Верификация результатов дистанционного

ȼɟɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɟɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɡɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɋɨɥɨɜɟɰɤɨɝɨ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ
ȼ.ɂ. Ƚɨɪɧɵɣ, ɂ.ɒ. Ʌɚɬɵɩɨɜ, Ɍ.ȿ. Ɍɟɩɥɹɤɨɜɚ, ȿ.ɘ. ȼɨɹɤɢɧɚ
ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ
ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɊȺɇ
197110, ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ, ɭɥ. Ʉɨɪɩɭɫɧɚɹ, 18
E-mail: v.i.gornyy@ecosafety-spb.ru
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɟɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ (ɩɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ ɦɧɨɝɨɪɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɫɴɟɦɤɢ
ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɦ NOAA(AVHRR)) ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ Ʉɚɪɟɥɢɢ, ɚɤɜɚɬɨɪɢɢ Ȼɟɥɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ, Ʉɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ
ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ ɢ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ Ⱥɪɯɚɧɝɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɵɹɜɢɥɨ ɪɹɞ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɢɣ ɤɨɧɜɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ
ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ, ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɸɳɢɯ 25 ȼɬ/ɦ2. Ɉɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ – ɋɨɫɧɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɚɹ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɢɹ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɜ
ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɋɨɥɨɜɟɰɤɨɝɨ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɜɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ
(ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɵɧɨɫ ɷɧɞɨɝɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɩɥɚ) ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɋɨɫɧɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ
ɡɧɚɱɢɦɭɸ ɞɨɥɸ ɨɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɫɭɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɢɧɫɨɥɹɰɢɢ ɜ ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɬɶ
ɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɨ ɬɟɤɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ
ɞɟɲɢɮɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɚ Landsat ETM+, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɜɲɟɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɣ
ɋɨɥɨɜɟɰɤɢɣ ɨɫɬɪɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɚɥɟɨɜɭɥɤɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɠɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɡɟɪ Ȼ.ɋɨɥɨɜɟɰɤɨɝɨ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ (ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɚ Landsat ETM+) ɜɵɹɜɢɥ
ɪɹɞ ɨɡɟɪ ɫ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɇɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɢɟ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɜɲɢɟ
ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɨɡɟɪɚɯ, ɨɬɛɨɪ ɩɪɨɛ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɮɢɬɨɩɥɚɧɤɬɨɧɚ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɢ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɚɪɟɚɥɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɥɸɛɢɜɨɣ
ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɋɨɫɧɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɢɢ - ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɧɨɫɚ
ɷɧɞɨɝɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɩɥɚ Ɂɟɦɥɢ.
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ: ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɬɨɤ, ɬɟɩɥɨɜɚɹ ɫɴɟɦɤɚ, ɧɟɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɣ
ɋɨɥɨɜɟɰɤɢɣ ɨɫɬɪɨɜ, ɬɟɤɬɨɧɢɤɚ, ɬɟɩɥɨɦɚɫɫɨɩɟɪɟɧɨɫ.
ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
Ⱦɨ ɤɨɧɰɚ 70-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɜɟɤɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɚɷɪɨɫɴɟɦɤɢ [1] ɞɥɹ
ɤɚɪɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ (Ɍɉ) ɢɡ ɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɧɟɞɪ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɦɢ
ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɭɥɤɚɧɢɡɦɚ [2]. ɉɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ Ɍɉ ɜ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɯ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɚɯ ɛɵɥɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ,
ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɢ ɦȼɬ/ɦ2 [3-6]. ɇɚ
ɷɬɨɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ [7], ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɦɚɥɵɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɵ Ɍɉ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ
ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɵ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ (ɌɁɉ). ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɛɵɥ
ɫɞɟɥɚɧ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɨ ɧɟɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɚɷɪɨɫɴɟɦɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɪɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɚɧɨɦɚɥɢɣ Ɍɉ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɪɚɣɨɧɨɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɭɥɤɚɧɢɡɦɚ [7].
Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ 70-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɜɟɤɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɜ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ
ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜ NOAA, ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɤɚɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ ɪɚɞɢɨɦɟɬɪɨɦ AVHRR. ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɢɛɨɪ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɂɄɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɧɨɱɧɵɯ
ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɧɢɦɤɚɯ ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɦɟɫɬ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɧɵɟ
ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɵ ɌɁɉ, ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɝɪɚɞɭɫɵ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɟ
ɡɨɧɵ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɜɲɢɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ «ɬɟɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɥɢɧɢɢ», ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɵ ɭ ɩɨɞɧɨɠɢɣ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ: Ʉɨɩɟɬɞɚɝ [8]; - ɍɪɚɥ [9, 10]; - Ʉɚɜɤɚɡ [11]; - Ƚɢɦɚɥɚɢ ɢ ɋɭɥɟɣɦɚɧɨɜɵ ɝɨɪɵ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜɟ
ɂɧɞɨɫɬɚɧ. Ʌɢɧɟɣɧɵɟ ɡɨɧɵ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɌɁɉ, ɬɚɤɠɟ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ
36
ɜɧɭɬɪɢɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɢɮɬɨɜ [12]. əɪɤɢɦ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ Ɋɟɣɧɫɤɢɣ ɝɪɚɛɟɧ (ɪɢɫ. 1),
ɝɞɟ «ɬɟɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɥɢɧɢɢ» ɢɧɞɢɰɢɪɭɸɬ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɝɪɚɛɟɧ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɨɦɵ.
Ɋɢɫ. 1. «Ɍɟɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɥɢɧɢɢ» Ɋɟɣɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɛɟɧɚ.
Ⱥ – ɤɚɪɬɚ ɧɨɱɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɨɜ (ɩɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ ɫɴɟɦɤɢ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɦ NOAA(AVHRR).
ɋɬɪɟɥɤɚɦɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɵ ɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɧɞɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɨɦɵ.
