English for Municipal Administration (1)

Министерство образования и науки Российской Федерации
Государственное образовательное учреждение
высшего профессионального образования
«Омский государственный технический университет»
English on municipal administration
Практикум по английскому языку
для студентов специальности «Государственное
и муниципальное управление»
Омск
Издательство ОмГТУ
2011
1
Составители: Беззатеева Э. Г., канд. филол. наук, доцент;
Алейникова Т. В., канд. филол. наук, доцент
Практикум предназначен для студентов II курса специальности «Государственное и муниципальное управление» экономических факультетов вузов.
Состоит из 10 уроков, содержащих задания по развитию и закреплению навыков чтения и анализа текстов профессиональной направленности.
Печатается по решению редакционно-издательского совета
Омского государственного технического университета
© ГОУ ВПО «Омский государственный
технический университет», 2011
MODULE 1
2
City managers and their responsibilities
Vocabulary
1. Read and remember the following words and word-combinations:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
city manager – представитель
городской администрации
council-manager form – модель
управления "совет-управляющий"
be referred to as – именовать,
называться
chief executive officer (CEO
['siːiːəu]) – главный исполнительный директор
chief administrative officer (СAO)главное административное должностное лицо; управляющий
discretion [dɪ'skreʃ(ə)n] – свобода
действий
set forth – излагать, формулировать, изъяснять
8)
charter – устав
body of law – совокупность правовых норм; свод законов
assign [ə'saɪn] – назначать, опреде10)
лять, устанавливать
9)
11)
varying ['vɛərɪɪŋ] – варьирующий,
изменяющийся
12) mayor [mɛə] – мэр
13)
government ['gʌv(ə)nmənt] – форма
правления
14) in part – частично
2. Match Russian definitions with English terms:
1) chief executive officer
a) форма организации местного самоуправления, при которой выборный
городской совет приглашает на должность руководителя муниципалитета профессионального управляющего, работающего полный рабочий день; менеджер самостоятельно набирает штат для управления городским хозяйством;
2) council-manager form
b) менеджер, осуществляющий распорядительскую деятельность в рамках стратегических решений, принятых руководством;
3) administrative manager
c) руководитель, который отвечает за
основную часть текущей деятельности корпорации и исполнение решений совета директоров, при этом
часто занимает также пост председателя совета директоров, президента, заместителя председателя
совета и т. п.
3. Remember the pronunciation of the following geographical names:
3
Virginia I [və'ʤɪnɪə] – Вирджиния;
Staunton ['stantn] – Стантон;
Sumter ['səmtər] – Самтер;
South Carolina [sauθ ˌkarə'līnə] – Южная Каролина;
Dayton ['deɪtn] – Дейтон;
Ohio [əu'haɪəu] – Огайо.
4. Match the columns:
1) удалять, устранять
2) самостоятельный орган
3) взятый в отдельности руководитель
4) в отличие от
5) внешний эксперт
6) передать что-либо в чьи-либо руки
7) сохранять нейтральную позицию
8) прослеживать; восходить к
9) должностное лицо; чиновник
1) independent authority
2) single superior
3) trace to
4) official
5) place smth. into smb`s hands
6) remain neutral
7) outside expert
8) as opposed to
9) remove from
Grammar
5. Translate the sentences paying attention to the forms and the functions of
Participle I, II.
1. A city manager is an official appointed as the administrative manager of a city.
2. Local officials holding this post are sometimes referred to as the chief executive
officer.
3. The term "city manager" implies more discretion as opposed to duties being assigned by a single superior such as a mayor.
Reading and Analysis
6. Read the text and be ready to answer the questions.
Text A
A city manager
A city manager is an official appointed as the administrative manager of a city in a
council-manager form of city government. Local officials holding this post are sometimes referred to as the chief executive officer (CEO) or chief administrative officer
(CAO) in some municipalities. However, in a technical sense, the term "city manager" as opposed to CAO implies more discretion and independent authority that is set
forth in a charter or some other body of law, as opposed to duties being assigned on a
varying basis by a single superior such as a mayor.
4
Most sources trace the first city manager to Staunton, Virginia in 1908. Some of
the other cities that were among the first to employ a manager were Sumter, South
Carolina (1912) and Dayton, Ohio (1914). The city manager, operating under the
council-manager government form, was created in part to remove city government
from the power of the political parties, and place management of the city into the
hands of an outside expert who was usually a business manager or engineer, with the
hope that the city manager would remain neutral to city politics.
7. Review the terminology of the text:
представитель городской администрации, главное административное должностное лицо, внешний эксперт, совокупность правовых норм, представитель
городской администрации, модель управления "совет-управляющий", самостоятельный орган, взятый в отдельности руководитель, свобода действий.
8. Answer the following questions.
1. What is a job title of an administrative manager in a council-manager form of
city government?
2. What is the other name for a city manager?
3. What post implies more discretion and independent authority?
4. What was the reason to create a post of a city manager?
5. What major do city managers usually obtain?
9. Complete the following sentences using the text.
1. A city manager is an administrative manager of a city in … .
2. A city manager, as opposed to CAO, has more discretion and … .
3. The duties of chief executive officer (CEO) or chief administrative officer are
assigned by a single … .
4. The first cities to employ a manager were … .
5. The reason to create a post of city manager was to place management into the
hands … .
Vocabulary
10. Read and remember the following words and word-combinations:
1)
oversight ['əuvəsaɪt] – контроль,
надзор
3)
2) provision – оговорка
4)
day-to-day operations –
5) ежедневная работа,
ежедневная деятельность
9)
5
community [kə'mjuːnətɪ] –
община, местное сообщество
MBA ( Master of Business
Administration) – магистр делового администрирования
master's degree – ученая
степень магистра
Administration –
6) Public
государственное управление
10)
7) regulations – правила, нормы
11)
['kəudɪfaɪ] – схематично,
8) codify
кратко записывать
12)
tenure ['tenjuə] – срок пребывания
в должности
suspension [sə'spen(t)ʃ(ə)n] –
временное отстранение
от должности
to come from the ranks of – появляться из рядов
11. Remember the pronunciation of the following geographical names:
Hampshire ['hæmpʃɪə] – Хэмпшир;
Missouri [mɪ'zuərɪ] – Миссури.
12. Form derivatives according to the models.
A→V
responsible –
direct –
administrative –
codified –
basic –
local –
function –
regulation –
profession –
N→A
execution –
effect –
manager –
Grammar
13. Find out Participle I, II in the sentences below, define the form and the
function.
1. Local officials holding this post are sometimes referred to as the chief executive
officer.
2. The term "city manager" implies more discretion that is set forth in a charter as
opposed to duties being assigned by a single superior.
3. The top appointed official in the city is responsible for the day-to-day administrative operations.
4. Today the typical and preferred background for the beginning municipal manager is a master's degree.
14. Translate the sentences paying attention to the Absolute Participle Construction.
1. A post of a city manager is a post of an administrative manager of a city, it being
created in part to remove city government from the power of the political parties.
2. One of the basic roles of a city manager includes supervision of day-to-day operations of all city departments, a professional understanding of city functions is
highly important.
3. In the early years of the profession most managers came from the ranks of the
engineering professions, today the preferred education for the municipal manager being a master's degree in Public Administration.
