Министерство образования Республики Беларусь Учреждение образования «Гродненский государственный университет имени Янки Купалы» РЕФЕРАТ по дисциплине «Иностранный язык» на тему «AUTOMATION OF DATA PROCESSING IN COMPUTER-CONTROLLED MACHINE TOOL PRODUCTION OF PRODUCTS » ВЫПОЛНИЛ: Магистрант кафедры математического и информационного обеспечения экономических систем, специальность «Прикладная математика и информатика» Гоманчук Владислав Олегович Допущен к сдаче кандидатского экзамена:____________________ (ФИО преподавателя, дата, подпись) Гродно 2024 АННОТАЦИЯ В современной промышленности автоматизация производства с помощью станков с ЧПУ (числовым программным управлением) играет ключевую роль. Это позволяет повысить эффективность, точность и безопасность производственных процессов. Станки с ЧПУ управляются компьютерами, что минимизирует человеческое вмешательство. В эпоху данных автоматизированный сбор и анализ информации становятся все более важными. Технологии датчиков, обеспечивающие прямое измерение, являются одним из ведущих трендов. Одновременно анализ данных на основе физических моделей имеет свои ограничения из-за сложности описания производственных процессов. Глубокое обучение имеет большой потенциал для принятия автоматизированных решений на основе обширных данных. При этом подходы, основанные на данных, позволяют достичь схожих или даже лучших результатов, используя ограниченные объемы информации. АНАТАЦЫЯ У сучаснай прамысловасці аўтаматызацыя вытворчасці з дапамогай станкоў з ЧПУ (лікавым праграмным кіраваннем) іграе ключавую ролю. Гэта дае магчымасць павысіць эфектыўнасць, дакладнасць і бяспеку вытворчых працэсаў. Станкі з ЧПУ кіруюцца камп’ютарамі, што мінімізуе чалавечае ўмяшанне. У эпоху дадзеных аўтаматызаваны збор і аналіз інфармацыі становяцца ўсё важнейшымі. Тэхналогіі датчыкаў, якія забяспечваюць прамое вымярэнне, з'яўляюцца адным з кіроўных трэндаў. Адначасова аналіз дадзеных на аснове фізічных мадэляў мае свае абмежаванні з-за складанасці апісання вытворчых працэсаў. Глыбокае навучанне мае вялікі патэнцыял для прыняцця аўтаматызаваных рашэнняў на аснове шырокіх даных. Пры гэтым падыходы, заснаваныя на дадзеных, дазваляюць дасягнуць падобных ці нават лепшых вынікаў, 2 выкарыстоўваючы абмежаваныя аб'ёмы інфармацыі.У заключэнне варта адзначыць, што дадзеная праца прапануе каштоўныя звесткі аб бягучым стане прагназавання спажывання газу і вызначае курс на будучыню развіццё гэтай галіне. ABSTRACT In modern industry, the automation of production with CNC (numerical control) machines plays a key role. It makes it possible to increase the efficiency, accuracy and safety of production processes. CNC machines are controlled by computers, which minimises human intervention. In the data age, automated collection and analysis of information is becoming increasingly important. Sensor technologies that provide direct measurement are one of the leading trends. At the same time, analysing data based on physical models has its limitations due to the complexity of describing production processes. Deep learning has great potential for automated decision making based on extensive data. At the same time, data-driven approaches can achieve similar or even better results using limited amounts of information. 3 CONTENTS GLOSSARY .................................................................................................................. 5 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 7 CHAPTER 1 ADVANTAGES OF USING CNC MACHINES FOR PRODUCTION AUTOMATION ............................................................................................................ 8 CHAPTER 2 PREPARING VECTOR FORMATS WITH CORELDRAW IMAGE TRACING TOOLS .................................................................................................... 18 CHAPTER 3 CONVERSION OF VECTOR GRAPHICS INTO A MACHINE CONTROL PROGRAMME ....................................................................................... 23 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................... 25 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................ 26 4 GLOSSARY 1. Smart Manufacturing: The integration of intelligent technologies and manufacturing processes to automate production using advanced information technologies, including IoT, cyber-physical systems, cloud computing, and big data analytics. 2. Automated Production System: A system that involves automatic machine tools, industrial robots, material handling systems, assembly lines, inspection systems, and computer-based planning and control for efficient and errorfree production. 3. Data-Driven Manufacturing: A paradigm where manufacturing decisions are based on data analysis rather than simplified physical models or human expertise. It leverages abundant data for better automation. 4. Machine Learning: An approach that enables computers to learn from data and improve decision-making without being explicitly programmed. Deep learning, a subset of machine learning, is particularly powerful for automation. 5. Data Collection: The process of gathering manufacturing-related information at various stages, including explicit values (e.g., material properties, temperature) and implicit data (e.g., supply chain resources, customer preferences). 6. Data Analysis: The examination of collected data to extract meaningful insights. Physical model-based analysis may have limitations due to the complexity of manufacturing processes. 