Ȼ – ɤɚɪɬɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɜ Ɋɟɣɧɫɤɨɦ ɝɪɚɛɟɧɟ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ 1 ɤɦ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɚɯ
(ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɡɜɟɡɞɨɱɤɚɦɢ) [13]. Ƚɥɭɛɢɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɨɦɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɥɢɧɹɦɢ ɫ ɛɟɪɝɲɬɪɢɯɚɦɢ.
ɉɭɧɤɬɢɪɨɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɢɡɨɥɢɧɢɢ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ Ɇɨɯɨ. Ȼɟɥɵɦɢ ɤɪɭɠɤɚɦɢ – ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɧɬɢɣɧɨɝɨ ɝɟɥɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɛɚɯ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɥɢ ɝɚɡɚ.
ȼ – ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɤɨɧɜɟɤɰɢɢ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɮɥɸɢɞɨɜ ɜ Ɋɟɣɧɫɤɨɦ ɝɪɚɛɟɧɟ, ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɦ
ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɚɯ (ɩɨ ɏ. Ʉɥɚɭɡɟɪɭ (C. Clauser) [13]).
ɐɜɟɬɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɪɟɥɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ ɜ ɤɪɭɠɤɚɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɯ
ɮɥɸɢɞɨɜ. ɋɢɧɢɦɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ ɩɪɨɫɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɪɚɫɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɡɨɧɚɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɝɪɚɛɟɧ
ɝɥɭɛɢɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɥɨɦɨɜ
ɂɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɌɁɉ [1] ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɫɬɨɥɶ
ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɯ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɢɣ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɤɚɤ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɧɨɫɚ
ɷɧɞɨɝɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɩɥɚ. ɉɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ «ɬɟɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɥɢɧɢɣ» ɫ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ
ɝɥɭɛɢɧɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɦɚɦɢ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɩɥɢɬɧɵɯ ɪɢɮɬɨɜ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 1 Ⱥ ɢ Ȼ) ɧɚɜɟɥɨ ɧɚ
ɦɵɫɥɶ ɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɦɚɫɫɨɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɜ ɡɨɧɚɯ ɪɚɡɥɨɦɨɜ (ɪɚɧɟɟ ɷɬɨ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɨɫɶ ȼ.ɂ.
Ʌɹɥɶɤɨ [15, 16] ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ Ɏɚɣɡɚɛɚɞɫɤɨɝɨ, Ɍɨɤɬɨɝɭɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ Ɏɪɭɧɡɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɟɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɝɨɧɨɜ).
Ɍɟɩɥɨɦɚɫɫɨɩɟɪɟɧɨɫ, ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɤɨɧɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟɣ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɦ ɞɢɫɫɢɩɚɰɢɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ Ɂɟɦɥɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɠɢɞɚɬɶ
ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɟ Ɍɉ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ «ɬɟɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɥɢɧɢɣ» [17-20].
37
ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ, ɂ.ɂ. ɇɢɤɲɢɱɟɦ [21] ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ Ʉɨɩɟɬɞɚɝɚ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ, ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɪɨɫɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɟɨɪɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ ɢ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɭɸ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɜ ɡɨɧɚɯ ɪɚɡɥɨɦɨɜ. ɉɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ, ɫɥɚɝɚɸɳɢɟ
Ʉɨɩɟɬɞɚɝ ɬɪɟɳɢɧɨɜɚɬɵɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɹɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɡɨɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɫɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɟɨɪɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ. ɉɪɨɧɢɤɚɹ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɧɚɝɪɟɬɵɟ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɦɟɬɟɨɪɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ. ɉɪɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ
Ʉɨɩɟɬɞɚɝɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɥɨɦɚ, ɷɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɧɟɦɭ ɢ
ɪɚɡɝɪɭɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɞ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ, ɛɚɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ
ɝɢɩɫɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɡɨɧ ɩɪɨɫɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɝɪɭɡɤɢ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ
ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɧɢɦɤɚɯ «ɬɟɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɥɢɧɢɣ» ɤɚɤ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɥɹ
Ȼɚɣɤɚɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɪɢɮɬɨɜɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ [12, 22]. ȼ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɠɟ Ɋɟɣɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɛɟɧɚ ɏ. Ʉɥɚɭɡɟɪ [13, 14] ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ,
ɱɬɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɠɢɞɚɬɶ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɜɟɤɰɢɢ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɮɥɸɢɞɨɜ,
ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɤ ɢɯ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɭ ɩɨ ɨɛɪɚɦɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɝɪɚɛɟɧ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɥɨɦɚɦ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɩɪɢɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɞɨ ɞɟɫɹɬɢ ɝɪɚɞɭɫɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ ɮɥɸɢɞɨɜ
ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɬɶ 10-6 ɦ/c. ɗɬɨɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɵɟ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɟ ɡɨɧɵ
ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɌɁɉ, ɢɧɞɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɨɦɵ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ Ɋɟɣɧɫɤɢɣ ɝɪɚɛɟɧ (ɪɢɫ. 1Ⱥ).
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ Ɍɉ ɜ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɚɯ ɧɟ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɸɬ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɲɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɣ ɌɁɉ ɧɚɞ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɦɚɦɢ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ,
ɧɢɠɟ ɢɡɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɳɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɬɞɚɱɚ Ɂɟɦɥɢ [6]
ɧɟɞɨɨɰɟɧɟɧɚ ɩɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɧɵɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ.
Ɍɟɩɥɨɨɬɞɚɱɚ «ɬɟɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɥɢɧɢɣ»
Ⱦɨɩɭɫɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ «ɬɟɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɥɢɧɢɢ», ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɴɟɦɤɨɣ
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɞɢɫɫɢɩɚɰɢɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ Ɂɟɦɥɢ. ɉɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɦ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ Ɍɉ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɨɞɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɞɧɟɜɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɚɝɪɟɬɶ ɟɟ ɧɚ ɨɞɢɧ
ɝɪɚɞɭɫ (ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬ ɌɁɉ, ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɦɵɣ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɫɴɟɦɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ).
ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɦ, ɬɚɤɠɟ, ɱɬɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧ ɞɧɟɜɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ ɇɶɸɬɨɧɚ [23]:
q(h o )=̓ D [T(h o )-t ];
(1)
a
ɝɞɟ: h o - ɧɭɥɟɜɚɹ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ (ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɱɜɵ), ɦ; T(h o )- ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ
ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɨ ɋ; t – ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɢɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ, ɨ ɋ; D - ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ
a
2
ɬɟɩɥɨɨɬɞɚɱɢ, ȼɬ/(ɦ ɨ ɋ).
ɂɡ (1) ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ (ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬ) Ɍɉ - ' q(h o ) ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ «ɬɟɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ»
ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɦɭ ɮɨɧɭ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ:
' q(h o )= D [T ɬ (h o )- T ɮ (h o )]= D' T(h o );
(2)
ɝɞɟ: T ɬ (h o ) ɢ T ɮ (h o ) – ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɌɁɉ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ «ɬɟɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ» ɢ
ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɮɨɧɚ, ɨ ɋ. ȼɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ (2) ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨ ɩɪɢ ɦɚɥɵɯ (ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɝɪɚɞɭɫɵ)
ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɚɯ ɌɁɉ - ' T(h o ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɩɪɢɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ «ɬɟɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ».
Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ D ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɬɢɩɚ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɭɛɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ (ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɞɥɹ ɫɭɲɢ ɢɥɢ
ɜɨɞɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɨɜ), ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜɟɬɪɚ, ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɥɟɬɨ, ɪɚɣɨɧ Ɋɟɣɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɛɟɧɚ, ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɜɟɬɪɚ 2 ɦ/ɫ, ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ
ɩɨɱɜɵ 10%, ɬɟɩɥɨɜɚɹ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɹ ɩɨɱɜɵ 1000 ȿɌɂ1, ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ D, ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɫɭɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ
2
ɯɨɞɚ ɌɁɉ [1] ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 12 ȼɬ/(ɦ ɨɋ). ɂɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ (2) ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɤ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ
2
ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɬɞɚɱɚ «ɬɟɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ» ɧɚɝɪɟɬɨɣ ɧɚ 1 ɨɋ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 12 ȼɬ/ɦ . ɌɁɉ
ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ «ɬɟɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɥɢɧɢɣ» ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɲɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɮɨɧɚ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɝɪɚɞɭɫɨɜ.
Ɉɬɫɸɞɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ «ɬɟɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɥɢɧɢɢ» ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɬɞɚɱɟɣ,
1
ȿɌɂ – ɟɞɢɧɢɰ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɢ. ȿɌɂ = Ⱦɠ/(ɦ2*ɫ1/2*Ʉ)
38
2
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɬɶ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɨɜ ȼɬ/ɦ . ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ
ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ Ɍɉ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɜ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɯ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɚɯ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ
ɷɬɢɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɬɜɟɬɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ: «Ɇɨɠɟɬ ɥɢ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɬɞɚɱɚ «ɬɟɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɥɢɧɢɣ» ɛɵɬɶ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɚ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɩɨ ɡɨɧɟ ɪɚɡɥɨɦɚ?»
Ʉɨɧɜɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɜɵɧɨɫ ɷɧɞɨɝɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɜ ɡɨɧɚɯ ɪɚɡɥɨɦɨɜ
Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ Ɍɉ [13-20] ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɹɯ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɯ
ɜɨɞ 10-6 ɦ/ɫ ɢ ɜɵɲɟ ɧɚɞ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɡɨɧɚɦɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɠɢɞɚɬɶ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɵ ɌɁɉ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɝɪɚɞɭɫɵ, ɚ
ɤɨɧɜɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ Ɍɉ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɢ ȼɬ/ɦ2. ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɜɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ
Ɍɉ (ɞɨ 37 ȼɬ/ɦ2, ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ Ɍɉ) ɛɵɥɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ
ȼ.Ⱥ. Ƚɨɥɭɛɟɜɵɦ [22] ɩɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɝɟɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɞɧɟ ɨɡɟɪɚ Ȼɚɣɤɚɥ2. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ ɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɡɨɧɚɯ ɪɚɡɥɨɦɨɜ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ
ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɡɨɧɚɯ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɶɫɹ Ɍɉ, ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɸɳɢɟ
ɞɟɫɹɬɤɨɜ ȼɬ/ɦ 2 , ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɵ ɌɁɉ, ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɝɪɚɞɭɫɨɜ. ɗɬɨ
ɹɜɢɥɨɫɶ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɟɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ [24, 25].
ȼɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɣ ɧɟɞɨɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ Ɍɉ. Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ Ɍɉ ɜ
ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɚɯ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɨ ɤɨɧɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟ ɜ ɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɟ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ,
ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɤɨɧɜɟɤɰɢɢ ɨɧ ɞɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɨɲɢɛɤɢ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɧɟɞɨɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ Ɍɉ, ɬ.ɤ. ɩɨ
ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɜ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɚɯ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɦɟɲɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ
ɫɟɡɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɪɢɬɦɨɜ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚ ɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚɯ
ɱɚɫɬɨ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ (ɤɨɧɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɧɜɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ,).
Ⱦɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɝɟɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ (ȾȽɆ)
ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ [1], ɱɬɨ ɌɁɉ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɣ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɢ
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɧɚ Ɂɉ, ɚɥɶɛɟɞɨ Ɂɉ, ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɢ (Ɍɂ), Ɍɉ ɢɡ ɡɟɦɧɵɯ
ɧɟɞɪ, ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ, ɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ,
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɋɈ2, SO2) ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɟ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɌɁɉ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ
ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɌɁɉ ɜɵɹɜɥɹɬɶ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɫ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɦɢ Ɍɉ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɥɹ
ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ Ɍɉ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ "ɨɱɢɫɬɢɬɶ" ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɫɴɟɦɤɢ ɨɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ [24,25], ɛɚɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɧɚ
ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɫɭɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɯɨɞɚ ɌɁɉ [1]. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ
ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨɣ (ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɭɬɨɤ) ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɴɟɦɤɢ ɫɬɪɨɹɬɫɹ
ɤɚɪɬɵ Ɍɉ, Ɍɂ ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɫ Ɂɉ.
ɋɪɟɞɧɟɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ Ɍɉ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɝɟɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ
ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɯ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɴɟɦɨɤ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ V = 10 ȼɬ/ɦ 2 ɞɥɹ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɢɤɫɟɥɹ. ȿɫɥɢ ɠɟ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɢɹ Ɍɉ
ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ N ɩɢɤɫɟɥɹɦɢ (ɝɞɟ N – ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɢɤɫɟɥɟɣ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ Ɍɉ), ɬ.ɟ. ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɧɭɸ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ, ɬɨ
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ Ɍɉ ɜ
ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɢɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ V = 10/N1/2 ȼɬ/ɦ 2 .
ɉɨ ɧɚɲɟɦɭ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɜɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ Ɍɉ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɡɟɪɚ Ȼɚɣɤɚɥ ɧɟɞɨɨɰɟɧɟɧɵ. ɗɬɨ ɥɟɝɤɨ
ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ȼ.Ⱥ.Ƚɨɥɭɛɟɜɚ (ɪɢɫ. 11 [22] ɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɬɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧɨɣ
ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ Oɬ=414 ȼɬ/(ɦ*Ʉ) [28]).
2
39
Ⱦɥɹ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ Ɍɉ ɜ Ȼɟɥɨɦɨɪɫɤɨɦ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɦ NOAA(AVHRR) (ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɧɮɪɚɤɪɚɫɧɵɯ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɨɜ 0.12
Ʉ, ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ~ 1.1 ɤɦ. ɋ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ Ɍɉ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɨɜ
11ɯ11 ɤɦ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɱɬɟɧɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɞɥɹ Ȼɟɥɨɦɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
Ɍɉ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɹɜɢɥɚɫɶ ɤɚɪɬɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɪɚɳɟɧɢɣ Ɍɉ (ɪɢɫ. 2) ɞɥɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɭɲɢ
(ɚɤɜɚɬɨɪɢɢ ɡɚɦɚɫɤɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ).
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɤɚɪɬɵ ɩɪɢɪɚɳɟɧɢɣ Ɍɉ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ
ɋɨɥɨɜɟɰɤɨɝɨ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ, ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɋɨɫɧɨɜɫɤɨɣ
ɝɭɛɵ (ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧ ɫɬɪɟɥɤɨɣ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 2) ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬ
Ɍɉ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ +25 ȼɬ/ɦ 2 . ȼɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɋɨɫɧɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɢɢ
ɧɚ
Ȼ.ɋɨɥɨɜɟɰɤɨɦ
ɨɫɬɪɨɜɟ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɥɨ
ɧɚɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɜɟɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ. Ɍɟɤɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ
ɞɟɲɢɮɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɚ
Landsat
ETM+
ɜɵɹɜɢɥɨ
ɤɨɥɶɰɟɜɭɸ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ, ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɋɨɫɧɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɚɹ
Ɋɢɫ. 2. Ʉɚɪɬɚ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ Ɍɉ, ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ
ɚɧɨɦɚɥɢɹ [26], ɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ
ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ Ȼɟɥɨɦɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ. ɋɨɫɧɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɢɹ
Ɍɉ ɧɚ Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɋɨɥɨɜɟɰɤɨɦ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ
ɤɨɥɶɰɟɜɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɢ
ɫɬɪɟɥɤɨɣ.
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɤɢ ɨɡɟɪ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɢ
ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ Ȼ. ɋɨɥɨɜɟɰɤɢɣ ɨɫɬɪɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɦɨɥɨɞɭɸ ɜɭɥɤɚɧɨɩɥɭɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ [27].
ɉɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ Ɍɉ ɧɚ Ȼ. ɋɨɥɨɜɟɰɤɨɦ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɟ
ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ Ɍɉ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ
ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ, ɞɥɹ ɜɟɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ, ɛɚɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɧɚ
ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɩɨɬɨɤɚɦɢ. Ʉ ɧɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ:
- ɫɧɟɝɨɜɨɣ ɤɚɥɨɪɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ [29], ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɢ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɧɟɝɚ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ Ɍɉ;
- ɝɟɨɛɨɬɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ (ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɧɵɣ) ɦɟɬɨɞ [29,30], ɛɚɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɧɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜɢɞɨɜɨɝɨ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɨɬ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ Ɍɉ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɨɫɧɵ
ɧɟ ɪɚɫɬɭɬ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɫ Ɍɉ ɜɵɲɟ 4 ȼɬ/ɦ2, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ 15 ɫɦ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ
40 ɨɋ [30], ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɨɫɟɧ ɢ ɩɪɨɩɥɟɲɢɧɵ ɜ ɥɟɫɭ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɧɞɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɵɣ
ɤɨɧɜɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɜɵɧɨɫ ɷɧɞɨɝɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɩɥɚ;
- ɫɭɛɚɤɜɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɚɡɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɪɭɞɢɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɝɢɞɪɨɬɟɪɦ ɜ ɨɡɟɪɚɯ [27].
Ⱦɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɧɨɦ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɟ ɫɧɟɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɚɥɨɪɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɛɵɥɢ
ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ Terra(ASTER) ɢ Landsat TM,
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɫɧɟɝɨɬɚɹɧɢɹ (ɪɢɫ. 3). ȼɵɹɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɚɩɪɟɥɹ, ɞɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ
ɬɚɹɧɢɹ ɫɧɟɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɩ. Ɋɟɛɨɥɞɚ ɧɚ ɞɜɭɯ ɨɡɟɪɚɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɨɩɟɪɟɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ
ɫɯɨɞɚ ɥɟɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ (ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɟɦɧɵɣ ɬɨɧ ɧɚ ɨɡɟɪɚɯ 1,2 ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 3 Ⱥ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɨɡɟɪɚɦɢ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ 3). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɨɡɟɪɚ 2 ɩɨɹɜɢɥɨɫɶ ɬɟɦɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɦɥɟɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɚ ɥɟɬɧɟɦ
ɫɧɢɦɤɟ (ɪɢɫ. 3 Ȼ). ɗɬɢ ɮɚɤɬɵ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɨɩɟɪɟɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɧɟɝɨɬɚɹɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ (ɞɟɫɹɬɤɢ ȼɬ/ɦ2) Ɍɉ. ɂɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɡɟɪɚɯ 1 ɢ 3 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɭ
ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɨɡɟɪɟ 1
40
Ɋɢɫ. 3. RGB-ɰɜɟɬɨɜɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬɵ ɧɚ ɋ-ȼ ɱɚɫɬɶ Ȼ. ɋɨɥɨɜɟɰɤɨɝɨ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ: Ⱥ. (ASTER/Terra). ȼɟɫɟɧɧɢɣ
ɚɫɩɟɤɬ, ɞɨ ɫɧɟɝɨɬɚɹɧɢɹ (09.04.2005 ɝ.). Ȼ. Landsat TM. Ʌɟɬɧɢɣ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ (21.06.2000ɝ.)
Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɨɡɟɪɟ 1
ɧɢɠɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɨɡɟɪɟ 3, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, +17,8 ɨɋ ɢ
+19,2 ɨɋ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ, ɜ ɨɡɟɪɟ 3 ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɬ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ 2 ɦ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ
ɞɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɞɧɚ (5 ɦ), ɱɬɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɞɥɹ
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɨɡɟɪ Ȼ.ɋɨɥɨɜɟɰɤɨɝɨ
ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɟ
ɜɟɬɪɨɜɨɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɞ [27]. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ,
ɜ ɨɡɟɪɟ 1, ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 3 ɦ, ɧɚ
ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ 1 ɦ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɬɚ ɠɟ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ +17,6 ɨɋ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ
ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ 2 ɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɡɟɪɟ
ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ +15,4 ɨɋ ɢ ɫɥɟɝɤɚ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɧɚ
ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɞɧɚ (3 ɦ) ɞɨ +15,5 ɨɋ.
ɍɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɚɹ
ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɫɬɪɚɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɚɫɶ ɧɚɦɢ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɜ «ɬɟɩɥɵɯ» ɨɡɟɪɚɯ
Ȼ.ɋɨɥɨɜɟɰɤɨɝɨ ɨɡɟɪɚ (ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ
ɪɹɞɚ ɨɡɟɪ ɧɚ Ȼ.ɋɨɥɨɜɟɰɤɨɦ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɟ ɞɨ +15 ɨɋ
ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɭ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɡɟɪ [27]). «Ɍɟɩɥɵɟ» ɨɡɟɪɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɚɤ ɢ ɨɡɟɪɨ 1 ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ
Ɋɢɫ. 4. ȼɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
ɡɚɛɨɥɨɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ. Ȼɟɪɟɝɚ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɨɡɟɪ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɨɡɟɪɚɯ:
1. Ɉɡɟɪɨ 1 ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 3.
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɩɥɚɜɧɢɧɭ. ɇɨ ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɢ ɨɬ
2. Ɉɡɟɪɨ 3 ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 3
ɨɡɟɪɚ 1 ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ «ɬɟɩɥɵɯ» ɨɡɟɪ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɥɚ 14-17 ɦ,
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɜɨɡɥɟ ɛɟɪɟɝɚ. ȼ ɨɡɟɪɟ ɠɟ 1 ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɦɨɧɨɬɨɧɧɨ ɫ
ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ ɨɬ ɛɟɪɟɝɚ. ȼ «ɬɟɩɥɵɯ» ɨɡɟɪɚɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɤɨɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɞɵ ɞɨ ~
+4,0 ɨɋ ɭɠɟ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ 4 ɦ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɞɨ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɞɧɚ. ȼ
ɨɡɟɪɟ ɠɟ 1 ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ 2 ɦ ɧɚ ~ +4,5 ɨɋ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ «ɬɟɩɥɵɯ» ɨɡɟɪɚɯ. ȿɫɥɢ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɨɡɟɪɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɛɵ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 5 ɦ, ɚ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɤ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɫɬɜɭ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ
ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɥɚɫɶ, ɬɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɢɞɨɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɨɡɟɪɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɛɵ ɧɚ +3,5 ɨɋ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɢɞɨɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɜ ɨɡɟɪɟ 3. ɂɡ ɜɫɟɯ ɞɟɫɹɬɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɦɢ ɨɡɟɪ, ɨɡɟɪɨ 1
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɇ, ɢ ɜɢɞɨɜɵɦ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟɦ ɮɢɬɨɩɥɚɧɤɬɨɧɚ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ
41
ɜɨɞɨɟɦɟ (ɬɚɛɥ.1). ɗɬɨ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɮɢɬɨɩɥɚɧɤɬɨɧɚ ɜ ɨɡɟɪɟ 1, ɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɧɚ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɭɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɜ
ɨɡɟɪɟ 1, ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɨɡɟɪɚɦɢ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɨɛɢɥɢɹ ɮɢɬɨɩɥɚɧɤɬɨɧɚ ɜ ɨɡɟɪɚɯ
ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ
ɨɡɟɪɚ
pH
ɑɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
ɮɢɬɨɩɥɚɧɤɬɨɧɚ,
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ
ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ,
ɬɵɫ. ɤɥ/ɥ
ɦɝ/ɥ
ɛɢɬ/ɷɤɡ
ɛɢɬ/ɦɝ
ȼɢɞɨɜɨɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ,
ɷɧɬɪɨɩɢɹ
Ɉɡɟɪɨ 1
4,4
2701
3,29
3,27
2,56
Ɉɡɟɪɨ 3
5,7
504
0,69
1,21
0,78
ɉɨ ɧɚɲɟɦɭ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ, ɷɬɨ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɪɚɡɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɜ ɨɡɟɪɨ 1 ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɫ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ +15,0 ɨɋ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɡɟɪɨ 1
ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɢɠɟ, ɱɟɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɨɡɟɪɟ 3.
ɉɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɜɵɲɟ, ɬ.ɟ. ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɜ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ
ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ ɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɡɟɪɚ 3 ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɱɢɯ
ɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɧɢɠɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɨɡɟɪɟ 1. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɨɡɟɪɚ 1 ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɨɡɟɪɚ 3, ɚ
ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɡɟɪɨ 1 ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɨɥɧɰɟɦ ɥɭɱɲɟ, ɧɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ.
ȼɫɟ ɜɵɲɟɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ, ɟɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɫɭɛɚɤɜɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɪɚɡɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɜ ɨɡɟɪɨ 1. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɚɹ ɪɚɡɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ
ɨɩɟɪɟɠɚɸɳɢɣ ɫɯɨɞ ɥɟɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ ɜ ɨɡɟɪɚɯ 1 ɢ 2, ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɯ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɫɴɟɦɤɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɞ ɫɭɛɚɤɜɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ
ɜɫɟɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ, ɬɨ ɜ ɥɟɬɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɷɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɟɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ. Ɂɢɦɨɣ ɠɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɶ ɜɨɞɭ ɜ ɨɡɟɪɚɯ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɟɟ ɩɪɢɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ, ɬ.ɤ. ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɥɟɞɨɜɨɝɨ
ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ ɜɟɬɪɨɜɨɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɢɦɨɣ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɚ ɪɚɡɝɪɭɠɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɨɡɟɪɨ ɜɨɞɵ ɤɚɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɬɟɩɥɵɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɜɫɩɥɵɜɚɬɶ ɤ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɧɢɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɩɟɪɟɠɚɸɳɢɣ
ɫɯɨɞ ɥɟɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ ɜɟɫɧɨɣ.
ɇɚɡɟɦɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɠɢɦɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɧɚ Ȼ. ɋɨɥɨɜɟɰɤɨɦ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ
ɋɨɫɧɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɢɢ Ɍɉ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɫɭɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɱɜ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɝɪɚɞɭɫɨɜ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɧɚ
ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ [31]. ɉɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ, ɛɵɥ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧ ɜɢɞɨɜɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
Ȼ.ɋɨɥɨɜɟɰɤɨɝɨ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɲɢɪɨɬɵ ɋɨɥɨɜɟɰɤɨɝɨ ɚɪɯɢɩɟɥɚɝɚ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ 150 ɤɦ ɨɬ
ɉɨɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɭɝɚ, ɡɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɬɢɩɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɬɚɣɝɢ
ɟɥɶɧɢɤɢ ɡɟɥɟɧɨɦɨɲɧɵɟ. Ɉɬɦɟɱɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ «ɬɟɩɥɵɯ» ɨɡɟɪ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɟɪɟɠɟɧɢɟ ɮɟɧɨɮɚɡ
ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɦɢ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɨɜ. ȼ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɋɨɫɧɨɜɫɤɨɣ
ɚɧɨɦɚɥɢɢ Ɍɉ ɥɭɝɨɜɚɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɜɥɚɠɧɨ-ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɧɵɦɢ ɥɭɝɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ
ɛɨɝɚɬɵɯ ɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ. ɉɨɤɪɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɥɢɫɨɯɜɨɫɬ ɥɭɝɨɜɨɣ (Alopecurus pratensis), ɟɠɚ
ɫɛɨɪɧɚɹ (Dactylis glomerata), ɨɜɫɹɧɢɰɚ ɥɭɝɨɜɚɹ (Festuca pratensis), ɨɩɭɲɟɱɧɨ-ɥɭɝɨɜɨɟ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɪɚɜɶɟ (Cirsium heterophyllum, Filipendula ulmaria, Anthriscus sylvestris ɢ ɞɪ.), ɨɛɢɥɶɧɨ
ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɱɢɧɚ ɥɭɝɨɜɚɹ (Lathyrus pratensis), ɤɥɟɜɟɪ ɥɭɝɨɜɨɣ (Trifolium pratensis), ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɸɬ
ɦɚɧɠɟɬɤɢ (Alchemilla sp.), ɝɟɪɚɧɶ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ (Geranium sylvaticum), ɞɭɲɢɫɬɵɣ ɤɨɥɨɫɨɤ (Anthoxanthum
odoratum). ɇɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɜɥɚɠɧɵɯ ɥɭɝɚɯ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɥɭɝɨɜɢɤ ɞɟɪɧɢɫɬɵɣ (Deschampsia
caespitosa). ɇɚ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɛɵɜɲɢɯ ɨɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɵ ɡɚɪɨɫɥɢ ɛɭɬɟɧɹ ɚɪɨɦɚɬɧɨɝɨ (Chaerophyllum
aromaticum) ɢ ɳɚɜɟɥɹ ɬɭɩɨɥɢɫɬɧɨɝɨ (Rumex obtusifolius), ɧɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɨɛɢɥɢɢ ɜ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɋɨɥɨɜɟɰɤɨɝɨ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ, ɚ ɡɚ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɬɭɳɢɦɢ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚɯ ɚɪɯɢɩɟɥɚɝɚ.
Ɉɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɢɜɵ ɤɨɡɶɟɣ (Salix caprea), ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɫɬɜɨɥɚ ɭ ɤɨɦɥɹ ɨɤɨɥɨ 1 ɦ,
ɱɬɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɪɟɞɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɬɚɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ, ɚ ɧɚ
42
ɋɨɥɨɜɟɰɤɨɦ ɚɪɯɢɩɟɥɚɝɟ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɥɨɪɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ.
Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɧɟɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɋɨɫɧɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɢɢ Ɍɉ.
Ʉɚɤ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜɵɲɟ, ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɷɧɞɨɝɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɩɥɚ
Ɂɟɦɥɢ ɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ. ȼɤɥɚɞ ɷɧɞɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ – Ɍɉ ɜ
ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 25 ȼɬ/ɦ2 (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 2), ɱɬɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ
ɷɧɟɪɝɨɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɱɜɵ. Ɂɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɷɧɞɨɝɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɦɦ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɋɨɥɨɜɟɰɤɨɦ
ɨɫɬɪɨɜɟ ɢ ɜ Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɧɚ ɞɧɟɜɧɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞ (ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ) ɢ ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɛɥ. 2.
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɬɚɛɥ. 2 ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɦ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɟ ɷɧɞɨɝɟɧɧɵɣ
ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜ ɧɚ Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɋɨɥɨɜɟɰɤɨɦ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɛɥɢɡɤɭɸ ɤ
ɬɚɤɨɜɨɣ ɞɥɹ Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ~550 ɤɦ ɤ ɸɝɭ ɨɬ Ȼ.ɋɨɥɨɜɟɰɤɨɝɨ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ.
Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɷɧɞɨɝɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ 10 % ɨɬ ɫɭɦɦ ɩɚɞɚɸɳɟɣ
ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɜɨɥɧɨɜɨɣ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɢ. ɋ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɚɥɶɛɟɞɨ, ɞɥɹ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɜɨɥɧɨɜɨɣ
ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɢ, ɢɞɭɳɟɣ ɧɚ ɧɚɝɪɟɜ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɷɬɚ ɞɨɥɹ ɩɪɟɜɵɫɢɬ 50%. ɗɬɨ ɢ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɧɟɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ Ȼ. ɋɨɥɨɜɟɰɤɨɦ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɟ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ Ȼ.ɋɨɥɨɜɟɰɤɨɝɨ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ,
ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɋɨɫɧɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɢɢ Ɍɉ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ȾȽɆ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ
ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɜɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɧɨɫɚ ɷɧɞɨɝɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɩɥɚ,
ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɨɜ ȼɬ/ɦ2.
ɗɬɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɟɳɟ ɪɚɡ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɞɢɥɢ, ɜɵɞɜɢɧɭɬɭɸ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɭ [17] ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɬɞɚɱɚ
Ɂɟɦɥɢ ɧɟɞɨɨɰɟɧɟɧɚ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɞɢɫɫɢɩɚɰɢɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɩɥɚɧɟɬɵ ɡɚ
ɫɱɟɬ ɬɟɩɥɨ-ɦɚɫɫɨɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2. ɗɧɟɪɝɨɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ Ȼ. ɋɨɥɨɜɟɰɤɨɝɨ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ ɢ Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
ɉɪɢɯɨɞɧɚɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ
ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ,
ȼɬ/ɦ2
ɉɚɞɚɸɳɚɹ/ɉɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɚɹ
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɫɭɬɨɱɧɚɹ
ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɜɨɥɧɨɜɚɹ
ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɹ,
Ⱥɥɶɛɟɞɨ = 0.2
ɉɚɞɚɸɳɚɹ/ɉɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɚɹ
cɪɟɞɧɟɫɭɬɨɱɧɚɹ
ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɜɨɥɧɨɜɚɹ
ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɹ?
Ⱥɥɶɛɟɞɨ = 0.2
ɗɧɞɨɝɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜ
ɋɭɦɦɚɪɧɚɹ (ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɢ
ɷɧɞɨɝɟɧɧɚɹ)
Ⱥɩɪ.
Ɇɚɣ
ɂɸɧɶ
ȼɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ
ɂɸɥɶ
Ⱥɜɝ.
ɋɟɧɬ.
Ɉɤɬ.
ȼɫɟɝɨ,
ɆȾɠ/
ɦ2
49/10
2970/594
Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
154/31
221/44
233/47
223/45
171/34
96/19
Ȼ. ɋɨɥɨɜɟɰɤɢɣ ɨɫɬɪɨɜ
224/45
255/51
230/46
170/34
96/19
2530/506
25
25
25
25
25
320
249
280
255
195
121
2850/826
43
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
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ɍɪɚɥɟ. Ƚɥɭɛɢɧɧɨɟ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɝɟɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɘɠɧɨɝɨ ɍɪɚɥɚ (ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɍɪɚɥɫɟɣɫ) // Ɍɜɟɪɶ: ȽȿɊɋ,
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ɦɚɧɬɢɣɧɨ-ɥɢɬɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɝɟɨɬɪɚɜɟɪɫɟ ɍɪɚɥɫɟɣɫ
ɫɟɣɫɦɨɪɚɡɜɟɞɤɢ ɢ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɟɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ. Ƚɥɭɛɢɧɧɨɟ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɝɟɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ
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11. Ƚɨɪɧɵɣ ȼ.ɂ. Ƚɟɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨ-ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɢ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨ-ɋɢɛɢɪɫɤɨɣ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦ (ɩɨ
ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɟɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ) // Ɋɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɝɟɧɢɹ, 2000,
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12. ȼɢɥɨɪ ɇ.ȼ., Ɇɢɧɶɤɨ ɇ.ɉ. ɋɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ ɢɧɮɪɚɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɋɚɹɧɨ-Ȼɚɣɤɚɥɨ-ɉɚɬɨɦɫɤɨɣ ɝɨɪɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ Ȼɚɣɤɚɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɪɢɮɬɨɜɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ
// ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ Ɂɟɦɥɢ ɢɡ ɤɨɫɦɨɫɚ, 2002, ʋ4. C. 55-61.
