2007 год - Организация Объединенных Наций

ɄɈɇɎȿɊȿɇɐɂə ɈɊȽȺɇɂɁȺɐɂɂ ɈȻɔȿȾɂɇȿɇɇɕɏ
ɇȺɐɂɃ ɉɈ ɌɈɊȽɈȼɅȿ ɂ ɊȺɁȼɂɌɂɘ
Ɍɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ,
ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɚɹɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɢ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ
ɈɊȽȺɇɂɁȺɐɂə ɈȻɔȿȾɂɇȿɇɇɕɏ ɇȺɐɂɃ
ɇɶɸ-Ƀɨɪɤ ɢ ɀɟɧɟɜɚ, 2007 ɝɨɞ
ǶȉȏȖȘ
ǬǶDzdzǨǬ
ǶǴǰǸǶǪȃǽ
ǰǵǪǭǹǺǰǾǰȇǽ
ii
ɉɊɂɆȿɑȺɇɂȿ
ȼɵɩɨɥɧɹɹ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ
ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɩɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɨɩɢɪɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ 30-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɘɇɄɌȺȾ ɱɟɪɟɡ Ɉɬɞɟɥ ɩɨ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɦ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ (ɈɂɌɉ)
ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ
ɩɪɹɦɵɦɢ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɈɂɌɉ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ
ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɶ ɉɂɂ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɨɬ ɧɢɯ ɨɬɞɚɱɭ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɹɬɶ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ. Ⱥɤɰɟɧɬ
ɞɟɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ,
ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ.
ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟ "ɫɬɪɚɧɚ", ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɟ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞɟ, ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɤ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɦ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɦ; ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ
ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɧɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ
ɋɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɢɚɬɚ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ ɛɵ ɬɨ ɧɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɹ
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ, ɢɥɢ ɢɯ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɣ, ɢɥɢ
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɟɥɢɦɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɢɯ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɪɚɡɛɢɜɤɚ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɩɨ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦ ɞɟɥɚɟɬɫɹ
ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɥɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ
ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɨɣ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɣɨɧɨɦ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. ɉɪɢ
ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ Ɉɬɞɟɥɚ
ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ. ɗɬɨ:
Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ: ɫɬɪɚɧɵ - ɱɥɟɧɵ ɈɗɋɊ (ɤɪɨɦɟ Ɇɟɤɫɢɤɢ, Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ Ʉɨɪɟɢ ɢ Ɍɭɪɰɢɢ)
ɩɥɸɫ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɱɥɟɧɚɦɢ ɈɗɋɊ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɫɬɚɜɲɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɱɥɟɧɚɦɢ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɸɡɚ
(Ʉɢɩɪ, Ʌɚɬɜɢɹ, Ʌɢɬɜɚ, Ɇɚɥɶɬɚ, ɋɥɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɗɫɬɨɧɢɹ), ɩɥɸɫ Ⱥɧɞɨɪɪɚ, ɂɡɪɚɢɥɶ, Ʌɢɯɬɟɧɲɬɟɣɧ,
Ɇɨɧɚɤɨ ɢ ɋɚɧ-Ɇɚɪɢɧɨ.
ɋɬɪɚɧɵ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ: ɘɝɨ-ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ ɢ ɋɨɞɪɭɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɯ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ.
Ɋɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ: ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɜɫɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɧɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɲɟ.
ɍɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɟɟ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ
ɨɞɨɛɪɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɟɟ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɘɇɄɌȺȾ.
Ƚɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɚɯ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɢ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɞɨɛɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɹ
Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ.
ȼ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ:
ɞɜɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ (..) ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ
ɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ. ɋɬɪɨɤɢ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɯ ɩɪɨɩɭɳɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɢ ɩɨ
ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɢɡ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɨɤɟ ɧɟɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ;
ɩɪɨɱɟɪɤ (-) ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɧɭɥɸ ɢɥɢ ɧɢɱɬɨɠɧɨ ɦɚɥɚ;
ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɝɪɚɮɚ ɧɟɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɚ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɢɧɨɟ;
ɤɨɫɚɹ ɱɟɪɬɚ (/) ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɨɞɚɦɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, 1994/95 ɝɨɞ) ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ;
ɬɢɪɟ (-) ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɨɞɚɦɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, 1994-1995 ɝɨɞɵ) ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɝɨ
ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɝɨɞɵ;
"ɞɨɥɥɚɪɵ" ɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɞɨɥɥɚɪɵ ɋɒȺ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɢɧɨɟ;
ɝɨɞɨɜɵɟ ɬɟɦɩɵ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɢɧɨɟ, ɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɵɟ
ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɬɟɦɩɵ ɪɨɫɬɚ;
ɜɜɢɞɭ ɨɤɪɭɝɥɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɯ
ɧɟɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɭɦɦɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɭɸ ɢɬɨɝɨɜɭɸ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ.
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɰɢɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ,
ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɭɜɟɞɨɦɥɟɧɢɟ.
UNCTAD/WIR/2006 (Overview)
ɉɨɫɟɬɢɬɟ ɜɟɛɫɚɣɬ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣ
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞɵ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ:
www.unctad.org/wir
iii
ȼɕɊȺɀȿɇɂȿ ɉɊɂɁɇȺɌȿɅɖɇɈɋɌɂ
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ 2007 ɝɨɞɚ (ȾɆɂ07) ɛɵɥ
ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɜɨɡɝɥɚɜɥɹɥɚ Ⱥɧɧ Ɇɢɪɭ ɢ ɜ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɯɨɞɢɥɢ Ɍɨɪɛɶɟɪɧ Ɏɪɟɞɪɢɤɫɫɨɧ, Ɇɚɫɚɬɚɤɚ Ɏɭɞɡɢɬɚ,
Ʉɚɥɶɦɚɧ Ʉɚɥɨɬɚɣ, Ⱦɟɜɶɹɧɢ Ʉɢɬɚɪɭɬ, Ⱦɨɧ Ⱦɠɟ Ʌɢ, Ƚɭɨɣɨɧ Ʌɹɧ, ɉɚɞɦɚ
Ɇɚɥɥɚɦɩɚɥɥɢ, ɇɢɤɨɥɶ Ɇɭɫɫɚ, Ⱥɛɪɚɯɚɦ ɇɟɝɚɲ, ɏɢɥɚɪɢ ɇɜɨɤɟɚɛɢɚ, ɀɚɧɎɪɚɧɫɭɚ ɍɬɪɟɜɢɥɶ, Ɍɨɦɚɫ ɉɨɥɥɚɧ ɢ Ⱥɫɬɪɢɬ ɋɭɥɫɬɚɪɨɜɚ. ȼɤɥɚɞ ɜ
ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞɚ ɜɧɟɫɥɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ Ʉɭɦɢ ɗɧɞɨ, Ⱦɠɚɫɬɢɧ Ɏɢɲɟɪ, Ƀɨɚɯɢɦ
Ʉɚɪɥ, ɏɚɮɢɡ Ɇɢɪɡɚ, ɒɢɧ Ɉɯɢɧɚɬɚ, Ɉɥɥɟ ɗɫɬɟɧɫɫɨɧ, Ƀɨɪɝ ȼɟɛɟɪ ɢ
Ⱦɠɟɣɦɫ ɑɠɚɧɶ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɭɸ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ Ɇɨɯɚɦɟɞ
ɒɢɪɚɡ Ȼɚɥɢ, Ȼɪɟɞɥɢ Ȼɨɣɤɭɪɬ, Ƀɨɜɚɧ Ʌɢɱɢɧɚ, Ʌɢɡɚɧ Ɇɚɪɬɢɧɟɡ ɢ Ɍɚɞɟɥɶ
Ɍɚɣɟ. ɇɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɥɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɫɬɚɠɟɪɵ Ⱦɚɧɚ
Ⱥɥɶ-ɒɟɣɯ, Ⱦɚɪɶɹ Ƚɟɪɚɫɢɦɟɧɤɨ, ɇɢɥɶɫ ɏɟɣɫɬɟɤ ɢ ɋɚɜɟɣɫ ɏɨɫɟ ɋɚɞɟɝɶɹɧ.
ȾɆɂ07 ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɥɢ ɤ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɭ Ɋɨɡɚɥɢɧɚ Ƚɨɣɟɧɚ, ɒɚɧɬɚɥɶ Ɋɚɤɨɬɨɧɞɪɚɧɢɛ
ɢ Ʉɚɬɶɹ ȼɶɺ. Ʉɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɵɣ ɧɚɛɨɪ ȾɆɂ07 ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɥɚ Ɍɟɪɟɫɢɬɚ
ȼɟɧɬɭɪɚ. Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪ - ɉɪɚɜɢɧ Ȼɯɚɥɥɚ.
ɋɬɚɪɲɢɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɜɟɬɧɢɤ - Ⱦɠɨɧ ɏ. Ⱦɚɧɧɢɧɝ.
ɉɪɢ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ ȾɆɂ07 ɛɵɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ,
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɜɲɟɝɨ ɜ ɀɟɧɟɜɟ ɜ ɦɚɟ 2007 ɝɨɞɚ
ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɪɟɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɌɇɄ ɜ
ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɦɚɪɬɟ
ɢ ɚɩɪɟɥɟ 2007 ɝɨɞɚ: ɩɟɪɜɵɣ - ɜ ɋɚɧɬɶɹɝɨ, ɑɢɥɢ (ɜ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫ
ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɦɢɫɫɢɟɣ ɞɥɹ Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɢ ɢ Ʉɚɪɢɛɫɤɨɝɨ
ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɚ), ɜɬɨɪɨɣ - ɜ ɏɚɧɨɟ, ȼɶɟɬɧɚɦ (ɜ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɢɚɬɨɦ
ȺɋȿȺɇ), ɢ ɬɪɟɬɢɣ - ɜ Ɋɚɧɞɛɭɪɝɟ, ɘɠɧɚɹ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɚ (ɜ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫ
ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɘɠɧɨɣ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɢ ɩɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ "Ɇɢɧɬɟɤ").
ȼɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɚ ɜɧɟɫɥɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ Ȼɟɤɟɥɟ Ⱥɦɚɪɟ, Ƚɥɟɧɧ Ȼɚɧɤɫ,
Ⱦɚɦɢɚɧ Ȼɪɟɬɬ, ɉɢɬɟɪ Ȼɚɤɥɢ, ɍɦɛɟɪɬɨ Ʉɚɦɩɨɞɨɧɢɤɨ, Ɏɪɟɞɪɢɤ Ʉɟɣɜɭɞ, Ʉɟɧ
ɑɭ, Ɇɟɥɚɧɢ Ʉɥɟɪ, Ʉɢɦ ɗɥɥɢɧɝ, ɏɚɦɟɞ ɗɥɶ-Ʉɚɞɢ, Ɏɥɨɪɟɧɫ ɗɧɝɟɥ, Ɇɚɝɧɭɫ
ɗɪɢɤɫɨɧ, Ʉɢɬ Ⱦɠɟɮɮɟɪɢɫ, Ɍɨɦɚɫ Ⱦɠɨɫɬ, ɉɨɥ Ⱦɠɭɪɞɚɧ, Ⱥɛɛɚ Ʉɨɥɨ, Ɋɨɦɢ
Ʉɪɟɦɟɪ, Ⱦɠɨɡɟɮɚɬ Ʉɜɟɤɚ, Ȼɪɚɣɚɧ Ʌɟɧɞ, Ɇɚɣɤɥ Ʌɢɤɨɫɤɢ, Ʉɚɪɢ Ʌɢɭɯɬɨ,
ɒɟɪɜɢɧ Ɇɚɞɠɥɟɫɢ, ɘɫɭɮ Ɇɚɧɫɭɪ, Ⱦɠɨɧɚɫ Ɇɨɛɟɪɝ, ɉɢɬɟɪ Ɇɭɤɥɢɧɫɤɢ,
ɋɢɥɚɧɟ Ɇɜɟɧɟɱɚɧɶɹ, Ƀɢɧɤɚ Ɉɦɨɪɨɝɛɟ, Ⱥɧɬɨɧɢɨ Ɇ. Ⱥ. ɉɟɞɪɨ, ɇɟɪɭ ɉɢɥɚɣ,
Ɇɟɥɢɫɫɚ ɉɚɭɷɥɥ, Ɇɚɪɢɚɧɧ Ɋɚɞɟɰɤɢ, ɏɭɚɣɱɭɚɧɶ ɀɭɣ, Ⱦɠɟɧɧɢ Ɋɚɣɞɟɦɚɧ,
ɉɟɞɪɨ ɋɚɣɫ, Ɉɫɜɚɥɶɞɨ ɍɪɫɭɚ, ɗɦɚɛɥɶ ɍɜɢɡɟɣɟ-Ɇɚɩɟɧɞɚɧɨ, ɉɟɬɟɪ ȼɚɯɬɪɚ,
ɗɜɟɥɢɧ ɜɚɧ Ɇɢɥɥ, Ɋɨɛ ɜɚɧ Ɍɭɥɞɟɪ, ɉɢɬɟɪ Ɂɚɲɟɜ ɢ ɋɛɢɝɧɟɜ Ɂɢɦɧɢ.
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
iv
Ɂɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɚ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ Ɇɭɪɚɬ Ⱥɥɢɫɢ, Ɋɨɪɢ Ⱥɥɚɧ, Ʌɭɢɫ Ⱥɥɜɚɪɟɫ, ɗɪɦɚɧ Ⱥɦɢɧɭɥɥɚ,
ɂɡɚɛɟɥɶ Ⱥɧɟɥɥɢ, Ɍɭɬɚɦ Ⱥɧɬɢɩɚɫ, Ȼɟɧɞɠɚɦɢɧ ɇ.Ⱥ. Ⱥɪɢɢ, Ƀɨɡɟɮ Ⱥɫɦɟɥɚɲ,
ɇɢɥ Ȼɚɪɬɶɟɫ, Ⱦɭɝ Ȼɚɧɧɟɪɦɚɧ, Ⱦɢɚɧɚ Ȼɚɪɪɨɭɤɥɚɮ, Ʉɥɚɭɫ Ȼɪɟɧɞɨɭ, ɉɟɪɥɚ
Ȼɭɷɧɪɨɫɬɪɨ, Ȼɨɧɧɢ Ʉɟɦɩɛɟɥɥ, ɗɞɭɚɪɞɨ ɑɚɩɚɪɪɨ, ɑɚɪɥɢ ɑɚɪɭɜɚɫɬɪ, Ⱥɥɟɧ
Ʉɥɚɪɤ, Ⱦɠɟɪɟɦɢ Ʉɥɟɝ, Ⱦɠɨɧ Ʉɨɭɥ-Ȼɟɤɟɪ, ɏɟɪɦɚɧ Ʉɨɪɧɢɥɫɨɧ, Ƚɪɷɦ
Ⱥ. Ⱦɷɣɜɢɫ, ɉɟɪɫɚ ɗɤɨɧɨɦɭ, Ɋɨɞ ɗɝɝɟɪɬ, ɗɪɜɢɡɚ ɗɪɦɚɧɧ, ɉɟɬɪɭɫ Ɏɭɡɢ,
ɋɬɢɜɟɧ Ƚɟɥɛ, Ɋɢɱɚɪɞ Ƚɭɞ, Ⱦɠɨɧ Ƚɪɭɦ, Ɇɚɪɬɢɧ ɏɚɧ, Ȼɟɧ ɏɚɦɦɭɞɚ ɏɚɤɢɦ,
Ɏɚɛɪɢɫ Ⱥɬɷɦ, ɗɧɞɪɸ ɏɟɣɦɚɧ, ɋɶɸɡɚɧ ɏɟɣɬɟɪ, Ʉɚɰɭɸɤɢ ɏɢɝɚɟ, Ⱦɷɜɢɞ
ɏɚɦɮɪɢɡ, Ƚɚɛɨɪ ɏɭɧɶɹ, Ƚɪɚɰɢɹ Ƀɟɬɬɨ-Ⱦɠɢɥɥɢɫ, Ɋɚɞɠɢɜ Ⱦɠɟɣɧ, Ɋɨɛɟɪɬɨ
Ʉɨɡɭɥɶ, ɋɬɢɜ Ʌɟɧɚɯɚɧ, Ⱦɢɪɞɪɟ Ʌɶɸɢɫ, Ɇɚɣɤɥ Ʌɢɦ, ɉɨɥ Ɇɢɬɱɟɥɥ, Ɋɟɤɯɚ
Ɇɢɫɪɚ, ɏɟɫɭɫ Ɇɨɪɚ Ʉɨɧɬɪɟɪɚɫ, ɏɭɚɧ Ʉɚɪɥɨɫ Ɇɨɪɟɧɨ-Ȼɪɢɞ, Ɇɚɣɤɥ
Ɇɨɪɬɢɦɨɪ, ɏɚɞɫɨɧ Ɇɬɟɝɚ, ɋɨɞɯɢ ɇɚɣɤɟɪ, Ȼɨɣɤɨ ɇɢɬɰɨɜ, Ⱦɠɟɪɚɥɞ ɉɚɱɭɞ,
ɉɚɜɢɞɚ ɉɚɧɚɧɨɧɞ, Ʌɨɪɪɟɣɧ Ɋɭɮɢɧɝ, Ɂɚɜɚɪɟɯ Ɋɚɫɬɨɦɞɠɢ, Ⱥ. ɗɞɜɚɪɞ
ɋɚɮɚɪɶɹɧ, Ɏɟɪɧɚɧɞɨ ɋɚɧɱɟɫ Ⱥɥɶɛɚɜɟɪɚ, Ⱦɠɨɧ ɂ. Ɍɢɥɬɨɧ, ɉɢɬɟɪ ɍɬɬɢɧɝ,
Ʉɢ ɏɜɢ ȼɢ, ɋɭɡɚɧɧɚ ȼɭɥɮ, ɑɚɧɰɢ ɍ ɢ Ɏɪɢɞɚ ɘɫɫɟɮ.
ȼɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ ȾɆɂ07, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɢɧɨɣ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɜɧɟɫɥɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɥɢɰɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɚɧɤɨɜ,
ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɚɝɟɧɬɫɬɜ ɩɨ ɩɨɨɳɪɟɧɢɸ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɜɟɞɨɦɫɬɜ,
ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɢ
ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ
ɢ
ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɪɹɞɚ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ.
ȼ ɫɛɨɪɟ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɦ ɌɇɄ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɹɦ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɚ
ɩɨɦɨɝɥɨ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫ ɍɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɨɦ ɗɪɚɡɦɚ Ɋɨɬɬɟɪɞɚɦɫɤɨɝɨ,
Ɋɨɬɬɟɪɞɚɦ.
ɋɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɢɚɬ
ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬ
ɢɫɤɪɟɧɧɸɸ
ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦ ɇɨɪɜɟɝɢɢ, ɉɨɥɶɲɢ, Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ Ʉɨɪɟɢ, ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ
Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɚ, Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ ɢ ɒɜɟɰɢɢ ɡɚ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɧɭɸ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɭɸ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ.
v
ɋɈȾȿɊɀȺɇɂȿ
ɋɬɪ.
Ɉɛɳɟɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɉɂɂ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ
ɤ ɩɢɤɭ 2000 ɝɨɞɚ… .......................................................................
1
…ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɦ ɋɢɉ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɢ
ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɮɨɧɞɨɜ ɩɪɹɦɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ… ..................................
3
…ɢ ɜɵɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ. ..............................................................................
4
ɌɇɄ ɢɡ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɪɵɧɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɬ
ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɪɭɛɟɠɨɦ. ........................
7
Ƚɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɉɂɂ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ
ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɬɨɤɢ ɉɂɂ ɩɨ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɘɝ-ɘɝ. .....................
7
Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɞɜɢɝɨɜ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ
ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɉɂɂ, ɯɨɬɹ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ
ɩɨɹɜɢɥɫɹ ɪɹɞ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ. .......................................................
13
ɉɂɂ ɜ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɥɢ ɪɟɤɨɪɞɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ
ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɥɢ ɩɪɹɦɵɯ
ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɨɜ. ........................................................
15
ɉɪɢɬɨɤ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɘɠɧɭɸ, ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɢ ɘɝɨ-ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɭɸ
Ⱥɡɢɸ ɞɨɫɬɢɝ 200 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ. ɢ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɜɨɡɪɨɫ ɢɯ ɨɬɬɨɤ… ......
16
…ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢɬɨɤ ɉɂɂ ɜ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɭɸ Ⱥɡɢɸ
ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ ɛɢɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɪɟɤɨɪɞɵ. ...............................................
17
ɂɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɜ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ ɢ ɪɟɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ
ɞɨɯɨɞɵ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɣ
Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɢ ɢ Ʉɚɪɢɛɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɚ, ɢ ɨɬɬɨɤ ɉɂɂ ɞɨɫɬɢɝ
ɧɨɜɵɯ ɜɵɫɨɬ. ...............................................................................
18
ɉɨɬɨɤɢ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɘɝɨ-ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɭɸ ȿɜɪɨɩɭ ɢ ɋɨɞɪɭɠɟɫɬɜɨ
ɇɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɯ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɥɢɫɶ ɲɟɫɬɨɣ ɝɨɞ ɩɨɞɪɹɞ… .
19
…ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɪɟɡɤɨɟ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ
ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ. .........................................
20
ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɉɂɂ
ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɦɢ. ...................................................
21
GE.07-51550 (R) 030907 040907
vi
ɋɈȾȿɊɀȺɇɂȿ (ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ)
ɋɬɪ.
ɌɊȺɇɋɇȺɐɂɈɇȺɅɖɇɕȿ ɄɈɊɉɈɊȺɐɂɂ,
ȾɈȻɕȼȺɘɓȺə ɉɊɈɆɕɒɅȿɇɇɈɋɌɖ ɂ ɊȺɁȼɂɌɂȿ
ȼɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɰɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ, ɧɟɮɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɝɚɡ
ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɌɇɄ ɜ
ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ...............................................
23
ɍɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɟɫ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɨɜ ɜ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ
ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɵɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɢ
ɜɢɞɚɦ ɫɵɪɶɹ… ..............................................................................
24
…ɨɬɪɚɠɚɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɣ ɢ ɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɦɢɪ ɌɇɄ
ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɝɞɟ ɜ ɝɨɪɧɨɪɭɞɧɨɣ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɬ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ, ɚ ɜ
ɧɟɮɬɟɝɚɡɨɜɨɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ - ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ. ....
26
ɉɪɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɪɭɛɟɠɨɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ
ɌɇɄ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɦɢ. ..............
30
Ⱦɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɜɥɟɱɶ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ
ɫɬɪɚɧ… .........................................................................................
32
…ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ… ..............
33
…ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɟ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ. ................................................................................
35
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ
ɪɨɥɶ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɞɚɱɢ
ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɨɬ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ… ............................
37
…ɪɚɜɧɨ ɤɚɤ ɢ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ,
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɌɇɄ ɢ ɢɯ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ..........
38
Ɉɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɣ
ɨɬɞɚɱɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɨɜ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ
ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɛɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ… ...............................................................
41
…ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ
ɢ ɌɇɄ. ...........................................................................................
43
vii
ɋɈȾȿɊɀȺɇɂȿ (ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ)
ɋɬɪ.
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ
ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞɚ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2007 ɝɨɞ:
Ɍɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ, ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ .......................................................................................
45
ɉɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɨɜ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ ................................
61
Ⱥɧɤɟɬɚ..............................................................................................
67
Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ
1.
Ɉɛɳɟɦɢɪɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɬɨɤɢ ɉɂɂ, 20 ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ, 2005,
2006 ɝɨɞɵ.........................................................................................
3
2.
ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɨɛɳɟɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɉɂɂ
ɜ 2007–2009 ɝɨɞɚɯ: ɨɬɜɟɬɵ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ,
ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɘɇɄɌȺȾ ................................................................
22
3.
Ⱦɨɥɹ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɦ
ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɜɜɟɡɟɧɧɵɯ ɉɂɂ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ, 2005 ɝɨɞ ...................
26
4.
Ⱦɨɥɹ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɨɜ ɜ ɞɨɛɵɱɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɪɭɞ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ
ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɵɯ, 2006 ɝɨɞ ........................
27
5.
Ⱦɨɥɹ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɞɨɛɵɱɟ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ
ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɦɢ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ ɝɚɡɚ, 2005 ɝɨɞ .....................................
28
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɵ
ɉɨɬɨɤɢ ɉɂɂ ɩɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɦ, 1995-2006 ɝɨɞɵ.......
2
2.
Ɉɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɉɂɂ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, 1982-2006 ɝɨɞɵ.......................................................
6
3.
25 ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɧɟɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɌɇɄ ɦɢɪɚ ɜ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ
ɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɨɜ, 2005 ɝɨɞ..............
9
4.
25 ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɧɟɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɌɇɄ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ
ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɜ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɨɜ,
2005 ɝɨɞ ...........................................................................................
11
1.
viii
ɋɈȾȿɊɀȺɇɂȿ (ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ)
ɋɬɪ.
5.
ɉɚɪɬɧɟɪɵ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɉɂɂ: ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɛɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ
ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɜ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɦɭ
ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɜɜɟɡɟɧɧɵɯ ɉɂɂ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɚ:
20 ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɩɚɪ, 1985, 1995, 2005 ɝɨɞɵ .........................................
13
6.
ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ,
1992-2006 ɝɨɞɚ .................................................................................
14
7.
10 ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɝɨɪɧɨɪɭɞɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ ɦɢɪɚ,
ɜ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ,
2005 ɝɨɞ ............................................................................................
29
8.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɨɜ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɧɟɮɬɟɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɹɞɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ
ɫɬɪɚɧ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ,
ɢɸɧɶ 2007 ɝɨɞɚ ................................................................................
39
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2007 ɝɨɞ
Ɍɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ, ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ
ɈȻɁɈɊ
ɉɈȼɋȿɆȿɋɌɇɕɃ ɊɈɋɌ ɉɂɂ
Ɉɛɳɟɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɉɂɂ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɩɢɤɭ 2000 ɝɨɞɚ…
Ɋɨɫɬ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɉɂɂ ɨɬɱɚɫɬɢ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɥɫɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ
ɩɪɢɛɵɥɟɣ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɦɢɪɟ ɫ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ
ɰɟɧ ɧɚ ɚɤɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɥɨ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɬɪɚɧɫɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɯ
ɫɥɢɹɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɣ (ɋɢɉ). ɇɚ ɋɢɉ ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɥɚɫɶ
ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɉɂɂ, ɧɨ ɜɵɪɨɫɥɢ ɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɜ ɧɨɜɵɟ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɣ
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ.
ɪɟɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɨɯɨɞɵ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɜɜɨɡɢɦɵɯ
ɉɂɂ: ɜ 2006 ɝɨɞɭ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ, ɩɨ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦ, ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ 30% ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ ɉɂɂ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɦɢɪɟ ɢ ɩɨɱɬɢ 50% ɜ ɨɞɧɢɯ ɥɢɲɶ
ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ.
ɏɨɬɹ ɩɪɢɬɨɤ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɫɹ ɧɚ 45%,
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɟɜɵɫɢɜ ɬɟɦɩɵ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɥɟɬ, ɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝ
857 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ., ɩɨɬɨɤɢ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɫ
ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɥɢ ɪɟɤɨɪɞɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ:
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ 379 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ. (ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ 21% ɩɪɨɬɢɜ 2005 ɝɨɞɚ)
ɢ 69 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ. (ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ 68%) (ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1). ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ
ɒɬɚɬɵ ɜɟɪɧɭɥɢ ɫɟɛɟ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɜɟɞɭɳɟɣ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɡɚ ɧɢɦɢ
ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɢ ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɟ Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɨ ɢ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɹ (ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ 1).
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɨɤɢ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɥɢ ɜ Ʉɢɬɚɣ, Ƚɨɧɤɨɧɝ (Ʉɢɬɚɣ) ɢ ɋɢɧɝɚɩɭɪ, ɚ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫ
ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ - ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɭɸ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɸ.
Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɉɂɂ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɌɇɄ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɧɚ
ɞɨɥɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ 84% ɨɛɳɟɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɵɜɨɡɚ ɉɂɂ.
ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɉɂɂ ɢɡ ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɒɬɚɬɨɜ, ɩɨɱɬɢ
ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɜɵɜɨɡɢɦɵɯ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɛɪɚɥɢ ɫɜɨɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɜ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɸɡɚ (ȿɋ), ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɜɨ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ,
ɂɫɩɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɦ Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɟ (ɜ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ). ɌɇɄ ɢɡ
ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɥɢ
ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɬɶ ɜ 2006 ɝɨɞɭ ɫɜɨɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ
ɜɟɞɭɳɢɟ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɥ Ƚɨɧɤɨɧɝ (Ʉɢɬɚɣ), ɚ ɜɨ
ɜɬɨɪɨɣ - Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɚɹ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɹ. Ɉɛɳɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɉɂɂ ɢɡ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ
ɫɬɪɚɧ ɞɨɫɬɢɝ 193 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ., ɱɬɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 16% ɨɬ ɨɛɳɟɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ
ɜɵɜɨɡɚ ɉɂɂ.
ǶǩǯǶǸ
Ɍɪɟɬɢɣ ɝɨɞ ɩɨɞɪɹɞ ɨɛɳɟɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ ɉɂɂ ɜɵɪɨɫ ɜ
2006 ɝɨɞɭ - ɧɚ 38% – ɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝ 1 306 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ. ɗɬɨɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ
ɨɤɚɡɚɥɫɹ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɛɥɢɡɤɨ ɫ ɪɟɤɨɪɞɧɵɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ 1 411 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ.,
ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɵɦ ɜ 2000 ɝɨɞɭ, ɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɦɢɪɚ. ȼ 2006 ɝɨɞɭ ɉɂɂ ɪɨɫɥɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɪɟɯ
ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ: ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫ
ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ ɘɝɨ-ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ ɢ ɋɨɞɪɭɠɟɫɬɜɚ
ɇɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɯ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ (ɋɇȽ).
73,4
25,4
1,2
73,2
25,5
1,4
71,1
26,7
2,2
98,4
98,3
5,6
67,7
52,7
7,0
18,0
0,1
13,4
4,3
9,1
622,0
113,6
113,5
7,2
79,1
46,9
6,4
20,7
0,1
11,5
4,3
7,3
832,6
64,0
31,7
4,3
115,3
115,0
12,4
72,7
53,5
5,5
24,5
0,3
24,2
8,4
15,8
564,1
361,2
277,1
256,7
6,3
53,1
24,6
178,7
18,7
44,7
56,4
38,1
5,4
170,7
170,0
20,8
106,3
60,6
7,6
35,2
0,7
40,3
13,4
26,9
742,1
418,9
209,2
204,2
7,8
135,8
66,0
283,0
18,0
94,3
62,4
33,2
4,4
209,1
208,7
41,6
116,3
72,4
9,9
41,1
0,4
41,2
15,1
26,0
945,8
590,3
495,0
486,4
2,8
101,0
- 8,5
314,3
29,6
75,5
65,7
29,0
5,3
259,8
259,4
59,9
125,8
69,5
22,3
51,5
0,3
69,3
26,3
42,9
1305,9
57,5
566,4
531,0
- 6,5
175,4
122,2
379,1
35,5
83,8
2006
89,3
10,4
0,3
50,8
50,8
0,8
39,6
2,0
0,2
10,2
0,0
2,0
0,1
1,9
714,8
638,5
450,6
421,3
25,1
125,9
36,9
74,3
2,4
21,1
1995-2000
(ɋɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ)
88,8
10,8
0,4
47,1
47,1
- 1,1
26,1
6,9
1,4
20,7
0,0
2,7
0,1
2,5
745,5
662,2
454,5
435,0
38,3
124,9
44,5
80,6
- 3,0
36,5
90,3
8,9
0,9
35,4
35,4
1,5
27,6
2,5
1,7
4,7
0,0
4,7
0,6
4,1
540,7
488,2
280,0
265,7
32,3
134,9
40,9
47,9
0,3
12,1
Ɉɬɬɨɤ ɉɂɂ
2001 2002
90,0
8,1
1,9
22,4
22,4
- 2,3
17,4
2,9
1,9
5,3
0,0
10,7
0,2
10,6
560,1
504,0
308,5
286,7
28,8
129,4
37,3
45,4
1,3
21,6
85,0
13,4
1,6
87,5
87,5
8,1
62,9
5,5
2,2
14,2
0,1
14,0
0,2
13,8
877,3
746,0
394,5
359,9
31,0
258,0
62,6
117,3
2,1
27,8
2003 2004
84,4
13,8
1,7
77,8
77,7
13,4
49,8
12,3
2,6
11,9
0,1
14,6
0,6
14,0
837,2
706,7
691,2
608,8
45,8
- 27,7
- 2,5
115,9
2,3
35,7
2005
84,1
14,3
1,5
117,1
117,1
14,1
74,1
16,1
9,8
19,1
0,0
18,7
0,6
18,1
1215,8
1022,7
668,7
572,4
50,3
216,6
87,1
174,4
8,2
49,1
2006
ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ: UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2007: Transnational Corporations, Extractive Industries and Development, ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ B.1
ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɛɚɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɉɂɂ/ɌɇɄ (www.unctad.org/fdistatistics).
Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ
Ɋɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ
ɘɝɨ-ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ ɢ ɋɇȽ
442,3
314,6
307,3
9,2
74,5
44,0
166,3
13,6
54,3
609,0
392,7
381,6
6,2
159,5
50,6
212,0
20,0
78,5
ɉɪɢɬɨɤ ɉɂɂ
1995-2000
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
(ɋɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ)
Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ
543,9
ȿɜɪɨɩɚ
326,2
ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɸɡ
312,9
əɩɨɧɢɹ
4,6
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɒɬɚɬɵ
169,7
Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ
43,3
Ɋɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ
188,0
Ⱥɮɪɢɤɚ
9,0
Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɚɹ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɚ ɢ
72,6
Ʉɚɪɢɛɫɤɢɣ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧ
Ⱥɡɢɹ ɢ Ɉɤɟɚɧɢɹ
106,3
Ⱥɡɢɹ
105,8
Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ Ⱥɡɢɹ
3,3
ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ Ⱥɡɢɹ
70,7
Ʉɢɬɚɣ
41,8
ɘɠɧɚɹ Ⱥɡɢɹ
3,9
ɘɝɨ-ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ Ⱥɡɢɹ
27,9
Ɉɤɟɚɧɢɹ
0,5
ɘɝɨ-ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ ɢ ɋɇȽ
8,8
ɘɝɨ-ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ
2,7
ɋɇȽ
6,1
ȼɫɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɦɢɪɚ
740,7
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɩɪɚɜɤɢ: ɞɨɥɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚɯ ɨɬ ɨɛɳɟɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɉɂɂ
Ɋɟɝɢɨɧ/ɫɬɪɚɧɚ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1. ɉɨɬɨɤɢ ɉɂɂ ɩɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɦ, 1995-2006 ɝɨɞɵ
2
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2007 ɝɨɞ: ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ,
ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
3
Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ 1. Ɉɛɳɟɦɢɪɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɬɨɤɢ ɉɂɂ, 20 ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ,
2005, 2006 ɝɨɞɵɚ
(Ɇɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ.)
a) ɉɪɢɬɨɤ ɉɂɂ
b) Ɉɬɬɨɤ ɉɂɂ
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ
ɒɬɚɬɵ
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɟ
Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɨ
Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɹ
175
101
140
194
Ȼɟɥɶɝɢɹ
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ
ɒɬɚɬɵ
-28
Ʉɚɧɚɞɚ
ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɢɹ
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɟ
Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɨ
Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ
Ƚɨɧɤɨɧɝ, Ʉɢɬɚɣ
Ȼɟɥɶɝɢɹ
Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ
əɩɨɧɢɹ
Ʉɢɬɚɣ
Iɂɬɚɥɢɹ
Ʉɚɧɚɞɚ
Ʌɸɤɫɟɦɛɭɪɝ
Ƚɨɧɤɨɧɝ, Ʉɢɬɚɣ
Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɚɹ
Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɹ
ɂɬɚɥɢɹ
ɓɜɟɰɢɹ
Ȼɪɚɡɢɥɢɹ
ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɢɹ
-
ɒɜɟɰɢɹ
ɋɢɧɝɚɩɭɪ
-35 Ⱥɜɫɬɪɚɥɢɹ
ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɵ
Ɍɭɪɰɢɹ
Ɇɟɤɫɢɤɚ
2006
Ȼɪɚɡɢɥɢɹ
ɋɚɭɞɨɜɫɤɚɹ
Ⱥɪɚɜɢɹ
0
143
-33 Ⱥɜɫɬɪɚɥɢɹ
ɂɪɥɚɧɞɢɹ
Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɚɹ
Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɹ
ɂɫɩɚɧɢɹ
-20
217
115
121
Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɹ
ɂɫɩɚɧɢɹ
2005
20
40
60
80
Ʉɢɬɚɣ
2006
ɂɡɪɚɢɥɶ
2005
ɇɨɪɜɟɝɢɹ
100
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ: UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2007: Transnational Corporations,
Extractive Industries and Development, ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ B.1 ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɛɚɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ
ɉɂɂ/ɌɇɄ www.unctad.org/fdistatistics).
a
ȼ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɉɂɂ ɜ 2006 ɝɨɞɭ.
…ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɦ ɋɢɉ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɮɨɧɞɨɜ
ɩɪɹɦɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ…
ɇɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɨɟ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ
ɨɛɳɟɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ
ɨɛɴɟɦɚ
ɉɂɂ
ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɪɚɧɫɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɋɢɉ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɪɨɫɥɢ ɜ 2006 ɝɨɞɭ ɤɚɤ ɩɨ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ (ɧɚ 23%, ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɜ
880 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ.), ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ (ɧɚ 14%,
6 974 ɫɞɟɥɤɢ), ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɜɲɢɫɶ ɤ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɦɭ ɩɢɤɨɜɨɦɭ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ ɋɢɉ,
ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɜ 2000 ɝɨɞɭ. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ
ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɮɨɧɞɨɜɨɦ ɪɵɧɤɟ, ɪɨɫɬ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɟɣ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɟ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɛɭɦɚ ɋɢɉ ɤɨɧɰɚ 90-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ ɧɚ
ɷɬɨɬ ɪɚɡ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ
ɧɚɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɥɝɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɚ ɧɟ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ
ɚɤɰɢɹɦɢ. ȼ 2006 ɝɨɞɭ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɭɠɟ 172 ɦɟɝɚɫɞɟɥɤɢ (ɬ.ɟ. ɧɚ
ɫɭɦɦɭ ɫɜɵɲɟ 1 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ.), ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɞɜɭɯ ɬɪɟɬɟɣ
ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɋɢɉ.
ɗɬɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɥɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɵ ɢ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɵ. ȼ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ
Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɹɞɚ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ
4
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2007 ɝɨɞ: ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ,
ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɬɪɚɧɫɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɋɢɉ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɭɞɜɨɢɥɫɹ. ȼ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɚ, ɚ
ɢɫɩɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɮɢɪɦɵ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɥɢ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ
ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɟɥɟɣ.
Ɍɪɚɧɫɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ
(ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɮɢɪɦ "Ɍɟɥɟɮɨɧɢɤɚ" ɢ "Ɏɟɪɪɨɜɢɚɥ") ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ 78 ɦɥɪɞ.
ɞɨɥɥ., ɱɬɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɤɨɪɞɧɵɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ. Ʉɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ
ɢɡ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɢ ɢɡ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɫɟ
ɲɢɪɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɞɟɥɤɚɯ, ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜ 2006 ɝɨɞɭ
(17 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ.) ɫɬɚɥɨ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɟ "ɂɧɤɨ" (Ʉɚɧɚɞɚ) ɛɪɚɡɢɥɶɫɤɨɣ
ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɟɣ ɄȼɊȾ.
ȿɳɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɧɟɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɟɣ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɋɢɉ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɦɢɪɟ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɮɨɧɞɨɜ ɩɪɹɦɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɧɞɨɜ. ȼ 2006 ɝɨɞɭ ɨɧɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɜ
ɬɪɚɧɫɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɋɢɉ ɧɚ ɫɭɦɦɭ ɜ 158 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ., ɱɬɨ ɧɚ 18% ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ
ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ 2005 ɝɨɞɚ.
ɗɬɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɩɢɬɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɪɚɫɬɭɳɢɦ
ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɞɨɯɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɛɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɚ
ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɪɵɧɤɚɯ. ɑɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɜ
ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɪɟɠɧɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɞɨɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɢ
ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɪɢɫɤɨɦ ɚɤɬɢɜɵ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɜɫɟ ɱɚɳɟ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɸɬ
ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɛɢɪɠɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɢ
ɛɭɞɭɬ ɢ ɜɩɪɟɞɶ ɢɝɪɚɬɶ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɟ ɋɢɉ. ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ
ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɬɶ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚɯ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɧɟ ɭɞɚɫɬɫɹ ɜɜɢɞɭ
ɪɹɞɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ: ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɹ ɨɛɨɫɬɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɰɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɵ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ
ɧɟɞɚɜɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɣ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɪɨɫɥɢ; ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ,
ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɣ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɮɢɪɦ ɜ ɪɹɞɟ
ȼɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ
ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɞɨɥɝɨɜɟɱɧɵɦ.
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɛɥɢɠɟ ɤ ɩɨɪɬɮɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɦ,
ɱɟɦ ɤ ɉɂɂ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɧɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɟ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ
ɩɨɜɨɞɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ
ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɭɜɨɥɶɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ.
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ
ɬɪɚɧɫɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɟ ɋɢɉ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɨɜɵɦ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɢɯ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
…ɢ ɜɵɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ.
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɹɦɢ
ɜɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɛɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɨɫɥɨ ɜ 2006 ɝɨɞɭ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɝɨɞɨɦ ɪɚɧɟɟ.
Ɉɛɴɟɦɵ ɩɪɨɞɚɠ, ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 78 000 ɌɇɄ
ɢ ɢɯ 780 000 ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɨɜ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɢɫɶ, ɩɨ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦ,
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ 18%, 16% ɢ 12% (ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2). ɇɚ ɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ 10%
ɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ȼȼɉ ɢ ɬɪɟɬɶ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɚ. ɇɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɩɨ
ɱɢɫɥɭ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɨɜ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ Ʉɢɬɚɣ, ɚ
ɬɟɦɩɵ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɪɹɞɚ ɌɇɄ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɣ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ 15 ɥɟɬ ɩɪɟɜɵɫɢɥɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɌɇɄ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ
ɫɬɪɚɧ.
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
5
Ɂɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ 1990 ɝɨɞɚ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɧɹɬɵɯ ɜ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɚɯ
ɌɇɄ ɜɨɡɪɨɫɥɚ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜ ɬɪɢ ɪɚɡɚ, ɯɨɬɹ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɉɂɂ ɪɨɫ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ.
ɋɚɦɨɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɟ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɵ ɜ Ʉɢɬɚɟ:
ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɢɯ ɧɚɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ 24 ɦɥɧ. Ɂɚ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 2001-2004 ɝɨɞɨɜ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɧɹɬɵɯ ɜ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɚɯ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ
ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɒɬɚɬɚɯ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɚ ɢ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ 5,1 ɦɥɧ. ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ. ȼ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɒɬɚɬɨɜ, ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɵɦɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɹɦɵɦɢ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɡɚ ɪɭɛɟɠɨɦ, ɢɯ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɚɦɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɨ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɦɟɫɬ (9 ɦɥɧ.) ɫɪɟɞɢ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɨɜ ɜɫɟɯ
ɫɬɪɚɧ ɛɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɉɂɂ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɦ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɭɸ ɫɭɦɦɭ
ɜɜɟɡɟɧɧɵɯ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɣ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɦɟɫɬ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ.
Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ, ɜ 2005 ɝɨɞɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ - ɩɨɱɬɢ ɞɜɟ
ɬɪɟɬɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ 49% ɜ 1990 ɝɨɞɭ - ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɜɜɟɡɟɧɧɵɯ ɉɂɂ
ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ. ȼ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɦ, ɬɚɤ ɢ
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɪɨɫɥɚ ɞɨɥɹ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ. ȼɬɨɪɵɦ ɩɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɛɵɥ ɫɟɤɬɨɪ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɟɝɨ ɞɨɥɹ ɫɧɢɡɢɥɚɫɶ ɫ 41% ɜ 1990 ɝɨɞɭ ɞɨ 30% ɜ
2005 ɝɨɞɭ, ɚ ɧɚ ɞɨɥɸ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɦɟɧɟɟ 10%
ɨɛɳɟɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɜɜɟɡɟɧɧɵɯ ɉɂɂ. Ⱦɨɥɹ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɉɂɂ, ɫɧɢɠɚɜɲɚɹɫɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ, ɜ 2000-2005 ɝɨɞɚɯ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɨɡɪɨɫɥɚ. ɗɬɨɦɭ
ɩɨɦɨɝɥɢ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɟɞɤɭ ɢ ɞɨɛɵɱɭ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɵɯ, ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɹɞ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɋɢɉ (ɫɦ. ɱɚɫɬɶ ɜɬɨɪɭɸ).
22 060
5 083
29
4 329
21 524
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɩɪɚɜɤɢ
ȼȼɉ (ɜ ɬɟɤɭɳɢɯ ɰɟɧɚɯ)
12 002
ȼɚɥɨɜɵɟ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ
2 611
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɪɨɹɥɬɢ ɢ ɥɢɰɟɧɡɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɟɣ
9
ɗɤɫɩɨɪɬ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɢ ɧɟɮɚɤɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ
2 124
48 293 h
10 307
132
14 120
72 627 g
63 770 g
44 486
9 115
123
12 588
1 307
1 216
11 993
12 474
881
972
880
25 177 c
4 862 d
51 187 e
4 707 f
946
837
10 048
10 579
759
845
716
21 394 c
4 184 d
42 637 e
4 197 f
94
11 5
21 1
13 9
53
21 7
24 6
16 9
17 7
10 4
18 7
25 9 b
19 3
17 0
17 7
21 7
1986-1990
59
55
14 6
84
55
22 0
17 3
94
10 6
29 2
17 4
24 0
88
67
13 7
85
1991-1995
13
10
81
37
11 5
40 0
36 4
17 4
17 3
16 3
11 8
51 5
84
73
19 3
33
12 3
12 6
12 4
16 1
57
-9 3
36
20 6
18 1
37 5
38 0
-19 7
26 6
21 1
26 0
16 1 f
77
48
96
10 7
16 3 g
27 4
-4 6
50
42
28 9
24 7
88 2
30c
63d
93e
10 7 f
2005
86
13 1
72
12 2
13 9 g
38 1
45 2
19 4
17 9
16 0
15 1
22 9
17 7 c
16 2 d
20 1 e
12 2 f
2006
c
b
a
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫ 1987 ɝɨɞɚ.
Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ 1987-1990 ɝɨɞɵ.
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ, ɭɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɩɪɨɞɚɠ ɫ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɦ ɜɜɟɡɟɧɧɵɯ ɉɂɂ (ɜ ɦɥɧ. ɞɨɥɥ.) ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1980-2004 ɝɨɞɨɜ: ɨɛɴɟɦ ɩɪɨɞɚɠ
= 1 853+1,945* ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɜɜɟɡɟɧɧɵɯ ɉɂɂ.
d
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ, ɭɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɜɚɥɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɫ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɦ ɜɜɟɡɟɧɧɵɯ ɉɂɂ (ɜ ɦɥɧ. ɞɨɥɥ.) ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1982-2004 ɝɨɞɨɜ:
ɜɚɥɨɜɚɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ = 679+0,349* ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɜɜɟɡɟɧɧɵɯ ɉɂɂ.
e
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ, ɭɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɚɤɬɢɜɨɜ ɫ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɦ ɜɜɟɡɟɧɧɵɯ ɉɂɂ (ɜ ɦɥɧ. ɞɨɥɥ.) ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1980-2004 ɝɨɞɨɜ: ɨɛɴɟɦ ɚɤɬɢɜɨɜ
= -1,523+4,395* ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɜɜɟɡɟɧɧɵɯ ɉɂɂ.
f
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ 1995-1997 ɝɨɞɨɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ, ɭɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɨɜ ɫ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɦ ɜɜɟɡɟɧɧɵɯ ɉɂɂ (ɜ ɦɥɧ.
ɞɨɥɥ.) ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1982-1994 ɝɨɞɨɜ: ɨɛɴɟɦ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɚ = 285+0,628*ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɜɜɟɡɟɧɧɵɯ ɉɂɂ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ 1998-2006 ɝɨɞɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɞɨɥɹ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɨɜ ɜ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɦ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɟ ɜ 1998 ɝɨɞɭ (33,3%).
g
ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ, ɭɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ (ɬɵɫ. ɱɟɥ.) ɫ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɦ ɜɜɟɡɟɧɧɵɯ ɉɂɂ (ɜ ɦɥɧ. ɞɨɥɥ.) ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ 1980-2004 ɝɨɞɨɜ:
ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ: 18 021+4,55* ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɜɜɟɡɟɧɧɵɯ ɉɂɂ.
h
ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ IMF, World Economic Outlook, April 2007.
12 4
15 5
19 2
20 5
37
31 6
56 6
16 9
15 6
33 2
38 4
28 2
15 0
15 9
-1 0
20 5 f
Ƚɨɞɨɜɵɟ ɬɟɦɩɵ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ
(ɜ %)
2003
2004
1996-2000
ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ: UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2007: Transnational Corporations, Extractive Industries and Development, ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ I.4.
25 103
2 741
676
2 206
688
59
28
637
627
47
46
ɋɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɬɟɤɭɳɢɯ ɰɟɧɚɯ
(ɜ ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ.)
1982
1990
2005
2006
202
230
1 779
1 815
76
120
151
6 126
1 501
6 036
1 523
ɉɪɢɬɨɤ ɉɂɂ
Ɉɬɬɨɤ ɉɂɂ
ɋɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɜɜɟɡɟɧɧɵɯ ɉɂɂ
ɋɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɜɵɜɟɡɟɧɧɵɯ ɉɂɂ
Ⱦɨɯɨɞ ɨɬ ɜɜɟɡɟɧɧɵɯ ɉɂɂ
Ⱦɨɯɨɞ ɨɬ ɜɵɜɟɡɟɧɵɯ ɉɂɂ
Ɍɪɚɧɫɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɟ ɋɢɉɚ
Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɩɪɨɞɚɠ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɨɜ
ȼɚɥɨɜɚɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɨɜ
ɋɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɵɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɵ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɨɜ
ɗɤɫɩɨɪɬ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɨɜ
ɑɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɨɜ
(ɬɵɫ. ɱɟɥ.)