7. Sensor Technology: Groundbreaking technology that facilitates direct measurement, especially important for complex and uncertain manufacturing processes. 8. Indirect Measurement: Measurement methods that do not directly observe the desired parameter but infer it from related measurements or models. 9. Physical Model-Based Analysis: Analyzing data using simplified physical models, which may lead to ill-posed solutions due to the complexity of manufacturing processes. 5 10. Computer Numerical Control (CNC): A technology that automates machine tools using pre-programmed sequences of commands. CNC machines follow precise instructions for manufacturing tasks. 11. Automation: Using technology and machines to perform specific tasks without human intervention, aiming to increase efficiency, productivity, and accuracy in production. 12. Digital Twin: A virtual representation of a physical product or process, allowing real-time monitoring, simulation, and optimization. 13. Cloud Manufacturing: A model where manufacturing resources and services are provided via cloud computing, enabling flexibility, scalability, and collaboration. 14. IoT-Enabled Manufacturing: Integrating Internet of Things devices into manufacturing processes for real-time data exchange, monitoring, and control. 15. Computer-Aided Design and Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAD/CAM): Software tools that assist in designing products and generating machine instructions for manufacturing. 6 INTRODUCTION The advent of automation in various industrial sectors has marked a significant revolution in the way productions and operations are conducted. In the realm of manufacturing, particularly within the sphere of computer-controlled machine tool production, automation has introduced unparalleled efficiency, precision, and productivity. The incorporation of data processing automation in this area not only streamlines the fabrication process but also enhances the quality and consistency of the products manufactured. This paper aims to explore the multifaceted role of automation in data processing, specifically focusing on its implementation in the production of products through computer-controlled machine tools. By delving into the technological advancements that have made this automation possible, examining the implications for productivity and quality, and assessing the future directions of this trend, this study endeavors to highlight the transformative impact of automation on the manufacturing industry. Through a comprehensive analysis, we will uncover the benefits and challenges of automating data processing in the realm of computer-controlled machine tool production, thereby offering insights into the optimization of manufacturing processes in the contemporary industrial landscape. 7 CHAPTER 1 ADVANTAGES OF USING CNC MACHINES FOR PRODUCTION AUTOMATION Modern machine tools vary in size and design, depending on their purpose: from a compact benchtop unit to a heavy gantry construction. However, there are some common functional components. The basing mechanism is used for positioning the workpiece relative to the machine coordinate system and for clamping. It consists of one or more tables and must be rigid and vibration-resistant to absorb vibrations arising during operation. Positioning mechanism – rail guides and travelling screws, which ensure the movement of the workpiece and/or the slide with the tool along the coordinate axes. They must have high rigidity as well as precise and smooth running. These properties are ensured by the design of the guideways themselves, as well as by the bearings and stepper or servo motors used. Spindle – a shaft with integrated devices for automatic tool setting and clamping. It must be rigid, precise, backlash-free, with wear-resistant seating surfaces. The accuracy of tool rotation and spindle housing rotation is determined by the accuracy of the corresponding drive. The tool magazine for storing replacement cutting tools and machine heads is usually moved together with the slide. At the command of the CNC control programme, the tool is changed. A feedback system is required for monitoring and correcting workpiece parameters and drive speeds. It constantly compares the readings of the feedback sensors with the programme values and outputs voltages to the drives until deviations reach the target values. The control system consists of a controller, memory, display, keyboard and data input device. It is used for program input from the media, keyboard or computer with CAD/CAM system; formation of control actions on the drives and implementation of 8 auxiliary technological operations (supply of cooling lubricant); reading and interpretation of feedback signals; formation of messages for the operator. The CNC equipment operation is defined by a programme of G- and M-codes sequential commands for tool drives and moving parts of the machine holding the workpiece – platform, spindle. When the programme is executed, the processor issues the corresponding control actions to the machine's actuators. Depending on the command, the machine moves the workpiece or tool, starts the main technological operation, supplies coolant, turns the tool magazine to the required position, changes the tool. When the programme is completed, the resulting workpiece is moved to the next machining step and the machine moves on to machining a new workpiece. NC programmes can be: • write them manually in the form of G- and