrhtnysö jåkfcnzö – jyb ltkfñn dct, xnj ytjåöjlbvj. Bö hfåjnf drkñxftn d ctåz gfnhekbhjdfybt, gjdctlytdyjt gjllthéfybt jåotcndtyyjuj gjhzlrf b ghtljcnfdktybt hfpyjjåhfpysö eckeu yfctktybñ. D åjktt rhegysö gjkbwtqcrbö ltgfhnfvtynfö gjkbwtqcrbt vjuen pfybvfnmcz cktljdfntkmcrjq hfåjnjq, jn ybö nhtåetncz ghbvtytybt bö cgtwbfkmysö yfdsrjd, f nfrét dsgjkytybt flvbybcnhfnbdysö aeyrwbq. Ceotcndetn nhb dblf ghjatccbjyfkmyjq gjlujnjdrb gjkbwtqcrbö lkz hfåjns d vtcnysö gjkbwtqcrbö exfcnrfö: åfpjdjt frfltvbxtcrjt jåhfpjdfybt, jåextybt d gjkbwtqcrbö exfcnrfö yf vtcnfö, ghjdjlbvjt jgsnysvb jabwthfvb gjkbwbb, b cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyyjt jåextybt ytgjchtlcndtyyj yf ckeéåt. D lfyyjq cnfnmt jgbcsdftncz gjlujnjdrf gjkbwtqcrbö, ghbyzdibö ckeétåyeñ ghbczue b yfltktyysö dctvb gjkyjvjxbzvb hfåjnybrjd ghfdjjöhfybntkmysö jhufyjd, f yt uhfélfycrbö kbw, rjnjhst hfåjnfñn d gjkbwtqcrbö exfcnrfö. Åtpeckjdyj gjkbwtqcrbt jåexfñncz b ytgjchtlcndtyyj d ghjwtcct hfåjns. Ghjatccbjyfkmyfz gjlujnjdrf yfwtktyf yf jåextybt åfpjdsv ghfdbkfv b ghbywbgfv, d hfvrfö rjnjhsö ljkéty ghbjåhtnfnmcz ghfrnbxtcrbq jgsn. C n f y l f h n b p f w b z g j l uj n j d r b gjkbwtqcrbö Cnfylfhnyfz frfltvbxtcrfz gjlujnjdrf gjkbwtqcrbö ddtltyf d CIF chfdybntkmyj ytlfdyj åkfujlfhz ldev yjdjddtltybzv: jlyjve yf infnyjv ehjdyt, lheujve yf atlthfkmyjv. D 1959 u. d Rfkbajhybb åskf cjplfyf Rjvbccbz gj cnfylfhnfv b gjlujnjdrt gjkbwtqcrbö d vbhyjt dhtvz, pflfxf rjnjhjq cjcnjzkf d cnfylfhnbpfwbb nhtåjdfybq lkz gjkbwtqcrbö dtljvcnd d ghtltkfö infnf. Gjckt änjuj dj dctö infnfö åskb cjplfys gjljåyst dtljvcndf b cbcntvs jåextybz. Gjcrjkmre d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö veybwbgfkmyst dkfcnb, gj pfrjye, ajhvbheñncz dkfcnzvb infnjd, nj cfvb infns rjynhjkbheñn bö gjkyjvjxbz, d njv xbckt gjkbwtqcrbt, jghtltkzz bö d ghjatccbjyfkmysö ecnfdfö. Jåsxyj rjvbccbb gj jåextybñ b gjlujnjdrt gjkbwtqcrbö hfphfåfnsdfñn cnfylfhns gj dthåjdrt, yföjéltybb yf ckeéåt b edjkmytybñ gjkbwtqcrbö, ecnfyfdkbdfñn vbybvfkmyst nhtåjdfybz gj 14 gjlujnjdrt rflhjd b pfybvfñncz exhtéltybtv yjdsö gjkbwtqcrbö exfcnrjd, dytlhtybtv ghjuhfvv jåextybz b lheubvb yjdjddtltybzvb. Yfwbjyfkmyfz rjycekmnfnbdyfz rjvbccbz gj cnfylfhnfv b pflfxfv eujkjdyjuj ghfdf ghjfyfkbpbhjdfkf hfåjne cbcntvs eujkjdyjuj ghfdf d yfxfkt 70-ö uu. b jåyfheébkf, xnj d cnhfyt ceotcndeñn xhtpdsxfqyj hfpyjjåhfpyst nhtåjdfybz b vtnjls gjlujnjdrb gjkbwtqcrbö. Rjvbccbz htrjvtyljdfkf rehc åfpjdjuj jåextybz lkz yjdjåhfywtd d jåütvt vbybvev 400 xfcjd, gjlhfpltkzñobqcz yf cktleñobt rfntujhbb: • ddtltybt d cbcntve eujkjdyjq ñcnbwbb (8fi), • pfrjyjlfntkmcndj (10fi), • xtkjdtxtcrbt wtyyjcnb b ghjåktvs (22fi), • gfnhekbhjdfybt b jgthfnbdyj-cktljdfntkmcrfz hfåjnf (33fi), • ghbvtytybt cbks b ghjatccbjyfkmyst yfdsrb gjkbwtqcrbö (18fi) b • flvbybcnhfnbdyfz hfåjnf (9fi). Rhjvt njuj, rjvbccbz htrjvtyljdfkf gjdscbnm ytjåöjlbvsq ehjdtym jåhfpjdfybz ghb ghbtvt yjdjåhfywtd yf jåextybt. Ctujlyz åjkmibycndj gjkbwtqcrbö ltgfhnfvtynjd nhtåetn, xnjås yjdjåhfyws bvtkb pfrjyxtyyjt chtlytt jåhfpjdfybt, f jlby ghjwtyn ltgfhnfvtynjd nhtåetn lbgkjv jå jrjyxfybb rjkktléf. D yfcnjzott dhtvz dj dctö infnfö ceotcndetn cnfylfhnysq frfltvbxtcrbq extåysq gkfy d jåütvt 425 extåysö xfcjd, d nj dhtvz rfr åjktt rhegyst ltgfhnfvtyns jåsxyj nhtåeñn åjktt lkbntkmyjuj rehcf jåextybz. Åfpjdjt frfltvbxtcrjt jåextybt Jåextybtv yjdjåhfywtd pfybvfñncz vtcnyst gjkbwtqcrbt eghfdktybz, rjnjhst jgkfxbdfñn bö jåextybt d frfltvbb. Rehcs åfpjdjuj jåextybz ghtljcnfdkzñncz dkfcnzvb infnjd, htubjyfkmysvb uheggfvb gjkbwtqcrbö dtljvcnd b ytrjnjhsvb rhegysvb gjkbwtqcrbvb dtljvcndfvb d jnltkmyjcnb. Yfghbvth, d Vby- ytcjnt jåextybt yjdjåhfywtd ghjöjlbn d rjkktléfö vtcnyjuj ehjdyz, b dsgecrybrb änbö ghjuhfvv ytgjchtlcndtyyj yfybvfñncz yf hfåjne gjkbwtqcrbvb eghfdktybzvb. Rfr ghfdbkj, åfpjdfz gjlujnjdrf gjkbwtqcrbö yfghfdktyf yf jcdjtybt nhtö jåkfcntq pyfybq: yfdsrb gj gfnhekbhjdfybñ b jgthfnbdyj-cktljdfntkmcrjq hfåjnt, pyfybz gj ghfdjdsv b ghjwtlehysv djghjcfv b ghfdbkmyjt bcgjkmpjdfybt cbks b jheébz. Ujhfplj vtymit dybvfybz eltkztncz xtkjdtxtcrbv dpfbvjjnyjitybzv b yfdsrfv jåotybz, pyfybñ cbcntvs eujkjdyjuj ghfdf b ghjatccbjyfkmyjq änbrt. Jcyjdyfz wtkm jåextybz – lfnm yjdjåhfywfv jcyjdjgjkfufñobt ghfrnbxtcrbt yfdsrb, rjnjhst bv gjnhtåeñncz ghb dsgjkytybb hfåjns. C ntxtybtv dhtvtyb äktvtyns jcyjdyjuj rehcf jåextybz ghtnthgtdfñn bpvtytybz, d xfcnyjcnb, d gjcktlytt dhtvz åjkmit dybvfybz cnfkj eltkznmcz djghjcfv ntcyjuj cjnhelybxtcndf c vtcnysv yfctktybtv. Tot jlyj bpvtytybt cdzpfyj c edtkbxtybtv ghbtvf yf hfåjne d gjkbwbñ ghtlcnfdbntktq yfwbjyfkmysö vtymibycnd b étyoby, xnj ghbdtkj r åjkmitve gjybvfybñ yfkbxbz rekmnehysö hfpkbxbq vtéle kñlmvb, b cgjcjåcndjdfkj hfphfåjnrt b dytlhtybñ ghjuhfvvs jåextybz hfåjnt c kñlmvb hfpysö yfwbjyfkmyjcntq. Jåextybt ghfdbkmyjve dpfbvjltqcndbñ lheu c lheujv b c ghtlcnfdbntkzvb lheujq hfcs, yfwbjyfkmyjcnb, gjkf b jåhfpf ébpyb jcyjdfyj yf vtnjlfö hjktdjq buhs. D frfltvbzö jåsxyj ghtgjlfñn jgsnyst jabwths, dtleobt pfyznbz d rkfccfö; ghjdjlzncz gbcmvtyyst ärpfvtys bkb ghfrnbxtcrbt pfxtns, yfghbvth, gj pfvthe cktljd iby gjckt ljhjéyjuj ghjbcitcndbz. D ghjwtcct jåextybz ckeifntkb gjkexfñn pyfybz, rjnjhst cxbnfñncz ytjåöjlbvsvb lkz dctö gjkbwtqcrbö, f nfrét jndtns yf djghjcs nbgf: rfr ghjbpdtcnb fhtcn njhujdwf yfhrjnbrfvb, b xnj nfrjt ≤rhféf cj dpkjvjv≥? Yj d jåextybb buhfñn hjkm nfrét b jgsn, plhfdsq cvsck b jåofz rekmnehf gjkbwtqcrjuj htvtckf. 15 Xthtp dtcm ghjwtcc jåextybz ghjöjlzn ntvs ghjatccbjyfkmyjq ujhljcnb, vtnjljd jåtcgtxtybz åtpjgfcyjcnb gjkbwtqcrjuj, jåzpfyyjcnb gjkbwtqcrbö pfobofnm lheu lheuf, ytjåöjlbvjcnb lthéfnm kñåeñ cbnefwbñ gjl rjynhjktv b gjcnjzyyjuj vjybnjhbyuf jrheéfñotq jåcnfyjdrb. Rfr ghfdbkj, yf gjcktlybö pfyznbzö bpexftncz ≤Rjltrc gjdtltybz gjkbwtqcrbö≥, rjnjhsq yjdjåhfyws gjckt jrjyxfybz extås lfñn rkznde cjåkñlfnm. ysö yfdsrjd (yfghbvth, yfdsrb jåotybz, cjcnfdktybt jnxtnjd b vfythf gjdtltybz). C ntö gjh åjkmibycndj gjkbwtqcrbö exfcnrjd dytlhbkj e ctåz cöjlyeñ vjltkm jåextybz yf vtcnfö. D 1993 u. yf jåextybt yf vtcnfö jndjlbkjcm d chtlytv gj CIF jrjkj 220 xfcjd, ghb änjv cfvst ghjljkébntkmyst chjrb jåextybz, hfdyst 550 xfcfv, öfhfrnthys lkz gjkbwtqcrbö eghfdktybq d ujhjlfö chtlytuj hfpvthf (jn xtndthnb lj gjkevbkkbjyf ébntktq). J å e x t y b t y f v t cn f ö Ghjwtcc jåextybz yf vtcnfö ghtlgjkfuftn lfkmytqibq gthtdjl yjdjåhfywf jn uhfélfycrjq ébpyb d yjdeñ chtle gjkbwtqcrbö c bö jcjåjq rekmnehjq. Jy jödfnsdftn nfrbt caths, rfr yfdsrb gjkbwtqcrbö d wtkjv, djghjcs b cbnefwbb, c rjnjhsvb jyb cnfkrbdfñncz; bö jåexfñn, rfr ltqcndjdfnm d rjyrhtnyjq jåcnfyjdrt, b pyfrjvzn c hfpkbxysvb fcgtrnfvb ltzntkmyjcnb lfyyjuj gjkbwtqcrjuj exfcnrf b jcjåtyyjcnzvb jrheéfñotq chtls, nfrbvb rfr hfcjdsq cjcnfd ujhjlf b öfhfrnthbcnbrb åkbpktéfobö ébksö hfqjyjd. Rfr ghfdbkj, dj dhtvz jåextybz yf vtcnfö yjdjåhfyws ghjöjlzn bcgsnfntkmysq chjr, b bö vjuen edjkbnm åtp erfpfybz ghbxbys. Jåsxyj ghb jåextybb yf vtcnfö vjkjljq yjdjåhfytw hfåjnftn d gfht c jgsnysv gfhnythjv. Yfghbvth, d 1972 u. gjkbwtqcrjt eghfdktybt d Cfy-Öjct, infn Rfkbajhybz, hfphfåjnfkj jabwbfkmyeñ ghjuhfvve gjlujnjdrb yf vtcnfö ghjljkébntkmyjcnmñ d jlby ujl (drkñxfz 14-ytltkmysq rehc åfpjdjq frfltvbxtcrjq gjlujnjdrb). Htfkbpfwbtq änjq ghjuhfvvs pfybvfñncz cgtwbfkmyj dsltktyyst jabwths. Gj jrjyxfybb frfltvbb vjkjlst gjkbwtqcrbt gjcntgtyyj pyfrjvzncz c öfhfrnthjv hfåjns gjkbwbb gjl cnhjubv rjynhjktv jgsnysö jabwthjd. Bö ltqcndbz gjcnjzyyj jwtybdfñncz gj rhfqytq vtht ldevz jabwthfvb, pfybvfñobvbcz jåextybtv yf vtcnfö, c njxrb phtybz rfr jcyjdysö pyfybq (nfrbö rfr ujyrf c ghtcktljdfybtv, hfcgjpyfdfybt jgfcyjcnb, ghbvtytybt jheébz), nfr b dnjhjcntgty- Jåextybt åtp jnhsdf jn ckeéås Jnltkmysv gjkbwtqcrbv ghtljcnfdkztncz djpvjéyjcnm jåextybz åtp jnhsdf jn ckeéås – xfcnj änj åsdftn yfuhfljq pf öjhjieñ hfåjne. Änj gjlujnjdrf d wtkzö lfkmytqituj ghjldbétybz gj ckeéåt bkb jåextybz hzljdsö gjkbwtqcrbö rfrbv-kbåj cgtwbabxtcrbv yfdsrfv, ytjåöjlbvsv lkz dsgjkytybz cnjzobö gthtl gjkbwtqcrbv eghfdktybtv pflfx. Rehcs gj jåextybñ åtp jnhsdf jn ckeéås, d jcyjdyjv d catht herjdjlcndf b flvbybcnhfnbdyjq hfåjns, jhufybpeñn rfr ghfdbkj infnyst b atlthfkmyst dtljvcndf, f nfrét xfcnyst jhufybpfwbb. Jyb vjuen bvtnm ajhve rhfnrjdhtvtyysö rehcjd gj ntreobv djghjcfv, yjdsv ntöyjkjubzv, gjcktlybv htitybzv celjd, vfnthbfkmyjve b ghjwtccefkmyjve ghfde (yfghbvth, hjpscr b pfödfn), vtnjlfv jgthfnbdyj-hjpscryjq hfåjns b yfdsrfv eghfdktybz. Änb rehcs jåsxyj lkzncz jn jlyjuj lyz lj ldeö ytltkm b jhufybpeñncz yf ytghthsdyjq jcyjdt rfr extåysvb rjvbccbzvb b frfltvbzvb infnf, nfr b xfcnysvb jhufybpfwbzvb. Yfghbvth, extåyfz rjvbccbz infnf Dfibyunjy tétujlyj geåkbretn rfnfkju, d rjnjhjv gthtxbcktys hfpkbxyst extåyst rehcs, yfxbyfz c jåextybz cjcnfdktybñ hfpkbxysö ljrevtynjd b rjyxfz hfccktljdfybtv ltk, cdzpfyysö c étcnjrbv jåhfotybtv b ctrcefkmysvb ljvjufntkmcndfvb d jnyjitybb ltntq, f nfrét vtnjlfv hfåjns d ntcyjv cjnhelybxtcndt c vtcnysv yfctktybtv b hfccktljdfybñ ljhjéysö ghjbcitcndbq. 