Reading and Analysis
15. Read the text and be ready to answer the questions.
6
Text B
Responsibilities
As the top appointed official in the city, the city manager is typically responsible
for most if not all of the day-to-day administrative operations of the municipality, in
addition to other expectations.
Some of the basic roles, responsibilities, and powers of a city manager include:
• Supervision of day-to-day operations of all city departments and staff, directly
and through department heads;
• Oversight of all hiring, firing, disciplining and suspensions;
• Preparation, monitoring, and execution of the city budget;
• Public relations, such as meeting with citizens, citizen groups, businesses;
• Operating the city with a professional understanding of how all city functions operate together to their best effect;
• Attends all council meetings, but does not have any voting rights;
The responsibilities may vary depending upon charter provisions and other local or
state laws, rules, and regulations. In addition, many states, such as the states of New
Hampshire and Missouri, have codified in law the minimum functions a local "manager" must perform.
In the early years of the profession, most managers came from the ranks of the engineering professions. Today the typical and preferred background and education for
the beginning municipal manager is a master's degree in Public Administration
(MPA) and at least several years’ experience as a department head in local government or as an assistant city manager. In 2005 more than 60 % of those in the profession had a MPA, MBA, or other related higher-level degree.
The average tenure of a manager is now 7–8 years and has risen gradually over the
years. Tenures tend to be less in smaller communities and higher in larger ones.
16. Translate from Russian into English:
главное уполномоченное должностное лицо, ежедневная административная деятельность, полномочия городского управляющего, руководители отделов,
временное отстранение от должности, профессиональное понимание, для достижения наилучшего результата, право голоса, положение устава, минимальное количество функций, предпочтительное условие, степень магистра, руководитель отдела, местный орган управления, средний срок пребывания в должности.
17. Answer the following questions.
1. What are the typical responsibilities of a city manager?
2. What do the powers of a city manager include?
3. What do the roles of a city manager depend on?
7
4. What was a typical background of a city manager in the early days of the profession?
5. What is a preferred education for the beginning municipal manager today?
6. What is an average tenure of a manager?
18. Read and remember the cliches for writing a summary.
The headline of the article is …
The primary task of the published
article is …
The article starts with …
In the first part of the paper effort
is undertaken to analyse …
The article under consideration also
points out …
In the next (last) section emphasis
is given to …
In conclusion the article reads …
Статья называется …
Основная задача публикуемой
статьи …
Статья начинается с …
В первой части статьи делается
попытка проанализировать …
Рассматриваемая статья выделяет …
В третьей части подчеркивается
важность …
В заключении в статье говориться …
19. Write a summary of the text above.
20. Make a brief report on the topic.
8
MODULE 2
Leadership
Vocabulary
1. Read and remember the following words and word-combinations:
formal authority – официальные
1)
полномочия
8)
2)
inspire [ɪn'spaɪə] – внушать,
вдохновлять
9)
3)
trait [treɪt] – характерная черта,
особенность
10)
4)
interaction [ˌɪntər'ækʃ(ə)n] –
взаимодействие
11)
vision ['vɪʒ(ə)n] –
5) проницательность, предвидение, дальновидность
12)
value ['væljuː] – важность,
ценность, полезность
13)
charisma [kə'rɪzmə] – личное
обаяние, харизма
14)
6)
7)
intelligence [ɪn'telɪʤ(ə)n(t)s] –
интеллект, рассудок, разум;
умственные способности
ongoing ['ɔnˌgəuɪŋ] – происходящий в настоящее время, продолжающийся, непрерывный, постоянный
explore [ɪk'splɔː] – исследовать,
рассматривать, изучать, анализировать
underlying [ˌʌndə'laɪɪŋ] –
подразумеваемый, лежащий
в основе
recognition [ˌrekəg'nɪʃ(ə)n] –
осознание, понимание,
представление
attribute ['ætrɪbjuːt] – отличительная черта, характерное
свойство
evidence ['evɪd(ə)n(t)s] – факты,
данные; доказательство,
подтверждение; свидетельство
2. Match the columns:
1) enduring [ɪn'djuərɪŋ] trait
1) теория качеств (черт) руководителя
2) индивидуальные отличительные
черты
3) individual attributes
3) практический, опытный
4) dominance
4) способность к адаптации
5) research technique
5) постулировать, класть в основу
доводов, утверждать
6) posit ['pɔzɪt]
6) методика исследований
7) adaptability
7) доминирование, влияние
8) empirical [ɪm'pɪrɪk(ə)l ]
8) постоянная характеристика
3. Remember the pronunciation of the following names.
2) trait theory of leadership
9
Plato ['pleɪtəu] – Платон;
Plutarch ['pluːˌta:rk] – Плутарх;
Lord Nelson [lɔːd 'nels(ə)n] – Лорд Нельсон.
4. Form derivatives according to the models.
A→V
Adv →A
N→A
formal –
situational –
different –
drastically –
subsequently –
necessarily –
behavior –
vision –
importance –
recognition –
intelligence –
dominance –
Grammar
5. Find out the Gerund in the sentences below, define the form and the function.
1. Leadership theories relied on considering behavior, power, charisma, and intelligence.
2. Famous philosophers explored the question of distinguishing an individual as a
leader.
3. Some individuals have interest in learning leadership skills.
Reading and Analysis
6. Read the text and be ready to answer the questions.
Text A
Leadership and its Early History
Leadership is "organizing a group of people to achieve a common goal". The leader may or may not have any formal authority. Students of leadership have produced
theories involving traits, situational interaction, function, behavior, power, vision and
values, charisma, and intelligence among others.
The search for the characteristics or traits of leaders has been ongoing for centuries. History's greatest philosophical writings from Plato's Republic to Plutarch's
Lives have explored the question of "What qualities distinguish an individual as a
leader?" Underlying this search was the early recognition of the importance of leadership and the assumption that leadership is rooted in the characteristics that certain individuals possess. This idea that leadership is based on individual attributes is known
as the "trait theory of leadership".
For decades, this trait-based perspective dominated empirical and theoretical work
in leadership. Using early research techniques, researchers conducted over a hundred
studies proposing a number of characteristics that distinguished leaders from nonleaders: intelligence, dominance, adaptability, persistence, integrity, socioeconomic
status, and self-confidence just to name a few.
10
In the late 1940s and early 1950s, however, researchers took a drastically different
view of the driving forces behind leadership. It was found that while some traits were
common across a number of studies, the overall evidence suggested that persons who
are leaders in one situation may not necessarily be leaders in other situations. Subsequently, leadership was no longer characterized as an enduring individual trait posited that individuals can be effective in certain situations, but not others. This approach
dominated much of the leadership theory and research for the next few decades.
7. Review the terminology of the text:
теория лидерства, представление, основанное на теории качеств, официальные
полномочия, проницательность, индивидуальные отличительные черты, теория
качеств (черт) руководителя, отличительная черта, постоянная характеристика,
методика исследований, движущая сила, уверенность в себе, социальноэкономическое положение, практические и теоретические работы.
8. Complete the following sentences using the text.
1. Leadership is organizing a group of … .
2. The search for the characteristics of leaders … .
3. Leadership is rooted in the characteristics that … .
4. The idea that leadership is based on individual attributes is known as … .
5. Using early research techniques, researchers conducted over a hundred studies to
distinguish … .