M-codes; • can be entered using the touch screen, keyboard and joystick on the control stand; • automatically generated by a postprocessor on the basis of a 3D model of the workpiece. The 3D model is first created in a CAD system, and the CAM system converts the 3D model into toolpaths [5]. The CNC programme is stored in the machine's memory and can be accessed when needed to start production of the product or to make changes to the code. CNC machines are more expensive than manual machines. However, they quickly pay for themselves by reducing the number of manual operations, eliminating human error, lowering operating costs and saving time on changeovers. The use of CNC equipment is justified in the following cases. The machine automatically processes surfaces, including complex ones, according to a predetermined programme, without the operator's participation. Due to relatively low production costs, the machine pays off quickly. CNC machines provide higher machining accuracy. And the possibility to create a 3D model in advance and "rehearse" on inexpensive materials excludes the spoilage of valuable raw materials. 9 CNC equipment provides precise machining with a tolerance within the first six qualifications. The amount of deviation is determined by the drive pitch (up to 3 µm). CNC machines quickly process parts with complex surfaces, including those imitating artistic elements: wood or stone carvings, bas-reliefs. Modern multi-axis machines with automatic tool change can process three-dimensional shapes of any complexity. Necessity of product customisation. In order to modify the product according to the customer's wishes, it is necessary to make changes in the CAD-model of the object or directly in the CNC programme. This is easier and faster than reconfiguring a manually operated machine. CNC machines are used in mechanical engineering, instrument making, furniture, jewellery and souvenir production, stone grinding and engraving. Such machines are used to produce decorative elements and finishing materials, components of telecommunications equipment, critical parts of high-tech equipment for the energy, pharmaceutical and aerospace industries. Classification of CNC machines CNC machines are divided into groups according to various characteristics. This classification is reflected in the standard labelling of domestic machine tools. • By technological operations: Turning, milling, drilling, cutting, tapping, thread-cutting, multifunctional. There are also machines for laser, plasma, oxygen, water jet cutting, for electronbeam, photochemical, ultrasonic processing. • According to the location of the spindle axis: Horizontal, vertical. • By number of controlled coordinates: 2-, 3-axis machines move the tool and workpiece along 2 or 3 mutually perpendicular axes. 3-axis machines can machine relatively complex surfaces. 4-, 5-axis machines have 1 or 2 additional controlled coordinates and can machine complex surfaces in a single workpiece setup, thus reducing machining time. 10 • In terms of machining accuracy: Normal, increased, high, extra high precision, extra high precision master machines. • By type of control system: In the CNC machine marking there is a letter F with a numerical index, which denotes the type of control system (Table 1). • By type of control system: The marking of the CNC machine includes the letter F with a numerical index that indicates Index the type of Control system control system (Table 1). Deciphering Coordinates are set using the keypad; F1 Digital display and the current position of the machine drive is coordinate preselection. indicated by luminous digits on the light display. F2 The implement is moved to the set Positional point and then the machining starts. The F3 Contouring implement moves along a predetermined trajectory, while carrying out processing. F4 Combined Position and contour control, including 4-5 coordinates, with automatic tool change. Table 1 - Types of NC control system • Feedback: Machines with open loop control system execute the program without checking the current parameters of the process operation. This type of control is usually used in positioning machines where there are no high requirements for positioning accuracy and tool speed. 11 Machines with closed-loop control are equipped with feedback sensors that monitor the position of the workpiece and the working tool, spindle angular speed, ambient temperature and other important parameters. Such machines adjust the parameters of technological operations in real time depending on the sensor readings. Production automation Modern lines integrated into the automatic production control loop based on MES/MOM and ERP systems are equipped with closed-loop machines. The first step towards flexible automated production can be the integration of one or more closedloop CNC machines and a production monitoring and control system such as DPA. This will allow: • control the parameters and duration of operations, • comply with machining technologies • plan production and meet deadlines for order fulfilment, • control product quality. As production scales, you can grow your machine fleet and implement a MES/MOM system that will take over resource accounting and real-time scheduling of equipment. One of the major challenges that manufacturing faces is the task of ensuring the required dimensional and shape accuracy parameters of machined surfaces. In the process of machining there are