16 Dj vyjubö infnfö tcnm rjkktléb gj gjlujnjdrt gjkbwtqcrbö-herjdjlbntktq, rjnjhst ghtlkfufñn rehcs gj gjlujnjdrt flvbybcnhfnjhjd b yfxfkmybrjd gjkbwtqcrbö exfcnrjd. Yfghbvth, yfwbjyfkmyst frfltvbxtcrbt rehcs ghb Frfltvbb AÅH d Refynbrj, infn Dbhlébybz, pfybvfñncz gjlujnjdrjq rflhjd gjkbwtqcrbö lkz vtcnysö gjkbwtqcrbö exfcnrjd. Atlthfkmysq wtynh gj gjlujnjdrt hfåjnybrjd ghfdjjöhfybntkmysö jhufyjd d Uktyrj, infn Léjhlébz, jåexftn ukfdysv jåhfpjv cjnhelybrjd atlthfkmysö ltgfhnfvtynjd, yj nfrét pfybvftncz jåextybtv gjkbwtqcrbö bp vtcnysö gjkbwtqcrbö exfcnrjd nfrbv yfdsrfv b pyfybzv, rjnjhst jåsxyj yt ghtgjlfñncz d cjcnfdt extåysö rehcjd bkb d frfltvbzö yf vtcnfö. Chtlb ibhjrj bpdtcnysö ytgjkbwtqcrbö extåysö pfdtltybq – Ñéysq bycnbnen gjkbwbb b Ctdthj-pfgflysq bycnbnen ljhjéyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb, döjlzobt d cjcnfd eybdthcbntnjd. L t v j r h fn b x t c r b t g h b y w b g s gjkbwtqcrjq hfåjns Jlby bp cfvsö åjkmibö gfhfljrcjd pfrkñxftncz d njv, xnj d ghjwtcct jåextybz gjkbwtqcrbö d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb yt pfnhfubdfñncz ghzvsv jåhfpjv. Ytn rehcjd, gjcdzotyysö ltvjrhfnbxtcrbv ghbywbgfv gjkbwtqcrjq jöhfys d wtkjv bkb jåjcyjdfybñ ltqcndbq gjkbwbb, d rjnjhsö bpexfkbcm ås jlyjdhtvtyyj ghbvtytybt cbks, c jlyjq cnjhjys, b ghfdf xtkjdtrf, xtkjdtxtcrjt ljcnjbycndj b ltvjrhfnbxtcrbt wtyyjcnb, c lheujq. Ghtlgjkfuftncz, xnj jåextybt äaatrnbdyjve dsgjkytybñ gjkbwtqcrjq jöhfys ghb gjllthért cbkmysö gjkbwtqcrbö jhufybpfwbq, cnhjuj cjåkñlfñobö ghfdbkf, ghbdtltn r jåtcgtxtybñ ltvjrhfnbxyjcnb ghb bcgjkytybb gjkbwtqcrbö aeyrwbq, ukfdysv jåhfpjv pf cxtn ajhvbhjdfybz b erhtgktybz jåotq ltvjrhfnbxtcrjq rekmnehs d gjkbwtqcrbö eghfdktybzö. Änf fyjvfkbz jåüzcyzncz ldevz ukfdysvb ghbxbyfvb. Dj-gthdsö, gjkbnbrb, cjplfñobt pfrjys, yfctktybt, jnlfñ- ott pf ybö cdjq ujkjc, exbntkz gjkbwtqcrbö b yjdjåhfyws – dct jyb eét pyfñn, xnj Cjtlbytyyst Infns – ltvjrhfnbxtcrjt jåotcndj, b gjänjve ytn ytjåöjlbvjcnb jåceélfnm äne ntve d rfxtcndt jåobö hfvjr. Dj-dnjhsö, lkz fvthbrfycrbö gjkbwtqcrbö jåextybt ltvjrhfnbb ghtlcnfdkztncz ≤gjkbnbxtcrjq≥ aeyrwbtq. Wtkm b ujhljcnm gjkbwtqcrbö – änj bö ghjatccbjyfkbpv. F jy cjcnjbn d njv, xnj gjkbwbz cjåkñlftn gjkbnbxtcrbq ytqnhfkbntn d cdjtq hfåjnt. Gjkbwtqcrb ghjatccbjyfkmyj jcjpyfñn ctåz d lbcreccbzö, rjltrcfö b ghbywbgfö rfr ytqnhfkmyeñ cbke d gjkbnbxtcrjq ébpyb cnhfys (ytpfdbcbvj jn njuj, xnj jyb vjuen levfnm rfr jnltkmyst kñlb bkb rfr xktys jhufybpfwbb), dsgjkyzñobt pflfxb gj jåtcgtxtybñ pfrjyf b åtpjgfcyjcnb. D ltqcndbntkmyjcnb jyb nfr bkb byfxt gjkbnbpbhjdfys b exfcndeñn d gjkbnbrt. Jlyfrj, jyb yt öjnzn åsnm djdktxtyysvb ytgjchtlcndtyyj d gjkbnbxtcrbt rjyakbrns, nfr rfr änj vjétn gjkyjcnmñ gjljhdfnm crkflsdfdibtcz ujlfvb bö bvblé b ghtlyfpyfxtybt. B öjnz gjkbwtqcrjq jöhfyt ltvjrhfnbxtcrjuj jåotcndf yt jåexfñn ybult rfr nfrjdjq, änb yfdsrb ghbjåhtnfñncz åkfujlfhz cktleñobv xtnshtv fcgtrnfv jåextybz: cjåkñltybt ghjatccbjyfkmyjuj änbxtcrjuj rjltrcf, pyfybt pfrjyf, cgtwbfkmyst yfdsrb b cjdctv ytlfdyj cajhvbhjdfdittcz yfghfdktybt – ntcyjt cjnhelybxtcndj gjkbwbb c vtcnysv yfctktybtv. Rjltrc änbxtcrbö yjhv Vtéleyfhjlyfz fccjwbfwbz yfxfkmybrjd gjkbwbb (änj ghtbveotcndtyyj fvthbrfycrfz jhufybpfwbz) ghbyzkf d 1957 u. Rjltrc änbxtcrbö yjhv hfåjnybrjd ghfdjjöhfybntkmysö jhufyjd, rjnjhsq åsk pfvtyty d 1989 u. Rjltrcjv gjdtltybz gjkbwtqcrjuj. Yjdsq rjltrc åjktt rjyrhtnty, b ltkftn frwtyn yf nfrbö yjhvfö, rfr åtcghbcnhfcnyjt dsgjkytybt jåzpfyyjcntq, jåjcyjdfyyjcnm ghb egjnhtåktybb dkfcnb, juhfybxtyyjt ghbvtytybt cbks, rjyabltywbfkmyjcnm pyfybq, ghbjåhtnty- 17 ysö d ghjwtcct hfåjns, ytgjlregyjcnm gthtl kbwjv rjhhegwbb b pkjegjnhtåktybtv dkfcnmñ, dpfbvjltqcndbt c lheubvb dtljvcndfvb eujkjdyjuj celjghjbpdjlcndf, kbxyfz jndtncndtyyjcnm pf cdjt gjdtltybt b edfétybt r cdjtq ghjatccbb d kbxyjq ébpyb. Änb yjhvs cjlthéfncz d njq rkzndt, rjnjhst yjdjåhfyws ghbybvfñn ghb dcnegktybb d ljkéyjcnm. Änjn rjltrc ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq nfrét jcyjde ceotcndeñobö cnfylfhnjd gjdtltybz. Gjkbwtqcrbt pyfñn, xnj jy ceotcndetn, b pyfñn, xnj änb yjhvs, lfñobt bv gjkyjvjxbz, jlyjdhtvtyyj ckeéfn b jcyjdfybtv lkz yfrfpfybz d ckexft pkjegjnhtåktybt bvb. Pyfybt pfrjyf Pyfybt pfrjyf – änj jcyjdyjq rjvgjytyn jåextybz d frfltvbb b åtp jnhsdf jn ckeéås. Rhjvt pyfybq gjkjétybq cdjljd vtcnysö pfrjyjd b rjycnbnewbjyfkmysö ghjwtccefkmysö yjhv, cñlf drkñxftncz ghtlcnfdktybt j njv, xnj pfrjy bvttn jcjåjt pyfxtybt d hfåjnt gjkbwtqcrbö. Gjkbwtqcrbt gjybvfñn, xnj gjytcen jndtncndtyyjcnm, tckb åelen ltqcndjdfnm dyt hfvjr pfrjyf. Gjkbwtqcrbt gjcnjzyyj éfkeñncz yf cnhjujcnm pfrjyjd, yj jyb b edféfñn bö, gjcrjkmre pyfñn, xnj d jncencndbt pfrjyf jyb ghtdhfnzncz d jåsxysö uhfélfy b ghb änjv åeltn jncencndjdfnm rfrfz-kbåj pfrjyyjcnm d bö ltqcndbzö b gjkyjvjxbzö. Bö ghfdj yf ghbvtytybt cbks lkz rjynhjkz pf gjdtltybtv kñltq jrfétncz ytghbtvktvsv, tckb jåotcndj åeltn cxbnfnm, xnj jyb ltqcndeñn dyt pfrjyf. Jlyfrj, tckb dct bltn ghfdbkmyj, nj bö hfåjnf jnhféftn dkfcnm pfrjyf d ltqcndbb. Cgtwbfkmyst yfdsrb Lfyyfz jåkfcnm jåextybz cgjcjåcndetn jåtcgtxtybñ ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö ghbywbgjd d hfåjnt gjkbwbb. Byfxt ujdjhz, tckb gjkbwtqcrbt jåkflfñn ghjatccbjyfkbpvjv d jgthfnbdyj-hjpscryjq ltzntkmyjcnb, dtltybb ljghjcjd b d catht rjynhjkz, nj jngflftn gjnhtåyjcnm ghbvtytybz cbks, euhjp b bpkbiytuj lfdktybz c wtkmñ lj- åbnmcz bcnbys, jcåtyyj d ntö ckexfzö, rjulf kñlb yföjlzncz d cjcnjzybb jnxfzybz. Tckb gjkbwtqcrbt pyfñn, rfr ghfdbkmyj dszdbnm b hfccktljdfnm ghtcnegktybt, bv yt yeéyj jrfpsdfnm lfdktybt yf gjljphtdftvjuj, ljåbdfzcm e ytuj ghbpyfybz. Tckb gjkbwtqcrbt ghfdbkmyj jåhfofñncz c kñlmvb, jyb vjuen bpåtéfnm cbnefwbb, dtleotq r yfcbkbñ, yt yfyjcz edtxbq ctåt bkb lheubv kñlzv. Cktljdfntkmyj, cgtwbfkmyst yfdsrb ghböjlzn yf cvtye yfcbkmcndtyysö, ytpfrjyysö b cfvjdjkmysö ltqcndbq. N t c y j t c jn h e l y b x t cn d j g j k b w b b c v t cn y s v yfctktybtv Ntcyjt cjnhelybxtcndj gjkbwbb c vtcnysv yfctktybtv – jlyj bp yjditcnd d hfåjnt gjkbwtqcrbö d Fvthbrt. Pyfxbntkmyfz xfcnm änjq hfåjns, f bvtyyj: ghtljndhfotybt ghtcnegktybq, htitybt ntreobö ghjåktv, gfhnythcndj c ébntkzvb njuj bkb byjuj hfqjyf, eukeåktybt b hfcibhtybt jöhfyysö aeyrwbq – ltvjrhfnbxyf d ghzvjv cksckt änjuj ckjdf. Änj yfcnjzofz pfåjnf j yfctktybb. Jåextybt gjkbwtqcrbö h f å j n t d l t v j r h fn b x t c r j v j å o t cn d t Jåextybt gjkbwtqcrbö ltvjrhfnbb vjétn åsnm cjchtljnjxtyj kbåj yf jåobö b fåcnhfrnysö ghbywbgfö ltvjrhfnbb, ktéfobö d jcyjdt hfåjns gjkbwbb, kbåj yf ghfrnbxtcrbö djghjcfö b vtnjlfö dsgjkytybz hfåjns gjkbwtqcrbvb. Fdnjh cxbnftn, xnj njkmrj nfrfz gjlujnjdrf, rjulf ltvjrhfnbxtcrbt wtyyjcnb jåceélfñncz d rjyntrcnt ltzntkmyjcnb gjkbwtqcrbö, vjétn yfexbnm gjkbwtqcrbö ljkéysv jåhfpjv dsgjkyznm cdjb aeyrwbb d ltvjrhfnbxtcrjv jåotcndt. Njkmrj d ghjwtcct ghfrnbxtcrjuj jåextybz njve, xnj, rjulf b rfr ltkfnm, ltvjrhfnbxtcrbt yjhvs djgkjofñncz d äaatrnbdyeñ rjyrhtnyeñ hfåjne gjkbwtqcrbö. D kñåjv ckexft ghb ghbyznbb htitybq yf ekbwfö ujhjljd gjkbwtqcrbt åelen bcgjkmpjdfnm nj, xtve bö exbkb d frfltvbb bkb dj dhtvz hfåjns. 