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21. ɇɢɤɲɢɱ ɂ.ɂ. Ʉɨɩɟɬɞɚɝɫɤɚɹ ɥɢɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ // ȼɟɫɬɧɢɤ ɢɪɪɢɝɚɰɢɢ, 1925. ʋ 7. C. 65-82.
22. Ƚɨɥɭɛɟɜ ȼ.Ⱥ. Ʉɨɧɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢ ɤɨɧɜɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɜɵɧɨɫ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɜ Ȼɚɣɤɚɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɪɢɮɬɨɜɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ.
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23. ɘɞɚɟɜ Ȼ.ȼ. Ɍɟɩɥɨɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ. Ɇ.: ȼɵɫɲɚɹ ɲɤɨɥɚ, 1973. 359 ɫ.
44
24. Ƚɨɪɧɵɣ ȼ.ɂ. Ʉɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɢɧɮɪɚ-ɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ
ɩɪɢ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ // ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ
ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɨɧɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ Ɂɟɦɥɢ ɢɡ ɤɨɫɦɨɫɚ: Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ, ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ
ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ. ɋɛ. ɧɚɭɱɧ. ɫɬɚɬɟɣ.
Ɇ.: ɈɈɈ "ɉɨɥɢɝɪɚɮ ɫɟɪɜɢɫ", 2004. C.10-16.
25. Ƚɨɪɧɵɣ ȼ.ɂ. Ⱦɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɝɟɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ. ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɋɨɥɨɜɟɰɤɨɝɨ ɚɪɯɢɩɟɥɚɝɚ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɦɟɧɹɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ / ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ.
ɘ.Ƚ.ɒɜɚɪɰɦɚɧɚ, ɂ.ɇ. Ȼɨɥɨɬɨɜɚ. ȿɤɚɬɟɪɢɧɛɭɪɝ: ɍɪɈ ɊȺɇ, 2007. 184 ɫ.
26. Ƚɨɪɧɵɣ ȼ.ɂ. Ɋɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɜɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɜ Ȼɟɥɨɦɨɪɫɤɨɦ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɟ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ
ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɟɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ. ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɋɨɥɨɜɟɰɤɨɝɨ ɚɪɯɢɩɟɥɚɝɚ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ
ɦɟɧɹɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ / ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ. ɘ.Ƚ. ɒɜɚɪɰɦɚɧɚ, ɂ.ɇ. Ȼɨɥɨɬɨɜɚ. ȿɤɚɬɟɪɢɧɛɭɪɝ: ɍɪɈ ɊȺɇ, 2007. 184 ɫ.
27. Ƚɨɪɧɵɣ ȼ.ɂ. Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɨɡɟɪ. ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɋɨɥɨɜɟɰɤɨɝɨ ɚɪɯɢɩɟɥɚɝɚ ɜ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɦɟɧɹɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ / ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ. ɘ.Ƚ. ɒɜɚɪɰɦɚɧɚ, ɂ.ɇ. Ȼɨɥɨɬɨɜɚ. ȿɤɚɬɟɪɢɧɛɭɪɝ: ɍɪɈ
ɊȺɇ, 2007. 184 ɫ.
28. ɇɚɝɨɪɧɨɜ Ɉ.ȼ., ɋɟɪɝɢɟɧɤɨ Ɉ.ȼ. Ɉɬɤɥɢɤ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɲɟɥɶɮɨɜɨɝɨ ɥɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ // Ɇɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, 2002. Ɍ.14. ʋ6. C. 43-50.
29. White D. E. Rapid heat-flow surveying of geothermal areas, utilizing individual snowfalls as
calorimeters // Journal of Geophysical Resaerch, 1969. Vol. 74. No. 22. P. 5191-5201.
30. Dawson G.B. The nature and assessment of heat flow from hydrothermal areas // N.Z.J.
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31. Ȼɨɥɨɬɨɜ ɂ.ɇ., ȼɨɞɨɜɨɡɨɜɚ Ɍ.ȿ., Ɍɢɳɟɧɤɨ ɂ.ȼ. Ʉɥɢɦɚɬ ɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬ. ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ
ɋɨɥɨɜɟɰɤɨɝɨ ɚɪɯɢɩɟɥɚɝɚ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɦɟɧɹɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ / ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ. ɘ.Ƚ. ɒɜɚɪɰɦɚɧɚ, ɂ.ɇ.
Ȼɨɥɨɬɨɜɚ. ȿɤɚɬɟɪɢɧɛɭɪɝ: ɍɪɈ ɊȺɇ, 2007. 184 ɫ.
Verification of Remote Geothermal Method Results at the Big
Solovetskii Island while Investigation of Reasons of Extrazonal
Ecosystem Formation
V.I. Gorny, I.S. Latypov, T.E. Teplyakova, E.Y. Voyakina
Scientific Research Center for Ecological Safety RAS
18, Korpusnaya Str., Saint-Petersburg, 197110, Russia
E-mail: v.i.gornyy@ecosafety-spb.ru
The remote geothermal method application (based on a multiple NOAA(AVHRR) satellite survey) on the
North Karelia, the White Sea, the Kola Peninsula, and the Northern part of Archangelsk Oblast’ territory
revealed few intensive (up to 25 W/m2) local anomalies of convective heat flow. One of them is
Sosnovskaya Thermal anomaly located at the Northern part of Big Solovetskii Island. Terrestrial heat
flow inside that anomaly composes the significant part of the positive part of a surface energy budget. It
was suggested that it should cause the specific thermophilic vegetation at the Island. The tectonic
interpretation of Landsat ETM+ images was carried out to verify this hypothesis. As the result, the
conclusion that the Island was formed as volcano-plutonic structure is done. The analysis of lake surface
temperature (according day time Landsat ETM+ data) revealed few lakes with high surface temperature.
Long time ground truth activity, including temperature measurements of lake water, a water sampling for
chemical and phytoplankton analysis, the botanical investigations provided possibility to explain the
thermophilic vegetation of the Island by an additional endogenic heat discharge.
Keywords: heat flow, thermal survey, thermophilic vegetation, Big Solovetskii Island, tectonics,
heat&mass transfer.
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