6. In the middle of the 20th century researchers took a different view of … .
7. It is posited that individuals can be effective in certain … .
9. Answer the following questions.
1. What is the definition of the term «leadership»?
2. Do all leaders have formal authority?
3. What kind of theories have the students of leadership produced?
4. Is the search for the traits of leaders an ongoing process?
5. What famous philosophers explored the qualities of leaders?
6. What was the early assumption of leadership?
7. What are the characteristics that distinguish leaders from nonleaders?
8. What was the view of the driving forces behind leadership in the late 1940s and
early 1950s?
10. Write a summary of the text above.
Vocabulary
11. Read and remember the following words and word-combinations:
11
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
functional leadership theory –
функциональная теория лидерства
whatever [(h)wɔt'evə] –
что бы ни
cohesion [kəu'hiːʒ(ə)n] –
единство, спаянность,
сплочённость
subordinate [sə'bɔːd(ə)nət] –
подчинённый
efficient [ɪ'fɪʃ(ə)nt] –
действенный, результативный
transformational leader –
трансформационный лидер
perception [pə'sepʃ(ə)n] –
восприятие
8)
to take care of – заботиться,
проявлять внимание
effectiveness [ɪ'fektɪvnəs] – действенность, эффективность, ре9)
зультативность, производительность
transactional leader – трансакцион10) ный (деловой) лидер
11)
reward [rɪ'wɔːd] – вознаграждать
desired outcome – желаемый
результат
chain of command – порядок
13) соподчиненности в организации,
цепь инстанций
stakeholder – заинтересованное
14)
лицо
12)
12. Match the columns:
1) emotion-laden process
2) perceive [pə'siːv]
3) social influence process
4) entwine [ɪn'twaɪn]
1) собственный интерес
2) политическая директива
3) процесс эмоциональной нагрузки
4) новая теория эмерджентного
(внезапно возникшего) лидера
5) leader's mood
6) affective event
5) процесс социального влияния
6) определенные модели лидерского
поведения
7) сertain leader behaviors
7) эмоциональное событие
(мероприятие)
8) neo-emergent leadership theory
9) political command
10) inherent interest
8) настроение лидера
9) сплетать, переплетать
10) воспринимать, понимать,
осознавать
Reading and Analysis
12
13. Read the text and be ready to answer the questions.
Text B
Leadership Theories
Functional leadership theory, inroduced by McGrath in 1962 and supported by
Hackman and Walton in 1986, argues that the leader's main job is to see that whatever is necessary to group needs is taken care of. Thus, leaders can be said to have done
their job well when they have contributed to group effectiveness and cohesion.
The transactional leader is given power to perform certain tasks and reward or
punish for the team's performance. Power is given to the leader to evaluate, correct
and train subordinates when productivity is not up to the desired level and reward effectiveness when expected outcome is reached.
The transformational leader motivates its team to be effective and efficient.
Communication is the base for goal achievement focusing the group on the final desired outcome. This leader is highly visible and uses chain of command to get the job
done. The leader is always looking for ideas that move the organization to reach the
company's goals.
Leadership can be perceived as a particularly emotion-laden process, with emotions entwined with the social influence process. In an organization, the leader's
mood has some effects on his/her group. The leader creates situations and events that
lead to emotional response. Certain leader behaviors displayed during interactions
with their employees are the sources of these affective events.
The neo-emergent leadership theory suggests that leadership is created through the
emergence of information by the leader or other stakeholders, not through the true actions of the leader himself. In other words, the reproduction of information or stories
form the basis of the perception of leadership by the majority. For example, it is well
known that the great naval hero Lord Nelson often wrote his own versions of battles
he was involved in, so that when he arrived home in England he would receive a true
hero's welcome. In modern society, the press, blogs and other sources report their
own views of a leader, which may be based on reality, but may also be based on a political command, a payment, or an inherent interest of the author, media or leader.
Therefore, it can be contended that the perception of all leaders is created and in fact
does not reflect their true leadership qualities at all.
14. Translate from Russian into English:
функциональная теория лидерства, появление информации от имени руководителя или другого заинтересованного лица, основа восприятия лидера, взаимодействие с сотрудниками, порядок соподчиненности в организации, истинные
качества лидера, эмоциональный отклик, воспроизведение информации.
15. Answer the following questions.
13
1. What does functional leadership theory argue?
2. What are the basic criteria to value a job of a functional leader?
3. What are the certain tasks performed by a transactional leader?
4. What is basic for a goal achievement under transformational leadership?
5. What does an emotion-laden process mean?
6. What does a neo-emergent leadership theory suggest?
16. Write a summary of the text above.
17. Make a brief report on the topic.
14
MODULE 3
Finance management
Vocabulary
1. Read and remember the following words and word-combinations:
4)
corporate finance – корпоративные финансы, финансы корпорации
Commonwealth ['kɔmənwelθ]
countries – страны Содружества
investment banking –
инвестиционная деятельность
банков
merger ['mɜːʤə] – поглощение,
слияние
5)
acquisition [ˌækwɪ'zɪʃ(ə)n] –
приобретение
1)
2)
3)
6)
7)
flotation [fləu'teɪʃ(ə)n] – флотация, размещение, эмиссия
ownership ['əunəʃɪp] –
право собственности
equity issue ['ekwɪtɪ 'ɪsjuː] –
8) выпуск долевых ценных бумаг,
эмиссия долевых ценных бумаг
capital investment – капитальные
9) вложения
fixed assets – основные средства,
10) основной капитал
11)
12)
13)
14)
long-term [ˌlɔŋ'tɜːm] – долгосрочный, длительный,
долговременный
capital budgeting – бюджетирование (составление сметы)
капиталовложений
сash flow ['kæʃˌfləu] – движение
денежной наличности
estimate ['estɪmeɪt] оценивать,
производить оценку,
приблизительно подсчитывать
2. Match Russian definitions with English terms:
1) flotation
a) процесс размещения долевых
ценных бумаг среди инвесторов
2) the Commonwealth
b) процесс, в ходе которого создаваемая компания или компания,
преобразующаяся из закрытой
компании в открытую акционерную компанию, выпускает новые
акции на свободный рынок
3) decision tree analysis
c)
4) equity issue
d)
3. Match the columns:
15
межгосударственное объединение
Великобритании и большинства
бывших английских доминионов,
колоний и зависимых территорий
метод принятия решений, основанный на построении схемы, иллюстрирующей альтернативные
варианты решений и их возможные последствия
1) seed capital
2) start-up capital
3) development capital
1) анализ дерева решений
2) разъединение, разделение
3) начальный капитал (для финансирования новой деятельности)
4) expansion capital
5) demerger [ˌdiː'mɜːʤə]
6) R&D
7) path [pɑːθ]
4) капитал на расширение
5) явная стоимость
6) оценивать, определять
7) метод чистой текущей
(приведенной) стоимости
8) фиксировать
9) НИОКР
10) незначительный начальный
капитал (для проведения НИОКР)
11) капитал на развитие
12) путь
8) net present value (NPV) approach
9) explicit value
10) to place
11) decision tree analysis
12) capture
Grammar
4. Find out Infinitives in the sentences below, define the form and the function.
1. The transactions may include the flotation of companies on a recognised stock
exchange in order to restructure ownership.
2. These transactions include equity issues by companies in order to raise capital
for development.