18 Ntv yt vtytt, jåextybt gjkbwtqcrbö ltvjrhfnbb cnfkrbdftncz c jghtltktyysvb nhelyjcnzvb. Jåextybt yt ghjöjlbn d bpjkzwbb. Yjdjåhfyws ghböjlzn yf ckeéåe rfr eét cajhvbhjdfdibtcz kbxyjcnb, f gj jrjyxfybb frfltvbb jyb ljkéys hfåjnfnm cj cdjbvb rjkktufvb, e rjnjhsö yf jcyjdt cjåcndtyyjuj jgsnf ckjébkjcm ghtlcnfdktybt j ctåt, cdjtq ghjatccbb b jåotcndt. Gthbjl jåextybz – änj kbim ytåjkmijq jnhtpjr ébpyb gjkbwtqcrjuj, rjnjhsq ytbpåtéyj cnfkrbdftncz c vjoysv djpltqcndbtv ytajhvfkmysö jnyjitybq d gjkbwbb, nj tcnm c ceotcndeñobvb nhflbwbzvb. Xfcnj hfccrfpsdfñn, xnj gthdjt, xnj cksibn yjdsq gjkbwtqcrbq d gthdsq ltym cdjtq ckeéås: ≤F ntgthm pfåelm dct, xtve ntåz exbkb. Yfxbyftncz htfkmyfz ébpym≥. D rjytxyjv cxtnt gjkbwbz ujdjhbn, xnj jyf ckeébn jåotcnde, f yt ctåt bkb infne. Yj änj b tcnm nj, xnj nhtåetn jn ytt jåotcndj. B änj ghjcnjt, yj njxyjt jghtltktybt wtkb gjkbwtqcrjq aeyrwbb d ltvjrhfnbxtcrjv jåotcndt. 19 D pfobne ntcyjuj cjnhelybxtcndf gjkbwbb c vtcnysv yfctktybtv Létr H. Uhby Jåüzcyzz ghbywbgs, ktéfobt d jcyjdt ntcyjuj cjnhelybxtcndf gjkbwbb c vtcnysv yfctktybtv, l-h Létr H. Uhby, ghjatccjh eujkjdyjuj ghfdf b lbhtrnjh Wtynhf jåotcndtyyjq gjkbnbrb ghb Eybdthcbntnt Ntvgk d Abkfltkmabb, hfccvfnhbdftn änj yfghfdktybt rfr jlby bp cgjcjåjd htitybz lbktvvs j hjkb gjkbwbb, rjnjhfz d ltvjrhfnbxtcrjv jåotcndt ljkéyf, c jlyjq cnjhjys, jöhfyznm jåotcndtyysq gjhzljr, f c lheujq – ghblthébdfnmcz åerds pfrjyf. D pfgflysö cnhfyfö ltzntkmyjcnm gjkbwbb ckeébn ghtlvtnjv gjcnjzyysö cgjhjd b htajhv. D jcyjdt änbö cgjhjd ktébn dpfbvjjnyjitybt vtéle uhfélfyfvb cnhfys b bö ghfdbntkmcndjv. Ghjåktvf jndtncndtyyjcnb b gjljnxtnyjcnb vtcnysö gjkbwtqcrbö jhufyjd d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö cthmtpyj dcnfkf eét lfdyj. D yfxfkt 1900-ö ujljd ghjuhtccbdyst htajhvfnjhs jcyjdyjt dybvfybt eltkzkb gjxnb bcrkñxbntkmyj djghjcfv rjhhegwbb b åtppfrjybz chtlb gjkbwtqcrbö. Jyb cxbnfkb, xnj ukfdysv cgjcjåjv gjdsitybz jndtncndtyyjcnb gjkbwbb åsk dsdjl tt bp-gjl rjynhjkz gjkbnbxtcrjuj fggfhfnf b gthtlfxf rjynhjkz pf ltqcndbzvb gjkbwtqcrbö herjdjlcnde gjkbwbb. Cjwbfkmyst ghtjåhfpjdfybz d 60-t ujls dyjdm gjcnfdbkb djghjc jå jndtncndtyyjcnb gjkbwbb. Jndtncndtyyjcnm jpyfxfkf ajhvfkmysq rjynhjkm cj cnjhjys uhfélfycrbö jhufyjd. Cnjhjyybrb änjuj gjlöjlf yfcnfbdfkb yf cjplfybb uhfélfycrbö yfåkñlfntkmysö cjdtnjd b yf ytgjchtlcndtyyjv rjynhjkt pf ltzntkmyjcnmñ gjkbwbb cj cnjhjys pfrjyjlfntkmysö b bcgjkybntkmysö jhufyjd dkfcnb, nfrbö, 20 rfr vähjd bkb ujhjlcrbö eghfdkzñobö. Öjnz xbckj cfvsö hfpyjjåhfpysö cgjcjåjd rjynhjkz pf ltqcndbzvb gjkbwbb dtkbrj, vyjubt jåjphtdfntkb cxbnfñn, xnj lkz ljcnbétybz htfkmyjq gjljnxtnyjcnb pf ltqcndbzvb gjkbwbb pf ytq ljkéys cktlbnm dytiybt jhufybpfwbb. D gjcktlybt ujls cnjhjyybrb ntcyjuj cjnhelybxtcndf gjkbwbb c vtcnyjq jåotcndtyyjcnmñ ghtlkjébkb fkmnthyfnbdysq dfhbfyn. Kjubrf änjuj ghtlkjétybz bcöjlbn bp njuj, xnj jndtncndtyyjcnm gjkbwbb gjdscbncz d njq vtht, d rfrjq jyf åeltn cxbnfnm ctåz gfhnythjv vtcnyjuj yfctktybz; nfrjt gfhnythcndj ljkéyj cnhjbnmcz yf jcyjdt dpfbvyjuj ljdthbz, jnrhsnjcnb b jåobö wtyyjcntq b erhtgkznmcz d öjlt gjcnjzyyjuj dpfbvjltqcndbz, rhbnbxtcrbö jåceéltybq b ltåfnjd. Yjdjt jghtltktybt cjlthéfybz hfåjns Ntcyjt cjnhelybxtcndj gjkbwbb c vtcnysv yfctktybtv jghtltkztncz rfr ghjwtcc, jåtcgtxbdfñobq åjktt ibhjrbq jåvty byajhvfwbtq b wtyyjcnzvb vtéle gjkbwtqcrbvb b yfctktybtv b rfr vtnjl bpvtytybz hjkb gjkbwbb b tt ckeéås yf åkfuj jåotcndf. Nfrjt jghtltktybt cjcnfdkztn cjlthéfybt hfåjns, wtkm rjnjhjq cjcnjbn d bpvtytybb nhflbwbjyyjq hjkb gjkbwbb – hfcibhtybt tt hjkb pf ghtltks åjhmås c ghtcnegyjcnmñ, rjulf gjkbwbz dscnegftn pfobnybrjv xktyjd jåotcndf b gjvjoybrjv d htitybb tuj ghjåktv. Nfrbt bpvtytybz d hjkb gjkbwbb ghtlgjkfufñn ajhvbhjdfybt åjktt ntcysö rjynfrnjd c ghtlcnfdbntkzvb yfctktybz d hfqjyt, d rjnjhjv jyf hfåjnftn. Gjljåyjt cåkbétybt gjkbwtqcrjuj c vtcnysv yfctktybtv dtltn r eghjxtybñ cdzptq vtéle gjkbwbtq b jåotcndjv b eukeåktybñ dpfbvyjuj gjybvfybz, xnj, d cdjñ jxthtlm, jåtcgtxbn åjktt ytgjchtlcndtyyeñ b rjyrhtnyj ytjåöjlbveñ htfrwbñ gjkbwbb yf yeéls jåotcndf. Dpfbvjgjybvfybt vtéle gjkbwbtq b jåotcndjv gjpdjkbn bpvtybnm ghtlsleoeñ ghfrnbre, rjulf gjkbwtqcrbt ≤jåhfofkbcm r≥, f yt ≤hfpujdfhbdfkb c≥ ghtlcnfdbntkzvb yfctkt- ybz, rjnjhsv jyb ghbpdfys ckeébnm, ltkfz ntv cfvsv cfvbö gjkbwtqcrbö åjktt pfrjyjgjckeiysvb. Uhfélfyt b gjkbwtqcrbt vjuen cjdvtcnyj dshfåjnfnm dpfbvjghbtvktvst htitybz jnyjcbntkmyj njuj, rfrbt eckeub ytjåöjlbvj ghtljcnfdkznm b, d cdjñ jxthtlm, jwtybdfnm rfxtcndj b äaatrnbdyjcnm ghtljcnfdkztvsö eckeu. Rjynhjkm pf gjkbwbtq cj cnjhjys jåotcndf vjéyj tot åjktt ecbkbnm pf cxtn ghbdktxtybz åjkmituj xbckf uhfélfycrbö kbw lkz hfåjns d gjkbwtqcrbö eghfdktybzö. Pltcm dsldbufñncz ldf fhuevtynf: dj-gthdsö, uhfélfycrbt kbwf nhtåeñn vtymibö pfnhfn, b bv vjéyj gjhexfnm cfvst hfpyjjåhfpyst pflfybz, ult yt nhtåetncz gjkbwtqcrbq; dj-dnjhsö, ddtltybt uhfélfycrbö kbw d gjkbwtqcrbt cnhernehs gjpdjkbn cltkfnm cfvbö gjkbwtqcrbö åjktt ≤uhfélfycrbvb≥ pf cxtn cåkbétybz bö bynthtcjd c bynthtcfvb jåotcndf. D wtkjv nhb afrnjhf ytjåöjlbvs lkz njuj, xnjås ntcyjt cjnhelybxtcndj gjkbwbb c vtcnyjq jåotcndtyyjcnmñ cnfkj htfkmyjcnmñ. Dj-gthdsö, gjkbwbñ cktletn hfccvfnhbdfnm rfr jhufybpfwbñ, hfåjnf rjnjhjq ghjbcöjlbn d heckt jåobö rjycnbnewbjyysö ghjwtccjd: jyf ljkéyf cxbnfnmcz cbkjq, ≤gjlxbyzñotqcz pfrjye≥. Dj-dnjhsö, gjkbwbz ljkéyf gj rhfqytq vtht bcöjlbnm bp njuj, xnj jyf yt pfdbcbn jn vtcnyjq gjkbnbxtcrjq åjhmås. D-nhtnmbö, ntcyjt cjnhelybxtcndj gjkbwbb c yfctktybtv ljkéyj hfccvfnhbdfnmcz rfr jlby bp jcyjdysö cgjcjåjd jåtcgtxtybz gjhzlrf d jåotcndt. B p v t y t y b z cn h e r n e h s bpyenhb Ckbirjv xfcnj bpvtytybt cnhernehs gjkbwtqcrbö ltgfhnfvtynjd, d jcjåtyyjcnb, åjktt rhegysö, ghjbpdjlbncz gjänfgyj. F bvtyyj, exbnsdfz ckjéyjcnm jåobö bpvtytybq, rjnjhst jåsxyj ytjåöjlbvs ghb gthtjhbtynfwbb hfåjns yf ntcyjt cjnhelybxtcndj c vtcnysv yfctktybtv, vyjubt dtljvcndf ghtlgjxbnfñn jceotcndkznm änb ghjuhfvvs kbåj d rfxtcndt ärcgthbvtynfkmysö, kbåj d dblt rfrbö-nj gjänfgysö 21 vthjghbznbq, rjnjhst ghbdjlzn r ytpyfxbntkmysv jåobv bpvtytybzv, bkb ghjcnj r cdthnsdfybñ änjq ghjuhfvvs. Lkz njuj, xnjås äaatrnbdyj ghtndjhbnm d ébpym ghjuhfvve ntcyjuj cjnhelybxtcndf gjkbwbb c yfctktybtv, gjkbwtqcrbt dtljvcndf ljkéys jceotcndbnm itcnm dféysö vthjghbznbq, rféljt bp rjnjhsö jrfpsdftn ytgjchtlcndtyyjt djpltqcndbt yf cgjcjåyjcnm gjkbwtqcrjuj eghfdktybz bpvtybnm cdjñ hjkm, aeyrwbb b cnhernehe. Jyb pfrkñxfñncz d cktleñotv: • Ltwtynhfkbpfwbz dkfcnb b gjdsitybt jndtncndtyyjcnb, c ntv xnjås jn ghtljcnfdkztvsö jåotcnde eckeu åskf gjkmpf rfr gjkbwbb, nfr b uhfélfyfv. • Ecjdthitycndjdfybt gjkbwtqcrjuj fggfhfnf pf cxtn gthtöjlf jn cnfnbcnbxtcrjuj extnf ghjbcitcndbq r dszdktybñ ghjåktv b fyfkbpe cbnefwbb. • Gthtcnhjqrf rekmnehs jhufybpfwbb gjkbwtqcrbö ckeéå pf cxtn pfvtys cbvdjkbrb, zpsrf b gjlöjljd, öfhfrnthysö lkz cfvbö gjkbwtqcrbö dtljvcnd. • Jåtcgtxtybt ljcnegf ghtlcnfdbntktq jåotcndtyyjcnb r dshfåjnrt yfghfdktybq hfåjns, f nfrét ghjwtcce ghbyznbz b hfccvjnhtybz htitybq, ghbybvftvsö gjkbwtqcrbvb dtljvcndfvb. • Djdktxtybt gjkbwtqcrbö d ghjwtcc ghbyznbz htitybq vtcnysvb jhufyfvb dkfcnb b bö frnbdyjt exfcnbt d ghbyznbb htitybq, rfcfñoböcz hfåjns gjkbwbb d jghtltktyyjv hfqjyt. • Gjlxthrbdfybt pyfxtybz b jåtcgtxtybz rfxtcndf hfåjns, ytjåöjlbvjcnb bcrkñxbntkmyjq xtcnyjcnb d hfåjnt jhufybpfwbb b dscjrjuj vjhfkmyjuj jåkbrf cjnhelybrjd, f nfrét cghfdtlkbdjuj jåhfotybz c uhfélfyfvb. Htfkbpfwbz gthtxbcktyysö dsit vthjghbznbq d gjkbwtqcrbö dtljvcndfö gjnhtåetn byntkktrnefkmysö ecbkbq, hfphfåjnrb yjdsö ghjuhfvv b cjjndtncndeñotuj jåextybz. Jlyfrj, nfrjt ntcyjt b ghjxyjt dpfbvjltqcndbt gjckeébn ghtgzncndbtv r pkjegjnhtåktybñ jåotcndtyysv ljdthbtv cj cnjhjys gjkbwbb. 