quite a large number of factors, both deterministic and stochastic in nature, which lead to the fact that the actual values of dimensions differ from the nominal ones. In industrial practice, a number of methods are used to improve the accuracy of machining parts on CNC machines. Among such methods of ensuring accuracy are the reduction of machining parameters [1], such as feed, cutting speed. In addition, active control and accounting of the relationship between cutting modes [3] and output process parameters [5] are used. Each of these methods has both advantages and disadvantages. The main disadvantages include a decrease in machining productivity, changes in machine design and increased costs, as well as violation of modern principles of automation of production processes. The way out of this situation can be the use of modelling apparatus, which allows to take into account 12 the deformations from cutting forces in the preparation of control programs, making appropriate corrections to the tool trajectory to compensate for emerging errors. Since the process of part surface formation is a complex process and it is practically impossible to describe it completely, the solution of the problem was aimed at the study of elastic force deformations, their influence on the quality of metalworking and the possibility of compensation. Investigation of possibilities of application of the approach of preparation of control program by transformed CAD-model of the part It is reasonable to evaluate the capabilities of each of the above methods of accuracy improvement on the basis of the method of hierarchy analysis [7]. The calculation was performed in the SPPR software environment Choice (free version). The hierarchy has three levels, the comparison was carried out for four alternatives. The level of criteria included such production indicators as productivity, the need to change or modernize the machine or equip it with additional means of automation, as well as the cost of implementing the existing technology or accepting the implementation of improving the accuracy of machining on numerically controlled machines. The assessment was made in points from 1 (the same value) to 9 (significantly superior). This approach makes it possible to introduce gradation of importance of comparison criteria. The set of methods and progressive technology of application of the approach of preparation of control programs on the transformed CAD-model of a part are intended for improvement of operability and simulation of functioning of production objects or models of behavior of processes. These models (digital twins) realise such a goal as to anticipate the behavior of the object under consideration for making a rational management decision, in this case in the field of precision control of workpiece machining on CNC machines. The application of the proposed approach allows to reduce non-compliance with the established requirements, to reduce material and other resources for possible defects [9]. 13 Terminology in the field of digital twins and their application is currently one of the possible directions of progressive technologies of industrial production [10]. Digital twins are a complex software product representing a virtual model, which is described by mathematical apparatus and dependencies and linked to a database of parametric characteristics of the virtual object under consideration [11]. In accordance with the scheme of control program preparation based on the proposed approach, the first stage consists in obtaining a CAD model of the part specified by the requirements of the design documentation at the stage of design preparation of production. CAD-model of the part can be obtained using various means of computer-aided design systems (CAD) at the enterprise, such software products as SolidWorks Simulation and Autodesk Inventor are widely used, which were applied in the implementation of the study. Next, the determination of loads that act on the workpiece when cutting metal is made. Calculation of the components of cutting forces can also be made using modern CAD of technological processes, which have databases depending on the selected cutting modes, or the calculation is made using the reference books of a machine-building technologist. The third stage is the determination of specific values of deformation deviations under the influence of factors that were considered in the study, namely elastic force deformations. The above stage was implemented using finite element modelling in SolidWorks Simulation and Autodesk Inventor environments. The calculation model with the specified load was built and the values of deviations were identified. Based on the results of finite element modelling, the trajectory of the cutting tool relative to the workpiece, in this case a transformed CAD model of the workpiece, is determined. Trajectory modelling is implemented as follows. In the CAD model Siemens NX, a parametric model of the workpiece is developed, which contains a certain number of sections with different parameters equal to the radius of the ideal model. 