Reading and Analysis
5. Read the text and be ready to answer the questions.
Text A
Use of the term “corporate finance” varies considerably across the world. In the
United Kingdom and Commonwealth countries, the term “corporate finance” tends to
be associated with investment banking, i.e. with transactions in which capital is raised
for the corporation. These may include raising seed, start-up, development or expansion capital, mergers, demergers, acquisitions or the sale of private companies, equity
issues by companies, including the flotation of companies on a recognised stock exchange in order to raise capital for development or to restructure ownership. On the
other hand in the United States it is used to describe activities, decisions and techniques that deal with many aspects of a company’s finances and capital.
16
Capital investment decisions are long-term corporate finance decisions relating to
fixed assets and capital structure. Management must allocate limited resources between competing opportunities or projects in a process known as capital budgeting.
Making this investment, or capital allocation, decision requires estimating the value
of each opportunity or project, which is a function of the size, timing and predictability of future cash flows.
In many cases, for example R&D projects, a project may open or close the paths of
action to the company, but this reality will not typically be captured in a strict NPV
approach. Management will therefore employ tools which place an explicit value on
these options. The two most common tools are Decision Tree Analysis (DTA) and
Real options analysis (ROA). They may often be used interchangeably.
6. Review the terminology of the text:
движение денежной наличности, анализ реальных возможностей, быть взаимозаменяемыми, проекты НИОКР, реконструировать право собственности, капитал на расширение, стоимость возможности, основной капитал, решения по капитальным вложениям, финансы корпорации, страны Содружества, разделение,
анализ дерева решений.
7. Complete the following sentences using the text.
1. In the U K and the Commonwealth the term “corporate finance” is associated … .
2. The transactions in which capital is raised include raising start-up or expansion
capital, mergers, acquisitions, equity issues including the flotation of companies in
order to raise capital … .
3. in the US the term “corporate finance” is used to describe activities, decisions
and techniques that … .
4. Management must allocate limited resources between competing opportunities
or projects … .
5. Management employs tools which place an … .
8. Answer the following questions.
1. What is the term «corporate finance» associated with in the UK the Commonwealth?
2. What are the possible transactions in which the capital is raised?
3. What does the term «corporate finance» mean in the US?
4. What does the process of capital budgeting assume?
5. Should the value of each opportunity be estimated?
6. What are the tools to place an explicit value on the options?
9. Write a summary of the text above.
17
Vocabulary
10. Read and remember the following words and word-combinations:
working capital – оборотный
1)
капитал
2)
readily convertible resources –
легко конвертируемые ресурсы
8)
9)
current liabilities – краткосрочные (текущие) обязательства,
текущие пассивы
amounts payable – суммы
к уплате
inventories – материально3)
производственные запасы
to service long term debt – выпла10) чивать проценты по долгосрочным долговым обязательствам
current assets – оборотные акти4)
вы (средства), текущие активы
maturing short-term debt –
11) подлежащий к оплате
краткосрочный долг
working capital management –
5) управление оборотным капиталом
upcoming operating expenses –
6) предстоящие текущие
(операционные) расходы
cost of capital – стоимость
7)
капитала
12)
to enhance – повышать,
увеличивать
13)
return on capital – прибыль на
(инвестированный) капитал
14) such that – в пределах
11. Match the columns:
1) resources in cash
1) достаточный поток денежных
средств
2) short term decisions
2) при этом
3) sufficient cash flow
3) краткосрочные решения
4) in so doing
4) применять иные критерии
5) apply different criteria
5) наличные денежные средства
6) decision making
7) liquidity [lɪ'kwɪdətɪ]
6) система, методика, правила,
принципы, нормы, стандарты
7) метод, методика, технология
8) technique
8) принятие решений
9) policy ['pɔləsɪ]
9) ликвидность
Reading and Analysis
18
12. Read the text and be ready to answer the questions.
Text B
Working capital management
Working capital is the amount of capital which is readily available to an organization, that is, working capital is the difference between resources in cash or readily
convertible into cash (Current Assets), and amounts payable (Current Liabilities). As
a result, the decisions relating to working capital are always current or short term decisions.
The goal of working capital management is to ensure that the firm is able to operate, and that it has sufficient cash flow to service long term debt, and to satisfy both
maturing short-term debt and upcoming operational expenses. In so doing, firm value
is enhanced when, and if, the return on capital exceeds the cost of capital.
Working capital management decisions are therefore not taken on the same basis
as long term decisions, and working capital management applies different criteria in
decision making. The main considerations are: cash flow or liquidity and profitability
or return on capital, of which cash flow is probably the more important.
Guided by the above criteria, management will use a combination of policies and
techniques for the management of working capital. These policies aim at managing
the current assets (generally cash and cash equivalents, inventories and debtors) and
the short term financing, such that cash flows and returns are acceptable.
13. Translate from Russian into English:
сумма капитала, оборотные средства, текущие обязательства, предстоящие текущие расходы, наличные денежные средства, управление оборотным капиталом, суммы к уплате, принятие решений, ликвидность, прибыль на капитал, материально-производственные запасы, выплачивать проценты по долгосрочным
долговым обязательствам.
14. Answer the following questions.
1. What does the term «working capital» mean?
2. Why are the decisions relating to working capital always current?
3. What is the goal of working capital management?
4. What decision making criteria does working capital management apply?
5. What do policies and techniques for the management of working capital aim at?
15. Write a summary of the text above.
16. Make a brief report on the topic.
19
MODULE 4
Community Development
Vocabulary
1. Read and remember the following words and word-combinations:
community development –
1)
развитие общества
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
to overcome (overcame) –
побороть, преодолеть, охватить,
ослаблять
academic disciplines –
академические, университетские 9) poverty – бедность, нищета
дисциплины
local community – местное
to knit – связывать, соединять,
сообщество (местного
10) скреплять, сращивать,
самоуправления)
объединяться
to seek (sought) – искать,
roots – причины, источники,
11)
стараться, просить, обращаться
сущность
to empower – уполномочивать,
to deepen – углублять(ся),
12)
доверять, давать возможность
усиливать(ся)
to involve – включать в себя,
agenda – повестка дня
13)
вызывать, повлечь
value – ценность, важность,
issue – исход, результат,
14)
полезность
вопрос, проблема
2. Find the synonyms:
activists, social groups, community groups, involved citizens, issue, leaders, developers.
3. Read the adjectives and form degrees of comparison. Translate them into
Russian:
broad
common
large
ordinary
creative
concentrated
involved
4. Make sure if you remember the suffixes of adjectives:
academy – academic, politic – political, practice – practical, to create – creative,
to collect – collective, profession – professional.
5. Read and translate the following word-combinations and phrases:
political power, involved citizens, various aspect, social institutions, deepening
democracy, the grass roots, common agenda, overcoming poverty.
20
6. Match the words in A with those in B.
A
1) civic
2) academic
3) ordinary
4) development
B
5) desired
6) social
7) political
8) collective
a) community
b) power
c) institutions
d) leaders
e) people
f) disciplines
g) goals
h) action
Reading and Analysis
7. Read the text and be ready to answer the questions.
Text A
Community Development
Community development (CD) is a broad term applied to the practices and academic disciplines of civic leaders, activists, involved citizens and professionals to
improve various aspects of local communities.
Community development seeks to empower individuals and groups of people by
providing these groups with the skills they need to affect change in their own communities. These skills are often concentrated around building political power through
the formation of large social groups working for a common agenda. Community developers must understand both how to work with individuals and how to affect communities' positions within the context of larger social institutions.