22 Yjdsq Jhktfy Djphjélfñobqcz ujhjl Lädbl Gbnnc V D Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö ehjdtym ghtcnegyjcnb cybéftncz. Yj, gjéfkeq, ybult pf gjcktlybq ujl jy nfr yt cybpbkcz nfr htprj, rfr d Yjdjv Jhktfyt, infn Kebpbfyf. Lädbl Gbnnc gbitn j njv, rfr ujhjl cevtk ljåbnmcz nfrbö elbdbntkmysö htpekmnfnjd. äh Yjdjuj Jhktfyf Vfhr Vjhbfk kñåbn yfpsdfnm cdjq ujhjl djphjélfñobvcz. Änj ujhjl, d rjnjhjv htprj cybéftncz ghtcnegyjcnm b yfåkñlftncz åev d ärjyjvbrt. Vtéle ntv, yf ghjnzétybb gjxnb dctuj gthbjlf 1980-ö ujljd, b jcjåtyyj d yfxfkt ysytiytuj ltcznbktnbz, Yjdsq Jhktfy ghtåsdfk d cjcnjzybb rhbpbcf. Xbckj eåbqcnd, cjdthifdiböcz d Yjdjv Jhktfyt, åskj cfvsv dscjrbv d cnhfyt b ghjljkéfkj hfcnb. Rjkbxtcndj nzérbö ghtcnegktybq d wtkjv ljcnbukj ytåsdfkjuj ehjdyz. Ltgfhnfvtyn gjkbwbb Yjdjuj Jhktfyf åsk pyfvtybn yf dcñ cnhfye cdjtq rjhhevgbhjdfyyjcnmñ b ytäaatrnbdyjcnmñ. Gjkjétybt åskj yfcnjkmrj elhexfñobv, xnj atlthfkmyjt ghfdbntkmcndj hfccvfnhbdfkj djghjc jå ecnfyjdktybb cdjtuj rjynhjkz yfl gjkbwtqcrbv ltgfhnfvtynjv änjuj ujhjlf. Änj cnfkj ås åtcghtwtltynysv ifujv d cnhfyt, rjnjhfz ujhlbncz ntv, xnj veybwbgfkmyfz gjkbwbz yföjlbncz gjl rjynhjktv vtcnysö dkfcntq. ≤D bcnjhbb ghfdjjöhfybntkmysö jhufyjd ujhjlf yfcnegbk cfvsq nzétksq vj- 23 Hbxfhl Gtyybyunjy ehjdytv ghtcnegyjcnb pf dtcm ghjiksq ujl. Tot åjktt htprj cybpbkjcm xbckj nzérbö ghtcnegktybq. Xbckj eåbqcnd cjrhfnbkjcm yf 18 ghjwtynjd, f djjheétyysö juhfåktybq yf 32 ghjwtynf, ghb änjv xbckj ghjbpdtltyysö fhtcnjd dshjckj yf 26 ghjwtynjd. Rhjvt njuj, yf 25 ghjwtynjd edtkbxbkfcm hfcrhsdftvjcnm ghtcnegktybq. D hfpysö hfqjyfö ujhjlf ehjdtym ghtcnegyjcnb cybpbkcz yf 9–38 ghjwtynjd. Gj chfdytybñ c åjkmibycndjv lheubö ujhjljd CIF, ehjdtym ghtcnegyjcnb d Yjdjv Jhktfyt tot ljcnfnjxyj dscjr. Jlyfrj, yfåkñlfntkb cxbnfñn, xnj ghjbpjitlitt d ntreotv ujle htprjt cybétybt änjuj gjrfpfntkz vjétn cnfnm gjdjhjnysv geyrnjv d lkbntkmyjq åjhmåt ujhjlf c ghfdjyfheibntkzvb. G j k b n b x t c r j t v e é t cn d j vtyn. Ghtcnegyjcnm d ujhjlt yfxfkf dsöjlbnm bp-gjl rjynhjkz≥, – dcgjvbyftn Nthhb Äååthn, bcgjkybntkmysq lbhtrnjh Gjkbwtqcrjuj ajylf Yjdjuj Jhktfyf – jåütlbytybz herjdjlbntktq vtcnysö rjvgfybq b jåotcndtyysö uhegg, rjnjhjt cjnhelybxftn c gjkbwbtq d hfphfåjnrt äaatrnbdyjuj gjlöjlf r åjhmåt c ghtcnegyjcnmñ. Gj ckjdfv Vjhbfkf, änjn ajyl ghtljcnfdkztn abyfycjdst chtlcndf, ytjåöjlbvst lkz jceotcndktybz ghjuhfvvs hflbrfkmysö htajhv gjkbwbb ujhjlf, rjnjheñ gj gjkbnbxtcrbv cjjåhfétybzv ytdjpvjéyj åskj ås ghjabyfycbhjdfnm njkmrj bp yfkjujdsö gjcnegktybq d ujhjlcrjq åñlétn. Cnjhjyybrb nfrbö htajhv ujdjhzn, xnj jå bö ecgtöt cdbltntkmcndetn cybétybt ehjdyz dctö dbljd ghtcnegktybq d ujhjlt. Gjckt gthbjlf hfpuekf ujhjlcrjq ghtcnegyjcnb cbnefwbz yfxfkf vtyznmcz d 1995 u. Ehjdtym ghtcnegyjcnb cybéfkcz ljdjkmyj vtlktyyj d 1995 b 1996 uu., jlyfrj d 1997 u. rhbdfz ghtcnegktybq htprj gjikf dybp. Gj lfyysv ujhjlcrjq gjkbwbb, d gthbjl c zydfhz gj ctynzåhm änjuj ujlf ehjdtym ghtcnegyjcnb d ujhjlt cybpbkcz yf 13 ghjwtynjd, gj chfdytybñ c Gj ckjdfv Äååthnf, cktletn jnlfnm ljkéyjt ldev kñlzv, rjnjhst åskb gjkys htibvjcnb gjåtlbnm ghtcnegyjcnm, ghtdhfnbd gjkbwbñ Yjdjuj Jhktfyf bp åtcgjktpyjq åñhjrhfnbxtcrjq cnhernehs d äaatrnbdyeñ ghfdjjöhfybntkmyeñ vfibye. Htxm bltn j Vjhbfkt b yfxfkmybrt ujhjlcrjq gjkbwbb Hbxfhlt Gtyybyunjyt, rjnjhsq d cdjt dhtvz hfåjnfk pfvtcnbntktv yfxfkmybrf ujhjlcrjq gjkbwbb Dfibyunjyf, jrheu Rjkevåbz, b rjnjhjve Vjhbfk, ghjbcrfd rfylblfnehe yf äne ljkéyjcnm gj dctq cnhfyt, gjhexbk herjdjlbnm gjkbwbtq Yjdjuj Jhktfyf. ≤Z levfñ, xnj hjljyfxfkmybrjv dctuj änjuj ghjwtccf åsk Vjhbfk, – ujdjhbn Äååthn. – Tve gjyfljåbkjcm juhjvyjt gjkbnbxtcrjt veétcndj lkz njuj, xnjås ghjnbdjcnjznm gjkbwtqcrjve yfxfkmcnde, yfpyfxbnm yf herjdjlzoeñ ljkéyjcnm Gtyybyunjyf – xtkjdtrf cj cnjhjys – b ghtljcnfdbnm tve ytjåöjlbveñ cdjåjle ltqcndbq≥. Jntw vähf, gjkexbdibq ghjpdbot ≤Ujkkfyltw Vjhbfk≥, d 1977 u. gjåtlbk yf veybwbgfkmysö dsåjhfö b cnfk gthdsv xthyjrjébv vähjv ujhjlf; yföjlzcm yf änjv gjcne, jy gsnfkcz, ghfdlf, åtp jcjåjuj ecgtöf, htajhvbhjdfnm gjkbwbñ. 24 Gjänjve Vjhbfk-vkflibq eét pyfk, rfrjt cjghjnbdktybt vjéyj jéblfnm jn ujhjlcrjq åñhjrhfnbb b, d xfcnyjcnb, jn gjkbwtqcrbö xbyjdybrjd. Gj lfyysv jcdtljvktyysö bcnjxybrjd d cfvjq gjkbwbb, jy öjntk yfpyfxbnm tt herjdjlbntktv xtkjdtrf cj cnjhjys. ≤Z levfñ, xnj gthtvtys lfdyj yfphtkb, – ujdjhbn Åtdthkb Lébfyyf, herjdjlbntkm ujhjlcrjuj Åñhj gj ghjdtltybñ rjyathtywbq b nehbpve. – Htajhvs cnfkb rfnfkbpfnjhjv jåotcndtyyjq frnbdyjcnb b lfkb kñlzv yfltéle yf nj, xnj yfv d rjywt rjywjd elfcncz cghfdbnmcz c ghjåktvjq ghtcnegyjcnb≥. J n d t n cn d t y y j cn m g t h t l j å o t cn d j v Vjhbfk b Gtyybyunjy cxbnfkb, xnj rkñxtdsv äktvtynjv htajhvs ujhjlcrjq gjkbwbb ljkéyj åsnm yt hfcibhtybt tt gjkyjvjxbq b yt ghtljcnfdktybt gjkbwtqcrbv åjkmitq cdjåjls ltqcndbq, f rfr hfp yfjåjhjn – edtkbxtybt cntgtyb bö gjljnxtnyjcnb b jndtncndtyyjcnb gthtl jåotcndjv. ≤Ukfdyfz ghjåktvf cjcnjzkf d njv, xnj ujhjlcrfz gjkbwbz htfubhjdfkf kbim yf eét cjdthityyst ghtcnegktybz, – ujdjhbn Äååthn. – Ybrnj b yt levfk pfybvfnmcz ghjabkfrnbrjq ghtcnegyjcnb bkb åhfnm gjl jcjåsq rjynhjkm nt hfqjys ujhjlf, ult ehjdtym ghtcnegyjcnb åsk jcjåtyyj dscjrbv. Rhjvt njuj, d gjkbwtqcrjq chtlt ghjwdtnfkf rjhhegwbz≥. Gtyybyunjy gjybvfk, ≤xnj tve ghbltncz dpznm yf hfåjne d gjkbwbñ vyjubö kñltq cj cnjhjys – kñltq, rjnjhsö jy pyfk b rjnjhsv ljdthzk – lkz njuj, xnjås xnj-nj bpvtybnm, b jy ghbdtk d gjkbwbñ nfrbö yjdsö kñltq≥, ujdjhbn Lébfyyf. D hfvrfö rhegytqitq htjhufybpfwbb d bcnjhbb gjkbwbb Yjdjuj Jhktfyf Gtyybyunjy htfkbpjdfk ibhjrbq gkfy ltwtynhfkbpfwbb, ghtlecvfnhbdfdibq hfcghtltktybt aeyrwbq gj åjhmåt c ghtcnegyjcnmñ chtlb djcmvb yfxfkmybrjd hfqjyysö jnltktybq gjkbwbb. Cvsck änjq frwbb cjcnjzk d njv, xnjås gjdscbnm ghjatccbjyfkbpv, äaatrnbdyjcnm b ubårjcnm. D njv xbckt åskb ghjbpdtltys cktleñobt bpvtytybz: • Åskf htprj edtkbxtyf pfhfåjnyfz gkfnf gjkbwtqcrbö d rfxtcndt jlyjq bp vth åjhmås c rjhhegwbtq. Lj änjuj gjkbwtqcrbq ltgfhnfvtyn d Yjdjv Jhktfyt åsk jlybv bp cfvsö ybprjjgkfxbdftvsö d cnhfyt – yfxfkmysq ehjdtym pfhfåjnyjq gkfns tuj cjnhelybrjd cjcnfdkzk kbim 16 nsczx ljkkfhjd d ujl. Lfét pfvtcnbntkm yfxfkmybrf ujhjlcrjq gjkbwbb pfhfåfnsdfk dctuj 42 nsczxb ljkkfhjd d ujl. Jlyfrj, yfxbyfz c 1995 u., pfhgkfnf cjnhelybrjd ujhjlcrjq gjkbwbb yfxfkf pfvtnyj gjdsifnmcz. Pfhfåjnyfz gkfnf jabwthcrjuj cjcnfdf gjdsifkfcm xtnsht hfpf, b d rjytxyjv bnjut dshjckf yf 36–70 ghjwtynjd. Hzljdst gjkbwtqcrbt ctujlyz pfhfåfnsdfñn 30 nsczx ljkkfhjd d ujl. • D ujhjlcreñ gjkbwbñ, yfcxbnsdfñoeñ d yfcnjzott dhtvz 1300 xtkjdtr, åeltn ghbyznj ljgjkybntkmyj 400 cjnhelybrjd, ghb änjv 200 bp ybö ghbcnegzn r cdjbv jåzpfyyjcnzv tot lj rjywf ysytiytuj ujlf. Ukfdyfz ujhjlcrfz ufptnf Yjdjuj Jhktfyf yfpdfkf änj cjåsnbt ≤cfvjq rhegyjq frwbtq gj yfqve cjnhelybrjd pf dcñ bcnjhbñ ujhjlf≥. D cktleñotv ujle Vjhbfk yfvthty ghjljkéfnm yftv ljgjkybntkmysö cjnhelybrjd d cjcnfd gjkbwtqcrbö cbk ujhjlf. D ghtlcnfdktyyjv bv d rjywt jrnzåhz åñlétnyjv ghtlkjétybb yf 1998 u. edtkbxtybt infnjd pfvjhjétyj lkz dctö ujhjlcrbö cnherneh, rhjvt gjkbwbb. • D ghjuhfvve gjlujnjdrb jabwthjd gjkbwbb åsk ddtlty nfrjq ghtlvtn, rfr änbrf, ghbxtv jcyjdyjt dybvfybt åskj jåhfotyj yf cjåkñltybt rjycnbnewbjyysö ghfd uhfélfy. Åskf nfrét egjhzljxtyf ghjwtlehf ghbtvf yf hfåjne yjdsö cjnhelybrjd gjkbwbb b ddtltyj gcböjkjubxtcrjt ntcnbhjdfybt yjdbxrjd c ntv, xnjås bpåtéfnm gjgflfybz d gjkbwbñ kñltq, crkjyysö r yfcbkbñ b rjhhegwbb. Lj yfpyfxtybz Gtyybyunjyf yf hfåjne d gjkbwbñ vju gjcnegbnm kñåjq xtkjdtr, byjulf lfét bvtñobq rhbvbyfkmyjt ghjikjt. • Åskj htajhvbhjdfyj eghfdktybt dyenhbdtljvcndtyyjuj rjynhjkz, pfybvfñ- 25 ottcz hfccktljdfybtv ckexftd rjhhegwbb b pkjegjnhtåktybz ckeétåysv gjkjétybtv d gjkbwtqcrjq chtlt. Jyj gjkexbkj yjdjt yfpdfybt ≤Jnltk åjhmås pf xbcnjne hzljd≥ b gthtdtltyj bp ukfdyjuj plfybz gjkbwtqcrjuj ltgfhnfvtynf d lheujt vtcnj lkz njuj, xnjås bcrkñxbnm rfrjt-kbåj lfdktybt yf kñltq, gjlfñobö éfkjås yf gjkbwtqcrbö. ≤Vs gsnftvcz cltkfnm nfr, xnjås änjn jnltk pfybvfk frnbdyeñ gjpbwbñ, f yt ghjcnj htfubhjdfk yf gjcnegfñobt éfkjås, – ujdjhbn Gtyybyunjy. – Jnltk åjhmås pf xbcnjne hzljd cnfyjdbncz ghbvthjv lkz dctö jcnfkmysö ujhjlcrbö ltgfhnfvtynjd gjkbwbb d cnhfyt≥. • Åskb dytlhtys vtnjls exfcnrjdjq hfåjns gjkbwtqcrbö. Cnfwbjyfhyst gjkbwtqcrbt gjcns åskb hfpvtotys d hfqjyfö cjchtljnjxtybz ujcelfhcndtyysö