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ
Taɛɥɢɰɚ 2. Ɉɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɉɂɂ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, 1982-2006 ɝɨɞɵ
(B ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ. ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚɯ)
6
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2007 ɝɨɞ: ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ,
ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
7
ɌɇɄ ɢɡ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɪɵɧɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɬ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɬɶ
ɫɜɨɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɪɭɛɟɠɨɦ.
ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɜ
ɦɢɪɟ ɌɇɄ, ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ. ɑɢɫɥɨ ɮɢɪɦ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ
ɫɬɪɚɧ ɜ ɫɩɢɫɤɟ 100 ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɧɟɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɌɇɄ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɨɫɶ ɫ
ɩɹɬɢ ɜ 2004 ɝɨɞɭ ɞɨ ɫɟɦɢ ɜ 2005 ɝɨɞɭ (ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɝɨɞ, ɡɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ
ɞɚɧɧɵɟ) ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɫ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɨɥɢ ɌɇɄ ɢɡ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɘɝɚ. ȼ ɫɩɢɫɤɟ
100 ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɌɇɄ ɦɢɪɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ
ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨ, ɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɨɜ ɢɦɟɸɬ "Ⱦɠɟɧɟɪɚɥ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɤ", "ȼɨɞɚɮɨɧ" ɢ "Ⱦɠɟɧɟɪɚɥ ɦɨɬɨɪɡ" (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ 3, ɝɞɟ
ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ 25 ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɧɟɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɌɇɄ). ɏɨɬɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ
ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɨɜ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ 100 ɌɇɄ ɫ 2004 ɝɨɞɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ
ɦɟɧɹɥɢɫɶ, ɨɛɴɟɦɵ ɢɯ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɚɠ ɢ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ
ɜɨɡɪɨɫɥɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɧɚ 10%.
Ʉɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɌɇɄ ɢɡ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɪɵɧɤɨɦ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ
ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ. ȼ 2005 ɝɨɞɭ ɨɛɴɟɦɵ
ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɚɠ ɢ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟɣ
100 ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɌɇɄ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɜɵɪɨɫɥɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ
48% ɢ 73%. ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɫɨ 100 ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɦɢ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɹɦɢ
ɦɢɪɚ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɯɜɚɬɚ ɭ ɷɬɢɯ ɌɇɄ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɢɠɟ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɫɬɪɚɧ.
ȼ ɩɟɪɟɱɧɟ 100 ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɌɇɄ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ (ɫɩɢɫɨɤ
25 ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɧɟɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɌɇɄ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫɦ. ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 4)
ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ Ⱥɡɢɹ (78 ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ), ɡɚɬɟɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɬ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɚ ɢ Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɚɹ
Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɚ (ɜ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɩɨ 11 ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ).
ɗɬɢ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ, ɱɟɦ
ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɌɇɄ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ. Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ, ɜ
2005 ɝɨɞɭ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɶɸ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ
ɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɢɣ
ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ,
ɛɵɥɚ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ/ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚɹ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ.
Ƚɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɉɂɂ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɸɬɫɹ
ɩɨɬɨɤɢ ɉɂɂ ɩɨ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɘɝ-ɘɝ.
ȼ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɉɂɂ ɩɪɨɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɢ
ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɛɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ȼɚɠɧɵɦɢ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹɦɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɨɫɬ ɉɂɂ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɣ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɉɂɂ ɩɨ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɘɝ-ɘɝ. ɉɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɫɞɜɢɝɢ ɢ ɜ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɞɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɉɂɂ. ȼ 2005 ɝɨɞɭ ɧɚ ɞɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɦ
ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɣ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɜɵɜɟɡɟɧɧɵɯ ɉɂɂ ɛɵɥ
ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɚ ɜ
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɒɬɚɬɚɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ 282 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ. (ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ 5);
20 ɝɨɞɚɦɢ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɣ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɜ
1985 ɝɨɞɭ ɜ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɞɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɉɂɂ
ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɞɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɒɬɚɬɚɦɢ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɢ Ʉɚɧɚɞɨɣ, ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɚɦɢ ɢ
8
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2007 ɝɨɞ: ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ,
ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɦ Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɨɦ - ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ, ɬɨ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɨɛɳɚɹ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ
ɛɨɝɚɱɟ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɜ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ.
ȼ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢ
ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɜ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɵɯ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɨɜ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɞɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɉɂɂ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɱɢɫɥɟ
50 ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɚɪ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɞɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɣ
ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɜɜɟɡɟɧɧɵɯ ɉɂɂ, ɜ 2005 ɝɨɞɭ 22 ɛɵɥɢ ɢɡ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ, ɜ ɬɨ
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɜ 1995 ɝɨɞɭ ɢɯ ɛɵɥɨ 17. ɋɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɥɢɧɢɢ
ɉɂɂ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ
ɉɂɂ, ɬ.ɟ. ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ
ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɯ ɉɂɂ ɧɚ ɞɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɫ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ "ɨɠɢɞɚɬɶ", ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɞɨɥɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦɢɪɨɜɨɦ
ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɜɜɨɡɢɦɵɯ ɢ ɜɵɜɨɡɢɦɵɯ ɉɂɂ.
70
8
85
16
29
38
64
79
27
94
73
51
63
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ
ɒɬɚɬɵ
ɋɬɪɚɧɚ
ɛɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɹ
Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ
Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ
74 "Ɋȼȿ ɝɪɭɩ"
Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɹ
36 "ɗɥɟɤɬɪɢɫɢɬɟ ɞɟ
ɮɪɚɧɫ"
51 "Ɏɪɚɧɫ ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦ"
54 "Ɏɨɥɶɤɫɜɚɝɟɧ"
55 "Ɍɨɬɚɥɶ"
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ
ɒɬɚɬɵ
Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɹ
əɩɨɧɢɹ
95 "Ɍɨɣɨɬɚ ɦɨɬɨɪ
ɤɨɪɩɨɪɟɣɲɧ"
56 "Ɏɨɪɞ ɦɨɬɨɪ"
43 "ɗɤɫɨɧɆɨɛɢɥ"
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɟ
Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɨ,
ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɵ
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ
ɒɬɚɬɵ
80 "Ɋɨɹɥ ɞɚɬɱ/ɒɟɥɥ
ɝɪɭɩɩ"
94 "ȼɨɞɚɮɨɧ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɉɅɄ" ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɟ
Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɨ
72 "Ⱦɠɟɧɟɪɚɥ ɦɨɬɨɪɡ"
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ
ɒɬɚɬɵ
61 "Ȼɪɢɬɢɲ ɩɟɬɪɨɥɢɭɦ
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɟ
ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢ ɉɅɄ"
Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɨ
42 "Ⱦɠɟɧɟɪɚɥ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɤ"
Ɇɟɫɬɨ ɩɨ:
Ɉɛɴɟɦɵ ɂɌɇa ɂɂb Ʉɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɹ
ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ
ɚɤɬɢɜɨɜ
Ⱥɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɚɹ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
ɇɟɮɬɹɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ:
ɪɚɡɜɟɞɤɚ/ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ/
ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
ɇɟɮɬɹɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ:
ɪɚɡɜɟɞɤɚ/ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ/
ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
ɇɟɮɬɹɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ:
ɪɚɡɜɟɞɤɚ/ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ/
ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
Ⱥɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɚɹ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
Ⱥɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɚɹ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
ɇɟɮɬɹɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ:
ɪɚɡɜɟɞɤɚ/ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ/
ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨ-, ɝɚɡɨ- ɢ
ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ
Ɍɟɥɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ
Ⱥɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɚɹ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨ-, ɝɚɡɨ- ɢ
ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ
Ɍɟɥɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ
Ɉɬɪɚɫɥɶ
82 569
87 186
82 579
128 060
129 514
157 621
202 431
125 717
108 098
91 478
269 476
119 131
244 391
208 335
143 860
131 676
219 516
206 914
476 078
220 499
673 342
151 324
161 174
175 254
196 396
412 692
23 390
25 634
85 896
26 060
132 960
80 325
117 721
248 402
184 047
200 293
65 288
39 497
59 815
52 081
61 071
118 646
63 578
178 300
177 089
186 177
358 955
306 731
253 621
192 604
52 428
149 702
61 672
96 200
84 000
42 349
85 928
82 034 203 008
165 849 345 214
17 801 161 560
64 126 112 877
160 000 300 000
107 763 285 977
52 920
92 000 109 000
78 100
194 000 335 000
51 052
155 000 316 000
52.9
49.9
57.6
32.4
72.5
47.6
51.6
67.1
71.1
79.4
42.9
82.4
50.1
248
175
199
218
401
201
141
256
507
417
91
77
432
243
279
276
567
285
391
331
964
602
158
210
1 184 1 527
Ⱥɤɬɢɜɵ
Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɩɪɨɞɚɠ
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɨɜ
Ɂɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɟ ȼɫɟɝɨ Ɂɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɟ ȼɫɟɝɨ Ɂɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɟ
ȼɫɟɝɨ ɂɌɇa Ɂɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɟ ȼɫɟɝɨ
(ɜ %)
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3. 25 ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɧɟɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɌɇɄ ɦɢɪɚ ɜ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɨɜ, 2005 ɝɨɞ
(Ɇɥɧ. ɞɨɥɥ. ɢ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ)
57.4
72.0
71.3
79.0
70.7
70.5
36.1
77.3
52.6
69.3
57.6
36.7
77.5
ɂɂb
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
9
77
24
87
40
12
11
67
47
89
60
49
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ
Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ
59 "Ⱦɨɣɱɟ ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦ ȺȽ"
47 "ɋɢɦɟɧɫ ȺȽ"
Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ
32 "ȻɆȼ ȺȽ"
96 "ɇɢɫɚɧ ɦɨɬɨɪ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢ əɩɨɧɢɹ
ɥɢɦɢɬɟɞ"
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ
ɒɬɚɬɵ
77 "ɄɨɧɨɤɨɎɢɥɢɩɫ"
70 "ɏɨɧɞɚ ɦɨɬɨɪ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢ əɩɨɧɢɹ
ɥɢɦɢɬɟɞ"
17 "ɏɚɱɢɫɨɧ ɜɚɦɩɨɚ"
Ƚɨɧɤɨɧɝ, Ʉɢɬɚɣ
38 "ɉɪɨɤɬɟɪ ɷɧɞ Ƚɚɦɛɥ" ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ
ɒɬɚɬɵ
37 "ɋɚɧɨɮɢ-Ⱥɜɟɧɬɢɫ"
Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɹ
Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɹ
Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ
ɒɬɚɬɵ
52 "ɋɸɷɡ"
73 "ȿ.Ɉɇ"
88 "ɒɟɜɪɨɧ ɤɨɪɩ."
Ɏɚɪɦɚɰɟɜɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
ɇɟɮɬɹɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ:
ɪɚɡɜɟɞɤɚ/ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ/
ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
Ⱥɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɚɹ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
Ⱥɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɚɹ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
ɇɟɮɬɹɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ:
ɪɚɡɜɟɞɤɚ/ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ/
ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨ-, ɝɚɡɨ- ɢ
ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨ-, ɝɚɡɨ- ɢ
ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ
Ɍɟɥɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ
Ⱥɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɚɹ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ
Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ
53 747
55 308
55 906
58 999
61 607
60 251
66 682
78 378
66 854
78 400
80 941
81 225
97 661
88 316
106 999
102 638
77 018
135 695
89 923
151 461
103 754
95 085
149 900
125 833
59 771
44 404
48 568
18 901
24 721
38 760
69 791
31 659
64 447
39 565
29 148
99 970
83 440
58 105
179 442
34 013
31 101
68 222
87 686
74 230
96 002
51 670
83 177
193 641
79 947
59 000
35 591
97 181
89 336 183 356
25 924 105 798
15 931
69 186
165 590 200 000
69 835 138 000
126 122 144 785
75 820 243 695
296 000 461 000
96 741 157 639
45 820
32 000
58.5
54.5
41.4
61.4
80.8
50.6
80.3
41.8
65.3
73.5
48.8
56.8
613
639
234
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ: ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɯ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɦ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɚɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɦɢɧɨɪɢɬɚɪɧɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 10%.
"ɂɧɞɟɤɫ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ" (ɂɂ) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɨɜ ɧɚ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɨɜ. (ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ: ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ
ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɵ ɫ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ.) Ɇɟɫɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɢ 100 ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɌɇɄ ɦɢɪɚ.
b
172
175
125
181
83
345
243
ɂɧɞɟɤɫ ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (ɂɌɇ) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɬɪɟɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ: ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɨɜ ɤɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɦ,
ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɚɠ ɤ ɨɛɳɟɦɭ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɩɪɨɞɚɠ ɢ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɪɭɛɟɠɨɦ ɤ ɨɛɳɟɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɡɚɧɹɬɵɯ. Ɇɟɫɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɢ 100 ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɌɇɄ ɦɢɪɚ.
54
142
68
142
75
269
141
266 382
877 1 177
440
367
106
a
ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ: UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2007: Transnational Corporations, Extractive Industries and Development, ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ A.I.13 ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ.
53
14
31.4
81.1
54.4
78.5
90.4
78.0
58.0
69.6
74.5
71.8
57.4
45.3
10
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2007 ɝɨɞ: ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ,
ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ
19
83
20
30
52
46
28
90
89
59
60
84
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
a
Ʉɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɹ
62
75
67
80
23
19
11
5
18
4
8 534 60 305
10 657 18 105
12 807 57 910
14 891 99 059
13 015 64 688
15 770 18 440
16 609 50 611
18 000 20 748
17 481 74 834
21 793 26 439
26 350 73 203
Ɇɚɥɚɣɡɢɹ
Ɂɚɪɭɛɟɠ- ȼɫɟɝɨ
ɧɵɟ
61 607 77 018
Ɉɬɪɚɫɥɶ
Ⱥɤɬɢɜɵ
Ƚɨɧɤɨɧɝ, Ʉɢɬɚɣ Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ
ɋɬɪɚɧɚ
ɛɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɇɟɮɬɹɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ:
ɪɚɡɜɟɞɤɚ/ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ/
ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
"ɋɟɦɟɤɫ ɋ.Ⱥ."
Ɇɟɤɫɢɤɚ
ɇɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
"ɋɢɧɝɬɟɥ ɥɬɞ."
ɋɢɧɝɚɩɭɪ
Ɍɟɥɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ
"ɋɚɦɫɭɧɝ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɢɤɫ Ʉɨ., Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɥɬɞ."
Ʉɨɪɟɹ
ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ
"ɅȽ ɤɨɪɩ."
Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
Ʉɨɪɟɹ
ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ
"ɀɚɪɞɢɧ Ɇɚɬɟɫɨɧ ɯɨɥɞɢɧɝɫ Ƚɨɧɤɨɧɝ, Ʉɢɬɚɣ Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ
ɥɬɞ."
"ɋɂɌɂɄ ɝɪɭɩ"
Ʉɢɬɚɣ
Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ
"ɏɺɧɞɟ ɦɨɬɨɪ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢ"
Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ
Ⱥɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɚɹ
Ʉɨɪɟɹ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
"Ɏɨɪɦɨɡɚ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤ ɝɪɭɩ"
Ʉɢɬɚɣɫɤɚɹ
ɏɢɦɢɤɚɬɵ
ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɹ
Ɍɚɣɜɚɧɶ
"ɑɚɣɧɚ ɨɭɲɧ ɲɢɩɢɧɝ
Ʉɢɬɚɣ
ɉɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɢ ɢ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ
(ɝɪɭɩ) ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢ"
"ɉɟɬɪɨɥɟɨɫ ɞɟ ȼɟɧɟɫɭɷɥɚ" ȼɟɧɟɫɭɷɥɚ
ɇɟɮɬɹɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ:
ɪɚɡɜɟɞɤɚ/ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ/
ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
13 "ɏɚɬɱɢɫɨɧ ɜɚɦɩɨɚ
ɥɢɦɢɬɟɞ"
33 "ɉɟɬɪɨɧɚɫ-ɩɟɬɪɨɥɢɚɦ
ɧɚɫɢɨɧɚɥɶ ȻɏȾ"
b
Ɉɛɴɟɦɵ ɂɌɇ ɂɂ
ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ
ɚɤɬɢɜɨɜ
Ɇɟɫɬɨ ɩɨ:
32 773 63 736
8 463 15 227
9 708 37 664
2 109 8 042
18 676 58 156
8 420 11 929
38 419 60 805
5 556 7 906
62 100 79 017
12 088 14 961
12 995 44 353
24 721 31 101
Ɂɚɪɭɛɟɠ- ȼɫɟɝɨ
ɧɵɟ
Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɩɪɨɞɚɠ
79 000
19 500
80 549
52 674
33 944
5 373
4 230
61 626
15 915
5 038
49 180
69 549
82 380
93 323
54 115
57 895 110 000
40 689
8 832
27 664
39 630
4 016
165 590 200 000
ɑɢɫɥɨ
ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ
Ɂɚɪɭɛɟɠ- ȼɫɟɝɨ
ɧɵɟ
25.5
40.2
40.9
19.4
20.5
69.6
49.2
67.4
45.4
79.5
25.7
80.8
30
40
11
13
20
91
42
99
76
535
167
75
65 46.2
134 29.9
30 36.7
49 26.5
24 83.3
106 85.8
46 91.3
104 95.2
86 88.4
554 96.6
234 71.4
83 90.4
ɑɢɫɥɨ
ɮɢɥɢɚɥɨɜ
ɂɌɇ Ɂɚɪɭɛɟɠ- ȼɫɟɝɨ ɂɂb
a
ɧɵɟ
(ɜ %)
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4. 25 ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɧɟɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɌɇɄ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɜ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ
ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɨɜ, 2005 ɝɨɞ
(Ɇɥɧ. ɞɨɥɥ. ɢ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ)
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
11
73
37
50
76
64
94
42
67
99
87
34
69
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26 "Ʉɢɚ ɦɨɬɨɪɡ"
Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ
Ʉɨɪɟɹ
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ
Ⱥɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɚɹ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɉɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɯɢɦɢɤɚɬɵ
ɇɟɮɬɹɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ:
ɪɚɡɜɟɞɤɚ/ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ/
ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
Ɍɟɥɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ
Ʉɢɬɚɣɫɤɚɹ
ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɹ
Ɍɚɣɜɚɧɶ
ɘɠɧɚɹ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɚ
Ʉɢɬɚɣ
ɂɧɞɢɹ
5 545 22 569
Ƚɨɪɧɨɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
ɇɟɮɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɝɚɡ
Ȼɪɚɡɢɥɢɹ
4 984 15 851
5 009 10 958
5 025 23 195
5 368 13 847
5 287
143
767
5 436 13 972
5 459 20 641
6 039 13 145
6 017 10 926
5 814 21 340
5 578 13 083
50 "Ɍɟɥɟɮɨɧɨɫ ɞɟ Ɇɟɯɢɤɨ ɋ.Ⱥ. Ɇɟɤɫɢɤɚ
ɞɟ ɋ.ȼ."
12 "Ɏɥɟɤɫɬɪɨɧɢɤɫ
ɋɢɧɝɚɩɭɪ
ɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɲɧɥ ɥɬɞ."
41 "ɋɚɫɨɥ ɥɢɦɢɬɟɞ"
97 Ʉɢɬɚɣɫɤɚɹ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɧɟɮɬɹɧɚɹ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɹ
51 "Ʉɚɩɢɬɚɥɟɧɞ ɥɢɦɢɬɟɞ"
66 "Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɚ ɦɨɜɢɥ"
63 "ɑɚɣɧɚ ɫɬɟɣɬ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɚɤɲɧ
ɢɧɠɢɧɢɪɢɧɝ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɟɣɲɧ"
88 "Ʉɨɦɩɚɧɢɚ ȼɚɥɟ ɞɭ Ɋɢɨ
Ⱦɨɫɟ"
96 "Ɉɷɥ ɷɧɞ ɧɚɱɭɪɟɥ ɝɚɡ
ɤɨɪɩɨɪɟɣɲɧ"
27 "ɏɨɧ ɯɚɣ ɩɪɢɫɢɠɧ
ɢɧɞɚɫɬɪɢɡ"
79 "ɋɢ-ɗɥ-ɉɢ ɯɨɥɞɢɧɝɡ"
8 290 78 461
ɇɟɮɬɹɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ:
ɪɚɡɜɟɞɤɚ/ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ/
ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
Ƚɨɧɤɨɧɝ, Ʉɢɬɚɣ ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨ-, ɝɚɡɨ- ɢ
ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ
ɋɢɧɝɚɩɭɪ
ɇɟɞɜɢɠɢɦɨɫɬɶ
Ɇɟɤɫɢɤɚ
Ɍɟɥɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ
Ʉɢɬɚɣ
ɋɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ
76 "ɉɟɬɪɨɥɟɭ ɛɪɚɡɢɥɶɟɪɭ ɋ.Ⱥ. - Ȼɪɚɡɢɥɢɹ
ɉɟɬɪɨɛɪɚɡ"
4 977
8 353 20 329
6 707 15 288
3 553 15 119
5 351 10 947
6 505 85 959
10 577 27 756
1 626 16 798
11 662 15 113
1 984 2 586
7 708 16 901
3 400 14 338
1 299
3 892 58 403
6 059
53 933
34 722
38 828
10 296
96 695
15 277
32 745
99 000
75 484
5 267 30 004
22 000 1 167 129
178 007 210 932
4 122
2 937
7 639 15 444
23 521 34 650
26 100 119 000
1 758
6 422
34.7
62.4
21.8
35.1
4.4
53.8
16.0
36.4
60.4
46.9
29.4
33.7
9.7
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ: ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɯ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɦ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɚɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɦɢɧɨɪɢɬɚɪɧɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 10%.
"ɂɧɞɟɤɫ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ" (ɂɂ) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɨɜ ɧɚ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɨɜ. (ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ: ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ
ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɵ ɫ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ.) Ɇɟɫɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɢ 100 ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɌɇɄ ɦɢɪɚ.
b
16 81.3
138 90.6
52 55.8
26 61.5
98 5.1
44 79.5
37 5.4
41 14.6
119 53.8
32 40.6
87 46.0
11 27.3
102 29.4
ɂɧɞɟɤɫ ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (ɂɌɇ) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɬɪɟɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ: ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɨɜ ɤɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɦ,
ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɚɠ ɤ ɨɛɳɟɦɭ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɩɪɨɞɚɠ ɢ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɪɭɛɟɠɨɦ ɤ ɨɛɳɟɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɡɚɧɹɬɵɯ. Ɇɟɫɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɢ 100 ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɌɇɄ ɦɢɪɚ.
13
125
29
16
5
35
2
6
64
13
40
3
30
a
ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ: UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2007: Transnational Corporations, Extractive Industries and Development, ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ A.I.14 ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ.
98
13
12
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2007 ɝɨɞ: ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ,
ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
13
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 5. ɉɚɪɬɧɟɪɵ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɉɂɂ: ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɛɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɟ
ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɜ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɜɜɟɡɟɧɧɵɯ ɉɂɂ
ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɚ: 20 ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɩɚɪ, 1985, 1995, 2005 ɝɨɞɵ
(ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ.)
Ɇɟɫɬɨ ɋɬɪɚɧɚ ɛɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɟ Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɨ
Ƚɨɧɤɨɧɝ, Ʉɢɬɚɣ
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɒɬɚɬɵ
əɩɨɧɢɹ
Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɒɬɚɬɵ
ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɵ
Ʉɢɬɚɣ
Ȼɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɢɟ ȼɢɪɝɢɧɫɤɢɟ
ɨ-ɜɚ
Ʉɚɧɚɞɚ
Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɹ
ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɢɹ
Ʌɸɤɫɟɦɛɭɪɝ
ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɵ
ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɵ
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɟ Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɨ
ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɵ
Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɒɬɚɬɵ
Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɹ
ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ
1985 1995
2005
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɒɬɚɬɵ
Ʉɢɬɚɣ
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɟ Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɨ
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɒɬɚɬɵ
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɒɬɚɬɵ
Ʉɚɧɚɞɚ
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɒɬɚɬɵ
Ƚɨɧɤɨɧɝ, Ʉɢɬɚɣ
Ƚɨɧɤɨɧɝ, Ʉɢɬɚɣ
44
116
120
85
105
46
83
65
28
70
282
242
234
190
184
177
171
164
164
46
36
27
6
34
31
26
27
14
25
13
144
143
122
117
111
102
96
93
86
84
80
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɒɬɚɬɵ
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɒɬɚɬɵ
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɒɬɚɬɵ
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɒɬɚɬɵ
Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ
Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɹ
Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɹ
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɟ Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɨ
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɟ Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɨ
ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɵ
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɟ Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɨ
48
19
15
49
37
0.3
17
7
11
0.3
5
10
9
17
3
8
5
ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ:
UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2007: Transnational
Corporations, Extractive Industries and Development, ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ I.9.
Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɉɂɂ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ
ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɒɬɚɬɨɜ ɫ Ʉɚɧɚɞɨɣ,
ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɢ əɩɨɧɢɢ ɫ ɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ. Ɉɧ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɲɟɞɲɟɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɩɨ ɥɢɧɢɢ
ɘɝ-ɘɝ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ Ⱥɡɢɚɬɫɤɨɦ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɟ.
Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɞɜɢɝɨɜ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵ ɞɥɹ
ɉɂɂ, ɯɨɬɹ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɫɹ ɪɹɞ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ.
ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɬ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɦɟɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɉɂɂ.
ȼ 2006 ɝɨɞɭ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ 147 ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2007 ɝɨɞ: ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ,
ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ
14
ɞɟɥɚɥɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬ ɜ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɉɂɂ
(ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ 6). Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɶ (74%) ɛɵɥɚ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɥɢɫɶ ɦɟɪɵ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɜ ɧɚ
ɞɨɯɨɞɵ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɣ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ Ƚɚɧɟ, ȿɝɢɩɬɟ ɢ ɋɢɧɝɚɩɭɪɟ) ɢ
ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ Ȼɪɚɡɢɥɢɢ ɢ ɂɧɞɢɢ).
ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɚɹ ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɭɫɥɭɝ
(ɂɬɚɥɢɹ),
ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɣ (Ȼɨɬɫɜɚɧɚ ɢ Ʉɚɛɨ-ȼɟɪɞɟ), ɛɚɧɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɚ (Ʌɚɨɫɫɤɚɹ
ɇɚɪɨɞɧɨ-Ⱦɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ ɢ Ɇɚɥɢ) ɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ (Ⱥɥɛɚɧɢɹ ɢ
Ȼɨɥɝɚɪɢɹ).
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 6. ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, 1992-2006 ɝɨɞɚ
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɫɬɪɚɧ,
ɜɧɟɫɲɢɯ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ
ɫɜɨɢ ɪɟɠɢɦɵ
ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ 43
56
ɑɢɫɥɨ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ
ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ
ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ 77
100 110 112 114 150 145 139 150 207 246 242 270 205 184
49
63
66
76
60
65
70
71
72
82
103 93
93
Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɟ
77
ɞɥɹ ɉɂɂ
99
108 106 98
134 136 130 147 193 234 218 234 164 147
Ɇɟɧɟɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɟ
0
ɞɥɹ ɉɂɂ
1
2
16
6
16
9
9
3
14
12
24
36
41
37
ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ:
UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2007: Transnational Corporations,
Extractive Industries and Development, ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ I.8.
ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɥɢɫɶ ɦɟɪɵ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ
ɮɢɤɫɚɰɢɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɞɨɥɢ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ, ɩɪɢɱɢɬɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɭ.
Ɍɚɤɢɟ
ɲɚɝɢ
ɱɚɳɟ
ɜɫɟɝɨ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɥɢɫɶ
ɜ
ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ, ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ,
"ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ". Ɍɚɤ ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ Ⱥɥɠɢɪɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ
ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɦ ɢ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɧɟ
ɦɟɧɟɟ 51% ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ, ɚ ɜ Ȼɨɥɢɜɢɢ, ɩɨɞɩɢɫɚɜ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɵ, ɌɇɄ
ɜɟɪɧɭɥɢ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ. ȼ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ
ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ "ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚɯ", ɤɚɤ ɨɛɨɪɨɧɧɚɹ
ɢ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
15
ɦɢɧɨɪɢɬɚɪɧɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ.
ȼ ȼɟɧɟɫɭɷɥɟ ɢɞɟɬ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɜ
"ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚɯ" ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɣ.
Ɉɳɭɳɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɬɨɥɱɤɨɦ ɤ
ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɭ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɰɢɨɧɢɡɦɚ, ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɩɚɫɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ,
ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜ 2005 ɝɨɞɭ, ɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ, ɩɨɯɨɠɟ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɦɢ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɦɢ.
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɣ (Ɇɂɋ)
ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɤ ɤɨɧɰɭ 2006 ɝɨɞɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɥɨ ɩɨɱɬɢ 5 500:
2 573 ɞɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ, 2 651 ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɨɛ
ɢɡɛɟɠɚɧɢɢ ɞɜɨɣɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɨɛɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ 241 ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ
ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɟ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɫɹ
ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɛ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ. Ɂɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɩɹɬɶ ɥɟɬ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɣ ɨ
ɩɪɟɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɟ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɛ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, ɩɨɱɬɢ ɭɞɜɨɢɥɨɫɶ. Ɋɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɜɫɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɟɟ
ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɧɨɪɦɨɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɱɚɫɬɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɜ ɉɂɂ ɩɨ ɥɢɧɢɢ
ɘɝ-ɘɝ.
ɉɂɂ ɜ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɥɢ ɪɟɤɨɪɞɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ
ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɥɢ ɩɪɹɦɵɯ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɨɜ.
ɉɪɢɬɨɤ ɉɂɂ ɜ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɭ ɜ 2006 ɝɨɞɭ - 36 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ. - ɜɞɜɨɟ
ɩɪɟɜɵɫɢɥ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ 2004 ɝɨɞɚ. ɗɬɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɥɨɫɶ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ ɤ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦ, ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜ ɜ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɟɣ
ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɦ ɞɟɥɨɜɵɦ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɨɦ. ɋɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ
ɩɪɨɞɚɠ ɩɨ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɋɢɉ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɥɚ ɪɟɤɨɪɞɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ
18 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ., ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ ɩɨɤɭɩɤɢ,
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ
ɫɬɪɚɧ Ⱥɡɢɢ. Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɢɫɶ ɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɷɬɨ, ɞɨɥɹ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɢ ɜ
ɦɢɪɨɜɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɉɂɂ ɭɩɚɥɚ ɞɨ 2,7% ɜ 2006 ɝɨɞɭ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ 3,1% ɜ 2005 ɝɨɞɭ,
ɱɬɨ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɧɢɠɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɨɜ. Ɉɬɬɨɤ
ɉɂɂ ɢɡ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝ ɜ 2006 ɝɨɞɭ ɪɟɤɨɪɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɜ
ɪɚɡɦɟɪɟ 8 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ. ɩɪɨɬɢɜ 2 ɦɥɪɞ. ɜ 2005 ɝɨɞɭ.
Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɜɜɨɡɢɦɵɯ ɉɂɂ ɜɨɡɪɨɫ ɜ 33 ɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ
ɫɭɛɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɸɠɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɢ. ɇɚ 10 ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ
ɫɬɪɚɧ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɢ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɨɤɨɥɨ 90% ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ. ȼ ɜɨɫɶɦɢ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ
ɩɪɢɬɨɤ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɫɢɥ 1 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ.
Ʉɪɭɩɧɵɟ
ɬɪɚɧɫɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɟ ɋɢɉ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɜ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ ɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɝɪɚɥɢ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɜ
ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ȿɝɢɩɬɟ ɢ ɇɢɝɟɪɢɢ. ɉɪɢɬɨɤ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɜ ȿɝɢɩɟɬ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ
ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɟɥɶ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɟ, ɩɪɟɜɵɫɢɥ 10 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ., ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ 80%
ɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɢ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ ɜ ɧɟɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɦ
ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɥɫɹ ɩɪɢɬɨɤ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɜ ɘɠɧɭɸ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɭ
ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɮɢɪɦɟ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɥɢ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ
16
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2007 ɝɨɞ: ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ,
ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ
ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɨɥɨɬɨɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɚ ɷɬɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɭ
ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɬɬɨɤɚ ɉɂɂ ɢɡ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɢ. ɍɫɢɥɢɹ ɩɨ ɢɡɵɫɤɚɧɢɸ
ɧɨɜɵɯ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɨɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ
ɉɂɂ ɜ ɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ (ɇɊɋ) - 8 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ.
ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɞɜɭɯ ɥɟɬ ɩɨɞɪɹɞ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɧɚ ɇɊɋ
ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ 23% ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧ - ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɩɨ
ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ 2005 ɝɨɞɨɦ. ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɇɊɋ ɫɢɥɶɧɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɨɫ ɩɪɢɬɨɤ
ɉɂɂ ɜ Ȼɭɪɭɧɞɢ, Ƚɚɦɛɢɸ, Ƚɜɢɧɟɸ-Ȼɢɫɚɭ, Ⱦɠɢɛɭɬɢ, Ʉɚɛɨ-ȼɟɪɞɟ,
Ɇɚɞɚɝɚɫɤɚɪ, ɋɨɦɚɥɢ, ɋɭɞɚɧ ɢ ɗɮɢɨɩɢɸ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɟɞɤɭ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ ɝɨɪɧɨɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɭɸ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ.
ȼ 2006 ɝɨɞɭ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɥɢ ɦɟɪɵ ɩɨ
ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɉɂɂ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɨɬɞɚɱɢ ɨɬ ɧɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ.
Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɦ ɰɟɧɚɦ ɧɚ ɫɵɪɶɟɜɵɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɵ,
ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ
ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ ɉɂɂ
ɜ
Ⱥɮɪɢɤɭ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ
ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɦɢ, ɯɨɬɹ ɜ 2007 ɝɨɞɭ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɡɚɦɟɞɥɟɧɢɟ
ɬɟɦɩɨɜ.
ɉɪɢɬɨɤ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɘɠɧɭɸ, ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɢ ɘɝɨ-ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɭɸ Ⱥɡɢɸ ɞɨɫɬɢɝ
200 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ. ɢ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɜɨɡɪɨɫ ɢɯ ɨɬɬɨɤ…
ȼ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɘɠɧɭɸ, ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɢ ɘɝɨ-ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɭɸ
Ⱥɡɢɸ ɜ 2006 ɝɨɞɭ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɥɚɫɶ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ, ɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ
ɪɨɫɬɭ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɧɚ 19% ɛɵɥ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɩɢɤ ɜ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɟ 200 ɦɥɪɞ.
ɞɨɥɥ. ɇɚ ɫɭɛɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɘɠɧɭɸ ɢ ɘɝɨȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɭɸ Ⱥɡɢɸ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɥɫɹ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɜ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ
Ⱥɡɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɵ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɧɢɠɟ. ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɉɂɂ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɦ
ɫɭɛɪɟɝɢɨɧɟ ɫɦɟɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɤ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚɦ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ.
Ʉɢɬɚɣ ɢ Ƚɨɧɤɨɧɝ (Ʉɢɬɚɣ) ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢ ɫɜɨɢ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ
ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɟ. Ɂɚ ɧɢɦɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɋɢɧɝɚɩɭɪ ɢ ɂɧɞɢɹ. ɉɪɢɬɨɤ
ɉɂɂ ɜ Ʉɢɬɚɣ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɥɫɹ ɜ 2006 ɝɨɞɭ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɡɚ ɫɟɦɶ ɥɟɬ. ɇɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ
ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ (ɧɚ 4% ɞɨ 69 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ.) ɛɵɥɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ
ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɜ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ. ȼɜɨɡ ɉɂɂ ɜ Ƚɨɧɤɨɧɝ
(Ʉɢɬɚɣ) ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ 43 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ., ɜ ɋɢɧɝɚɩɭɪ - 24 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ. (ɧɨɜɵɣ ɩɢɤ)
ɢ ɜ ɂɧɞɢɸ - 17 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ. (ɱɬɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɭ ɉɂɂ ɜ
ɷɬɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɭ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɟ ɬɪɢ ɝɨɞɚ).
ȼɵɜɨɡ ɉɂɂ ɢɡ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɨɫ ɧɚ 60% ɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝ
103 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ., ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɨ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɫɭɛɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɦ
ɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ. ɉɨɬɨɤɢ ɉɂɂ ɢɡ Ƚɨɧɤɨɧɝɚ (Ʉɢɬɚɣ), ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɟ, ɜɵɪɨɫɥɢ ɧɚ 60%, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɜ 43 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ.
Ʉɢɬɚɣ ɭɤɪɟɩɢɥ ɫɜɨɢ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɚ, ɢ ɂɧɞɢɹ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ
ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɵɜ. ɗɬɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɹɫɶ ɜ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɉɂɂ,
ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɨɫɩɚɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɫɬɪɚɧ (ɇɂɋ) Ⱥɡɢɢ ɜ ɜɵɜɨɡɟ ɉɂɂ ɢɡ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ. ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
17
ɉɂɂ ɢɡ Ʉɢɬɚɹ ɢ ɂɧɞɢɢ, ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɩɨɢɫɤ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɢ ɢɧɞɢɣɫɤɢɯ
ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɸ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɨɜ ɡɚ
ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟɣ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ "Ɍɚɬɚ ɫɬɢɥ" (ɂɧɞɢɹ) ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ
"Ʉɨɪɭɫ ɝɪɭɩ" (ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɟ Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɵ) (ɫɭɦɦɚ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ 11 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ.) ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɉɂɂ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ
ɫɬɪɚɧ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ.
ȼɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɵ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɜ ɘɠɧɨɣ, ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɘɝɨȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ, ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɛɭɞɭɬ ɢ ɜɩɪɟɞɶ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɩɨɞɩɢɬɤɨɣ
ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɉɂɂ, ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɟ ɪɵɧɤɨɜ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɟ. Ɋɟɝɢɨɧ
ɫɬɚɧɟɬ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɉɂɂ, ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɤɚɤ ȼɶɟɬɧɚɦ, ɂɧɞɢɹ, ɂɧɞɨɧɟɡɢɹ
ɢ Ʉɢɬɚɣ, ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɥɚɧɵ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ.
Ɂɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɩɨɥɭɝɨɞɢɟ 2007 ɝɨɞɚ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɩɨ ɥɢɧɢɢ
ɬɪɚɧɫɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɋɢɉ ɜɨɡɪɨɫ ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɦ
2006 ɝɨɞɚ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɚ 20%. ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ
ɜɵɜɨɡɚ ɉɂɂ ɢɡ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ.
…ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢɬɨɤ ɉɂɂ ɜ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɭɸ Ⱥɡɢɸ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ ɛɢɬɶ ɜɫɟ
ɪɟɤɨɪɞɵ.
ȼ 2006 ɝɨɞɭ ɩɪɢɬɨɤ ɉɂɂ ɜ 14 ɫɬɪɚɧ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ ɜɨɡɪɨɫ ɧɚ 44% ɢ
ɞɨɫɬɢɝ ɛɟɫɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ 60 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ.
ȼ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɦ ɝɨɞɭ
ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɥɚɫɶ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɢ ɭɥɭɱɲɢɥɫɹ ɨɛɳɢɣ
ɞɟɥɨɜɨɣ ɤɥɢɦɚɬ. Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɱɧɵɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɥ
ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɭɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ, ɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɰɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɧɟɮɬɶ
ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɥɢ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɵ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɧɟɮɬɟɝɚɡɨɜɭɸ ɢ ɫɦɟɠɧɵɟ
ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɹɞɚ ɦɟɝɚɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ
ɬɪɚɧɫɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɋɢɉ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ, ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɦ
ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɉɂɂ ɜ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ ɫɬɚɥɚ Ɍɭɪɰɢɹ, ɤɭɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɥɢ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɫɭɦɦɭ ɜ 20 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ. ɇɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɚɫɶ
ɋɚɭɞɨɜɫɤɚɹ Ⱥɪɚɜɢɹ (18 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ. ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ 51% ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ
2005 ɝɨɞɚ), ɢ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɢ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ Ⱥɪɚɛɫɤɢɟ ɗɦɢɪɚɬɵ, ɝɞɟ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɞɨɥɸ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ ɉɂɂ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɥɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɟ ɡɨɧɵ.
ɋɟɤɬɨɪ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɥɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɉɂɂ ɜ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ,
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɜ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ
ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɛɵɥɨ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ
ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɜ ɂɨɪɞɚɧɢɢ ɢ Ɍɭɪɰɢɢ.
Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɜɲɢɦɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ ɉɟɪɫɢɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɥɢɜɚ ɭɫɢɥɢɹɦ ɩɨ
ɞɢɜɟɪɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɜɵɯɨɞɨɦ ɡɚ ɪɚɦɤɢ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ
ɭɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɬɨɤ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɭɸ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ. Ɂɚ
ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɩɨɥɭɝɨɞɢɟ 2007 ɝɨɞɚ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɩɪɨɞɚɠ ɩɨ ɥɢɧɢɢ
ɬɪɚɧɫɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɋɢɉ ɜɨɡɪɨɫ ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɦ
2006 ɝɨɞɚ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɚ 3%.
Ʉɚɤ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɰɟɧ ɧɚ ɧɟɮɬɶ ɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɥɶɞɨ ɩɨ
18
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2007 ɝɨɞ: ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ,
ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ
ɫɱɟɬɭ ɬɟɤɭɳɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɧɟɮɬɢ,
ɜɵɜɨɡ ɉɂɂ ɢɡ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ ɜ 2006 ɝɨɞɭ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɫɹ ɧɚ 5% ɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝ
ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɤɨɪɞɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ 14 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ.
Ʌɶɜɢɧɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ (89%)
ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɜɨɡɚ ɉɂɂ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɜ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ
ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɣ, ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ Ʉɭɜɟɣɬ. ɋɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɬɪɚɧɫɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɯ
ɋɢɉ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ 32 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ., ɩɪɢɱɟɦ 67% ɷɬɨɣ ɫɭɦɦɵ
ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɧɚ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ ɢɡ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ Ⱥɪɚɛɫɤɢɯ
ɗɦɢɪɚɬɨɜ - ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɚ ɢɡ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ.
ȼ 2006 ɝɨɞɭ ɩɪɢɬɨɤ ɉɂɂ ɜ Ɉɤɟɚɧɢɸ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ 339 ɦɥɧ. ɞɨɥɥ.
(ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ 11 %), ɢ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɷɬɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ
ɜɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɝɨɪɧɨɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɭɸ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ,
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɪɵɛɵ ɜ
ɉɚɩɭɚ-ɇɨɜɨɣ Ƚɜɢɧɟɟ ɢ ɧɚ Ɇɚɪɲɚɥɥɨɜɵɯ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ
ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɶ ɪɹɞɚ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ Ɏɢɞɠɢ ɢ ȼɚɧɭɚɬɭ.
ɂɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɜ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ ɢ ɪɟɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɨɯɨɞɵ
ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɢ ɢ Ʉɚɪɢɛɫɤɨɝɨ
ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɚ, ɢ ɨɬɬɨɤ ɉɂɂ ɞɨɫɬɢɝ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɜɵɫɨɬ.
ɉɪɢɬɨɤ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɢ ɢ Ʉɚɪɢɛɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɚ
ɜɨɡɪɨɫ ɧɚ 11%, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɜ 84 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ
ɨɮɲɨɪɧɵɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɵ, ɫɭɦɦɚ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɜ 2006 ɝɨɞɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
70 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ., ɚ ɷɬɨ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ 2005 ɝɨɞɚ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ, ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɚɹ ɪɟɡɤɨɦɭ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɨɬɬɨɤɚ
ɉɂɂ, ɩɨɞɫɤɨɱɢɜɲɟɦɭ ɧɚ 125% ɞɨ 43 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ. (ɢɥɢ 49 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ., ɟɫɥɢ
ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɨɮɲɨɪɧɵɦ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɦ). Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɦɢ
ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɛɵɥɢ Ȼɪɚɡɢɥɢɹ ɢ Ɇɟɤɫɢɤɚ (ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
ɩɨ 19 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ.), ɡɚ ɧɢɦɢ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɢ ɑɢɥɢ, Ȼɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɢɟ ȼɢɪɝɢɧɫɤɢɟ
ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ ɢ Ʉɨɥɭɦɛɢɹ. Ɂɚɫɬɨɣɧɚɹ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧ,
ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɨɮɲɨɪɧɵɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɵ, ɫɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ: ɜ ɘɠɧɨɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɟ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɛɵɥ
ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɉɂɂ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɞɧɚɤɨ
ɫɜɨɞɢɥɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɢɯ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ Ʉɨɥɭɦɛɢɢ ɢ ȼɟɧɟɫɭɷɥɟ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧ ɛɵɥɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɞɜɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ:
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɜ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ ɩɪɟɜɵɫɢɥɢ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɬɪɚɧɫɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɋɢɉ ɢ ɜɫɟ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɪɟɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɨɯɨɞɵ
(ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɘɠɧɨɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɟ).
ɂ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɚɦɚɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɭɸ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ
ɱɭɬɶ ɜɨɡɪɨɫɥɚ ɞɨɥɹ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɭɫɥɭɝ. ȼ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɌɇɄ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɥɢ
ɭɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɢɡ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɢɡ
ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ. ɉɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɣ ɫɟɤɬɨɪ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɥ
ɫɜɨɸ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɰɟɧɚɦ ɧɚ
ɫɵɪɶɟɜɵɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɵ.
ȼɵɜɨɡɢɦɵɟ ɉɂɂ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɧɚ
ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɭɸ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɡɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
19
ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɢ ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ. ɉɟɪɜɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɟ ɩɨ ɜɵɜɨɡɭ ɉɂɂ
ɡɚɧɹɥɚ Ȼɪɚɡɢɥɢɹ, ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɜɟɡɟɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɉɂɂ
(ɪɟɤɨɪɞɧɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ 28 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ.), ɱɟɦ ɜɜɟɡɟɧɨ. ɗɬɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɥɨɫɶ
ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ
ɭɠɟ
ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɜɲɟɣɫɹ
ɩɨɤɭɩɤɨɣ
ɤɚɧɚɞɫɤɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ ɧɢɤɟɥɹ "ɂɧɤɨ" ɝɨɪɧɨɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɟɣ ɄȼɊȾ,
ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɷɬɚ ɫɞɟɥɤɚ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɢɡ ɤɨɝɞɚ-ɥɢɛɨ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ
ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɟɣ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ. Ʉɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ
Ⱥɪɝɟɧɬɢɧɵ, ȼɟɧɟɫɭɷɥɵ, Ɇɟɤɫɢɤɢ ɢ ɑɢɥɢ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɫɟ ɲɢɪɟ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɸɬ
ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɩɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɉɂɂ.
ȼ
2006
ɝɨɞɭ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɥɚɫɶ
ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ
ɤ
ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɸ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɦɟɲɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ,
ɤɨɝɞɚ ɪɟɱɶ ɲɥɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɨ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɟɩɟɪɶ
ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɢɥɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ, ɬɚɤɢɟ, ɤɚɤ
ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ
Ȼɨɥɢɜɢɢ ɢ ȼɟɧɟɫɭɷɥɟ. ȼ ȼɟɧɟɫɭɷɥɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɟ ɫ
ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɦɢ "ȼɟɪɢɡɨɧ", Ⱥ-ɂ-ɗɫ ɢ ɋɢ-ɗɦ-ɗɫ (ɜɫɟ - ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɒɬɚɬɵ),
ɩɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɷɬɢ ɮɢɪɦɵ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɥɢɫɶ ɩɪɨɞɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɵ
ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭ, ɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ Ȼɨɥɢɜɢɢ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɜɵɤɭɩɢɬɶ ɮɢɪɦɭ
"ɗɦɩɪɟɫɚ ɧɚɫɢɨɧɚɥɶ ɞɟ ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɫɶɨɧɟɫ (ɗɧɬɟɥɶ)", ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ
ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ
ɩɨɞ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɦ
ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ
"Ɍɟɥɟɤɨɦ
ɂɬɚɥɢɹ".
ȼ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ Ʉɨɥɭɦɛɢɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɩɨɨɳɪɟɧɢɹ ɉɂɂ ɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɜ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ɉɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜ 2007 ɝɨɞɭ ɩɪɢɬɨɤ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɣ
Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɢ ɢ Ʉɚɪɢɛɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɚ, ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɨɮɲɨɪɧɵɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ
ɰɟɧɬɪɵ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɬɟɦɩɚɦɢ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɜɨ ɜɫɟ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɦ ɜ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɚ ɧɟ
ɬɪɚɧɫɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɦ ɋɢɉ.
ɉɨɬɨɤɢ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɘɝɨ-ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɭɸ ȿɜɪɨɩɭ ɢ ɋɨɞɪɭɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɇɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɯ
Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɥɢɫɶ ɲɟɫɬɨɣ ɝɨɞ ɩɨɞɪɹɞ…
ɉɪɢɬɨɤ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɘɝɨ-ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɭɸ ȿɜɪɨɩɭ ɢ ɋɇȽ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɫɹ ɧɚ 68%
ɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝ 69 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ. - ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɤɚɱɨɤ ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ
ɞɜɭɯ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɯ ɥɟɬ.
ɇɚ ɩɹɬɶ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ-ɪɟɰɢɩɢɟɧɬɨɜ
(Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɚɹ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɹ, Ɋɭɦɵɧɢɹ, Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧ, ɍɤɪɚɢɧɚ ɢ Ȼɨɥɝɚɪɢɹ, ɜ
ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ) ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ 82% ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ.