Community development is defined as:
“A set of values and practices which plays a special role in overcoming poverty
and disadvantage, knitting society together at the grass roots and deepening democracy”.
Community development involves changing the relationships between ordinary
people and people in positions of power, so that everyone can take part in the issues
that affect their lives. It starts from the principle that within any community there is a
wealth of knowledge and experience which, if used in creative ways, can be channelled into collective action to achieve the communities' desired goals.
8. Translate the sentences into Russian and then back into English.
1. Community development (CD) is a broad term applied to the practices and academic disciplines of civic leaders, activists, involved citizens and professionals to
improve various aspects of local communities.
2. Community development seeks to empower individuals and groups of people by
providing these groups with the skills they need to affect change in their own communities.
21
3. Community development is defined as:
“A set of values and practices which plays a special role in overcoming poverty and
disadvantage, knitting society together at the grass roots and deepening democracy”.
9. Answer the following questions.
1. What is community development?
2. What does community development seek to?
3. What must community developers understand?
4. How is CD defined as a set of values?
5. What does community development involve and what for?
6. What principle does CD start from?
10. Work in pairs. Correct wrong statements.
1. Community development is a narrow and local term applied to the practices and
social studies of a few professionals to improve some aspects of local communities.
2. Community developers must understand how to influence people within the context of social institutions.
3. Community development involves the relationships between citizens and civic
activists, so that everyone can improve their lives.
11. Translate into English.
1. Развитие общества (сообщества) направлено на расширение возможностей
отдельных лиц и категорий граждан путем предоставления им навыков, необходимых для изменения условий их жизни.
2. Развитие общества предполагает изменение отношений между простыми
людьми и представителями властных структур так, чтобы каждый принимал
участие в вопросах, затрагивающих его жизнь.
3. В любом обществе есть богатые знания и опыт, которые при творческом
использовании, могут быть направлены в коллективные действия для достижения желаемых целей сообщества.
Vocabulary
12. Read and remember the following words and word-combinations:
1)
utopia – утопия
4)
2)
complement – комплимент,
похвала, любезность, поздравление
renewal – возобновление,
возрождение, реставрация
5)
3)
6)
22
philanthropy – филантропия,
благотворительность
nonprofit organization – некоммерческая организация
to uplift – поднимать, возвышать
neighborhood – соседство, округ,
окрестности
8) municipal – муниципальный,
городской, самоуправляющийся
9) extensive – обширный, пространный, экстенсивный
10) to affiliate – усыновлять,
принимать в члены, присоединяться к ч/л
7)
11) rural community – сельская,
деревенская община
12) seemingly – по-видимому,
подобающе
13) caisses populaires (фр.) –
кредитные союзы
14) subsequent – последующий,
являющийся результатом ч/л
13. Explain the meaning of the following word combinations:
perfect community, New Australia Movement, utopian community, local nonprofit
organizations, management skills, low-income residents, municipal governments, inner city, credit unions, “top down” government programs, outstanding success, Nobel
Peace Prize.
Reading and Analysis
14. Read the text and be ready to answer the questions.
Text B
Community Development
In the 19th century, the work of the early socialist thinker Robert Owen (1771–
1851), sought to create a more perfect community. At New Lanark and at later communities such as Oneida in the USA and the New Australia Movement in Australia,
groups of people came together to create utopian or intentional utopian communities,
with mixed success.
In the United States in the 1960s, the term "community development" began to
complement and generally replace the idea of urban renewal, which typically focused
on physical development projects often at the expense of working-class communities.
In the late 1960s, philanthropies such as the Ford Foundation and government officials such as Senator Robert F. Kennedy took an interest in local nonprofit organizations – a pioneer was the Bedford-Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation in Brooklyn –
that attempted to apply business and management skills to the social mission of uplifting low-income residents and their neighborhoods. Eventually such groups became known as "Community Development Corporations" or CDCs. Federal laws beginning with the 1974 Housing and Community Development Act provided a way for
state and municipal governments to channel funds to CDCs and other nonprofit organizations. National organizations such as the Neighborhood Reinvestment Corporation (founded in 1978 and now known as NeighborWorks America), the Local Initiatives Support Corporation (founded in 1980 and known as LISC), and the Enterprise
Foundation (founded in 1981) have built extensive networks of affiliated local non23
profit organizations to which they help provide financing for countless physical and
social development programs in urban and rural communities. The CDCs and similar
organizations have been credited with starting the process that stabilized and revived
seemingly hopeless inner city areas such as the South Bronx in New York City.
Community development in Canada has roots in the development of co-operatives,
credit unions and caisses populaires. The Antigonish Movement which started in the
1920s in Nova Scotia, through the work of Doctor Moses Coady and Father James
Tompkins, has been particularly influential in the subsequent expansion of community economic development work across Canada.
In the 1990s, following critiques of the mixed success of "top down" government
programs, and drawing on the work of Robert Putnam, in the rediscovery of Social
Capital, community development internationally became concerned with social capital formation. In particular the outstanding success of the work of Muhammad Yunus
in Bangladesh with the Grameen Bank, has led to the attempts to spread microenterprise credit schemes around the world. This work was honoured by the 2006 Nobel
Peace Prize.
15. Give the answer to the question below.
1. Who sought to create a more perfect community in the 19 th century?
2. What movements in the USA and Australia came together to create utopian
communities with mixed success?
3. What idea did the term “community development” begin to replace in the 1960s
in the USA?
4. What national organizations have built extensive networks of local nonprofit organizations in urban and rural communities?
5. Where does community development have roots in?
6. What work was honoured by the Nobel Peace Prize?
16. Complete the sentences.
1. In the USA in the 1960s, the term “community development” began to complement the idea of … .
2. Federal laws beginning with … provided a way for … to channel funds to … .
3. The CDCs and similar organizations have been credited with … .
4. CD in Canada has roots in the development of … .
17. Write a summary of the text above.
18. Make a brief report on the topic.
24
MODULE 5
Decision making
Vocabulary
1. Read and remember the following words and word-combinations:
1) psychological perspective –
психологическая точка зрения
2) cognitive – когнитивный
3) normative – нормативный
4) rational – рациональный
8)
5) environment – среда, окружение
12)
6) invariable – неизменный,
неизменяемый, постоянный
13)
9)
10)
11)
7) tacit assumptions – молчаливое 14)
допущение, предположение
informed decision – обоснованные
решения
naturalistic – натуралистический
intuitive – интуитивный
ambiguity – двусмысленность,
неопределенность, неясность
simultaneously – одновременно,
синхронно
to yield – производить,
приносить, уступать, соглашаться
paradox – парадокс
2. Match the words in A with those in B.
A
1) cognitive process
2) decision analysis
3) interaction
4) evaluative criteria
5) final choice
6) researchers
7) best alternative
8) to make a diagnosis
9) satisfactory solution
10) explicit assumption
B
a) взаимодействие
b) критерий оценки
c) исследователи
d) лучшая альтернатива
e) удовлетворительное решение
f) детальное, ясное предложение
g) установить диагноз
h) анализ решения
i) окончательный выбор
j) когнитивный процесс
3. Find the synonyms:
mental, several, normative, legal, reasoning, goal, values, cognitive, some, rational,
needs, expert, solution, professional, approach, method, purpose, decision.