ébksö ljvjd, ult rdfhnbhs ghtljcnfdkzñncz vfkjjåtcgtxtyysv ctvmzv, b ult cjdthiftncz åjkmibycndj ghtcnegktybq. ≤C ntö gjh, rfr vs dytlhbkb vtnjls exfcnrjdjq hfåjns gjkbwtqcrbö, xbckj eåbqcnd d änbö hfqjyfö cybpbkjcm yf 75 ghjwtynjd≥, – ujdjhbn Vjhbfk; jy cxbnftn, xnj jcjåeñ hjkm d htfkbpfwbb ghjuhfvvs csuhfkb wtktdst abyfycjdst chtlcndf, åtpdjpvtplyj ghtljcnfdktyyst atlthfkmysv ghfdbntkmcndjv. • Ljcnbuyenf ljujdjhtyyjcnm c Atlthfkmysv åñhj hfccktljdfybq (AÅH) j hfccktljdfybb jådbytybq d rjhhegwbb b étcnjrjcnb, dsldbuftvsö ghjnbd cjnhelybrjd ltgfhnfvtynf gjkbwbb Yjdjuj Jhktfyf. D htpekmnfnt änjuj ltcznrb cjnhelybrjd ujhjlcrjq gjkbwbb eikb d jncnfdre bkb gjkexbkb dpscrfybz. C vjvtynf ghböjlf Gtyybyunjyf yf gjcn yfxfkmybrf ltgfhnfvtynf jy edjkbk, jncnhfybk jn hfåjns bkb hfpéfkjdfk åjktt 200 jabwthjd, xnj cjcnfdkztn cdsit jlyjq itcnjq xfcnb kbxyjuj cjcnfdf ltgfhnfvtynf. Vtéle ntv, jy cxbnftn, xnj hfåjnf gj dszdktybñ cjnhelybrjd gjkbwbb, yt jndtxfñobö ghjatccbjyfkmysv nhtåjdfybzv, lfktrj yt pfrjyxtyf. • Dytlhtyf ghjuhfvvf ytghbvbhbvjq åjhmås c vtkrbvb ghtcnegktybzvb, rjnjhst, gj cjdhtvtyysv ghtlcnfdktybzv, cjplfñn gbnfntkmyeñ chtle lkz åjktt cthmtpysö ghfdjyfheitybq. Änf ghjuhfvvf åskf dytlhtyf gjckt gjkextybz lfyysö j njv, xnj fyfkjubxyfz ghjuhfvvf d YmñQjhrt csuhfkf rkñxtdeñ hjkm d cybétybb ehjdyz ghtcnegyjcnb d änjv ujhjlt. • D gjkbwbb Yjdjuj Jhktfyf dytlhtys åjktt cjdhtvtyyst vtnjls åjhmås c ghtcnegyjcnmñ. Gjcnhjtyf yjdfz, cjdhtvtyyfz rhbvbyfkbcnbxtcrfz kfåjhfnjhbz, dytlhtyf vjlthybpbhjdfyyfz cbcntvf ärcnhtyyjq hflbjcdzpb, f nfrét cbcntvf RJVCNFN – cbcntvf eghfdktybz lfyysvb j cjdthityysö ghtcnegktybzö, cktlzofz pf rhbvbyjutyyjq ltzntkmyjcnmñ dj dctö hfqjyfö ujhjlf. R j v c n fn Cbcntvf RJVCNFN, ghbpdfyyfz gjdscbnm jgthfnbdyjcnm gjkbwtqcrbö cbk d åjhmåt c ghtcnegyjcnmñ yf nthhbnjhbb ujhjlf, – ltnbot Létrf Vtqgkf, ktutylfhyjuj ymñqjhrcrjuj gjkbwtqcrjuj, rjnjhsq d cdjt dhtvz ghjbpdtk yfcnjzoeñ htdjkñwbñ, cjplfd yjdeñ cbcntve jnxtnyjcnb d gjkbwtqcrjv ltgfhnfvtynt u. Ymñ-Qjhrf. Cjplfyyfz bv cbcntvf gjpdjkbkf, yfxbyfz c 1993 u., jåtcgtxbnm 50-ghjwtynyjt cybétybt xbckf eåbqcnd, cjdthiftvsö d ujhjlt. Vtqgkf gthtvfybkb d Yjdsq Jhktfy d yfltélt yf nj, xnj jy gjdnjhbn pltcm cdjq ymñ-qjhrcrbq ecgtö b cjplfcn vtcnyeñ dthcbñ RJVCNFN. Änf cbcntvf gjpdjkztn ghjuyjpbhjdfnm ntyltywbb b ehjdtym ghtcnegyjcnb d hfqjyyjv vfcinfåt, f pfntv cjplfdfnm åjkmibt rjvgmñnthyst rfhns ujhjlcrbö hfqjyjd, yf rjnjhsö jnvtxfñncz cfvst ytåkfujgjkexyst njxrb. Yf htuekzhyj ghjdjlbvsö cjdtofybzö herjdjlbntkb hfqjyysö jnltktybq gjkbwbb gjkexfñn dsujdjhs pf ghjbcitcndbz dj ddthtyysö bv hfqjyfö b ghbpsdfñncz r ghbyznbñ ytvtlktyysö rjynhvth. D yfbåjktt ytåkfujgjkexyst hfqjys yfghfdkzñncz ljgjkybntkmyst cbks gjkbwbb. ≤RJVCNFN ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq rfr hfp njn bycnhevtyn, rjnjhsq ytjåöjlbv d Yjdjv Jhktfyt, gjcrjkmre cnfnbcnbrf b jnxtnyjcnm yföjlzncz pltcm yf jxtym ybp- 26 rjv ehjdyt, – ujdjhbn Léjy Kbylth, gfhnyth Vtqgkf, rjnjhsq åsk yfyzn d bñkt ghjikjuj ujlf d rfxtcndt rjycekmnfynf b rjnjhsq ghjikjq jctymñ eujdjhbk Vtqgkf ghbtöfnm d Yjdsq Jhktfy lkz cjplfybz pltcm vtcnyjq dthcbb cbcntvs RJVCNFN. – Létr jåckeébdftn cbcntve RJVCNFN, f z bpexfñ jåoeñ rfhnbye, jåhfofz dybvfybt yf nfrbt vjvtyns, rfr cbcntvf gjjohtybq, lbcwbgkbyf, cnhernehf gjlhfpltktybq b vtnjls gjlujnjdrb d Gjkbwtqcrjv ltgfhnfvtynt Yjujdj Jhktfyf≥. ≤Cjplfdfz RJVCNFN, Létr cdtk djtlbyj rjvgmñnthyst ntöyjkjubb b ghbdsxyst lkz yfc rfhns, d rjnjhst dnsrfñncz wdtnyst akférb, – ujdjhbn Kbylth. – D htpekmnfnt vs gjkexftv cnfnbcnbre gj jxfufv ghtcnegyjcnb d htébvt htfkmyjuj dhtvtyb. Änj lftn djpvjéyjcnm jgthfnbdyjuj yfghfdktybz cbk b htcehcjd yf gjufitybt änbö jxfujd≥. ≤Htajhvs bvtñn ghzveñ cdzpm cj cybétybtv ehjdyz ghtcnegyjcnb d 1997 u.≥, – ujdjhbn Äååthn, cxbnfñobq RJVCNFN ≤ldbéeotq cbkjq≥ htdjkñwbb d cbcntvt gjkbwtqcrjq jnxtnyjcnb. ≤Yfxfkmybrb dctö hfqjyysö jnltktybq rféleñ gznybwe jnxbnsdfñncz pf nj, xnj ghjbpjikj yf ddthtyysö bv nthhbnjhbzö≥. Djpukfdkztvsq Äååthnjv ajyl dsltkbk gjkvbkkbjyf ljkkfhjd, rjnjhst åskb ytjåöjlbvs lkz gthtdjlf Kbylthf b Vtqgkf yf hfåjne d Yjdsq Jhktfy. D cdjtv tétujlyjv ljrkflt ujhjlcrjq rjvbccbb gj åjhmåt c ghtcnegyjcnmñ, ghtlcnfdktyyjv bv d rjywt jrnzåhz, Gtyybyunjy nfrét gjlxthryek gjkmpe, ghbyjcbveñ cbcntvjq RJVCNFN. ≤Jyf hjélftn leö cjhtdyjdfybz vtéle ujhjlcrbvb hfqjyfvb, gjåeélfñobq jabwthjd b herjdjlbntktq gjkbwtqcrbö gjlhfpltktybq åjhjnmcz pf kexibt tétytltkmyst gjrfpfntkb cybétybz ghtcnegyjcnb≥, – ujdjhbn jy. Ärjyjvbxtcrbq gjlütv Vjhbfk b Gtyybyunjy ghbpyfñn, xnj cthmtpyfz htajhvf gjkbwtqcrbö cbk – yt tlbycndtyysq afrnjh cybétybz xbckf nzérbö ghtcnegktybq, bvtdituj vtcnj yf dctq nthhbnjhbb cnhfys d bcntritv ujle. Gjljåyj vyjubv lheubv ujhjlfv d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö, Yjdsq Jhktfy gthtébdftn ctujlyz ärjyjvbxtcrbq gjlütv, f änj nfrét cgjcjåcndetn cybétybñ xbckf ghfdjyfheitybq. Ujhjéfyt eét yfxbyfñn pfåsdfnm j njv, xnj ghjbcöjlbkj d 80-ö ujlfö, rjulf ckjébkjcm nhelyjt gjkjétybt d ytanzyjq jnhfckb b cnfkb bcxtpfnm nhflbwbjyyst ghjvsiktyyst ghjatccbb, f rhbdfz yfhrjvfybb gjgjkpkf ddthö – jcjåtyyjt hfcghjcnhfytybt njulf gjkexbk rhär. Ghfdlf, ébntkb åtlysö hfqjyjd ujdjhzn, xnj ghjåktvf yfhrjnbrjd b ctujlyz yjcbn cthmtpysq öfhfrnth. Djpybryjdtybt yjdsö hfåjxbö vtcn d catht jåckeébdfybz b, d xfcnyjcnb, d nehbpvt lftn ébntkzv ujhjlf yjdst djpvjéyjcnb c njxrb phtybz pfyznjcnb. D 1996 u. nehbpv dshjc yf 6 ghjwtynjd, f xbckj cütpljd b rjyathtywbq, ghjdjlbvsö d ujhjlt, edtkbxbkjcm yf 9 ghjwtynjd. B öjnz gj fvthbrfycrbv vthrfv vyjubt yjdst hfåjxbt vtcnf jnyjczncz r rfntujhbb ybprjjgkfxbdftvsö, yfåkñlfntkb ujdjhzn, xnj ekexitybt ärjyjvbxtcrjuj gjkjétybz jghtltktyyj jåeckjdkbdftn cybétybt ehjdyz ghtcnegyjcnb. R xbcke ceotcndtyysö vth, ddtltyysö d gjcktlytt dhtvz, vjéyj jnytcnb ecnfyjdktybt rjvtylfyncrjuj xfcf lkz ytcjdthityyjktnybö – jlyjuj bp cfvsö cnhjubö d cnhfyt. Ltnb b gjlhjcnrb d djphfcnt lj 17 ktn ljkéys yföjlbnmcz ljvf gjckt ltdznb xfcjd dtxthf. Ltkj d njv, xnj d gjcktlybt ujls d Yjdjv Jhktfyt xhtpvthyj djphjckj xbckj ghtcnegktybq, cjdthiftvsö gjlhjcnrfvb, dghjxtv, rfr b d lheubö ujhjlfö CIF. Rjvtylfyncrbq xfc lkz ytcjdthityyjktnybö ≤bvttn ghzvjt jnyjitybt r cybétybñ ehjdyz ghtcnegyjcnb, – ujdjhbn Äååthn, – jcjåtyyj d ntö hfqjyfö, ult pf tuj cjåkñltybtv frnbdyj cktlzn≥. Änj cnfkj ≤jlybv bp ukfdysö afrnjhjd, – ujdjhbn Lébfyyf. – Pf gjcktlybt ytcrjkmrj ktn ehjdtym vjkjltéyjq ghtcnegyjcnb cybpbkcz yf 20–30 ghjwtynjd≥. 27 L h e u b t b y b w b fn b d s Tot jlyjq dféyjq bybwbfnbdjq cnfkj cjplfybt cgtwbfkmyjq uheggs gj åjhmåt c åsnjdsv yfcbkbtv, d cjcnfd rjnjhjq döjlzn yt njkmrj ghtlcnfdbntkb ghfdjjöhfybntkmysö jhufyjd b cbcntvs eujkjdyjuj ghfdjcelbz, yj b ghtlcnfdbntkb ytrjvvthxtcrbö b lheubö jhufybpfwbq, rjnjhst cjdvtcnysvb ecbkbzvb gsnfñncz ghtljndhfnbnm ghtdhfotybt ctvtqysö ccjh d gjxde lkz cthmtpysö ghfdjyfheitybq. Ghjuhfvvf gj djphjéltybñ Yjdjuj Jhktfyf ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq gfhnythcndj vtéle Ltgfhnfvtynjv gjkbwbb b Cjdtnjv vjkjltéysö kblthjd. D hfvrfö änjq ghjuhfvvs jhufybpjdfy jnlsö b dytirjkmyjt djcgbnfybt lkz ltntq bp ytåkfujgjkexysö hfqjyjd ujhjlf. Gj vytybñ Vjhbfkf, änf ghjuhfvvf ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq jåhfptw njuj, xnj vjéyj cltkfnm yf ljåhjdjkmyjq jcyjdt d catht ghjabkfrnbrb ghtcnegyjcnb. Vtéle ntv, ghbåsdibt bp YmñQjhrf rjycekmnfyns Kbylth b Vtqgk cxbnfñn, xnj ukfdyeñ hjkm d ntö bpvtytybzö, rjnjhst ghjbcöjlzn d Yjdjv Jhktfyt dct-nfrb csuhfkf htajhvf gjkbwbb. ≤Cybétybt ehjdyz ghtcnegyjcnb ghjbcöjlbn pltcm d ldf hfpf åscnhtt, xtv d cdjt dhtvz d Ymñ-Qjhrt≥, – ujdjhbn Kbylth. ≤Ghb änjv vs bcgjkmpetv d ldf hfpf vtymieñ xbcktyyjcnm gjkbwtqcrbö cbk yf leie yfctktybz, – gjlxthrbdftn Vjhbfk. – Yfv tot vyjujt ghtlcnjbn cltkfnm, jlyfrj, yfib gjkbwtqcrbt cbks eét ghtdhfnbkbcm bp rjvfyls ghjbuhfdibö d rjvfyle gjåtlbntktq, b vs edthtyyj bltv r gjåtlt d änjv xtvgbjyfnt≥. D j p h j é l f ñ o b q c z uj h j l Cybétybt ehjdyz ghtcnegyjcnb jcjåtyyj pfvtnyj d gjctoftvjv nehbcnfvb Ahfywepcrjv rdfhnfkt