ȼɵɜɨɡ ɉɂɂ, ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɩɨɱɬɢ ɭɞɜɨɢɥɫɹ ɢ
ɞɨɫɬɢɝ 28,7 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ.; ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɪɨɫ ɜɜɨɡ ɉɂɂ ɜ Ɋɭɦɵɧɢɸ ɢ
Ȼɨɥɝɚɪɢɸ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɤ ȿɋ 1 ɹɧɜɚɪɹ 2007 ɝɨɞɚ ɢ ɤɚɤ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɫɟɪɢɢ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ. ȼɵɜɨɡ ɉɂɂ ɢɡ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɥɫɹ ɩɹɬɵɣ ɝɨɞ ɩɨɞɪɹɞ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɜ 18,7 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ. ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɵɜɨɡ ɉɂɂ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɥ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɌɇɄ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɪɹɞɚ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ, ɫɬɪɟɦɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɜɵɣɬɢ ɧɚ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɣ
ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ, ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɛɚɧɤɨɜ, ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɜɨɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫ ɨɯɜɚɬɨɦ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɋɇȽ.
20
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2007 ɝɨɞ: ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ,
ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ
ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɭɫɥɭɝ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɜ ɬɪɚɧɫɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɋɢɉ ɜ ɛɚɧɤɨɜɫɤɨɣ
ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ, ɩɪɢɬɨɤ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɣ ɫɟɤɬɨɪ ɛɵɥ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɜ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɡɥɟɬɚ ɫɩɪɨɫɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ. ȼ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɋɇȽ,
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɯ, ɬɚɤɢɯ, ɤɚɤ
Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɚɹ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɹ, ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɥɨ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɧɚɞ
ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɦɢ. ȼ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɘɝɨ-ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ
ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɉɂɂ ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɵɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɫ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɤ ȿɋ
ɢɥɢ ɫ ɧɚɞɟɠɞɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ
ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ.
Ɉɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ ɩɪɢɬɨɤ ɉɂɂ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɤɚɤ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɚɹ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɚ,
ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɞɜɚ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɱɥɟɧɚ ȿɋ (Ȼɨɥɝɚɪɢɸ ɢ Ɋɭɦɵɧɢɸ).
…ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɪɟɡɤɨɟ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɉɂɂ ɜ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ.
ɉɪɢɬɨɤ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɩɨɞɫɤɨɱɢɥ ɞɨ 857 ɦɥɪɞ.
ɞɨɥɥ. - ɧɚ 45% ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ - ɤɚɤ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ
ɟɳɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɬɪɚɧɫɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɋɢɉ. ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ ɧɚ
ɷɬɨɬ ɪɚɡ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɥɨ ɩɨɜɫɟɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ
ɫɬɪɚɧ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɜ 2006 ɝɨɞɭ ɩɪɢɬɨɤ ɉɂɂ ɜ
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɒɬɚɬɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ 175 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ., ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɟɤɨɪɞɧɨɣ
ɨɬɦɟɬɤɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɥɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɜ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɚ ɜ Ʉɚɧɚɞɟ
ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɬɪɚɧɫɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɋɢɉ ɜ ɝɨɪɧɨɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ
ɩɪɢɬɨɤ ɉɂɂ ɭɞɜɨɢɥɫɹ ɞɨ ɪɟɤɨɪɞɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ 69 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ. ɉɪɢɬɨɤ ɉɂɂ
ɜ 25 ɫɬɪɚɧ ȿɋ ɜɨɡɪɨɫ ɧɚ 9% ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ 531 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ. ɋɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɜɜɨɡɚ
ɉɂɂ ɜ ɂɪɥɚɧɞɢɸ, ɂɫɩɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɟ Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɨ ɫ ɥɢɯɜɨɣ
ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɜ Ȼɟɥɶɝɢɸ, ɂɬɚɥɢɸ ɢ Ʌɸɤɫɟɦɛɭɪɝ,
ɚ ɜ 10 ɧɨɜɵɯ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ȿɋ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɜɟɡɟɧɨ 39 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ. - ɩɨɤɚ ɢɯ ɫɚɦɵɣ
ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ. Ʉɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɩɨ
ɩɪɨɞɚɠɟ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɨɜ ɹɩɨɧɫɤɢɦ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɦ ɩɪɢɬɨɤ ɉɂɂ ɜ
əɩɨɧɢɸ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɫ 1989 ɝɨɞɚ ɩɨɦɟɧɹɥ ɡɧɚɤ ɧɚ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ (-6,5 ɦɥɪɞ.
ɞɨɥɥ.). Ⱦɨɥɹ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɜ
ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɦ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɧɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɋɢɉ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ ɜ
2006 ɝɨɞɭ 9% ɩɪɨɬɢɜ 7% ɜ 2005 ɝɨɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ
ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɥɨɫɶ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɹɞɚ ɦɟɝɚɫɞɟɥɨɤ.
ȼɵɜɨɡ ɉɂɂ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɨɡɪɨɫ ɧɚ 45%, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɜ
1 ɬɪɥɧ. ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ. ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɒɬɚɬɵ ɢ ɩɹɬɶ ɫɬɪɚɧ ȿɋ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɱɢɫɥɨ
ɞɟɫɹɬɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ. ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɝɨɞ ɩɨɞɪɹɞ
ɜɬɨɪɵɦ ɩɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɨɦ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɥɚɫɶ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɹ
(115 ɦɥɧ. ɞɨɥɥ.), ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɢɫɩɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɥɢ ɫɜɨɸ ɜɧɟɲɧɸɸ ɷɤɫɩɚɧɫɢɸ, ɜɵɣɞɹ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ 90 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ.
ɗɬɨ – ɫɚɦɵɣ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ, ɤɨɝɞɚ-ɥɢɛɨ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɂɫɩɚɧɢɢ.
Ɉɬɬɨɤ ɉɂɂ ɢɡ ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ 23 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ., ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ
ɤɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɝɨɞɚ – ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɹ ɮɢɪɦɵ "Ⱥɪɫɟɥɨɪ"
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
21
(Ʌɸɤɫɟɦɛɭɪɝ) ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɟɣ "Ɇɢɬɬɚɥ ɫɬɢɥ" (ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɜ
ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɚɯ).
ɏɨɬɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɯ
ɋɢɉ ɜ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɹɜɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɜɲɟɟɫɹ
ɞɟɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɟ, ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɧɨɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɫɬɟɝɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɰɟɧɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɫɵɪɶɟɜɵɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɵ ɢ
ɤɨɧɫɨɥɢɞɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦɢ.
Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ
ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɬɶ ɢɯ
ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɉɂɂ, ɯɨɬɹ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɢ
ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɥɢ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɰɢɨɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ
ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ
ɪɚɞɭɠɧɵ. ɗɧɟɪɝɢɱɧɵɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɨɫɬ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɦɢ
ɬɟɦɩɚɦɢ, ɱɟɦ ɜ 2006 ɝɨɞɭ, ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɢ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɤ
ɪɨɫɬɭ ɤɭɪɫɨɜ ɚɤɰɢɣ ɛɭɞɭɬ, ɤɚɤ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ
ɬɪɚɧɫɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɟ ɋɢɉ, ɨɛɴɟɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɩɨɥɭɝɨɞɢɟ 2007 ɝɨɞɚ ɭɠɟ
ɜɵɪɨɫ ɧɚ 66% ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɠɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɦ 2006 ɝɨɞɚ.
ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɉɂɂ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ
ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɦɢ.
Ɉɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɜ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ ɉɂɂ
ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɫɹ ɜ 2007 ɝɨɞɭ ɢ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ
ɡɚɦɟɞɥɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɫ 2006 ɝɨɞɨɦ. ɗɬɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɩɢɫɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɭ
ɨɛɳɟɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ, ɬɟɦɩɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ, ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ
ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɬɶ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɝɨ
ɬɪɟɧɞɚ, ɩɪɚɜɞɚ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɧɢɡɢɜɲɢɫɶ.
ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡ
ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɛɳɟɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɋɢɉ
ɞɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ 581 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ. ɋɒȺ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɝɨɞɢɢ 2007 ɝɨɞɚ – ɪɨɫɬ ɧɚ
54% ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɦ 2006 ɝɨɞɚ –
ɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ.
ȼ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɘɇɄɌȺȾ Ɉɛɡɨɪ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ
ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ 63% ɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɢɡ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɌɇɄ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɫɬɢɱɧɨ
ɨɠɢɞɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 2007–2009 ɝɨɞɨɜ ɩɨɬɨɤɢ ɉɂɂ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɬɶɫɹ
(ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ 2). ɉɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɡɨɪɚ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ
ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɉɂɂ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ Ʉɢɬɚɣ ɢ ɂɧɞɢɹ, ɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ
ɪɟɝɢɨɧɨɦ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ, ɘɠɧɚɹ ɢ ɘɝɨ-ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ Ⱥɡɢɹ. ɗɬɨ
ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɪɹɞɚ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɢ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɡɨɪɚ
ɘɇɄɌȺȾ/ȼȺȺɉɂ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ 76% ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɜɲɢɯ ɨɬɜɟɬɵ
ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɨɜ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɥɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɬɶ
ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɬɶ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɭ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɨɹɳɢɯ ɬɪɟɯ ɥɟɬ.
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2007 ɝɨɞ: ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ,
ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ
22
Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ 2. ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ
ɨɛɳɟɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɉɂɂ ɜ 2007–
2009 ɝɨɞɚɯ: ɨɬɜɟɬɵ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ
ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɘɇɄɌȺȾ
(Ⱦɨɥɹ ɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ %)
100
80
60
40
20
0
2007
ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ
2008
Ƚɨɞ
ɛɟɡ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ
2009
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ
ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ: UNCTAD, World Investment
Report 2007: Transnational, Corporations,
Extractive Industries and Development,
ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ 1.21.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ, ɦɢɪɨɜɚɹ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɥɢɰɨɦ ɪɹɞɚ ɜɵɡɨɜɨɜ ɢ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɨɬɨɤɢ ɉɂɂ ɜ 2007 ɢ 2008 ɝɨɞɚɯ. ȼ ɢɯ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɧɚɡɜɚɬɶ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɧɟɫɛɚɥɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɫɱɟɬɭ ɬɟɤɭɳɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ,
ɹɜɥɹɸɳɭɸɫɹ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɫɞɜɢɝɨɜ ɜ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ ɜɚɥɸɬɧɵɯ ɤɭɪɫɨɜ,
ɧɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɟ ɰɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɧɟɮɬɶ ɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɠɟɫɬɨɱɟɧɢɹ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɵɧɤɚ.
ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɘɇɄɌȺȾ
ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɬɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɩɚɫɟɧɢɹ
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɰɢɨɧɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɭɝɪɨɡ, ɤɚɤ ɬɟɪɪɨɪɢɡɦ ɢ ɜɨɣɧɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɩɨ ɢɯ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɨɝɨ,
ɱɬɨ ɪɢɫɤɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɩɨɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɦɵ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ,
ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɧɢɡɤɚ.
Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɷɬɢ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɱɟɬɥɢɜɨ
ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɬɶ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ
ɛɭɞɭɳɢɯ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɉɂɂ.
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
23
ɌɊȺɇɋɇȺɐɂɈɇȺɅɖɇɕȿ ɄɈɊɉɈɊȺɐɂɂ, ȾɈȻɕȼȺɘɓȺə
ɉɊɈɆɕɒɅȿɇɇɈɋɌɖ ɂ ɊȺɁȼɂɌɂȿ
ȼɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɰɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ, ɧɟɮɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɝɚɡ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɢɥɢ
ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɧɟɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɚ. ȼ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɏɏ ɜɟɤɚ ɧɚ ɷɬɢ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɥɚɫɶ ɫɚɦɚɹ
ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɉɂɂ, ɱɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɚɧɫɢɟɣ
ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɟɪɠɚɜ. ɉɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɤɚɤ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɛɵɜɲɢɯ
ɤɨɥɨɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɥɢ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ, ɢ ɫ
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟɦ
Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɫɬɪɚɧ –
ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɟɪɨɜ
ɧɟɮɬɢ
(ɈɉȿɄ)
ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɌɇɄ ɫɥɚɛɟɥɢ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɥɚɫɶ
ɞɨɥɹ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦɢɪɨɜɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɉɂɂ.
ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɵ 70-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɟɫ ɧɟɮɬɟɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɢ
ɝɨɪɧɨɪɭɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɉɂɂ ɧɟɭɤɥɨɧɧɨ
ɫɧɢɠɚɥɫɹ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɞɨɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɪɨɫɥɚ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɧ ɧɚ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɵɪɶɟ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɉɂɂ
ɜɨɡɪɨɫɥɚ, ɯɨɬɹ ɨɧɚ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɧɢɠɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɢ
ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼɜɢɞɭ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɟɳɟ ɪɚɡ
ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ȾɆɂ07 ɪɨɥɶ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ ɢ
ɢɯ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɪɵɧɤɨɜ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ
ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɟ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɩɚɫɨɜ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɣ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɱɢɫɬɵɯ
ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɟɪɨɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɛɵɫɬɪɵɦɢ ɬɟɦɩɚɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɫ
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɪɵɧɤɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɢ
ɢɦɩɨɪɬɟɪɚɦɢ. ɗɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɤɨɫɵ ɩɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɸɬ ɨɩɚɫɟɧɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɦɩɨɪɬɟɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɨɞɭ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɨɤ, ɚ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɟɪɨɜ – ɩɨ ɩɨɜɨɞɭ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɪɵɧɤɚɦ. ɉɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ:
ɧɢɤɚɤɚɹ
ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɛɟɡ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨɝɨ,
ɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɨ ɰɟɧɚɦ ɢ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɬɚɤɨɦɭ ɫɵɪɶɸ.
ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɌɇɄ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɝɪɚɬɶ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɤɚɤ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ,
ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɛɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɋɬɪɚɧɚɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɧɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ
ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɜ
ɬɨɜɚɪɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸ, ɌɇɄ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɞɚɬɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ, ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɢ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɪɵɧɤɚɦ;
ɞɥɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɛɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ
ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɦ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɨɤ. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɌɇɄ ɦɢɪɚ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɜ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ
ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɟ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɨɫɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ,
ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɧɟ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɸɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫ
24
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2007 ɝɨɞ: ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ,
ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ
ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ. Ɋɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɌɇɄ ɢɡ
ɫɬɪɚɧ ɘɝɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɉɂɂ. Ɂɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 2000–
2005 ɝɨɞɨɜ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɜ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɉɂɂ ɜ
ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɧɢɡɢɥɚɫɶ ɫ 99% ɜ 2000 ɝɨɞɭ ɞɨ 95% ɜ
2005 ɝɨɞɭ.
ɇɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɬɭɪɵ ɪɵɧɤɨɜ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ
ɢ ɧɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ, ɢ ɧɚ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɌɇɄ.
ɇɵɧɟɲɧɢɣ ɰɟɧɨɜɨɣ ɛɭɦ ɨɬɱɚɫɬɢ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɤɢɦ ɜɡɥɟɬɨɦ ɫɩɪɨɫɚ ɧɚ
ɧɟɮɬɶ, ɝɚɡ ɢ ɪɭɞɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɬ ɛɵɫɬɪɵɦɢ ɬɟɦɩɚɦɢ, ɜ
ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ Ʉɢɬɚɹ. ɏɨɬɹ ɩɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɸ ɧɚ ɢɸɧɶ 2007 ɝɨɞɚ ɰɟɧɵ ɧɚ
ɬɚɤɢɟ ɫɵɪɶɟɜɵɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɵ, ɤɚɤ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɣ, ɦɟɞɶ, ɡɨɥɨɬɨ ɢ ɧɟɮɬɶ, ɜ
ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɢɯ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ,
ɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ ɧɟɥɟɝɤɨ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɵ
ɫɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɢɡɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɣ
ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɵɯ, ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɛɭɞɭɬ ɪɚɫɬɢ, ɱɬɨ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ,
ɛɭɞɟɬ ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɰɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ
ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ. ȼɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɰɟɧɵ ɩɨɞɫɬɟɝɧɭɥɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɛɭɦ ɜ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ
ɪɚɡɜɟɞɤɢ ɢ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɵɯ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ
ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɟɞɤɭ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɜɵɪɨɫ ɫ
2 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ. ɜ 2002 ɝɨɞɭ ɞɨ, ɩɨ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦ, 7 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ. ɜ 2006 ɝɨɞɭ, ɚ
ɨɛɴɟɦɵ ɛɭɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɮɬɶ ɢ ɝɚɡ ɡɚ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɭɞɜɨɢɥɚɫɶ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɱɟɝɨ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɭɪɨɜɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɥɫɹ ɞɨ
ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 92%.
ɍɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɟɫ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɨɜ ɜ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ
ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɵɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɢ ɜɢɞɚɦ ɫɵɪɶɹ…
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɱɚɫɬɢ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚɦɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɋɢɉ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɢɯ ɞɨɥɹ ɜ
ɦɢɪɨɜɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɜɜɨɡɚ ɉɂɂ, ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ, ɫɧɢɡɢɥɚɫɶ ɫ
ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ 90% ɜ 1990 ɝɨɞɭ ɞɨ 70% ɜ 2005 ɝɨɞɭ.
Ⱦɨɥɹ
ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɜɚ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɥɚɫɶ. ɉɨ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦ, ɡɚ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1990–2000 ɝɨɞɨɜ ɢɯ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɜɜɟɡɟɧɧɵɯ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ
ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɜɞɜɨɟ, ɚ ɡɚ 2000–2005 ɝɨɞɵ ɨɧ ɜɵɪɨɫ ɟɳɟ
ɧɚɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɭ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɤɚɤ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ
ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɵɯ, ɩɨɹɜɢɥɨɫɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɉɂɂ, ɜ
ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɇɊɋ, ɤɚɤ Ɇɚɥɢ, ɑɚɞ ɢ ɗɤɜɚɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ Ƚɜɢɧɟɹ. Ɂɚ
ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɚɠɧɵɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɚɹ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɱɥɟɧɵ
ɋɇȽ.
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
25
ɍɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɟɫ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɜɜɨɡɢɦɵɯ
ɉɂɂ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɛɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ȼɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ
ɫɬɪɚɧ ɧɚ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɭɸ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɹɞɚ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɜɜɟɡɟɧɧɵɯ ɉɂɂ: ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɧɚɡɜɚɬɶ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Ⱥɜɫɬɪɚɥɢɸ, Ʉɚɧɚɞɭ ɢ ɇɨɪɜɟɝɢɸ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ,
Ȼɨɬɫɜɚɧɭ, ɇɢɝɟɪɢɸ ɢ ɘɠɧɭɸ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɭ ɜ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ; Ȼɨɥɢɜɢɸ, ȼɟɧɟɫɭɷɥɭ,
ɑɢɥɢ ɢ ɗɤɜɚɞɨɪ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɟ Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɢ ɢ Ʉɚɪɢɛɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɚ; ɢ
Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɘɝɨ-ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ ɢ ɋɇȽ (ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ 3).
ȼ ɪɹɞɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɛɨɝɚɬɭɸ ɛɚɡɭ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦɢ
ɞɨɯɨɞɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɭɸ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ
ɜɜɨɡɢɦɵɯ ɉɂɂ; ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɭɡɨɫɬɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɢ
ɫɥɚɛɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɦɚɥɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɯ
ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɵ ɉɂɂ.
ɍɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɟɫ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɞɨɛɵɱɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɭɞ
ɢ ɚɥɦɚɡɨɜ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ. ɇɚ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɟ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɵ
ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɫɹ (ɧɟɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɚɹ) ɞɨɛɵɱɚ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɇɊɋ, ɤɚɤ
Ƚɜɢɧɟɹ, Ɂɚɦɛɢɹ, Ɇɚɥɢ ɢ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɚɹ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ Ɍɚɧɡɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ
Ⱥɪɝɟɧɬɢɧɟ, Ȼɨɬɫɜɚɧɟ, Ƚɚɛɨɧɟ, Ƚɚɧɟ, Ɇɨɧɝɨɥɢɢ, ɇɚɦɢɛɢɢ ɢ ɉɚɩɭɚ-ɇɨɜɨɣ
Ƚɜɢɧɟɟ (ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ 4). ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɌɇɄ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɧɚ
ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɫɫɢɣ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɥɢɰɟɧɡɢɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ
ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɣ.
ȼ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ 10 ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɦɢ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ, ɞɨɥɹ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɨɜ ɜ
ɩɨ
ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦ,
50-86%.
ɨɛɳɟɦ
ɨɛɴɟɦɟ
ɞɨɛɵɱɢ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ,
ȼ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɂɫɥɚɦɫɤɨɣ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɂɪɚɧ, ɉɨɥɶɲɟ ɢ
Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɯ ɞɨɥɹ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚ.
ȼ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ ɝɚɡɚ ɞɨɥɹ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɨɜ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ,
ɧɢɠɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɝɨɪɧɨɪɭɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ 2005 ɝɨɞɭ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ, ɩɨ
ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦ, ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ 22% ɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ ɝɚɡɚ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ
ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɛɵɥ ɜɵɲɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ (36%), ɱɟɦ ɜ
ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ (19%) ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ (11%).
ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɪɚɡɛɪɨɫ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. ȼ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ ɧɚ ɞɨɥɸ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɨɜ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɜ
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɥɢɲɶ 3% ɨɬ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɢ ɤ
ɸɝɭ ɨɬ ɋɚɯɚɪɵ ɷɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥ 57%. Ȼɨɥɟɟ
ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɞɚɸɬ ɜ Ⱥɧɝɨɥɟ, Ⱥɪɝɟɧɬɢɧɟ,
ɂɧɞɨɧɟɡɢɢ, ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɦ Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɟ, ɋɭɞɚɧɟ ɢ ɗɤɜɚɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ Ƚɜɢɧɟɟ.
ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɟ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɵ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɧɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɞɨɛɵɱɟ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ Ʉɭɜɟɣɬɟ, Ɇɟɤɫɢɤɟ ɢ ɋɚɭɞɨɜɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɪɚɜɢɢ (ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ 5).
26
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2007 ɝɨɞ: ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ,
ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ
Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ 3. Ⱦɨɥɹ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɦ
ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɜɜɟɡɟɧɧɵɯ ɉɂɂ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ, 2005 ɝɨɞ
(ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚɯ)
a
9 0. 3
ɉ ɚɩ ɭɚ - ɇ ɨɜ ɚ ɹ Ƚ ɜ ɢ ɧ ɟ ɹ
ɇ ɢ ɝɟ ɪ ɢ ɹ
b
7 9. 5
Ȼ ɨɥ ɢ ɜ ɢ ɹ
c
6 9. 6
Ȼ ɨ ɬ ɫɜ ɚɧ ɚ
Ɉ ɦ ɚɧ
c
6 8. 3
5 7. 2
ɋ ɢ ɪɢ ɣ ɫɤ ɚɹ Ⱥɪ ɚɛɫɤ ɚɹ Ɋɟɫɩ ɭɛɥɢ ɤɚ
7 4. 8
c
Ʉ ɚ ɡ ɚɯ ɫɬ ɚɧ
ȼ ɟ ɧ ɟ ɫ ɭ ɷ ɥɚ
4 9. 9
d
a
Ɉɛ ɴ ɟɞ ɢ ɧ . Ɋ ɟ ɫɩ . Ɍ ɚɧ ɡɚɧ ɢ ɹ
ɘ ɠ ɧ ɚɹ Ⱥ ɮ ɪ ɢ ɤ ɚ
ɑ ɢ ɥɢ
e
Ⱥ ɪɝ ɟ ɧ ɬ ɢ ɧ ɚ
Ȼ ɚɧ ɝ ɥ ɚɞ ɟ ɲ
d, f
Ɇ ɨ ɧ ɝ ɨɥ ɢ ɹ
Ɋ ɨ ɫ ɫɢ ɣ ɫɤ ɚɹ Ɏ ɟ ɞ ɟ ɪ ɚɰ ɢ ɹ
a
Ʉ ɨ ɥ ɭɦ ɛ ɢ ɹ
d
ɇ ɨ ɪɜ ɟ ɝɢ ɹ
e
f
Ɇ ɶɹɧ ɦ ɚ
ȼ ɶ ɟ ɧ ɬ ɚɦ
Ɂ ɚɦ ɛ ɢ ɹ
d
a
ɂ ɨ ɪɞ ɚɧ ɢ ɹ
Ⱥ ɜ ɫɬ ɪ ɚ ɥ ɢ ɹ
Ʉ ɚɧ ɚɞ ɚ
ɇ ɢ ɞ ɟ ɪ ɥ ɚɧ ɞ ɵ
ɋ ɨɟ ɞ ɢ ɧ ɟ ɧ ɧ ɨɟ Ʉ ɨ ɪɨ ɥ ɟ ɜ ɫɬ ɜ ɨ
ɉɟɪɭ
ɉ ɚɤ ɢ ɫɬ ɚɧ
e
b, f
ɂ ɧ ɞ ɨ ɧ ɟ ɡɢ ɹ
ɂ ɬ ɚɥ ɢ ɹ
e
Ɏ ɢɥɢ ɩɩ ɢɧ ɵ
Ɋ ɭɦ ɵ ɧ ɢ ɹ
Ɍ ɭɪ ɰ ɢ ɹ
e
Ɍ ɚɢ ɥ ɚɧ ɞ
ɋ ɨɟ ɞ ɢ ɧ ɟ ɧ ɧ ɵ ɟ ɒ ɬ ɚɬ ɵ
0
10
20
30
40
50
ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ:
UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2007: Transnational
Corporations, Extractive Industries and Development, ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ IV.3
a
b
ɫ
d
ɟ
f
2001 ɝɨɞ.