Reading and Analysis
4. Read the text and be ready to answer the questions.
Text A
Decision making
Decision making can be regarded as the mental processes (cognitive process) resulting in the selection of a course of action among several alternatives. Every decision making process produces a final choice. The output can be an action or an opinion of choice.
25
Human performance in decision terms has been the subject of active research from
several perspectives. From a psychological perspective, it is necessary to examine individual decisions in the context of a set of needs, preferences an individual has and
values they seek. From a cognitive perspective, the decision making process must be
regarded as a continuous process integrated in the interaction with the environment.
From a normative perspective, the analysis of individual decisions is concerned with
the logic of decision making and rationality and the invariant choice it leads to.
Yet, at another level, it might be regarded as a problem solving activity which is
terminated when a satisfactory solution is found. Therefore, decision making is a reasoning or emotional process which can be rational or irrational, can be based on explicit assumptions or tacit assumptions.
Logical decision making is an important part of all science-based professions,
where specialists apply their knowledge in a given area to making informed decisions. For example, medical decision making often involves making a diagnosis and
selecting an appropriate treatment. Some research using naturalistic methods shows,
however, that in situations with higher time pressure, higher stakes, or increased ambiguities, experts use intuitive decision making rather than structured approaches, following a recognition primed decision approach to fit a set of indicators into the expert's experience and immediately arrive at a satisfactory course of action without
weighing alternatives. Recent robust decision efforts have formally integrated uncertainty into the decision making process. However, Decision Analysis, recognized and
included uncertainties with a structured and rationally justifiable method of decision
making since its conception in 1964.
A major part of decision making involves the analysis of a finite set of alternatives
described in terms of some evaluative criteria. These criteria may be benefit or cost in
nature. Then the problem might be to rank these alternatives in terms of how attractive they are to the decision maker(s) when all the criteria are considered simultaneously. Another goal might be to just find the best alternative or to determine the relative total priority of each alternative (for instance, if alternatives represent projects
competing for funds) when all the criteria are considered simultaneously. Solving
such problems is the focus of multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) also known as
multi-criteria decision making (MCDM). This area of decision making, although it is
very old and has attracted the interest of many researchers and practitioners, is still
highly debated as there are many MCDA / MCDM methods which may yield very
different results when they are applied on exactly the same data. This leads to the
formulation of a decision making paradox.
5. Answer the following questions.
1. What is decision making?
2. From what perspectives has human performance in decision terms been the subject of active research?
26
3. Why might decision making be regarded as a reasoning or emotional process?
4. What science-based professions can logical decision making be an important
part of?
5. What analysis does a major part of decision making involve?
6. What area of decision making has attracted the interest of many researchers and
practitioners?
7. What leads to the formulation of a decision making paradox?
6. Find in the text the words which have an opposite meaning:
physical process, irrational, explicit, certainty, loss, historically, academicians, vague.
7. Complete the following sentences using the text.
1. Decision making can be regarded as … .
2. Every decision making process produces … .
3. From a cognitive process, the decision making process must be regarded as … .
4. Logical decision making is an important part of … .
5. Decision Analysis recognized and included … .
6. A major part of decision making involves the analysis of … .
7. The goal might be … or … .
8. Translate into English.
1. Принятие решений можно рассматривать как ментальный процесс, результатом которого является выбор курса действий среди нескольких альтернатив.
2. Возможности человека в вопросах принятия решений были предметом активных исследований с нескольких точек зрения.
3. С психологической точки зрения необходимо рассматривать индивидуальные решения в контексте набора потребностей, предпочтений и ценностей человека.
4. С когнитивной точки зрения процесс принятия решений следует рассматривать как непрерывный процесс, интегрированный во взаимодействие с окружающей средой.
5. С нормативной точки зрения анализ отдельных решений связан с рациональностью и логикой принятия решений.
6. На другом уровне решение проблемы можно рассматривать как деятельность, которая прекращается, когда будет найдено удовлетворительное решение.
27
Vocabulary
9. Read and remember the following words and word-combinations:
to differentiate – различать(ся),
1) отличать(ся), дифференцировать(ся)
9)
deviation – отклонение,
2)
отступление, девиация
to satisfy – удовлетворять,
10) соответствовать, отвечать,
выполнять решение, убеждать
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
distinctive feature – отличительная, характерная черта (признак,
свойство)
relevant – уместный, относящийся к делу
to evaluate – оценивать, давать
оценку, определять важность
tentative decision – пробное,
опытное, экспериментальное,
временное, предполагаемое решение
adverse – враждебный,
неблагоприятный, вредный,
противоположный
8) pros and cons – за и против
11)
to preclude – предотвращать,
мешать
acquiesce – молча или неохотно
соглашаться на ч/л
12) to flip – щелкать, ударять слегка
13)
divination – гадание, ворожба,
предсказание, прорицание
14)
reinforcement – подкрепление,
пополнение, закрепление
15) outcome – результат, исход, выход
to accomplish – совершать,
16) выполнять, достигать, завершать,
совершенствовать
10. Group the words according to their morphological structure:
problem analysis, performance standards, distinctive feature, relevant changes, precisely, deviations, objectives, flipism, becoming, starting, exactly, classified, developed, orientation stage, emergence stage, possibilianism.
11. Complete the following phrases:
1) … analysis
6) conflict …
2) pros and …
7) … making
3) … standards
8) … steps
4) Benjamin …
9) … of divination
5) tentative …
10) … techniques
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12. Fill in prepositions or adverbs if necessary.
to differentiate between – различаться, to be deducted from – вычитать, отниотличаться
мать, удерживать
to use towards – употреблять, исполь- to evaluate for – оценивать
зовать
1. It is important to differentiate …. problem analysis and decision making. The
concepts are completely separate from one another.
2. Problem analysis must be done first, then the information gathered in that process may be used …. decision making.
3. Something can always be used to distinguish …. what has and hasn't been effected by a cause.
4. Causes to problems can be deducted …. relevant changes found in analyzing the
problem.
5. The tentative decision is evaluated …. more possible consequences.
Reading and Analysis
13. Read the text and be ready to answer the questions.
Text B
Problem Analysis vs Decision Making
It is important to differentiate between problem analysis and decision making. The
concepts are completely separate from one another. Problem analysis must be done
first, then the information gathered in that process may be used towards decision
making.
Problem Analysis.
• Analyze performance, what should the results be against what they actually are.
• Problems are merely deviations from performance standards.
• Problem must be precisely identified and described.
• Problems are caused by some change from a distinctive feature.
• Something can always be used to distinguish between what has and hasn't been
effected by a cause.
• Causes to problems can be deducted from relevant changes found in analyzing
the problem.
• Most likely cause to a problem is the one that exactly explains all the facts.
Decision Making.
• Objectives must first be established.
• Objectives must be classified and placed in order of importance.
• Alternative actions must be developed.
• The alternative must be evaluated against all the objectives.
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• The alternative that is able to achieve all the objectives is the tentative decision.
• The tentative decision is evaluated for more possible consequences.
• The decisive actions are taken, and additional actions are taken to prevent any
adverse consequences from becoming problems and starting both systems (problem
analysis and decision making) all over again.
Everyday techniques.