ujhjlf, ult xbckj pfhtubcnhbhjdfyysö ghfdjyfheitybq njkmrj d änjv ujle cybpbkjcm yf 25 ghjwtynjd, jnxfcnb bp-pf edtkbxtybz xbcktyyjcnb gtibö b dtkjcbgtlysö gjkbwtqcrbö gfnhektq – jlyjuj bp vtnjljd exfcnrjdjuj gfnhekbhjdfybz, rjnjhsq jrfpfkcz jcjåtyyj äaatrnbdysv. Gj ckjdfv vtcnysö ghtl- ghbybvfntktq, ghjbcöjlbn pfvtnyjt ekexitybt cbnefwbb, ytcvjnhz yf ytcrjkmrj gjkexbdibö ibhjreñ jukfcre bywbltynjd, bvtdibö vtcnj d änjv ujle. B öjnz ehjdtym ghtcnegyjcnb cybpbkcz b d åtlysö hfqjyfö ujhjlf, lfkmytqitt ceotcndtyyjt cybétybt änjuj gjrfpfntkz åeltn d rjytxyjv bnjut pfdbctnm jn ekexitybz eckjdbq ébpyb d änbö hfqjyfö. Ujhjl pfybvftn nhtnmt vtcnj d cnhfyt gj rjkbxtcnde vfkjbveobö uhfélfy, b änjn vjvtyn gjlxthrbdfñn cjwbjkjub, rjnjhst dblzn ghzveñ cdzpm vtéle ybprbv ehjdytv ébpyb b ghtcnegyjcnmñ. Ghbvthyj nhtnm eåbqcnd, cjdthiftvsö d ujhjlt, ghjbcöjlbn d åtlysö hfqjyfö. Ébntkb åtlysö hfqjyjd ujdjhzn, xnj cj dhtvtyb ghböjlf Vjhbfkf b Gtyybyunjyf yf herjdjlzobt gjcns ghjbpjikj cybétybt ehjdyz ghtcnegyjcnb, b ctujlyz jyb eét yt nfr wbybxyj jnyjczncz r ltzntkmyjcnb ujhjlcrjuj ltgfhnfvtynf gjkbwbb, rfr d ghtlsleobt ujls. Yj b jyb endthélfñn, xnj tot vyjujt ytjåöjlbvj cltkfnm. Vytybt Dbkkb Lbrcjyf, åsdituj htvjynybrf fdnjåecyjq rjvgfybb ≤Nhtqkeäqp åfc rjvgfyb≥, rjnjhsq ctujlyz ghjlftn ufptns yf jlyjq bp ekbw ltkjdjuj hfqjyf d wtynht ujhjlf, nbgbxyj lkz ébntktq ytåjufnsö hfqjyjd ujhjlf. Lbrcjy ébdtn d hfqjyt veybwbgfkmyjq pfcnhjqrb, yfpsdfñotvcz ≤Vtxnf≥, b cxbnftn, xnj ≤gjckt njuj, rfr edtkbxbkfcm xbcktyyjcnm gjkbwtqcrbö, jåcnfyjdrf pltcm cnfkf kexit. Yj lfkmytqituj cthmtpyjuj ekexitybz ytkmpz jéblfnm, gjrf yt åelen djccnfyjdktys öjhjij jgkfxbdftvst hfåjxbt vtcnf≥. ≤Ghtélt, xtv änj cltkfnm, – ujdjhbn Kbylth, – ytjåöjlbvj jåtcgtxbnm jåotcndtyyeñ åtpjgfcyjcnm; ytjåöjlbvj dytlhbnm d cjpyfybt kñltq gjyznbt, rjnjhjt z yfpsdfñ ≤gjybvfybtv gjcktlcndbq cjltzyyjuj≥ – nj tcnm, xtkjdtr ljkéty gjybvfnm, xnj tckb jy cjdthiftn ghtcnegktybt, dtkbrb ifycs, xnj tuj gjqvfñn b ghbdktren r jndtncndtyyjcnb. Rhjvt njuj, ytjåöjlbvj gjdsifnm ehjdtym irjkmyjuj jåextybz b ghbdktrfnm d ujhjl ghtlghbybvfntktq≥. Kbylth nfrét gjlxthrbdftn, 28 xnj åjkmibycndj ghtcnegktybq cjdthiftncz d åtlysö hfqjyfö, b xnj åjkmibycndj éthnd änbö ghtcnegktybq – xthyjrjébt, gjänjve åjhmåf c ghtcnegyjcnmñ gjvjuftn ekexibnm ébpym vfkjbveobö ujhjéfy b, d xfcnyjcnb, kñltq c xthysv wdtnjv rjéb. Vjhbfk b Gtyybyunjy – jåf fahjfvthbrfyws – cjukfcys c ntv, xnj cybétybt ehjdyz ghtcnegyjcnb ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq jlyj bp eckjdbq gjdsitybz ehjdyz ébpyb fahj-fvthbrfywtd b lheubö ébntktq ujhjlf. Jyb gjybvfñn – lkz njuj, xnjås Yjdsq Jhktfy gjkexbk ibhjreñ bpdtcnyjcnm rfr djphjélfñobqcz ujhjl (f bvtyyj änjuj bv öjntkjcm ås), ytjåöjlbvj ljåbnmcz tot åjktt ceotcndtyyjuj cjrhfotybz xbckf nzérbö ghtcnegktybq, cjdthiftvsö d ytv. Gtyybyunjy edthty d njv, xnj nfr b åeltn. ≤Vs dsåhfkb ghfdbkmysq genm, rjnjhsq ghbdtltn yfc r gjåtlt yfl ghtcnegyjcnmñ≥, ujdjhbn jy. C ybv cjukfiftncz Äååthn: ≤Tckb vs dsdtltv yf ekbws ujhjlf 1700 gjkbwtqcrbö, nj z edthty d njv, xnj d Yjdjv Jhktfyt ghjbpjqltn cfvjt htprjt cybétybt ehjdyz ghtcnegyjcnb chtlb dctö ujhjljd Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd≥. ≤Yfv tot yt elfkjcm cltkfnm lkz ujhjlf dct, xnj vs öjnbv. Vtéle ntv, vs ldbétvcz d ghfdbkmyjv yfghfdktybb. Z levfñ, xnj Yjdsq Jhktfy cnfytn jåhfpwjv yjdjuj gjlöjlf r ghjåktvt åjhmås c ghtcnegyjcnmñ≥, – ujdjhbn Lébfyyf. 29 Jåpjh fvthbrfycrjq ñhblbxtcrjq cbcntvs Cnñfhn Ujhby Xtkjdtr, ghbdktrftvsq r cele d CIF, cxbnftncz ytdbyjdysv lj ntö gjh, gjrf jy bkb jyf yt åelen ghbpyfys dbyjdysvb d htpekmnfnt celtåyjuj hfpåbhfntkmcndf éñhb ghbczéysö bp xbckf hzljdsö uhfélfy. D ghbdjlbvjv ybét hfpüzcytybb njuj, rfr hfåjnftn celtåyfz cbcntvf CIF, Cnñfhn Ujhby gjlxthrbdftn, xnj ghtpevgwbz ytdbyjdyjcnb b cghfdtlkbdjt b jgthfnbdyjt hfccvjnhtybt celtåyjuj ltkf ghbczéysvb ghtlcnfdkzñn cjåjq rkñxtdst äktvtyns ltvjrhfnbxtcrjuj jåotcndf. C eltåyfz dtndm ujcelfhcndtyyjq dkfcnb, cjplfyyfz fdnjhfvb fvthbrfycrjq Rjycnbnewbb d 1787 u. d hfvrfö ghbywbgf hfpltktybz gjkyjvjxbq, drkñxftn d ctåz jhufys ghfdjcelbz dctö ehjdytq – jn Dthöjdyjuj celf CIF lj vtcnysö vbhjdsö celtq b vfubcnhfnjd. Rhjvt njuj, d ghbyznjq d 1868 u. 14-q Gjghfdrt r Rjycnbnewbb CIF ecnfyjdktyj, xnj ≤yb jlby bp infnjd yt ljkéty bplfdfnm bkb ghbvtyznm pfrjys, rjnjhst juhfybxbdfñn ghbdbktubb b kmujns uhfélfy Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd; b yt vjétn yb jlby infn kbifnm rfrjt-kbåj kbwj ébpyb, cdjåjls bkb cjåcndtyyjcnb åtp yflktéfotq ghfdjdjq ghjwtlehs, yt vjétn jnrfpfnm rfrjve-kbåj kbwe d ghtltkfö cdjtq ñhbclbrwbb d hfdyjq pfobnt yf jcyjdt pfrjyjd≥. Wtynhfkmyst abuehs dj dctö celtåysö ghjwtccfö d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö – jådbybntkb, rjnjhst jndtxfñn pf djpåeéltybt eujkjdyjuj ltkf b jceotcndktybt cdzpfyysö c tuj dtltybtv ghfdjdsö ghjwtleh, yfghfdktyysö ghjnbd ghtcnegyjq ltzntkmyjcnb. Jådbybntkb hfccvfnhbdfñn dct djghjcs, cdzpfyyst c fhtcnfvb, f nfrét gjcnegfñobt éfkjås; jyb exfcndeñn d ghbyznbb htitybz jå jcdjåjéltybb gjljphtdftvsö gjl pfkju, pfrkñxfñn cjukfitybz c pfobnjq j ghbpyfybb dbys jådbyztvsvb, f nfrét lfñn htrjvtylfwbb 30 d jnyjitybt ghbujdjhf kbwfv, ghbpyfyysv dbyjdysv. D hfvrfö atlthfkmyjq cbcntvs Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd infns b vtcnyst jhufys dkfcnb nhflbwbjyyj ytcen jcyjdyeñ jndtncndtyyjcnm pf ghtljndhfotybt b ghtctxtybt ghtcnegktybq b gjllthéfybt jåotcndtyyjuj gjhzlrf. Yf ghjnzétybb pyfxbntkmyjq xfcnb fvthbrfycrjq bcnjhbb ≤gjkbwtqcrbt gjkyjvjxbz≥ d ibhjrjv cvsckt änjuj ckjdf ghbyflktéfkb infnfv d cjjndtncndbb c 10-q Gjghfdrjq r Rjycnbnewbb. Vyjubt gj-ghtéytve ghblthébdfñncz änjq gjpbwbb, yj ytrjnjhst dblzn d wtkjv hzlt ghbyznsö d gjcktlybt ltcznbktnbz celtåysö htitybq jcyjde lkz åjktt frnbdyjq hjkb atlthfkmysö dkfcntq. Djpvjéyj, cfvsq pyfxbntkmysq afrnjh, jåüzcyzñobq hfcibhtybt gjkbwtqcrbö gjkyjvjxbq atlthfkmysö dkfcntq, cdzpfy c åjktt ibhjrjq bynthghtnfwbtq ≤geyrnf j htuekbhjdfybb njhujdkb≥ Rjycnbnewbb (Cnfnmz È, Hfpltk 8, Geyrn 2), d rjnjhjv zcyj jghtltktyj, xnj Rjyuhtcc bvttn ghfdj htuekbhjdfnm njhujdkñ vtéle jnltkmysvb infnfvb b njhujdkñ c byjcnhfyysvb ujcelfhcndfvb. Hzl celtåysö htitybq, ghbyznsö d ysytiytv cnjktnbb, ghbdtk r njve, xnj dkbzybt njhujdkb dyenhb infnjd yf njhujdkñ vtéle ybvb, djpvjéyj, jghfdlsdftn åjktt ibhjrbq gjlöjl. Yfhzle c änbv, b Rjyuhtcc, b Dthöjdysq Cel ltvjycnhbheñn zdyjt cnhtvktybt hfccvfnhbdfnm jghtltktyyst dbls ghtcnegktybq bkb åtcgjhzlrjd d rfxtcndt ytgjchtlcndtyyjq euhjps lkz cfvjq njhujdkb. C 1960-ö ujljd djghjcs d catht pfrjyyjcnb b ghfdjgjhzlrf, yfbåjktt xfcnj dspsdfñobt ltåfns gj gjdjle cjjndtncndeñobö ghtltkjd gjkyjvjxbq atlthfkmysö dkfcntq, cdzpfys c abyfycjdjq gjvjomñ ghfdjjöhfybntkmysv jhufyfv d infnfö b yf vtcnfö, f nfrét c htuekbhjdfybtv ghjlféb yfctktybñ juytcnhtkmyjuj jheébz. Ghb hfccvjnhtybb pfrjyjlfntkmcndf, ecnfyfdkbdfñotuj ghjuhfvve uhfynjd cj cnjhjys Flvbybcnhfwbb gj cjltqcndbñ ghfdjjöhfybntkmysv jhufyfv (geåkbxysq pfrjy 90–351) b tt ghtlitcn- dtyybrf – Eghfdktybz gj cjltqcndbñ ghfdjjöhfybntkmysv jhufyfv (geåkbxysq pfrjy 89–197), ytrjnjhst xktys Rjyuhtccf b ärcgthns dscrfpsdfkb åtcgjrjqcndj gj gjdjle njuj, xnj bvtñottcz e atlthfkmysö dkfcntq ≤ghfdj hfcgjhzéfnmcz rjitkmrjv≥ ghbdtltn r cjplfybñ jåotyfwbjyfkmysö gjkbwtqcrbö cbk. Jncencndbt htfkmyjuj cjghjnbdktybz pfrjyjlfntkmcnde jå jrfpfybb gjvjob vtcnysv ghfdjjöhfybntkmysv jhufyfv, ghbyznjve d 1986 u., f nfrét ghbyznsv d 1988 u. vthfv gj åjhmåt c yfhrjnbrfvb, pfrjye 1990 u. j åjhmåt c ghtcnegyjcnmñ b pfrjye 1994 u. j yfcbkmcndtyysö ghtcnegktybzö b ghfdjghbvtytybb, erfpsdftn yf nj, xnj änj åtcgjrjqcndj bltn yf eåskm. Nfrjt bpvtytybt jnyjitybz r änjve djghjce vjéyj jåüzcybnm ibhjrbv jcjpyfybtv njuj, xnj ytpfrjyyfz njhujdkz jgfcysvb yfhrjnbxtcrbvb dtotcndfvb cnfkf cthmtpyjq jåotyfwbjyfkmyjq ghjåktvjq. Jlybv bp ghbpyfrjd åjktt ibhjrjuj exfcnbz atlthfkmysö dkfcntq d åjhmåt c ghtcnegyjcnmñ ckeébn ntyltywbz d hfcöjljdfybb chtlcnd d hfvrfö cnfnmb åñlétnf ≤jnghfdktybt ghfdjcelbz≥. C 1965 u. änb