1997 ɝɨɞ.
2003 ɝɨɞ.
2002 ɝɨɞ
2004 ɝɨɞ
ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ.
…ɨɬɪɚɠɚɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɣ ɢ ɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɦɢɪ ɌɇɄ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɝɞɟ ɜ ɝɨɪɧɨɪɭɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɬ
ɱɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ, ɚ ɜ ɧɟɮɬɟɝɚɡɨɜɨɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ - ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ.
ɍɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɟɫ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɝɨɪɧɨɪɭɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɧɟɮɬɟɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ.
ȼ ɝɨɪɧɨɪɭɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ 15 ɢɡ
25 ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ ɜ 2005 ɝɨɞɭ (ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɷɬɨɬ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɩɨ ɢɯ ɞɨɥɟ
ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ) ɢɦɟɥɢ ɲɬɚɛ-ɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɵ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ 7, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ 10 ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɌɇɄ).
ȼɨɫɟɦɶ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ - ɢɡ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɢ ɟɳɟ ɞɜɟ - ɢɡ
Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ.
ɉɟɪɜɵɟ ɬɪɢ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɥɢ "Ȼɢ-ɗɣɱ-ɉɢ
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
27
Ȼɢɥɥɢɬɨɧ" (Ⱥɜɫɬɪɚɥɢɹ), "Ɋɢɨ Ɍɢɧɬɨ" (ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɟ Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɨ) ɢ ɄȼɊȾ
(Ȼɪɚɡɢɥɢɹ).
ȼ ɩɟɪɟɱɧɟ ɮɢɝɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɪɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ
ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ: "Ʉɨɞɟɥɶɤɨ" (ɑɢɥɢ), "Ⱥɥɪɨɫɚ" (Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɚɹ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɹ) ɢ
"ɄȽɏɆ ɉɨɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɦɟɞɶ" (ɉɨɥɶɲɚ). ɉɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɹ "ɂɧɤɨ" (Ʉɚɧɚɞɚ), ɄȼɊȾ
ɫɬɚɥɚ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ, ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɦ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɫɵɪɶɹ ɜ 2006 ɝɨɞɭ - ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹ ɢɡ Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɢ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɷɬɢ
ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ
ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ.
ɍɪɨɜɟɧɶ
ɢɧɬɟɪɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ
ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɧɟ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜ. ȼ 2005 ɝɨɞɭ
ɝɨɪɧɭɸ ɞɨɛɵɱɭ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ (10) ɜɟɥɚ
"Ɋɢɨ Ɍɢɧɬɨ", ɡɚ ɧɟɣ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɢ "Ⱥɧɝɥɨ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɚɧ", "ȺɧɝɥɨȽɨɥɞ Ⱥɲɚɧɬɢ" ɢ
"Ƚɥɟɧɤɨɪ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɷɲɧɥ". ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɧɢɯ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ,
ɤɚɤ "Ʉɨɞɟɥɶɤɨ", ɄȼɊȾ ɢ "Ⱦɟɛɫɜɚɧɚ" (Ȼɨɬɫɜɚɧɚ) ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ
ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɡɚ ɪɭɛɟɠɨɦ.
Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ 4. Ⱦɨɥɹ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɨɜɚ ɜ ɞɨɛɵɱɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɭɞb
ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ
ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɵɯɫ, 2006 ɝɨɞ
Ⱥɪɝɟɧɬɢɧɚ
Argentin
Ƚɚɛɨɧ
Gabon
Ƚɚɧɚ
Ghana
Ƚɜɢɧɟɹ
Guine
Ɇɚɥɢ
Ma
Ɇɨɧɝɨɥɢɹ
Mongol
Ɍɚɧɡɚɧɢɹ
Tanzania, United
Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧ. Ɋɟɫɩ. Zambi
Ɂɚɦɛɢɹ
Papua
New Ƚɜɢɧɟɹ
ɉɚɩ
ɭɚ-ɇɨɜɚɹ
Botswana
Ȼɨɬɫɜɚɧɚ
Namib
ɇɚɦɢɛɢɹ
Indonesi
ɂɧɞɨɧɟɡɢɹ
Colomb
Ʉɨɥɭɦɛɢɹ
Peru
ɉɟɪɭ
Kazakhstan
Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧ
SouthȺɮ ɪɢɤɚ
ɘɠɧɚɹ
New Ʉɚɥɟɞɨɧɢɹ
ɇɨɜɚɹ
Chil
ɑɢɥɢ
Australi
Ⱥɜɫɬɪɚɥɢɹ
Congo,
Ʉɨɧɝɨ,Dem.
Ⱦɟɦ. Ɋɟɫɩ.
United ɒɬɚɬɵ
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ
Cuba
Ʉɭɛɚ
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Ʉɚɧɚɞɚ
ɍUkrain
ɤɪɚɢɧɚ
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Ɇɟɤɫɢɤɚ
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ɂɪɚɧ,Iran,
ɂɫɥɚɦɫɤɚɹ
0
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ɉɨɥɶɲɚ
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ: UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2007: Transnational Corporations, Extractive
Industries and Development, ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ IV.4.
a
b
c
Ⱦɨɥɹ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɨɜ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜɫɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɫ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ
ɪɚɡɦɟɪɟ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 10%.
ɉɨ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ.
ȼɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɚɥɦɚɡɵ ɢ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɭɸ ɞɨɛɵɱɭ.
ȼ ɧɟɮɬɟɝɚɡɨɜɨɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɦɢ ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ
ɚɤɬɢɜɨɜ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, 10 ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɜ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɘɇɄɌȺȾ ɩɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ 100 ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ (ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ
28
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2007 ɝɨɞ: ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ,
ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ
ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɨɜ) ɌɇɄ ɦɢɪɚ ɜ 2005 ɝɨɞɭ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ
ɌɇɄ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɭɠɟ ɧɟ ɮɢɝɭɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɜ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ
ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ ɦɢɪɚ. ȼ 2005 ɝɨɞɭ ɜɫɟ ɬɪɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ
ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ ɝɚɡɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦɢ, ɛɚɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɜ
ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ: "ɋɚɭɞɢ
Ⱥɪɚɦɤɨ" (ɋɚɭɞɨɜɫɤɚɹ Ⱥɪɚɜɢɹ), Ƚɚɡɩɪɨɦ (Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɚɹ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɹ) ɢ
ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɪɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɚɹ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹ. Ƚɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ
"ɋɚɭɞɢ Ⱥɪɚɦɤɨ") ɜ 2005 ɝɨɞɭ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜɞɜɨɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɥ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ ɝɚɡɚ, ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ
"ɗɤɫɨɧɆɨɛɢɥ" (ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɒɬɚɬɵ). ȼ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ ɢɡ
50 ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɦɢɪɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɚɤɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɥ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɭ, 23 ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɲɬɚɛ-ɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɵ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, 12 - ɜ ɘɝɨ-ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɢ ɋɇȽ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ 15 - ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ.
Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ 5. Ⱦɨɥɹ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɞɨɛɵɱɟ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ ɝɚɡɚɚ
ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ
ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ ɝɚɡɚ, 2005 ɝɨɞ
(ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚɯ)
ɗɤɜɚɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧ ɚɹ Ƚɜɢɧɟɹ
Aɪɝɟɧɬɢɧɚ
ɂɧɞɨɧɟɡɢɹ
Aɧɝɨɥɚ
ɋɭɞɚɧ
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɟ Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɨ
Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧ
Ɇɚɥɚɣɡɢɹ
ɇɢɝɟɪɢɹ
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɒɬɚɬɵ
ȿɝɢɩɟɬ
Ʌɢɜɢɣɫɤɚɹ Ⱥɪɚɛɫɤɚɹ
Ⱦɠɚɦɚɯɢɪɢɹ
ɇɨɪɜɟɝɢɹ
Ʉɚɬɚɪ
Ʉɚɧɚɞɚ
Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ Ⱥɪɚɛɫɤɢɟ
ɗɦɢɪɚɬɵ
Ⱥɥɠɢɪ
ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɵ
Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɚɹ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɹ
ɍɡɛɟɤɢɫɬɚɧ
ȼɟɧɟɫɭɷɥɚ
Ʉɢɬɚɣ
ɂɪɚɧ, ɂɫɥɚɦɫɤɚɹ
Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ
Ȼɪɚɡɢɥɢɹ
Ɇɟɤɫɢɤɚ 0
ɋɚɭɞɨɜɫɤɚɹ Ⱥɪɚɜɢɹ 0
ɂɪɚɤ 0
Ʉɭɜɟɣɬ 0
0
20
Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ
40
60
80
100
Ɋɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ
ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ
ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ:
UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2007: Transnational Corporations,
Extractive Industries and Development, ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ IV.5.
ɚ
ȼ ɦɥɧ. ɛɚɪɪɟɥɟɣ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɝɨ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚ,
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ: Ⱦɨɛɵɱɚ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ ɝɚɡɚ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɞɨɛɵɱɭ,
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɦɭɸ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɦɢ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɚɤɟɬ ɚɤɰɢɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ
ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɦ ɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɰɚɦ, ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɤɨɧɰɟɫɫɢɣ,
ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ. ɍɱɚɫɬɢɟ
ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɨɜ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɟ
ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɛɥɨɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɦɢɪɟ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ
ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɥɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɜɲɢɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɨ ɢɯ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɞɨɥɟ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚɯ.
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
29
ɏɨɬɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ, ɛɚɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ
ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɛɳɟɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ ɝɚɡɚ, ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɢɧɬɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɯ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɫɟ ɟɳɟ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɚ ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɦɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɦɢ
ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɦɢ ɌɇɄ.
Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɜ 2005 ɝɨɞɭ ɧɢ ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɬɪɟɯ
ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ-ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɥɚ
ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚɯ ɡɚ ɪɭɛɟɠɨɦ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɧɚ
ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ 70% ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɬɪɟɯ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ
ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɢɡ
ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ ɧɚɪɚɳɢɜɚɸɬ
ɚɤɬɢɜɵ ɡɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟɣ ɢ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢɝɪɨɤɚɦɢ.
ɋɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɨɣ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ ɄɇɈɇɄ, ɄɇɉɄ,
"ɋɢɧɨɩɟɤ" (ɜɫɟ ɬɪɢ - Ʉɢɬɚɣ), "Ʌɭɤɨɣɥ" (Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɚɹ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɹ), ɈɇȽɄ
(ɂɧɞɢɹ), "ɉɟɬɪɨɛɚɡ" (Ȼɪɚɡɢɥɢɹ) ɢ "ɉɟɬɪɨɧɚɫ" (Ɇɚɥɚɣɡɢɹ) ɜ 2005 ɝɨɞɭ
ɩɪɟɜɵɫɢɥ 528 ɦɥɧ. ɛɚɪɪɟɥɟɣ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɝɨ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚ, ɯɨɬɹ ɞɟɫɹɬɶɸ ɝɨɞɚɦɢ
ɪɚɧɟɟ ɨɧ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥ ɥɢɲɶ 22 ɦɥɧ. ɛɚɪɪɟɥɟɣ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ
ɞɜɭɯ ɥɟɬ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɢɟ ɄɇɉɄ, "ɋɢɧɨɩɟɤ" ɢ ɄɇɈɈɄ ɢ ɂɧɞɢɣɫɤɚɹ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɚɹ
ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɹ ɢ "ɈɇȽɄ ȼɢɞɟɲ" (ɂɧɞɢɹ) ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɜ
ɞɨɛɵɱɭ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ ɝɚɡɚ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɦɢɪɟ. ɂ ɄɇɉɄ, ɢ "ɉɟɬɪɨɧɚɫ" ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ
ɞɨɛɵɱɟ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ ɝɚɡɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɜ ɞɟɫɹɬɢ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ. ɇɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɌɇɄ ɢɡ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɪɵɧɤɨɦ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɜ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɝɞɟ ɌɇɄ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ
ɫɬɪɚɧ ɜɪɹɞ ɥɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɫɚɧɤɰɢɢ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 7. 10 ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɝɨɪɧɨɪɭɞɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ ɦɢɪɚ,
ɜ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ, 2005 ɝɨɞ
Ɇɟɫɬɨ ɇɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ
Ⱦɨɥɹ ɜ
Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ
ɑɢɫɥɨ
ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɨɛɵɱɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ
ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɝɞɟ
ɋɬɪɚɧɚ ɛɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
(%)
(%) ɜɟɞɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɛɵɱɚ
Ƚɨɪɧɨɪɭɞɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
1
3
2
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
"Ȼɢ-ɗɱ-ɉɢ Ȼɢɥɢɬɨɧ"
"Ɋɢɨ Ɍɢɧɬɨ"
ɄȼɊȾ
"Ⱥɧɝɥɨ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɚɧ"
"Ʉɨɞɟɥɶɤɨ"
"ɇɨɪɢɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɧɢɤɟɥɶ"
"Ɏɟɥɩɫ Ⱦɨɞɠ"
"Ƚɪɭɩɨ Ɇɟɯɢɤɨ"
"ɇɶɸɦɨɧɬ ɦɚɣɧɢɧɝ"
"Ɏɪɢɩɨɪɬ Ɇɚɤɦɨɪɚɧ"
10 ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ
ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ
Ⱥɜɫɬɪɚɥɢɹ
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɟ Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɨ
Ȼɪɚɡɢɥɢɹ
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɟ Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɨ
ɑɢɥɢ
Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɚɹ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɹ
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɒɬɚɬɵ
Ɇɟɤɫɢɤɚ
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɒɬɚɬɵ
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɒɬɚɬɵ
"ɋɚɭɞɢ Ⱥɪɚɦɤɨ"
"Ƚɚɡɩɪɨɦ"
ɋɚɭɞɨɜɫɤɚɹ Ⱥɪɚɜɢɹ
Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɚɹ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɹ
12
100
-
4,8
4,6
4,4
4,3
3,2
2,2
2,0
1,6
1,3
1,3
7
10
9
1
2
2
7
1
29,7
ɇɟɮɬɟɝɚɡɨɜɵɣ ɫɟɤɬɨɪ
1
2
100
51
8,8
7,7
2
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2007 ɝɨɞ: ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ,
ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ
30
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
ɂɪɚɧ, ɂɫɥɚɦɫɤɚɹ
Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ
"ɗɤɫɨɧɆɨɛɢɥ"
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɒɬɚɬɵ
"ɉɟɦɟɤɫ"
Ɇɟɤɫɢɤɚ
"Ȼɪɢɬɢɲ ɉɟɬɪɨɥɟɭɦ" ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɟ Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɨ
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɟ
"Ɋɨɣɹɥ ɞɚɬɱ ɒɟɥɥ"
Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɨ/ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɵ
ɄɇɉɄ
Ʉɢɬɚɣ
"Ɍɨɬɚɥɶ"
Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɹ
"ɋɨɧɚɬɪɚɤ"
Ⱥɥɠɢɪ
10 ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ
ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ
ɇɂɇɄ
100
3,9
-
100
-
3,7
3,5
3,3
23
19
-
3,2
25
100
100
2,4
2,1
1,9
14
27
1
40,5
ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ: ɘɇɄɌȺȾ, ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ Ƚɪɭɩɩɵ ɫɵɪɶɟɜɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢ Ⱥɣ-ɗɣɱ-ɗɫ.
ȼ ɝɨɪɧɨɪɭɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɥɹ 10 ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ ɜ
ɨɛɳɟɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɞɨɛɵɱɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɬ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɪɢɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɯ
ɋɢɉ 10 ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɝɨɪɧɨɪɭɞɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ, ɩɨ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ
ɜ 2006 ɝɨɞɭ 33% ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɜɫɟɯ
ɧɟɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɫ 26% ɜ 1995 ɝɨɞɭ.
ɉɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɟɳɟ ɜɵɲɟ.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɦɟɞɢ ɧɚ ɞɟɫɹɬɶ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ ɜ 2005 ɝɨɞɭ
ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ 58% ɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ. ɇɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɜ ɧɟɮɬɟɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ
ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɥɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɲɟɞɲɟɝɨ
ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɦ, ɢ ɧɚ ɞɟɫɹɬɶ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɨɤɨɥɨ 41% ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ.
ɉɪɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɪɭɛɟɠɨɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɌɇɄ
ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɦɢ.
Ⱦɜɢɠɭɳɢɟ ɫɢɥɵ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ,
ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɟɦɵɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɹɦɢ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɜ
ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɜɢɞɚɦ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɦ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɦ. Ɇɨɬɢɜɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦ
ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɉɂɂ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɧɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɰɟɩɨɱɤɢ (ɪɚɡɜɟɞɤɚ ɢ
ɞɨɛɵɱɚ). Ɍɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɞɥɹ
ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɟɟ ɧɟɮɬɟɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɨɞɚɠɢ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɣ
ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɛɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɵɧɤɚɯ ɢɥɢ
ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɛɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
(ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ) ɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹɯ ɢɥɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɯ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɥɨ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɌɇɄ Ⱥɡɢɢ.
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
31
Ɇɨɬɢɜɵ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɮɢɝɭɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɜ ɱɢɫɥɟ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɪɭɛɟɠɨɦ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɟ ɌɇɄ
ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɡɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟɣ ɜ
ɰɟɥɹɯ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɧɚɞ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɫ ɷɬɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɤɚɧɚɥɚɦɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ
ɋɚɭɞɨɜɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɪɚɜɢɢ ɢ Ʉɭɜɟɣɬɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɥɢ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɫ
ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɣ
ɮɢɪɦɨɣ
"ɋɢɧɨɩɟɤ"
ɜ
ɪɚɦɤɚɯ
ɞɜɭɯ
ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɢ ɧɟɮɬɟɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɜ Ʉɢɬɚɟ. Ɇɨɬɢɜɵ
ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɫɚɸɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɧɚ
ɷɬɚɩɟ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ,
ɝɞɟ ɌɇɄ ɫɬɪɟɦɹɬɫɹ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɪɚɡɧɢɰɟɣ ɜ ɢɡɞɟɪɠɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ. Ɇɨɬɢɜɵ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɭɜɹɡɚɬɶ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɜ ɬɪɚɧɫɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɋɢɉ ɜ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ ɢ ɜɢɞɚɯ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ: ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɨɜ ɜ
ɮɨɪɦɟ ɧɨɭ-ɯɚɭ ɢɥɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɭ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɨɜ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɭɫɤɨɪɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɹ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɚ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɢ ɪɵɧɤɚɦ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɦɵɯ
ɮɢɪɦ.
Ⱦɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɦ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦ ɞɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ
ɮɢɪɦɚɦɢ ɜ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɢ
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ, ɢ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɌɇɄ.
Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɨɩɵɬɭ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɭ ɌɇɄ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɬɶɫɹ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɦɨɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɫ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɮɨɧɞɨɜɵɯ ɪɵɧɤɨɜ. ɉɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɢ ɫ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ
ɛɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɌɇɄ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɫɹ
ɪɵɧɤɨɦ ɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɨɣ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ,
ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɱɟɦɭ ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɩɨɣɬɢ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɣ ɪɢɫɤ
ɩɪɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɡɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟɣ ɢ ɡɚɩɥɚɬɢɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɡɚ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ
ɤ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦ.
Ɂɚ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɣ ɮɢɪɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɤɚɤ
ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɨɛɥɚɞɚɬɟɥɹ ɧɟ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɜɚɠɧɚ ɞɥɹ
ɢɧɬɟɪɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ
ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ
ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɩɪɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɢ
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɝɨɪɧɨɪɭɞɧɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɞɨɛɵɱɟ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ ɝɚɡɚ, ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ
ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɦ ɪɵɧɤɟ. Ʉ ɱɢɫɥɭ
ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɣ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɦ ɦɨɪɫɤɢɦ ɛɭɪɟɧɢɟɦ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ
ɫɠɢɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɧɟɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɪɟɲɚɸɳɢɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɭɫɩɟɯɚ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɡɚ
ɪɭɛɟɠɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɵɬ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɢ
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Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2007 ɝɨɞ: ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ,
ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ ɪɢɫɤɚɦɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟɮɬɢ
ɢ ɝɚɡɚ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɮɢɪɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɪɵɧɤɚɦ ɢ ɤ ɤɚɧɚɥɚɦ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ.
Ⱦɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɜɥɟɱɶ
ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ…
ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɛɚɡɵ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɵɯ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɧɢɳɟɬɵ ɜ ɬɟɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ,
ɝɞɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɟ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɵɟ. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɹɞɭ
ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɭɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɫ ɭɫɩɟɯɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɭ ɧɢɯ
ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ.
ȼ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ
ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɭɞɪɭɱɚɸɳɢɦɢ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɵɪɶɟ, ɧɵɧɟɲɧɢɣ
ɛɭɦ ɰɟɧ ɧɚ ɫɵɪɶɟɜɵɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɵ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ. ɗɬɨ
ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦɢ ɞɨɯɨɞɚɦɢ, ɝɞɟ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɣ ɨɬ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɵɯ ɢ ɢɯ
ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɯɨɞɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ
ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɛɚɡɵ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɞɥɹ
ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɜ ɜɵɝɨɞɵ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ
ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɥɢ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɬ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɧɟɦɚɥɨ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɥ ɫɩɪɨɫɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫ
ɨɲɢɛɤɚɦɢ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ, ɚ ɧɟ ɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɌɇɄ ɤɚɤ ɬɚɤɨɜɵɦ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ
ɌɇɄ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɩɨɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ. Ɉɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ
ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɹ
ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɚɞɪɵ.
ɉɨɞɨɛɧɵɣ ɩɚɤɟɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɨɜ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɭ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫ
ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɦ, ɝɞɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ
ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɨɩɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɌɇɄ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɬɶ ɨɩɚɫɟɧɢɹ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ
ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɢɥ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɚɯ, ɩɪɚɜɚɦɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ
ɧɟɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɦ ɧɚɞ ɧɢɦɢ, ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ
ɪɟɧɬɵ, ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɨɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɟɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ
ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢɡɞɟɪɠɤɚɦɢ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɵɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ.
ɑɬɨɛɵ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɰɟɥɢ
ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɧɭɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɞɥɹ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ.
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
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…ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ…
ɉɟɪɟɞ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɨɣ ɜɫɬɚɟɬ ɬɪɢɟɞɢɧɚɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɡɚɞɚɱɚ:
ɤɚɤ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ
ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɭɥɨɜɢɬɶ ɟɟ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ
ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ.
ȼ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɝɨɞɵ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɌɇɄ
ɧɟɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ. Ɋɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ, ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɢ
ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ, ɫ
ɭɫɩɟɯɨɦ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɫɜɨɢɯ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ. Ɍɢɩɢɱɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ Ⱥɡɢɹ, ɝɞɟ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ ɝɚɡɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɛɟɡ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ.
ȼɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɧɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɟɬ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɢ
ɭɦɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɨɟɦɤɢɟ, ɜɵɫɨɤɨ ɪɢɫɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɨɪɨɣ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ, ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɌɇɄ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ
ɨɛɴɟɦɵ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɵɯ.
ɏɨɬɹ, ɩɨɦɢɦɨ ɌɇɄ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ
ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦɢ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ. Ɉɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜ
ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɌɇɄ ɤ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɝɨɪɧɨɪɭɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ
ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɭ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɧɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ
ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɞɨɥɝɚ, ɢ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɩɚɤɟɬɟ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ
ɚɤɬɢɜɚɦɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɨɩɵɬɨɦ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɧɨɭ-ɯɚɭ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ
ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ, ɩɨɛɭɠɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɶ ɌɇɄ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɌɇɄ ɧɟ ɚɥɶɬɪɭɢɫɬɵ. Ɉɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɨɥɢ ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ
ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɪɟɩɚɬɪɢɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɢ, ɬɟɦ
ɫɚɦɵɦ ɜɥɢɹɹ ɧɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ.
ɉɪɢɯɨɞ ɌɇɄ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ
ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ: ɭɥɨɜɢɬɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ
ɦɟɫɬɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɦɟɫɬ ɢ ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɬɵ, ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ
ɡɚɤɭɩɨɤ ɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɜ, ɪɨɹɥɬɢ ɢ ɞɢɜɢɞɟɧɞɨɜ.
ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ
ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ
ɦɟɫɬ
ɩɪɢ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɢ
ɤɪɭɩɧɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɚɤ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɵ, ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ
ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɶ, ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɧɚ ɦɚɤɪɨɭɪɨɜɧɟ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɨ
ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɢ ɌɇɄ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ
ɫ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦɢ ɷɬɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ
34
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2007 ɝɨɞ: ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ,
ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɨɟɦɤɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɜ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɵ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ
ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɨɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ
ɜɜɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ. ȼ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ
ɞɥɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɪɹɞɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɭɠɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɯɜɚɬɤɨɣ ɨɩɵɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬɨɦ
ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɞɪɨɜ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ
ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɭɸ ɩɪɹɦɭɸ ɨɬɞɚɱɭ ɞɨɛɵɱɚ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɵɯ ɞɚɟɬ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɜ
ɜɢɞɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɛɸɞɠɟɬ.
Ɋɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɱɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɞɨɯɨɞɚ ɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɞɨɯɨɞɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɞɚɸɬ
ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɤɚɤ ɨɬ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɌɇɄ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɨɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɌɇɄ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɣ
ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɢ ɟɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ, ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɱɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɢ
ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ,
ɬɟɦ ɲɢɪɟ ɟɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɛɨɪɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ. ȼ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦɢ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɨɩɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɌɇɄ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ
ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɦ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɪɟɦɥɸɳɢɟ
ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɜ ɬɨɜɚɪɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸ.
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ,
ɨɬɱɚɫɬɢ
ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ
ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ
ɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ
ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ
ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɚɯ ɫ ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɦɢ,
ɨɬ ɱɟɝɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɡɚɜɢɫɟɬɶ, ɤɚɤɢɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɨɧɢ ɫɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ
ɌɇɄ. ɇɚ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ
ɌɇɄ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɭɱɟɬɚ, ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɚɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɟ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɟɪɬɧɵɯ ɰɟɧ ɢ ɪɟɩɚɬɪɢɚɰɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɥɢ
ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɢ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɵɯ
ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨɥɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɞɨɯɨɞɚɯ ɨɬ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɫɪɨɤɚ ɢɯ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɥɟɛɥɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ 25% ɞɨ 90% ɜ
ɧɟɮɬɟɝɚɡɨɜɨɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɢ ɨɬ 25% ɞɨ 60% ɜ ɝɨɪɧɨɪɭɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɵɯ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɚɯ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɪɚɡɛɢɜɤɟ
ɩɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɚɥɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ⱦɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɜɥɟɱɶ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ
ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ. ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɩɪɢɯɨɞ ɌɇɄ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɜɚɠɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɜ
ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ
ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɞɪɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
35
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɶ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ
ɞɨɯɨɞɨɦ. ȿɳɟ ɨɞɧɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ.
Ⱦɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɌɇɄ ɜ
ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɱɚɫɬɭɸ ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɚ ɫ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ
ɤɨɦɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɷɧɟɪɝɨ- ɢ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ) ɢ
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ (ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɵɯ
ɞɨɪɨɝ ɢ ɩɨɪɬɨɜ), ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ, ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɚ
ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɵɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ.
Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɧɨɜɨɣ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ, ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɞɚɜɚɬɶ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ.
Ɍɪɟɬɶɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ
ɌɇɄ. ȼ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɱɟɬɟ ɨɛɳɚɹ ɨɬɞɚɱɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɨɬ ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɞɨɯɨɞɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ, ɤɚɤ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ
ɞɨɯɨɞɵ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ, ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ
ɜ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɧɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢ
ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɤɚɤ ɧɵɧɟɲɧɢɯ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɛɭɞɭɳɢɯ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɣ.
ɋɨɡɞɚɜɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɹ ɟɝɨ,
ɌɇɄ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ
ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɤɪɨɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɬɟɦɩɨɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɯɨɞɚ.
ɏɨɬɹ
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɞɨɯɨɞ, ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɟɦɵɣ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɌɇɄ, ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɧɢɸ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɪɨɫɬɚ (ɬɚɤɢɯ, ɤɚɤ ɧɢɡɤɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɫɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ) ɢ ɩɪɢɞɚɜɚɬɶ
ɟɦɭ ɦɨɳɧɵɣ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɛɭɪɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ - ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɢ ɌɇɄ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɛɟɡ ɧɢɯ - ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɩɨɜɥɟɱɶ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ "ɝɨɥɥɚɧɞɫɤɨɣ
ɛɨɥɟɡɧɶɸ", ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɜɢɞɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɨɯɨɞɚɦɢ ɧɟ
ɜɟɞɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɦɚɧɧɨ ɢ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹɦɢ ɞɨɥɝɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɞɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɌɇɄ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɪɨɫɬɭ, ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɬɞɚɱɢ ɞɥɹ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɭɦɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ
ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɟ ɜɵɝɨɞɵ.
…ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɟ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ.
Ⱦɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɬɨ ɟɟ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬ, ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɚ ɫ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢɡɞɟɪɠɤɚɦɢ. ɌɇɄ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɢɝɪɚɬɶ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ, ɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ. ɋ ɨɞɧɨɣ
ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɞɟɝɪɚɞɚɰɢɸ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɜ
ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɚ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɢɧɚɱɟ ɛɵ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɥɚɫɶ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɬɶ ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ,
36
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2007 ɝɨɞ: ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ,
ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɹ ɢ
ɜɧɟɞɪɹɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɨɯɪɚɧɧɨɣ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɦɢ, ɝɞɟ ɨɧɢ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ
(ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɵɟ ɢ ɦɟɥɤɢɟ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ). ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ
ɱɢɫɬɵɣ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɨɯɪɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɢ
ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɞɥɹ ɢɯ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ, ɩɪɨɱɧɨ ɭɬɜɟɪɞɢɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɌɇɄ ɤɚɤ ɜ
ɝɨɪɧɨɪɭɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ ɝɚɡɚ
ɭɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɢ.
ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ
ɫɥɭɱɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ,
ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ,
ɚɜɚɪɢɢ
ɢ
ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ
ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ
ɧɟɞɨɛɪɨɫɨɜɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ, ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɨɯɪɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɌɇɄ
ɭɥɭɱɲɢɥɚɫɶ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 10 ɥɟɬ, ɯɨɬɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɌɇɄ ɢɡ ɬɟɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ
ɛɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɨɯɪɚɧɧɨɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ
ɡɚɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɯɭɠɟ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ
ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ,
ɱɟɦ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɢɡ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɨɯɪɚɧɧɵɦ
ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɦɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ.
Ʉ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɜ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɢɦɟɬɶ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɢɞɭɳɢɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ; ɢɬɨɝɨɜɵɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɜ
ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɡɚɩɚɫɨɜ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɵɯ
ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɫɥɚɛɚ. ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ
ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɦɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɵɯ, ɧɟɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɥɚɛɵɦɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ
ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ ɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɢɯ
ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ.
ɋɪɟɞɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɨ
ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɨɯɪɚɧɨɣ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ
ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɝɨɪɧɨɣ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ
ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ
ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɯ, ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɦɢ ɌɇɄ.
ɉɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɌɇɄ ɢ
ɦɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɨɛɳɢɧɚɦɢ, ɩɪɢɬɨɤ ɦɢɝɪɚɧɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɯ ɌɇɄ ɢ
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ. ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ
ɪɚɡɧɨɝɥɚɫɢɹɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ ɨɬ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ,
ɤɨɪɪɭɩɰɢɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɜɨɣɧɨɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ, ɫɬɪɟɦɹɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɟɦɵɦɢ
ɞɨɯɨɞɚɦɢ. ɍɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɌɇɄ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɹ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ ɩɪɢ
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
37
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ, ɜ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ
ɧɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ. ɍɠɟ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɚ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɌɇɄ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɹɦɨ, ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɧɨ - ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɹɬɶ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ. ȼ ɬɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ
ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɵɯ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɯ ɫɨ ɫɥɚɛɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɚɜɬɨɪɢɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɯ, ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɦ ɧɭɠɧɨ
ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɡɜɟɲɢɜɚɬɶ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ.
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ
ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɞɚɱɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɨɬ
ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ…
Ʉɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɢ
ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɣ ɨɬɞɚɱɢ ɨɬ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɢ ɌɇɄ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɛɟɡ ɧɢɯ. ɍɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ
ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨ-ɫɵɪɶɟɜɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɨ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɚɹ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɦɚɧɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɜ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɛɨɝɚɬɵɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɵɯ,
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɩɨɪɨɣ ɧɚɰɟɥɟɧ ɧɚ
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɵɝɨɞɵ, ɚ ɧɟ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɯ
ɰɟɥɟɣ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɩɪɢɱɢɬɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɞɨɥɢ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ ɨɬ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɫɵɪɶɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɛɟɡ ɭɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɝɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ
ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɥɟɝɤɢɣ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɞɨɯɨɞɚɦ
ɨɬ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɧɟɟ
ɩɨɞɨɬɱɟɬɧɵɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɧɵɦɢ
ɨɯɪɚɧɹɬɶ ɢ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɹɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ ɤɭɱɤɢ ɩɪɚɜɹɳɟɣ ɷɥɢɬɵ.
ɗɬɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɨɜɟɧɫɬɜɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɫɪɟɞɵ,
ɩɨɛɭɠɞɚɸɳɟɣ
ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ
ɜ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ.
Ʉɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɚɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɫ
ɰɟɥɶɸ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ ɨɬ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɞɥɹ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɩɥɨɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ; ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɛɟɡ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɰɟɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɦɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɢɦɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɛɟɪɧɭɬɶɫɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ
ɩɨɬɪɹɫɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɪɚɦɨɤ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɟ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɟ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɵ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ
ɩɪɚɜɨɜɚɹ ɢ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɪɚɦɨɱɧɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɟɞɤɢ ɢ
ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɵɯ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɯɪɚɧɵ
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Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2007 ɝɨɞ: ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ,
ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ
ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɯɪɚɧɵ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ
ɩɪɚɜ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɨɛɳɢɧ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɬɶ ɧɟɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɵɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ, ɲɚɧɫ ɧɚ
ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜɫɟ
ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɵ - ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ,
ɡɚɬɪɚɝɢɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɨɛɳɢɧɵ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ, ɩɪɨɮɫɨɸɡɵ ɢ
ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɟ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ. Ɋɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɨɣ
ɞɨɥɢ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɫɦɹɝɱɟɧɢɹ
ɨɫɬɪɨɬɵ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ, ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɡɚɬɪɚɝɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ
ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɭɠɧɵ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ
ɜɥɚɫɬɢ.
…ɪɚɜɧɨ ɤɚɤ ɢ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ
ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɌɇɄ ɢ ɢɯ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ.
ɋɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɢ ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɨɬ
ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɪɟɬɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɜ
ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ (ɤɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɜ Ɇɟɤɫɢɤɟ ɢ
ɋɚɭɞɨɜɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɪɚɜɢɢ) ɞɨ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɨɩɨɪɵ ɧɚ ɌɇɄ (ɤɚɤ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɝɨɪɧɨɣ
ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɜ Ƚɚɧɟ ɢ Ɇɚɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ Ⱥɪɝɟɧɬɢɧɟ ɢ ɉɟɪɭ).
ɍɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɌɇɄ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦɢ,
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɚɦɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɦɧɨɝɢɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ
ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹ (Ɇɂɋ), ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɟɟ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɦ.
ȼ ɧɟɮɬɟɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɌɇɄ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ
ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ, ɬɚɤɢɯ, ɤɚɤ ɤɨɧɰɟɫɫɢɢ,
ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ (ɋɊɉ) ɢ
ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɵ ɧɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ (ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ 8). ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɩɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɸ ɧɚ ɢɸɧɶ
2007 ɝɨɞɚ ɲɢɪɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɋɊɉ, ɧɚ ɞɨɥɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ
ɛɨɥɟɟ 50% ɜɫɟɯ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɨɜ ɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɌɇɄ ɜ
ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɧɟɮɬɢ
ɢ ɝɚɡɚ. ȼ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɣ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɨɜ
ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɤɚɤ ȼɶɟɬɧɚɦ, ɂɧɞɨɧɟɡɢɹ, ɂɪɚɤ, Ʉɚɬɚɪ, Ʉɢɬɚɣ, Ʌɢɜɢɣɫɤɚɹ
Ⱥɪɚɛɫɤɚɹ Ⱦɠɚɦɚɯɢɪɢɹ, ɋɭɞɚɧ ɢ ɗɤɜɚɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ Ƚɜɢɧɟɹ. ȼɬɨɪɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɨ
ɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɷɬɚ
ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɜ Ⱥɥɠɢɪɟ, Ⱥɧɝɨɥɟ, Ȼɪɚɡɢɥɢɢ, ȼɟɧɟɫɭɷɥɟ,
Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧɟ ɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ. Ʉɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɵ ɧɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ
ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɠɟ, ɧɨ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɜ ɂɫɥɚɦɫɤɨɣ
Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɂɪɚɧ ɢ Ʉɭɜɟɣɬɟ.
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
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ɗɮɮɟɤɬ ɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ
ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɟɝɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɦ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɨɦ.
Ɂɚɱɚɫɬɭɸ ɜ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ
ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɪɨɹɥɬɢ ɢ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɨɛɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ,
ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɞɨɥɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ, ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɤɚɞɪɨɜ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ
ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɢ, ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ. ɉɨɡɞɧɟɟ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɵ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ
ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɨɯɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ.
ȼ ɝɨɪɧɨɪɭɞɧɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ
ɥɢɰɟɧɡɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɜɟɞɤɭ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɣ
ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɵɯ ɢ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɬɶ ɢɯ.
ɍɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɝɨɪɧɨɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ ɢɥɢ
ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɵɯ.
Ɂɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɨɣ
ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɨɜ. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɱɟɪɬɚɦɢ
ɧɵɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɝɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ
ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɣ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɧɟɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜ, ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɣ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɜɲɢɦɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɨɬɱɟɬɚɦ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ
ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɡɚɹɜɨɤ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɜɟɞɨɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ,
ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɪɚɡɜɟɞɨɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ, ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ
ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɩɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɯ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɨɜ ɩɨ
ɩɨɜɨɞɭ ɡɟɦɥɟɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ɋɹɞ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɝɨɜɚɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ,
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɝɨɪɧɨɪɭɞɧɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ
ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 8. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɨɜ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɧɟɮɬɟɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɹɞɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɢ
ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ, ɢɸɧɶ 2007 ɝɨɞɚ
(ɑɢɫɥɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɞɨɥɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚɯ)
Ɋɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɨɜ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɌɇɄ ɩɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɜɢɞɚɦ
ɋɪɟɞɧɢɣ
ɪɚɡɦɟɪ
Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ
Ɉɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ Ʉɨɧɰɟɫɫɢɹ
Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɢ
ȼɫɟɝɨ
ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɣ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ
ɢɥɢ
ɢɥɢ
ɧɟɨɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɟ
ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ
ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɟ
ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ
ɫ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢ
ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɟɣ
ɟ
ɜɨɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ
ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɚɹ ɑɢɫɥɨ Ⱦɨɥɹ ɑɢɫɥɨ Ⱦɨɥɹ
ɑɢɫɥɨ Ⱦɨɥɹ ɑɢɫɥɨ Ⱦɨɥɹ ɑɢɫɥɨ Ⱦɨɥɹ
(ɤɦ2)
ɫɬɪɚɧɚ
(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
Ⱥɥɠɢɪ
25 22,9
4
3,7
66 60,6
1
0,9
109 100,0
2 357
Ⱥɧɝɨɥɚ
21 19,1
89 80,9
110 100,0
640
Ȼɪɚɡɢɥɢɹ
189 100,0
189 100,0
283
Ʉɢɬɚɣ
74 97,4
2
2,6
76 100,0
2 973
ɗɤɜɚɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ 20 100,0
20 100,0
1 333
Ƚɜɢɧɟɹ
ɂɧɞɨɧɟɡɢɹ
155 100,0
155 100,0
2 902
ɂɪɚɧ, ɂɫɥɚɦɫɤɚɹ 16
80,0
4
20,0
20 100,0
3 575
Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ
ɂɪɚɤ
7
87,5
1
12,5
8 100,0
625
Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧ
9
9,7
84 90,3
93 100,0
1 558
Ʉɭɜɟɣɬ
3
100,0
3 100,0
120
Ʌɢɜɢɣɫɤɚɹ
107 80,5
26 19,5
133 100,0
4 497
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2007 ɝɨɞ: ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ,
ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ
40
Ⱥɪɚɛɫɤɚɹ
Ⱦɠɚɦɚɯɢɪɢɹ
ɇɢɝɟɪɢɹ
Ʉɚɬɚɪ
Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɚɹ
Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɹ
ɋɚɭɞɨɜɫɤɚɹ
Ⱥɪɚɜɢɹ
ɋɭɞɚɧ
Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ
Ⱥɪɚɛɫɤɢɟ
ɗɦɢɪɚɬɵ
ɍɡɛɟɤɢɫɬɚɧ
ȼɟɧɟɫɭɷɥɚ
ȼɶɟɬɧɚɦ
ɂɬɨɝɨ
ɂɬɨɝɨ,
ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɋɇȽ
81
26
5
58,3
100,0
1,1
-
-
57
470
41,0
98,9
1
-
0,7
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
100,0
3
100,0
75 056
14
-
77,8
-
-
-
4
-
22,2
-
12
100,0
18
12
100,0
100,0
50 770
375
24
21
1,4
1,9
20 40,0
1 005 60,1
451 40,9
18
10
51
51
56,3
20,0
3,1
4,6
32
50
1
1 672
1 104
100,0
100,0
100,0
100,0
100,0
3 562
597
554
2 067
2 852
14 43,8
19 38,0
1 100,0
578 34,6
564 51,1
139 100,0
26 100,0
475 100,0
579
833
343
ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ: ɘɇɄɌȺȾ, World Investment Report 2007: Transnational Corporations,
Extractive Industries and Development, ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ IV.3.
Ʉɚɤ ɜ ɧɟɮɬɟɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɝɨɪɧɨɪɭɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɜ
ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɫɬɪɟɦɹɬɫɹ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɚɦɢ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ.
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɞɨɯɨɞɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ
ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɜɵɝɨɞ ɨɬ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɵɯ, ɧɟɭɞɢɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɭɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɟɦɚɥɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɢɫɤɭ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ,
ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɭɸ ɞɨɥɸ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɢ ɨɬ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ
ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɵɯ. Ʉɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɧ ɧɚ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɟɬ ɪɹɞ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɹɥɢ ɲɚɝɢ
ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɱɢɬɚɸɳɭɸɫɹ ɢɦ ɞɨɥɸ ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɟɣ,
ɢɡɦɟɧɢɜ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɵɟ ɪɟɠɢɦɵ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ,
ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ ɧɚɜɨɞɹɬ ɧɚ ɦɵɫɥɶ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ,
ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɢɯ ɩɪɟɠɧɢɟ ɪɟɠɢɦɵ
ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɛɵɥɢ ɱɪɟɡɦɟɪɧɨ ɳɟɞɪɵɦɢ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ
ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɨɜ.
ȼ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɦɢ ɜɨɥɧɚɦɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɧɨɜɵɦ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ
ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɣ. ɏɨɬɹ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɵ ɜɜɨɞɹɬ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɜ
ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɱɟɬɟ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɦɟɲɚɬɶ ɤɚɤɨɦɭ-ɥɢɛɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɭ
ɩɪɟɤɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ
Ɇɂɋ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɧɚɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɨɪɚ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɣ
ɚɪɛɢɬɪɚɠ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ Ɇɂɋ ɡɚɳɢɬɚ
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
41
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɛɨɪɟ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɦ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɭɯɨɞɚ ɫ ɪɵɧɤɚ. ɉɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ
ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɨɧɢ
ɬɨɥɤɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɚɪɛɢɬɪɚɠɧɵɯ ɢɧɫɬɚɧɰɢɹɯ.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɜ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ
ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ,
ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɢ
ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɧɟɮɬɢ, ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɦ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɞɨɥɢ ɜɵɝɨɞ ɨɬ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɯɨɬɟɥɢ ɛɵ ɩɨɣɬɢ ɩɨ ɬɚɤɨɦɭ ɩɭɬɢ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ
ɫɥɚɛɟɟ.
Ɉɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɣ ɨɬɞɚɱɢ ɞɥɹ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɨɜ, ɜ ɬɨɦ
ɱɢɫɥɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɛɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ…
Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ
ɨɬ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɌɇɄ, ɫɜɨɞɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɤ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɭ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɡɞɟɪɠɤɢ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɜ
ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɤɨɧɫɟɧɫɭɫɚ ɜɧɹɬɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ. ɉɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ȾɆɂ07 ɚɧɚɥɢɡ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɪɹɞ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɚɞɪɟɫ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ
ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɛɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ,
ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɌɇɄ.
ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɬ ɡɚ
ɬɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɯ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɚɜɚɥɚ ɜɵɝɨɞɵ, ɫɨɡɞɚɸɳɢɟ
ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ ɩɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ
ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɱɟɬɤɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɸ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɭɸ
ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɟ ɢ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɞɥɹ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɧɹɬɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɨɛɳɚɹ
ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɜɟɪɯɨɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɤɚɤ ɧɵɧɟɲɧɢɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɛɭɞɭɳɢɟ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɹɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɜ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɭɸ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ.
ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɦ ɜɫɟɣ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɥɟɝɱɟ ɧɟ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɭɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɢ, ɜ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɜɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɵ ɫ Ɍɇ. ɑɟɬɤɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ ɜ
ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɯ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɯɨɞɚɦɢ ɨɬ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɵɯ ɢ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ ɧɭɠɧɚ ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɬɚɤ
ɢ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɟɝɨ ɫɭɛɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ.
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Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2007 ɝɨɞ: ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ,
ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ
Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɞɭɦɚɬɶ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɭɸ ɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɭɸ ɨɬɞɚɱɭ ɨɬ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɌɇɄ ɜ
ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. Ʉɪɚɣɧɟ ɜɚɠɧɨ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɨɯɨɞɵ ɨɬ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ
ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
ɥɸɞɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ, ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ
ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ,
ɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɨɨɳɪɹɬɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɤɚɤ
ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫɨ ɫɦɟɠɧɵɦɢ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɦɢ.
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦ
ɧɭɠɧɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɶ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɢ ɜɵɝɨɞ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ
ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɬɭɪɚ ɪɵɧɤɨɜ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɧɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ
ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɶ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɭɸ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɟɟ
ɞɟɥɨɜɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ
ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɢ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ
ɤɚɞɪɨɜ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦɢ
ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɦɟɪ, ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɦɨɱɧɵɯ
ɨɫɧɨɜ - ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɯ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɮɚɡɵ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɞɟɥɨɜɨɣ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, - ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ
ɧɚɥɨɝɨɨɛɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɛɸɞɠɟɬ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ ɨɬ
ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ
ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ.
ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ
ɨɛɧɚɞɟɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ.
ȼɫɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɨɯɪɚɧɧɨɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɡɚɱɚɫɬɭɸ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨ
ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɭɸ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɜɫɟ ɟɳɟ
ɧɭɠɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɜ ɠɢɡɧɶ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɨɯɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ.
Ɂɚɳɢɬɚ
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɬɶ ɨɬ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ
ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ
ɜɚɠɧɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɣ
ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɜ
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɯ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɵɯ ɢɬɨɝɨɜɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ. ȼɚɠɧɵɦ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɫɬɢ.
ȼ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɞɨɯɨɞɚɯ ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɤɨɧɮɢɞɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɵ ɩɨɪɨɣ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɵ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɵɜɚɬɶ
ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɤɨɧɮɢɞɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɪɚɡɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɢ.
ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɛɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɬɨɬ
ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɢɯ ɌɇɄ ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ. Ɋɹɞ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ, ɚ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɤɭɪɫ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ, ɩɨɪɨɣ ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ
ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦ. ɂɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨɨɳɪɹɬɶ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɌɇɄ. ɗɬɨ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɢ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
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ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɛɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɦ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ.
ɋɬɪɚɧɵ ɛɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɟɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ
ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ
ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɚɯ
ɩɨ
ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ
ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɚɤɢɦ, ɤɚɤ ɂɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɚ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ
ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ,
ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɵɣ
ɮɨɪɭɦ
ɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɨɜ
ɝɨɪɧɨɪɭɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ Ɇɟɠɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɮɨɪɭɦ ɩɨ
ɝɨɪɧɨɣ ɞɨɛɵɱɟ, ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɚɦ, ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚɦ ɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ
ɬɨɝɨ, ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ-ɪɟɰɢɩɢɟɧɬɚɦ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɭɸ ɢ
ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɢ
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
…ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɌɇɄ.
Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɜ
ɭɫɢɥɢɹɯ ɩɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɨɬɞɚɱɢ ɨɬ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɢɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɢ
ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ,
ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɛɨɝɚɬɵɟ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɵɯ. ɉɨɥɟɡɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɢɝɪɚɬɶ ɢ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɵ ɧɚ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɦɵɫɥ
ɢɡɭɱɢɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɵɫɤɚɧɢɣ
ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɧɨɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɱɢɥɢɳ ɜ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ
ɬɨɝɨ, ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɝɪɚɬɶ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ
ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ ɢ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ
ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɩɨɦɨɝɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɛɨɝɚɬɵɯ
ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɦɢ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫɨ ɫɥɚɛɨɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɢɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɯ.
ȼ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɭ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ,
ɩɪɢɞɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɭɱɚɬɶ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɚɧɤɰɢɣ ɜ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ.
Ⱦɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɝɪɚɬɶ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɭɸ
ɞɨɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɝɞɟ ɧɟɬ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢɥɢ
ɨɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ.
ȼ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɢɫɤɚ
ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɞɨɛɵɱɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯ ɜɵɞɜɢɧɭɬ ɪɹɞ
ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜ, ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɤɪɭɝ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ.
ȼ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɧɢɯ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɶ ɂɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɭ ɩɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɸ
ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɋɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ,
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ Ʉɢɦɛɟɪɥɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, Ⱦɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɶɧɵɟ
ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ Ƚɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɭ ɜ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɨɬɱɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ. Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜ
ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ. ɋɜɨɣ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɭ ɧɢɯ
ɨɩɵɬɚ ɩɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ
ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɇɉɈ; ɤ
ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɝɪɚɬɶ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɧɚɞ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ, ɩɪɨɥɢɜɚɹ ɫɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɥɸɛɵɟ
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Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2007 ɝɨɞ: ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ,
ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ
ɡɥɨɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɜɚɠɧɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɜ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɢ ɌɇɄ
ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɉɪɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ
ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɵɯ ɪɨɥɶ ɌɇɄ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢ, ɤɚɤ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ,
ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ.
ȼ ɬɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ
ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɵɯ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫɨ ɫɥɚɛɨɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɚɜɬɨɪɢɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɯ,
ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɦ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɦ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɢɥɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɟɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɦ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ. ɏɨɬɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟ
ɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ, ɪɹɞ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɵ,
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɟ Ⱦɚɬɫɤɢɦ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɦ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ
ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ "ɂɧɬɟɪɧɷɲɧɥ ɚɥɟɪɬ" ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ
ɪɢɫɤɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɦɨɱɶ ɪɚɫɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɧɭɠɧɵɟ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɵ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɌɇɄ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ
ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ, ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɜɲɢɯ ɫɜɨɸ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɶ ɩɨɞ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ
ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɚɦɢ, ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɨ. Ɉɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɌɇɄ ɝɨɪɧɨɪɭɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɟɮɬɟɝɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ
ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɪɠɟɧɵ ɞɟɥɭ ɷɬɢɯ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜ ɨɱɟɧɶ
ɧɟɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫ
ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ. Ⱦɨ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ, ɩɨɤɚ ɧɟ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟɬ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ,
ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵɯ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜ ɢ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɚɸɳɢɯ
ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɢɦɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɢɯ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɤɨɥɨɫɫɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ
ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɵɯ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɛɟɞɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɦɢɪɚ, ɫɬɚɥɢ
ɞɜɢɠɭɳɟɣ ɫɢɥɨɣ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ
ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ.
ȼ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɛɨɝɚɬɵɟ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ
ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɦ ɌɇɄ, ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɛɭɞɭɬ
ɢɝɪɚɬɶ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɞɨɛɵɱɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ. ȼɜɢɞɭ
ɷɬɨɝɨ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɪɚɦɨɱɧɵɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ,
ɫɨɡɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵɟ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɵ, ɩɨɛɭɠɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɟ
ɮɢɪɦɵ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɢ ɜ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɚɬɶ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. Ɉɛɨɸɞɧɵɣ ɜɵɢɝɪɵɲ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɟɧ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ
ɞɨɛɵɱɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɵɯ ɜɟɞɟɬɫɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ, ɚ
ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɟ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ
ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɡɚɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ
ɞɨɯɨɞɵ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ
ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɧɢɳɟɬɵ.
(ɩɨɞɩɢɫɶ)
ɀɟɧɟɜɚ, ɚɜɝɭɫɬ 2007 ɝɨɞɚ
ɋɭɩɚɱɚɣ ɉɚɧɢɬɱɩɚɤɞɢ
Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɶ ɘɇɄɌȺȾ
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
45
ɉɊɂɅɈɀȿɇɂȿ
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2007 ɝɨɞ: ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ, ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ
ɋɈȾȿɊɀȺɇɂȿ
PREFACE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
OVERVIEW
PART ONE
WIDESPREAD GROWTH IN FDI
CHAPTER I.
IN FDI FLOWS
A.
B.
C.
D.
FDI AND INTERNATIONAL PRODUCTION
1.
Trends in FDI
a.
Overall trends
b.
Continued rise in cross-border M&As
c.
FDI by private equity funds
2.
International production
3.
Indices of inward FDI performance and potential
4.
Developments in FDI policies
a.
Developments at the national level
b.
Developments at the international level
CHANGING PATTERNS OF FDI
1.
Geographic patterns
2.
Sectoral and industrial distribution of FDI
THE LARGEST TNCs
1.
The world’s 100 largest TNCs
2.
The 100 largest TNCs from developing economies
3.
Transnationality of the largest TNCs
4.
The world’s 50 largest financial TNCs
PROSPECTS
CHAPTER II.
A.
GLOBAL TRENDS: SUSTAINED GROWTH
REGIONAL TRENDS
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
1.
Africa
a.
Geographical trends
b.
Sectoral trends: primary sector’s share rose
c.
Policy developments
d.
Prospects: moderate growth expected in 2007
2.
Asia and Oceania
a.
South, East and South-East Asia
b.
West Asia
46
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2007 ɝɨɞ: ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ, ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ
c.
Oceania
Latin America and the Caribbean
a.
Geographical trends
b.
Sectoral trends
c.
Policy developments
d.
Prospects: moderate growth of inflows, reduced outflows
SOUTH-EAST EUROPE AND THE COMMONWEALTH
OF INDEPENDENT STATES
1.
Geographical trends
a.
Inward FDI surged
b.
Outward FDI growth was sustained
2.
Sectoral trends: FDI in services was buoyant
3.
Policy developments
4.
Prospects: brighter for larger economies and new EU members
DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
1.
Geographical trends
a.
Inward FDI grew in all regions and all sectors
b.
Outward FDI increased sharply
2.
Sectoral trends: services continued to dominate
3.
Policy developments
4.
Prospects: optimism for further growth in FDI
3.
B.
C.
PART TWO
TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS, EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES
AND DEVELOPMENT
CHAPTER III.
A.
B.
C.
FEATURES OF THE EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES
EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES IN THE WORLD ECONOMY
1.
Minerals are essential for all economies
2.
Geography of production and consumption of selected minerals
THE COMMODITY PRICE BOOM AND ITS IMPACT ON
INVESTMENTS
1.
Booms and busts of mineral prices
2.
The boom led to rising profits and investments
3.
Prices likely to remain high for some time
EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES: OPPORTUNITIES AND
CHALLENGES FOR DEVELOPMENT
1.
Characteristics of investments in extractive industries
2.
Public policy concerns of mineral-rich countries
a.
Mineral endowments represent development opportunities
b.
The economic challenge
c.
The environmental, social and political challenges
d.
The governance challenge
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
47
CHAPTER IV.
A.
B.
C.
D.
GLOBAL TRENDS IN FDI AND OTHER FORMS OF TNC
PARTICIPATION IN EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES
1.
FDI trends
2.
Developing and transition economies are receiving a growing
share of foreign investment
THE CHANGING UNIVERSE OF TNCs IN EXTRACTIVE
INDUSTRIES
1.
TNCs in the metal mining industry
a.
Continued dominance of private firms
b.
Varying degrees of internationalization
2.
TNCs in oil and gas
a.
The Seven Sisters have given way to State-owned companies
b.
TNCs from developing and transition economies are
expanding overseas
DRIVERS AND DETERMINANTS
1.
Motivations for internationalization
2.
Determinants of TNC activity
a.
Ownership-specific advantages
b.
Internalization advantages
c.
Locational advantages
CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER V.
COUNTRIES
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
TNCs IN EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES
DEVELOPMENT IMPLICATIONS FOR HOST
A FRAMEWORK FOR ASSESSING IMPLICATIONS FOR HOST
COUNTRIES OF TNC INVOLVEMENT IN EXTRACTIVE
INDUSTRIES
ECONOMIC IMPACT
1.
Direct economic effects
a.
Financial contributions
b.
Technology contributions
c.
Employment impacts
d.
Enhancement of exports
e.
Generation of government revenue
2.
Indirect economic effects
a.
Linkages
b.
Infrastructure development
3.
Overall impact: implications for macroeconomic performance
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
SOCIAL AND POLITICAL IMPACTS
1.
Health and safety impacts
2.
Social impacts on the local community
3.
Human rights implications
4.
Corruption, conflict and other political issues
CONCLUSIONS
48
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2007 ɝɨɞ: ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ, ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ
CHAPTER VI.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
THE POLICY CHALLENGE
THE BROADER GOVERNMENT POLICY AND
INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
REGULATING THE ENTRY AND OPERATIONS OF TNCs IN
EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES
1.
Oil and gas: from “old-style” concessions to partnership
agreements
2.
Codes and mining agreements governing FDI in metal mining
ARRANGEMENTS FOR RENT-SHARING
1.
Recent policy changes
2.
Implications of recent policy changes
3.
Is progressive taxation a solution?
POLICIES FOR BROADER ECONOMIC BENEFITS
1.
Promoting linkages
2.
Promoting skills and technology development
COPING WITH ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES
ADDRESSING SOCIAL AND POLITICAL CONCERNS
1.
Labour-related concerns
2.
Local community concerns
3.
Human rights
4.
Enhancing transparency
5.
Dealing with extractive-industry TNC investments in conflict
situations.
CONCLUSIONS
ANNEX TO CHAPTER VI.
TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES: SELECTED EXAMPLES
REFERENCES
ANNEXES
WITH
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
61
ɉɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɨɜ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ
UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2006. FDI from Developing and
Transition Economies:
Implications for Development.
Sales
No. E.06.II.D.11. $80. http://www.unctad.org/en/docs//wir2006_en.pdf.
ɘɇɄɌȺȾ, Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2006 ɝɨɞ.
ɉɂɂ ɢɡ
ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ: ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ
64
ɫɬɪ.
http://www.unctad.
ɞɥɹ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ.
Ɉɛɡɨɪ.
org/en/docs/wir2006overview_en.pdf.
UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2005. Transnational Corporations and
the Internationalization of R&D (New York and Geneva, 2004). 364 pages.
Sales No. E.05. II.D.10.
ɘɇɄɌȺȾ,
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ
ɨ
ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ,
2005
ɝɨɞ.
Ɍɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɇɂɈɄɊ.
Ɉɛɡɨɪ. 59 ɫɬɪ. (ɧɚ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɦ, ɚɪɚɛɫɤɨɦ, ɢɫɩɚɧɫɤɨɦ, ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɦ, ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ
ɢ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ).
ɍɫɥɨɜɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ:
UNCTAD/WIR/2004 (Overview). Ȼɟɫɩɥɚɬɧɨ.
UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2004. The Shift Towards Services (New
York and Geneva, 2004). 468 pages. Sales No. E.04.II.D.36.
ɘɇɄɌȺȾ, Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2004 ɝɨɞ. ɉɟɪɟɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ
ɧɚ ɫɟɤɬɨɪ ɭɫɥɭɝ. Ɉɛɡɨɪ. 68 ɫɬɪ. (ɧɚ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɦ, ɚɪɚɛɫɤɨɦ, ɢɫɩɚɧɫɤɨɦ,
ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɦ, ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ). ɍɫɥɨɜɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ: UNCTAD/WIR/2004 (Overview). Ȼɟɫɩɥɚɬɧɨ.
UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2003. FDI Policies for Development:
National and International Perspectives (New York and Geneva, 2003).
303 pages. Sales No. E.03.II.D.8.
ɘɇɄɌȺȾ, Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2003 ɝɨɞ. ɉɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ: ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ
ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ. Ɉɛɡɨɪ. 59 ɫɬɪ. (ɧɚ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɦ, ɚɪɚɛɫɤɨɦ, ɢɫɩɚɧɫɤɨɦ,
ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɦ, ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ). ɍɫɥɨɜɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ: UNCTAD/WIR/2003 (Overview). Ȼɟɫɩɥɚɬɧɨ.
UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2002: Transnational Corporations and
Export Competitiveness (New York and Geneva, 2002). 350 pages. Sales
No. E.02.II.D.4.
62
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2007 ɝɨɞ: ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ, ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ
ɘɇɄɌȺȾ,
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ
ɨ
ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ,
2002
ɝɨɞ:
Ɍɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɚ.
Ɉɛɡɨɪ. 85 ɫɬɪ. (ɧɚ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɦ, ɚɪɚɛɫɤɨɦ, ɢɫɩɚɧɫɤɨɦ, ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɦ, ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ
ɢ
ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɨɦ
ɹɡɵɤɚɯ).
ɍɫɥɨɜɧɨɟ
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ:
UNCTAD/WIR/2002 (Overview). Ȼɟɫɩɥɚɬɧɨ.
UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2001: Promoting Linkages (New York
and Geneva, 2001). 354 pages. Sales No. E.01.II.D.12.
ɘɇɄɌȺȾ, Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 20001 ɝɨɞ: ɋɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ. Ɉɛɡɨɪ. 71 ɫɬɪ. (ɧɚ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɦ, ɚɪɚɛɫɤɨɦ, ɢɫɩɚɧɫɤɨɦ,
ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɦ, ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ). ɍɫɥɨɜɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ: UNCTAD/WIR/2001 (Overview). Ȼɟɫɩɥɚɬɧɨ.
UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2000: Cross-border Mergers and
Acquisitions and Development (New York and Geneva, 2000). 337 pages.
Sales No. E.00.II.D.20.
ɘɇɄɌȺȾ, Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2000 ɝɨɞ: Ɍɪɚɧɫɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɟ
ɫɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ.
Ɉɛɡɨɪ.
80 ɫɬɪ.
(ɧɚ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɦ, ɚɪɚɛɫɤɨɦ, ɢɫɩɚɧɫɤɨɦ, ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɦ, ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɨɦ
ɹɡɵɤɚɯ). ɍɫɥɨɜɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ: UNCTAD/WIR/2000
(Overview). Ȼɟɫɩɥɚɬɧɨ.
UNCTAD, World Investment Report 1999: Foreign Direct Investment and
the Challenge of Development (New York and Geneva, 1999). 541 pages.
Sales No. E.99.II.D.3.
ɘɇɄɌȺȾ, Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 1999 ɝɨɞ:
ɉɪɹɦɵɟ
ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. Ɉɛɡɨɪ. 95 ɫɬɪ.
(ɧɚ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɦ, ɚɪɚɛɫɤɨɦ, ɢɫɩɚɧɫɤɨɦ, ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɦ, ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɨɦ
ɹɡɵɤɚɯ). ɍɫɥɨɜɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ: UNCTAD/WIR/1999
(Overview). Ȼɟɫɩɥɚɬɧɨ.
UNCTAD, World Investment Report 1998: Trends and Determinants (New
York and Geneva, 1998). 463 pages. Sales No. E.98.II.D.5.
ɘɇɄɌȺȾ, Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 1998 ɝɨɞ: Ɍɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɢ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ. Ɉɛɡɨɪ. 49 ɫɬɪ. (ɧɚ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɦ, ɚɪɚɛɫɤɨɦ,
ɢɫɩɚɧɫɤɨɦ, ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɦ, ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ). ɍɫɥɨɜɧɨɟ
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ: UNCTAD/WIR/1998 (Overview). Ȼɟɫɩɥɚɬɧɨ.
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
63
UNCTAD, World Investment Report 1997: Transnational Corporations,
Market Structure and Competition Policy (New York and Geneva, 1997).
416 pages. Sales No. E.97.II.D. 10.
ɘɇɄɌȺȾ,
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ
ɨ
ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ,
1997
ɝɨɞ:
Ɍɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ
ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ. Ɉɛɡɨɪ. 88 ɫɬɪ. (ɧɚ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɦ, ɚɪɚɛɫɤɨɦ, ɢɫɩɚɧɫɤɨɦ,
ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɦ, ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ). ɍɫɥɨɜɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ: UNCTAD/ITE/IIT/5 (Overview). Ȼɟɫɩɥɚɬɧɨ.
UNCTAD, World Investment Report 1996: Investment, Trade and
International Policy Arrangements (New York and Geneva, 1996). 364 pages.
Sales No. E.96.11.A. 14.
ɘɇɄɌȺȾ, Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 1996 ɝɨɞ: ɂɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ,
ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɹ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɪɚɦɨɱɧɵɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ. Ɉɛɡɨɪ. 36 ɫɬɪ.
(ɧɚ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɦ, ɚɪɚɛɫɤɨɦ, ɢɫɩɚɧɫɤɨɦ, ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɦ, ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɨɦ
ɹɡɵɤɚɯ). ɍɫɥɨɜɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ: UNCTAD/DTCI/32 (Overview).
Ȼɟɫɩɥɚɬɧɨ.
UNCTAD, World Investment Report 1995: Transnational Corporations and
Competitiveness (New York and Geneva, 1995). 491 pages. Sales
No. E.95.II.A.9.
ɘɇɄɌȺȾ,
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ
ɨ
ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ,
1995
ɝɨɞ:
Ɍɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ. Ɉɛɡɨɪ.
68 ɫɬɪ. (ɧɚ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɦ, ɚɪɚɛɫɤɨɦ, ɢɫɩɚɧɫɤɨɦ, ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɦ, ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɢ
ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɨɦ
ɹɡɵɤɚɯ).
ɍɫɥɨɜɧɨɟ
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ:
UNCTAD/WIR/1995 (Overview). Ȼɟɫɩɥɚɬɧɨ.
UNCTAD, World Investment Report 1994: Transnational Corporations,
Employment and the Workplace (New York and Geneva, 1994). 482 pages.
Sales No.E.94.11.A.14.
UNCTAD, World Investment Report 1994: Transnational Corporations,
Employment and the Workplace. An Executive Summary. 34 ɫɬɪ.
(ɧɚ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ, ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɹɩɨɧɫɤɨɦ).
ɍɫɥɨɜɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ:
UNCTAD/DTCI/10 (Overview).
Ȼɟɫɩɥɚɬɧɨ.
UNCTAD, World Investment Report 1993: Transnational Corporations and
Integrated International Production (New York and Geneva, 1993).
290 pages. Sales No. E.93.II.A.14.
64
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2007 ɝɨɞ: ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ, ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ
UNCTAD, World Investment Report 1993: Transnational Corporations and
Integrated International Production. An Executive Summary. 31 ɫɬɪ.
(ɧɚ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ). ɍɫɥɨɜɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ:
ST/CTC/159 (Executive Summary). Ȼɟɫɩɥɚɬɧɨ.
DESD/TCMD, World Investment Report 1992: Transnational Corporations
as Engines of Growth (New York, 1992). 356 pages. Sales No. E.92.II.A.24.
DESD/TCMD, World Investment Report 1992: Transnational Corporations
as Engines of Growth: An Executive Summary. 26 ɫɬɪ. ɍɫɥɨɜɧɨɟ
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ: ST/CTC/143 (Executive Summary). Ȼɟɫɩɥɚɬɧɨ.
UNCTC, World Investment Report 1991: The Triad in Foreign Direct
Investment (New York, 1991). 108 pages. Sales No. E.9 1.II.A. 12. $25.
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
65
ɄȺɄ ɉɈɅɍɑɂɌɖ ɂɁȾȺɇɂə ɈɊȽȺɇɂɁȺɐɂɂ
ɈȻɔȿȾɂɇȿɇɇɕɏ ɇȺɐɂɃ
ɂɡɞɚɧɢɹ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɫɬɢ ɭ
ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɦɢɪɭ. ɂɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢɜ
ɩɢɫɶɦɨ ɩɨ ɚɞɪɟɫɭ:
United Nations Publications
ɢɥɢ
Sales and Marketing Section,
DC2-853
United Nations Secretariat
New York, N.Y. 100 17
U.S.A.
Ɍɟɥ.: ++1 212 963 8302 ɢɥɢ 1 800 253 9646
Ɏɚɤɫ: ++1 212 963 3489
Ⱥɞɪɟɫ ɷɥ. ɩɨɱɬɵ: publications@un.org
United Nations Publications
Sales and Marketing Section,
Rm. C. 113-1
United Nations Office at Geneva
Palais des Nations
CH-1211 Geneva 10
Switzerland
Ɍɟɥ.: ++41 22 917 2612
Ɏɚɤɫ: ++4122 917 0027
Ⱥɞɪɟɫ ɷɥ. ɩɨɱɬɵ: unpubli@unog.ch
ɂɇɌȿɊɇȿɌ: www.un.org/Pubs/sales.htm
Ɂɚ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ ɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɩɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ ɩɪɹɦɵɯ
ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɣ ɩɪɨɫɶɛɚ
ɨɛɪɚɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɚɞɪɟɫɭ:
Khalil Hamdani
Officer-in-Charge
Division on Investment, Technology and Enterprise Development
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
Palais des Nations, Room E-10052
CH-1211 Geneva 10 Switzerland
Ɍɟɥ.: ++41 22 907 4533
Ɏɚɤɫ: ++41 22 907 0498
Ⱥɞɪɟɫ ɷɥ. ɩɨɱɬɵ: khalil.hamdani@unctad.org
ɂɇɌȿɊɇȿɌ: www.unctad.org/en/subsites/dite
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
67
ȺɇɄȿɌȺ
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2007 ɝɨɞ:
Ɍɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ, ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
ȼ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ Ɉɬɞɟɥɚ
ɘɇɄɌȺȾ ɩɨ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɦ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ
ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ ɭɡɧɚɬɶ ɦɧɟɧɢɹ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɣ.
ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɛɵ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ
ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɵ, ɟɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɜɵ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɟɦɭɸ ɚɧɤɟɬɭ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢɥɢ
ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɩɨ ɚɞɪɟɫɭ:
Readership Survey
UNCTAD, Division on Investment,
Technology and Enterprise Development
Palais des Nations
Room E-10054
C H - 1 2 1 1 Geneva 10
Switzerland
Ɏɚɤɫ: ( + 41 22) 907.04.98
Ⱥɧɤɟɬɚ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ
ɢɧɬɟɪɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ
ɧɚ ɜɟɛɫɚɣɬɟ ɩɨ ɚɞɪɟɫɭ:
www.unctad.org/wir.
1.
Ɏɚɦɢɥɢɹ ɢ ɫɥɭɠɟɛɧɵɣ ɚɞɪɟɫ ɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɬɚ (ɩɨ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɸ):
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2.
Ʉ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɢɡ ɧɢɠɟɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ ɛɥɢɠɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ȼɚɲɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ?
Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ
ɑɚɫɬɧɨ-ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɚɹ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ
Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ
Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢɥɢ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ
Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ
ɇɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɋɆɂ
Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
(ɩɪɨɫɶɛɚ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ)
3.
ȼ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ȼɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬɟ? _____________________
4.
Ʉɚɤ ȼɵ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ?
Ɉɬɥɢɱɧɨ
ɏɨɪɨɲɨ
5.
ɍɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɇɟɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɇɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɞɥɹ ȼɚɲɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ?
Ɉɱɟɧɶ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɚ
ɉɨɥɟɡɧɚ
ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ
Ȼɟɫɩɨɥɟɡɧɚ
68
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2007 ɝɨɞ: ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ, ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ
ɍɤɚɠɢɬɟ ɬɪɢ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ȼɚɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɨɧɪɚɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ
ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɢ ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɧɢ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵ ɞɥɹ ȼɚɲɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ:
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
6.
ɍɤɚɠɢɬɟ ɬɪɢ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ȼɚɦ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɨɧɪɚɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ
ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ:
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
7.
8.
ɇɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɷɬɢ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ȼɚɲɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ?
Ɉɱɟɧɶ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵ
9.
ɉɨɥɟɡɧɵ
ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ
ɦɟɪɟ
Ȼɟɫɩɨɥɟɡɧɵ
ɉɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɟ ɥɢ ȼɵ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨ ɪɟɮɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɠɭɪɧɚɥ Ɉɬɞɟɥɚ
Transnational Corporations (ɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ - The CTC Reporter),
ɜɵɯɨɞɹɳɢɣ ɬɪɢ ɪɚɡɚ ɜ ɝɨɞ?
Ⱦɚ
ɇɟɬ
ȿɫɥɢ ɧɟɬ ɢ ɟɫɥɢ ɛɵ ȼɵ ɯɨɬɟɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɣ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧ ɧɚ ȼɚɲɟ ɢɦɹ ɩɨ ɜɵɲɟɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɚɞɪɟɫɭ,
ɩɨɦɟɬɶɬɟ ɡɞɟɫɶ. Ⱦɪɭɝɨɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ȼɵ ɯɨɬɟɥɢ ɛɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ
ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɚ (ɫɦ. ɩɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɣ):
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
10.
Ʉɚɤ ɢɥɢ ɝɞɟ ɤ ȼɚɦ ɩɨɩɚɥɚ ɷɬɚ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɹ:
Ʉɭɩɢɥ(ɚ)
ɇɚ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɟ/
ɫɢɦɩɨɡɢɭɦɟ
Ɂɚɤɚɡɚɥ(ɚ) ɛɟɫɩɥɚɬɧɵɣ
ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ
ɉɨ ɩɨɱɬɟ
ɂɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ
ɏɨɬɟɥɢ ɥɢ ɛɵ ȼɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɘɇɄɌȺȾ ɜ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɩɨ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɱɬɟ? ȿɫɥɢ ɞɚ, ɬɨ, ɩɨɠɚɥɭɣɫɬɚ, ɭɤɚɠɢɬɟ ɧɢɠɟ ɜɚɲ
ɚɞɪɟɫ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɱɬɵ:
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
11.