Some of the decision making techniques people use in everyday life include:
• Pros and Cons: Listing the advantages and disadvantages of each option, popularized by Plato and Benjamin Franklin
• Simple Prioritization: Choosing the alternative with the highest probabilityweighted utility for each alternative (see Decision Analysis) or derivative Possibilianism: Acting on choices so as not to preclude alternative understandings of equal
probability, including active exploration of novel possibilities and emphasis on the
necessity of holding multiple positions at once if there is no available data to privilege one over the others.
• Satisficing: Accepting the first option that seems like it might achieve the desired
result.
• Acquiesce to a person in authority or an "expert", just following orders.
• Flipism: Flipping a coin, cutting a deck of playing cards, and other random or coincidence methods.
• Prayer, tarot cards, astrology, augurs, revelation, or other forms of divination.
Decision-Making Stages.
Developed by B. Aubrey Fisher, there are four stages that should be involved in all
group decision making. These stages, or sometimes called phases, are important for
the decision-making process to begin.
Orientation stage – this phase is where members meet for the first time and start to
get to know each other.
Conflict stage – once group members become familiar with each other, disputes,
little fights and arguments occur. Group members eventually work it out.
Emergence stage – the group begins to clear up vague opinions by talking about
them.
Reinforcement stage – members finally make a decision, while justifying themselves that it was the right decision.
Decision-Making Steps.
When in an organization and faced with a difficult decision, there are several steps
one can take to ensure the best possible solutions will be decided. These steps are put
into seven effective ways to go about this decision making process (McMahon 2007).
The first step – outline your goal and outcome. This will enable decision makers to
see exactly what they are trying to accomplish and keep them on a specific path.
The second step – gather data. This will help decision makers have actual evidence
to help them come up with a solution.
The third step – brainstorm to develop alternatives. Coming up with more than one
solution ables you to see which one can actually work.
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The fourth step – list pros and cons of each alternative. With the list of pros and
cons, you can eliminate the solutions that have more cons than pros, making your decision easier.
The fifth step – make the decision. Once you analyze each solution, you should
pick the one that has many pros (or the pros that are most significant), and is a solution that everyone can agree with.
The sixth step – immediately take action. Once the decision is picked, you should
implement it right away.
The seventh step – learn from, and reflect on the decision making. This step allows
you to see what you did right and wrong when coming up, and putting the decision to
use.
14. Revise the terminology of the text:
анализ проблемы, источники проблем, альтернативные действия, предотвратить
последствия, повседневная жизнь, высшая полезность, равная вероятность, стадия ориентирования, правильное решение, семь эффективных способов.
15. Answer the following questions.
1. Why is it important to differentiate between problem analysis and decision making?
2. What steps does problem analysis include?
3. What features of decision making do you know?
4. What decision making techniques people use in everyday life?
5. What stages are important for the decision-making process to begin?
6. What steps one can take to get the best possible solution?
16. Complete the following sentences using the text.
1. It is important to differentiate between … .
2. Problems are caused by … .
3. Objectives must be classified … .
4. The alternative must be evaluated … .
5. Some of the decision making techniques include … .
6. The stages, that important for the decision-making process, are … .
7. Seven effective ways to go about the decision-making process are … .
17. Write a summary of the text.
18. Make a report on the topic «Decision making».
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MODULE 6
Performance Measurement
Vocabulary
1. Read and remember the following words and word-combinations:
1) performance – исполнение,
выполнение, действие
10)
target – цель, мишень, задание,
предмет
2) measurement – измерение,
размер
11)
relevance – уместность
3) acquisition – приобретение
12)
accomplishment – завершение,
выполнение, достижение
4) ultimate purpose – окончательная 13)
цель (намерение)
legislator – законодатель,
влиятельное лицо
5) coherent – связный, сцепленный, 14)
членораздельный
stakeholder – акционер,
учредитель
6) workforce – рабочая сила
validate success – крепкий,
действенный, эффективный
результат (успех)
enigma – загадка, загадочное
явление, непостижимый человек
15)
7) guidelines – правила, руководство 16)
8) compliance – уступчивость,
податливость
17)
severely – строго, сурово, резко,
сильно, тяжело
9) circumstances – обстоятельства, 18)
условия
to impact – прочно укреплять,
иметь воздействие на ч/л
2. Choose the right word.
1. Performance measurement is the process whereby an (organization, company,
firm) establishes the parameters within which programs, investments, and acquisitions are reaching the desired (results, success).
2. Behn 2003 gives (8, 9, 10) reasons for adapting performance measurements.
3. To Control-how can managers ensure their (subordinates, clerks, workers) are
doing the right thing.
4. Organisation create measurement systems that specify particular actions they
want execute- for branch employess to take a (particular, special, right) ways to execute what they want- branch to spend money.
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5. Giving people significant (goals, tasks, purposes) to achieve and then use performance measures- including interim targets- to focus people’s thinking and work,
and to provide periodic sense of accomplishment.
6. To Promote How can public managers convince political (superiors, legislators,
workers, stakeholders, journalists, and citizens) that their agency is doing a good job.
3. Work as a class and match the following verbs with nouns:
A
B
to establish
to reach
to improve
to achieve
to give
to formulate
to measure
to take
to purchase
to elect
the result
purpose
reasons
mission
activities
actions
performance
officials
technologies
parameters
Reading and Analysis
4. Read the text and be ready to answer the questions.
Text A
Performance measurement
Performance measurement is the process whereby an organization establishes the
parameters within which programs, investments, and acquisitions are reaching the desired results.
Fundamental purpose behind measures is to improve performance. Measures that
are not directly connected to improving performance (like measures that are directed
at communicating better with the public to build trust) are measures that are means to
achieving that ultimate purpose (Behn 2003).
Behn 2003 gives 8 reasons for adapting performance measurements:
1. To Evaluate how well a public agency is performing. To evaluate performance,
managers need to determine what an agency is supposed to accomplish. To formulate
a clear, coherent mission, strategy, and objective. Then based on this information
choose how you will measure those activities. (You first need to find out what are
you looking for).
2. To Control how can managers ensure their subordinates are doing the right
thing.
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Today managers do not control their workforce mechanically. However managers
still use measures to control, while allowing some space for freedom in the workforce.
Organisation create measurement systems that specify particular actions they want
execute- for branch employess to take a particular ways to execute what they wantbranch to spend money. Then they want to measure to see whether the employees
have in fact taken those actions. Need to measure input by individual into organisation and process. Officials need to measure behavior of individuals then compare this
performance with requirements to check who has and has not complied.
3. To Budget Budgets are crude tools in improving performance. Poor performance not always may change after applying budgets cuts as a disciplinary actions.
Sometimes budgets increase could be the answer to improving performance. Like
purchasing better technology because the current ones are outdated and harm operational processes. So decision highly influenced by circumstance, you need measures
to better understand the situation.
4. To Motivate Giving people significant goals to achieve and then use performance measures- including interim targets- to focus people’s thinking and work, and
to provide periodic sense of accomplishment.
Performance targets may also encourage creativity in developing better ways to
achieve the goal (Behn) Thus measure to motivate improvements may also motivate
learning.
Almost-real-time output (faster, the better) compared with production targets.
Quick response required to provide fast feed-back so workforce could improve and
adapt.
5. To Celebrate Organisations need to commemorate their accomplishments- such
ritual tie their people together, give them a sense of their individual and collective
relevance. More over, by achieving specific goals, people gain sense of personal accomplishment and selfworth.