14 Then in the subsystem "Modelling" the input data for the development of the control program for the ideal model of the part is formed (definition of the geometry of the part and workpiece, its material, machining areas, basing, cutting tool parameters, machining strategy and input of data on cutting modes). Based on the adopted machining strategy, automatic calculation of tool trajectories relative to the ideal part model and their verification is performed. Then postprocessing is performed. The standard code of the ISO 7bit programming language for CNC lathes with turret tool changer is used as a postprocessor. The result is a control program for the machining process of an ideal part model. Siemens NX CAD uses the "expressions" tool built into the Siemens NX CAD system to import data from the finite element engineering analysis. The data are imported into the CAD model from *.xlsx (Excel) and *.exp (export files) files, according to the cross sections. Since the data changes only the values of the specified parameters, the Simulation subsystem does not need to redefine the input data to develop a control program for the transformed part model. To obtain the control program, the only thing left to do is to regenerate the cutting tool trajectories and perform the verification and postprocessing process. The result is a control program generated during postprocessing for machining the transformed part model on a CNC lathe. The experiment was carried out. Two batches of workpieces were processed on a CNC lathe: the first batch - by the proposed method, the second - by the traditional method. The results of experimental data processing are presented in the table 2. In the course of experimental verification it was found that the proposed method allows to achieve a reduction in the variation of the actual size by a factor of 2.38 and a reduction in the mean square deviation by a factor of 2.19. One of the directions for further research is the development of a model that takes into account the uncertainty of initial data (e.g. cutting forces, the influence of tool wear, machine elements, etc.). This problem can be solved by using neuro-fuzzy models. 15 Mean Arithmetic mean square deviation No. of experience , mm , mm sd1, mm sd2, mm 1 43,78 43,83 0,078 0,193 2 43,84 43,93 0,071 0,152 3 43,81 43,77 0,066 0,133 4 43,81 43,85 0,076 0,162 43,81 43,85 0,073 0,16 Average value from the experiment Table 2 - Statistical characteristics of the estimated parameter In the course of experimental verification it was found that the proposed method allows to achieve a reduction in the variation of the actual size by a factor of 2.38 and a reduction in the mean square deviation by a factor of 2.19. One of the directions for further research is the development of a model that takes into account the uncertainty of initial data (e.g. cutting forces, the influence of tool wear, machine elements, etc.). This problem can be solved by using neuro-fuzzy models. The presence of a knowledge base with the ability to self-learning and flexible logic blocks will allow to take into account the uncertainties of the initial data more correctly. Conclusions: • The results of the complex analysis of methods of accuracy improvement have shown that the best combination of criteria possesses the method based on the use of the proposed approach of preparation of control programmes for CNC machines. 16 • Application of the approach of preparation of control programmes for CNC machine tools by the transformed CAD-model of the part, taking into account the revealed errors, allows to increase significantly the accuracy of machining: reduction of the actual size variation by 2.38 times and reduction of the mean square deviation by 2.19 times. • One of the directions for further research is the development of a model that takes into account the uncertainty of the initial data (e.g., cutting forces, the influence of tool wear, machine elements, etc.). • This problem can be solved by using neuro-fuzzy models [6]. 17 CHAPTER 2 PREPARING VECTOR FORMATS WITH CORELDRAW IMAGE TRACING TOOLS To automate manufacturing processes using CNC machines, you can resort to converting raster drawing formats to vector format to create a control programme. We use a conversion method such as image tracing. Quick Trace The Quick Trace tool allows you to create vector images based on raster images literally with a single click. Vector images offer two advantages: they can be scaled loss, and they usually require much less storage space. The Quick Trace tool becomes available the moment you import and select a bitmap image (photo or digital image). To do this in CorelDRAW, choose File > Import. To access the Quick Trace tool, choose Bitmaps > Quick Trace. Quick Trace allows you to convert a photo into a drawing without any additional steps. Typically, this tool allows you to create drawings using just a few colours and elements. Using the default settings for simple bitmap images gives very impressive results. However, for complex bitmaps with many individual elements for which a significant reduction in the level of detail is unacceptable, the settings need to be changed. To trace this firefly, the Quick Trace tool was used with default settings. To change the settings, choose Tools > Options > Workspace > PowerTRACE. You can use the slider bar to adjust the accuracy. Drag it to the right to improve the quality of the trace results. The list also contains ten preset styles. In the Workspace category list, you can select a preset quick trace style. The higher the quality of the original raster image, the better the result will be after tracing is applied. When using some tools such as Dithering, Anti-Aliasing, Resharpening with an Unsharp mask and Lossy Compression with compression defects (e.g. JPEG method), the quality of the tracing results decreases: all these functions create noise and interference in the image. 