Доклад о мировых инвестициях 2008 года

ɄɈɇɎȿɊȿɇɐɂə ɈɊȽȺɇɂɁȺɐɂɂ ɈȻɔȿȾɂɇȿɇɇɕɏ
ɇȺɐɂɃ ɉɈ ɌɈɊȽɈȼɅȿ ɂ ɊȺɁȼɂɌɂɘ
ȾɈɄɅȺȾ
Ɉ ɆɂɊɈȼɕɏ
ɂɇȼȿɋɌɂɐɂəɏ
2008
ɈȻɁɈɊ
Ɍɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ,
ɢ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɜɵɡɨɜ
ɈɊȽȺɇɂɁȺɐɂə ɈȻɔȿȾɂɇȿɇɇɕɏ ɇȺɐɂɃ
ɇɶɸ-Ƀɨɪɤ ɢ ɀɟɧɟɜɚ, 2008 ɝɨɞ
UNCTAD/WIR/2008(Overview)
GE.08-51438 (R)
150908
190908
ɉɊɂɆȿɑȺɇɂȿ
ȼɵɩɨɥɧɹɹ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɩɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɢ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɨɩɢɪɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ 30-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ,
ɘɇɄɌȺȾ ɱɟɪɟɡ Ɉɬɞɟɥ ɩɨ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɦ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ (ɈɂɌɉ) ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɩɪɹɦɵɦɢ
ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ,
ɈɂɌɉ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɶ ɉɂɂ ɢ
ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɨɬ ɧɢɯ ɨɬɞɚɱɭ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɹɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ
ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ.
Ⱥɤɰɟɧɬ ɞɟɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ, ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ.
ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟ "ɫɬɪɚɧɚ", ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɟ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞɟ,
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɤ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɦ ɢɥɢ
ɪɚɣɨɧɚɦ; ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɜ
ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɧɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ
ɋɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɢɚɬɚ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ ɛɵ ɬɨ ɧɢ
ɛɵɥɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ,
ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ, ɢɥɢ ɢɯ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɣ, ɢɥɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɟɥɢɦɢɬɚɰɢɢ
ɢɯ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɪɚɡɛɢɜɤɚ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɩɨ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦ ɞɟɥɚɟɬɫɹ
ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɥɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɢ
ɧɟɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɨɣ
ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɣɨɧɨɦ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. ɉɪɢ
ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɚ
ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ Ɉɬɞɟɥɚ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ
ɇɚɰɢɣ. ɗɬɨ:
Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ: ɫɬɪɚɧɵ - ɱɥɟɧɵ ɈɗɋɊ (ɤɪɨɦɟ Ɇɟɤɫɢɤɢ,
Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ Ʉɨɪɟɢ ɢ Ɍɭɪɰɢɢ) ɩɥɸɫ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɱɥɟɧɚɦɢ ɈɗɋɊ
ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɫɬɚɜɲɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɱɥɟɧɚɦɢ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɸɡɚ (Ȼɨɥɝɚɪɢɹ,
Ʉɢɩɪ, Ʌɚɬɜɢɹ, Ʌɢɬɜɚ, Ɇɚɥɶɬɚ, Ɋɭɦɵɧɢɹ, ɋɥɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɗɫɬɨɧɢɹ),
ɩɥɸɫ Ⱥɧɞɨɪɪɚ, ɂɡɪɚɢɥɶ, Ʌɢɯɬɟɧɲɬɟɣɧ, Ɇɨɧɚɤɨ ɢ ɋɚɧ-Ɇɚɪɢɧɨ.
ɋɬɪɚɧɵ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ: ɘɝɨ-ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ ɢ
ɋɨɞɪɭɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɇɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɯ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ.
ii
Ɋɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ: ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɜɫɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɧɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ
ɜɵɲɟ. ȼ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ Ʉɢɬɚɸ ɧɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ
ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɣɨɧɭ Ƚɨɧɤɨɧɝ
(ɋȺɊ Ƚɨɧɤɨɧɝ), ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɣɨɧɭ Ɇɚɤɚɨ
(ɋȺɊ Ɇɚɤɚɨ) ɢ Ʉɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɢ Ɍɚɣɜɚɧɶ.
ɍɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɟɟ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ
ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɨɞɨɛɪɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɟɟ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɘɇɄɌȺȾ.
Ƚɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɚɯ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ
ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ
ɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɞɨɛɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɹ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ
Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ.
ȼ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ:
ɞɜɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ (..) ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ. ɋɬɪɨɤɢ
ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɯ ɩɪɨɩɭɳɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɢ ɩɨ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɢɡ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɨɤɟ ɧɟɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ;
ɩɪɨɱɟɪɤ (-) ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɪɚɜɧɚ
ɧɭɥɸ ɢɥɢ ɧɢɱɬɨɠɧɨ ɦɚɥɚ;
ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɝɪɚɮɚ
ɧɟɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɚ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɢɧɨɟ;
ɤɨɫɚɹ ɱɟɪɬɚ (/) ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɨɞɚɦɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ;
1994/95 ɝɨɞ)
ɬɢɪɟ (-) ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɨɞɚɦɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, 1994-1995 ɝɨɞɵ) ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ
ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɢ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɝɨɞɵ;
"ɞɨɥɥɚɪɵ" ɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɞɨɥɥɚɪɵ ɋɒȺ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɢɧɨɟ;
iii
ɝɨɞɨɜɵɟ ɬɟɦɩɵ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɢɧɨɟ,
ɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɬɟɦɩɵ ɪɨɫɬɚ;
ɜɜɢɞɭ ɨɤɪɭɝɥɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɧɵɟ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɯ ɧɟɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɭɦɦɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɭɸ
ɢɬɨɝɨɜɭɸ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ.
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ,
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɰɢɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɞɚɜɚɬɶ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɭɜɟɞɨɦɥɟɧɢɟ.
iv
ȼɕɊȺɀȿɇɂȿ ɉɊɂɁɇȺɌȿɅɖɇɈɋɌɂ
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ 2008 ɝɨɞɚ (ȾɆɂ08) ɛɵɥ
ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɜɨɡɝɥɚɜɥɹɥɚ Ⱥɧɧɚ
Ɇɢɪɭ ɢ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɯɨɞɢɥɢ Ʉɭɦɢ ɗɧɞɨ, Ɍɨɪɛɶɟɪɧ
Ɏɪɟɞɪɢɤɫɫɨɧ, Ɇɚɫɚɬɚɤɚ Ɏɭɞɡɢɬɚ, Ʉɚɥɶɦɚɧ Ʉɚɥɨɬɚɣ, Ƚɭɨɣɨɧ Ʌɹɧ,
ɉɚɞɦɚ Ɇɚɥɥɚɦɩɚɥɥɢ, ɏɚɮɢɡ Ɇɢɪɡɚ, ɇɢɤɨɥɶ Ɇɭɫɫɚ, Ⱥɛɪɚɯɚɦ
ɇɟɝɚɲ, ɏɢɥɚɪɢ ɇɜɨɤɟɚɛɢɚ, ɀɚɧ Ɏɪɚɧɫɭɚ ɍɬɪɟɜɢɥɶ, Ɍɨɦɚɫ ɉɨɥɥɚɧ,
Ɍɚɤ Ȭɧ ɋɨɧ, Ⱥɫɬɪɢɬ ɋɭɥɫɬɚɪɨɜɚ, Ɍɨɦɚɫ ɜɚɧ Ƚɢɮɮɟɧ ɢ Ʉɢ ɏɜɢ ȼɢ.
ȼɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɚ ɜɧɟɫɥɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ Ⱥɦɚɪɟ Ȼɟɤɟɥɟ, ɏɚɦɟɞ
ɗɥɶ-Ʉɚɞɢ, Ƀɨɚɯɢɦ Ʉɚɪɥ ɢ ɒɢɧ Ɉɯɢɧɚɬɚ.
ɋɬɚɪɲɢɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɜɟɬɧɢɤ - Ⱦɠɨɧ ɏ. Ⱦɚɧɧɢɧɝ,
ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɧɬ - ɉɢɬɟɪ Ȼɚɤɥɢ.
ɉɨɦɨɳɶ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ Ɇɨɯɚɦɟɞ
ɒɢɪɚɡ Ȼɚɥɢ, Ȼɪɟɞɥɢ Ȼɨɣɤɭɪɬ, Ƀɨɜɚɧ Ʌɢɱɢɧɚ, Ʌɢɡɚɧɧ Ɇɚɪɬɢɧɟɡ ɢ
Ɍɚɞɟɥɶ Ɍɚɣɟ. ɇɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɥɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ
ɫɬɚɠɟɪɵ Ⱥɭɪɟɥɢɚ Ɏɢɝɟɪɨɚ, ɘɥɢɹ Ʉɭɛɧɢ ɢ Ⱦɚɝɦɚɪ ɜɚɧ ɞɟɧ Ȼɪɭɥɟ.
ȾɆɂ08 ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɥɢ ɤ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɭ ɋɟɜɟɪɢɧ ɗɤɫɤɨɮɮɶɟ, Ɋɨɡɚɥɢɧɚ
Ƚɨɣɟɧɚ, ɒɚɧɬɚɥɶ Ɋɚɤɨɬɨɧɞɪɚɢɧɢɛɟ ɢ Ʉɚɬɶɹ ȼɶɺ. Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ
ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪ - ɉɪɚɜɢɧ Ȼɯɚɥɥɚ; ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɵɣ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɥɚ
Ɍɟɪɟɫɢɬɚ ȼɟɧɬɭɪɚ.
ɉɪɢ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ ȾɆɂ08 ɛɵɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ,
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɜɲɟɝɨ ɜ ɀɟɧɟɜɟ ɜ ɦɚɟ
2008 ɝɨɞɚ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɵɥɢ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɚɩɪɟɥɟ 2008 ɝɨɞɚ: ɩɟɪɜɵɣ - ɜ ɋɚɧɬɶɹɝɨ, ɑɢɥɢ
(ɜ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫ ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɦɢɫɫɢɟɣ ɞɥɹ Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɣ
Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɢ ɢ Ʉɚɪɢɛɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɚ), ɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ - ɜ Ƀɨɯɚɧɧɟɫɛɭɪɝɟ,
ɘɠɧɚɹ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɚ (ɜ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫ Ȼɚɧɤɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɸɠɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ
Ⱥɮɪɢɤɢ).
ȼɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɚ ɜɧɟɫɥɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɗɦɢɧ Ⱥɤɫɚɨɝɥɭ,
Ɇɚɪɢɚ Ⱥɪɝɢɪɢ, ɍɧɚ Ʉɥɢɮɮɨɪɞ, Ⱦɠɭɞɢɬ Ʉɥɢɮɬɨɧ, Ɂɭɪɟɤɚ Ⱦɚɜɢɞɫ,
Ⱦɠɨɪɞɠɢɧɚ Ⱦɟɥɥɚɱɚ, ɂɜ ɞɟ Ɋɨɡɟ, Ⱦɚɧɢɷɥɶ Ⱦɢɚɫ-Ɏɭɷɧɬɟɫ, Ʉɜɟɧɬɢɧ
Ⱦɸɩɪɢɟ, Ɏɚɛɪɢɫ ɏɚɬɟɦ, ɏɟɣɥɢ ɏɟɪɦɚɧ, Ɍɨɦɚɫ Ⱦɠɨɫɬ, ɋɟɥɢɧ
Ʉɚɭɮɦɚɧɧ, Ɇɚɣɤɥ Ʌɢɤɨɫɤɢ, Ɇɚɣɤɥ Ɇɢɧɝɟɫ, ɗɥɶ ɂɡɚ Ɇɨɯɚɦɟɞɭ,
Ȼɢɲɚɯɚ Ɇɭɯɟɪɞɠɢ, ɋɷɦ Ɇɭɪɚɞɡɢɤɜɚ, Ȼɚɪɛɚɪɚ Ɇɢɥɨɧɢ, ɋɚɧɭɲɚ
ɇɚɣɞɭ, ɉɪɟɦɢɥɚ ɇɚɡɚɪɟɬ, Ɏɟɞɟɪɢɤɨ Ɉɪɬɢɧɨ, Ⱦɷɜɢɞ Ʌɥɨɣɞ Ɉɭɷɧ,
v
Ɍɟɪɭɬɨɦɨ Ɉɡɚɜɚ, Ɋɨɛɟɪɬ ɉɢɪɫ, ɗɞɭɚɪ ɉɟɪɚɪ, Ɋɚɜɢ Ɋɚɦɚɦɭɪɬɢ,
Ɇɚɧɧɫɭ ɒɢɧ, ɋɚɬɜɢɧɞɟɪ ɋɢɧɝɯ, Ʌɚɥɢɬɚ ɋɨɦ, ȼɢɧɫɟɧɬ ȼɚɥɟɧɬɚɣɧ,
Ɇɚɣɪɚ ɍɢɥɤɢɧɡ ɢ Ɂɛɢɝɧɟɜ Ɂɢɦɧɢ.
Ɂɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ
ɞɨɤɥɚɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ Ⱦɠɨ Ⱥɦɚɞɢ-ɗɱɟɧɞɭ, Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɚ Ȼɢɝɝɡ, ɗɥɢɧ
Ȼɶɟɪɤɟɛɨ, Ⱦɭɝ Ȼɪɭɤɫ, ɀɨɷɥɶ Ȼɭɚɪɬɟ, Ȼɚɪɪɢ Ʉɟɣɛɥ, Ʉɚɪɢɧ
Ʉɚɦɩɚɧɟɥɥɢ, Ɏɚɧɧɢ ɑɟɧɶ, Ⱦɠɨɪɞɠɢɧɚ ɑɢɩɨɥɟɬɬɚ, Ɋɭɞɨɥɶɮ
Ⱦɨɥɶɰɟɪ, ɒɚɧɬɚɥɶ Ⱦɸɩɚɫɤɶɟ, ɒɨɧ Ɏɚɧɯɨɪɫɬ, Ɇɚɫɨɧɞɨ Ɏɢɤɢɥɟ,
Ȼɨɧɝɢ Ƚɚɫɚ, ɋɬɢɜɟɧ Ƚɟɥɛ, Ⱥɤɫɟɥɶ ɀɢɪɭ, Ⱦɷɜɢɞ ɏɨɥɥ, Ⱦɠɟɮɮɪɢ
ɏɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧ, Ɍɨɪɭ ɏɨɦɦɚ, Ƚɚɛɨɪ ɏɭɧɢɚ, ɉɪɚɤɚɲ ɏɚɪɪɢ, Ⱥɧɧɚ
ɀɭɛɟɧ-Ȼɪɟ, Ⱥɧɞɪɟɣ ɀɭɪɚɜɥɟɜ, Ⱦɟɬɥɟɮ Ʉɨɬɬɟ, Ɍɯɢɬɯɢ Ʉɭɯɥɚɡɟ,
ɗɦɚɛɥɟ Ɇɚɩɟɧɞɚɧɨ ɍɜɢɡɟɣɟ, ɒɢɪɥɢ Ɇɚɫɟɦɨɥɚ, Ⱦɷɜɢɞ
Ɇɚɬɲɟɤɟɬɲɟɤɟ, Ⱥɪɜɢɧɞ Ɇɚɹɪɚɦ, ɉɚɬɪɢɫɢɨ Ɇɢɥɥɚɧ, Ɋɟɚɬɢɥɟ
Ɇɨɱɟɛɟɥɟɥɟ, ɋɢɪɚɠ Ɇɨɯɚɦɟɞ, ɏɭɚɧ Ʉɚɪɥɨɫ Ɇɨɪɟɧɨ-Ȼɪɢɞ,
Ɍɥɚɞɢɧɶɹɧɟ Ɇɨɪɨɧɧɝɨɟ, Ɍɶɟɪɢ Ɇɭɬɨɦɛɨ Ʉɚɥɨɧɠɢ, ɉɢɬɟɪ
Ɇɭɤɥɢɧɫɤɢ, ɘɥɢɭɫ Ɇɭɤɭɧɝɭɡɢ, Ⱦɠɭɞɢɬ ɇɜɚɤɨ, ɒɟɣɥɚ ɉɟɣɞɠ,
Ⱥɧɬɨɧɢɨ ɉɟɞɪɨ, ɍɢɥɫɨɧ Ɏɢɪɢ, ɏɟɥɞɟɪ ɉɢɧɬɨ, Ⱦɠɚɣɚ ɉɪɚɤɚɲ
ɉɪɚɞɯɚɧ, Ʉɚɪɥɨɫ Ɋɚɫɨ, Ⱥɥɟɤɫ Ɋɺɪɥ, Ɏɢɤɢɥɟ Ɋɭɠɟ, ɉɚɬɪɢɫɢɨ Ɋɨɫɚɫ,
Ⱥɥɟɤɫ Ɋɭɝɚɦɛɚ, ɍɢɧɢɮɪɟɞ Ɋɜɟɛɟɣɚɧɝɚ, Ɋɢɤɚɪɞɨ ɋɚɧɱɟɫ, Ɏɟɪɧɚɧɞɨ
ɋɚɧɱɟɫ Ⱥɥɶɛɚɜɟɪɚ, Ɇɢɝɟɥɶ ɋɚɧɬɢɥɶɹɧɚ, Ʉɪɢɫɬɨɮ ɒɪɨɣɟɪ,
ɇɞɠɚɛɭɥɨ ɋɢɬɯɟɛɟ, Ɇɢɝɟɥɶ ɋɨɥɚɧɟɫ, Ⱥɞɦɚɫɫɭ Ɍɟɞɟɫɫɟ, ɏɨɧɝ ɋɨɧɝ,
ɋɸɷɤɭɧɶ ɋɭɧɶ, Ɇɚɪɫɢɚ Ɍɚɜɚɪɟɫ, Ʉɜɟɡɢ Ɍɢɹ, ɂɝɧɚɫɢɨ Ɍɨɪɬɟɪɨɥɚ,
ɉɢɬɟɪ ɍɬɬɢɧɝ, Ƀɨɪɝ ȼɟɛɟɪ, ɉɚɭɥɶ ȼɟɫɫɟɧɞɨɪɩ, Ɍɨɦɚɫ ȼɟɫɬɤɨɬɬ,
Ɇɚɪɫɢɨ ȼɨɥɟɪɫ, Ʌɭɥɭ ɑɠɚɧ ɢ ɋɸɚɧɶ ɑɢɫɷɧɩɟɣ.
ȼɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ ȾɆɂ08, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ
ɢɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɜɧɟɫɥɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɥɢɰɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɛɚɧɤɨɜ, ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɚɝɟɧɬɫɬɜ ɩɨ ɩɨɨɳɪɟɧɢɸ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɞɨɦɫɬɜ, ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɢ
ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɪɹɞɚ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ. ȼ ɫɛɨɪɟ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ
ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɦ ɌɇɄ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɹɦ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɚ ɩɨɦɨɝɥɨ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫ
ɍɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɨɦ ɗɪɚɡɦɚ Ɋɨɬɬɟɪɞɚɦɫɤɨɝɨ, Ɋɨɬɬɟɪɞɚɦ.
ɋɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɢɚɬ
ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬ
ɢɫɤɪɟɧɧɸɸ
ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦ ɇɨɪɜɟɝɢɢ, Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ ɢ ɒɜɟɰɢɢ ɡɚ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɧɭɸ
ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɭɸ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ.
vi
vii
ɋɈȾȿɊɀȺɇɂȿ
ɉɈɌɈɄɂ ȼ 2007 ȽɈȾɍ ȾɈɋɌɂȽɅɂ ɊȿɄɈɊȾɇɈȽɈ ɍɊɈȼɇə,
ɇɈ ɇȺɆȿɌɂɅȺɋɖ ɌȿɇȾȿɇɐɂə Ʉ ɋɇɂɀȿɇɂɘ
ɋɬɪ.
Ƚɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɨɤɢ ɉɂɂ ɩɪɟɜɡɨɲɥɢ ɩɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ 2000 ɝɨɞɚ…
1
…ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɪɟɤɨɪɞɧɵɦ ɫɭɦɦɚɦ ɬɪɚɧɫɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɋɢɉ.