hfcöjls edtkbxbkbcm c 535 vky. ljkkfhjd lj ghbvthyj 21,3 vkhl. ljkkfhjd d 1996 abyfycjdjv ujle. Rjyuhtcc dsltkbk ghbvthyj 17 vky. ljkkfhjd yf htfkbpfwbñ ghjuhfvv Vbybcnthcndf ñcnbwbb d 1997 abyfycjdjv ujle. Yf atlthfkmyjv ehjdyt Vbybcnthcndj ñcnbwbb CIF djpukfdkztncz vbybcnhjv ñcnbwbb. Jlyfrj hfåjne, cdzpfyyeñ c ghjdtltybtv celtåysö ghjwtccjd, d 94 celtåysö jrheufö dtlen atlthfkmyst ghjrehjhs, rjnjhst yfpyfxfñncz ghtpbltynjv b endthélfñncz Ctyfnjv CIF. Atlthfkmyst ghjrehjhs dtlen eujkjdyst ltkf atlthfkmyjuj ehjdyz, yj nfrét exfcndeñn d hfccvjnhtybb uhfélfycrbö ltk, pfobofñn bynthtcs Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd d ltkfö, cdzpfyysö c ltkbrnysvb bcrfvb, d hfphtitybb cgjhjd gj gjdjle dsgjkytybz ljujdjhysö jåzpfntkmcnd, f nfrét dscnegfñn d hjkb bcnwjd d ltkfö jå jnxeéltybb b rjyabcrfwbb ptvtkmysö exfcnrjd, 31 dpscrfybb ljkujd b j vjityybxtcndt, yfrfpetvjv d hfvrfö uhfélfycrjuj ghfdf. Yf ehjdyt infnf utythfkmysq ghjrehjh ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq dscitt ñhblbxtcrjt kbwj, rjnjhjt bvttn ltkj ghtbveotcndtyyj c djghjcfvb uhfélfycrjuj celjghjbpdjlcndf. Eujkjdysvb ltkfvb yf ehjdyt infnjd pfybvfñncz 2700 ghjrehjhjd, bpåbhftvsö yf vtcnfö, rjnjhst jåsxyj yfpsdfñncz jrheéysvb ghjrehjhfvb, ghjrehjhfvb infnf bkb ghjrehjhfvb uhfacnd (jrheujd); rfélsq bp ybö jåckeébdftn jghtltktyysq utjuhfabxtcrbq hfqjy. D åjkmibycndt infnjd ghjrehjhs bpåbhfñncz jåsxyj yf xtnshtöktnybq chjr. J g h t l t k t y b t r fn t uj h b b ltkf D fvthbrfycrjq celtåyjq cbcntvt xtkjdtr, jådbyztvsq d cjdthitybb ghtcnegktybz, bvttn ghfdj ghbåtuyenm r eckeufv fldjrfnf lkz njuj, xnjås pfobnbnm ctåz jn ghtlüzdkztvsö jådbytybq. Tckb jådbyztvsq yt bvttn chtlcnd lkz njuj, xnjås yfyznm fldjrfnf, nj fldjrfn yfpyfxftncz pf ujcelfhcndtyysq cxtn. Dyt pfdbcbvjcnb jn nzétcnb jådbytybq, kñåjq jådbyztvsq dghfdt hfccxbnsdfnm yf uevfyyjt jåhfotybt b yf cjåkñltybt tuj uhfélfycrbö ghfd. Gjckt gthtlfxb ltkf d cel celmz yf gthdjv celtåyjv pfctlfybb cjjåoftn jådbyztvjve j ghtlüzdkztvsö tve jådbytybzö, ghb änjv d pfdbcbvjcnb jn rfntujhbb ghfdjyfheitybz ecnfyfdkbdftncz cevvf pfkjuf. D ckexft vbclbvbyjhf (rfntujhbb yfbvtytt jgfcysö ghtcnegktybq, uhfybxfobö c flvbybcnhfnbdysvb ghfdjyfheitybzvb) e jådbyztvsö tcnm dsåjh vtéle ghbpyfybtv cdjtq dbys bkb jéblfybtv hfccvjnhtybz ltkf d celt. Gjlfdkzñott åjkmibycndj nfrbö ltk htiftncz gentv gthtujdjhjd b ghbpyfybz jådbyztvsvb cdjtq dbys – xfcnj d cjdthitybb vtytt jgfcyjuj ghfdjyfheitybz, xtv ghtlüzdktyyjt gthdjyfxfkmyj jådbytybt. Ghb hfccvjnhtybb ltk j åjktt cthmtpysö ghfdjyfheitybzö kbåj ghjdjlbncz pfrhsnjt pfctlfybt åjkmijuj éñhb d cjcnfdt 12–23 ghbczéysö, kbåj celmz d celt åjktt ybprjq bycnfywbb ghjdjlbn ghtldfhbntkmyjt ckeifybt lkz jghtltktybz yfkbxbz cjcnfdf ghtcnegktybz, ghtélt xtv vjuen åsnm ghtlüzdktys jabwbfkmyst jådbytybz – dghjxtv, lfét ecnfyjdktybt jcyjdfybz jådbytybz yt jpyfxftn dbys jådbyztvjuj. Yfpyfxtybt ghbczéysö Celtåysq ghjwtcc c exfcnbtv ghbczéysö yfxbyftncz c jghjcf dspdfyysö d cel gjntywbfkmysö ghbczéysö pfctlfntktq celmtq, f nfrét pfobnybrfvb b jådbybntkzvb. Uhfélfyt, rjnjhsv ghtlcnjbn dsgjkyznm hjkm ghbczéysö pfctlfntktq, gthbjlbxtcrb dsåbhfñncz vtnjljv ckexfqyjq dsåjhrb bp xbckf vtcnysö ébntktq, ghtlcnfdktyysö gj dctve cgtrnhe cjwbfkmyjuj cjcnfdf yfctktybz lfyyjq vtcnyjcnb. Tckb dj dhtvz nfrjuj jghjcf dszcyztncz, xnj gjntywbfkmysq ghbczéysq pfctlfntkm yt vjétn pfybvfnm åtcghbcnhfcnyeñ gjpbwbñ d jnyjitybb hfccvfnhbdftvjuj ltkf, tve bkb tq vjétn åsnm lfy jndjl gj rjyrhtnyjve jcyjdfybñ. Gjvbvj jndjljd nfrjuj hjlf, rfélfz cnjhjyf, nj tcnm pfobnf b jådbytybt, vjétn lfdfnm jndjl gjntywbfkmysv ghbczéysv pfctlfntkzv åtp erfpfybz ghbxby. Celtåyjt hfccvjnhtybt ltkf yfxbyftncz gjckt endthéltybz uheggs ghbczéysö pfctlfntktq d 12 xtkjdtr. Dsåbhfñncz nfrét fkmnthyfnbdyst ghbczéyst pfctlfntkb yf ckexfq åjktpyb pfctlfntktq bp jcyjdyjuj cjcnfdf bkb ytdjpvjéyjcnb dsgjkytybz bvb cdjbö aeyrwbq gj rfrbv-nj lheubv ghbxbyfv. H j k b e x f c n y b r j d c e l t å y j uj ghjwtccf Hjkm celmb cjcnjbn d njv, xnjås herjdjlbnm celtåysv ghjwtccjv b jåtcgtxbdfnm tuj yflktéfott ghjdtltybt b jåütrnbdyjt jnghfdktybt ghfdjcelbz, djplthébdfzcm ghb änjv jn rjvvtynfhbtd jnyjcbntkmyj pyfxbvjcnb cdbltntkmcrbö gjrfpfybq bkb cntgtyb ljdthbz r njve bkb byjve cdbltntkñ. B jådbybntkm, b pfobnybr ltkfñn dcnegbntkmyst pfzdktybz, yt cdzpfyyst 32 ghbczujq. Gjckt änjuj jådbybntkm ljkéty ghtlcnfdbnm ljrfpfntkmcndf, gjlndthélfñobt jådbytybz b bcrkñxfñobt jåjcyjdfyyst cjvytybz d dbyjdyjcnb gjlcelbvjuj. Änj jåsxyj ljcnbuftncz c gjvjomñ gjrfpfybq cdbltntktq, ghbczufñobö ujdjhbnm ghfdle. D ghjwtcct ghzvjuj jghjcf jådbybntkm pflftn djghjcs cdbltntkzv. Gjckt änjuj pfobnybr gjldthuftn cdbltntktq gthtrhtcnyjve ljghjce bkb gjdnjhyj pflftn nt ét djghjcs, xnj b jådbybntkm, d gjgsnrt jghjdthuyenm hfytt lfyyst cdbltntkzvb jndtns, rjnjhst vjuen gjdhtlbnm ifycfv jådbyztvjuj yf ghbpyfybt tuj ytdbyjdysv. Ghtlcnfdbntkm rfr jådbytybz, nfr b pfobns, vjétn d kñåjt dhtvz dvtifnmcz d ljghjc, ghjdjlbvsq lheujq cnjhjyjq, b dscnegbnm c ghjntcnjv d jnyjitybb rjyrhtnysö cdbltntkmcrbö gjrfpfybq bkb ljrfpfntkmcnd. Celmz d änjv ckexft htiftn djghjc kbåj d gjkmpe, kbåj ghjnbd ghjntcneñotuj. Rjulf jådbybntkm pfrfyxbdftn ljghjc cdbltntktq, pfobnybr gsnftncz jghjdthuyenm hfytt ghjpdexfdibt gjrfpfybz, rjnjhst vjuen gjdhtlbnm bynthtcfv tuj rkbtynf. Änf ghjwtlehf, d pfdbcbvjcnb jn ckjéyjcnb ltkf b xbckf dspsdftvsö cdbltntktq, vjétn pfyznm vyjuj lytq, ytltkm b lfét vtczwtd. D kñåjq vjvtyn d öjlt änjuj ghjwtccf jådbyztvsq bvttn ghfdj lfnm kbxyj gjrfpfybz gjl ghbczujq. Tckb hfccvfnhbdftncz eujkjdyjt ltkj, jådbyztvsq nfrét bvttn ghfdj jnrfpfnmcz jn ljghjcf gjl ghbczujq b yt vjétn åsnm ghbyeélty r lfxt gjrfpfybq, yfyjczobö dhtl tuj bynthtcfv. Nfrjq jnrfp jn lfxb gjrfpfybq yt ljkéty hfccvfnhbdfnmcz rfr rfrjt-kbåj cdbltntkmcndj dbys jådbyztvjuj. D cdjbö pfrkñxbntkmysö dscnegktybzö (rjnjhst nfrét ltkfñncz åtp ghbytctybz ghbczub) jådbybntkm b pfobnybr dyjdm ghbdktrfñn dybvfybt ghbczéysö r ntv gjrfpfybzv b afrnfv, rjnjhst ujdjhzn d gjkmpe jncnfbdftvsö bvb gjpbwbq. Gjckt änjuj celmz bycnhernbhetn ghbczéysö gj gjdjle rjyrhtnyjuj ghbvtybvjuj pfrjyjlfntkmcndf, b éñhb ghbczéysö gjrblftn pfk celf lkz cjdtofybz. Cjdtofybt ghbczéysö Cjdtofybt ghbczéysö vjétn pfyznm ytcrjkmrj xfcjd bkb lfét lytq, ghb änjv kñåjt htitybt ljkéyj åsnm ghbyznj tlbyjukfcyj, nj tcnm c ybv ljkéys cjukfcbnmcz dct 12 ghbczéysö pfctlfntktq. Åsdfñn ckexfb, rjulf éñhb ghbczéysö pfctlfntktq yt vjétn ghbyznm nfrjt htitybt. Rjulf änj ghjbcöjlbn, jåüzdkztncz j njv, xnj ghbczéyst yt cvjukb ghbyznm htitybz b celtåysq ghjwtcc yf änjv pfrfyxbdftncz. D änjv ckexft jådbybntkm ljkéty ghbyznm htitybt j njv, ghtlcnfdkznm kb gjdnjhyj lfyyjt ltkj d cel yf hfccvjnhtybt cjdthityyj yjdsv cjcnfdjv ghbczéysö pfctlfntktq. Dbyjdty bkb yt dbyjdty D cjjndtncndbb c 5-q Gjghfdrjq r Rjycnbnewbb CIF jådbyztvsq, ghbpyfyysq ytdbyjdysv, yt vjétn pf jlyj b nj ét ghfdjyfheitybt gjdnjhyj gjldthufnmcz cele, lfét tckb gjplytt jåyfheébdfñncz ljgjkybntkmyst afrns, cdbltntkmcndeñobt j dbyjdyjcnb jådbyztvjuj. Tckb ét jådbyztvsq ghbpyfy dbyjdysv, pfobnybr vjétn gjlfnm fgtkkzwbñ d cel dsitcnjzotq bycnfywbb d gjgsnrt jnvtybnm dsytctyysq ghbujdjh. Tckb lfyyjt ltkj pfckeibdftncz celjv dscitq bycnfywbb b fgtkkzwbz yt ghbybvftncz, yfpyfxftncz tot jlyj celtåyjt ckeifybt lkz dsytctybz ghbujdjhf. Yj lfét d änbö jåcnjzntkmcndfö e ghbujdjhtyyjuj jcnftncz djpvjéyjcnm lkz gjlfxb fgtkkzwbb d jnyjitybb dsytctyyjuj ghbujdjhf c wtkmñ tuj cvzuxtybz. Ghtpevgwbz ytdbyjdyjcnb jådbyztvjuj lj celf b ghbvtytybt celf ghbczéysö cjcnfdkzñn jcyjdjgjkfufñobt äktvtyns celtåyjq cbcntvs. Gj vytybñ ysyt gjrjqyjuj celmb Dthöjdyjuj Celf Ebkmzvf Åhtyyfyf, Rjycnbnewbz CIF b, d xfcnyjcnb, gjkjétybt j yflktéfotq ghfdjdjq ghjwtleht, cjlthéfottcz d 14-q Gjghfdrt, ufhfynbhetn ≤pfobne ljcnjbycndf b xtcnb rféljuj xtkjdtrf≥. 33 Byajhvfwbjyyst htcehcs Åbåkbjuhfabz Administrative Office of the United States Courts Glazer, Sarah 1996 Wiretap Report Washington, D.C.: Administrative Office of the United States Courts, 1997. 