18 Line art The outline tracing method offers a preset Line Art style that is particularly useful for processing scanned sketches and tracing black-and-white sketches and images. Strokes made with a biro or pencil are relatively uneven. Using ink or felt-tip pen will usually give much better results than any attempt to trace drawings created with biros or pencil. Instead of processing scanned sketches, you can use the LiveSketch tool, which allows you to draw and colour drawings on a tablet to get more a natural-looking image. Use the following tips and guidelines and you will get the best possible images when processing stroke graphics. These recommendations also apply to the contour tracing methods described below: • It is recommended that you keep the original size of the images as small as possible to preserve detail. • The background colour for the entire image should be removed. • When preparing the image, it is necessary to zoom in and check individual details to ensure that sufficiently accurate settings are selected. • It is recommended to reduce the number of colours used (however, at least two colours should be retained). • It is recommended to use a thin felt-tip pen to create drawings that need to be traced. - For drawings that require particularly careful processing, such as pencil drawings with low contrast, it is necessary to increase contrast using Image Adjustment Lab in Corel PHOTO-PAINT. To access the Image Adjustment Lab, choose Adjust > Image Adjustment Lab. Thin strokes: • drawings created with fine-tip capillary pens produce much better results than pencil sketches. • In the Image Adjustment Lab section, select Create Snapshot to create a snapshot that you can return to later if necessary. 19 • You can also use Bitmaps > Contour > Edge Detect.... or Bitmaps > Contour > Trace Contour... or Bitmaps > Contour > Trace Contour. • If the image has too low a resolution, you can increase the resolution with a special tool. To export the image to Corel PHOTO-PAINT, choose File > Export for.... > PhotoZoom Pro 4 and zoom in on the image. In most cases, the image quality will be quite high. (See Section 6 for more tips and tricks. Low Quality Image.) The Logo outline trace style is ideal for tracing simple logos with little detail and colour. Select Bitmaps > Outline Trace > Logo to open the dialogue box. PowerTRACE does not support tracing large or highly detailed graphics. Instead, the software prompts users to select Reduce bitmap to automatically reduce the image size. PowerTRACE displays a Before/After preview window. Before performing tracing, you must remove unnecessary areas by cropping the image. This will leave only the most necessary areas, saving time. Trimmed: by reducing the number of colours, you can simplify vector graphics. In this window, select Remove Background and Specify Color. Hold down the Shift key and click on the areas you want to remove [7]. Alternatively, to reduce the number of nodes, you can reduce the number of colours. You can do this on the Colours tab. You can use the Smooth tool to smooth the outlines and reduce the number of nodes. Detailed Logo tool The Detailed Logo tool is ideal for tracing logos with a lot of detail and colour. To use this tool, choose Bitmaps > Outline Trace > Detailed Logo. On the Colours tab, you can reduce the number of colours if necessary. To do this, select Merge and then Sort colours by: Similarity. It is recommended that you create outlines and colour styles. It is also important to choose a suitable colour palette at this stage. When using the Detailed Logo tool, you will have to experiment to find the ideal values for the Detail, Smoothing and Corner Smoothness settings. In the 20 Colours tab, you should limit the number of colours you use, leaving only the most essential ones. You can reduce the number of colours and nodes by converting to a grayscale image By converting a colour photo to a grayscale image, you can significantly reduce the number of nodes. You can also reduce the number of colours used. This allows you to quickly change the colour model - for example, using the CMYK colour scheme instead of RGB. Clipart Select Bitmaps > Outline Trace > Clipart to run the Outline Trace feature for a final graphic image with different colours. As with the Detailed Logo feature, you'll have to experiment a bit to get the values perfectly accurate. Use the following tips and tricks: • Zoom in to check the detail of the image. • Use the Smart Fill tool to create objects between the strokes. Low Quality Image If the image is of low quality due to insufficient pixels, you can start by trying to zoom in on the image using the PhotoZoom Pro tool. Right-click the image and select Edit Bitmap. The image opens in Corel PHOTO-PAINT. Select File > Export for > BenVista PhotoZoom Pro 4. (If this plug-in is not installed, the utility assistant will display step-by-step instructions for this procedure. You will need to restart PHOTO-PAINT, as the plug-in is loaded during PHOTO-PAINT). PhotoZoom offers other ways to zoom in photos, including the pre-installed Spline XL and Lanczos tools. It is recommended to experiment with different options. Click the drop-down menu to the right of the Presets section to open the Fine-tuning section. In the Finetuning section, increase the Edge Boost and Detail Boost values. Final detail correction: in PhotoZoom Pro 4, you can maximise the fine-tuning of the magnification of your photos. Open the PowerTRACE dialogue box by selecting Bitmaps > Outline Trace > Low Quality Image. 