4
Ʉɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɌɇɄ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɬ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɭɸ ɷɤɫɩɚɧɫɢɸ…
5
…ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɚɪɟɧɟ ɉɂɂ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɨɜɵɟ
ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢ - ɮɨɧɞɵ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ
6
ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ
ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɉɂɂ, ɯɨɬɹ ɦɟɧɟɟ
ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɟ ɦɟɪɵ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɱɚɳɟ
7
Ƚɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɣ ɤɪɢɡɢɫ ɜ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ
ɡɚɬɪɨɧɭɥ ɩɨɬɨɤɢ ɉɂɂ ɜ 2007 ɝɨɞɭ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɟɝɨ ɭɞɚɪɵ ɧɚɱɧɭɬ
ɨɳɭɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ 2008 ɝɨɞɭ
15
ȼ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɉɂɂ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɥɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɰɟɧɵ
ɧɚ ɫɵɪɶɟɜɵɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɵ ɢ ɪɨɫɬ ɞɨɯɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ
16
ȼ ɘɠɧɨɣ, ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɘɝɨ-ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ ɢ Ɉɤɟɚɧɢɢ
ɢ ɜɜɨɡ, ɢ ɜɵɜɨɡ ɉɂɂ ɛɶɸɬ ɜɫɟ ɪɟɤɨɪɞɵ
17
Ɋɟɤɨɪɞɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦ ɩɨɬɨɤɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɜ ɨɛɨɢɯ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɵ ɢ ɜ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ…
18
…ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɤɚɱɨɤ ɉɂɂ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ
Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɢ ɢ Ʉɚɪɢɛɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɚ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɥɫɹ ɫɩɪɨɫɨɦ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ
19
ȼ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ ɜɜɨɡɚ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɘɝɨ-ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ ɢ
ɋɨɞɪɭɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɇɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɯ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɜɵɜɨɡɚ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ
ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɥɚɫɶ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɵ
ɧɨɜɵɟ ɪɟɤɨɪɞɧɵɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ
21
ȼ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɩɨɬɨɤɢ ɉɂɂ,
ɩɨɯɨɠɟ, ɞɨɫɬɢɝɥɢ ɩɢɤɚ
22
viii
ɋɈȾȿɊɀȺɇɂȿ (ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ)
ɌɊȺɇɋɇȺɐɂɈɇȺɅɖɇɕȿ ɄɈɊɉɈɊȺɐɂɂ
ɂ ɂɇɎɊȺɋɌɊɍɄɌɍɊɇɕɃ ȼɕɁɈȼ
ɋɬɪ.
ȼ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɨɫɫɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɧɟɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ
25
Ɇɚɫɲɬɚɛɵ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɪɨɫɥɢ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ
ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ
27
Ʉɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɌɇɄ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɢɝɪɚɬɶ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɤɚɤ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɵ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ
28
ɌɇɄ ɜ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɞɨɛɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɵɯ
ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɰɟɥɨɝɨ ɪɹɞɚ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ
ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɡɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟɣ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ
ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɯ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɪɵɧɤɚɦ
32
Ɇɨɛɢɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɌɇɄ ɞɥɹ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɜ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ
ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬ ɜɫɟ ɟɳɟ ɨɝɪɨɦɟɧ
33
ɂɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ…
35
…ɱɬɨ ɜɥɟɱɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ
38
ɉɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɌɇɄ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ
39
ɋɬɪɚɧɵ ɫɬɪɟɦɹɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɬɶ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɌɇɄ
ɜ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ
ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɚ
41
ix
ɋɈȾȿɊɀȺɇɂȿ (ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ)
ɋɬɪ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɞɚɱɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɧɭɠɧɵ
ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɟ ɪɚɦɤɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɨɳɧɵɣ
ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ
43
Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɩɨɪɵ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ
44
ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ
ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ…
46
…ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ
ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɦ
48
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ
ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞɚ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2008 ɝɨɞ:
Ɍɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɜɵɡɨɜ
51
ɉɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞɨɜ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ
57
Ⱥɧɤɟɬɚ
63
Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ
Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ 1. Ɉɛɳɟɦɢɪɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɬɨɤɢ ɉɂɂ, 20 ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ,
2006, 2007 ɝɨɞɵ
4
Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ 2. ɉɨɬɨɤɢ ɉɂɂɚ, ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɟɦɵɯ ɮɨɧɞɚɦɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ, 1987-2007 ɝɨɞɵ
13
Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ 3. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ
ɜ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ
ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ, ɜ ɪɚɡɛɢɜɤɟ
ɩɨ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɦ, 1996-2006 ɝɨɞɵ
29
x
ɋɈȾȿɊɀȺɇɂȿ (ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ)
ɋɬɪ.
Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ 4. Ⱦɨɥɢ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɨɜ ɜ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɯ ɜ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ
ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɣ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ, ɜ ɪɚɡɛɢɜɤɟ ɩɨ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɦ, 1996-2006 ɝɨɞɵ
34
Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ 5. ɑɢɫɥɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɪɨɜ,
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ, 1996-2007 ɝɨɞɵ
45
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɵ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1. ɉɨɬɨɤɢ ɉɂɂ, ɩɨ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɦ ɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ,
1995-2007 ɝɨɞɵ
3
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2. Ɉɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɉɂɂ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, 1982-2007 ɝɨɞɵ
8
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3. 25 ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɧɟɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɌɇɄ ɦɢɪɚ, ɜ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ
ɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɨɜ, 2006 ɝɨɞ
9
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4. 25 ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɧɟɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɌɇɄ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ
ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɜ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ
ɚɤɬɢɜɨɜ, 2006 ɝɨɞ
11
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 5. ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɜɧɟɫɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɠɢɦɵ
ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, 1992-2007 ɝɨɞɵ
14
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 6. Ʉɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ
ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ, ɜ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɭ
ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɨɜ, 2006 ɝɨɞ
30
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 7. Ⱦɨɥɹ Ⱥɉɂ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɨɨɳɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɉɂɂ
ɜ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ,
ɜ ɪɚɡɛɢɜɤɟ ɩɨ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɦ
42
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2008 ɝɨɞ:
Ɍɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɜɵɡɨɜ
ɈȻɁɈɊ
ɉɈɌɈɄɂ ȼ 2007 ȽɈȾɍ ȾɈɋɌɂȽɅɂ ɊȿɄɈɊȾɇɈȽɈ ɍɊɈȼɇə,
ɇɈ ɇȺɆȿɌɂɅȺɋɖ ɌȿɇȾȿɇɐɂə Ʉ ɋɇɂɀȿɇɂɘ
ɩɨɬɨɤɢ
ɉɂɂ
ɩɪɟɜɡɨɲɥɢ
ɩɢɤɨɜɵɣ
ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɥɟɬ ɩɨɞɪɹɞ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɣ
ɩɪɢɬɨɤ ɉɂɂ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɫɹ ɜ 2007 ɝɨɞɭ ɧɚ 30% ɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝ 1 833 ɦɥɪɞ.
ɞɨɥɥ., ɱɬɨ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɜɵɲɟ ɩɪɟɠɧɟɣ ɪɟɤɨɪɞɧɨɣ ɨɬɦɟɬɤɢ,
ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜ 2000 ɝɨɞɭ.
ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɣ ɢ
ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɵɣ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɵ, ɧɚɱɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɝɨɞɢɢ 2007 ɝɨɞɚ,
ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɪɟɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɤɚɯ - ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɣ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ ɘɝɨ-ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ ɢ ɋɨɞɪɭɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɇɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɯ
Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ (ɋɇȽ) - ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɫɹ ɧɟɭɤɥɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ ɉɂɂ
(ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1). ɉɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɥ
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɵ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɭɸ
ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɣ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɦɢɪɚ.
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɢ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɨɜ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ
ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɪɟɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɨɯɨɞɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ
ɨɤɨɥɨ 30% ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ ɉɂɂ. ȼ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ
ɪɟɤɨɪɞɧɵɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜɨɦ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɥɢ ɢ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɟɫɰɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɥɚɪɚ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɜɚɥɸɬɚɦ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɜɚɥɸɬɚɯ
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɉɂɂ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ ɜ
2007 ɝɨɞɭ 23%.
ɉɪɢɬɨɤ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɞɨɫɬɢɝ 1 248 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ.
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɒɬɚɬɵ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢ ɫɜɨɢ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɜɟɞɭɳɟɣ
ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɡɚ ɧɢɦɢ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɢ ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɟ
Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɨ, Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɹ, Ʉɚɧɚɞɚ ɢ ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɵ (ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ 1).
Ʉɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɦ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɦ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɨɦ ɛɵɥ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɸɡ
2008
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
Ƚɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɟ
2000 ɝɨɞɚ…
2
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2008 ɝɨɞ:
Ɍɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɜɵɡɨɜ
(ȿɋ), ɤɭɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɥɨ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɞɜɟ ɬɪɟɬɢ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ ɉɂɂ ɜ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ.
ȼ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ
ɩɪɢɬɨɤ
ɉɂɂ
ɞɨɫɬɢɝ
ɛɟɫɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ (500 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ.), ɱɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɪɨɫɬ ɩɨ
ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ 2006 ɝɨɞɨɦ ɧɚ 21%. ɉɪɢɬɨɤ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ (ɇɊɋ) ɜ 2007 ɝɨɞɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ 13 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ., ɱɬɨ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɤɨɪɞɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɬ ɧɚɛɢɪɚɬɶ ɫɢɥɭ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɉɂɂ, ɜɵɜɨɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɨɫɬɢɝ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɤɨɪɞɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ
ɜ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɟ 253 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ., ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ
ɷɤɫɩɚɧɫɢɢ ɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɢɯ ɌɇɄ. ȼɡɪɵɜɧɨɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɫɹ ɢ ɜ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ
ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɘɝɨ-ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɭɸ ȿɜɪɨɩɭ ɢ ɋɇȽ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɨɡɪɨɫɥɢ
ɧɚ 50% ɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɥɢ 86 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ. ɜ 2007 ɝɨɞɭ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜ
ɪɟɝɢɨɧɟ ɪɨɫɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɫɟɦɢ ɥɟɬ ɩɨɞɪɹɞ. Ɋɟɡɤɨ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɫɹ ɢ ɜɵɜɨɡ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɢɡ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɞɨɫɬɢɝ
51 ɦɥɪɞ., ɩɪɟɜɵɫɢɜ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ 2006 ɝɨɞɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɜɞɜɨɟ. ȼ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ
ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ ɬɪɟɦɹ
ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɦɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɉɂɂ ɛɵɥɢ Ʉɢɬɚɣ, Ƚɨɧɤɨɧɝ (Ʉɢɬɚɣ) ɢ
Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɚɹ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɹ.
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
3
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1. ɉɨɬɨɤɢ ɉɂɂ, ɩɨ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɦ ɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ, 1995-2007 ɝɨɞɵ
(ɜ ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ. ɢ %)
Ɋɟɝɢɨɧ/ɫɬɪɚɧɚ
ɉɪɢɬɨɤ ɉɂɂ
1995-2000
2002 2003 2004 2005
(ɋɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ)
Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ
ȿɜɪɨɩɚ
539,3 442,9 361,1 403,7 611,3
327,9 316,6 279,8 218,7 505,5
ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɣ
ɫɨɸɡ
314,6
əɩɨɧɢɹ
4,6
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ
ɒɬɚɬɵ
169,7
Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɟ
37,1
ɫɬɪɚɧɵ
Ɋɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ
ɫɬɪɚɧɵ
188,3
Ⱥɮɪɢɤɚ
9,0
Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɚɹ
Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɚ ɢ
Ʉɚɪɢɛɫɤɢɣ
ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧ
72,9
Ⱥɡɢɹ ɢ Ɉɤɟɚɧɢɹ
106,4
Ⱥɡɢɹ
105,9
Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ
Ⱥɡɢɹ
3,3
ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ
Ⱥɡɢɹ
70,7
Ʉɢɬɚɣ
41,8
ɘɠɧɚɹ Ⱥɡɢɹ
3,9
ɘɝɨȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ
28,0
Ⱥɡɢɹ
Ɉɤɟɚɧɢɹ
0,5
ɘɝɨ-ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ
ȿɜɪɨɩɚ ɢ ɋɇȽ
(ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɫ
ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɣ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ)
7,3
ɘɝɨ-ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ
ȿɜɪɨɩɚ
1,2
ɋɇȽ
6,1
ȼɫɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɦɢɪɚ
734,9
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɩɪɚɜɤɢ: ɞɨɥɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚɯ ɨɬ
ɨɛɳɟɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɉɂɂ
Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ
Ɋɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ
ɫɬɪɚɧɵ
ɘɝɨ-ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ
ȿɜɪɨɩɚ ɢ ɋɇȽ
(ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɫ
ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɣ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ)
309,4 259,4 214,3 498,4
9,2 6,3
7,8 2,8
74,5
53,1 135,8 104,8
42,6
21,8
2007
Ɉɬɬɨɤ ɉɂɂ
1995-2000
2002 2003 2004 2005
(ɋɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ)
2006
2007
940,9 1 247,6
599,3 848,5
631,0 483,2 507,0 786,0 748,9 1 087,2 1 692,1
450,9 279,9 307,1 402,2 689,8 736,9 1 216,5
562,4
-6,5
804,3
22,5
421,6 265,6 285,2 368,0 609,3
25,1 32,3 28,8 31,0 45,8
640,5 1 142,2
50,3
73,5
236,7
232,8
125,9 134,9 129,4 294,9 15,4
221,7
-1,7
111,3
143,7
29,2 36,0
41,8
-2,1
78,4
88,3
413,0
45,8
499,7
53,0
74,4 49,6
2,4 0,3
45,0 120,0 117,6
1,2
2,0 2,3
212,3
7,8
253,1
6,1
57,8 45,9 94,4 76,4
98,6 115,5 171,2 210,6
98,5 115,1 170,3 210,0
92,9
274,3
272,9
126,3
320,5
319,3
21,1 12,1 21,3 28,0 35,8
51,0 37,3 22,5 89,9 79,5
51,0 37,2 22,5 89,9 79,4
63,3
141,1
141,1
52,3
194,8
194,7
20,6 42,6
64,0
71,5
67,7
52,7
7,1
12,0
72,7 106,3 116,2
53,5 60,6 72,4
5,9
8,1 12,1
131,9
72,7
25,8
156,7
83,5
30,6
18,1
0,1
24,6
0,4
35,2 39,1
0,9 0,5
51,2
1,4
60,5
1,2
11,3
19,9
30,4 31,0
57,2
85,9
2,2 4,1
3,5 4,8
10,0
11,9
9,1 15,8 26,9 26,1
47,2
74,0
625,2 561,1 717,7 958,7 1 411,0 1 833,3
0,9
58,0
313,8
171,0 180,1 283,6 316,4
14,6 18,7 18,0 29,5
5,5
41,3
2006
3,2
-1,9
7,7 12,3
23,2
44,2
39,6 27,6
2,0 2,5
0,3 1,8
17,4
2,9
1,6
62,9 49,8
5,5 12,3
2,3 3,5
82,3
21,2
13,4
102,9
22,5
14,2
10,2
-0,0
4,7
0,0
5,3
0,0
17,0 13,8
0,1 0,1
22,2
0,0
33,5
0,1
2,0
4,6
10,7
14,1 14,3
23,7
51,2
0,1 0,5
0,1
0,4 0,3
0,4
1,4
1,9 4,1 10,6 13,8 14,0
23,3
49,9
707,4 537,4 562,8 920,2 880,8 1 323,2 1 996,5
73,4 70,8
64,4
56,2 63,8
66,7
68,1
89,2 89,9
90,1
85,4 85,0
82,2
84,8
25,6 27,4
32,1
39,5 33,0
29,3
27,3
10,5
9,2
8,0
13,0 13,3
16,0
12,7
4,1
4,7
0,3
0,9
1,9
1,8
2,6
1,0
1,8
3,5
4,2
3,2
1,5
1,6
ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ:
UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2008: Transnational
Corporations and the Infrastructure Challenge, ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ B.1 ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ
ɛɚɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɉɂɂ/ɌɇɄ (www.unctad.org/fdistatistics).
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2008 ɝɨɞ:
Ɍɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɜɵɡɨɜ
4
Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ 1. Ɉɛɳɟɦɢɪɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɬɨɤɢ ɉɂɂ, 20 ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ,
2006, 2007 ɝɨɞɵɚ
(ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ.)
(b) Ɉɬɬɨɤ ɉɂɂ
a) ɉɪɢɬɨɤ ɉɂɂ
314
222
266
Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɹ
France
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ
ɒɬɚɬɵ
233
États-Unis
237
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɟ Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɨ
224
Royaume-Uni
148
Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɹ
158
France
Ʉɚɧɚɞɚ
Canada
Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ
Allemagne
167
ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɵ
Pays-Bas
ɂɫɩɚɧɢɹ
Espagne
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ
États-Unis
ɒɬɚɬɵ
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɟ
Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɨ
Royaume-Uni
Ʉɢɬɚɣ
Chine
ɂɬɚɥɢɹ
Italie
Ƚɨɧɤɨɧɝ,
Ʉɢɬɚɣ
Hong
Kong (Chine)
əɩɨɧɢɹ
Japon
Ʉɚɧɚɞɚ
Canada
ɂɫɩɚɧɢɹ
Espagne
Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɚɹ
FédérationɎɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɹ
de Russie
Ƚɨɧɤɨɧɝ,
Hong Kong Ʉɢɬɚɣ
(Chine)
Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ
Allemagne
Ʌɸɤɫɟɦɛɭɪɝ
Luxembourg
ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɢɹ
Suisse
Ȼɟɥɶɝɢɹ
Belgique
Ȼɟɥɶɝɢɹ
Belgique
ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɢɹ
Suisse
Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɚɹ
Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɹ
Fédération
de Russie
ɂɬɚɥɢɹ
Italie
ɒɜɟɰɢɹ
Suède
Ⱥɜɫɬɪɢɹ
Autriche
Ȼɪɚɡɢɥɢɹ
Brésil
Ⱥɜɫɬɪɢɹ
Autriche
ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɵ
ɂɪɥɚɧɞɢɹ
Irlande
Pays-Bas
Ⱥɜɫɬɪɚɥɢɹ
Ɇɟɤɫɢɤɚ
Mexique
2007
ɋɚɭɞɨɜɫɤɚɹ
Ⱥɪɚɜɢɹ
Arabie Saoudite
Australie
Ȼɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɢɟ ȼɢɪɝɢɧɫɤɢɟ Ɉɫɬɪɨɜɚ
Îles vierges britanniques
2006
ɋɢɧɝɚɩɭɪ
Singapour
10
30
50
70
90
110
2007
2006
Ʉɢɬɚɣ
Chine
ɂɪɥɚɧɞɢɹ
Irlande
ɂɧɞɢɹ
Inde
-10
225
130
-10
10
30
50
70
90
110
130
ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ: UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2008: Transnational
Corporations and the Infrastructure Challenge, ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ B.1
ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ
ɢ
ɛɚɡɚ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
ɩɨ
ɉɂɂ/ɌɇɄ
(www.unctad.org/distatistics).
ɚ
ȼ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɉɂɂ ɜ
2007 ɝɨɞɭ.
…ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɪɟɤɨɪɞɧɵɦ ɫɭɦɦɚɦ ɬɪɚɧɫɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɋɢɉ.
ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɤɨɧɫɨɥɢɞɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ
ɬɪɚɧɫɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɣ (ɋɢɉ) ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥ ɪɟɡɤɨɦɭ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɨɛɳɟɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɉɂɂ.
ȼ 2007 ɝɨɞɭ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɫɭɦɦɭ ɜ 1 637 ɦɥɪɞ.
ɞɨɥɥ., ɱɬɨ ɧɚ 21% ɜɵɲɟ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɪɟɤɨɪɞɚ 2000 ɝɨɞɚ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɣ ɤɪɢɡɢɫ, ɧɚɱɚɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɫ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɚ
ɫɭɛɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɢɩɨɬɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɒɬɚɬɚɯ,
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
5
ɧɟ ɨɤɚɡɚɥ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɢɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɬɪɚɧɫɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɟ ɋɢɉ ɜ 2007 ɝɨɞɭ. ɇɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɝɨɞɢɢ
2007 ɝɨɞɚ ɛɵɥ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧ ɪɹɞ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɣ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ
ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ 98 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ. "ȺȻɇ-ȺɆɊɈ ɏɨɥɞɢɧɝ ɇȼ"
ɤɨɧɫɨɪɰɢɭɦɨɦ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɨɲɥɢ "Ɋɨɹɥ ɛɚɧɤ ɨɮ ɋɤɨɬɥɚɧɞ",
"Ɏɨɪɬɢɫ" ɢ "ɋɚɧɬɚɧɞɟɪ" (ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɚɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɚ ɜ ɛɚɧɤɨɜɫɤɨɣ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ), ɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɟ "Ⱥɥɤɚɧ" (Ʉɚɧɚɞɚ) ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɟɣ "Ɋɢɨ
Ɍɢɧɬɨ" (ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɟ Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɨ).
Ʉɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɌɇɄ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɬ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɭɸ ɷɤɫɩɚɧɫɢɸ…
Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 79 000 ɌɇɄ ɢ
ɢɯ 790 000 ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɨɜ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ, ɩɪɢ
ɷɬɨɦ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɢɯ ɉɂɂ ɜ 2007 ɝɨɞɭ ɩɪɟɜɵɫɢɥ
15 ɬɪɥɧ. ɞɨɥɥ. ɉɨ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦ ɘɇɄɌȺȾ, ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɩɪɨɞɚɠ
ɌɇɄ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ 31 ɬɪɥɧ. ɞɨɥɥ. - ɚ ɷɬɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ
ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ 2006 ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ 21%.
Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ
(ɜɚɥɨɜɚɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ) ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɨɜ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɦɢɪɚ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ, ɩɨ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦ, ɜ 2007 ɝɨɞɭ 11% ɨɬ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ȼȼɉ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ
ɱɢɫɥɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɜɨɡɪɨɫɥɨ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɨ 82 ɦɥɧ. (ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2).
Ƚɪɚɧɢɰɵ
ɦɢɪɚ
ɌɇɄ
ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɸɬɫɹ.
Ʉɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ
ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ
"Ⱦɠɟɧɟɪɚɥ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɤ", "Ȼɪɢɬɢɲ ɩɟɬɪɨɥɟɭɦ", "ɒɟɥɥ", "Ɍɨɣɨɬɚ" ɢ
"Ɏɨɪɞ ɦɨɬɨɪ", ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɪɹɞ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɦ
ɘɇɄɌȺȾ ɫɩɢɫɤɟ 25 ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɧɟɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɌɇɄ ɦɢɪɚ
(ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3). ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɌɇɄ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɭɫɥɭɝ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ, ɧɟɭɤɥɨɧɧɨ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɹɥɢ ɫɜɨɢ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɧɚ
ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɲɟɞɲɟɝɨ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ: ɜ 2006 ɝɨɞɭ ɜ ɫɩɢɫɤɟ
100 ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ ɮɢɝɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɥɨ 20 ɢɡ ɧɢɯ, ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ
ɥɢɲɶ ɫ ɫɟɦɶɸ ɜ 1997 ɝɨɞɭ.
Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ 2006 ɝɨɞɭ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
100 ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɌɇɄ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɚɠ ɢ
ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟɣ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɥɢɫɶ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ
2005 ɝɨɞɨɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɚ 9% ɢ 7%.
Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ 100 ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɌɇɄ ɢɡ
ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ:
ɜ 2006 ɝɨɞɭ ɢɯ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɵ
ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ 570 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ., ɱɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ
6
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2008 ɝɨɞ:
Ɍɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɜɵɡɨɜ
ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ 2005 ɝɨɞɨɦ ɧɚ 21%.
Ƚɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ 10 ɥɟɬ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥɚɫɶ, ɢ ɜ
ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹɯ ɫɩɢɫɤɚ 25 ɬɚɤɢɯ ɌɇɄ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɥɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɢɡ
ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɘɝɨ-ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ (ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4).
…ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɚɪɟɧɟ ɉɂɂ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢ ɮɨɧɞɵ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ
ɇɨɜɵɦ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɜ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɉɂɂ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɮɨɧɞɨɜ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ (ɎɇȻ) ɜ
ɩɪɹɦɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɨɜ. Ȼɵɫɬɪɨ ɧɚɤɨɩɢɜ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɵ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ,
ɷɬɢ ɮɨɧɞɵ (ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɦɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɟ 5 ɬɪɥɧ. ɞɨɥɥ.), ɤɚɤ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦɭɸ ɞɨɯɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ, ɱɟɦ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɪɟɡɟɪɜɵ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɨ-ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɵɟ
ɨɪɝɚɧɵ. ɏɨɬɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɎɇȻ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɤ 1950-ɦ ɝɨɞɚɦ,
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɨɧɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ,
ɩɪɢɧɹɜ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɩɨ
ɥɢɧɢɢ ɋɢɉ ɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɜ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɩɨɲɚɬɧɭɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ.
ɏɨɬɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɎɇȻ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɉɂɂ ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɢ, ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɪɨɫɬ
(ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ 2). ȼ 2007 ɝɨɞɭ ɤ ɉɂɂ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɲɶ 0,2% ɢɯ
ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɨɜ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɢɡ 39 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ., ɜɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ
ɮɨɧɞɚɦɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ
ɞɜɭɯ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɣ, ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɬɪɢ ɝɨɞɚ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ 31 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ.
ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɯ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɛɵɫɬɪɵɦ
ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɨɜ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɦɭ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɭ,
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɜ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨ ɨɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɯ.
ɉɨɱɬɢ 75% ɉɂɂ ɎɇȻ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɨ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ,
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɠɟ ɜ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ ɢ Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɟ ɩɨɤɚ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚɯ. ȼɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ
ɮɨɧɞɨɜ ɫɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɭɫɥɭɝ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ
ɞɟɥɨɜɵɯ.
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
7
ɂɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ, ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɮɨɧɞɚɦɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɜ ɛɚɧɤɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɜ 2006-2007 ɝɨɞɭ, ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɛɵɥɢ
ɜɫɬɪɟɱɟɧɵ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɥɨɫɶ ɢɯ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ
ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ ɪɵɧɤɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɧɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɥɢ ɢ
ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ,
ɫɫɵɥɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɥɚ
ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɮɨɧɞɨɜ.
ɋɟɣɱɚɫ
ɜ
ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ
ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɯ,
ɬɚɤɢɯ,
ɤɚɤ
Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɜɚɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɮɨɧɞ (ɆȼɎ) ɢ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ (ɈɗɋɊ), ɢɞɟɬ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɢ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ
ɉɂɂ ɮɨɧɞɨɜ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ.
ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ
ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɉɂɂ, ɯɨɬɹ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɟ
ɦɟɪɵ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɱɚɳɟ.
ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɭɳɭɸ ɨɡɚɛɨɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɢ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɨɞɭ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɰɢɨɧɢɡɦɚ, ɨɛɳɢɣ ɬɪɟɧɞ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɉɂɂ. ȼ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɦ ɘɇɄɌȺȾ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɦ ɨɛɡɨɪɟ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞ ɌɇɄ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɨɤ ɢ ɢɯ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɦɵɫɥɶ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɫɬɪɟɦɹɬɫɹ
ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɤɥɢɦɚɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ.
ȼ 2007 ɝɨɞɭ ɢɡ ɩɨɱɬɢ 100 ɫɞɜɢɝɨɜ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɘɇɄɌȺȾ
ɜɵɹɜɢɥɚ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɉɂɂ, 74 ɛɵɥɢ
ɩɪɢɡɜɚɧɵ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɜ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɉɂɂ (ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ 5). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɥɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɢ ɫɞɜɢɝɨɜ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɉɂɂ.
25 103
22 163
5 102
29
4 417
21 524
12 083
2 798
9
2 395
48 925
10 922
142
14 848
70 003
54 568
12 356
164
17 138
81 615
ɋɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɬɟɤɭɳɢɯ ɰɟɧɚɯ
(ɜ ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ.)
1982
1990
2006
2007
58
207
1 411
1 833
27
239
1 323
1 997
789
1 941 12 470 15 211
579
1 785 12 756 15 602
44
74
950
1 128
46
120
1 038
1 220
..
200
1 118
1 637
2 741
6 126 25 844 31 197
676
1 501
5 049
6 029
2 206
6 036 55 818 68 716
688
1 523
4 950
5 714
9,4
10,0
21,1
11,6
5,3
5,9
5,4
14,6
7,9
5,5
1,3
1,1
8,1
3,8
11,5
12,6
15,2
23,7
21,2
3,7
8,3
12,5
10,6
12,8
4,9
Ƚɨɞɨɜɵɟ ɬɟɦɩɵ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ
(ɜ %)
1986-1990 1991-1995 1996-2000 2004
2005
23,6
22,1
39,9
27,9
33,6
25,9
16,5
36,1
63,5
-4,3
15,1
8,6
16,1
17,3
6,2
18,1
10,6
17,2
16,4
3,9
10,2
35,3
13,1
31,3
31,1
18,7
20,2
10,2
42,4
27,4
26,6
19,5
51,5
37,6
64,2
19,3
8,8
8,4
15,0
1,8
17,0
6,7
7,3
15,9
5,9
17,7
13,7
19,3
-1,0
20,6
21,7
8,4
3,9
21,2
12,8
ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ: UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2008: Transnational Corporations and the Infrastructure Challenge, ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1.4.
ɉɪɢɬɨɤ ɉɂɂ
Ɉɬɬɨɤ ɉɂɂ
ɋɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɜɜɟɡɟɧɧɵɯ ɉɂɂ
ɋɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɜɵɜɟɡɟɧɧɵɯ ɉɂɂ
Ⱦɨɯɨɞ ɨɬ ɜɜɟɡɟɧɧɵɯ ɉɂɂ
Ⱦɨɯɨɞ ɨɬ ɜɵɜɟɡɟɧɵɯ ɉɂɂ
Ɍɪɚɧɫɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɟ ɋɢɉ
Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɩɪɨɞɚɠ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɨɜ
ȼɚɥɨɜɚɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɨɜ
ɋɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɵɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɵ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɨɜ
ɗɤɫɩɨɪɬ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɨɜ
ɑɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɨɜ
(ɬɵɫ. ɱɟɥ.)
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɩɪɚɜɤɢ
ȼȼɉ (ɜ ɬɟɤɭɳɢɯ ɰɟɧɚɯ)
ȼɚɥɨɜɵɟ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɪɨɹɥɬɢ ɢ ɥɢɰɟɧɡɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɟɣ
ɗɤɫɩɨɪɬ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɢ ɧɟɮɚɤɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2. Ɉɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɉɂɂ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, 1982-2007 ɝɨɞɵ
8,3
10,9
10,5
15,2
21,6
2006
47,2
50,2
22,5
20,4
24,3
17,1
20,3
22,2
21,2
18,6
15,2
11,5
13,1
15,4
15,4
16,6
2007
29,9
50,9
22,0
22,3
18,7
17,5
46,4
20,7
19,4
23,1
15,4
8
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2008 ɝɨɞ:
Ɍɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɜɵɡɨɜ
71
14
87
34
40
78
7
26
96
92
37
77
86
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Ɇɟɫɬɨ ɩɨ:
Ɉɛɴɟɦɵ
ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɂɌɇb
ɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɨɜ
82
88
34
18
36
51
99
64
35
79
93
68
54
ɂɂ
101 891
ɇɟɮɬɹɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ:
ɪɚɡɜɟɞɤɚ/ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ/
ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨ-, ɝɚɡɨ- ɢ
ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ
Ɋɨɡɧɢɱɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɚ
Ɍɟɥɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ
Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɹ
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ
ɒɬɚɬɵ
ɂɫɩɚɧɢɹ
Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ
Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ
"Ⱦɨɣɱɟ ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦ ȺȽ"
Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɹ
"ȿ.Ɉɧ"
"Ɍɟɥɟɮɨɧɢɤɚ ɋȺ"
"ɗɥɟɤɬɪɢɫɢɬɷ ɞɟ
Ɏɪɚɧɫ"
"ɍɨɥ-Ɇɚɪɬ ɫɬɨɪɡ"
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ
ɒɬɚɬɵ
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨ-, ɝɚɡɨ- ɢ
ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ
Ɍɟɥɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ
110 199
Ɍɟɥɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɟ
Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɨ
"Ɏɨɪɞ ɦɨɬɨɪ
ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢ"
"ȼɨɞɚɮɨɧ ɝɪɭɩɩ
ɉɅɄ"
"Ɍɨɬɚɥɶ"
"ɗɤɫɨɧɆɨɛɢɥ
ɤɨɪɩɨɪɟɣɲɧ"
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɟ
Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɨ,
ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɵ
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ
ɒɬɚɬɵ
əɩɨɧɢɹ
"Ɍɨɣɨɬɚ ɦɨɬɨɪ
ɤɨɪɩɨɪɟɣɲɧ"
"Ɋɨɹɥ ɞɚɬɱ/ɒɟɥɥ
ɝɪɭɩɩ"
93 488
94 304
111 916
120 645
126 190
131 062
154 993
161 122
164 627
170 326
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɟ
Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɨ
"Ȼɪɢɬɢɲ ɩɟɬɪɨɥɟɭɦ
ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢ ɉɅɄ"
442 278
171 421
167 565
143 530
151 193
235 857
138 579
144 366
278 554
219 015
235 276
273 853
217 601
697 239
ȼɫɟɝɨ
Ⱥɤɬɢɜɵ
Ɂɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɟ
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɇɟɮɬɹɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ:
ɪɚɡɜɟɞɤɚ/ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ/
ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
Ⱥɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɚɹ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
ɇɟɮɬɹɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ:
ɪɚɡɜɟɞɤɚ/ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ/ɪɚɫɩɪɟ
ɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
ɇɟɮɬɹɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ:
ɪɚɡɜɟɞɤɚ/ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ/
ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
Ⱥɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɚɹ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
Ɉɬɪɚɫɥɶ
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ
ɒɬɚɬɵ
ɋɬɪɚɧɚ
ɛɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
"Ⱦɠɟɧɟɪɚɥ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɤ"
Ʉɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɹ
36 240
32 154
41 093
77 116
33 879
146 672
32 641
78 968
252 680
182 538
78 529
215 879
74 285
Ɂɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɟ
76 963
85 007
66 367
344 992
73 933
192 952
39 021
160 123
365 467
318 845
205 918
270 602
163 391
ȼɫɟɝɨ
Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɩɪɨɞɚɠ
155 968
95 070
63 394
283 000
82 100
108 000
299 394
97 100
319 000
ȼɫɟɝɨ
88 808
46 598
167 881
248 800
80 612
224 939
540 000 1 910 000
17 185
57 239
53 138
155 000
51 723
90 000
113 967
80 300
164 000
Ɂɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɟ
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3. 25 ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɧɟɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɌɇɄ ɦɢɪɚ, ɜ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ
ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɨɜ, 2006 ɝɨɞɚ
(ɦɥɧ. ɞɨɥɥ. ɢ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ)
46
51
69
41
35
74
85
50
68
70
45
80
53
ɂɌɇb
(ɜ %)
143
279
165
146
199
429
30
162
278
518
169
337
785
263
590
205
163
249
598
130
247
346
926
419
529
1 117
ȼɫɟɝɨ
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɨɜ
Ɂɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɟ
54
47
80
90
80
72
23
66
80
56
40
64
70
ɂɂ
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
9
45
10
84
20
21
22
33
38
7
85
11
48
62
75
89
63
57
65
ɂɂ
ɇɟɮɬɹɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ:
ɪɚɡɜɟɞɤɚ/ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ/
ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
ɇɟɮɬɹɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ:
ɪɚɡɜɟɞɤɚ/ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ/
ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
Ⱥɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɚɹ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ
ɒɬɚɬɵ
"Ɏɪɚɧɫ ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦ"
68 202
Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ
ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɢɹ
Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ
ɒɬɚɬɵ
"ɇɟɫɬɥɟ ɋȺ"
"ȻɆȼ ȺȽ"
"ɉɪɨɤɬɟɪ ɷɧɞ Ƚɷɦɛɥ"
Ⱥɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɚɹ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨ-, ɝɚɡɨ- ɢ
ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ
ɉɢɳɟɜɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
70 679
64 487
66 053
66 677
74 585
"ɏɚɬɱɢɫɨɧ ɜɚɦɩɨɚ
ɥɢɦɢɬɟɞ"
"Ɋȼȿ ɝɪɭɩɩ"
"ɋɢɦɟɧɫ ȺȽ"
75 151
76 264
85 735
89 528
90 871
91 823
Ɂɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɟ
138 014
104 118
83 426
123 080
87 146
119 812
96 714
101 190
132 628
164 781
135 876
179 906
ȼɫɟɝɨ
Ⱥɤɬɢɜɵ
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨ-, ɝɚɡɨ- ɢ
ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ
Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ
Ƚɨɧɤɨɧɝ, Ʉɢɬɚɣ Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ
əɩɨɧɢɹ
"ɏɨɧɞɚ ɦɨɬɨɪ Ʉɨ.
ɥɢɦɢɬɟɞ"
"ɋɸɷɡ"
Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɹ
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ
ɒɬɚɬɵ
"ɒɟɜɪɨɧ
ɤɨɪɩɨɪɟɣɲɧ"
"ɄɨɧɨɤɨɎɢɥɥɢɩɫ"
Ⱥɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɚɹ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
Ɍɟɥɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ
Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɹ
Ɉɬɪɚɫɥɶ
Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ
ɋɬɪɚɧɚ
ɛɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
"Ɏɨɥɶɤɫɜɚɝɟɧ ɝɪɭɩɩ"
Ʉɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɹ
44 530
48 172
57 234
22 142
28 619
74 858
42 002
77 605
111 608
55 781
30 448
95 761
Ɂɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɟ
76 476
61 472
78 528
55 521
34 428
109 553
55 563
95 333
204 892
183 650
64 863
131 571
ȼɫɟɝɨ
Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɩɪɨɞɚɠ
101 220
26 575
257 434
30 752
182 149
314 000
76 943
148 544
33 700
17 188
82 148
155 935
Ɂɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɟ
138 000
106 575
265 000
68 534
220 000
475 000
139 814
167 231
62 500
38 400
191 036
324 875
ȼɫɟɝɨ
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ
59
56
83
47
82
66
69
82
58
43
52
57
ɂɌɇb
(ɜ %)
369
138
467
221
115
919
586
141
97
118
145
178
Ɂɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɟ
458
174
502
430
125
1 224
884
243
226
179
211
272
ȼɫɟɝɨ
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɨɜ
81
79
93
51
92
75
66
58
43
66
69
65
ɂɂ
ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ: UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2008: Transnational Corporations and the Infrastructure Challenge, ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ A.I.15 ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ.
a
ȿɫɥɢ ɧɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɢɧɨɟ, ɜɫɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɝɨɞɨɜɵɯ ɨɬɱɟɬɨɜ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɚɦ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ Who owns Whom ɚɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɚ "Ⱦɚɧ ɷɧɞ Ȼɪɷɞɫɬɪɢɬ".
b
ɂɧɞɟɤɫ ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (ɂɌɇ) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɬɪɟɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ: ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɨɜ ɤɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɦ, ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ
ɩɪɨɞɚɠ ɤ ɨɛɳɟɦɭ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɩɪɨɞɚɠ ɢ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɪɭɛɟɠɨɦ ɤ ɨɛɳɟɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɡɚɧɹɬɵɯ.
51
36
19
25
11
18
9
56
17
62
90
16
24
73
15
23
58
14
Ɇɟɫɬɨ ɩɨ:
Ɉɛɴɟɦɵ
ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɂɌɇb
ɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɨɜ
10
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2008 ɝɨɞ:
Ɍɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɜɵɡɨɜ
53
21
86
33
92
65
28
57
73
94
69
54
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
54
73
88
66
18
74
3
86
10
32
4
11
Ƚɨɧɤɨɧɝ, Ʉɢɬɚɣ
Ɇɚɥɚɣɡɢɹ
ɋɬɪɚɧɚ
ɛɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
Ɉɬɪɚɫɥɶ
Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ
ɇɟɮɬɹɧɚɹ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ:
ɪɚɡɜɟɞɤɚ/ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ/
ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
"ɋɚɦɫɭɧɝ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɢɤɫ Ʉɨ., ɥɬɞ." Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ Ʉɨɪɟɹ ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ
ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ
"ɋɟɦɟɤɫ ɋ.Ⱥ."
Ɇɟɤɫɢɤɚ
ɇɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
"ɏɺɧɞɟ ɦɨɬɨɪ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢ"
Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ Ʉɨɪɟɹ Ⱥɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɚɹ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
"ɋɢɧɝɬɟɥ ɥɬɞ."
ɋɢɧɝɚɩɭɪ
Ɍɟɥɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ
"ɋɂɌɂɄ ɝɪɭɩ"
Ʉɢɬɚɣ
Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ
"Ɏɨɪɦɨɡɚ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤ ɝɪɭɩ"
Ʉɢɬɚɣɫɤɚɹ
ɏɢɦɢɤɚɬɵ
ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɹ Ɍɚɣɜɚɧɶ
"ɀɚɪɞɢɧ Ɇɚɬɟɫɨɧ ɯɨɥɞɢɧɝɫ ɥɬɞ." Ƚɨɧɤɨɧɝ, Ʉɢɬɚɣ
Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ
"ɅȽ ɤɨɪɩ."
Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ Ʉɨɪɟɹ ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ
ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ
"Ʉɨɦɩɚɧɢɚ ȼɚɥɟ ɞɭ Ɋɢɨ Ⱦɨɫɟ"
Ȼɪɚɡɢɥɢɹ
Ƚɨɪɧɨɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
ɇɟɮɬɹɧɚɹ
"ɉɟɬɪɨɥɟɭ ɛɪɚɡɢɥɟɣɪɭ ɋ.Ⱥ. Ȼɪɚɡɢɥɢɹ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ:
ɉɟɬɪɨɛɪɚɡ"
ɪɚɡɜɟɞɤɚ/ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ/
ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
Ʉɢɬɚɣ
ɉɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɢ ɢ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ
"ɑɚɣɧɚ ɨɭɲɧ ɲɢɩɢɧɝ (ɝɪɭɩ)
ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢ"
"Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɚ ɦɨɜɢɥ"
Ɇɟɤɫɢɤɚ
Ɍɟɥɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ
Ɇɟɫɬɨ ɩɨ:
Ɉɛɴɟɦɵ
Ʉɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɹ
ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɂɌɇb ɂɂ
ɚɤɬɢɜɨɜ
1
18
9 "ɏɚɬɱɢɫɨɧ ɜɚɦɩɨɚ ɥɢɦɢɬɟɞ"
2
88
94 "ɉɟɬɪɨɧɚɫ-ɩɟɬɪɨɥɢɚɦ ɧɚɫɢɨɧɚɥ
ȻɏȾ"
53 915
15 016
10 454
10 397
8 701
18 711
29 473
98 680
60 954
75 760
20 378
16 754
16 704
14 974
76 064
21 288
117 355
29 749
19 581
18 678
17 623
24 411
87 111
85 201
30 668
27 011
87 146
70 679
Ɂɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɟ ȼɫɟɝɨ
Ⱥɤɬɢɜɵ
8 777
9 617
17 845
37 063
43 902
13 002
12 527
30 596
5 977
2 482
14 595
71 590
14 937
28 619
15 737
21 526
72 347
46 746
70 613
50 445
16 281
68 468
8 575
10 113
18 114
91 856
50 984
34 428
Ɂɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɟ ȼɫɟɝɨ
Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɩɪɨɞɚɠ
4 432
27 506
7 414
3 982
36 053
67 129
58 203
5 093
8 606
18 305
39 505
29 472
3 965
182 149
Ɂɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɟ
69 549
39 876
62 266
52 646
70 000
89 736
110 125
54 711
19 000
107 340
54 635
85 813
33 439
220 000
ȼɫɟɝɨ
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4. 25 ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɧɟɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɌɇɄ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ,
ɜ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɨɜ, 2006 ɝɨɞa
(Ɇɥɧ. ɞɨɥɥ. ɢ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ)
39,2
47,7
15,7
37,1
47,2
40,9
70,6
26,6
67,6
18,9
78,3
47,8
25,7
82
245
16
7
17
3
11
108
19
103
12
493
78
4
115
947 25,9
33 48,5
74 9,5
52 32,7
12 25,0
12 91,7
126 85,7
28 67,9
108 95,4
112 10,7
519 95,0
87 89,7
78 5,1
125 92,0
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɨɜ
ɂɌɇb
ɂɂ
(ɜ %) Ɂɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɟ ȼɫɟɝɨ
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
11
41
45
80
67
100
72
77
90
87
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
"Ɇɨɛɚɣɥ ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɟɣɲɧɡ
ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢ"
85 "Ʉɚɩɢɬɚɥɟɧɞ ɥɢɦɢɬɟɞ"
15 "ɏɨɧ ɯɚɣ ɩɪɢɫɢɠɧ ɢɧɞɚɫɬɪɢɡ"
40 "Ɍɟɥɟɮɨɧɨɫ ɞɟ Ɇɟɯɢɤɨ ɋ.Ⱥ. ɞɟ
ɋ.ȼ."
47 "ɋɚɫɨɥ ɥɢɦɢɬɟɞ"
82 "ɇɶɸ ɭɨɪɥɞ ɞɟɜɟɥɨɩɦɟɧɬ Ʉɨ., ɥɬɞ."
68 "ɋɢ-ɗɥ-ɉɢ ɯɨɥɞɢɧɝɡ"
90 Ʉɢɬɚɣɫɤɚɹ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɧɟɮɬɹɧɚɹ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɹ
65 "ɑɚɣɧɚ ɫɬɟɣɬ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɚɤɲɧ
ɢɧɠɢɧɢɪɢɧɝ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɟɣɲɧ"
5 "Ʉɢɚ ɦɨɬɨɪɡ"
8
ɇɟɮɬɹɧɚɹ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ:
ɪɚɡɜɟɞɤɚ/ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ/
ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
Ɍɟɥɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ
Ɉɬɪɚɫɥɶ
ɘɠɧɚɹ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɚ
ɉɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ
ɯɢɦɢɤɚɬɵ
Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ Ʉɨɪɟɹ Ⱥɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɚɹ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
ɇɟɮɬɹɧɚɹ
Ʉɢɬɚɣ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ:
ɪɚɡɜɟɞɤɚ/ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ/
ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ
Ƚɨɧɤɨɧɝ, Ʉɢɬɚɣ
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨ-, ɝɚɡɨ- ɢ
Ƚɨɧɤɨɧɝ, Ʉɢɬɚɣ
ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ
Ɍɟɥɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ
Ɇɟɤɫɢɤɚ
ɇɟɞɜɢɠɢɦɨɫɬɶ
ɋɢɧɝɚɩɭɪ
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢ
Ʉɢɬɚɣɫɤɚɹ
ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɹ Ɍɚɣɜɚɧɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɟ
ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɋɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ
Ʉɢɬɚɣ
Ʉɭɜɟɣɬ
ȼɟɧɟɫɭɷɥɚ,
Ȼɨɥɢɜɚɪɢɚɧɫɤɚɹ
Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ
ɋɬɪɚɧɚ
ɛɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
5 709
14 749
24 265
15 965
6 096
5 790
178 843
18 535
18 655
6 374
6 147
6 767
15 986
19 223
7 606
6 998
12 027
13 463
60 305
7 968
7 781
8 534
Ɂɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɟ ȼɫɟɝɨ
Ⱥɤɬɢɜɵ
2 920
4 295
1 283
3 036
1 430
11 525
4 483
16 801
3 373
1 461
32 773
8 875
16 084
4 951
114 443
2 995
21 316
18 544
40 507
4 185
2 053
63 736
Ɂɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɟ ȼɫɟɝɨ
Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɩɪɨɞɚɠ
2 205
16 704
1 827
22 000
16 949
10 377
25 000
322 372
975
16 261
5 373
Ɂɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɟ
27 933
76 394
6 087
1 167 129
54 000
33 005
119 000
382 000
12 700
32 876
49 180
ȼɫɟɝɨ
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ
26,5
24,1
31,4
2,7
37,4
40,6
29,7
55,1
51,5
59,5
25,5
14
44
3
5
8
15
23
82
37
25
30
26 53,8
73 60,3
10 30,0
65 7,7
63 12,7
16 93,8
70 32,9
94 87,2
40 92,5
233 10,7
65 46,2
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɨɜ
ɂɌɇb
ɂɂ
(ɜ %) Ɂɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɟ ȼɫɟɝɨ
ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ: UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2008: Transnational Corporations and the Infrastructure Challenge, ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ A.I.16
ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ.
a
ȿɫɥɢ ɧɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɢɧɨɟ, ɜɫɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɝɨɞɨɜɵɯ ɨɬɱɟɬɨɜ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɚɦ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ Who Owns
Whom ɚɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɚ "Ⱦɚɧ ɷɧɞ Ȼɪɷɞɫɬɪɢɬ".
b
ɂɧɞɟɤɫ ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (ɂɌɇ) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɬɪɟɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ: ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ
ɚɤɬɢɜɨɜ ɤɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɦ, ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɚɠ ɤ ɨɛɳɟɦɭ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɩɪɨɞɚɠ ɢ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɪɭɛɟɠɨɦ ɤ ɨɛɳɟɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɭ
ɡɚɧɹɬɵɯ.
50
16
Ɇɟɫɬɨ ɩɨ:
Ɉɛɴɟɦɵ
Ʉɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɹ
ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɂɌɇb ɂɂ
ɚɤɬɢɜɨɜ
15
89
56 "ɉɟɬɪɨɥɟɨɫ ɞɟ ȼɟɧɟɫɭɷɥɚ"
12
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2008 ɝɨɞ:
Ɍɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɜɵɡɨɜ
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
13
Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ 2. ɉɨɬɨɤɢ ɉɂɂɚ, ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɟɦɵɯ ɮɨɧɞɚɦɢ
ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ, 1987-2007 ɝɨɞɵ
Ɇɥɧ. ɞɨɥɥ.
ɑɢɫɥɨ
12 000
35
10 000
30
25
8 000
20
6 000
15
4 000
10
2 000
0
5
1987198819891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002200 2004200520062007
3
0
ɉɂɂ, ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɟɦɵɟ ɎɇȻ (ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ)
ɉɂɂ, ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɟɦɵɟ ɎɇȻ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ Ⱥɪɚɛɫɤɢɯ ɗɦɢɪɚɬɚɯ (ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ)
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɉɂɂ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɎɇȻ
ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ:
UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2008: Transnational
Corporations and the Infrastructure Challenge.
a
Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɟ ɋɢɉ;
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɎɇȻ ɜ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɵ.
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2008 ɝɨɞ:
Ɍɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɜɵɡɨɜ
14
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 5. ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɜɧɟɫɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɠɢɦɵ
ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, 1992-2007 ɝɨɞɵ
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
ɑɢɫɥɨ
ɫɬɪɚɧ,
ɜɧɟɫɲɢɯ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ
ɜ ɫɜɨɢ
ɪɟɠɢɦɵ
ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
43
56
49
ɑɢɫɥɨ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ
ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ
ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨ77
ɜɚɧɢɹ
100
110 112
Ȼɨɥɟɟ
ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ
ɉɂɂ
77
99
Ɇɟɧɟɟ
ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ
0
ɉɂɂ
1
63
65
70
71
72
82
103 92
91
58
114 150 145
139
150
207
246
242
270 203
177
98
108 106
98
134 136
130
147
193
234
218
234 162
142
74
2
16
16
9
3
14
12
24
36
35
24
6
66
76
60
9
ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ: UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2008:
Infrastructure Challenge, ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1.7.
41
Transnational Corporations and the
Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɜ 2006 ɝɨɞɭ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ ɛɵɥɚ
ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɚ ɜ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ
Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɟ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ Ȼɨɥɢɜɢɢ, Ȼɨɥɢɜɚɪɢɚɧɫɤɨɣ
Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ȼɟɧɟɫɭɷɥɚ ɢ ɗɤɜɚɞɨɪɟ), ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɧɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɢ ɜ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ.
ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɪɹɞɚ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɒɬɚɬɨɜ ɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɭɠɟɫɬɨɱɢɥɢ ɪɟɠɢɦ
ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ, ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ
ɡɚɬɪɚɝɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ. Ʉ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ
ɨɩɚɫɟɧɢɹ ɭ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ, ɩɨɯɨɠɟ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɜ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ
ɢ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ,
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦɢ.
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɣ (Ɇɂɋ)
ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɥɨ ɪɚɫɬɢ, ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɜ ɩɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɸ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɟɰ 2007 ɝɨɞɚ ɜ
ɨɛɳɟɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ 5 600.
Ɂɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɨ 2 608 ɞɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɯ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ (ȾɂȾ), 2 730 ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ ɨɛ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɧɢɢ
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
15
ɞɜɨɣɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɨɛɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ 254 ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɟ
(ɋɋɌ) ɢ ɨɛ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬɫɹ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ȾɂȾ ɤ ɋɋɌ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɤ
ɩɟɪɟɫɦɨɬɪɭ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ȾɂȾ.
Ƚɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɣ ɤɪɢɡɢɫ ɜ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ
ɡɚɬɪɨɧɭɥ ɩɨɬɨɤɢ ɉɂɂ ɜ 2007 ɝɨɞɭ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɟɝɨ ɭɞɚɪɵ ɧɚɱɧɭɬ
ɨɳɭɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ 2008 ɝɨɞɭ
Ʉɪɢɡɢɫ
ɫɭɛɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɝɨ
ɢɩɨɬɟɱɧɨɝɨ
ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɜɚɧɢɹ,
ɜɫɩɵɯɧɭɜɲɢɣ ɜ ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɒɬɚɬɚɯ ɜ 2007 ɝɨɞɭ, ɡɚɬɪɨɧɭɥ
ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ ɪɵɧɤɢ ɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɥ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɭɞɨɪɨɠɚɧɢɸ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɨɤɚ, ɩɨɯɨɠɟ,
ɢ ɦɢɤɪɨ- ɢ ɦɚɤɪɨɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ, ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɢɪɦ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɡɚɝɪɚɧɢɰɟɣ, ɛɵɥɢ
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɢ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ
ɢɦɟɥɢ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɢɯ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɢ
ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɣ, ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɵ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ
ɨɠɢɞɚɥɨɫɶ.
ɇɚ ɦɚɤɪɨɷɤɨɧɨɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɧɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɫɩɚɞ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ
ɒɬɚɬɨɜ, ɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɬɭɪɛɚɰɢɣ ɧɚ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɪɵɧɤɚɯ ɧɚ
ɥɢɤɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɶ.
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɬɨɤ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɜ ɷɬɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɢ ɢɯ ɨɬɬɨɤ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ,
ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ.
ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɚ ɜ ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɒɬɚɬɚɯ, ɧɚ ɦɢɪɨɜɭɸ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɭ ɜɥɢɹɥɨ ɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɟɫɰɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɥɚɪɚ. ɏɨɬɹ
ɨɬɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɨɛɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɭɪɫɚ ɨɬ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɉɂɂ, ɬɪɭɞɧɨ,
ɪɟɡɤɨɟ ɨɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɥɚɪɚ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɥɨ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɬɨɤ ɉɂɂ ɜ
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɒɬɚɬɵ. ɉɪɢɬɨɤ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ
ɒɬɚɬɵ ɩɨɞɫɬɟɝɢɜɚɥɫɹ ɜɨɡɪɨɫɲɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ
ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɜ
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɒɬɚɬɚɯ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ, ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ
ɫɜɨɸ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɨɤ ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɒɬɚɬɨɜ, ɫɬɪɚɞɚɥɢ ɨɬ
16
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2008 ɝɨɞ:
Ɍɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɜɵɡɨɜ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɭɪɫɚ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɛɭɠɞɚɥɨ ɢɯ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɬɶ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɟ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɒɬɚɬɚɯ. ɂɥɥɸɫɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɪɹɞɚ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɌɇɄ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɭɸɬ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ
ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ
ɫɬɪɚɧɟ.
ɋɩɚɞ ɜ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ ɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ ɩɟɪɬɭɪɛɚɰɢɢ
ɜɵɡɜɚɥɢ ɤɪɢɡɢɫ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɯ ɪɵɧɤɚɯ ɢ ɪɵɧɤɚɯ
ɞɨɥɝɨɜɵɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ ɡɚɬɨɪɦɨɡɢɥɚɫɶ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɋɢɉ. ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ
ɩɨɥɭɝɨɞɢɢ 2008 ɝɨɞɚ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɛɵɥ ɧɢɠɟ
ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɝɨɞɢɹ 2007 ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ 29%. ɍɦɟɧɶɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ
ɩɪɢɛɵɥɢ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɣ, ɢ ɫɢɧɞɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɛɚɧɤɨɜɫɤɢɟ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɵ.
ɂɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɠɢɞɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɫɱɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɝɨɞ
ɨɰɟɧɨɱɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɉɂɂ ɡɚ ɜɟɫɶ 2008 ɝɨɞ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ
1 600 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ., ɱɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ 2007 ɝɨɞɚ
ɧɚ 10%. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɩɨɬɨɤɢ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɩɨ
ɜɫɟɣ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɸɬ ɜ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ. ȼ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɭɟɦɨɦ
ɘɇɄɌȺȾ
Ɉɛɡɨɪɟ
ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜ
ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ,
2008-2010 ɝɨɞɵ, ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɫ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɟɣ ɜ
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɫɪɨɱɧɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɣ
ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɦ ɨɛɡɨɪɨɦ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ
ɜ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɧɚɯ ɌɇɄ, ɱɟɦ ɜ 2007 ɝɨɞɭ.
ȼ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɉɂɂ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɥɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɰɟɧɵ ɧɚ
ɫɵɪɶɟɜɵɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɵ ɢ ɪɨɫɬ ɞɨɯɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ.
ȼ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ ɩɪɢɬɨɤ ɉɂɂ ɞɨɫɬɢɝ ɜ 2007 ɝɨɞɭ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɤɨɪɞɧɨɝɨ
ɭɪɨɜɧɹ - 53 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ. ɉɨɱɜɭ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɥɢ ɛɭɦ ɧɚ
ɬɨɜɚɪɧɵɯ ɪɵɧɤɚɯ, ɪɚɫɬɭɳɚɹ ɞɨɯɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ - ɫɚɦɚɹ
ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ 2006-2007 ɝɨɞɚɯ - ɢ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ
ɦɚɤɪɨɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ. ȼ ɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɇɊɋ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɵɥ
ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɝɨɞ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɉɂɂ.
Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɉɂɂ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚɱɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ
ɪɟɝɢɨɧɟ ɜ 2007 ɝɨɞɭ, ɛɵɥɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɞɨɛɵɱɟɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ.
ɐɟɧɨɜɨɣ ɛɭɦ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɚɯ ɫɵɪɶɟɜɵɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥ
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
17
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɜ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɜɵɜɨɡɚ
ɉɂɂ, ɨɛɴɟɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ ɜ 2007 ɝɨɞɭ 6 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ.
ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ, ɞɨɥɹ ɜ
Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦɢɪɨɜɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɉɂɂ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ
ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ 3%. Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɌɇɄ
ɢɡ ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɒɬɚɬɨɜ ɢ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ, ɡɚ ɧɢɦɢ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɢ ɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɟ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɵ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɘɠɧɚɹ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɚ.
Ⱥɡɢɚɬɫɤɢɟ ɌɇɄ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɥɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɜ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚɯ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɧɟɮɬɢ
ɢ ɝɚɡɚ ɢ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ. ɋ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɰɟɧ
ɧɚ ɫɵɪɶɟɜɵɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɵ, ɭɠɟ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɬ ɝɨɞ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɨɹɳɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɦ
ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹɦ ɩɨ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɋɂɉ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ
ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ ɉɂɂ ɜ 2008 ɝɨɞɭ ɨɛɧɚɞɟɠɢɜɚɸɬ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɪɨɫɬ ɉɂɂ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɵɣ ɝɨɞ ɩɨɞɪɹɞ.
ȼ ɨɛɡɨɪɟ ɘɇɄɌȺȾ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜɫɟ ɌɇɄ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ
ɨɛɴɟɦɵ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɜ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ ɧɚ ɧɵɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɢɯ.
ȼ ɘɠɧɨɣ, ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɘɝɨ-ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ ɢ Ɉɤɟɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɜɜɨɡ,
ɢ ɜɵɜɨɡ ɉɂɂ ɛɶɸɬ ɜɫɟ ɪɟɤɨɪɞɵ.
ɉɪɢɬɨɤ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɘɠɧɭɸ, ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɭɸ, ɢ ɘɝɨ-ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɭɸ Ⱥɡɢɸ
ɢ Ɉɤɟɚɧɢɸ - 249 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ. ɜ 2007 ɝɨɞɭ - ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝ
ɛɟɫɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɧɨ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ
ɭɪɨɜɧɹ.
ɍɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ
ɛɵɥɨ
ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɫɭɛɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɦ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ, ɡɚ
ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ Ɉɤɟɚɧɢɢ.
Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ ɛɵɥɢ
ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɵ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɸ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ, ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ
ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ. Ⱦɜɭɦɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦɢ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ
ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɨɫɬɚɜɚɥɢɫɶ Ʉɢɬɚɣ ɢ Ƚɨɧɤɨɧɝ (Ʉɢɬɚɣ). Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɩɪɢɬɨɤ
ɉɂɂ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɫɹ ɢ ɜ ɂɧɞɢɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɦ
ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɜ ɘɠɧɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ, ɢ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ ɘɝɨ-ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ (ȺɋȿȺɇ),
ɪɚɜɧɨ ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɲɢɟ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɢ ɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɢɟ ɇɊɋ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɜ Ⱥɮɝɚɧɢɫɬɚɧ, Ʉɚɦɛɨɞɠɭ, Ɍɢɦɨɪ-Ʌɟɲɬɢ ɢ ɒɪɢ-Ʌɚɧɤɭ.
18
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2008 ɝɨɞ:
Ɍɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɜɵɡɨɜ
ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɟ
ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɟɳɚɸɳɢɦɢ. ɍɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ
ɪɨɫɬ, ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɞɜɢɝɢ, ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɟ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ - ɜɨɬ
ɱɚɫɬɶ ɬɟɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ
ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɟ ɜ 2007 ɝɨɞɭ ɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɶ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɟɦ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ.
ɇɨɜɵɯ ɜɵɫɨɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɝ ɢ ɜɵɜɨɡ ɉɂɂ ɢɡ ɘɠɧɨɣ, ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɢ
ɘɝɨ-ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɜ 150 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ., ɱɬɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ
ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɪɨɥɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɟɪɨɜ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ- ɢ
ɦɟɠɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɨɤɢ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɧɟ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɸɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ
ɱɟɪɟɡ ɬɪɚɧɫɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɟ ɋɢɉ. Ʉɪɭɩɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ
ɎɇȻ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ, ɜɧɨɫɹ ɫɜɨɣ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɛɵɫɬɪɵɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ
ɜɵɜɨɡɚ ɉɂɂ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ: ɷɬɨɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɩɨɞɫɤɨɱɢɥ ɫ 1,1 ɬɪɥɧ. ɞɨɥɥ. ɜ
2006 ɝɨɞɭ ɞɨ 1,6 ɬɪɥɧ. ɞɨɥɥ. ɜ 2007 ɝɨɞɭ.
Ɋɟɤɨɪɞɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦ ɩɨɬɨɤɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɵ ɢ ɜ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ…
ɜ
ɨɛɨɢɯ
ɉɂɂ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ 12% ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ
71 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ., ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɜ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɹɬɢ ɥɟɬ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɩɨɞɪɹɞ ɧɨɜɨɣ
ɪɟɤɨɪɞɧɨɣ ɨɬɦɟɬɤɢ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɩɹɬɵɯ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɜɲɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ
ɛɵɥɨ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɨ ɜ ɬɪɟɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ: ɋɚɭɞɨɜɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɪɚɜɢɢ, Ɍɭɪɰɢɢ ɢ
Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ Ⱥɪɚɛɫɤɢɯ ɗɦɢɪɚɬɚɯ (ɜ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ).
ɍɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ,
ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɟ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɥɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɜ 2007 ɝɨɞɭ
ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɥɢ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ - ɱɥɟɧɵ ɋɨɜɟɬɚ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɬɪɚɧ
Ɂɚɥɢɜɚ (ɋɋɁ).
Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɫɹ ɩɪɢɬɨɤ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɜ Ʉɚɬɚɪ - ɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɩɪɟɜɵɫɢɥ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ 2006 ɝɨɞɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɱɟɦ ɜ ɫɟɦɶ ɪɚɡ.
ȼɵɜɨɡ ɉɂɂ ɢɡ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ ɜ 2007 ɝɨɞɭ ɧɚɪɚɫɬɚɥ ɧɚ
ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɩɨɞɪɹɞ, ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɜ 44 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ., ɱɬɨ
ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜ ɲɟɫɬɶ ɪɚɡ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ 2004 ɝɨɞɚ. ɇɚ ɞɨɥɸ ɫɬɪɚɧ
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
19
ɋɋɁ (Ʉɭɜɟɣɬɚ, ɋɚɭɞɨɜɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɪɚɜɢɢ, Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ Ⱥɪɚɛɫɤɢɯ
ɗɦɢɪɚɬɨɜ, Ʉɚɬɚɪɚ, Ȼɚɯɪɟɣɧɚ ɢ Ɉɦɚɧɚ, ɜ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ)
ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ 94% ɷɬɨɣ ɫɭɦɦɵ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɱɚɫɬɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɥɨ ɢɯ ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟ
ɤ ɞɢɜɟɪɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɦ ɨɬ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ ɝɚɡɚ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ
ɮɨɧɞɨɜ
ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ.
ȼ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɯ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɉɂɂ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɢɡ ɛɨɝɚɬɵɯ ɧɟɮɬɶɸ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɫɬɚɪɬɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɧɵɯ
ɨɛɴɟɦɨɜ ɬɪɚɧɫɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɋɢɉ.
ȼ 2008 ɝɨɞɭ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɨɫɬ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ ɉɂɂ ɜ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɭɸ Ⱥɡɢɸ,
ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɤɪɢɡɢɫ ɫɭɛɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɢɩɨɬɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɨɛɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ ɢ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ
ɠɟ
ɜ
ɩɪɨɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ
ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ
ɱɢɫɥɨ
ɜɧɭɬɪɢɪɟɝɨɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ.
…ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɤɚɱɨɤ ɉɂɂ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ
Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɢ ɢ Ʉɚɪɢɛɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɚ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ
ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɥɫɹ ɫɩɪɨɫɨɦ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ.
ɉɪɢɬɨɤ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɢ ɢ Ʉɚɪɢɛɫɤɨɝɨ
ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɫɹ ɧɚ 36% ɞɨ ɪɟɤɨɪɞɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ
126 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ. ɋɚɦɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɛɵɥ ɜ ɘɠɧɨɣ
Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɟ (66%), ɝɞɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ 72 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ.
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɛɵɥɚ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɭɸ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
ɢ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɫɩɚɞ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɒɬɚɬɚɯ, ɩɪɢɬɨɤ ɜ
ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɢ ɢ Ʉɚɪɢɛɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɚ (ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɹ
ɨɮɮɲɨɪɧɵɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɵ) ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɫɹ ɧɚ 30% ɞɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ
34 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ.
ɗɬɚ ɧɟɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɱɚɫɬɢ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɥɚɫɶ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɨɣ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɝɨɪɧɨɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɢ ɫɬɚɥɟɥɢɬɟɣɧɨɣ
ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɛɚɧɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɚ, ɞɥɹ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɨɤ
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɒɬɚɬɨɜ.
ȼɵɜɨɡ ɉɂɂ ɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɥɫɹ ɧɚ 17% ɞɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ
52 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ., ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɚ ɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ
"ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ" ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦ ɜɵɜɨɡɚ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɢɡ Ȼɪɚɡɢɥɢɢ.
20
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2008 ɝɨɞ:
Ɍɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɜɵɡɨɜ
Ʌɚɬɢɧɨɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɌɇɄ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ Ɇɟɤɫɢɤɢ ɢ
Ȼɪɚɡɢɥɢɢ, ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɥɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɜ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɛɨɪɶɛɟ ɡɚ ɥɢɞɟɪɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ, ɤɚɤ
ɧɟɮɬɟɝɚɡɨɜɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɞɨɛɵɱɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɭɞ,
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ, ɫɬɚɥɢ ɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɧɚɩɢɬɤɨɜ.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɢ
ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɪɵɧɤɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɜ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ, ɧɟɮɬɟɯɢɦɢɢ ɢ ɛɢɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ.
ȼ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ, ɝɞɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɉɂɂ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɥɨɫɶ
ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɰɟɧɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɫɵɪɶɟɜɵɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɵ, ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɧɟɮɬɟɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɭɞ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ
ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɦ. ȼ ɝɨɪɧɨɪɭɞɧɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɵ ɞɥɹ ɜɜɨɡɚ ɉɂɂ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɟ ɧɟɬ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ, ɤɪɨɦɟ "Ʉɨɞɟɥɤɨ" ɜ ɑɢɥɢ. ɇɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɜ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ
ɝɚɡɚ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ
ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɧɟɮɬɟɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ
ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɨɜ. Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ
ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɭɫɭɝɭɛɢɥɚɫɶ ɜ 2007 ɝɨɞɭ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɪɹɞ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ
Ȼɨɥɢɜɢɹ, Ȼɨɥɢɜɚɪɢɚɧɫɤɚɹ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ ȼɟɧɟɫɭɷɥɚ ɢ ɗɤɜɚɞɨɪ,
ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɭɸ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ, ɩɨɜɵɫɢɜ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɨɛɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ
ɜɜɨɞɹ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɩɪɟɬɵ ɧɚ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɟ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ.
Ɉɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜ 2008 ɝɨɞɭ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɜɜɨɡɚ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ
Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɢ ɢ Ʉɚɪɢɛɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɚ ɢ ɢɯ ɜɵɜɨɡɚ ɛɭɞɭɬ
ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɬɶ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ. ɉɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɜ ɘɠɧɭɸ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɭ, ɝɞɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɰɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɵɪɶɟɜɵɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɵ
ɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɬɟɦɩɵ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɭɛɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ
ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɬɶ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɨɫɬ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɟɣ ɌɇɄ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɵ
ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɢ ɢ
Ʉɚɪɢɛɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɚ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɫɩɚɞ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɒɬɚɬɨɜ ɢ ɫɥɚɛɵɣ ɞɨɥɥɚɪ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ
ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ,
ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɜɵɜɨɡɟ ɉɂɂ, ɤɚɤ
ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɛɭɞɭɬ ɢɝɪɚɬɶ ɌɇɄ ɜ Ȼɪɚɡɢɥɢɢ ɢ Ɇɟɤɫɢɤɟ, ɭɠɟ
ɨɛɧɚɪɨɞɨɜɚɜɲɢɟ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɥɚɧɵ ɧɚ 2008 ɝɨɞ.
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
21
ȼ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ ɜɜɨɡɚ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɘɝɨ-ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ ɢ
ɋɨɞɪɭɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɇɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɯ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɜɵɜɨɡɚ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ
ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɥɚɫɶ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɵ
ɧɨɜɵɟ ɪɟɤɨɪɞɧɵɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ.
Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɨɜ, ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɜɜɨɡɚ ɉɂɂ ɜ
ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɘɝɨ-ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ ɢ ɋɇȽ ɢ ɢɯ ɜɵɜɨɡɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɥɢ
ɛɟɫɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ. ɉɪɢɬɨɤ ɉɂɂ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɥɫɹ
ɫɟɞɶɦɨɣ ɝɨɞ ɩɨɞɪɹɞ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝ 86 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ., ɱɬɨ ɧɚ 50% ɜɵɲɟ
ɭɪɨɜɧɹ 2006 ɝɨɞɚ. ȼ ɋɇȽ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɥɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ
ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɪɵɧɤɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɢ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɘɝɨ-ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ
ɩɪɢɬɨɤ ɉɂɂ ɛɵɥ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦɢ.
ȼɜɨɡ ɉɂɂ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɭɸ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɸ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɫɹ ɧɚ 62% ɞɨ
52 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ.
ȼɵɜɨɡ ɉɂɂ ɢɡ ɘɝɨ-ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ ɢ ɋɇȽ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ
51 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ., ɩɪɟɜɵɫɢɜ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ 2006 ɝɨɞɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɜɞɜɨɟ. ɉɂɂ
ɢɡ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ - ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɟ ɜɡɥɟɬɟɥɢ ɜ 2007 ɝɨɞɭ ɞɨ 46 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ. ɋɬɪɟɦɹɫɶ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ
ɨɛɴɟɦɵ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɨɤ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɫɵɪɶɟɜɵɦ ɬɨɜɚɪɚɦ, ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɟ ɌɇɄ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɸɬ ɫɮɟɪɭ
ɫɜɨɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɞɨ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɢ.
ɋɵɪɶɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢɦ ɞɥɹ
ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ, ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ
ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɦ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ.
ɏɨɬɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ
ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ ɜ 2007 ɝɨɞɭ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɜɟɤɬɨɪ ɜ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɉɂɂ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ
ɋɇȽ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɥɢ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ.
ȼ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɞɨɛɪɟɧ ɞɨɥɝɨ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɨ
ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚɯ, ɨɝɨɜɚɪɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ,
ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɨɜ ɜ
ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɯ, ɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ. ȼ Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧɟ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ
ɧɟɞɚɜɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ
ɜɩɪɚɜɟ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɜɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ
22
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2008 ɝɨɞ:
Ɍɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɜɵɡɨɜ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɵ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɚɬ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦ
ɫɬɪɚɧɵ
ɜ
ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɣ,
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɢ
ɝɨɪɧɨɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ,
ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɬɨɤɢ ɉɂɂ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ.
ȼ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɩɨɬɨɤɢ ɉɂɂ,
ɩɨɯɨɠɟ, ɞɨɫɬɢɝɥɢ ɩɢɤɚ.
ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɨɩɚɫɟɧɢɹ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɩɪɢɬɨɤ
ɉɂɂ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɜɡɹɬɵɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɫɹ ɜ 2007 ɝɨɞɭ ɧɚ
33%, ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɜ ɪɟɤɨɪɞɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ 1 248 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ.
ȼ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɷɬɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɥɨɫɶ ɬɪɚɧɫɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɦɢ
ɋɢɉ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɢɝɪɚɥɨ ɢ ɪɟɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɹɦ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɨɜ.
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɒɬɚɬɵ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ
ɫɬɪɚɧɵ - ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɟɥɹ ɉɂɂ.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɪɟɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɧɨɦ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɪɵɧɤɟ ɫɬɪɚɧ ȿɋ ɞɚɥɢ ɬɨɥɱɨɤ
ɧɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɣ.
Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ
ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɸ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɦ Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɟ, Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ,
ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɚɯ ɢ ɂɫɩɚɧɢɢ, ɨɛɳɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ ɉɂɂ ɜ ȿɋ ɞɨɫɬɢɝ
804 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ. - ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ 43%.
ȼɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɫ ɤɨɧɰɚ
1990-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɥɢɫɶ ɩɨɬɨɤɢ ɉɂɂ ɜ əɩɨɧɢɸ.
Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢ ɫɜɨɢ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ
ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɱɢɫɬɵɯ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɟɪɨɜ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜɵɜɨɡ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɜɡɥɟɬɟɥ ɞɨ ɪɟɤɨɪɞɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ 1 692 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ. ɇɚ
ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɟɪɨɜ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ - ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɒɬɚɬɵ,
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɟ Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɨ, Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɸ, Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɂɫɩɚɧɢɸ
(ɜ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ) - ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ 64% ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɜɨɡɚ
ɉɂɂ ɢɡ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ. Ɋɚɦɤɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɩɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ ɉɂɂ ɜ
ɪɹɞɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɫɬɢ, ɯɨɬɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɹɞ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɣ.
ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɡɚɛɨɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɨɞɭ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ
ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ,
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɎɇȻ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɹɦɵɦɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ
ɮɨɧɞɚɦɢ ɢ ɯɟɞɠɟɜɵɦɢ ɮɨɧɞɚɦɢ.
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
23
Ɉɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɜ ɜɜɨɡɚ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɟ
ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɢ ɜɵɜɨɡɚ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɹɳɟɝɨ
ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɚ ɧɚ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɦ ɪɵɧɤɟ ɜ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɫɨ
ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɦɩɨɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ.
ɋɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɬɪɚɧɫɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɋɢɉ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɧɢɡɢɥɫɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɝɨɞɢɢ 2008 ɝɨɞɚ ɩɨ
ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫɨ ɜɬɨɪɵɦ ɩɨɥɭɝɨɞɢɟɦ 2007 ɝɨɞɚ. ȼ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ
ɘɇɄɌȺȾ
Ɉɛɡɨɪɟ
ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜ
ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ,
2008-2010 ɝɨɞɵ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ ɉɂɂ ɜ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɨɠɢɞɚɥɨ 39% ɌɇɄ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɜɲɢɯ ɨɬɜɟɬɵ,
ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ 50% ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨɞɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɡɨɪɚ.
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
25
ɌɊȺɇɋɇȺɐɂɈɇȺɅɖɇɕȿ ɄɈɊɉɈɊȺɐɂɂ
ɂ ɂɇɎɊȺɋɌɊɍɄɌɍɊɇɕɃ ȼɕɁɈȼ
ȼ
ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ
ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ
ɤɨɥɨɫɫɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɧɟɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɟ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ
ɜ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ.
ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɨɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ.
Ɍɚɤ,
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ
ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ
ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɭɫɤɨɪɢɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɬɟɦɩɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢ
ɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ
ɇɚɰɢɣ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ Ⱦɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢɢ
ɬɵɫɹɱɟɥɟɬɢɹ (ɐɊȾɌ).
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɛɭɞɭɳɢɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ
ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɬ ɬɟ ɫɭɦɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦɢ,
ɱɚɫɬɧɵɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɚɦɢ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɳɭɬɢɦɵɣ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɉɨ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦ
ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɧɤɚ, ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɨ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɜ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ 3-4% ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ȼȼɉ;
ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɧɢɳɟɬɵ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ, ɩɨ
ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɛɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ 7-9%.
Ɉɬɱɚɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɵɯ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɜ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɦɢɪɟ ɤɚɪɞɢɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɨɥɶ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ. ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɜ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ ɞɥɹ
ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ - ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɞɥɹ ɌɇɄ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ
ɜɨɣɧɵ ɢ ɞɨ 80-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɜɟɤɚ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɤ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɩɨɪɨɣ ɫ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟɦ
ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ
(Ƚɉ). Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɚ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɚɹ ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ, ɯɨɬɹ ɟɟ ɬɟɦɩɵ ɢ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɦ ɢ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ
26
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2008 ɝɨɞ:
Ɍɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɜɵɡɨɜ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɨɦ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɜɫɟ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɛɟɪɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɹ ɪɨɥɶ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɦɢ, ɡɚɱɚɫɬɭɸ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɦɢ, ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɦɢ.
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɷɬɢɯ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɬɶ ɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɫ
ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɚ, ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ
ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɨɜ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ.
ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɌɇɄ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ (ɨ ɱɟɦ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶɫɹ
ɧɢɠɟ) ɜ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ "ɧɨɜɵɟ ɢɝɪɨɤɢ", ɜ ɬɨɦ
ɱɢɫɥɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɤ
ɞɜɭɦ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɵɦ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɦ: ɩɪɹɦɵɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɮɨɧɞɵ ɢ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɮɨɧɞɵ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ.
Ƚɥɚɜɧɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɜ ȾɆɂ08 ɭɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ, ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ,
ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ, ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɵ, ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ
ɠɟɥɟɡɧɵɟ ɞɨɪɨɝɢ ɢ ɦɨɪɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɪɬɵ (ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ
ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɜɡɹɬɵɟ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ). Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɹ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɌɇɄ, ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɜ
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɢɯ
ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ. ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɜ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ,
ɨɱɟɧɶ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɨɟɦɤɢ ɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɟ. ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ,
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ
(ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ) ɫɟɬɟɣ ɢ ɡɚɱɚɫɬɭɸ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɥɢɝɨɩɨɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢɥɢ
ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ. ȼ-ɬɪɟɬɶɢɯ, ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɭɝɚɦ ɤ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ.
Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɛɥɚɝ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ, ɱɬɨ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɯ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɭ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɚ ɜ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ, ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ
ɧɢɦ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ.
ȼ-ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɵɯ,
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ
ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɯ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɉɂɂ. ȼ-ɩɹɬɵɯ, ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɤɚɪɞɢɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɚ ɞɥɹ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɦɢɪɨɜɭɸ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɭ.
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
27
Ɇɚɫɲɬɚɛɵ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɪɨɫɥɢ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɢ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ.
Ⱦɨɥɹ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ ɜ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ
ɜɜɟɡɟɧɧɵɯ ɉɂɂ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ. Ɂɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1990-2006 ɝɨɞɨɜ
ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɦɢɪɚ
ɜɨɡɪɨɫ ɜ 31 ɪɚɡ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ 786 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ., ɚ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ - ɜ 29 ɪɚɡ, ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɜ, ɩɨ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦ, 199 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ. ɇɚ
ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɥ ɪɚɫɬɢ ɜ
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ: ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜ
ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɜ
ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ
ɞɨɥɹ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦɢɪɨɜɨɦ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɉɂɂ ɜ
ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ 10% ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɥɢɲɶ 2% ɜ
1990 ɝɨɞɭ.
Ⱦɪɭɝɨɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ, ɨɛɴɟɦ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ
ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ
ɜ
ɪɚɦɤɚɯ
ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ
ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ
ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ
ɜ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɯ (ɑɋɂ) (ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɉɂɂ, ɧɨ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ, ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ
ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ) - ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɌɇɄ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɨɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ. Ɂɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1996-2006 ɝɨɞɨɜ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 246 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ., ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɜ 1996-2000 ɝɨɞɚɯ
ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɥɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɢ ɢ
Ʉɚɪɢɛɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɚ (ɧɚ ɞɨɥɸ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ 67%
ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ);
ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɫ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɟɤɚ ɞɨɥɹ ɌɇɄ ɜ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɯ ɑɋɂ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ ɪɚɫɬɢ ɜ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ ɢ Ⱥɡɢɢ.
ȼ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɢ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɨɣ ɨɛɯɨɞɢɥ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɇɊɋ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɜ 2006 ɝɨɞɭ
ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɨɤɨɥɨ 2% ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ
ɉɂɂ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ.
ɂɯ ɞɨɥɹ ɜ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɯ ɜ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ
ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1996-2006 ɝɨɞɨɜ (ɨɛɴɟɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥ 246 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ.) ɱɭɬɶ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɥɚ 5%.
28
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2008 ɝɨɞ:
Ɍɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɜɵɡɨɜ
Ɏɨɪɦɵ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɌɇɄ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ ɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɦ.
Ɍɟɥɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɨɬɪɚɫɥɶɸ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɉɂɂ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ
ɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɌɇɄ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɨɤ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫ
ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ (ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ 3). ȼ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɟ ɞɥɹ
ɷɬɨɝɨ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹ (62%
ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ), ɡɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɬ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɬɚɪɬɨɜɵɟ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ (36%) (ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ 3). Ʉɨɧɰɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɣ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ (ɛɨɥɟɟ 80%) ɢ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɢ (70% ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ).
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜ ɜɨɞɧɨɦ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ
ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɵ ɨɛ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɚɪɟɧɞɟ (25%) (ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ 3).
Ʉɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɌɇɄ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɢɝɪɚɬɶ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɤɚɤ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɵ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ.
ɏɨɬɹ ɌɇɄ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɬ ɜ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ ɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ, ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ
ɜɨɡɪɨɫɥɢ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɵ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɌɇɄ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ.
ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɜ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɣ, ɨɧɢ
ɫɬɚɥɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɦɢ ɢɝɪɨɤɚɦɢ, ɚ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɜ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ
ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ, - ɞɚɠɟ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɦɢ ɥɢɞɟɪɚɦɢ (ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ 6). ȼ 2006 ɝɨɞɭ ɜ
ɫɩɢɫɤɟ
100 ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ
ɌɇɄ
ɦɢɪɚ
ɧɚɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɥɨɫɶ 14 ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɣ ɢɡ ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɒɬɚɬɨɜ, 10 ɢɡ
ɂɫɩɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɩɨ 8 ɢɡ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ ɢ ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɚ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɲɬɚɛ-ɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɵ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 22 ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ ɢɡ 100 ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɌɇɄ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ
ɢɥɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɬɚɤɢɯ
ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ (5) ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ Ƚɨɧɤɨɧɝɟ (Ʉɢɬɚɣ) ɢ ɩɨ 3 ɌɇɄ ɜ
Ɇɚɥɚɣɡɢɢ ɢ ɋɢɧɝɚɩɭɪɟ.
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
29
Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ 3. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɣ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ, ɜ ɪɚɡɛɢɜɤɟ ɩɨ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɦ, 1996-2006 ɝɨɞɵ
(ɩɨ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ; ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚɯ)
ɗɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚ
ɉɪɢɜɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ
26%
ɉɂɂ ɜ
ɧɨɜɵɟ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ
10%
ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ
ɚɪɟɧɞɚ
2%
Ʉɨɧɰɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɵɟ
ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹ
62%
ɉɂɂ ɜ
ɧɨɜɵɟ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ
1%
ɉɪɢɜɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ
7%
ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ
ɚɪɟɧɞɚ
6%
ɉɪɢɜɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ
5%
ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ
ɚɪɟɧɞɚ
1%
Ʉɨɧɰɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɵɟ
ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹ
62%
Ʉɨɧɰɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɵɟ
ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹ
86%
ȼɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ
Ɍɟɥɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ
ɉɪɢɜɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ
16%
Ɍɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ
ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ
ɚɪɟɧɞɚ
25%
ɉɂɂ ɜ ɧɨɜɵɟ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ
0%
ɉɂɂ ɜ ɧɨɜɵɟ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ
67%
Ʉɨɧɰɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɵɟ
ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹ
70%
ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ: CNUCED, World Investment Report 2008: Transnational Corporations and the
Infrastructure Challenge, ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ III.6.
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ: Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨ ɥɢɧɢɢ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ. ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɷɬɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ. ɉɪɨɟɤɬɵ, ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ
ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ, ɧɟ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ.
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2008 ɝɨɞ:
Ɍɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɜɵɡɨɜ
30
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 6. Ʉɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ
ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ, ɜ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɭ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ
ɚɤɬɢɜɨɜ, 2006 ɝɨɞ
(Ʉɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ, ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɠɢɪɧɵɦ ɲɪɢɮɬɨɦ, ɛɚɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ)
Ɂɚɧɢɦɚɟɦɨɟ
ɦɟɫɬɨ
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚ
Ɍɟɥɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ
Ɍɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ
"ȼɟɨɥɢɹ
ɢɧɜɚɣɪɨɧɦɟɧɬ
Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ
ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɣ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ
ɝɚɡ
ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ
"Ƚɚɡ ɞɟ Ɏɪɚɧɫ""ɋɸɷɡ"
1
"ɗɥɟɤɬɪɢɫɢɬɟ "Ɏɨɞɚɮɨɧ
ɞɟ Ɏɪɚɧɫ"
ɝɪɭɩ"
2
"ȿ. Ɉɧ"
"Ɍɟɥɟɮɨɧɢɤɚ" "Ⱥɛɟɪɬɢɫ"
3
"ɗɧɞɟɫɚ"
"Ⱦɨɣɱɟ
ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦ"
4
"Ɏɚɬɬɟɧɮɚɥɶ" "Ɏɪɚɧɫ
ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦ"
"Ⱦɢ-ɉɢ
ɭɨɥɪɞ"
5
"ɇɷɲɧɥ ɝɪɢɞ" "ȼɢɜɟɧɞɢ
ɢɧɤ."
"ɑɚɣɧɚ ɨɭɲɧ "ɍɷɣɫɬ ɫɟɪɜɢɫɢɡ "Ɍɪɚɧɫɤɚɧɚɞɚ "ɍɚɣ-Ɍɢ-ɗɥ
ɢɧɤ."
ɤɨɪɩ."
ɲɢɩɩɢɧɝ"
ɩɚɭɷɪ"
6
"Ⱥȿɋ ɤɨɪɩ."
"Ʌɢɛɟɪɬɢ
"Ʉɚɧɚɞɢɟɧ
"ɋɬɟɪɢɫɚɣɤɥ
ɝɥɨɛɚɥ ɢɧɤ." ɧɷɲɧɥ
ɢɧɤ."
ɪɟɣɥɭɷɣɡ ɤɨ."
"ɗɧɛɪɢɞɠ
ɢɧɤ."
"Ȼɚɛɤɨɤ ɷɧɞ Ȼɪɚɭɧ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɚɤɱɟɪ"
7
"Ɏɨɪɬɭɦ"
"Ɍɟɥɢɚɋɨɧɟ- "ɋɤɚɧɫɤɚ"
ɪɚ"
"ɏɚɣɮɥɚɤɫ
ɥɢɦɢɬɟɞ"
"ɋɟɦɩɪɚ
ɷɧɟɪɞɠɢ"
"ɗɧɤɚ ɂɧɫɚɚɬ ɜɟ
ɋɚɧɚɣɢ"
8
"Ⱦɶɸɤ
"ɋɢɧɝɌɟɥ"
ɷɧɟɪɞɠɢ ɤɨɪɩ."
"ɉɋȺ
ɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɣɲɧɥ"
"Ʉɥɢɧ ɯɚɪɛɨɪɫ
ɢɧɤ".
"ɗɥɶ-ɉɚɫɨ
ɤɨɪɩ."
"ɗɧ-ȼɷ-ɗɫ
ɯɨɥɞɢɧɝɫ"
9
"ȿȾɉ
ɷɧɟɪɠɢɹɲ ɞɢ
ɉɨɪɬɭɝɚɥ"
"ɏɨɯɬɢɮ"
..
"ɏɚɧɬɢɧɝ
ɉɅɋ"
..
10
"ɂɧɬɟɪɧɷɣɲɧɥ ɇɨɪɬɟɥ
ɩɚɷɭɪ ɉɅɋ"
ɧɟɬɜɨɪɤɫ"
"ȼɢɧɫɢ"
..
"ɍɢɥɶɹɦɫ
ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɡ"
..
11
"ɋɢ-ɗɥ-ɉɢ
ɯɨɥɞɢɧɝɫ"
Ʉɉɇ
"Ɇɚɤɚɪɢɟ
ɷɣɪɩɨɪɬɫ"
..
"Ƚɨɧɤɨɧɝ ɷɧɞ
ɑɚɣɧɚ ɝɚɫ
ɤɨ."
..
12
"ɂɛɟɪɞɪɨɥɚ"
"Ȼɢ-Ɍɢ ɝɪɭɩ" "Ⱦɨɣɱɟ ɛɚɧ"
..
"Ⱦɢɫɬɪɢɝɚɡ Ⱦ"
..
13
"ɍɧɢɨɧ
Ɏɟɧɨɫɚ"
"ȼɟɪɢɡɨɧ
ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɟɣɲɧɡ"
"Ɉɪɢɟɧɬ
ɨɜɟɪɫɢɡ
ɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɣɲɧɥ"
..
"Ʉɚɧɚɞɢɟɧ
ɸɬɢɥɢɬɢɡ
ɥɬɞ."
..
14
"ɉɢ-ɉɢ-ɗɥ
ɤɨɪɩ."
ɋȿɋ
"Ƚɪɭɩɨ Ⱥ-ɋɟɗɫ"
..
"ɂɜɚɬɚɧɢ
ɢɧɬɟɪ-ɧɟɣɲɧɥ
ɤɨɪɩ."
..
"Ɍɟɥɟɧɨɪ"
"Ƚɪɭɩɩɨ
ɮɟɪɪɨɜɢɚɥɶ"
ȼɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ
ɢ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ
"Ƚɪɭɩɩɨ Ⱥɝɛɚɪ" "ɋɩɟɤɬɪɚ
ɷɧɟɪɞɠɢ
ɤɨɪɩ."
"Ⱥɉ Ɇɨɥɥɟɪ- "ɍɷɣɫɬ
Ɇɚɟɪɫɤ"
ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬ
ɢɧɤ."
"ɒɟɧɤɫ ɝɪɭɩ"
"ɋɟɧɬɪɢɤɚ"
"ɏɚɬɱɢɫɨɧ
ȼɚɦɩɨɚ"
"Ɋȼȿ ɝɪɭɩɩ"
"Ƚɚɫ ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶ" "Ȼɭɢɝ"
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
Ɂɚɧɢɦɚɟɦɨɟ
ɦɟɫɬɨ
31
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚ
15
"Ⱥɬɟɥɶ-Ⱥɚɪɟ
Ɍɟɫɫɢɧ"
16
Ɍɟɥɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ
"Ɍɟɥɟɤɨɦ
ɂɬɚɥɢɹ"
Ɍɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ
ȼɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ
ɢ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ
Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ
ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɣ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ
ɝɚɡ
ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ
"Ɉɛɪɚɫɤɨɧ
ɍɚɪɬɟ Ʌɚɢɧ"
..
..
..
"ɉɚɛɥɢɤ ɫɟɪɜɢɫ "Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɚ
ɷɧɬɟɪɩɪɚɣɡ
ɦɨɜɢɥ"
ɝɪɭɩ"
"Ʉɚɧɡɚɫ-ɫɢɬɢ
ɫɚɡɟɪɧ"
..
..
..
17
"Ʉɟɩɩɟɥɶ
ɤɨɪɩ."
"Ʉɚɧɚɞɢɟɧ
ɉɚɫɢɮɢɤ
ɪɟɣɥɭɷɣ"
..
..
..
18
"Ʉɨɮɢɞɟ-ɋɂɊ "Ɍɢ-Ⱦɢ-ɋɢ
ɝɪɭɩ"
Ⱥ/ɋ"
"Ɏɺɪɫɬ ɝɪɭɩ"
..
..
..
19
"ɗɞɢɫɨɧ
"ɉɨɪɬɭɝɚɥ
ɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɣɲɧɥ ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦ"
"Ȼɢ-Ȼɢ-ɗɣ
ɷɜɢɟɣɲɧ"
..
..
..
20
"ɗɧɟɥɶ"
"ɑɚɣɧɚ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɟɣɲɧɡ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɚɤɲɧ
ɤɨ."
..
..
..
"Ɇɨɛɚɣɥ
ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɟɣɲɧɡ"
"Ɍɟɥɟ2"
ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ:
CNUCED, World Investment Report 2008: Transnational
Corporations and the Infrastructure Challenge, ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ III.1.
ȼ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɌɇɄ ɘɝɚ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɭɸ
ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɯɨɬɹ ɨɧɢ
ɢ ɜɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɞɟɧɟɝ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɢɯ ɤɨɥɥɟɝɢ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ.
ȼ Ⱥɡɢɢ ɢ Ɉɤɟɚɧɢɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɌɇɄ ɢɡ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ
ɧɨɫɢɬ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ, ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ
ɜ ɦɟɠɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ.
ȼ 1996-2006 ɝɨɞɚɯ ɩɨɱɬɢ
ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ
ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ
ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ
ɜ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ Ⱥɡɢɢ ɢ Ɉɤɟɚɧɢɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɚ
ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɢ ɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ (ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢ
ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ) ɧɚ ɌɇɄ ɘɝɚ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɥɚɫɶ ɫɚɦɚɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ
ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ.
ȼ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɵ ɢɡ
ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɣ
(58% ɜɫɟɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ), ɢɝɪɚɹ ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ. ȼ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ
ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ 40% ɜɫɟɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɜ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ.
ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɜ Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɟ ɢ Ʉɚɪɢɛɫɤɨɦ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɵ
ɢɡ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ
(16% ɜɫɟɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ). (ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞ "ɜɫɟɦɢ
32
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2008 ɝɨɞ:
Ɍɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɜɵɡɨɜ
ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦɢ" ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɢ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɢ
ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɞɨɥɟɜɨɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɯ ɑCɂ. ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɜ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦɢ, ɧɟ
ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ).
ɌɇɄ ɜ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɞɨɛɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɵɯ
ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɰɟɥɨɝɨ ɪɹɞɚ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ
ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɡɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟɣ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ
ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɯ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɪɵɧɤɚɦ.
ȼ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ
ɌɇɄ
ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɵɟ
ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɚɜ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɢ
ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ
ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɹ ɫɟɬɟɣ, ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɵɟ ɧɚɜɵɤɢ, ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɨɭ-ɯɚɭ,
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ
ɨɩɵɬ.
ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ ɢ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚɯ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ
ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ
ɞɟɥɨɜɵɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɣ ɯɜɚɬɤɢ.
Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɌɇɄ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɡɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟɣ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɪɵɧɤɚɦ
ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ. Ɉɧɢ ɫɬɪɟɦɹɬɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɟ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɪɹɞɭ ɦɟɪ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ
ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɞɟɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ,
ɩɪɢɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɫɚɯ ɧɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɜ
ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɳɭɸ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ
ɮɢɪɦ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɰɚɦɢ (ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɢ
ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɮɢɪɦ).
ɋɪɟɞɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɦɨɬɢɜɨɜ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ
ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɟ, ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ
ɪɨɫɬɚ. ɉɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɤɚɤ
ɦɨɬɢɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ
ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫɬɚɜɢɬ ɇɊɋ ɜ ɧɟɜɵɝɨɞɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
33
ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɢɯ ɪɵɧɤɢ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ
ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦ, ɚ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ.
Ɇɨɛɢɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɌɇɄ ɞɥɹ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɜ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ
ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬ ɜɫɟ ɟɳɟ ɨɝɪɨɦɟɧ.
Ɏɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ
ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɥɢ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ, ɜ ɫɢɥɭ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɜ 1990-ɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɫɬɚɥɢ
ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɬɶ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɉɂɂ ɢ ɌɇɄ.
Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ
ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ
ɫɬɪɚɧ
ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɢɥɨ
ɩɪɢɬɨɤ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ. Ʉɚɤ ɭɠɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɜɵɲɟ, ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɣ
ɨɛɴɟɦ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɚ ɷɬɨ
ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɌɇɄ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ
ɦɨɛɢɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ, ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɨɫɥɟ 1990 ɝɨɞɚ ɪɟɡɤɨ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɥɫɹ.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, 246 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ. ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ
ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɜ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɜ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1996-2006 ɝɨɞɨɜ (ɨ ɱɟɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɨɫɶ ɜɵɲɟ) ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɢ
ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ 29% ɨɬ ɜɫɟɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɑɋɂ. ɗɬɨ
ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɨ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɤɥɚɞɚ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ ɜ
ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɣ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɞɨɥɟɜɨɣ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɢ (36%) (ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ 4).
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2008 ɝɨɞ:
Ɍɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɜɵɡɨɜ
34
Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ 4. Ⱦɨɥɢ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ
ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɯ ɜ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ
ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɣ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ, ɜ ɪɚɡɛɢɜɤɟ ɩɨ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɦ,
1996-2006 ɝɨɞɵ
(ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚɯ)
100
80
51,9
47,7
47,4
48,2
49,6
60
40
12,5
20
35,5
19,3
32,5
9,1
23,3
41,3
28,5
19,8
0
Ⱥɮɪɢɤɚ
ɂɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɟ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɵ
Ⱥɡɢɹ
Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɚɹ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɚ
ɢ Ʉɚɪɢɛɫɤɢɣ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧ
Ɉɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ
ɱɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɵ
ȼɫɟ
ȿɜɪɨɩɚ ɢ ɋɇȽ
ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ
ɫɬɪɚɧɵ
Ɉɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɵ
ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ: CNUCED, World Investment Report 2008: Transnational
Corporations and the Infrastructure Challenge, ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ III.1.
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ:
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ
ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ
ɤ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ
ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ
ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ.
ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɷɬɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ.
ɉɪɨɟɤɬɵ, ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ, ɧɟ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ.
ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɵ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɌɇɄ ɜ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɞɥɹ
ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɤɨɥɨɫɫɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ:
ɧɭɠɧɵ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɢɡ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ.
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
35
Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ
ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɡɚ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɟ
1996-2006 ɝɨɞɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ 45 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ. - ɫɭɦɦɚ (ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ), ɟɞɜɚ
ɪɚɜɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɚɹ ɧɵɧɟɲɧɢɦ ɝɨɞɨɜɵɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ ɜ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ ɜ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɟ 40 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɣ
Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɜ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɜɲɢɟɫɹ
ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ 1990-ɟ ɝɨɞɵ, ɛɵɥɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫɨ
ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɨɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ.
Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɧɚ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɨɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ
ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ, ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ ɭɪɟɡɚɥɢ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɚɫɫɢɝɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɌɇɄ (ɢ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ) ɧɟ
ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɥ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ. Ɉɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ
ɭɪɨɤɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɶ ɢɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ,
ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɌɇɄ ɧɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɠɢɞɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɛɭɞɭɬ
ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɵ
ɜɫɟ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ
ɧɭɠɞɵ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ; ɫɤɨɪɟɟ
ɬɚɤɨɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɜɚɠɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɦ.
ɂɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ
ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ…
ɌɇɄ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬ
ɩɨ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɜ
ɢɯ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɮɨɪɦɟ
(ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɜɨɞɵ), ɢ ɬɚɤ
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ "ɦɹɝɤɢɟ" ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɢ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭ). ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɜ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ
ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɣ, ɜɵɯɨɞ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɨɤ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ
ɤɚɤ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥ
ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɪɨɝɚ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɢ
ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɦ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɢ ɞɥɹ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ. ɌɇɄ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬ "ɦɹɝɤɢɟ"
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɜ ɫɜɨɢ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɵ ɜ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɹ,
36
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2008 ɝɨɞ:
Ɍɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɜɵɡɨɜ
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɨɣɤɭ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ,
ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɭɹ ɡɚɤɭɩɨɱɧɭɸ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɹɞɧɭɸ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭ ɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɹ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ
ɤɥɢɟɧɬɭɪɟ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ
ɪɹɞɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɚɦɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ
ɨɛɨɢɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ.
ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ,
ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɌɇɄ (ɢ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ) ɨɱɟɧɶ
ɫɢɥɶɧɨ
ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ
ɨɬ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɪɟɠɢɦɚ
ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɌɇɄ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɧɚ ɜɫɸ
ɨɬɪɚɫɥɶ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɢ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɞɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɥɢ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɞɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɮɢɪɦ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ
ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɞɪɨɜ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ
ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ.
Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɜ Ʉɢɬɚɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɥɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ,
ɜɫɟɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɝɨ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɯ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɦɢ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɢ ɢɯ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɚɦɢ.
ɗɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɦ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɌɇɄ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɤ
ɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ.
ɑɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɫɨɫɬɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ
ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ, ɬɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɌɇɄ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɸ
ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɚɹ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɚ ɜ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɚ ɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɪɟɮɨɪɦ ɜ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜ ɍɝɚɧɞɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɟɣ ɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɌɇɄ ɫɧɢɡɢɥɢɫɶ ɰɟɧɵ ɢ
ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɜɨɡɪɨɫ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ.
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɨɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ
ɩɪɢɜɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ:
ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɹ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
37
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɜɵɝɨɞ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɚ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ.
ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɜ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ, ɝɞɟ ɜɫɟ ɟɳɟ ɩɨ ɫɭɬɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɹ, ɩɪɢɯɨɞ ɌɇɄ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɥɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ
ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɢ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɭɸ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɸ
ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɰɟɜ. ɗɬɨ ɫɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɸ ɢ ɬɚɤɢɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɵ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ.
ȼ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɌɇɄ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ
ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɢ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɨɧɢ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɦɟɲɚɬɶ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɬɟɫɧɢɬɶ ɢɯ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɭɠɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ.
ȼ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɣ - ɢ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɢ ɜ
ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɫɨɫɬɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤ ɨɩɵɬ ɪɹɞɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɪɨɣ
ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɌɇɄ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ
ɚɧɬɢɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɵɦ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ.
ȼ ɪɹɞɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɝɞɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ
ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ, ɦɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɣ
ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɚɹ ɫ
ɌɇɄ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɜ Ɇɚɪɨɤɤɨ, ɜ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɚ
ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɚɹ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫ ɞɨɥɟɜɵɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɌɇɄ ɛɟɡ
ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɢɦɟɥɚ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɟ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ.
ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɵ
ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɌɇɄ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɭɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ
ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɨɪɦ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɹɦɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɌɇɄ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɜ
ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɞɨɯɨɞɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɜ
ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ.
38
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2008 ɝɨɞ:
Ɍɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɜɵɡɨɜ
…ɱɬɨ ɜɥɟɱɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ.
ɍɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɌɇɄ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɬɶ
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɜ
ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɢɯ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɰɟɧ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɟɧ. ȼ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬ ɨɡɚɛɨɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɨɞɭ
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɩɨ ɰɟɧɚɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ
ɫɥɨɟɜ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɟ ɰɟɧɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɞɨɯɨɞɚ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɜ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɌɇɄ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨ-ɪɚɡɧɨɦɭ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɟ ɤ ɭɫɥɭɝɚɦ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ
ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ: ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ
ɧɟɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɨɪɚɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɚɫɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬɚ ɢ
ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ,
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɛɟɞɧɨɬɵ ɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɠɢɜɭɳɢɯ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ, ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɬɫɬɚɥɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ.
ɍɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ, ɨɯɜɚɬɟ ɢɦɢ, ɰɟɧɚɯ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɢ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɟ ɤ ɧɢɦ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɣ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɞɥɹ
ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚ ɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ. Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ
ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɥɢ "ɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɸ": ɜɧɟɞɪɹɟɦɵɟ ɌɇɄ
ɧɨɜɵɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɥ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɬɶ ɫɮɟɪɭ
ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɨɯɜɚɬɨɦ
ɫɥɨɟɜ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɦ. Ɏɨɪɦɵ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɌɇɄ ɜ
ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɭɸ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚɯ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɵ
ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɥɨɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɥɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɬɚɯ ɢ ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɭɥɭɱɲɢɥɢ ɫɬɵɤɨɜɤɭ
ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ.
ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɜ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ
ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɜ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ
ɧɟɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɟɧ. ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɌɇɄ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɰɟɧ ɢ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢ ɜɨɞɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɧɵɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬ
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
39
ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɢ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ȼɟɡ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɫɭɛɫɢɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ
ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ
ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɰɟɧ ɫ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟɦ ɢɡɞɟɪɠɟɤ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɭɛɫɢɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɰɟɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ
ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ, ɯɨɬɹ ɩɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɬ ɬɚɪɢɮɵ ɫ ɞɜɨɹɤɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ
ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɛɫɢɞɢɣ.
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɪɹɞɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨ
ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɜ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɡɚɱɚɫɬɭɸ ɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɌɇɄ - ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ
ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɸ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ ɜ
ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɦɭ
ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ
ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ. ɋ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɤ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ
ɰɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɚ ɌɇɄ ɩɨɪɨɣ ɩɚɞɚɸɬ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ
ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɧɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɜ
ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ ɰɟɧ ɧɢ ɤ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ, ɧɢ ɤ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ. ȼɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ
ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɌɇɄ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɤ ɜɨɞɟ ɧɟ ɪɚɞɨɜɚɥɢ, ɯɨɬɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ
ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɦɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɌɇɄ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɥɢ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɬɶ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ. ȼ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɢɡ-ɡɚ
ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɌɇɄ ɩɨɪɨɣ ɧɟ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɵɜɚɥɨ ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ
ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ, ɢɦɟɥɢ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɚɧɧɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ
ɤɨɧɰɟɫɫɢɣ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɤɚɤ Ⱥɪɝɟɧɬɢɧɚ, Ȼɨɥɢɜɢɹ ɢ Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɢɧɵ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ
ɌɇɄ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɢ
ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɸ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɧɢɦ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɭɫɥɭɝ, ɨɬɧɨɫɢɦɵɯ ɤ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɢɬɶɟɜɨɣ
ɜɨɞɨɣ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɞɨɛɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɌɇɄ,
ɧɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɢɦ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɰɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɧɢɡɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ, ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɹ
ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɢɡɞɟɪɠɤɢ, ɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɭɛɫɢɞɢɣ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦ, ɩɨɞ ɭɞɚɪɨɦ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɞɥɹ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ
ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɪɟɲɚɸɳɟ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ
ɪɨɥɶ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɫ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɟɟ ɪɨɥɶ ɜɵɲɟ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢ ɜɨɞɵ.
40
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2008 ɝɨɞ:
Ɍɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɜɵɡɨɜ
ɉɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɌɇɄ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ.
ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɪɟɲɚɬɶ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɤɨɝɞɚ
ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɶ ɌɇɄ ɤ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɟɸ.
ɂɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢɡɵɫɤɢɜɚɬɶ ɩɭɬɢ,
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ ɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɌɇɄ ɞɚɜɚɥɢ
ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. ɗɬɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ.
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɢ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɵ ɢ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ
ɢ
ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɹ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ (ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ,
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɌɇɄ). Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɣ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɨɥɢ ɌɇɄ ɜ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ
ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ ɢ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ. ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ
ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɵ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɧɵɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɦ,
ɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɱɟɬɤɢɟ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. Ɉɬɫɸɞɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ,
ɱɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɣ
ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ
ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ
ɢ
ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ, ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɦɢ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɵ, ɜɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ
ɫɥɟɞɢɬɶ ɡɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ. ɗɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ, ɧɨ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɣ ɢ
ɦɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɢɬɟɬɨɜ.
ɏɨɬɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɫɬɪɟɦɹɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɶ
ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɟ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ
ɞɥɹ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɭɛɟɞɢɬɶ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ
ɜɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɟɟ. Ɋɨɫɬ ɫɩɪɨɫɚ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɪɵɧɤɨɦ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɨɜ ɨɠɢɞɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɞɨɯɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ
ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɪɢɫɤɚ. ɗɬɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɣ ɜ ɬɟɯ
ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɠɟ,
ɤɨɝɞɚ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɞɟɪɠɟɤ ɢ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɟɭɞɚɱɢ ɩɪɢ
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
41
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɪɨɜ
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɥɢ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɨɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨɟ
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɦ.
ɋɬɪɚɧɵ
ɫɬɪɟɦɹɬɫɹ
ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɬɶ
ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ
ɌɇɄ
ɜ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɫɬɢ
ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɚ.
Ɍɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɤ ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ
ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɵɯ
ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ
ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟ ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɜɫɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɜ
ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɚɞɭɲɧɟɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɌɇɄ ɜ
ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɱɟɦ ɞɜɚ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ ɧɚɡɚɞ.
ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɦɢ.
ɍɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɲɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɟ
ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɢ ɧɢɠɟ
ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜ ɜɨɞɧɨɦ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟ. ɋɬɪɚɧɵ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ
ɝɨɬɨɜɵ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɶ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɬɟ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɵ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɩɨɞɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɭɤɪɭɩɧɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ
ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɫɥɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ. Ʉ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɲɟ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɦ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɦ. ȼ ɬɨ
ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɟɟ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɤ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ ɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ ɧɚɞ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ
ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ,
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɸ
ɩɨɪɬɨɜ ɢ ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ. ɇɨɜɵɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ
ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ.
ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɷɬɢ ɨɩɚɫɟɧɢɹ, ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɧɭɥɢɫɶ
ɞɚɥɶɲɟ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɌɇɄ ɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɨɨɳɪɹɸɬ
ɢɯ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ. Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ
ɚɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɩɨɨɳɪɟɧɢɸ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ (Ⱥɉɂ) ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɫ ɩɪɢɰɟɥɨɦ
ɧɚ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ. ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɘɇɄɌȺȾ ɢ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɨɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɟɣ ɚɝɟɧɬɫɬɜ ɩɨ ɩɨɨɳɪɟɧɢɸ
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2008 ɝɨɞ:
Ɍɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɜɵɡɨɜ
42
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ, ɨɤɨɥɨ 70% ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɜɲɢɯ ɨɬɜɟɬɵ Ⱥɉɂ ɡɚɹɜɢɥɢ, ɱɬɨ
ɨɧɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ, ɚ
ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɞɚɥɢ ɥɢɲɶ 24%. ɉɨɱɬɢ ɬɪɢ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢ Ⱥɉɂ
ɭɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɹɬɶ ɥɟɬ
ɧɚɡɚɞ.
Ⱥɉɂ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ
ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɭɫɥɭɝɢ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ ɢ
ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɵ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ
ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɌɇɄ. ɇɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ Ⱥɉɂ
ɡɚɧɢɦɚɥɢɫɶ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ
(ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ 7). ɋɭɞɹ ɩɨ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɜ ɇɊɋ, ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɫ
ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɦ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ, ɛɵɬɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ, ɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɫɬɚɜɤɭ ɧɚ ɌɇɄ
ɢɡ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɣ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 7. Ⱦɨɥɹ Ⱥɉɂ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɨɨɳɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ
ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɜ ɪɚɡɛɢɜɤɟ ɩɨ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɦ
(ɞɨɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɜɲɢɯ ɨɬɜɟɬɵ Ⱥɉɂ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚɯ)
Ɉɬɪɚɫɥɶ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ
Ɍɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ
Ⱥɜɬɨɞɨɪɨɝɢ
Ɇɨɪɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɪɬɵ
Ⱥɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɵ
ɀɟɥɟɡɧɵɟ ɞɨɪɨɝɢ
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ
ɉɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ
Ɋɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
Ɍɟɥɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ
ɋɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɚɹ
ɫɜɹɡɶ
Ɇɨɛɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ
ɍɫɥɭɝɢ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ
ȼɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ
ɢ
ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ
ȼɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ
Ʉɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɨɬɜɟɬɨɜ
ȼɫɟ
Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɵɟ
ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ
Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɚɹ
ɘɝɨɊɚɡɜɢɜɚɸ
Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɚ ɢ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ
ɳɢɟɫɹ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɚ Ⱥɡɢɹ
Ʉɚɪɢɛɫɤɢɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ ɢ
ɫɬɪɚɧɵ
ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧ
ɋɇȽ
31
37
41
24
5
30
35
15
42
42
40
28
43
50
57
50
46
31
23
23
38
44
38
13
48
29
71
29
49
19
17
30
0
5
56
26
23
79
36
36
46
23
23
44
19
13
57
29
14
29
20
30
50
23
19
43
40
44
40
45
40
42
57
71
38
31
25
25
43
57
33
26
26
15
33
28
43
29
23
23
31
31
57
43
70
20
43
14
13
16
7
ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ: ɘɇɄɌȺȾ, World Investment Report 2008: Transnational Corporations
and the Infrastructure Challenge, ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ V.3.
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
43
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɞɚɱɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɧɭɠɧɵ
ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɟ ɪɚɦɤɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɨɳɧɵɣ
ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ
Ȼɟɡ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨɣ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ
ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɩɪɨɢɝɪɚɸɬ, ɨɬɤɪɵɜ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ
ɞɥɹ ɌɇɄ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɚ
ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɜɫɩɹɬɶ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɡɚɱɚɫɬɭɸ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ.
ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
ɪɟɮɨɪɦ.
ȼ ɢɞɟɚɥɟ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɨɣɤɚ, ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ
ɜɟɞɨɦɫɬɜɚ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ
ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ
ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ
ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦ.
Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɭɬɨɱɧɢɬɶ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɢɝɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ
ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɤ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ
ɥɭɱɲɟ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɞɥɹ
ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɣ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɵ ɫ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ
ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ. Ⱦɨ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ, ɩɨɤɚ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɵ
ɚɜɬɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɵɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ, ɩɨ
ɜɫɟɣ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɥɭɱɲɟ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ.
Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɌɇɄ ɤ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɸ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɛɪɟɦɹ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɥɨɠɚɳɟɟɫɹ ɧɚ
ɩɥɟɱɢ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɨɬɧɸɞɶ ɧɟ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɥɟɝɱɟ, ɚ, ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɜ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɭɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ
ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɵ ɩɨ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɸ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɣ
ɫɬɪɚɧɨɣ ɢ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɦ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɨɦ (ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɦɢ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɚɦɢ). Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ
ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɟ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɟ ɨɫɨɛɵɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɢ
ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɝɨɜɚɪɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɚɠɧɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɥɢ ɨɩɵɬ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɠɟɥɚɟɦɵɣ
ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɌɇɄ, ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ
ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɵ ɢ ɫɥɟɞɢɬɶ ɡɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ.
44
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2008 ɝɨɞ:
Ɍɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɜɵɡɨɜ
ɂɡ-ɡɚ ɚɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɜ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɯ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɌɇɄ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɚɦ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɜɵɣɬɢ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ
ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ
ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɸ ɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ. Ʉɪɭɩɧɵɟ
ɌɇɄ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɛɟɝɚɸɬ ɤ ɭɫɥɭɝɚɦ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɮɢɪɦ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ, ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ
ɩɨ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ
ɫɬɪɚɧ ɷɬɨɬ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɟɧ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɫ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɩɵɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ
ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɶ ɌɇɄ ɤ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ, ɬɨ
ɩɨɪɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɧɚɱɚɬɶ ɫ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ, ɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ
ɤɪɭɩɧɭɸ ɦɟɠɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɭɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ. Ʉ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ ɧɚ
ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɢɬɶ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɟɯ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ,
ɝɞɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɫɩɨɪɨɜ.
Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɩɨɪɵ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ.
Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɬɚɥ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ. ɉɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɸ
ɧɚ ɤɨɧɟɰ 2007 ɝɨɞɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 95 ɫɩɨɪɨɜ (ɢɥɢ ɨɞɧɚ ɬɪɟɬɶ ɜɫɟɯ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɪɨɜ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɨɞɭ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ) ɢɦɟɥɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɸ,
ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɭ, ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɹɦ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
(ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ 5). ɗɬɢ ɫɩɨɪɵ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɥɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɢ
ɩɨ ɩɨɜɨɞɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ
ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɣ (Ɇɂɋ), ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ȾɂȾ.
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
45
Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ 5. ɑɢɫɥɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɪɨɜ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ
ɫ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ, 1996-2007 ɝɨɞɵ
(Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɜ ɝɨɞ)
25
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɫɩɨɪɨɜ
20
ȼɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ
Ɍɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ
Ɍɟɥɟɫɜɹɡɶ
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ
15
10
5
0
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ: CNUCED, World Investment Report 2008: Transnational
Corporations and the Infrastructure Challenge, ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ V.3.
ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɢɬ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ
ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɨɜ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ
ɦɚɧɟɜɪɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɉɧɢ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ,
ɱɬɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɪɛɢɬɪɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɨɪɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɨɦ ɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ
ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɯ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɠɟ
ɡɚɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɦ, ɭɞɚɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɭɞɚɫɬɫɹ ɥɢ ɫ
ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ȾɂȾ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɡɚɳɢɬɭ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɨɜ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɧɢ
ɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɞɭɦɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ. ɌɇɄ, ɢɫɤɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɵ
ɢɥɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɭɸ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɰɢɸ, ɱɟɦ ɨɧɢ
ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɥɢ, ɫɤɚɠɭɬ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɳɢɬɚ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɦɚɹ ȾɂȾ, ɨɤɚɡɚɥɚɫɶ
ɦɟɧɟɟ ɜɫɟɨɛɴɟɦɥɸɳɟɣ, ɱɟɦ ɨɠɢɞɚɥɨɫɶ.
Ɉɛɡɨɪ ɚɪɛɢɬɪɚɠɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɦɟɧɟɟ
ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɧɟɫɟɧɨ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ ɢɫɬɰɚ ɢ ɱɬɨ
ɩɪɢɫɭɠɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ
ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɨɜ. Ɍɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ
90% ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɪɨɜ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ, ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ
46
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2008 ɝɨɞ:
Ɍɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɜɵɡɨɜ
ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ Ɇɂɋ (ɢ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ Ɇɂɋ ɢ
ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ) ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ
ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɩɨɪɨɜ
ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɬɵɫɹɱ Ɇɂɋ ɢ
ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɦ
ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ
ɩɨ ɩɟɪɟɫɦɨɬɪɭ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɟɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢ ɧɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɸɬ ɷɬɚɩɚ
ɫɩɨɪɚ ɢ ɚɪɛɢɬɪɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ. ɋɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ
ɷɬɢɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ, ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɫɮɟɪɵ Ɇɂɋ ɢ
ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ
ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɢ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɱɟɬɤɨ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɢ ɫɟɛɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ Ɇɂɋ. Ɉɧɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɤ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɪɨɜ.
ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ
ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ…
ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ
ȼɚɠɧɨ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ
ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ
ɪɨɥɶ
ɫɬɪɚɧ
ɛɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ
ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ,
ɫɬɪɟɦɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɶ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ. ɗɬɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨ ɫ
ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɧɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɟɬ
ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɟ ɭɞɚɟɬɫɹ
ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɶ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚɯ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɫɟɤɬɨɪ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ.
Ȼɟɡ ɫɭɛɫɢɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɶ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɭ, ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɳɢɧɵ ɢ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɵ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɱɟɪɬɚɦɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɢɡɤɚɹ
ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɪɟɩɭɬɚɰɢɹ ɩɥɨɯɢɯ ɩɥɚɬɟɥɶɳɢɤɨɜ.
ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɦɨɛɢɥɢɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ
ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ.
ȼ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ, ɤɚɤ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚ, ɜɨɞɧɨɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ, ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
47
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ (ɈɉɊ).
ɉɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ,
ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɵ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɛɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɮɢɪɦ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɝɪɚɬɶ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ, ɩɨɦɨɝɚɹ
ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɶ
ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɟ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ
ɞɥɹ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ.
ɏɨɬɹ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɵ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɵ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɩɨ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɈɉɊ ɧɚ ɰɟɥɢ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɧɵɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ
ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɟɠɧɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɦɢ ɛɚɧɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɧɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɥɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ, ɨɛɟɳɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɭɦɚɯ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɯɨɬɹ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɚɦ
ɩɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɟɳɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɨɢɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɜɫɟ
ɨɛɟɳɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɦ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ - ɩɨɞɨɛɧɭɸ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸ ɩɨɪɨɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɧɚɡɜɚɬɶ "ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɩɚɪɚɞɨɤɫɨɦ".
ɇɟɞɚɜɧɢɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ
ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ
ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɵɫɨɤ.
ɉɚɪɬɧɟɪɚɦ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ
ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɈɉɊ ɧɚ ɰɟɥɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ.
ɍɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɦ, ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɧɚ ɞɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɦ ɢɥɢ
ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ
ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɞɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɤ ɢ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ
ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɧɭɠɞ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ
ɞɨɯɨɞɨɦ.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɢɦ ɧɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɬɶ ɧɢɤɚɤɢɟ
ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ. ɏɨɬɹ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɜɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɨɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ
ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦɭ ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ, ɜ ɬɨɦ
ɱɢɫɥɟ ɌɇɄ, ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ.
ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɜɨɞɧɨɦ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɦɟɬɶɫɹ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɛ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɪɭɤɚɯ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ ɩɪɢ ɫɥɚɛɨɦ
ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɟ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɪɢɫɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɞɟɥɨɦ.
ȼ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ
ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ
ɭɫɢɥɢɹ,
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ
ɧɚ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ
48
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2008 ɝɨɞ:
Ɍɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɜɵɡɨɜ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ. ȼɜɢɞɭ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɚɦ
ɩɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ
ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ, ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ.
…ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ
ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɦ.
Ɇɟɪɵ,
ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɟ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ
ɛɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɢ
ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɢɫɤɚ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜ
ɤɪɚɬɤɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɶ ɦɨɛɢɥɢɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ
ɞɥɹ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ. Ɉɫɨɛɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ,
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɦɟɪɚɦ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɚ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ
ɪɢɫɤɨɜ ɩɨ ɬɪɟɦ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɵɦ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɦ: ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ
(ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɧɢɠɟ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɝɨ
ɪɢɫɤɚ ɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ), ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ
ɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɚɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɤɭɪɫɚ.
ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɵɣ ɚɪɫɟɧɚɥ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ
ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɪɢɫɤɚ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ
ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɬ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɦ. Ɍɚɤ
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ
ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɜɚɥɸɬɟ, ɤɚɤ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɭɠɟɧ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɣ ɪɵɧɨɤ ɜɚɥɸɬɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɩɨɜ. ɉɪɢ
ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ
ɜɦɟɲɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ, ɧɢɠɟ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɧɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɜ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɚɧɚɰɟɢ. ɋɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɤ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɢ
ɩɨɞɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɬɶ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɪɨɜ ɤ ɛɟɡɪɚɫɫɭɞɧɨɦɭ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɪɢɫɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ.
ɏɨɬɹ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɵ
ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɨɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɨɥɝɨɜɵɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɢ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɧɨɝɨ
ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ, ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɩɥɨɯɨ ɩɪɨɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɠɢɡɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɦɢ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ
ɩɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ.
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
49
ɉɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɵ ɜ ɇɊɋ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ
ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɬɶ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ ɢ
ɪɚɦɨɤ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɢ
ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ
ɨɬɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ, ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ
ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ. ɋ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɫɪɨɱɧɨ ɧɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ
ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ - ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɣ ɢɥɢ
ɦɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɢɬɟɬɨɜ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɪɟɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɲɚɝɢ, ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɟ
ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɯ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɯ ɜ
ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɜ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ
ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ.
Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɥɢ
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ, ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ.
Ʉɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɧɚɰɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ
ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɣ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɨɳɪɹɬɶ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɨ
ɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɜɩɢɫɵɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɚɧɵ ɢ ɰɟɥɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɜ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɡɚɱɚɫɬɭɸ
ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ.
ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɢɡɭɱɢɬɶ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɨɥɢ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ.
ȼɵɫɬɭɩɚɹ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɨɣ, ɨɧɚ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɛɵ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɝɪɨɤɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɨɦɨɝɚɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦ
ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ
ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɜɵɤɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ.
Ɋɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɨɬɞɚɱɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɨɬ
ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ.
* * *
50
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2008 ɝɨɞ:
Ɍɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɜɵɡɨɜ
Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɧɟɨɬɥɨɠɧɨɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɡɚɧɹɬɶɫɹ
ɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ. Ɇɚɫɲɬɚɛɵ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɤɨɥɨɫɫɚɥɶɧɵ, ɢ ɞɥɹ
ɢɯ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɲɢɪɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɣ
ɫɟɤɬɨɪ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɌɇɄ. ɗɬɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɇɊɋ, ɝɞɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɪɟɲɚɸɳɟ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɐɊȾɌ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɦ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɩɥɨɯɨ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɢ ɞɥɹ
ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɶ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɫɟɤɬɨɪ, ɢ ɞɥɹ
ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɩɥɨɞɵ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɌɇɄ.
ɇɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɢ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢ
ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɝɨ
ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ
ɭɫɥɭɝ.
ɂɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɜɵɡɨɜ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ ɜɫɟɯ
ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ.
ɗɬɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɟ
ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɪ ɩɨ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɸ
ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɜ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɫɨ
ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɨɜ.
ɀɟɧɟɜɚ, ɢɸɥɶ 2008 ɝɨɞɚ
ɋɭɩɚɱɚɣ ɉɚɧɢɬɱɩɚɤɞɢ
Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɶ ɘɇɄɌȺȾ
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ
51
ɉɊɂɅɈɀȿɇɂȿ
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2008 ɝɨɞ: ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɜɵɡɨɜ
ɋɈȾȿɊɀȺɇɂȿ
PREFACE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
OVERVIEW
PART ONE
WIDESPREAD GROWTH IN FDI
CHAPTER I. GLOBAL TRENDS: SUSTAINED GROWTH
IN FDI FLOWS
A.
B.
C.
D.
FDI AND INTERNATIONAL PRODUCTION
1.
Trends in FDI
a.
Overall trends
b.
Continued rise in cross-border M&As
c.
FDI by private equity funds
2.
International production
3.
Indices of inward FDI performance and potential
4.
Developments in FDI policies
a.
Developments at the national level
b.
Developments at the international level
CHANGING PATTERNS OF FDI
1.
Geographic patterns
2.
Sectoral and industrial distribution of FDI
THE LARGEST TNCs
1.
The world’s 100 largest TNCs
2.
The 100 largest TNCs from developing economies
3.
Transnationality of the largest TNCs
4.
The world’s 50 largest financial TNCs
PROSPECTS
52
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2008 ɝɨɞ:
Ɍɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɜɵɡɨɜ
CHAPTER II. REGIONAL TRENDS
A.
B.
C.
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
1.
Africa
a.
Geographical trends
b.
Sectoral trends: primary sector’s share rose
c.
Policy developments
d.
Prospects: moderate growth expected in 2007
2.
Asia and Oceania
a.
South, East and South-East Asia
b.
West Asia
c.
Oceania
3.
Latin America and the Caribbean
a.
Geographical trends
b.
Sectoral trends
c.
Policy developments
d.
Prospects: moderate growth of inflows, reduced outflows
SOUTH-EAST EUROPE AND THE COMMONWEALTH
OF INDEPENDENT STATES
1.
Geographical trends
a.
Inward FDI surged
b.
Outward FDI growth was sustained
2.
Sectoral trends: FDI in services was buoyant
3.
Policy developments
4.
Prospects: brighter for larger economies and new EU members
DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
1.
Geographical trends
a.
Inward FDI grew in all regions and all sectors
b.
Outward FDI increased sharply
2.
Sectoral trends: services continued to dominate
3.
Policy developments
4.
Prospects: optimism for further growth in FDI
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ
53
PART TWO
TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS, EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES
AND DEVELOPMENT
CHAPTER III. FEATURES OF THE EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES
A.
B.
C.
EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES IN THE WORLD ECONOMY
1.
Minerals are essential for all economies
2.
Geography of production and consumption of selected minerals
THE COMMODITY PRICE BOOM AND ITS IMPACT ON
INVESTMENTS
1.
Booms and busts of mineral prices
2.
The boom led to rising profits and investments
3.
Prices likely to remain high for some time
EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES: OPPORTUNITIES AND
CHALLENGES FOR DEVELOPMENT
1.
Characteristics of investments in extractive industries
2.
Public policy concerns of mineral-rich countries
a.
Mineral endowments represent development opportunities
b.
The economic challenge
c.
The environmental, social and political challenges
d.
The governance challenge
CHAPTER IV. TNCs IN EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES
A.
B.
GLOBAL TRENDS IN FDI AND OTHER FORMS OF TNC
PARTICIPATION IN EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES
1.
FDI trends
2.
Developing and transition economies are receiving a growing
share of foreign investment
THE CHANGING UNIVERSE OF TNCs IN EXTRACTIVE
INDUSTRIES
1.
TNCs in the metal mining industry
a.
Continued dominance of private firms
b.
Varying degrees of internationalization
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2008 ɝɨɞ:
Ɍɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɜɵɡɨɜ
54
2.
C.
D.
TNCs in oil and gas
a.
The Seven Sisters have given way to State-owned companies
b.
TNCs from developing and transition economies are
expanding overseas
DRIVERS AND DETERMINANTS
1.
Motivations for internationalization
2.
Determinants of TNC activity
a.
Ownership-specific advantages
b.
Internalization advantages
c.
Locational advantages
CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER V. DEVELOPMENT IMPLICATIONS FOR HOST
COUNTRIES
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
A FRAMEWORK FOR ASSESSING IMPLICATIONS FOR HOST
COUNTRIES OF TNC INVOLVEMENT IN EXTRACTIVE
INDUSTRIES
ECONOMIC IMPACT
1.
Direct economic effects
a.
Financial contributions
b.
Technology contributions
c.
Employment impacts
d.
Enhancement of exports
e.
Generation of government revenue
2.
Indirect economic effects
a.
Linkages
b.
Infrastructure development
3.
Overall impact: implications for macroeconomic performance
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
SOCIAL AND POLITICAL IMPACTS
1.
Health and safety impacts
2.
Social impacts on the local community
3.
Human rights implications
4.
Corruption, conflict and other political issues
CONCLUSIONS
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ
55
CHAPTER VI. THE POLICY CHALLENGE
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
THE BROADER GOVERNMENT POLICY AND
INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
REGULATING THE ENTRY AND OPERATIONS OF TNCs IN
EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES
1.
Oil and gas: from “old-style” concessions to partnership
agreements
2.
Codes and mining agreements governing FDI in metal mining
ARRANGEMENTS FOR RENT-SHARING
1.
Recent policy changes
2.
Implications of recent policy changes
3.
Is progressive taxation a solution?
POLICIES FOR BROADER ECONOMIC BENEFITS
1.
Promoting linkages
2.
Promoting skills and technology development
COPING WITH ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES
ADDRESSING SOCIAL AND POLITICAL CONCERNS
1.
Labour-related concerns
2.
Local community concerns
3.
Human rights
4.
Enhancing transparency
5.
Dealing with extractive-industry TNC investments in conflict
situations.
CONCLUSIONS
ANNEX TO CHAPTER VI.
TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE WITH
EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES: SELECTED EXAMPLES
REFERENCES
ANNEXES
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ
57
ɉɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞɨɜ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ
World Investment Report 2007. Transnational Corporations, Extractive
Industries and Development.
294 p.
Sales No. E.07.II.D.9. $80.
www.unctad.org/en/docs//wir2007_en.pdf.
World Investment Report 2007. Transnational Corporations, Extractive
Industries
and
Development.
An
Overview.
49
p.
www.unctad.org/en/docs//wir2007overview_en.pdf.
World Investment Report 2006. FDI from Developing and Transition
Economies: Implications for Development. 340 p. Sales No. E.06.II.D.11.
$80. http://www.unctad.org/en/docs//wir2006_en.pdf.
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2006 ɝɨɞ. ɉɂɂ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ
ɫɬɪɚɧ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ: ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ.
Ɉɛɡɨɪ. 64 ɫɬɪ. http://www.unctad. org/en/docs/wir2006overview_en.pdf.
World Investment Report 2005. Transnational Corporations and the
Internationalization of R&D. 334 p. Sales No. E.05. II.D.10. $75.
www.unctad.org/en/docs//wir2005_en.pdf.
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2005 ɝɨɞ.
Ɍɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɇɂɈɄɊ.
Ɉɛɡɨɪ.
59 ɫɬɪ.
www.unctad.org/en/docs//wir2005overview_en.pdf.
World Investment Report 2004. The Shift Towards Services.
Sales No. E.04.II.D.36. $75.
468 p.
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2004 ɝɨɞ. ɉɟɪɟɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɟɤɬɨɪ
ɭɫɥɭɝ.
Ɉɛɡɨɪ.
68 ɫɬɪ. ɍɫɥɨɜɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ:
UNCTAD/WIR/2004 (Overview). Ȼɟɫɩɥɚɬɧɨ.
World Investment Report 2003. FDI Policies for Development: National and
International Perspectives. 303 p. Sales No. E.03.II.D.8.
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2003 ɝɨɞ. ɉɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɉɂɂ ɜ
ɰɟɥɹɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ: ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ. Ɉɛɡɨɪ.
59 ɫɬɪ.
ɍɫɥɨɜɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ: UNCTAD/WIR/2003
(Overview). Ȼɟɫɩɥɚɬɧɨ.
World Investment Report 2002: Transnational Corporations and Export
Competitiveness (New York and Geneva, 2002). 350 p. Sales No. E.02.II.D.4.
58
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2008 ɝɨɞ:
Ɍɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɜɵɡɨɜ
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2002 ɝɨɞ:
Ɍɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɚ. Ɉɛɡɨɪ. 85 ɫɬɪ.
ɍɫɥɨɜɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ: UNCTAD/WIR/2002 (Overview).
Ȼɟɫɩɥɚɬɧɨ.
World Investment Report
Sales No. E.01.II.D.12.
2001:
Promoting
Linkages.
354
p.
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 20001 ɝɨɞ: ɋɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ
ɫɜɹɡɟɣ.
Ɉɛɡɨɪ.
71 ɫɬɪ. ɍɫɥɨɜɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ:
UNCTAD/WIR/2001 (Overview). Ȼɟɫɩɥɚɬɧɨ.
World Investment Report 2000: Cross-border Mergers and Acquisitions and
Development. 337 p. Sales No. E.00.II.D.20.
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2000 ɝɨɞ: Ɍɪɚɧɫɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɢ
ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ.
Ɉɛɡɨɪ.
80 ɫɬɪ. ɍɫɥɨɜɧɨɟ
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ: UNCTAD/WIR/2000 (Overview). Ȼɟɫɩɥɚɬɧɨ.
World Investment Report 1999: Foreign Direct Investment and the Challenge
of Development. 541 p. Sales No. E.99.II.D.3.
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 1999 ɝɨɞ: ɉɪɹɦɵɟ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɟ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ.
Ɉɛɡɨɪ.
95 ɫɬɪ.
ɍɫɥɨɜɧɨɟ
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ: UNCTAD/WIR/1999 (Overview). Ȼɟɫɩɥɚɬɧɨ.
World Investment Report 1998: Trends and Determinants.
Sales No. E.98.II.D.5.
463 p.
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 1998 ɝɨɞ: Ɍɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ.
Ɉɛɡɨɪ.
49 ɫɬɪ.
ɍɫɥɨɜɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ:
UNCTAD/WIR/1998 (Overview). Ȼɟɫɩɥɚɬɧɨ.
World Investment Report 1997: Transnational Corporations, Market
Structure and Competition Policy. 416 p. Sales No. E.97.II.D. 10.
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 1997 ɝɨɞ:
Ɍɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ. Ɉɛɡɨɪ.
88 ɫɬɪ. ɍɫɥɨɜɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ: UNCTAD/ITE/IIT/5 (Overview).
Ȼɟɫɩɥɚɬɧɨ.
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ
59
World Investment Report 1996: Investment, Trade and International Policy
Arrangements. 364 p. Sales No. E.96.11.A.14.
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 1996 ɝɨɞ: ɂɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ, ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɹ ɢ
ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɪɚɦɨɱɧɵɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ. Ɉɛɡɨɪ. 36 ɫɬɪ. ɍɫɥɨɜɧɨɟ
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ: UNCTAD/DTCI/32 (Overview). Ȼɟɫɩɥɚɬɧɨ.
World Investment Report 1995: Transnational
Competitiveness. 491 p. Sales No. E.95.II.A.9.
Corporations
and
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 1995 ɝɨɞ:
Ɍɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ. Ɉɛɡɨɪ. 68 ɫɬɪ. ɍɫɥɨɜɧɨɟ
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ: UNCTAD/DTCI/26 (Overview). Ȼɟɫɩɥɚɬɧɨ.
World Investment Report 1994: Transnational Corporations, Employment
and the Workplace. 482 p. Sales No.E.94.11.A.14.
World Investment Report 1994: Transnational Corporations, Employment
and the Workplace. An Executive Summary. 34 ɫɬɪ. ɍɫɥɨɜɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ: UNCTAD/DTCI/10 (Overview). Ȼɟɫɩɥɚɬɧɨ.
World Investment Report 1993: Transnational Corporations and Integrated
International Production. 290 p. Sales No. E.93.II.A.14.
World Investment Report 1993: Transnational Corporations and Integrated
International Production. An Executive Summary. 31 ɫɬɪ. ɍɫɥɨɜɧɨɟ
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ: ST/CTC/159 (Executive Summary). Ȼɟɫɩɥɚɬɧɨ.
World Investment Report 1992: Transnational Corporations as Engines of
Growth. 356 p. Sales No. E.92.II.A.24.
World Investment Report 1992: Transnational Corporations as Engines of
Growth: An Executive Summary.
26 ɫɬɪ.
ɍɫɥɨɜɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ: ST/CTC/143 (Executive Summary). Ȼɟɫɩɥɚɬɧɨ.
World Investment Report 1991: The Triad in Foreign Direct Investment.
108 p. Sales No. E.9 1.II.A. 12. $25.
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ
61
ɄȺɄ ɉɈɅɍɑɂɌɖ ɂɁȾȺɇɂə ɈɊȽȺɇɂɁȺɐɂɂ
ɈȻɔȿȾɂɇȿɇɇɕɏ ɇȺɐɂɃ
ɂɡɞɚɧɢɹ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɫɬɢ ɭ
ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɦɢɪɭ. ɂɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢɜ
ɩɢɫɶɦɨ ɩɨ ɚɞɪɟɫɭ:
United Nations Publications
ɢɥɢ
Sales and Marketing Section,
DC2-853
United Nations Secretariat
New York, N.Y. 100 17
U.S.A.
Ɍɟɥ.: ++1 212 963 8302 ɢɥɢ 1 800 253 9646
Ɏɚɤɫ: ++1 212 963 3489
Ⱥɞɪɟɫ ɷɥ. ɩɨɱɬɵ: publications@un.org
United Nations Publications
Sales and Marketing Section,
Rm. C. 113-1
United Nations Office at Geneva
Palais des Nations
CH-1211 Geneva 10
Switzerland
Ɍɟɥ.: ++41 22 917 2612
Ɏɚɤɫ: ++4122 917 0027
Ⱥɞɪɟɫ ɷɥ. ɩɨɱɬɵ: unpubli@unog.ch
ɂɇɌȿɊɇȿɌ: www.un.org/Pubs/sales.htm
Ɂɚ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ ɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɩɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ ɩɪɹɦɵɯ
ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɣ ɩɪɨɫɶɛɚ
ɨɛɪɚɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɚɞɪɟɫɭ:
Division on Investment and Enterprise
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
Palais des Nations, Room E-10052
CH-1211 Geneva 10 Switzerland
Ɍɟɥ.: ++41 22 907 4533
Ɏɚɤɫ: ++41 22 907 0498
ɂɇɌȿɊɇȿɌ: www.unctad.org/en/subsites/dite
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ
63
ȺɇɄȿɌȺ
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2008 ɝɨɞ:
Ɍɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɜɵɡɨɜ
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
ȼ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ Ɉɬɞɟɥɚ
ɘɇɄɌȺȾ ɩɨ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɦ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ
ɭɡɧɚɬɶ ɦɧɟɧɢɹ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɯ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɣ. ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɛɵ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɵ, ɟɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɜɵ
ɡɚɩɨɥɧɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɟɦɭɸ ɚɧɤɟɬɭ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢɥɢ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɩɨ
ɚɞɪɟɫɭ:
Readership Survey
UNCTAD, Division on
Investment and Enterprise
Palais des Nations
Room E-10054
C H - 1 2 1 1 Geneva 10
Switzerland
Ɏɚɤɫ: ( + 41 22) 907.04.98
Ⱥɧɤɟɬɚ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ
ɢɧɬɟɪɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ
ɧɚ ɜɟɛɫɚɣɬɟ ɩɨ ɚɞɪɟɫɭ:
www.unctad.org/wir.
1.
Ɏɚɦɢɥɢɹ ɢ ɫɥɭɠɟɛɧɵɣ ɚɞɪɟɫ ɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɬɚ (ɩɨ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɸ):
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2.
Ʉ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɢɡ ɧɢɠɟɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ ɛɥɢɠɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ȼɚɲɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ?
Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ
ɑɚɫɬɧɨ-ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɚɹ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ
Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ
Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢɥɢ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ
Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ
ɇɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɋɆɂ
Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
(ɩɪɨɫɶɛɚ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ)
3.
ȼ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ȼɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬɟ? _____________________
4.
Ʉɚɤ ȼɵ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ?
Ɉɬɥɢɱɧɨ
ɏɨɪɨɲɨ
ɍɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɇɟɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2008 ɝɨɞ:
Ɍɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɜɵɡɨɜ
64
5.
ɇɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɞɥɹ ȼɚɲɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ?
Ɉɱɟɧɶ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɚ
ɉɨɥɟɡɧɚ ɜ
Ȼɟɫɩɨɥɟɡɧɚ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ
6.
ɍɤɚɠɢɬɟ ɬɪɢ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ȼɚɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɨɧɪɚɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ
ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɢ ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɧɢ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵ ɞɥɹ ȼɚɲɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ:
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
ɍɤɚɠɢɬɟ ɬɪɢ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ȼɚɦ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɨɧɪɚɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ
ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ:
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
7.
8.
ɇɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɷɬɢ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ȼɚɲɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ?
Ɉɱɟɧɶ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵ
9.
ɉɨɥɟɡɧɵ
ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ
ɦɟɪɟ
Ȼɟɫɩɨɥɟɡɧɵ
ɉɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɟ ɥɢ ȼɵ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨ ɪɟɮɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɠɭɪɧɚɥ Ɉɬɞɟɥɚ
Transnational Corporations (ɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ - The CTC Reporter),
ɜɵɯɨɞɹɳɢɣ ɬɪɢ ɪɚɡɚ ɜ ɝɨɞ?
Ⱦɚ
ɇɟɬ
ȿɫɥɢ ɧɟɬ ɢ ɟɫɥɢ ɛɵ ȼɵ ɯɨɬɟɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɣ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧ ɧɚ ȼɚɲɟ ɢɦɹ ɩɨ ɜɵɲɟɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɚɞɪɟɫɭ,
ɩɨɦɟɬɶɬɟ ɡɞɟɫɶ. Ⱦɪɭɝɨɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ȼɵ ɯɨɬɟɥɢ ɛɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ
ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɚ (ɫɦ. ɩɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɣ):
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
10.
Ʉɚɤ ɢɥɢ ɝɞɟ ɤ ȼɚɦ ɩɨɩɚɥɚ ɷɬɚ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɹ:
Ʉɭɩɢɥ(ɚ)
ɇɚ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɟ/
ɫɢɦɩɨɡɢɭɦɟ
Ɂɚɤɚɡɚɥ(ɚ) ɛɟɫɩɥɚɬɧɵɣ
ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ
ɉɨ ɩɨɱɬɟ
ɂɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ
65
ɏɨɬɟɥɢ ɥɢ ɛɵ ȼɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɘɇɄɌȺȾ ɜ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɱɬɟ? ȿɫɥɢ ɞɚ, ɬɨ, ɩɨɠɚɥɭɣɫɬɚ, ɭɤɚɠɢɬɟ ɧɢɠɟ ɜɚɲ
ɚɞɪɟɫ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɱɬɵ:
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
11.
-----