193 pp. “Declining Crime Rates: Does Better Policing Account for the Reduction?” CQ Researcher, April 4, 1997, pp. 289–312. Bayley, David H. Goldstein, Hermann Police for the Future New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. 187 pp. Problem-Oriented Policing New York: McGraw Hill, 1990. 206 pp. Conley, John A., ed. The President s Crime Commission Report, 1967: Its Impact 25 Years Later Cincinnati, OH: Anderson Publishing, 1994. 161 pp. Crank, John P. Understanding Police Culture Cincinnati, OH: Anderson Publishing, 1997. Diiulio, John J., Jr., Steven K. Smith and Aaron J. Saiger “The Federal Role in Crime Control,” in Crime, edited by James Q. Wilson and Joan Petersilia San Francisco: ICS Press, 1995, pp. 445–462. Feeley, Malcolm M. “Political Process and Crime,” in Encyclopedia of Crime and Justice New York: The Free Press, 1983, pp. 1166–1169. Giuliani, Rudolph W. “How New York Is Becoming the Safest Big City in America” USA Today, vol. 125, no. 2620, January 1997, pp. 28+. Greene, Jack R. and Stephen D. Mastrofski, eds. Community Policing: Rhetoric or Reality New York: Praeger, 1988. 279 pp. Greenwood, Peter W. et al. Three Strikes and You’re Out: Estimated Benefits and Costs of California’s New Mandatory-Sentencing Law Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1994. 70 pp. International City Managers Association Community Oriented Policing: An Alternative Strategy Washington, D.C.: ICMA, 1992. Jacob, Herbert “The Criminal Justice System,” in The Encyclopedia of the American Judicial System New York: Charles Scribner s, 1987, pp. 527–544. Kelling, George L. and Catherine M. Coles Fixing Broken Windows: Restoring Order and Reducing Crime in Our Communities New York: Martin Kessler Books, 1996. 319 pp. 34 Kurke, Martin I. and Ellen M. Scrivner, eds. Police Psychology into the 21st Century Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1996. 531 pp. Perez, Douglas W. Common Sense About Police Review Philadelphia: Temple University, 1994. 322 pp. Porter, Bruce Lardner, James “Can You Believe the New York Miracle?” New York Review of Books, vol. 44, no. 13, August 14, 1997, pp. 54–58. “Running the FBI” The New York Times Magazine, November 2, 1997, pp. 40–45+. Rosenbaum, Dennis P., ed. Maguire, Kathleen and Ann L. Pastore Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics 1995 Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1996. 722 pp. (To see the electronic version of this source go to http://www.albany.edu/sourcebook Maier, Timothy W. “Victory in the Crime War?” The World & I, October 1997, pp. 22–27. The Challenge of Community Policing: Testing the Promises Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1994. 320 pp. Scheiber, Harry N. “State Police Power,” in Encyclopedia of the American Constitution New York: Macmillan, 1986, pp. 1744–1751. Sheehan, Robert and Gary W. Cordner Marinen, Otwin, ed. Policing Change, Changing Police: International Perspectives New York: Garland, 1996. 343 pp. Police Administration Cincinnati: Anderson Publishing, 1995. 504 pp. Sherman, Lawrence W. Marion, Nancy E. A History of Federal Crime Control Initiatives, 1960–1993 Westport, CT: Praeger, 1994. 278 pp. “The Police,” in Crime, edited by James Q. Wilson and Joan Petersilia San Francisco, CA: ICS Press, 1995, pp. 327–348. Methvin, Eugene H. “Mugged by Reality” Policy Review, no. 84, July–August 1997, pp. 32–38. Silverman, Eli B. “Crime in New York: A Success Story” The Public Perspective, vol. 8, no. 4, June/July 1997, pp.3–5. Moffit, Robert Emmet “The Big Apple Squashes Crime” The World & I, October 1997, pp. 34–39. Sparrow, Malcolm K. Beyond 911: A New Era for Policing New York: Basic Books, 1990. 269 pp. National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals Tyler, Tom R. Police Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1973. Why People Obey the Law New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990. 273 pp. 35 U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary Federal Law Enforcement Priorities Senate Hearing 104–597. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1996. 122 pp. U.S. Department of Justice Federal Bureau of Investigation Crime in the United States 1996: Uniform Crime Reports Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. (For selected tables available in PDF format, requiring Adobe Acrobat Reader, see http://www.fbi.gov/pressrel/ucr/pdfinfo.htm) U.S. Department of Justice Community Relations Service Htcehcs Bynthytnf Yfxfkmyfz cnhfybwf Fccjwbfwbb fvthbrfycrbö ñhbcnjd (FFÑ), gjcdzotyyfz eujkjdyjve ghfde http://www.abanet.org/crimjust/home.html Yfxfkmyfz cnhfybwf Cjñpf fvthbrfycrbö uhfélfycrbö cdjåjl (CFUC), gjcdzotyyfz eujkjdyjve ghfde http://www.aclu/org/ issues/criminal/hmcj.html Principles of Good Policing: Avoiding Violence between Police and Citizens. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, March 1993. 206 pp. Åñhj gj jrfpfybñ gjvjob infnfv b vtcnysv jhufyfv d åjhmåt c ghtcnegyjcnmñ (ÅGHG) http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/BJA/ U.S. President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice Rjfkbwbz Fvthbrb gj ghtljndhfotybñ ghtcnegktybq http://www.crimepreventcoalition.org/ The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society: A Report Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1967. 340 pp. (Commonly known as The Crime Commission Report.) Ward, Janet “NYPD View: New Procedures Credited With Crime Drop” American City and County, vol. 112, no. 2, February 1997, pp. 28–33. Wright, Richard A. “A Socially Sensitive Criminal Justice System” in Open Institution: The Hope for Democracy edited by John W. Murphy and Dennis L. Peck, Westport, CT: Praeger, 1993, pp.141–160. Kfåjhfnjhbz AÅH http://www.fbi.gov/lab/report/labhome.htm Cdjlysq ljrkfl AÅH j ghtcnegyjcnb http://www.fbi.gov/pressrel/ucr/ucr.htm Vtéleyfhjlyfz frfltvbz ghfdjghbvtytybz (VFGG) http://www.usis.hu/ilea.htm Ghjtrn ghtljcnfdktybz cghfdjxyjq byajhvfwbb gj celjghjbpdjlcnde b ntöybxtcrbv chtlcndfv gthtlfxb änjq byajhvfwbb (GGCB) http://jeritt.msu.edu/ Ghjtrn hfphfåjnrb nbgjdsö vjltktq celjghjbpdjlcndf ghbvtybntkmyj r yfheifñobv pfrjy gjlhjcnrfv http://mailer.fsu.edu/-crimdo/ cr-jjrole-model.html 36 Yfwbjyfkmysq wtynh fyfkbpf ghtcnegktybq, cdzpfyysö c yfcbkbtv http://www.fbi.gov/vicap/vicap.htm Yfwbjyfkmyfz cghfdjxyfz ckeéåf d jåkfcnb eujkjdyjuj ghfdf (YCCEG) http://www.ncjrs.org/ncjhome.htm Ghtlcnfdkzñofz cjåjq xfcnm byajhvfwbjyyjuj wtynhf d jåkfcnb celjghjbpdjlcndf (http://www.ncjrs.org/) YCCEG, lftn jndtns yf pfghjcs, gjcnegfñobt jn hfåjnybrjd ghfdjjöhfybntkmysö jhufyjd b bcghfdbntkmyj-nheljdsö exhtéltybq, pfrjyjlfntktq, celtq, lheubö hfåjnybrjd celtåyjq cbcntvs b yfexysö hfåjnybrjd dctuj vbhf. (http://www.whitehouse.gov/WH/EOP/ondcp /html/ondcp.htlm) cjåbhftn, fyfkbpbhetn b hfcghtltkztn geåkbrfwbb j yfhrjnbrfö b cdzpfyysö c ybvb ghtcnegktybzö. Ghjuhfvvs ghfdjghbvtytybz yf ehjdyt infnf, vtcnyjv ehjdyt b vtéleyfhjlyjv ehjdyt. http://www.ustreas.gov/treasury/bureaus/ fletc/catosli.html Atlthfkmysq wtynh gjlujnjdrb cgtwbfkbcnjd gj ghfdjghbvtytybñ (AWGCGG) http://www.ustreas.gov/treasury/bureaus/ fletc/ Lheubt ubgthntrcnjdst ccskrb yf htcehct dj Dctvbhyjq rjvgmñnthyjq ctnb: http://www.ncjrs.org/lewww.htm Yfwbjyfkmysq bycnbnen celjghjbpdjlcndf (YBC) http://www.ncjrs.org/nijhome.htm Zdkzzcm cjcnfdyjq xfcnmñ Eghfdktybz ghjuhfvv celjghjbpdjlcndf (http://www.org/ojpprogs.htm), YBC ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq futyncndj Vbybcnthcndf ñcnbwbb CIF, pfybvfñottcz ghjdtltybtv yfexysö bccktljdfybq b hfphfåjnjr. Eghfdktybt gjkbwtqcrbö ckeéå lkz ghjdtltybz jgthfwbq yf vtcnyjv ehjdyt (EGCVE) http://www.usdoj.gov/cops/ Ajhev yfexysö bccktljdfybq, ghjdjlbvsö jhufyfvb gjkbwbb d flvbybcnhfnbdyj-ghfrnbxtcrjq jåkfcnb åjhmås c ghtcnegyjcnmñ (AYBG) http://www.PolicerForum.org/ Ghjuhfvvs b eckeub, ghtljcnfdkztvst gjlhfpltktybtv gj åjhmåt c ghtcnegyjcnmñ d Jnltkt ithbaf uhfacndf CfyKebc Jåbcgj (infn Rfkbajhybz) http://www.fix.net/sloso/prevent.html 37