21 High Quality Image Select Bitmaps > Outline Trace > High Quality Image to open the PowerTRACE dialogue box for tracing high quality images. The same procedure is then used as for low quality images, but without zooming in PhotoZoom. If the source image is high resolution, this does not guarantee the best result. If you compare source images with two clearly different resolutions, it becomes obvious that it is possible to get high quality drawings even with lower resolution photos [8]. Tracing manually You can quickly create vector graphics manually based on photos. Create a copy of the photo and lock the bottom image. Trace the copy and create a border. Create a bounding box using the drawing tool. Use the Smart Fill tool to fill the areas. A combination of the drawing tools and the Smart Fill tool was used to create these drawings. After tracing, the original image is edited with the Boundary and Smooth tool and converted to a new vector object [9]. 22 CHAPTER 3 CONVERSION OF VECTOR GRAPHICS INTO A MACHINE CONTROL PROGRAMME The transformation of vector graphics is closely related to the development of control programmes for modern industrial CNC machines. Numerical Computer Control (or NC) is a field of technology that involves the use of digital computing devices to control manufacturing processes. The control system processes instructions in a specialised programming language (e.g. G-code) of programs, after which they are converted by the CNC interpreter from the input language into commands for regulating the drive heads, feed drives and controllers of machine components (e.g. switching on/off the supply of cooling emulsion). Nowadays, CNC programmes are developed using special computer-aided design (CAD) modules or separate computer-aided programming (CAM) systems that create a machining programme based on an electronic model. An interpolator is used to determine the preferred tool/workpiece path according to the control programme, which calculates the positions of intermediate points in the tool/workpiece path according to the programme. In addition to the programme itself, the control system includes data in other formats and for various purposes. At a minimum, this includes machine data and user data specific to a certain control device or a certain series (series) of control device models of the same type. The program for a CNC machine (or machines) can be loaded from external storage media such as magnetic tape, perforated paper tape (punch tape), floppy disk or flash memory, either temporarily in RAM until power is turned off or permanently in ROM, to a memory card or other storage medium: hard disk or solid state drive. In addition, modern machine tools are connected to centralised control systems via factory (shop floor) communication networks [12]. 23 G-code programming language The most common programming language for CNC machines is described in ISO 6983 of the International Standards Committee and is called "G-code". In some cases - for example in control systems for engraving machines - the control language is fundamentally different from the standard language. For simple tasks, such as cutting metal plates, the TNC can use a text file in a data exchange format such as DXF or HPGL as input data. G-code is a coding language for numerically controlled machine tools (NC). The term "G-code" is derived from "geometric code." G-code instructions define the machine tool's direction of travel, speed, and trajectory. When machine tools such as lathes or milling machines are used, the cutting tool is placed in motion using G commands to follow a specific tool path, machining the material to the desired shape. Similar to additive manufacturing or 3D printing, G code directs the machine to apply material layer by layer, creating a precise geometric image (Figure 1). Figure 1 - Example of program operation on G-code 24 CONCLUSION Automation of production with CNC machines is an important step in modern industry. It makes it possible to increase the efficiency, accuracy and safety of production processes. CNC (Computer Numerical Control) machines are controlled by computers, which provides a high degree of automation and minimises human intervention. The benefits of automation with CNC machines include: Precision: CNC machines are capable of performing complex operations with high precision. This is especially important for manufacturing parts that require micrometre dimensions. Efficiency: Automated processes run much faster than manual processes. This reduces production time and increases output. Safety: Human error can be a source of errors and accidents. Automation reduces the risk of injury and increases the safety of the working environment. Flexibility: CNC machines can quickly switch between different jobs. This allows companies to respond quickly to changes in demand and produce new products. The research conducted in this area provides valuable guidance to companies looking to optimise their production processes and increase their competitiveness in the market. 25 REFERENCES 1. IEA [Electronic resource]: International Energy Agency. – Mode of access: https://www.iea.org/. – Date of access: 01.03.2024. 2. 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