О влиянии инертных газов и воздуха на диссоциацию воды 2010 г.

ɍȾɄ 550.3;551.464+521+510;546.212;536.421-423
Ɉ ȼɅɂəɇɂɂ ɂɇȿɊɌɇɕɏ ȽȺɁɈȼ ɂ ȼɈɁȾɍɏȺ
ɇȺ ȾɂɋɋɈɐɂȺɐɂɘ ȼɈȾɕ
Ⱦ.Ⱥ. ɋɟɥɢɜɚɧɨɜɫɤɢɣ (ɂɉɎ ɊȺɇ ɇɢɠɧɢɣ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞ), 2010
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɇ2ɈÆ.H+.OH, ɟɫɥɢ ɜɨɞɚ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ, ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɟ Ɉ2 ɢ N2 ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɬ ɫ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɚɦɢ .ɇ: Ɉ2+.ɇÆ.ɇɈ2+N2Æ ɇNɈ+NɈ
(1), ɚ .Ɉɇ-ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɇ2Ɉ2: .Ɉɇ+.ɈɇÆɇ2Ɉ2. Ɍ.ɟ. ɜɫɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɨɛɪɚɧɵ, ɢ ɪɟɞɭɤɰɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ. ɗɬɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɇ2Ɉ2 ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɫ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ, ɯɨɬɹ, ɤɚɤ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɨ, ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ
ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɬɚ ɠɟ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɜ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ.
ɇɚɣɞɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɯɟɦɚ (1) ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ, ɥɢɲɶ ɟɫɥɢ ɜɨɞɚ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ ɫ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ 1 ɚɬɦ. Ⱥɡɨɬ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɥɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ (!) - «ɤɪɭɝɨɜɨɪɨɬ ɚɡɨɬɚ».
ɂɧɟɪɬɧɵɟ ɠɟ ɝɚɡɵ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɸ ɜɨɞɵ.
ɗɬɢ ɝɚɡɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɫɨɥɶɜɚɬɵ, «ɫɨɤɪɭɲɚɸɳɢɟ» ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɜɨɞɵ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ, ɱɟɦ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɨɜ. ɍɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɵɯɨɞ ɇ2Ɉ2.
ɉɪɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢ (ɢɥɢ) ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ
ɫɚɬɭɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɞɨ § 3÷5 ɚɬɦ. ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ.
Ɉɛɫɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ: 1. Ɉ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɯ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɨɜ ɜɨɞɵ.
2. Ɉ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ. 3. Ɉɛ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ. 4. Ɉɛ ɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ.
5. Ɉ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɜɨɞɵ.
EFFECT OF AIR AND INERT GASES AT DISSOCIATION OF WATER
D.A.Selivanovsky
After ɇ2Ɉ Æ. H +. OH, if the water is saturated with air, free of O2aq and N2aq responded to .H:
O2 + .H Æ HO2 + N2 Æ HNO + NO (1), as well OH-radicals formed H2O2:. OH +.OH Æ H2O2.
That is, all of the dissociation products analyzed, and the reduction of water occurs. This explains
the increase in the yield of H2O22 in the water with air, although, as measured by the degree of
dissociation of water with practically the same as that in pure water. We found that the scheme (1)
holds in the aggregate, only if the water in the air of atmosphere is saturated with a pressure of 1
atm. Nitrogen with maximally complete passes to the active form (!) - "nitrogen cycle".
Inert gases in solution also increases the dissociation of water. These gases form solvates,
"crushing" the water molecules more effectively than is the interaction of only water associations
comrade. Increasing the degree of dissociation of water increases the yield of H2O2.
By increasing the density of solutions of air and (or) inert gas saturation of up to § 3 ÷ 5 atm.
dissociation of water at all stops.
It also briefly discusses the questions: 1. About the size of the associates of water.
2. On the biological aspects of the use of inert gases. 3. On the stability of the composition of the
atmosphere. 4. On the ionic product of water, and 5.The structure of water.
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɥɨɫɶ ɢɡɞɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɉɪɟɩɪɢɧɬ ɂɉɎ, ɢ ɟɦɭ ɜ
ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ ɂɉɎ ɊȺɇ ɛɵɥ ɭɠɟ ɩɪɢɫɜɨɟɧ ʋ 797 (ɦɚɪɬ 2011). ɇɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ
ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɩɪɟɩɪɢɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɂɉɎ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɭɠɟ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɢ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ ɪɟɡɨɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɨɟ
ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɸ «ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɮɥɚɤɨɧɟ».
ȼ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɢ ɢɡɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɩɨɫɬɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɜ
ɜɨɞɟ ɩɪɢ ɟɟ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɢ ɝɚɡɚɦɢ ɢ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɯ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɟɣ. ɋɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ:
1) ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ, ɝɞɟ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ. ȼɨɞɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɤɚɤ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɦ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚɯ.
2) ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ.
3) Ɉɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ + ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ.
4) Ʉɪɚɬɤɢɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ.
I. ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
Ⱦɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɨɞɵ ɇ2Ɉ Æ.H+.OH (ɞɥɹ ɭɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɢ +D1R(H-Oɇ) ̯= 5.2 ɷȼ) ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɯ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɭ. Ɍɚɤ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ, ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɦ,
ɤɨɪɩɭɫɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ, ɩɪɢ ɮɨɬɨɥɢɡɟ, ɪɚɞɢɨɥɢɡɟ ɢ ɞɪ. ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɚ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɟ
ɟɟ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɥɨ ɤ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɭ (ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ) ɷɬɨɣ
ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɨɜ.
ɇɨ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɯ
(ɆɏɊ) [1]. Ɍɚɤ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɜɹɡɤɨɝɨ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ (ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ), ɩɪɢ ɮɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɯ ɜɨɞɵ, ɩɪɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɢ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɗɆ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ.
ɋɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɬɚɤ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɚɱɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ
ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɜɵɡɜɚɜɲɟɣ ɟɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ: ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɫɜɟɱɟɧɢɟ, ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɬ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɫɤɨɥɤɨɜ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ –
ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɨɜ .ɇ ɢ .Ɉɇ ɢ ɦɟɠ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɫ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɹɦɢ.
ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɨ ɬɪɢ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ:
1) ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɧɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ (ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɟ ɝɚɡɵ);
2) ɜɨɞɚ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ;
3) ɜɨɞɚ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ.
Ⱦɟɬɟɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ, ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ, ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɩɟɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ (ɇ2Ɉ2) - ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɪɟɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɢ
ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɥ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɨɜ.
ȼɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ [2] ɨɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɞɟɬɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ: ɤɨɥɨɪɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɩɨ ɜɵɯɨɞɭ ɇ2, ɜɟɫɨɜɵɟ. ȼɫɟ
2
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɫɱɢɬɚɧɵ ɤ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɇ2Ɉ2.
ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ - ɜ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ (ɬ.ɟ. ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ)
ɢɥɢ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɫ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɦɢ ɝɚɡɚɦɢ ɩɨɫɥ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɵ .ɇ ɢ .Ɉɇ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞ
.ɇ+.ɇÆH2, ɩɟɪɨɤɫɢɞ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ .Ɉɇ+.ɈɇÆH2O2 ɢ ɪɟɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɨɞɭ
.ɇ+.Ɉɇ ÆH2O. ȼ ɜɨɞɟ ɫ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɦɢ ɝɚɡɚɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɇ2Ɉ2 (ɢ ɇ2) ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɬɟ ɠɟ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɜ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɢ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɚɦɢ ɢɡ ɜɨɞɵ. ɍɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɇ2Ɉ2 ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɱɚɫɬɢ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɜɨɞɵ, ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɱɢɯ ɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ..
ȼɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ - ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɩɪɢ ɟɟ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɯ: Ɉ2+.ɇÆɇɈ2+.ɇÆɇ2Ɉ2 ɜɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɨɤɫɢ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɵ ɇɈ2, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɡɚɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɹ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɚɬɨɦɪɚɞɢɤɚɥ .ɇ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɇ2Ɉ2. ɗɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɨɤɫɢɞ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɫɭɦɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɟɪɨɤɫɢɞɨɦ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɥ
ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɨɜ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɇ2Ɉ2: .Ɉɇ +.ɈɇÆɇ2Ɉ2. ɉɪɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɦ
ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɪɟɞɭɤɰɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ.
Ɉɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ • 0.2 Į (Į
– ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ Ȼɭɧɡɟɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ). ɉɪɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɯ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹɯ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɨɜ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɪɟɞɭɤɰɢɢ
ɜɨɞɵ, ɱɬɨ, ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬ ɜɵɯɨɞ ɩɟɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ.
ȼ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ - ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɬ.ɟ. ɫɦɟɫɢ Ɉ2 (21
%) + N2 (78 %), ɷɬɢ ɝɚɡɵ ɩɨɫɬɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɢ ɩɨɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɨ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɬ: ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ Ɉ2aq ɫ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɨɦ .ɇ, ɢ ɞɚɥɟɟ N2aq ɫ ɩɟɪɨɤɫɢ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɨɦ ɇɈ2: Ɉ2+.ɇ ÆɇɈ2 +N2 ÆɇNɈ+NɈ. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɣ ɚɡɨɬ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ. Ƚɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɥ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɵ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ
ɇ2Ɉ2. Ɋɟɞɭɤɰɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ < 1ɚɬɦ.
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɩɨ
ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɨɩɵɬɨɜ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɚ - ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɡɜɭɤɚ - ɨɞɧɨɝɨ
ɢɡ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɆɏɊ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ. Ⱦɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢ
ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɢ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɡɜɭɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ «ɧɚɩɪɹɦɭɸ» (ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢ ɮɨɬɨɥɢɡɟ-ɪɚɞɢɨɥɢɡɟ). əɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɚ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɦɧɨɝɢɦɢ, ɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ
ɷɬɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɞɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɟɭɛɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ. ɉɨɫɥɟ
ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɢɯɨɞ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɤɚɤ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ (Ƚ.Ⱥ.Ⱦɨɦɪɚɱɟɜ, Ⱦ.Ⱥ.ɋɟɥɢɜɚɧɨɜɫɤɢɣ 1989 ɝ. [3] ɩɨɹɜɢɥɚɫɶ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɚ ɤɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ (ɆɏɊ). Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɟɧ ɆɏɊ
ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ɩɪɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɡɜɭɤɚ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɚɯ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ (ɬɨɠɟ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡ). Ɍɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ, ɱɬɨ ɆɏɊ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ/ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚɯ ɢ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɚɯ
ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɟ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɫɥɚɛɵɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɯ ɧɚ ɷɬɢ ɫɪɟɞɵ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɹɡɤɨɝɨ
ɬɪɟɧɢɹ, ɢ ɩɪɢ ɮɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹɯ. ɂ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ/ɫɢɧɬɟɡ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ, ɢ
ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɩɵɬɚɯ in vitro ɢ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɚɯ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ, ɢ ɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ.
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɆɏɊ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɵ in vitro ɧɚɦɢ ɪɚɧɟɟ [2].
ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɦɟɯɚɧɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɜɨɞɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɟɬɶ ɧɢɠɟɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
+D1R(H-Oɇ)aq
___________
{n(H2O)/ɇ>}|{<OH\ m(H2O)} --------------Æ{(n)(H2O)(.H)}+{m(H2O)(.OH)}
Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɟ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɧɟɤɨɟɣ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɜɨɞɵ /ɇ>}|{<OH\,
ɨɤɚɡɚɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɫɨɫɟɞɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɨɜ ɢɡ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ,
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ n ɢ m ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɨɞɵ. Ⱦɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢɥɢ
ɩɪɢ ɢɯ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɢ ɞɪ.?
Ʉɨɧɤɪɟɬɢɤɚ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɆɏɊ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɨɤɚ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ, ɤɚɤ, ɜɩɪɨɱɟɦ, ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɆɏɊ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚɯ,
- ɨɛɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɚɤɬɭ.
ɆɏɊ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɥɢ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ (ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɚɯ) ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɯ
ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɱɬɨ ɆɏɊ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɯ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɥɢɲɶ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ 7ɯ104
ɫɭɛɴɟɞɢɧɢɰ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɵ ɜɨɞɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɦɭɸ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɨɞɵ. ȼ ɜɨɞɟ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɨɩɵɬɚɦɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɵ .ɇ ɢ .Ɉɇ ɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɫɨɥɶɜɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɜ "ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ", ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɨɞɵ.ȿɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɆɏɊ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ
ɜ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɟ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ (ɢɥɢ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɱɚɳɢɯ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɨɜ) ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɶɫɹ, ɥɢɲɶ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɫɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɨɞɵ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɚɤɬ
ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɜɨɞɵ, ɩɨɝɥɨɬɢɥɚ ɩɨɪɰɢɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ
ɭɠɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɦɨɣ: D1R(H-Oɇ)=5.2ɷȼ.
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɆɏɊ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ – ɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ (ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚɦ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɮɨɬɨɥɢɡɟ-ɪɚɞɢɨɥɢɡɟ), ɬɨ ɟɟ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɞɵ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɆɏɊ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɦɨɧɨɬɨɧɧɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ Ɍ = 0÷400 ɜ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɢ ɪɚɡ [4].
3
4
ɉɨɞ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ;Ʉ) ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ Wɯɢɦ – ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɡɚɬɪɚɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɸ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɇ-Ɉɇ, ɤ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɚɦ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ Wɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɭ: Ʉ= Wɯɢɦ/ Wɩɨɬɟɪɶ.
Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɭ – ɷɬɨ: ɥɢɛɨ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɧɚ ɜɹɡɤɨɟ ɬɪɟɧɢɟ (ɜ ɩɨɬɨɤɚɯ, ɩɪɢ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɟ; ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɢ ɗɆ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ – ɫɬɪɢɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ), ɥɢɛɨ ɠɟ ɫɤɪɵɬɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɚ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢ ɮɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚɯ ɜɨɞɚ-ɥɟɞ-ɜɨɞɚ ɢɥɢ ɜɨɞɚ-ɩɚɪ-ɜɨɞɚ. ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ Wɯɢɦ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɩɵɬɚɯ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɚɤ ɜɵɯɨɞ
ɇ2Ɉ2. ɇɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɇ2Ɉ2 (ɢɥɢ ɇ2, ɢɥɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɩɨɫɬɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ
ɤɚɤ ɞɟɬɟɤɬɨɪɵ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ) ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ. Ɍɚɤ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɨɜ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɧɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ
ɞɟɬɟɤɬɨɪɚ, ɧɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɯ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɹɦɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɪɟɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ, ɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɭɱɬɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚɯ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢɜɨɞɵ. ɉɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹɯ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ( ɢɥɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɫ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɦɢ
ɝɚɡɚɦɢ) ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɇ2Ɉ2 (ɢɥɢ ɇ2 [13]) ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɞɟɬɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ:Wɯɢɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ: Wɯɢɦ = 2ɯ D1R(H-Oɇ)ɯ Nɯ n(ɇ2Ɉ2)ɯ k.
Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ 2 – ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɧɨɠɢɬɟɥɶ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɬɨ
ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɇ2Ɉ2 ɢɥɢ ɇ2 ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ
ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɨɞɵ, N – ɱɢɫɥɨ Ⱥɜɨɝɚɞɪɨ, n(ɇ2Ɉ2) – ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɇ2Ɉ2 (ɢɥɢ ɇ2) [Ɇ]Ͳ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɩɵɬɚɯ. Ⱥ ɩɨɥɭɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ k(Ɍ) = Ĕ(ɇ2Ɉ)/ Ĕ(ɇ2Ɉ2) = 10 (2-0.05T)̡̡̬̌̌̚ ̛ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɟɣ ɜɵɯɨɞɨɜ ɪɟɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ̵̨̼̼̏̔ɇ2Ɉ2 (ɢɥɢ ɇ2) ɜ ɜɨɞɟ [ϰ͕ϱ].
Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ k(T) ɦɨɧɨɬɨɧɧɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɞɵ, ɢ
ɟɫɥɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, k(ɩɪɢ 200) = 10 ± (1÷1.5) (ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ k(ɩɪɢ 200) ɛɵɥɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɨɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹɯ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɚ), ɬɨ k(ɩɪɢ 00) § 100
, ɢ, ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɩɪɢ Ɍ § 400 ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ kÆ1͘ Ɍ.ɟ. ɩɪɢ 400 ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɪɟɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɣ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɨɜ (ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɇ2Ɉ2 ɢɥɢ ɇ2) ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɦɵɦɢ. ɉɨɤɚ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɢ ɛɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ k(T) ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɱɧɨ, ɱɟɦ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɟ ± 10%. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ k(T) ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ̨ɜɨɞ̖ ɤɚɤ ɨɛ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ
ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ͘ ɉɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɜɛɥɢɡɢ 00, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɵ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ
ɜɟɥɢɤɢ, ɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɨɜ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵ, ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɪɟɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɣ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɨɜ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɬ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɜ ɬɟɯ ɠɟ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɚɯ, ɝɞɟ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɜɨɞɵ. ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɜɨɞɚ. ɉɪɢ
ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɨɜ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɸɬɫɹ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ, ɢ ɪɨɥɶ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɪɟɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɣ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ: ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɵɯɨɞ ɇ2Ɉ2 (ɢ ɇ2) ɪɚɫɬɟɬ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɢ ɪɟɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚ ɮɨɧɟ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ
ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɨɜ ɜɨɞɵ: ɢɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ
ɆɏɊ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ. Ɉɩɵɬɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɢɫɫɨ-
ɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ, ɚ, ɬ.ɟ., ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞ ɇ2Ɉ2, ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɜ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɚ ɩɪɢ 400÷500 [ϳ],
ɩɪɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɞɨ 600-700 ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɩɥɨɬɶ
ɞɨ ɢɫɱɟɡɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ, ɫɥɟɞɭɹ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɇ2Ɉ2 ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɬ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɨɩɵɬɵ ɫ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɟɦ ̸̨̛̭̯̜ɜɨɞɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɵ [Ϯ;ϯͿ], ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ (750) ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 4).
ɋɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ (ɫɯɟɦɚ ʋ1):
5
6
ɇ2Ɉ Æ.H +
.OH Æ,ϮK
+
+
ɇ2Ɉ Æ.H +
.OH Æ H2O
Ļ
Ļ
-------------------ɪɚɫɩɚɞ ɇ2Ɉ2
ɇ 2Ɉ 2 Æ ɇ 2Ɉ + ½ Ɉ 2 .
H2
Ɍ. ɟ. ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɚ ɜ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ (ɢɥɢ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɫ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɦɢ ɝɚɡɚɦɢ) ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɪɟɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ
ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞ ɇ2, ɢ ɇ2Ɉ2 (ɷɬɢ, ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɦɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɨɥɹɯ). ɋɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɨɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɬɪ̖ɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ
(ɫɦ. ɜɵɲɟ): ɩɪɢ 00ɋ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɪɟɞɭɰɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɞɚ, ɚ ɩɪɢ § 400 ɋ ɦɨɥɶɧɵɟ
ɞɨɥɢ ɪɟɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɇ2Ɉ2 ɢ ɇ2 ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɪɚɜɧɵɦɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɨɫɶ, ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ
ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ k(Ɍ) = Ĕ(ɇ2Ɉ)/ Ĕ(ɇ2Ɉ2) ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ± 10 % .
Ɇɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɧɚ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɸ
ɜɨɞɵ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɩɵɬɨɜ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɚ. Ɉɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɟɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ. Ʉ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ, ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡ – ɭɞɨɛɧɵɣ «ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ», ɬ.ɤ. ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɟɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɦɵ ɤ
ɟɞɢɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦ: ɟɞɢɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɟ ɡɜɭɤɚ ɢ ɤ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɜɭɤɚ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɚ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ: ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɨɜ ɇ2Ɉ2 ɢɥɢ ɇ2 ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɱɢɯ ɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɭ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɡɜɭɤɚ (ɬɚɤ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɫɟ ɱɚɫɬɨɬ ɨɬ 1
ɤȽɰ ɢ ɞɨ 1 ɆȽɰ), ɢ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɜɭɤɚ (ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ, ɨɬ 10 -3 ȼɬ/ɫɦ2 ɢ ɞɨ 3÷5 ȼɬ/ɫɦ2) [6]. ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɢ ɩɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ k(T). Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɨ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɜɟɫɬɢ
ɜɨɟɞɢɧɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɨɩɵɬɨɜ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɡ-ɡɚ
ɩɟɪɟɦɨɪɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ, ɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɇ2Ɉ2 (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 3).
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɚ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɩɨ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɟ ɡɜɭɤɚ ɤ f =100 ɤȽɰ ɢ ɩɨ
ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɜɭɤɚ ɤ I =1 ȼɬ/ɫɦ2, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɤ 200.
7
ɫ
ɨ
ɧ
ɨ
ɥ
ɢ
ɡ
10
5
ɡ
ɚ
ɬ
ɭ
ɯ
ɚ
ɧ
ɢ
ɟ
ɡ
ɜ
ɭ
ɤ
ɚ
0.01
0.10
1.00
100.0
10.0
1.0
0.1
ɫɤ
ɨ
ɪ
ɨ
ɫɬɶɡɜɭ
ɤ
ɚ
0.01
0.10
1.00
1.5
1.0
ɫ
ɜ
ɟ
ɬ
ɨ
ɪ
ɚ
ɫ
ɫ
ɟ
ɹ
ɧ
ɢ
ɟ
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɦɚɫɫɢɜ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɥɫɹ, ɩɨɜɵɫɢɥɚɫɶ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɹ.
ȼ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɢ ɨɬ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ. ɗɬɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ – ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɯ, ɢ
ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɞɵ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ – ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɧɟɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ -ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɚ ɢɦɟɸɬ, ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ-ɬɨ, ɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɱɟɪɬɵ. ɂɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɸɬ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɜɨɞɵ, ɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɟɦɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ
ɜɨɞɟ (ɪɢɫ. 1). ɉɨɞɨɛɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɷɤɫɬɪɟɦɭɦɚ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɞɵ,
ɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ (ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɝɭɳɟɧɢɣ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɨɞɵ, ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɥɶɜɚɬɧɵɯ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚɯ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ). ȼɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɦɢɤɪɨɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɚ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɥɶɜɚɬɵ ɜ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ,
ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬ ɷɬɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ: ɥɢɛɨ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɨɜ (ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɨɜ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ), ɥɢɛɨ ɜ ɫɨɥɶɜɚɬɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɜɨɞɵ ɜɨɡɥɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ
(ɷɬɢ ɫɨɥɶɜɚɬɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɢɡ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɨɞɵ,
ɧɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɹɦɢ). ɗɬɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɟɟ ɤɚɤ ɫɭɫɩɟɧɡɢɸ ɢɥɢ, ɥɭɱɲɟ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɷɦɭɥɶɫɢɸ, ɢɥɢ ɤɚɤ
«ɫɢɥɶɧɨɜɹɡɤɭɸ» ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ [7]. ɍɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɥɶɜɚɬɨɜ, ɬ.ɟ. ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɢ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɨɜ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɯ ɥɢɲɶ ɢɡ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɨɞɵ, ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɡɜɭɤɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɵ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɬɟ ɢ ɷɬɢ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɫɞɜɢɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɪɭɝɚ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɹ ̨̛̭̼̖̔̏̐̏ɩɨɬɟɪɢ,
ɤɨɬɨɪ̼̖, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɢ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚ ɢ ɡɚɬɭɯɚɧɢɹ ɡɜɭɤɚ, ɢ ɆɏɊ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ. ɉɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɜɹɡɤɢɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɩɨɧɚɱɚɥɭ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ, ɩɪɟɬɟɪɩɟɜɚɸɬ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɬɶɫɹ,
ɬ.ɤ. ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɜɨɞɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ (ɬ.ɟ. ɢɡɴɹɬɚɹ ɢɡ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɨɜ). ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɨɧɚɱɚɥɭ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɹɫɶ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦ ɢ ɫɩɚɞɚɟɬ. ȼ
ɤɨɧɰɟ ɤɨɧɰɨɜ, ɩɪɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ, ɬ.ɤ. ɞɥɹ ɟɝɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɨɜ ɫɨ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɆɏɊ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ. ɗɬɨ, ɤɫɬɚɬɢ, ̖̺̖
̬̌̚ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɨ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɯ
ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɚ ɆɏɊ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ: 1) ɜɨɞɚ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɨ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɨ-ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɭɛɫɬɚɧɰɢɟɣ; 2) ɆɊɏ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɚɯ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɜɨɞɵ.
10
1
0.01
0.10
1.00
ɪɢɫ. 1 Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ
ɦɟɬɚɧɨɥɚ (Ƒ), ɷɬɚɧɨɥɚ (¸), ɚɰɟɬɚɬɚ (¨), ɬɟɬɪɚɛɭɬɚɧɨɥɚ(+), ɞɢɨɤɫɚɧɚ (ɏ).
1ɣ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ: ɜɵɯɨɞ ɇ2Ɉ2 ɩɪɢ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɟ (ɲɤɚɥɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ)
2ɣ : ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɡɜɭɤɚ [ɤɦ/ɫɟɤ],
3ɣ : ɡɚɬɭɯɚɧɢɟ ɡɜɭɤɚ [(a/f 2)] x10 15,
4ɣ : ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɢɟ Ɋɷɥɟɹ [1/ɫɦ] ɯ 10 6, ɞɥɹ Ȝ=546.1 ɧɦ
Ɉɫɶ ɏ – ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɦɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɨɥɹɯ “mole fraction” (mfm),
ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ 0.01 mfm § 0.5 M, 0.1 mfm § 5 M, 0.6 mfm § 20 M.
ɑɬɨ ɠɟ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ
ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ: ɡɚɬɭɯɚɧɢɹ ɡɜɭɤɚ ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɡɜɭɤɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɢɹ Ɋɟɥɟɹ [8] - ɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ
ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ. ɗɮɮɟɤɬ ɷɤɫɬɪɟɦɭɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɬɭɯɚɧɢɹ ɡɜɭɤɚ, ɚ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ
ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ Ʉɪɚɦɟɪɫɚ-Ʉɪɺɧɢɝɚ, ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɡɜɭɤɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧ ɦɢɤɪɨɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ. Ɋɚɫɫɟɹɧɢɟ
Ɋɷɥɟɹ, ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɦɨɟ ɫ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ «ɮɥɭɤɬɭɚɰɢɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ» ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɩɚɞɚɟɬ
ɜ ɷɬɨɬ ɪɹɞ.
Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɪɢɫ. 1 ɭɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ
ɥɢɲɶ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɛɨɪɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɟɦɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. ȼ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɜɪɚɡɛɪɨɫ
Ɉɫɶ Y
-
8
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɣ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɢɥɢ ɬɪɟɯ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɧɚɛɨɪɨɜ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ (ɚɰɟɬɨɧ, ɦɭɪɚɜɶɢɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ, ɦɨɧɨɯɥɨɪɭɤɫɭɫɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ ɢ ɞɪ.). ɑɚɫɬɶ ɷɬɢɯ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɟɣ
(ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɡɜɭɤɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɡɚɬɭɯɚɧɢɟ) ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɵ ɧɚɲɢɦɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɩɵɬɚɦɢ ɫ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɦɢ ɷɬɚɧɨɥɚ. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɚ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɫɩɢɪɬɨɜ ɛɵɥɢ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɵ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɋɚɫɫɨɯɢɧɵɦ ɢ ɞɪ. [13,14].
II. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ
ɋɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɭɞɪɭɱɚɸɳɟ ɦɚɥɨ.
ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ Ar, Kr, Xe ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ
ɧɚ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɸ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɟ ɢɡɭɱɚɥɢ ɥɢɲɶ Prudhomme P.O. ɢ
Grabar P. [9] (1949). Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɯ ɨɩɵɬɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ.2. ɇɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɠɟ
ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɨɩɵɬɨɜ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɚ ɂ.Ƚ.ɉɨɥɨɰɤɨɝɨ [10]
(1947) ɢ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɵ J.Berlan’a et.al.[11] (1994). ɗɬɢ ɞɜɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ
ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɇ2Ɉ2 ɩɪɢ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɟ ɜɨɞɵ, ɫɚɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ ɞɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ § 6
ɚɬɦ, - ɬɚɤɠɟ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɪɨɞɟ.
ȼɫɟ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 2. ȼɫɟ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵ
ɤ ɟɞɢɧɵɦ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦ: f =100 ɤȽɰ, I =1 ȼɬ/ɫɦ2, Ɍ=200.
ȼ ɨɩɵɬɚɯ ɂ.Ƚ.ɉɨɥɨɰɤɨɝɨ [10], ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɨɞɚ ɧɚɫɵɳɚɥɚɫɶ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ, ɢɡɦɟɪɹɥɢɫɶ ɜɵɯɨɞɵ ɢ ɇ2Ɉ2, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ NO2 ɢ NO3.
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɇ2Ɉ2 ɜ ɨɩɵɬɚɯ J.Berlan’a [11], ɰɟɥɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɛɵɥɨ
ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɚ ɜ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɮɟɧɨɥɚ, ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɩɨɜɟɪɝɚɥɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ. ȼ ɨɩɵɬɚɯ ɜɵɯɨɞ ɇ2Ɉ2 ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɥɫɹ; ɨɧ ɛɵɥ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧ
ɧɚɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɱɟɬɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɨɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɫ ɮɟɧɨɥɨɦ ɜ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɹɸɳɢɯ ɚɤɬɨɜ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɡ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɦɨɥɶ/ɦɨɥɶ.
ɇɨ ɢ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɠɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɛ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ
ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ: ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɟ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɯɨɞɨɜ ɇ2Ɉ2
ɞɥɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɟɩɟɪɨɜ (ɬ.ɟ. ɬɨɱɟɤ, ɝɞɟ ɫɭɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ,
ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ). ɗɬɢ ɪɟɩɟɪɵ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ.2
ɤɪɭɠɤɚɦɢ. ɍɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɩɭɧɤɬɢɪɨɜ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ, ɡɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ, ɩɨ ɫɥɨɜɚɦ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ, ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɵ ɇ2Ɉ2, ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɵ ɧɢɬɪɨɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɭɠɟ ɧɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ.
9
100
1
2
3
10
4
6
1
5
7
0
ɪɢɫ. 2.
2
4
6
-
Ɉɫɶ Y ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɇ2Ɉ2 ɜ ɜɨɞɟ, ɧɚɫɵɳɚɟɦɨɣ ɏɟ(1), ɢɥɢ Kr(2),
ɢɥɢ Ar(3) ɜ ɨɩɵɬɚɯ Prudhomme P.O., Grabar’a P. [9]. ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɨɜ
ɇ2Ɉ2 ɩɪɢ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɟ ɜɨɞɵ, ɧɚɫɵɳɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ: ɜ ɨɩɵɬɚɯ ɂ.Ƚ.ɉɨɥɨɰɤɨɝɨ
(4) [10] ɢ ɜ ɨɩɵɬɚɯ J.Berlan’a et.al.(5) [11]. ɂɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɯɨɞɨɜ NO3 (6) ɢ
NO2 (7) ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨ ɫ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɇ2Ɉ2 ɂ.Ƚ.ɉɨɥɨɰɤɢɦ.
Ɋɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɟ: [M/ɦɢɧ] ɯ108.
Ɉɫɶ ɏ - ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɜ ɧɚɫɵɳɚɸɳɢɯ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɚɯ [ɚɬɦ.].
ɑɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɩɟɪɚ ɞɥɹ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɬɨ ɨɧ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧ ɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɚ ɞɟɝɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɞɵ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɟ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ
ɧɚɫɵɳɚɸɳɧɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɨɜ ɜɨɞɵ Ɋmin (ɩɪɢ 200) = 0,024 ɚɬɦ. (§ 17 ɦɦ.ɪɬ.
ɫɬ.). Ɋɟɩɟɪ - ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɇ2Ɉ2 ɜ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ. ȼ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ: f=1.2 ɤȽɰ; 5.6 ɤȽɰ; 15 ɤȽɰ ɢ
I=0.12 ȼɬ/ɫɦ2; I=0.12 ȼɬ/ɫɦ2 ɢɥɢ I=0.01ȼɬ/ɫɦ2; I=0.001ȼɬ/ɫɦ2; ɷɬɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɡ ɤɚɜɢɬɚɰɢɢ [1, 4(2)], ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɤɚɜɢɬɚɰɢɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɱɚɫɬɨɬ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ f=394÷ 1000 ɤȽɰ ɢ ɫ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ I=3 ÷ 5 ȼɬ/ɫɦ2
[12-24]. ɋɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɤ f=100 ɤȽɰ ɢ I=1ȼɬ/ɫɦ2 ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 2:
<Ĕɱɢɫɬ.ɜɨɞɵ(ɇ2Ɉ2)> = (1.48±0.5) ɯ 10 - 8 [M/ɦɢɧ].
Ⱦɥɹ ɪɟɩɟɪɚ ɜɨɞɵ, ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ ɩɪɢ 1ɚɬɦ., - ɷɬɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵ, - ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ
[1,10,11,15,20,22,25,26] ɢ <Ĕ ɜɨɡɞ (ɇ2Ɉ2)>ϮϬˁ = (13±4.5) ɯ 10 -8 [M/ɦɢɧ].
Ⱦɥɹ ɜɨɞɵ, ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɪɝɨɧɨɦ ɩɪɢ 1 ɚɬɦ. ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɫ: f = 200÷1000 ɤȽɰ ɢ , I = 0.12÷6 ȼɬ/ɫɦ2 [4(2),9,1619,21,22], ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɯɨɞɨɜ ɇ2Ɉ2 ɪɚɜɧɨ
<ĔAr(ɇ2Ɉ2)> = (15.8±4.5)ɯ10- 8 [M/ɦɢɧ].
Ʉɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɇ2Ɉ2 ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵ (ɪɢɫ. 2). ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ
10
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɩɨɞɨɛɢɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɚ.
ɉɪɢ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɦɢ ɝɚɡɚɦɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ
ɫɯɟɦɟ ʋ1, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ: ɨɧɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɚɦɢ
ɢɡ ɜɨɞɵ, ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɇ2Ɉ2 ɩɪɢ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɟ ɤɪɨɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ (ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɱɢɯ ɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ) ɱɢɫɥɚ ɚɤɬɨɜ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ
ɜɨɞɵ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɞɵ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨ ɟɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ Ɇɏ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ.
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 2 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ Ar (ɩɪɢ 1 ɚɬɦ.) ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɵɯɨɞ
ɇ2Ɉ2 ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ. Ƚɚɡɵ Kr ɢ Xe ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɇ2Ɉ2 ɩɪɢ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɟ. ɋɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ
ɷɬɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɡɚɬɭɯɚɧɢɟ ɡɜɭɤɚ, ɢ ɩɪ., ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦ ɪɢɫ. 1. ɇɨ, ɤ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɛ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹɯ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɧɟ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɨ. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɞɥɹ Ar, Kr ɢ ɏɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪ § •1 ɚɬɦ. ɋɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ, ɤɚɤ ɚɬɨɦɧɵɟ ɜɟɫɚ Ar, Kr, Xe, ɧɚɫɵɳɚɸɳɢɯ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ (ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ Ȼɭɧɡɟɧɚ), ɫ ɜɵɯɨɞɚɦɢ ɇ2Ɉ2 ɩɪɢ
ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɭɞɢɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɞɨɛɢɟ: ɩɪɢ
ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ:
Ar, Kr, ɏɟ
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɚɪɝɨɧɚ
Ⱥɬɨɦɧɵɟ ɜɟɫɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ: 40
83
131:
1/ 2.1/ 4.3
ɇɚɫɵɳɚɸɳɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ: 33.6, 59.4, 108.1 (ɦɥ/ɥ)
1/ 1.8/ 3.2
ȼɵɯɨɞɵ ɇ2Ɉ2 ɩɪɢ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɟ: 15.8, 30.5, 65 (108 ( Ɇ/ɦɢɧ)) 1/ 1.9/ 4.1.
ɉɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɧɨɥɸɦɢɧɟɫɰɟɧɰɢɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɩɪɚɜɤɢ ɩɨɦɟɫɬɢɦ ɫɸɞɚ ɠɟ ɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɱɢɫɟɥ (Z) ɞɥɹ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɣ ɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ (S):
ɞɚ ɟɳɟ ɢ ɇ2, O2, N2, He, Ar, Kr, ɏɟ
Z
? ~4.5, 4, 12, 6,
6,
6
S (ɷȼ)
? 24.6, 15.8, 14, 12.1, ?
?
ɗɬɢ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɸɬ ɨɬɱɚɫɬɢ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ,
ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɣ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ, ɜɵɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɢɡ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɨɞɵ ɭ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ. Ʉɚɤ
ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɝɢɞɪɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɚɬɨɦ ɢɧ.ɝɚɡɚ ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɞɨ 20 ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɨɞɵ, ɢ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ ɮɢɝɭɪɭ ɫ 12
ɝɪɚɧɹɦɢ, ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɚ (ɥɶɞɨɩɨɞɨɛɧɚ -«ɚɣɫɛɟɪɝ» [8(4)]).
Ɍɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɯɨɞɵ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɚ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɢ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɦɢ ɝɚɡɚɦɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɚɬɨɦɧɵɦ ɜɟɫɚɦɢ ɢ ɱɢɫɥɚɦ Ȼɭɧɡɟɧɚ (ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ), ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ
ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵ (!), ɟɫɥɢ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɢ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪ ɝɚɡɨɜ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ Ȼɭɧɡɟɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɞɥɹ
Ar (1.5ɯ10-3 Ɇ), Kr (2.65ɯ10-3 Ɇ), ɏɟ (4.83ɯ10-3 Ɇ). ȼ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɇɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɝɟɥɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɦɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ 0.38 ɯ10-3 Ɇ, ɬ.ɟ. ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɜ 4 ɪɚɡɚ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ (ɬɨɱɧɟɟ ɜ
3.95 ɪɚɡ), ɱɟɦ ɭ Ar. Ɍ.ɨ., ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɩɨɲɚɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɭɞɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɵɳɚɸɳɟɣ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ, ɟɫɥɢ ɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɩɭɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɲɚɝ,
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɫ Ne (ɨ ɟɝɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɯ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɬ). ȼ
ɩɟɪɟɫɱɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ: ɞɥɹ Ar: n = 4.7 x1019 ɚɬɨɦɨɜ/ɥɢɬɪ; ɞɥɹ
Kr: n = 3.9 ɯ 1019 ɚɬɨɦɨɜ/ɥ; ɞɥɹ Xe: n = 4.4 ɯ 1019 ɚɬɨɦɨɜ/ɥ, ɢ ɥɢɲɶ ɞɥɹ ɇɟ:
n = 11.4 ɯ 1019 ɚɬɨɦɨɜ/ɥ. ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ Ar, Kr ɢ ɏɟ, ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɨ ɧɚɫɵɳɚɸɳɢɯ ɞɨ Ȼɭɧɡɟɧɚ ɜɨɞɭ, ɪɚɜɧɚ <n> = (4.3±0.3) ɯ1019 ɚɬɨɦɨɜ/ɥ.
ɉɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɢ ɝɨɦɨɝɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɬ.ɟ. ɟɫɥɢ ɚɬɨɦɵ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜɟɪɲɢɧɵ ɤɭɛɨɜ, ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɪɟɛɟɪ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɭɛɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɹɱɟɟɤ § 290 Å (ɚɬɨɦɵ ɇɟ ɩɪɢ ɬɨɦ ɠɟ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɥɨɬɧɨ, ɢ ɞɥɹ He ɪɟɛɪɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɤɭɛɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɚɬɨɦɚɦɢ § 250 Å. ȼ ɤɭɛɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɫ ɪɟɛɪɨɦ § 290 Å ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɫɹ § 2.3ɯ109 ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɦ, ɪɚɜɧɵɣ ~ 10 (Å)3.
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɩɵɬɨɜ (ɪɢɫ. 2) ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ, ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤ: ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ (ɚ, ɫɬɚɥɨ ɛɵɬɶ, ɢ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ) ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ 3÷5 ɪɚɡ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹɦ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɚɬɨɦɚɦɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɜ 2 ɪɚɡɚ.
Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɧɟɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ – ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ - ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ ɬɨɝɨ , ɱɬɨ
ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɚ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɟɧ ɥɢɲɶ ɫɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹɦ (ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɚɦ) ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ
ɜɨɞɵ, ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ Ɇɏ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɟɫɥɢ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɵ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɪɨɝ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɨɞɵ (ɚ, ɫɬɚɥɨ ɛɵɬɶ, ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɨɜ).
ɂɡ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɟɦɵɟ ɜ
ɜɨɞɟ ɝɚɡɵ - ɜ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɝɚɡɵ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɚɡɨɬ ɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ - ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɵ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɚ: ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ Ɉ2, ɢ N2 ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ, ɚ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ
ɩɪɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ • 4 ɚɬɦ. ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚ ɧɟɬ:
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɇ2Ɉ2, ɢ, ɤɫɬɚɬɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ NO 2 ɢ NO3 (ɉɨɥɨɰɤɢɣ ɂ.Ƚ. Ɋɢɫ. 2). Ⱦɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ Ɉ2 ɢɥɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ N2 ɩɪɢ ɢɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɯ, ɛ’ɨɥɶɲɢɯ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɤ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɧɟɬ. ɋɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɜ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɚɡɨɬɚ
ɢɥɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ (ɩɪɢ Ɋ > 1ɚɬɦ.) ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɛɵ ɢ ɷɤɫɬɪɟɦɭɦɵ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɇ2Ɉ2, ɢ ɫɩɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ. Ɉɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ
ɷɤɫɬɪɟɦɭɦ, ɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɨ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɇ2Ɉ2 ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɯ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɫ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɫɵɳɚɸɳɟɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ Ɋɚɬɦ § 6 ɚɬɦ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ.2).
ɉɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ ɠɟ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɨɞɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɝɚɡɨɜ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ.
11
12
1) ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɚɡɨɬɨɦ ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ 1
ɚɬɦ. ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ (ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɜ 1.3 ɪɚɡɚ) ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ
ɇ2Ɉ2. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɢɤɚɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɫ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɚɦɢ .ɇ ɢ
.Ɉɇ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ. Ⱥɡɨɬ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɟɛɹ ɤɚɤ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɣ ɝɚɡ.
Ɍɨ ɠɟ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɣ ɪɨɥɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ: ɧɨ ɟɝɨ ɪɨɥɶ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶ ɦɚɥɚ,
ɱɬɨ ɧɟɭɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɯ ɭɠɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ
ɩɨɤɚ, ɤ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɧɟɬ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɨɛ ɨɩɵɬɚɯ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ ɩɪɢ
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ > 1 ɚɬɦ.
2) ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ (ɢ Ɉ2, ɢ N2!) ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫ .ɇ-ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɚɦɢ.
2ɚ) ɉɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ. ɋɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ, ɢ ɨɧɢ ɪɚɡɪɨɡɧɟɧɧɵ ɢ, ɡɚɱɚɫɬɭɸ,
ɥɢɲɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸ [6] ɞɥɹ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ
ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ 0÷6.51 ɦɥ/ɥ - ɩɚɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ Ɉ2 ɩɪɢ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ Ɉ2aq ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɇ2Ɉ2, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ § 0.2Į , ɬ.ɟ. ɬɟɯ ɠɟ
§ 6.51 ɦɥ/ɥ, ɢ ɞɚɥɟɟ – ɞɥɹ 6.51÷32 ɦɥ/ɥ - ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɇ2Ɉ2 ɧɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ [27].
Ⱦɟɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ Ɉ2aq ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɢɡ ɨɩɵɬɨɜ A.ɇenglein’ɚ
[18], ɝɞɟ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɥ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ, ɧɚɫɵɳɚɟɦɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɹɦɢ Ɉ2 ɥɢɛɨ ɫ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɦɢ ɝɚɡɚɦɢ ɇɟ, Ar ɢɥɢ Kr, ɥɢɛɨ N2. ȼɫɟ ɷɬɢ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɜ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɨɞɭ
ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɚɯ ɜɫɹɤɢɣ ɪɚɡ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ 1 ɚɬɦ. ɋɨɫɬɚɜɵ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɥɢɫɶ
ɲɚɝɚɦɢ: ɞɨɥɹ Ɉ2 ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɥɚɫɶ, ɞɨɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ,
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɥɚɫɶ. ɍɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɢ Ɉ2 ɜɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɥɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ
ɇ2Ɉ2. ɇɨ ɜɫɹɤɢɣ ɪɚɡ ɩɪɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɞɨɥɢ Ɉ2 ɜ ɫɦɟɫɢ § 22÷ 25 % ɨɛɴɟɦɧ.
ɜ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɯ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɇ2Ɉ2 ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɥɚ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ. ȼ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɇɟ, Ar ɢɥɢ Kr ɷɬɚ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ Ɉ2aq § 6/51 ɦɥ/ɥ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɥɢ ɷɤɫɬɪɟɦɭɦɚ, ɢ ɩɪɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɞɨɥɢ Ɉ2aq ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɇ2Ɉ2 ɧɚɱɢɧɚɥɚ ɫɩɚɞɚɬɶ.
ȼ ɫɦɟɫɹɯ ɠɟ ɫ N2 ɩɪɢ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɞɨɥɟ Ɉ2§ 22÷ 25 % ɨɛɴɟɦɧ. ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɇ2Ɉ2 ɩɪɟɬɟɪɩɟɜɚɥɚ ɢɡɥɨɦ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ – ɩɪɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɞɨɥɢ Ɉ2 - ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɥɚ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɬɶ, ɧɨ
ɜɞɜɨɟ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɟɣ, ɱɟɦ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɞɨɥɹ Ɉ2 ɛɵɥɚ < 22÷ 25 % ɨɛɴɟɦɧ.
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɨɩɵɬɨɜ Ⱥ.Henglein’ɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ.3.
Ⱥ.Henglein, ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɭɹ ɫɜɨɢ ɨɩɵɬɵ ɢ ɫ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɦ ɝɚɡɚɦɢ, ɢ ɫ N2, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɥ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɤɫɬɪɟɦɭɦɨɜ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɫ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɦɢ ɝɚɡɚɦɢ, ɢ
ɞɥɹ ɢɡɥɨɦɚ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɚɡɨɬɚ «ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ
ɩɪɢ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɟ .ɇ-ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɵ ɜɫɺ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ «ɩɟɪɟɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ»
(“abgefangen”) ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ… ɢ ɩɪɢ n(Ɉ2)• 25 % ɨɛɴɟɦɧ. ɷɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɧɵɦ». Ɍ.ɟ., ɩɪɢ n(Ɉ2) § 22÷25 % ɨɛɴɟɦɧ. Ɉ2 ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɡɚɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɟ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɵ .ɇ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɩɟɪɨɤɫɢ
ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥ: Ɉ2+.ɇÆ HO2.
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɦɢ ɝɚɡɚɦɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ
Ɉ2 ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɸ .ɇ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɨɜ (ɫɯɟɦɚ 2) ɧɚ ɮɨɧɟ
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ (ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɚ).
Ɍɨ ɠɟ ɫɚɦɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɧɚɫɵɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ
ɥɢɲɶ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ. Ƚɪɚɮɢɤ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɇ2Ɉ2 ɞɥɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫ
ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ.3. Ɉɧ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚɦɢ
ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɥɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɡ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ
(ɷɬɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɵɲɟ), ɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɨɦ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɚ ɜ ɨɩɵɬɚɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɥɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɡ ɚɡɨɬɚ (ɷɬɨɬ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɢɠɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ). Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨ,
ɱɬɨ, ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɜ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɫ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ § (0.22÷0.24)
ɨɬ 1ɚɬɦ., ɩɪɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ 1 ɚɬɦ.
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɇ2Ɉ2 ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ ɫɨ
ɫɦɟɫɹɦɢ Ɉ2 + ɢɧ. ɝɚɡɵ ɢ ɞɥɹ Ɉ2 ɜɵɝɥɹɞɢɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ (ɫɯɟɦɚ 2):
13
14
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ɇ2Ɉ ĺ .H +
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ɇ2Ɉ ĺ Ļ .H +
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Ɉ2aq Æ .ɇɈ2+H2Ɉ2... + … ɇ2Ɉ2 Æ2 ɇ2Ɉ2 Æ 2ɇ2Ɉ + Ɉ2aq
Ĺ_____________________________________________Ļ.
Ʉɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɡ ɫɯɟɦɵ, .Ɉɇ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɇ2Ɉ2Å.OH+.OH.
Ɍ.ɟ., ɟɫɥɢ ɞɨɥɹ Ɉ2 ɜ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɫ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɦɢ ɝɚɡɚɦɢ (Henglein ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɜ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɢ ɫ N2, ɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ) n(Ɉ2) > 22 % ɨɛɴɟɦɧ.,
ɬɨ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ H2O2. Ɍɚɤ ɠɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜɨɞɚ ɫ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɦɢ ɝɚɡɚɦɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ Ɉ2. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɛɥɢɡɤɚ ɤ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ Ɉ2 ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɇɟ + Ɉ2 (ɪɢɫ. 3). ɇɨ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɥɚɛɨɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɷɤɫɬɪɟɦɭɦ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɬɪɟɦɭɦɨɜ ɜ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɯ ɫ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɦɢ ɝɚɡɚɦɢ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨɟ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɢ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɇ2Ɉ2. ȿɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɇ2Ɉ2 ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢ ɡɚɦɟɧɵ ɢɯ Ɉ2 ɫɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɇ2Ɉ2, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ Ɉ2, ɬ.ɟ. ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫɯɟɦɟ ʋ 2.
Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ, ɧɚɣɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɨɩɵɬɚɯ A.ɇenglein’ɚ
ɩɪɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ Ɉ2aq § 6.5 ɦɥ/ɥ (ɱɬɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɨ ɞɨɥɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ Ɉ2§ 21%),
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɦɨɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ n(Ɉ2aq ) § 0.3 ɯ10-3 Ɇ, ɬ.ɟ. ɨɤɨɥɨ
2ɯ1019 ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ/ɥ. Ɍ.ɟ. ɩɪɢ ɬɟɯ ɠɟ ɭɠɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɨ ɝɨɦɨɝɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ Ɉ2 ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɤɭɛɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ
ɪɟɛɪɨ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɤɭɛɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɞɥɢɧɭ § 170 Å. ɂ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɦɟɠɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɦɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ (ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɭɟɬ) ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɡɚɯɜɚɬ .ɇ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɨɜ.
2ɛ) A.ɇenglein ɫɞɟɥɚɥ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɦɧɨɝɨɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɩɵɬɨɜ,
ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɥ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ Ɉ2 + N2. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ ɚɡɨɬ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɫ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ
ɜɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɭɬɢɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɢɯ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɚɡɨɬɚ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 2). ɏɨɞ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ
ɞɨ ɨɩɵɬɨɜ A.ɇenglein’a ɧɟ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɥɫɹ, ɢ ɫɚɦ A.ɇenglein ɧɟ ɞɟɥɚɥ
ɩɨɩɵɬɨɤ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɯɨɞ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ N2: ɨɧ ɥɢɲɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɇ2Ɉ2. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɚɹ
A.ɇenglein’ɨɦ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɨɥɟɣ
ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ Ɉ2 ɢ N2 ɫɬɨɥɶ ɩɥɨɞɨɬɜɨɪɧɚ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ
ɯɨɞ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɭɬɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɚɡɨɬɚ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɛɥɢɡɤɚ ɩɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɭ, ɯɨɞ ɩɨɫɬɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɬɚɤɨɜ: ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɪɚɧɟɟ, ɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ .ɇ-ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɩɟɪɨɤɫɢ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥ:
Ɉ2+.ɇÆ.HO2, ɧɨ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɨɤɫɢ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥ, ɤɚɤ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟɧ ɩɟɪɟɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɚɡɨɬɨɦ (!) [28]: N2 ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɟɪɨɤɫɢ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɨɦ:
.ɇɈ2+N2ÆNO+HNO. Ⱦɥɹ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɷɬɨ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɭɬɶ ɜɦɟɲɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɡɟɦɧɵɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ. Ɇɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɚɡɨɬ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɟɧ, ɨɧ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɪɨɱɟɧ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ (ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɢ NŁN 9.4 ɷȼ), ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɟɝɨ ɭɬɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɚ ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɢɡɥɨɦɚ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɇ2Ɉ2 ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɧɟɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɭɸ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɚɡɨɬɚ (ɫɯɟɦɚ 3). ɋɯɟɦɚ 3 (ɤɚɤ, ɜɩɪɨɱɟɦ, ɢ ɫɯɟɦɚ 2) ɜ ɞɟɬɚɥɹɯ
ɩɪɚɜɨɦɟɪɧɚ ɥɢɲɶ ɩɪɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ Ɉ2 n(Ɉ2) § 20 ÷ 23
ɨɛɴɟɦɧ. %. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ Ɉ2 ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ n(Ɉ2) < § 20 ɨɛɴɟɦɧ. %,
ɱɚɫɬɶ .ɇ-ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɨɜ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɬɜɥɟɱɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɪɟɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ, ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
ɠɟ, ɟɫɥɢ Ɉ2 n(Ɉ2) > 23 ɨɛɴɟɦɧ. %, ɚɡɨɬ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɝɪɵɜɚɬɶ
ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɭ ɜ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɟ ɩɟɪɨɤɫɢ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɨɜ, ɢ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɸ ɫɯɟɦ 2 ɢ 3:
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Ɉ2 Æ
.ɇɈ2+N2ÆHNO+NO [28].
ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɇ2Ɉ2 ɜ ɱɢɫɬɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ [29 ɜ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɜ Ⱥɤ.ɠ]. ɋɯɟɦɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɇ2Ɉ2
ɩɪɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ (ɞɨɥɹ N2 ɜ ɫɦɟɫɢ, ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ). Ɍ.ɟ. ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɇ2Ɉ2 ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ
ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɬɶ, ɧɨ ɬɟɦɩ ɟɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɞɜɨɟ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɩɭɬɶ ɭɬɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɨɩɵɬɨɜ Ⱥ.Henglein’ɚ (ɪɢɫ. 3)
10.0
1.0
0.1
0
40
80
Ɋɢɫ. 3
Ɉɫɶ Y: ȼɵɯɨɞɵ n(H2O2) [M/15 ɦɢɧ]x10 4 ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɟ ɫ f=500 ɤȽɰ,
I= 5 ȼɬ/ɫɦ2, 200, Ɋ=1 ɚɬɦ. ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɚɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ ɧɚɫɵɳɚɸɳɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ. ɋɨɫɬɚɜ
ɢɡɦɟɧɹɥɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɹɦɢ: Kr (ź) ɨɬ100% ɞɨ 0%, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ Ɉ2
ɨɬ 0% ɞɨ100% ɨɛɴɟɦɧ.; ɬɨ ɠɟ Ar (ż), ɬɨ ɠɟ ɇɟ (Ƒ),, ɬɨ ɠɟ N2(Ÿ). ȼɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɟɪɬɚ - 21% ɨɛɴɟɦɧ. ɞɥɹ Ɉ2. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɢ ɨɩɵɬɨɜ
Ⱥ.Henglein’ɚ ɜɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ: ɬɨɥɶɤɨ Ɉ2 (Ɓ) ɨɬ 0%Æ1 ɚɬɦ., ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ N2 (N)
ɨɬ 0 %Æ1ɚɬɦ. ɢ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɇ2Ɉ2 ɜ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ (ɩɭɧɤɬɢɪ).
Ɉɫɶ ɏ : Ɉɛɴɟɦɧɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ Ɉ2 ɜ ɨɩɵɬɚɯ ɫ ɧɚɫɵɳɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɦɢ
ɫɦɟɫɹɦɢ.
ɋɯɟɦɚ 3 ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɨɤɫɢ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɇ2Ɉ2 ɜɞɜɨɟ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ A.Henglein’a ɛɵɥɢ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɵ ɜ ɨɩɵɬɚɯ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɚ Ɇ.Ⱥ. Ɇɚɪɝɭɥɢɫɚ ɢ ɘ.Ɍ.Ⱦɢɞɟɧɤɨ [20]. Ɇɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɷɬɢ ɨɩɵɬɵ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɸɬ ɨɩɵɬɵ
A.Henglein’a ɫ ɬɨɣ ɪɚɡɧɢɰɟɣ, ɱɬɨ Ɇ.Ⱥ.Ɇɚɪɝɭɥɢɫ ɢ ɘ.Ɍ.Ⱦɢɞɟɧɤɨ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɇ2Ɉ2 ɢɡɦɟɪɹɥɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɵ ɇ2 ɢ ɚɡɨɬɢɫɬɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ. ɉɨɲɚɝɨɜɨɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨɣ ɞɨɥɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ Ɉ2 ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɩɵɬɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ n(Ɉ2) = 0÷22 ɨɛɴɟɦɧ.
%. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɧɢ ɪɟɲɢɥɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɤɢ-
15
16
ɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɫɦɟɫɢ Ɉ2+N2, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨɥɧɚɹ ɭɬɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ .ɇ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɟ. ɉɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ
ɜɨɞɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɟɫɥɢ .ɇ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɵ ɪɟɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɭɸɬ ɞɨ ɇ2 ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɠɟ,
ɬɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɨɧɢ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ. ȼɨɞɨɪɨɞ ɇ2 ɞɢɮɮɭɧɞɢɪɭɟɬ ɢɡ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɭɸ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ, ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬɬɭɞɚ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɜ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɣ ɯɪɨɦɚɬɨɝɪɚɮ. ɉɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɢɡ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ, ɥɢɲɶ ɟɫɥɢ .ɇ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɵ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɭɬɢɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɯ ɫ Ɉ2. ȿɫɥɢ ɠɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɭɬɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ .ɇ-ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɨɜ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ (ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ Ɉ2), ɬɨ ɧɟɜɨɫɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ .ɇ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɨɜ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɪɟɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ: .ɇ+.ɈɇÆɇ2Ɉ.
ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɇ2 ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɳɟɦɫɹ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ Ɉ2aq ɫɯɨɞɢɬ
ɧɚ ɧɟɬ ɚɫɢɦɩɬɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ
ɭɬɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ .ɇ-ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɨɜ, ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɦɚɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɯɪɨɦɚɬɨɝɪɚɮɚ,
ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɚ. ɗɬɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɯɪɨɦɚɬɨɝɪɚɮɚ, ɢ ɫɚɦɢɦ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɦɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɇ2. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɩɵɬɚɯ Ɇ.Ⱥ.Ɇɚɪɝɭɥɢɫ ɢ ɘ.Ɍ.Ⱦɢɞɟɧɤɨ [22] ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɥɧɚɹ
ɭɬɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɇ.ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɟ ɜɨɞɵ, ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɨɣ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɢɡ ɫɦɟɫɢ Ɉ2 ɢ N2 ɜ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ Ɂɟɦɥɢ. ɗɬɢɦɢ ɠɟ ɨɩɵɬɚɦɢ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɚ ɢ
ɫɯɟɦɚ ʋ 3.
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ Ɇ.Ⱥ.Ɇɚɪɝɭɥɢɫɚ, ɘ.Ɍ.Ⱦɢɞɟɧɤɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ.4. ȼ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ (ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɡ ɚɡɨɬɚ) ɚɡɨɬ ɧɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɜ ɩɨɫɬɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɯ, ɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ
ɇ2 ɢ ɇ2Ɉ2 ɜ ɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɦɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ. ɉɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ Ɉ2aq
ɜɟɬɜɢ H2Ɉ2 ɢ ɇ2 ɪɚɫɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ: ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɇ2Ɉ2 ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɤɚɤ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɇ2 ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɩɵɬɚɯ Ɇ.Ⱥ.Ɇɚɪɝɭɥɢɫ ɢ
ɘ.Ɍ.Ⱦɢɞɟɧɤɨ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ, ɞɨɜɟɞɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɞɨ = 22
% ɨɛɴɟɦɧ., ɤɨɝɞɚ ɢɦ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɹɫɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɭɬɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ
ɜɨɞɟ ɇ2 ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ȼɩɪɨɱɟɦ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɢ ɷɬɢ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɩɵɬɨɜ A.Henglein’a, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɢ ɢ ɞɥɹ
ɇ2Ɉ2, ɢ ɞɥɹ HNO2 ɞɚɥɟɟ - ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɞɨɥɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɣ Ɉ2aq.
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ.4, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɪɚɧɟɟ, ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɤɪɭɠɤɚɦɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ «ɪɟɩɟɪɵ» ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɜɵɯɨɞɨɜ ɇ2Ɉ2 ɩɪɢ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɟ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɫ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɪɢɫ. 4, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɢɫ.3, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ
Ɇ.Ⱥ.Ɇɚɪɝɭɥɢɫɚ ɢ ɘ.Ɍ.Ⱦɢɞɟɧɤɨ (ɬ.ɟ. ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɤ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦ f =
100 ɤȽɰ ɢ I = 1 ȼɬ/ɫɦ2 ɧɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɥɨɫɶ: ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ, «ɪɟɩɟɪɵ» ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɤ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɚ ɜ ɨɩɵɬɚɯ Ɇ.Ⱥ.Ɇɚɪɝɭɥɢɫɚ ɢ ɘ.Ɍ.Ⱦɢɞɟɧɤɨ).
17
10.0
ɇ2Ɉ2
ɇNO2
1.0
H2
0.1
0.0
0
5
10
15
20
25
Ɉɫɶ Y ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɨɜ ɇ2 , ɇ2Ɉ2, HNO2 ɩɪɢ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ, ɧɚɫɵɳɚɟɦɨɣ ɝɚɡɚɦɢ Ɉ2+N2 ɜ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɤɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɞɨɥɹɯ. Ɋ = 1ɚɬɦ.
Ɋɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ Ɉɫɢ Y - lg n(ɢɥɢ H2O2, ɢɥɢ ɇ2, ɢɥɢ HNO2) [M/ɦɢɧ] x 10 6.
Ɉɫɶ ɏ - ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ Ɉ2 [% ɨɛɴɟɦɧ.]
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɨɩɵɬɨɜ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɟɣ ɜɵɯɨɞɨɜ ɇ2Ɉ2
1) ɜ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ, 2) ɜ ɜɨɞɟ, ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɣ Ɉ2, 3) ɜ ɜɨɞɟ, ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ (ɪɢɫ. 5).
ɗɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɥɢɲɧɢɣ ɪɚɡ ɭɛɟɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɟɦɵɯ ɜɵɲɟ ɫɯɟɦ ɩɨɫɬɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɜ
ɜɨɞɟ. ɇɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɠɟ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 5 ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɵ ɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɨɩɵɬɨɜ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɜɵɯɨɞɨɜ ɇ2Ɉ2 ɜ ɬɚɥɵɯ ɜɨɞɚɯ.
ɉɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɇ2Ɉ2 ɜ ɬɚɥɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɚɹɧɢɹ ɥɶɞɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɥɨɫɶ ɧɚɦɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ (ɜɫɟɝɨ 32 ɨɩɵɬɚ) [2(2)]. ȼ ɨɩɵɬɚɯ ɪɚɜɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɩɪɨɛɵ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ
ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɜɨɞɵ, ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɫɶ ɜ ɝɟɪɦɟɬɢɱɧɨ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɤɸɜɟɬɚɯ, ɡɚɦɨɪɚɠɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ, ɡɚɬɟɦ, ɨɫɬɚɜɚɹɫɶ ɜ ɝɟɪɦɟɬɢɱɧɨ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɤɸɜɟɬɚɯ,
ɥɟɞ ɬɚɹɥ. Ɍɚɹɧɢɟ ɥɶɞɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɥɨ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɤɸɜɟɬɵ ɫɨ ɥɶɞɨɦ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɥɢɫɶ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɧɚ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɧɨɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɜɤɟ,
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ +200 ɋ. ȼɫɟ ɩɪɨɛɵ ɇ2Ɉ2 ɢɡɦɟɪɹɥɢɫɶ ɢɡ ɬɚɥɵɯ ɜɨɞ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ § 200. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɩɵɬɨɜ
ɫɨɝɥɚɫɭɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɚ, ɢ, ɬ.ɨ., ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ ɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɬɟɡɭ ɨ
ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɚ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɭ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɮɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ,
– ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɆɏɊ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ.
18
100000
4
10000
3
1
2
Ɉɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ 1
1000
100
5
6
10
1
0
10
20
30
40
ɪɢɫ. 5
Ɉɫɶ Y – ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɨɜ Ĕ(ɇ2Ɉ2) ɯ 10 10 [Ɇ/ɦɢɧ], ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɤ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɚ: f = 100 ɤȽɰ ɢ I = 1 ȼɬ/ɫɦ2
ż – ɱɢɫɬɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ; ¸ - ɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɞ 1 ɚɬɦ. ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ; Ƒ - ɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɞ 1 ɚɬɦ. Ɉ2;
Ɓ - ɱɢɫɬɚɹ ɬɚɥɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ; * - ɬɚɥɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɢɡ ɜɨɞɵ, ɡɚɦɨɪɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ;
Ʌɢɧɢɢ ɚɩɩɪɨɤɫɢɦɚɰɢɣ: 1) – ɱɢɫɬɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ, 2) ɜɨɞɚ ɫ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ, 3) ɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɞ Ɉ2,
4) ɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɞ ɚɪɝɨɧɨɦ;
5,6) (+ ɢ ɯ) - ɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɇ2Ɉ ɯ 10 14 [46], ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ (ɫɦ. Ɉɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ).
Ɉɫɶ ɏ – ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɞɵ – ɝɪɚɞ. ɐ.
ɇɚɣɞɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɞɜɚ ɪɚɡɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɇ2Ɉ2 ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɫ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɣ, ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ (ɚɩɩɪɨɤɫɢɦɚɰɢɢ 2 ɢ 3),
ɤɚɤ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ, ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɞɥɹ
ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ 200÷300 ɋ, ɝɞɟ ɷɬɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɫɢɦɛɚɬɧɵ. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ
ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɲɢɪɟ, ɧɨ
ɨɩɵɬɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɫɟɣ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɩɨɤɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɫɢɦɛɚɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ Ȼɭɧɡɟɧɚ ɢ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ .ɇ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɚ ɫ Ɉ2. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɞɪɟɣɮ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ Ȼɭɧɡɟɧɚ ɞɥɹ N2 ɢ Ɉ2 ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ 200÷300 ɋ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ § ɜ 2 ɪɚɡɚ, ɚ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɜ ɷɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ § ɜ 2
ɪɚɡɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ 00 ɋ÷ 400 ɋ.
19
ɉɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɠɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɫ Ar (4) ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɟɟ
ɫɢɦɛɚɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɞɥɹ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ (1), ɱɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɫɟɦ
ɜɵɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦ.
ȼɵɲɟ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ Ɇɏ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɦ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ
ɜɨɞɵ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɇ2ɈÆ.ɇ+.Ɉɇ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ
ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɭ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɩɨɪɰɢɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɦɨ ɦɚɥɵɟ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɣ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɩɨ ɮɚɤɬɭ ɤ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ
ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɤ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɚɡɨɬɚ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɩɪɢ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɟ) ɩɨɪɨɞɢɥɨ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ-ɬɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɩɟɥɭɸ, ɧɨ - ɡɚ ɧɟɢɦɟɧɢɟɦ ɥɭɱɲɟɝɨ - ɫɬɚɜɲɭɸ ɨɛɳɟɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɣ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɭ (əɤɨɜ ɂɥɶɢɱ Ɏɪɟɧɤɟɥɶ ~ ɜ 1925-1927 ɝ.ɝ.) ɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɚ ɤɚɜɢɬɚɰɢɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɟɣ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ, ɤɚɤ ɧɟɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɥɨɫɶ, ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ
ɪɚɡɨɝɪɟɜ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɤɚɜɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɚɯ ɜ ɮɚɡɟ ɢɯ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ.
ɗɬɚ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɚ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɚ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɚ. ɉɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɬɨɦɭ 1) ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɟɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ – ɟɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɢɱɬɨɠɧɨ
ɦɚɥɵɯ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɜ ɩɨɬɨɤɚɯ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, 2) ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɣ
ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɤɚɜɢɬɚɰɢɢ. ɇɚɲɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɛɵɥɢ, ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɵ ɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɨɜ (ɢɯ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ, ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ, ɨɬɪɵɜ ɨɬ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɥɭɱɚɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɩɪ.) ɩɪɢ ɚɤɭɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɚɜɢɬɚɰɢɢ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɩɨɥɧɚɹ ɧɟɫɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɨ ɪɨɥɢ ɤɚɜɢɬɚɰɢɢ
ɩɪɢ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɤɚɤ ɢ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɟ –
ɫɨɧɨɥɸɦɢɧɟɫɰɟɧɰɢɹ – ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɜɟɱɟɧɢɟ. ɋɨɧɨɥɸɦɢɧɟɫɰɟɧɰɢɹ, ɢ ɷɬɨ
ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɟɫɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɟɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɫɜɟɱɟɧɢɟ – ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɨɫɬɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ. ȼ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ [1], ɱɬɨ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɛɟɡ ɤɚɜɢɬɚɰɢɢ. Ȼɵɥɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɨɜ, ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ «ɤɨɥɥɚɩɫɚɦɢ», «ɫɯɥɨɩɵɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ» ɢ ɩɪ., ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɜ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɚɯ [30]. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɚ, ɧɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɤɚɤ ɬɚɹɧɢɟ ɥɶɞɚ [31].
Ȼɵɥɨ ɜɵɹɫɧɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɤɚɜɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɢ ɝɚɡɚ –
ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɜɵɩɪɹɦɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɜ
ɨɛɴɟɦɵ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɣ, ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ (ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ,
ɤɚɜɟɪɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɢɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚɯ). ȼɵɹɫɧɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɮɨɪɦɚ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɨɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɚɤɭɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ ɭɠɟ ɩɪɢ
ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɥɚɛɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɩɨɥɹ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɚɯ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɲɢɯ ɦɨɞ, ɢɫɤɚɠɚɸɳɢɟ ɢɯ
ɫɮɟɪɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ. ɉɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɨɜ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ «ɛɟɝɚɬɶ» ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɵɟ
ɜɨɥɧɵ, ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ ɜɢɯɪɟɜɵɯ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ
20
ɨɤɨɥɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɨɜ. ɉɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ
ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɚ (ɧɭɥɟɜɚɹ ɦɨɞɚ) ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɠɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɧɵɦɢ. ɗɬɨ
ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɡ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɨɜ. ȼ ɧɢɯ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɡɧɢɰɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɣ, ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɣ ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɵɟ ɚɞɢɚɛɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ, ɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɜɢɯɪɟɣ,
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɨɜ, ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɫ ɢɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɚɦɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɨɜ.
ȼɩɪɨɱɟɦ, ɜɫɟ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɵ ɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɨɝɪɟɜɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɛɨɹ, ɭɞɚɪɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɧ ɢ ɩɪ. ɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɪɨɱɧɵ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɜɫɟ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɧɢɤɚɤ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɬɶ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɨɞɵ,
ɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɚɡɨɬɚ.
ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɬɚɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢ ɦɚɥɵɯ
ɩɨɪɰɢɹɯ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɜɨɡɦɭɳɟɧɢɹ ɟɫɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬ. Ɉɧ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦ ɢ ɩɪɢ
ɮɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹɯ, ɢ ɩɪɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɜɹɡɤɨɝɨ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ (ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ
ɫɬɪɢɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɚɯ ɢ ɞɪ.), ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧ
ɢɡɨɬɨɩɧɵɦɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹɦɢ.
Ɍɨɥɤɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɚ ɫ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɨ ɟɞɢɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɬɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ.
ȼɩɪɨɱɟɦ, ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɲɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɭɸ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɤɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɥɢ, ɢ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɚ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ, ɜ
ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɨɣ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɧɵɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ
ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɚ.
ɗɮɮɟɤɬ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɢɬɪɨɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɫ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɢɡɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ, ɧɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɭɬɢ - ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɚɹ ɭɬɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɚɡɨɬɚ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɚɹ ɡɞɟɫɶ, ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɢ
ɨɝɥɚɲɚɟɬɫɹ, ɩɨ ɫɭɬɢ, ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ.
ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɟ ɜɨɞɵ, ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ, ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɜ ɨɩɵɬɚɯ ɩɪɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɟɣ
ɜɵɯɨɞɨɜ ɇ2Ɉ2 ɩɪɢ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɪɟɯ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɟɦɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ: 1) ɱɢɫɬɚɹ
ɜɨɞɚ, 2) ɜɨɞɚ, ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ Ɉ2, 3) ɜɨɞɚ, ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ ɩɪɢ
ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ. ɑɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ
ɧɢɬɪɨɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɦɵɯ ɦɧɨɝɢɦɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɯ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɚ ɜɨɞɵ, ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ, ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ
ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɩɨɫɬɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɭɠɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ (ɢ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɳɟɦɫɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɡɜɭɤɚ)
ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɰɟɥɨɣ ɝɚɦɦɵ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɚɡɨɬɚ: ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ, ɚɦɢɧɨɜ,
ɤɢɫɥɨɬ. Ʉɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɧɢɬɪɨɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ,
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɯ ɜɨɞɵ ɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɚɡɨɬɚ, ɩɨɤɚ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɵ, ɧɨ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɲɚɝ ɩɪɢ
ɭɬɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ ɫɯɟɦɨɣ 3.
21
Ɂɚɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɷɬɢɯ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɹɯ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɩɵɬ. ɗɬɭ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸ
ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɩɪɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɢɦɢɤɚ ɂ.Ƚ.ɉɨɥɨɰɤɨɝɨ (1947) ɬɚɤɨɜɨ:
«ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɦ ɜɵɜɨɞɨɦ, ɜɵɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɦ ɢɡ … ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɛ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɚ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɬ
ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɢ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ (ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ HNO3, HNO2 ɢ H2O2) ɧɟ
ɩɨɞɱɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɤɢ, ɢ ɜɫɟ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ – ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɨɩɵɬɨɜ» [10].
Ɉɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ 2: ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɟ ɝɚɡɵ
1. Ɉ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɨɜ ɜ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɯ
ɑɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɬɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɚɬɨɦɚɦɢ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ
ɜɨɞɵ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɚɬɨɦɚɦɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ, ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ-ɬɨ, ɧɟɤɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɤ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɨɜ ɜɨɞɵ (ɢ ɤ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜ ɧɢɯ) ɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɧɭɬɶ ɧɚɫ ɜ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ
ɜɨɞɵ ɤɚɤ ɦɢɤɪɨɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ.
Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɚɬɨɦɵ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ, ɢ ɱɬɨ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɦɢ
ɜɨɞɵ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨ. Ʉɚɤ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɚɬɨɦɚɦɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɟɫɥɢ
ɨɧɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɤɭɛɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ, ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ – ɩɨ
ɪɟɛɪɭ ɤɭɛɚ - § 290 Å. ȼ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɤɭɛɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶɫɹ <n1 > §
2.3ɯ109 ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɨɞɵ - ɩɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ
ɨɛɴɟɦ, ɪɚɜɧɵɣ ~ 10 (Å)3.
ȿɫɬɶ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɚɯ ɜɨɞɵ.
ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɦɵ ɨɰɟɧɢɦ ɫɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɚɯ
ɜɨɞɵ <n2 >, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɹ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɨɜ (!) ɜɨɞɵ ɢ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɨɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ [32]. Ɍ.ɟ. <n2> = q(Cɜɨɞɵ /Cɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ). Ɂɞɟɫɶ Cɜɨɞɵ ɢ Cɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ - ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɜɨɞɵ, ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ [M]. Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ q =1 ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ
ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɨɜ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ. Ɍɨɝɞɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɚɪɝɨɧɚ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɋAr § 25 ɯ 10-5 Ɇ, ɚ ɋɜɨɞɵ § 55,56 Ɇ,
<n2> § 2.2 ɯ 10 5 [ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɨɞɵ] (ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ, ɜ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɟ). Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɱɚɫɬɶ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɨɞɵ. Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ, ɱɬɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ q = 1 ɧɟ ɭɦɚɥɹɟɬ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ.
22
ȼɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ!! ɂɞɟɹ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɚɯ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ(!), ɟɫɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɶ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɦ ɫɩɢɪɬɨɜ (ɫɦ.
ɪɢɫ.1). ɋɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɫɨ ɫɩɢɪɬɚɦɢ (ɫɥɚɛɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɵ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜɫɟ ɞɪ., ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ.1) ɧɚɞɨ ɛɵ ɩɨɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɟɟ: ɬɭɬ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɝɥɨɛɭɥ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ.
ɉɨɤɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨɬɤɪɵɬ. ɋɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ: <n1> - ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɧɚ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɬɨ ɧɢ ɛɵɥɨ, ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɢɡɢɪɭɟɬ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɚɯ ɜɨɞɵ. Ɉɬɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɚ
ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɛɥɢɡɤɚ ɤ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɪɨɝɭ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ (ɢɥɢ
ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɨɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ). Ⱦɥɹ ɧɢɯ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɦɢɧɚɥɨɫɶ, ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɟ ɆɏɊ
ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɢɯ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɧɵ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ
§ > 7ɯ104 ɫɭɛɴɟɞɢɧɢɰ - ɚɬɨɦɨɜ.
2. Ɉɛ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɢ
ɉɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɩɟɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ – ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ 2ɇ2Ɉ2Æ 2ɇ2Ɉ+Ɉ2, ɤ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɜ
ɜɨɞɟ «ɧɨɜɨɝɨ» Ɉ2aq (ɷɬɨɬ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ, ɤɫɬɚɬɢ, ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧ: ɨɧ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɫɢɧɝɥɟɬɧɵɦ).
ɗɮɮɟɤɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɇ2Ɉ2 ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɫ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɦɢ ɝɚɡɚɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɟ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɭ ɫ
ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɦɢ ɝɚɡɚɦɢ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɢ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɚɯ.
ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɭɠɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɭɜɟɤɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɦɟɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɜ
ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɧɚ ɚɪɝɨɧ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɜɵɠɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɟɫɥɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ. ȼ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɝɢɩɨɤɫɢɢ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɪɝɨɧɚ ɤɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ Ɉ2 ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ [33, 34].
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 6 ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɨɩɵɬɨɜ ɫ ɤɪɵɫɚɦɢ, ɨɞɧɚ
ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɛɢɬɚɥɚ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɟ, ɝɞɟ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɥɚ ɢɡ ɫɦɟɫɢ Ɉ2+N2, ɚ
ɞɪɭɝɚɹ - ɩɨɞ ɫɦɟɫɶɸ O2 ɢ ɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɞɨɥɟɣ N2+Ar. Ⱦɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɚ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ 1 ɚɬɦ. ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɨɩɵɬɨɜ ɞɨɥɹ Ɉ2 ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɚɯ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɥɚɫɶ, ɚ ɞɨɥɢ N2 ɢɥɢ Ar+N2 ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɢɦɢ ɞɨ 1 ɚɬɦ. [35].
Ɉɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɨɣ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ ɫɦɟɫɶ Ar+N2, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ, ɱɟɦ ɭ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɨɣ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɚɡɨɬ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ
ɬɨɝɨ - ɞɚɠɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɢɡ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ ɫ
Ar+ N2 ɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɮɚɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɢɩɨɤɫɢɢ: ɤɪɵɫɵ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɬ ɠɢɬɶ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨ ɞɨɥɝɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ (> ɫɭɬɨɤ), ɢ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚɦɢ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɲɟ ɩɨɪɨɝɚ ɭɞɭɲɶɹ
(ɱɚɫɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ Ⱥ.ɂ Ⱦɶɹɱɟɧɤɨ).
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6
1
5
2
4
3
0
5
10
15
20
Ɋɢɫ. 6
Ɉɫɶ Y
ɉɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ Ɉ2 [ɦɥ/ɦɢɧ] ɭ ɤɪɵɫ: 2) ɩɪɢ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɢ ɫɦɟɫɶɸ Ɉ2+N2 ɢ 1) ɩɪɢ
ɞɵɯɚɧɢɢ ɫɦɟɫɶɸ Ɉ2+N2+Ar.
Ɉɛɳɟɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ 1 ɚɬɦ., ɞɨɥɹ Ɉ2 ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ.
Ɉɫɶ ɏ
ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ Ɉ2 % ɨɛɴɟɦɧ.
ɗɮɮɟɤɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɚɪɝɨɧɚ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɥ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɨ 90-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ,
ɩɨɤɚ ɧɚɦɢ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ
ɆɏɊ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ, ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɪɝɨɧɨɦ. Ⱦɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɞɨɥɝɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɥɢ ɧɟɤɢɦ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɚɪɝɨɧɚ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɢɦ ɤ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ (?). Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɩɪɢ ɛɚɪɛɨɬɚɰɢɢ (!) ɜɨɞɵ ɚɪɝɨɧɨɦ (ɜɩɪɨɱɟɦ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɝɚɡɚɦɢ, ɢ ɧɟ
ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ) ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ «ɨɠɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ» ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ – ɧɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɛɚɪɛɨɬɚɰɢɸ Ɇɏ
ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ. ɇɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɚɪɝɨɧɚ (ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɯ
ɝɚɡɨɜ) – ɷɬɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ: ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɣ ɚɪɝɨɧ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɷɬɨ ɹɪɤɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɟ ɜɨɞɵ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 7 ɫɨɛɪɚɧɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɫ ɚɪɝɨɧɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɟ.
24
100
10
1
0
0
10
20
30
40
Ɋɢɫ. 7
ɈɫɶY. ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ: Wɇ2Ɉ2/WɉɈɌȿɊɖ ( ɯ 104) ɩɪɢ
ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɟ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ (ɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ), ɢ ɜɨɞɵ, ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɣ Ar (ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ) [15]. ȼɵɞɟɥɟɧɵ
ɤɪɚɫɧɵɦ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɟ ɛɟɡ ɤɚɜɢɬɚɰɢɢ.
Ɂɚɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɚɪɝɨɧɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɫ Ar ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɫɢɦɛɚɬɧɨɣ ɫ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ
ɞɥɹ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ.
Ɉɫɶ ɏ. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɞɵ Ɍ0 ɋ.
Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɟ «ɫɨɤɨɜ» ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɩɨ
ɫɟɬɹɦ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɣ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ,
ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɩɨɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢ ɧɨɜɵɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ. ɗɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɬ ɢ ɛɟɡ ɚɪɝɨɧɚ, ɧɨ ɜ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ. ɉɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ
ɫɪɟɞɟ ɚɪɝɨɧɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɟ «ɫɨɤɨɜ» ɧɨɜɵɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ Ɇɏ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɜɹɡɤɨɝɨ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɚɯ [15, 2(3)] (ɫɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɪɢɫ.10). ɋɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɩɨɬɨɤɢ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ, ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɢ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ: 1) ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɤɨɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɠɟ 2) ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɦɟɫɶɸ Ɉ2+N2+Ar. Ȼɵɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɢɹ:
1) ɗɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɫ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ § 70 ɤɝ ɜ ɩɨɤɨɟ
Wɜɹɡɤɢɯ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ§ 6 ȼɬ ɩɪɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ 1 ɦ/ɫɟɤ. Wɜɹɡɤɢɯ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ§ 10 ȼɬ.
2) Ɉɛɴɟɦ «ɫɨɤɨɜ», ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ (ɤɪɨɜɶ, ɥɢɦɮɚ ɢ ɩɪ.), § 10 ɥ.
3) ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ Ʉ=Wɯɢɦ/Wɜɹɡ.ɩɨɬɟɪɢ= 5ɯ10-3,
ɱɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɸ ɜɨɞɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ (ɩɨ) ɭɡɤɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ
ɪɚɞɢɭɫɚɦɢ r §1 ɦɤɦ.
Ɋɚɧɟɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ Wɯɢɦ = D1RɯNxVɯ¨n(O2), ɝɞɟ D1R- ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ
ɫɜɹɡɢ ɇ-Ɉɇ = 5.2 ɷȼ, N ɢ V – ɱɢɫɥɨ Ⱥɜɨɝɚɞɪɨ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɟɣ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ
25
ɫɨɤɨɜ ɜɨɞɵ.
Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ Ɉ2 ɩɪɢ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ «ɫɨɤɚɯ» ɨɰɟɧɟɧɨ ɤɚɤ +¨n(O2) § 10-8 Ɇ/ɫɟɤ .
ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɣ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɨɤ Ɉ2 ɩɪɢ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ
- Δn(O2) ≈ 4 ɯ 10 - 6 Ɇ/ɫɟɤ, ɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɚ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ
Ɇɏ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ § +(0.3÷0.6)% ɨɬ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɩɪɢ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɢ.
ɉɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɠɟ ɫɦɟɫɢ Ɉ2(20%)+Ar(40%)+N2(40%) ɞɨɛɚɜɤɚ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ
Ɉ2 ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɭɠɟ min +(3÷6)%.
Ɍ.ɨ. ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬ ɫɭɬɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ ɫ ɚɪɝɨɧɨɦ ɢ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɨɩɵɬɨɜ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɚ Ȼ.ɇ. ɢ Ⱦɶɹɱɟɧɤɨ Ⱥ.ɂ.
Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɞɚɥɟɤɚ ɨɬ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ.
ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɟ ɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɚɪɝɨɧɚ (ɢ ɞɪ. ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɯ
ɝɚɡɨɜ) ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɜ ɬɟɪɚɩɟɜɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɥɹɯ, ɬ.ɤ. «ɧɨɜɵɣ» ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɧɨɦ (ɫɢɧɝɥɟɬɧɨɦ) ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ, ɢ
ɷɬɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɹ
ɫɦɟɫɹɦɢ ɫ ɚɪɝɨɧɨɦ [36]. ɇɟɦɚɥɨɜɚɠɧɨ ɢ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɫɨɤɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ «ɭɡɤɨɫɬɢ». Ɍɚɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ, ɜɨɫɩɚɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.
ɇɚɦɢ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɵ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɚɪɝɨɧɚ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɇ2Ɉ2 ɩɪɢ
ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜɨɞɚ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɚ ɫɦɟɫɶɸ Ɉ2+N2+Ar. Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɥɸɛɵɯ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɨɜ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ ɝɚɡɨɜ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 8 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɇ2Ɉ2 ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ
ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ Ɉ2 ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɢ ɪɚɜɧɵɦ 20 %, ɚ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ N2 ɢ Ar ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɟɫɬɧɨ: ɚɡɨɬ ɨɬ 80%Æ 0, ɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɚɪɝɨɧ ɨɬ 0Æ80%. Ɉɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ 360 ɢ 250 ɋ.
Ɉɛɳɟɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ 1 ɚɬɦ. [37].
60
40
20
0
0
20
40
60
80
26
Ɋɢɫ. 8
Ɉɫɶ Y ȼɵɯɨɞ ɇ2Ɉ2: n’(ɇ2Ɉ2) [M/ɦɢɧ ɯ 107] ɩɪɢ f=100 ɤȽɰ ɢ I= 1 ȼɬ/ɫɦ2.
Ɉɫɶ ɏ Ɉɛɴɟɦɧɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ Ar ɜ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ.
Ʉ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɧɟɪɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɭɬ ɩɪɢ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɪɨɹɫɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ ɩɪɢ
ɞɨɥɝɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɢɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɚɦɢ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɫɭɬɨɤ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɤɚɤɢɦ-ɥɢɛɨ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɦ. ɇɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ, ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜɵɲɟ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɢ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɟ
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɫɯɟɦɟ ʋ 3: ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦɩ ɭɬɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɚɡɨɬɚ, ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɪɟɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ. ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ.
ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɠɟ ɨɛɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɠɢɡɧɟɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɛɟɫɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɨɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɜɰɨɜ, ɢ
ɞɥɹ ɤɨɫɦɨɧɚɜɬɨɜ. ɗɬɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɚɯ ɜ ɂɆɎɉ,
ɂɉɎ, ɂȻɎɏ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹɯ [38(1,2)] ɢ ɞɪ.
Ɉɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ 3:
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɤ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ.
ɇɚɲɢ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ [2(2)] ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɵ. Ʉ ɧɢɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɢɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ
ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɟɝɨ «ɤɪɭɝɨɜɨɪɨɬɚ». ɗɬɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ
ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɞɨɥɝɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ [39]. ɇɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɝɢɜɚɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ, ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ
ɫɬɚɬɶɟ, ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ.
Ɋɚɧɟɟ ɦɵ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɥɢ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɩɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ
[1, 2(2),3], ɱɬɨ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ – ɷɬɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɆɏɊ
ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɉɪɢɪɨɞɟ. Ʉɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ 2ɇ2Ɉ2Æ2ɇ2Ɉ+Ɉ2 [2(2)]. Ʉɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɟ ɩɟɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵ. Ɉɧɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɵ, ɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɵ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ
ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɦɢ ɜ ɨɩɵɬɚɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɛ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɚɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɟ. ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɥɢ ɩɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɦ in
vitro ɜɵɯɨɞɚɦ ɇ2Ɉ2 ɧɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɯ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ.
ɍɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɭɬɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɧɚ
ɧɨɜɨɦ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɯɨɞɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɨɞɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɢ ɬɟɯ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɩɭ-
27
ɬɟɦ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɚɜɬɨɪɚɦɢ [40-44] ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢ ɮɨɬɨɥɢɡɟ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɢɯ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɤ ɞɢɫ- Ⱦɢɫɫɢɩɚɬɢɜ- ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜ- Ⱦɢɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɢɫ- ɜɚɧɧɵɯ
ɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ
ɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ
ɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ
(Wɩɨɬɟɪɶ)
[Ⱦɠ/ɝɨɞ]
ɜɨɞɵ Ʉ
ɇ2Ɉ /ɝɨɞ
Ɏɨɬɨɥɢɡ
3ɯ1022
3ɯ10-6
1035
19
-8
Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɟɚɧɚ
3ɯ10
10
3.6ɯ1029
19
-7
ɉɪɢɥɢɜɧɵɟ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ
3ɯ10
10
3.6ɯ1030
18
-6
ȼɨɥɧɵ, ɪɹɛɶ, ɨɤɟɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɜɢɯɪɢ
5ɯ10
6ɯ10
3.6ɯ1031
19
-5
ɉɪɢɛɨɣ
6ɯ10
10
7.2ɯ1032
ȼɫɟɝɨ: ɜ ɨɤɟɚɧɟ
7.6 ɯ1032
~7ɯ1019
ɉɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɩɟɥɶ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɸ ɢ ɧɚ
ɜɨɞɭ, ɩɪɨɫɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ
ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ
Ⱥɤɭɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɲɭɦɵ
(ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ 1-103 ɤȽɰ)
Ɂɚɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɟ-ɬɚɹɧɢɟ
3ɯ1019
3ɯ10-4
12 ɯ1033
3ɯ1019
2ɯ10-4
1034
1022
2ɯ10-5
2.4ɯ1035
ɂɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɟ-ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɹ
1024
10-6
1.2ɯ1036
ɋɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɨɞɵ, ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɨɜ ɢɡ ɜɨɞɵ .ɇ ɢ .Ɉɇ ɩɪɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵɯ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɭ nH2Ɉ2 § 2ɯ1036 [1/ɝɨɞ]). Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɷɬɚ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɚ ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɭ.
Ɍɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɠɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɧɟ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɨɬɟɧ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ. Ɉɰɟɧɤɢ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯɨɰɟɧɤɚɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ in situ, ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɱɟɪɟɡ
ɜɨɞɭ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɬɟɯ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɧɚ ɧɟɟ [41] ɢ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɨɩɵɬɨɜ in vitro ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɆɏɊ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ.
Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɨɞɵ ɫɭɞɶɛɵ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɨɜ ɢɡ
ɜɨɞɵ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɢɯ ɥɢɛɨ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɆɏɊ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ, ɥɢɛɨ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɢɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ
(ɮɨɬɨɥɢɡ, ɪɚɞɢɨɥɢɡ ɢ ɩɪ.), ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ (ɚ, ɫɬɚɥɨ ɛɵɬɶ, ɢ ɩɨɫɬɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ) ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ. ȼ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ-ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ-ɚɡɨɬɚ ɩɨɫɬɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɨɜ
ɢɡ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ ɫɯɟɦɨɣ 3:
ɇ2Ɉ Æ.H +
Ň .OH
28
Ļ
Ň
+
Ň .OH
ɇ2Ɉ Æ Ļ .H +
Ļ Ļ
Ļ
Ɉ2aq Æ.ɇɈ2 +Ļ N2ÆHNO+NO
ɇ2Ɉ2
Ɉ2aq ÆÆÆ.ɇɈ2 + N2ÆHNO+NO
ȼ ɱɚɫɬɢ N2 ɷɬɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɫ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɦɢ in situ ɩɨɬɨɤɚɦɢ N2 ɩɨ
ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ.
ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɯɟɦɚ 3 ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɫɟ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ .ɇ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɵ ɭɬɢɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɯ
Ɉ2 ɢ N2. Ɍɚɤ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɫɵɳɚɸɳɟɣ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ Ɉ2 ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ 21 %. ȼ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɫɥɨɹɯ
ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ (ɛɨɥɟɟ 10 ɤɦ) ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɧɚ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɫ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɚɦɢ ɢɡ ɜɨɞɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ, ɬ.ɤ. ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɭɠɟ
ɧɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɭɬɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ .ɇ- ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ. ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɯɚɧɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ - ɜɨɞɵ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɚɲɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɫɥɟɝɤɚ ɡɚɧɢɠɟɧɵ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ
ɦɟɧɟɟ͕ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ, ɫɞɟɥɚɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɧɟɟ [2(2)], ɢ ɧɵɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɢ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɨ ɮɚɤɬɭ ɜ ɨɫɚɞɤɚɯ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨɟ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɮɚɤɬɭ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ ɩɪɟɜɚɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ Ɇɏ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨ-
ɞɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɨɪɨɬɚ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ.
ʯɚ ɪɚɦɤɢ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɯɨɞɹɬ ɞɟɬɚɥɢɡɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɹɜɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɚɡɨɬɚ (ɇNO ɢ NO) ɜ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɚɡɨɬɚ, ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɷɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ
.Ɉɇ-ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɨɜ (ɫɦ. ɫɯɟɦɭ 3). ɏɨɬɹ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɜ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ NO ɢ HNO ɜɫɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ̨̨̨̛̛̥̙̦̭̯̏̚ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɣ̡̨̨̨̨̛̛̣̯̬̦̦̯̔́̌̏̏̌̐̌̌͗̚ ɷɬɨ ɢ ɪɹɞɵ NOɯ ɢ NHy, ɢ ɚɡɨɬɧɵɯ
ɤɢɫɥɨɬ, ɢ ɧɢɬɪɢɞɨɜ, ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɝɚɥɨɝɟɧɨɜ ɢ ɩɪ.
Ɂɚɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɧɵɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɧɟ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɬɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɆɏɊ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ. ɗɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢ ɞɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ: «… ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɚɡɨɬ (N) ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ̛̖̜̭̯̔̏́ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɨɜ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ̦̌ N2ͩ[ϰϱ]. Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɬɚɤɨɣ
ɭɬɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɜɩɪɨɱɟɦ, ɧɢɝɞɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ.
ɉɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ ɩɨ
ɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ.
Ɉɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ in situ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɚɯ
ɦɨɥɧɢɣ ɜ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ (ɞɨ 10 ɤɦ) ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɨɤ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ
§5ɯ1018 Ⱦɠ/ɝɨɞ, ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɇ2Ɉ2 ɜ ɝɪɨɡɨɜɵɯ ɥɢɜɧɹɯ §(0.7÷3)ɯ10-5 Ɇ
Ͳϳ
΀ϰϲ΁͘ʦ̨̨̨̨̨̯̙̖̬̖̥̼̪̬̭̯̙̖̜̦̖̭̱̯̏́̏̔̔̔ʻϮʽϮу;ϭрϭϬͿ̵ϭϬ ʺ΀ϰϲ͕ϰϳ΁͘
Ɍ.ɟ. ɜ ɝɪɨɡɚɯ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ( ɜ 10 ÷
300 ɪɚɡ) ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɨɬɨɤɢ ɞɢɫɫɢɩɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɣ ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ - ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ - ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɥɧɢɣ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɱɟɦ ɧɚ 6 ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜ, ɢ, ɫɬɚɥɨ ɛɵɬɶ, ɝɪɨɡɵ ɥɢɲɶ ɦɚɥɵɣ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ
ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɡɨɬɚ.
ɗɬɨ ɠɟ ɨɬɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ ɢ ɨɩɵɬɵ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɜɵɯɨɞɨɜ ɇ2Ɉ2 in vitro,
ɤɨɝɞɚ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɚ,
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɬɨɥɳɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɫɨɫɭɞɟ, ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɚ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɜ ɬɨɦ ɠɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɟ [48]. ȼɩɪɨɱɟɦ, ɨɰɟɧɤɢ, ɫɞɟɥɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɷɬɢɯ
ɨɩɵɬɨɜ, ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɝɪɭɛɵ, ɬ.ɤ. ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɟɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɚ. ȼ
ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɧɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɜɚɠɧɵɣ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ, ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɡɨɧɵ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɚ, ɨɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧ ɥɢɲɶ ɩɨ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɦ
ɢ ɩɨ ɜɨɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹɦ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ – ȼ.Ⱥ.Ƚɚɜɪɢɥɨɜɚ.
ɉɨɬɨɤ ɠɟ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɜɵɜɟɬɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɢ,
ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɟ ɧɚɦɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ Ɉ2 ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ. ȼ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɜɵɜɟɬɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ.
ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ: ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɆɏɊ
ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɥ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɨɫɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɵ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɭɸ (ɬ.ɟ. ɞɚɠɟ ɞɨ ɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɇ2Ɉ2).
29
30
Ʉɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɡ ɫɯɟɦɵ 3, ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥ .ɇ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɜɨɞɵ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɹɫɶ ɫ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɨɣ ɢɦɟɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ
ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ (ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ!) ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɩɟɪɨɤɫɢ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥ
.ɇɈ2, ɭɬɢɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬ ɨɞɧɭ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɭ ɚɡɨɬɚ, ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɹ ɚɡɨɬ ɜ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ.
ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɢɯ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ 2 ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɇ2Ɉ2, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɩɨɩɨɥɧɹɬ ɬɚɤ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɚɱɟ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɩɨɬɨɤɢ ɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɡɨɬɚ, ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɚɡɨɬɚ,
ɢ ɩɨɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɢɣ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ ɩɨɬɨɤ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ.
ɉɨɬɨɤ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ:
mN2 = (ɩɟɪɟɦɧɨɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɦɚɫɫɚ
ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɚɡɨɬɚ) §108 ɬɨɧɧ/ɝɨɞ.
ɉɨɬɨɤ «ɧɨɜɨɝɨ» ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ:
mO2= (ɩɟɪɟɦɧɨɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɦɚɫɫɚ
ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ 4) §2.5ɯ107 ɬɨɧɧ/ɝɨɞ.
ȼ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɨ N2 § 4x1015 ɬɨɧɧ̛ Ɉ2 § 1.2ɯ1015 ɬɨɧɧ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɞɨɥɢ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ N2 (ɜ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɨɪɨɬɟ ɚɡɨɬɚ) ɢ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ O2
(ɡɚɬɪɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɜɵɜɟɬɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ) ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɫɹ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɦ ɪɚɜɧɵ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ:
{mN2/ɝɨɞ /mN2/ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ} § 10 -7 ɢ {mɈ2/ɝɨɞ /mɈ2/ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ} § 2.5ɯ10 -7.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɯ ɫ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɜ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɯ. ɇɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɢɬɪɨɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (ɜ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɟ) ɤɪɭɝɨɜɨɪɨɬɚ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɨɝɚɳɚɟɬ ɩɚɥɢɬɪɭ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɜ
ɧɢɠɧɢɯ ɫɥɨɹɯ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ. Ɍ. ɨ., ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ - ɥɢɲɶ ɨɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ.
ȼ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɱɟɬɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ, ɚ ɜɫɥɟɞ ɡɚ ɧɢɦ ɢ ɚɡɨɬ, ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɹ ɜ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɨɪɨɬɚɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɣ, ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ, ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɷɬɚɩɚ ɜɵɜɟɬɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɨɪɨɬɟ ɞɥɹ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ, ɚ ɞɥɹɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ - ɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ.
ɇɚ Ɂɟɦɥɟ ɷɬɚ ɬɪɨɢɰɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ: ɜɨɞɚ, ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɟɟ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ – ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ
ɢ ɚɡɨɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɜ ɉɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɩɨɪɨɝ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɢɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ Ɉ2 § 21% ɨɛɴɦɧ., ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬ̭̯ɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɨɦɭ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɸ
ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɨɞ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ ȻɈ2§ 0.22 ĮɈ2 (ĮɈ2ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ Ȼɭɧɡɟɧɚ) ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɢ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɨɦ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ
ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ. Ɍɚɤ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɜ
ɲɢɪɨɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɨɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ, ̌
̡̯̙̖̌ɢ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɚɡɨɬɚ – ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ,
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɣ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟɦ ɩɚɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɞɪ
Ɂɟɦɥɢ ɢ ɟɟ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ̨̨̯̥̌̚. ɉɨɜɫɟɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɰɢɪɭɟɦɵɣ
ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ ɜɨɫɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ ɜɵɜɟɬɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ. ȿɫɥɢ ɠɟ, ɛɭɞɟ, ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ
ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɬɟɯ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɞɟɬ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ, - ɟɝɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɩɨɥɧɟɧ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɦ
ɟɝɨ ɧɚɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɆɏɊ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ.
Ɉɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ 4
Ɉɛ ɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ
ɇɚɣɞɟɧɧɨɟ ɜ ɨɩɵɬɚɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɮɚɤɬɭ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɡɨɬɚ
(N2aq, ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɜ ɭɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɟ NŁN 9.4 ɷȼ!) ), ɤɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ
ɆɏɊ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɬɚɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɇ2ɈÆH+ + OH- (ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɢ
ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 12.5 ɷȼ!) ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɩɪɢ ɆɏɊ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜ
ɜɨɞɟ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɨɜɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ, ɫ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɡ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɨɧɨɜ: ɇ2Ɉ Ù ɇ+ + Ɉɇ-.
ɑɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɵ (ɨ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɫ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɪɨɬɨɧɨɜ (ɇ+), ɬ.ɟ. ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɇ) ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɚ
Ƚɟɨɪɝɢɟɦ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜɢɱɟɦ Ⱦɨɦɪɚɱɟɜɵɦ [49].
ɑɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɦ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɨɜ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɠɟ
31
ɦɚɥɵɯ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɨɜ, ɧɨ «ɡɚɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɯ» ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɚɦɢ
(ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɚɦɢ ɢɡ ɜɨɞɵ). ɇɚɣɞɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɚ, ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
«ɡɚɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɯ» ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɚɦɢ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɚɯ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡ. Ɍɚɤ,
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɨɜ ɇ11Ɉ5 (ɡɞɟɫɶ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧ .Ɉɇ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥ), ɤɨɝɞɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ § 2 ɷȼ. ɂɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɇ21Ɉ10
(ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɚ § 2.5 ɷȼ). Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɵ (ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ
ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɨɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɨɞɵ) ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ ɠɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫɪɟɞɢ
ɩɪɨɱɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɨɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɜ ɬɨɥɳɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɜ ɩɚɪɚɯ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ. ɉɪɢ
ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɭ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨ: ɨɬ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɆɏɊ ɜɨɞɵ, ɢ ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚ - ɦɨɧɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ.
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɞɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɦ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɨɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ [2(2)].
Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɆɏɊ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɫɨ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɪɇ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɨɛɢɟɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɟɣ
ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɇ2Ɉ2 ɩɪɢ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ Ɍ = (0÷40)0, ɢ ɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ Kɜ = ɚɇ† ɯ ɚɈɇ¯ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 5 ɢ 9) [45 (1.2)].
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 5 ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ Kɜ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɢɦɛɚɬɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɚɦ ɇ2Ɉ2
ɩɪɢ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɞɵ, ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɠɟ ɫɢɦɛɚɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɚ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɯɨɞɨɜ ɇ2Ɉ2 ɜ ɞɟɝɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ MgSo4 (n(ɆgSO4) =
0.05Ɇ), ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɵ, ɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɟ, ɢ ɩɪɢ ɗɆɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ [2(2)], ɢ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɦɨɪɨɡɤɟ/ɬɚɹɧɢɢ. ɋɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ, ɬ.ɤ. ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɪɇ ɩɨɤɚ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɜɫɹɤɢɣ ɪɚɡ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɶ
ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ.
-8
1
-10
2
-12
3
-14
0
20
40
60
80
100
32
Ɋɢɫ. 9
Ɉɫɶ Y : 1 ɢ 2 ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɤ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɦ 1 ȼɬ/ɥ
ɜɵɯɨɞɨɜ ɇ2Ɉ2 (lg n(H2Ɉ2) [M]) ɜ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ (ż) ɢ ɜ ɞɟɝɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ MgSO4 (0.05)Ɇ (Ɣ), ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɵ: 1) ɫ Ɏ=0.2 ɦɤɦ,
ɞɥɢɧɨɣ L=0.05 ɦɦ, ɢ 2) ɫ Ɏ=0.1 ɦɦ, L=10 ɦɦ ( ɜɫɟɝɨ 12 ɨɩɵɬɨɜ).
3) ɞɜɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ (́ ɢ ̀) ɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ
[46].
Ɉɫɶ ɏ : ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɞɵ (ɝɪɚɞ. ɐ)
Ɂɚɦɟɬɢɦ ɤ ɦɟɫɬɭ, ɱɬɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ (K) ɞɥɹ ɜɨɞɵ [46] ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵ (ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ: ɪɨɫɬ Æ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɚ Æ ɫɩɚɞ ɞɨ ɢɫɱɟɡɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ) (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ.10).
-8
-9
-10
-11
1
-12
-13
2
-14
-15
1
10
100
ɪɢɫ. 10
Ɉɫɶ Y :
1. (ż) - ɜɵɯɨɞɵ H2Ɉ2 ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪ.
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ 12 ɨɩɵɬɚɦ, ɲɤɚɥɚ: lg{n(H2Ɉ2) [M]}.
2. ɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ: Ÿ (Ȼ.Ⱥ.ɇɚɞɟɢɧɫɤɢɣ) ,ź(ȼ.Ⱥ.Ʉɢɪɟɟɜ) [46]
ɒɤɚɥɚ: lg{K(ɇ2Ɉ)}.
Ɉɫɶ ɏ : ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɞɵ, ɲɤɚɥɚ: lg (ɝɪɚɞ. ɐ).
Ɉɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ 5:
Ɉ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɯ ɜɨɞɵ
33
ɗɬɨɬ ɪɚɡɞɟɥ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɩɨɞɛɨɪɤɭ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɜɨɞɵ
ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɞɜɭɯɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɦɨɧɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɩɥɟɧɨɤ ɜɨɞɵ. ɂɞɟɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ
ɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɚ ɜ 2001 ɝɨɞɭ [50]. ɉɨ ɦɨɟɣ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɟ ɦɨɧɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ,
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɯ ɜɨɞɵ, ɦɨɝɭɬ, ɩɨɩɚɞɚɹ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɞɵ,
ɫɜɨɪɚɱɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɤɥɭɛɤɢ. ɗɬɢ ɫɜɟɪɧɭɬɵɟ ɢɡ ɩɥɟɧɨɤ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɟɫɬɶ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɵ. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɫɬɨɣɤɢ: ɨɧɢ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɬɫɹ (ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ, ɬɚɸɬ?), ɢ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɧɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ
ɜɨɞɵ. ȼ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɟɬɱɚɬɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɫ ɝɟɤɫɚɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɹɱɟɣɤɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɚ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɸ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɥɶɞɚ Ih. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɫɟɬɱɚɬɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ
ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɬɢɜɧɚ, ɨɧɚ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɜɨɞɵ. ȼ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ
ɩɥɟɧɤɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɤ ɫɚɦɨɫɛɨɪɤɟ ɫɥɨɢɫɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɧɚ ɅɘȻɈɃ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɜɨɞɵ (ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ, ɠɢɞɤɨɣ, ɬɜɟɪɞɨɣ ɢ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ (!),
ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɠɟ ɩɥɟɧɨɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɭɫɩɟɥɢ ɫɜɟɪɧɭɬɶɫɹ). ɇɚ ɥɸɛɨɣ
ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɜɨɞɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɭɸ ɡɨɧɭ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɥɶɞɨɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɫɥɨɹ,
ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɪɵɯɥɹɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ, ɧɨ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɟ ɥɶɞɭ: ɬ.ɟ. ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɭɸ ɢɡ ɷɤɜɢɞɢɫɬɚɧɬɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɧɨɫɥɨɟɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɨɞɵ, ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɨ
ɫɚɦɨɟ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɝɟɤɫɚɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɹɱɟɟɤ.
Ʉɚɤ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɞɢɬɶ ɷɬɭ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɭ? Ɇɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨɞɚ – ɚɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ. ȼ ɧɟɣ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɥɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɵɟ ɫɝɭɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɪɚɡɭ
ɠɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɨɩɵɬɨɜ ɞɢɮɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɪɟɧɬɝɟɧɨɜɫɤɢɯ ɥɭɱɟɣ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɨɞɭ. Ⱦɢɮɪɚɤɰɢɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɬɚɤɨɜɚ, ɤɚɤ ɟɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɜ
ɜɨɞɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɵɟ ɫɝɭɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɨɞɵ ɫ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ
ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɞɨ ~ 1000Å [51].
ɉɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɷɬɢɦ ɩɟɪɜɵɦ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹɦ, ɧɨɜɟɣɲɢɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɮɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ [52], ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɢɹ ɧɟɣɬɪɨɧɨɜ [53]
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ. Ⱥ
ɢɦɟɧɧɨ: ɨɛɴɟɦɨɜ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɫ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦɢ ~100Å – ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɨɜ ɫ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ
ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɥɶɞɚ; ɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɥɢ ɜ
ɦɨɧɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɦ, ɢɥɢ ɜ ɧɢɱɬɨɠɧɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ (ɞɢɦɟɪɵ ɢ ɩɪ.) ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɢ ɩɥɚɜɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɵ [54].
ɇɚɲɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɚɯ,
ɫɞɟɥɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɚ, ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɬ ɷɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ [55, 56] ɧɚ 3-5 ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ. ɇɚɲɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ
ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɨɜ - «ɫɝɭɫɬɤɨɜ» ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɨɞɵ - ɫ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ > 105. Ɋɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɝɭɫɬɤɨɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ-ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɨɜ § 3000Ⱥ°,
ɱɬɨ, ɤɫɬɚɬɢ, ɩɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɫɯɨɞɧɨ ɫ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ Steward’a.
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɨɜ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɟɬ, ɤɫɬɚɬɢ, ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ Ɇɏ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ, ɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬ-
34
ɜɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɚ ɞɥɹ ɡɜɭɤɚ ɫ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚɦɢ < f ~ 10 ɆȽɰ, ɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɢɹ Ɋɟɥɟɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ.
ȼ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɵ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɫɩɟɤɬɪ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɢɯ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ. Ʉɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɩɨ
ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɤ Ɇɏ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ
ɦɚɥɵɯ ɜɨɡɦɭɳɟɧɢɹɯ. Ɉɧɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵ ɡɚ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɤɪɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɜɨɞɵ (ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɥɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ, ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ,
ɢɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɠɢɦɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ, ɬɟɩɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ, ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɞɜɢɝɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨɣ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɞɪ.), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟɦɨɧɨɬɨɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ [57,58]. ɋɥɨɠɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɜɨɞɵ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɨɜ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦ. Ɇɚɥɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɵ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɡɚ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɪɇ
ɜɨɞɵ, ɢɯ ɪɨɥɶ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɫɚɦɨɫɛɨɪɤɢ ɦɨɧɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ
ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɟɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɯ.
Ɋɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢ ɟɟ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɬ.ɧ. «ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɭɞɚɪɨɦ». Ȼɵɫɬɪɵɣ ɧɚɝɪɟɜ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɸɬ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɜɨɞɵ ɤ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ
ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɟɬɟɪɩɟɜɚɸɬ ɝɢɫɬɟɪɟɡɢɫɵ, ɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɜɨɞɧɨɣ
ɫɪɟɞɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɞɨɥɝɨ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ «ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ» ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɜɨɞɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ «ɜɨɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ» ɜ ɧɟɣ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ.
ɗɬɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɫɚɦɨɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɟɣ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɟɣ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɞɟɝɪɚɞɚɰɢɢ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɨɜ ɜɨɞɵ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵ ɬɨɦɭ,
ɱɬɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɞɢɮɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɏ-ɥɭɱɟɣ ɜ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ, ɟɫɥɢ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɚ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ (ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ
Ƚ.Ⱥ.Ⱦɨɦɪɚɱɟɜɚ ɩɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɧɟɤɨɟɣ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ, ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɭɬɟɪɹɧɵ ɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɭɠɟ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɚ ɧɢ Ƚ.Ⱥ., ɧɢ ɦɧɨɣ). ȼ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ Ƚ.Ⱥ.Ⱦɨɦɪɚɱɟɜɚ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɣ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ ɫ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɞɢɮɪɚɤɰɢɢ
ɏ-ɥɭɱɟɣ ɜ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɟ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɢɬ ɬɚɤ: ɩɪɢ ɢɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ, ɥɢɲɶ ɫɥɟɝɤɚ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɳɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ
ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɜ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɟ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɚ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɵ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ. ɇɨ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɞɢɮɪɚɤɰɢɢ, ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ, ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ
ɫɥɟɞɵ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɚ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɢɫɱɟɡɚɸɬ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɟ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ
ɩɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɢɟ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ: ɬɪɢɦɟɪɵ, ɞɢɦɟɪɵ.
ɋɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ Ɇɏ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ (0÷600 ɋ) ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɤ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɚɫɫɨ-
ɰɢɚɬɚɦɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ.
ȼ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ ɢɡ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɫɥɨɟɜ, ɩɨɩɚɞɚɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɧɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ (ɤɚɤ?),
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɵ, ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɦɨɧɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ.
ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɧɟɤɢɣ
ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɣ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɫɥɨɢɫɬɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ
ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɢ ɷɩɢɤɫɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ. ɉɥɟɧɤɚ ɢɡ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɨɞɵ,
ɩɪɢɥɟɝɚɸɳɚɹ ɤ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ, ɧɟɫɟɬ ɟɳɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɝɪɚɧɢɱɚɳɟɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɧɨ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɧɭɸ ɬɨɥɳɭ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɭɠɟ ɷɤɜɢɞɢɫɬɚɧɬɧɨ ɨɬɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɦɨɧɨɫɥɨɢ ɢɡ
ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ, ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɝɟɤɫɚɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ.
ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɵ (ȺɋɆ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɢɡɭɱɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ [58,59]. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ.11 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ
ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɫɥɨɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ȺɋɆ [60].
35
36
25
1
20
15
10
8
5
0
-5
0
40
80
120
Ɋɢɫ. 11
Ɉɫɶ Y – «Dissipation»(ɚɜɬɨɪ.) - ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɚ (mV)
ɉɨɞɩɢɫɶ: «…ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ȺɋɆ ɩɪɢ
ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɛɧɢɤɚ ɜ ɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɤ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ
ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ».
Ɉɫɶ ɏ – Ɋɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɜɨɞɵ (ɰɟɧɚ ɲɚɝɚ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ 0.17 Å).
1) ɗɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɨɞɵ. Ɉɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ, ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ (ɬɵɫɹɱɢ ɚɧɝɫɬɪɟɦ) [61].
2) ȼ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɷɬɢ ɫɥɨɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɝɟɤɫɚɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ-ɫɟɬɱɚɬɨɟ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɟ ɢ
ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɸ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɥɶɞɚ. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɣ ɫɥɨɣ-ɫɟɬɤɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɷɬɚ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɟɪɟ-
ɞɚɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɨɬ ɫɥɨɹ ɤ ɫɥɨɸ, ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚ ɧɟɬ (ɷɬɨɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɨɣ ɭɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɬɶ 5-8 ɫɥɨɟɜ).
3) Ʉɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɦɨɧɨɩɥɟɧɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɤɢɞɚɬɶ ɷɬɭ ɫɥɨɣɤɭ ɢɡ ɫɟɛɟ
ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɢ «ɫɨɫɤɚɥɶɡɵɜɚɬɶ» ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɞɵ, ɩɨɤɚ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ.
4) ɋɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɜɨɪɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɥɟɧɨɤ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡ-ɡɚ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɟɤɫɚɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ ɤ ɪɚɡɜɨɪɨɬɚɦ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɟɣ
ɲɟɫɬɢɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɨɫɢ. Ɍ.ɟ. ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ
ɥɸɮɬɨɜ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɲɟɫɬɢɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ [62].
5) ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ «ɤɨɩɢɢ» ɬɟɥɚ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɧɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɩɨɧɟɜɨɥɟ ɫɯɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɵɟ
ɤɨɩɢɢ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɚ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɡɞɟɫɶ
ɤɪɨɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟ ɡɚɩɚɯɨɜ, ɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ «ɫɜɟɪɯɦɚɥɵɯ ɞɨɡ».
6) ɉɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɠɟ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɵ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɡɨɧ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɯ ɢɡ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɜɨɞɵ, ɜɨɫɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɢɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɏɥɭɱɚɦɢ, ɢ ɢɡ ɤɚɪɬɢɧ ɞɢɮɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɧɟɣɬɪɨɧɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. Ɉɛɡɨɪ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɡɨɪɟ M. Mezger’ɚ [63].
ɇɢɠɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɤɪɚɬɤɢɟ ɜɵɛɨɪɤɢ ɢɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɛɡɨɪɚ:
… ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ (ȿ = 72.5 Ʉɷȼ) ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɭ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɚɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɢɧɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɢɹ. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ
ɱɟɪɟɡ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɟɥɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ [12].
… ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɚɬɨɦɚɦɢ Ɉ2 ɜ ɫɥɨɹɯ … ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɪɟɧɬɝɟɧɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɧɟɣɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɥɨɜɨɣ ɤɚɤ 2,75 Å, ɱɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɞɥɢɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɜ ɞɢɦɟɪɟ
ɜɨɞɵ (?) (ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ȾɂɆȿɊ?)
….. ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɦɟɠɧɵɦɢ (?) ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɦɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɝɪɭɛɨ ɨɰɟɧɺɧɧɵɦ
ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɚ ɜ ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɢɢ ɤɚɤ q = 2,02 Å (??).
ɦɟɧɶɲɢɯ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ. ɗɬɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɜ
ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɝɟ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ
ɋɚɬɦ(ɯ) = (§ 10-3) ɋɦɨɪɹ (ɯ)2/3.
Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɵɯ - (3) ɢ (2) - ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ, ɜɵɧɟɫɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɩɚɪɹɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɦɨɪɟ ɢ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɝɟ,
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ Ɋɢɫ 12.
Cu
Fe
1000
P
IZn++
Mn
Sr++
F- Si
100
B
Na+ S
10
Ba++
Ca++
C
K+
Mg++
Li+
Br-
1
0
0
0
0
0
20
40
Ɋɢɫ. 12
Ɉɫɶ Y – (ɝɨɥɭɛɚɹ) ɞɥɹ Cɦɨɪɹ [ɝɆ/ɥ] ɯ 105, (ɫɢɧɹɹ) ɞɥɹ ɋɚɬɦ [ɝɆ/ɥ] ɯ 108, (ɤɪɚɫɧɵɟ) – ɋɚɬɦ/ɋɦɨɪɹɯ 104, ɱɟɪɧɚɹ – ɚɬɨɦɧɵɟ ɜɟɫɚ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ.
Ɉɫɶ ɏ - ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɵ Ɇɟɧɞɟɥɟɟɜɚ.
Ɋɟɡɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ
ɜɨɞɵ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɯ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɟɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ:
1, ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɦɨɧɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɩɥɟɧɨɤ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢ ɫɜɨɪɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɢ
ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɵ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɝɟɤɫɚɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɰ –
ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ. ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ
ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɪɟɡɨɧɚɧɫɧɵɯ ɞɭɩɥɟɬɨɜ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɸ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚɯ 50.3 ȽȽɰ ɢ 51.8 ȽȽɰ (Ȝ § 6
ɦɦ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɨɧɚɧɫɵ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɝɟɤɫɚɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɰ ɢɡ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɨɞɵ [64].
2. ɇɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɢɫɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɜɨɞɵ ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɝɨ
ɩɚɪɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɹɦɢ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɝɟ ɧɚɞ ɦɨɪɹɦɢ [65].
ɉɪɢ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɡ ɦɨɪɟɣ ɩɚɪ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɢ ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ ɜ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ, ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ,
ɇɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ 12 ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɵ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɵ Ɇɟɧɞɟɥɟɟɜɚ ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ
ɥɢɲɶ ɬɟɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ ɜ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɟ (ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ, ɚɡɨɬ,
ɯɥɨɪ) ɢɥɢ ɠɟ, ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɦɨɪɟ ɜ ɧɢɱɬɨɠɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ
(ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Sc, ɋr ɢ ɞɪ.) ȼɫɟɝɨ ɭɱɬɟɧɵ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ ʋ56 ɌɆ. ɗɬɢ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɌɆ.
3. ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɤɨɦɤɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɨɧɤɨɫɥɨɣɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɜɨɞɵ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɛɵ
ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɞɜɢɝɨɜɨɣ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ [66]. ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ,
ɤɫɬɚɬɢ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɫɞɜɢɝɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ: ı (ɩɪɢ
200) §10-6 ɉɚ ɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɩɥɟɧɤɚɯ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɟɥ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡ.
4. Ɇɨɠɧɨ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɶ ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ Ɇɚɤɫɜɟɥɥɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɫ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɚ ɫ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɧɨ-ɱɟɲɭɣɤɚɦɢ
37
38
ɫɥɸɞɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ, ɤɚɤ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɩɥɟɧɨɤ. ɗɬɨ
ɮɢɤɫɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɩɬɢɤɟ: ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɱɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ, ɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɫ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɱɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɜɭɥɭɱɟɩɪɟɥɨɦɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ (ɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɜɟɬɚ). ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɢɟɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɠɢɞɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ [8(3)], ɤɨɝɞɚ ɢɯ ɫɤɪɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ, ɪɚɫɩɪɚɜɥɹɹɫɶ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɫ
ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɦ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɞɨ ɧɢɬɟɣ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ «ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ» (solid-like) ɞɜɭɥɭɱɟɩɪɟɥɨɦɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɵ.
ɇɟɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɟ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɢ ɜɨɞɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɥɢɛɨ ɡɚɧɨɜɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɯ ɱɟɲɭɟɤ ɫɥɨɣɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɥɢɛɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɵ ɜɨɞɵ [67].
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ 13 ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɞɵ ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɭɸɳɚɹ ɜɵɲɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ…
Ɋɢɫ 13. ˇ̵̨̡̨̨̨̨̨̨̛̛̦̯̦̯̖̥̱̭̯̬̱̯̱̬̖̼̱̭̦̜̪̖̬̦̭̯̌̌́̌̏̔̏̍̔̏̚͘
Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɬɪɢɜɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɜɵɧɨɫɚ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ ɥɸɛɵɯ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ ɢɡ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɧɨɫɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɛ’ɨɥɶɲɢɟ
ɩɨ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ (ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɨɞɵ) ɩɥɟɧɤɢ. ȼɫɟ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ,
ɩɨɩɚɞɚɹ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ ɫɜɨɪɚɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɵ.
ȼ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ V ɱɚɫɬɢ Ɉɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɩɪɢɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɥɹɟɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɨɣ ɭɠɟ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ [58]:
1…ɉɨ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɭ "ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ" "Ƚɭɝɥ" ɜɵɞɚɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 8 ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɨɜ ɫɫɵɥɨɤ, ɚ ɩɨ
ɡɚɩɪɨɫɭ "ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɞɵ" ɜ ɞɜɚ ɪɚɡɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ.
2…Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɨɣ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɥɚɛɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭɸɳɢɟ ɧɚɫ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ. ɂɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ. ɂ
ɬɚɥɶɤ, ɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɬ — ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɹɝɤɢɟ ɫɥɨɢɫɬɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɦɟɠɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ
39
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɚɧɞɟɪɜɚɚɥɶɫɨɜɵɦɢ, ɜɵɫɤɚɥɶɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɨɬ ɧɚɠɚɬɢɹ ɩɚɥɶɰɟɦ. ȼ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɟ ɤɨɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ, ɥɟɠɚɳɢɟ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɨɱɧɟɟ ɞɚɠɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɚɥɦɚɡɟ, ɡɚɬɨ ɧɟɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɚɹ ɚɧɢɡɨɞɟɪɦɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɢ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɫɥɚɛɵɦ ɦɟɠɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɧɵɦ ɫɜɹɡɹɦ.
ȼɵɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ
ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɢ ɜ ɤɨɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɢɫɱɟɪɩɵɜɚɸɳɢɦ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɜ
ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɮɚɤɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ.
ɗɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɚɤɭɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤɢɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 1). ȿɫɥɢ ɷɤɫɬɪɟɦɭɦɵ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɡɜɭɤɚ ɢ ɡɚɬɭɯɚɧɢɹ ɡɜɭɤɚ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɵ, ɷɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɧɭɥɨ
ɛɵ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ. ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɚɦ ɧɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ
ɧɢɤɚɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɡɚɦɟɬɤɢ [68], ɝɞɟ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ
ɡɜɭɤɚ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ 0.1 ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɦ
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ. Ɉɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ
(ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɱɢɯ ɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ) ɤ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɡɜɭɤɚ § ɧɚ 1 ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ. ɗɮɮɟɤɬ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɫɹ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ 0÷320.
ɇɚɲɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɨɞɵ
(Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ) ɡɚɜɟɞɨɦɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ, ɨɬɱɚɫɬɢ, ɢ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ,
ɱɬɨ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ
ɉɪɢɪɨɞɨɣ ɜ ɬɟɯ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɣ, ɢɦɟɸɬ ɭ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ
ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ ɪɚɡɛɪɨɫɵ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɞɨ ±200% ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ, ɢ ɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɥɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ. ɗɬɨɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɭɠɟ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɥɫɹ
ɧɚɦɢ [3].
ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ
ɫɜɹɡɹɦ ɜ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɯ. Ɉɛɪɚɬɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ ɢ ɟɟ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ «ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɥɢɰ» ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤ: ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɢ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɚɡɨɬ. Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɷɬɨ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɞɥɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɜ ɟɝɨ «ɤɪɭɝɨɜɨɪɨɬ». Ɉɫɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɚɹ ɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɶ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɞɨɥɝɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɭɸ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɡɟɦɧɨɣ
ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ. ɇɚ ɷɬɨ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɥ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪ ɂɜɚɧɨɜɢɱ ȼɟɪɧɚɞɫɤɢɣ. ɂ
ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɫɟɛɟ ɜ ɭɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɢ ɥɢɲɧɢɣ ɪɚɡ ɩɪɨɰɢɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ
ɱɟɤɚɧɧɵɣ ɜɵɜɨɞ (1930 ɝ.): «…ɇɢɤɚɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɯ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ (ɚɪɯɟɣ), ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ ɜɵɜɟɬɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɬ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ
ɩɨɪɨɞ ɦɵ ɭɥɨɜɢɬɶ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɦ…ɇɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɤɨɜ ɧɚ
Ɂɟɦɥɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɜɲɚɹɫɹ ɧɚ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɵ… ɀɢɡɧɶ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɧɟɬɟ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɩɨɹɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɬɨɥɶ-
40
ɤɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɚɹ, ɢ ɩɪ. ɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɬɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢɡɭɱɚɟɦɵɦ ɧɚɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ » [69].
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Ⱦɨɦɪɚɱɟɜ Ƚ.Ⱥ.,Ɋɨɞɵɝɢɧ ɘ.Ʌ.,ɋɟɥɢɜɚɧɨɜɫɤɢɣ Ⱦ.Ⱥ. Ɋɨɥɶ ɡɜɭɤɚ ɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɤɚɤ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɦɟɯɚɧɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ
ɩɪɨɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ Ɂɟɦɥɢ // ɀɎɏ, 1992, 66(3), ɫ.851-855.
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Ƚ.Ⱥ.Ⱦɨɦɪɚɱɟɜ, Ⱦ.Ⱥ.ɋɟɥɢɜɚɧɨɜɫɤɢɣ, ɂ.ɇ.Ⱦɢɞɟɧɤɭɥɨɜ, ɘ.Ʌ.Ɋɨɞɵɝɢɧ, ȼ.Ʌ.ȼɚɤɫ, ʿ͘.Ⱥ.ɋɬɭɧɠɚɫ. ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɇ2Ɉ2 ɢ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɨɜ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ.
ɉɪɟɩɪɢɧɬ ɂɉɎ ɊȺɇ, N 537, 2000. ɇ.ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞ. ɬɚɤɠɟ
Ⱦɨɦɪɚɱɟɜ Ƚ.Ⱥ. Ⱦɢɞɟɧɤɭɥɨɜ ɂ.ɇ., Ɋɨɞɵɝɢɧ ɘ.Ʌ., ɋɟɥɢɜɚɧɨɜɫɤɢɣ Ⱦ.Ⱥ., ɋɬɭɧɠɚɫ ɉ.Ⱥ.
Ⱦɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɬɟɧɨɱɧɵɯ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɹɯ. ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɮɢɡɢɤɚ, 2001, 20(4), ɫ.8289.
Ⱦɨɦɪɚɱɟɜ Ƚ.Ⱥ.,ɋɟɥɢɜɚɧɨɜɫɤɢɣ Ⱦ.Ⱥ. Ɋɨɥɶ ɡɜɭɤɚ ɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɤɚɤ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɫɬɚ3.
ɛɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɧɟɛɢɨɝɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɢ
ɠɢɡɧɢ ɧɚ Ɂɟɦɥɟ. ɉɪɟɩɪɢɧɬ ɂɧcɬɢɬɭɬɚ Ɇɟɬɚɥɥɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɯɢɦɢɢ Ⱥɇ ɋɋɋɊ ʋ 1/90, Ƚɨɪɶɤɢɣ, 1990.
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Ⱦɨɦɪɚɱɟɜ Ƚ.Ⱥ., ɋɟɥɢɜɚɧɨɜɫɤɢɣ Ⱦ.Ⱥ., Ⱦɢɞɟɧɤɭɥɨɜ ɂ.ɇ., Ɋɨɞɵɝɢɧ ɘ.Ʌ. ɋɬɭɧɠɚɫ ɉ.Ⱥ..
Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɧɨɥɸɦɢɧɟɫɰɟɧɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ. // ɀɎɏ, 2001, ɬ.75, N2, ɫ.363-368.
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Ⱦɨɦɪɚɱɟɜ Ƚ.Ⱥ., Ɇɚɣɨɪɨɜɚ Ⱥ.ȼ., Ɋɨɞɵɝɢɧ ɘ.Ʌ., ɋɟɥɢɜɚɧɨɜɫɤɢɣ Ⱦ.Ⱥ. Ɂɚɬɭɯɚɧɢɟ ɡɜɭɤɚ ɩɪɢ
ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɟ ɜɨɞɵ. // Ⱥɤɭɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɠɭɪɧɚɥ, 1993, 39(2), ɫ.258-265.
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Ɇɚɪɝɭɥɢɫ Ɇ.Ⱥ.. «Ɉɫɧɨɜɵ ɡɜɭɤɨɯɢɦɢɢ». Ɇ.: ȼɵɫɲɚɹ ɲɤɨɥɚ, 1984.
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Ɇ.ɂ.ɂɫɚɤɨɜɢɱ. Ʌ.ɂ.Ɇɚɧɞɟɥɶɲɬɚɦ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɡɜɭɤɚ ɜ ɦɢɤɪɨɧɟ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ
ɫɪɟɞɚɯ. // ɍɎɇ, 1979, 129(3), ɫ. 531-540.
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«Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɚɤɭɫɬɢɤɚ» ɩɨɞ ɪɟɞ. ɍ.Ɇɷɡɨɧɚ, ɬ. 1, ɱɚɫɬɢ Ⱥ ɢ Ȼ, Ɇ.: ɂɡɞ. «Ɇɢɪ», 1967.
ɬɚɤɠɟ
Ʌ.Ȼɟɪɝɦɚɧ, «ɍɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɧɚɭɤɟ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɟ», Ɇ.: ɂɡɞ. ɂɧ. Ʌɢɬ. 1957.
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Ɇ.Ɏ.ȼɭɤɫ, «Ɋɚɫɫɟɹɧɢɟ ɫɜɟɬɚ ɜ ɝɚɡɚɯ, ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɹɯ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ»,Ʌ.: ɂɡɞ. ɅȽɍ, 1977.
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Ʌ.Ɇ.Ʌɢɫɹɧɫɤɢɣ, Ɍɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɢ ɟɟ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɫɨ ɫɜɟɬɨɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɢɟɦ, ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɣ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɟɣ ɢ
ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ.// ɋɛ. ɫɬɚɬɟɣ «ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɪɨɥɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɠɢɜɨɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ», Ʌ.:ɂɡɞ. ɅȽɍ, 1966, ɫ.56.
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ȼurton Ch. J., A study of Ultrasonic Velocity and Absorption in Liquid Mixtures. //JASA, 1948,
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Prudhomme P.O., Grabar P. De l’action Chimique des Ultrasons sur Certaines Solutions
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ɉɨɥɨɰɤɢɣ ɂ.Ƚ., ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɚɜɢɬɚɰɢɢ, // ɀɈɏ, ɬ.17, ɜ.6, 1947, ɫ. 1048-105
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ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ. ɋɨɧɨɥɢɡ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɦɨɧɨɯɥɨɪɭɤɫɭɫɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ ɚɪɝɨɧɚ.// ɀɎɏ, 1986,
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Ƚ.Ⱥ.Ⱦɨɦɪɚɱɟɜ, Ⱦ.Ⱥ.ɋɟɥɢɜɚɧɨɜɫɤɢɣ, ɘ.Ʌ.Ɋɨɞɵɝɢɧ, ɂ.ɇ.Ⱦɢɞɟɧɤɭɥɨɜ, ɉɨɬɟɪɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɡɜɭɤɚ
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Ʌ.Ɋ.ɋɨɥɨɜɶɟɜɚ, Ʉ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ ɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɚ, // ɀɎɏ, 1937,
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A. Henglein, Reduzierende Wirkungen des Lösungen von Argon-Wasserstoff-Gemischen, //
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Ɇ.Ⱥ.Ɇɚɪɝɭɥɢɫ, ɂɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɡɜɭɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ. I. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ
ɍɁ-ɜɨɥɧ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɧɢɬɪɚɬɨɜ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ, //ɀɎɏ, 1974, ɬ.48, N11,
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Ɇ.Ⱥ.Ɇɚɪɝɭɥɢɫ, ɘ.Ɍ.Ⱦɢɞɟɧɤɨ, ɂɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɡɜɭɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ. ɋɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɨɜ ɇ2 ɢ ɇ2Ɉ2 ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ. //ɀɎɏ, 1984, ɬ.63, N
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Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɇ2Ɉ2 ɩɪɢ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɮɨɪɦɢɚɬɨɜ. //ɀɎɏ, 1976, ɬ.50, N10,
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ɫɟɫɫɢɢ ɊȺɈ, 15-17 ɢɸɧɹ 2010, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 2010. ɋɛ. Ɍɪ. ɋɟɫɫɢɢ. Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɚɤɭɫɬɢɤɚ. ɋ. 49 - 52;
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ɋɟɥɢɜɚɧɨɜɫɤɢɣ,Ⱦ. Ⱥ. Ɉ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɢ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɧɚ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɸ ɜɨɞɵ // Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɚɫɩɥɨɲɧɵɯɫɪɟɞ. 2010. ɜɵɩ.126, ɋ.105-106. ɋɛ. Ɍɪ. ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɢɦ. Ɇ.Ⱥ. Ʌɚɜɪɟɧɬɶɟɜɚ ɋɈ ɊȺɇ ɩɨɞ ɪɟɞ. ȼ. Ʉ. Ʉɟɞɪɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ. ɉɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ 10 ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ «Ⱥɤɭɫɬɢɤɚ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞ», 1-3 ɢɸɧɹ 2010. ɇɨɜɨɫɢɛɢɪɫɤ.
ȼ.ɇ.Ʉɨɧɞɪɚɬɶɟɜ. «Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɝɚɡɨɮɚɡɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ». ɋɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤ. Ɇ.: «ɇɚɭɤɚ»,
1970, ɫ.214.
ɋɟɥɢɜɚɧɨɜɫɤɢɣ Ⱦ.Ⱥ. Ɉ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɟ ɜɨɞɵ, ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ. //
Ⱥɤɭɫɬ. ɀ. ɜ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɫ ɚɩɪɟɥɹ 2011ɝ.; ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɫɚɣɬɟ: // people.nnov.ru/dimus.
30. ɇ.ȼ. Ɇɚɥɵɯ , ȼ.Ɇ. ɉɟɬɪɨɜ, Ⱦ.Ⱥ. ɋɟɥɢɜɚɧɨɜɫɤɢɣ, ȼ.ȼ. ɑɟɪɧɨɜ, Ⱥ.ɇ. Ɍɭɪɤɨ. ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧ
ɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɤɭɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɚɜɢɬɚɰɢɢ. //ɊȺɈ XXII , 2010 Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, ɬ.1, ɫ.47-49. Ɇ.:
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31. Ʉ.Ⱥ.ȿɡɟɪɫɤɢɣ «ɗɮɮɟɤɬ ɯɟɦɢɥɸɦɢɧɟɫɰɟɧɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢ ɮɚɡɨɜɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɟ ɥɟɞ-ɜɨɞɚ»
Ⱦɢɩɥɨɦɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ, 1999, ɇȽɍ ɢɦ. ɇ.ɂ.Ʌɨɛɚɱɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ, ɤɚɮɟɞɪɚ ɚɤɭɫɬɢɤɢ, ɋ.29.
Ȼɵɥ, ɩɨɦɧɸ, ɬɚɤɠɟ, ɦɨɣ ɞɨɤɥɚɞ, ɧɨ ɝɞɟ ɢ ɤɨɝɞɚ??? ɇɚ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɬɨ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɛɨɥɶ-ɦɟɧɶ
ɬɨɥɤɨɜɨɣ ???
Ⱦ.Ⱥ.ɋɟɥɢɜɚɧɨɜɫɤɢɣ, Ƚ.Ⱥ.Ⱦɨɦɪɚɱɟɜ, ɂ.ɇ.Ⱦɢɞɟɧɤɭɥɨɜ. Ɉ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɚɯ
ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɨɧɨɥɢɡɚ. // Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, 2005, ɜɵɩ.123, ɫ.114-116, ɩɨ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ ɤɨɧɮ. Ⱥɤɭɫɬɢɤɚ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞ, ɇɨɜɨɫɢɛɢɫɤ, 2005.
ȼɞɨɜɢɧ Ⱥ.ȼ., ɇɨɡɞɪɚɱɟɜɚ Ʌ.ȼ., ɉɚɜɥɨɜ Ȼ.ɇ. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦɚ
ɦɨɡɝɚ ɤɪɵɫ ɩɪɢ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɢ ɝɢɩɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɦɟɫɹɦɢ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɦɢ ɚɡɨɬ ɢɥɢ ɚɪɝɨɧ. // ȻɗȻɆ,
1998, ɬ.125, ʋ6, ɋ.618-19.
ɒɭɥɚɝɢɧ ɘ.Ⱥ., Ⱦɶɹɱɟɧɤɨ Ⱥ.ɂ., ɉɚɜɥɨɜ Ȼ.ɇ. ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɚɪɝɨɧɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɝɢɩɨɤɫɢɢ.//Ɏɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, 2001, 27(1).
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ɉɚɜɥɨɜ Ȼ.ɇ., Ⱦɶɹɱɟɧɤɨ Ⱥ.ɂ., ɋɨɥɞɚɬɨɜ ɉ.ɗ., ɒɭɥɚɝɢɧ ɘ.Ⱥ. ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɪɝɨɧɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɢɧɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɜ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ.// Ɍɪɭɞɵ
ɲɤɨɥɵ ɩɨ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɢɨɮɢɡɢɤɟ, ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪ, 11-13 ɦɚɪɬɚ, 2000, ɫ. 18
ȼɨɟɣɤɨɜ ȼ.Ʌ., ɏɢɦɢɱ Ɇ.ȼ. ɍɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɪɝɨɧɨɦ ɥɸɦɢɧɨɥ-ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɣ ɯɟɦɢɥɸɦɢɧɟɫɰɟɧɰɢɢ ɜ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ NaCl/H2O2. // Ȼɢɨɮɢɡɢɤɚ, 2002, 47(1), ɋ.5-11
ɋɟɥɢɜɚɧɨɜɫɤɢɣ Ⱦ.Ⱥ. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɨɝɥɚɲɚɥɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɚɯ ɜ ɂɉɎ.
Ⱦ.Ⱥ.ɋɟɥɢɜɚɧɨɜɫɤɢɣ, ɂ.ɇ.Ⱦɢɞɟɧɤɭɥɨɜ, ɓ.ȼ.Ʉɨɫɬɢɧɚ, ɉ.Ⱥ.ɋɬɭɧɠɚɫ. Ɇɟɯɚɧɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚɯ ɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ.// Ɍɟɡ. Ⱦɨɤɥ. Vɣ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɛɢɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɟ,
ɇ.ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞ, 20.05- 02.06, 2000, ɫ.22..
ɬɚɤɠɟ
Ⱦ.Ⱥ.ɋɟɥɢɜɚɧɨɜɫɤɢɣ, Ⱥ.ɂ. Ⱦɶɹɱɟɧɤɨ, ȼ.Ʌ.ȼɨɟɣɤɨɜ, Ƚ.ə.Ʌɟɜɢɧ, ȼ.ȼ.ɑɟɪɧɨɜ, Ⱥ.ɇ.Ɍɭɪɤɨ. Ɏɢɡɢɤɨɯɢɦɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɚɪɝɨɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɢ. // Ɍɟɡɢɫɵ ɞɨɤɥ. II Ʉɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ «Ɇɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɚɹ ɮɢɡɢɤɚ ɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɟ. 16-18 ɦɚɹ, 2006, Ɍɪɨɢɰɤ
ɋɟɥɢɜɚɧɨɜɫɤɢɣ Ⱦ.Ⱥ. Ɉɛ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ // ɫɚɣɬ: people. nnov.ru/dimus
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Ȼ.ɉ.ɇɚɞɟɢɧɫɤɢɣ, «Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɵ ɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟ ɫɤɨɣ ɯɢɦɢɢ». Ɇ.:
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