6. To Promote How can public managers convince political superiors, legislators,
stakeholders, journalists, and citizens that their agency is doing a good job.
(National Academy of Public Administration’s center for improving government
performance- NAPA 1999) performance measures can be used to: validate success;
justifing additional ressources; earn customers, stakeholder, and staff loyalty by
showing results; and win recognition inside and outside the organisation.
7. To Learn Learning is involved with some process, of analysis information provided from evaluating corporate performance (identifying what works and what does
not). By analysing that information, corporation able to learn resons behind its poor
or good performance.
However if there is too many performance measures, managers might not be able
to learn anything. (Neves of National Academy of Public Administration 1986).
• Because of rapid increase of performance measures there is more confusion or
“noise” than useful data.
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• Managers lack time or simply find it too difficult to try to identify good signals
from mass of numbers.
Also there is an issue of “black box” enigma (data can reveal that organisation is
performing well or poorly, but they don’t necessarily reveal why). Performance
measures can describe what is coming out of “black box” as well as what is going in,
but they do not reveal what is happening inside. How are various inputs interacting to
produce the output. What more complex is outcome with “black box” being all value
chain.
8. To Improve What exactly should who- do differently to improve performance?
In order for corporation to measure what it wants to improve it first need to identify
what it will improve and develop processes to accomplish that.
Also you need to have a feedback loop to assess compliance with plans to achieve
improvements and to determine if those processes created forecasted results (improvements).
Improvement process also related to learning process in identifying places that are
need improvements.
Develop understanding of relationships inside the “black box” that connect changes in operations to changes in output and outcome.
Understanding “black box” processes and their interactions.
• How to influence/ control workforce that creates output.
• How to influence citizens/ customers that turn that output to outcome (and all related suppliers).
They need to observe how actions they can take will influence operations, environment, workforce and which eventually has an impact on outcome.
After that they need to identify actions they can take that will give them improvements they looking for and how organisation will react to those actions ex. How
might various leadership activities ripple through the “black box”.
5. Answer the following questions.
1. What is performance measurement?
2. What reasons does Behn give for adapting performance measurements?
3. What do managers need to determine to evaluate performance?
4. What measurement systems can organisations create?
5. What is efficiency determined by?
6. What primary aim should be behind the measures?
7. What does celebration help to improve?
8. What do managers need to convince citizens their agency is doing good?
6. Complete the following sentences using the text.
1. Fundamental purpose behind measures is … .
2. Measures that are not directly connected to improving performance are … .
3. To evaluate performance, managers need to … .
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4. Organisation create measurement systems that … .
5. Officials need to measure behavior of individuals then … .
6. Poor performance not always may change … .
7. Celebration helps to improve … .
8. To convince citizens their agency is doing good, managers need … .
Vocabulary
7. Read and remember the following words and word-combinations:
1) to assess – оценивать,
давать оценку
2) to determine – определять,
устанавливать, решать
3) to assume – принимать,
предполагать, допускать
4) inherently – неотъемлемо,
присуще, собственно
5) outcome – результат, исход
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
6) to supervise – смотреть,
14)
наблюдать, руководить
7) to eliminate – убрать, исключать, 15)
уничтожать
8) accountability – ответственность 16)
appraisal – оценка, аттестация,
экспертиза
assignment – назначение, задание,
распределение
variance – изменение, колебание,
разногласие, противоречие
to decline – уменьшаться, идти на
убыль, опускаться
efficient – действенный,
эффективный, умелый
reliance – доверие, уверенность,
опора, надежда
outlier – служащий, солдат
еquilibrium – равновесие,
уравновешивание
8. Find the synonyms:
significant, measured, desired, outcomes, to minimize, assessed, valuable, important,
to eliminate, meaningful, appraisal, evaluation, results.
9. Find the antonyms:
declining, effective, useless, rarely, to pay attention, supervisors, improving, to ignore, the best, meaningful, the worst, meaningless, frequently, strategic, operational,
subordinates, equilibrium, extremes.
10. Form the adjectives:
ful – meaning, use.
al – operation, historic, distribution, structure.
ive – effect, correct, object.
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11. Match the words in A with those in B.
A
1) significant
2) objective
3) desired
4) meaningful
5) corrective
B
6) management
7) to allocate
8) effective
9) heavy
10)historical
a) information
b) appraisal
c) control
d) results
e) reliance
f) money
g) action
h) outcomes
i) work
j) patterns
Reading and Analysis
12. Read the text and be ready to answer the questions.
Text B
Principles of performance measurement
All significant work activity must be measured.
• Work that is not measured or assessed cannot be managed because there is no objective information to determine its value. Therefore it is assumed that this work is
inherently valuable regardless of its outcomes. The best that can be accomplished
with this type of activity is to supervise a level of effort.
• Unmeasured work should be minimized or eliminated.
• Desired performance outcomes must be established for all measured work.
• Outcomes provide the basis for establishing accountability for results rather than
just requiring a level of effort.
• Desired outcomes are necessary for work evaluation and meaningful performance
appraisal.
• Defining performance in terms of desired results is how managers and supervisors make their work assignments operational.
• Performance reporting and variance analyses must be accomplished frequently.
• Frequent reporting enables timely corrective action.
• Timely corrective action is needed for effective management control.
If we don’t measure ……
• How do you know where to improve?
• How do you know where to allocate or re-allocate money and people?
• How do you know how you compare with others?
• How do you know whether you are improving or declining?
• How do you know whether or which programs, methods, or employees are producing results that are cost effective and efficient?
Common problems with measurement systems that limit their usefulness:
• Heavy reliance on summary data that emphasizes averages and discounts outliers.
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• Heavy reliance on historical patterns and reluctance to accept new structural
changes (or re-design of processes) that are capable of generating different outcomes,
like measuring the time it takes them to do a task.
• Heavy reliance on gross aggregates that tend to understate or ignore distributional
contributions and consequences.
• Heavy reliance on static, e.g., equilibrium, analysis and slight attention to timebased and growth ones, such as value-added measures.
13. Answer the following questions.
1. What kind of work activity must be measured?
2. Why cannot the work that is not measured be managed?
3. What must desired performance outcomes be established for?
4. How often must performance reporting be accomplished?
5. What is timely corrective action needed for?
6. What happened if we don’t measure our activity?
7. What are common problems with measurement systems that limit their usefulness?
14. Complete the following sentences using the text.
1. All significant work activity must be … .
2. Work that is not measured or assessed cannot be managed because … .
3. Desired outcomes are necessary for work … .
4. Defining performance in terms of desired results is … .
5. Frequent reporting enables … .
6. How do you know whether or which programs, methods, or employees are producing results … .
7. Common problems with measurement systems that limit their usefulness are … .
15. Write a summary of the text above.
16. Make a brief report on the topic.
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CONTENTS
MODULE 1. City managers and their responsibilities..........................................3
MODULE 2. Leadership........................................................................................9
MODULE 3. Finance management .....................................................................15
MODULE 4. Community Development ..............................................................20
MODULE 5. Decision making ............................................................................25
MODULE 6. Performance Measurement ............................................................32
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Редактор Ю.Ю. Аптрашева
Компьютерная верстка – Т.А. Бурдель
ИД № 06039 от 12.10.2001 г.
Сводный темплан 2011 г.
Подписано в печать 12.04.2011 . Формат 60×84 1/16. Бумага офсетная.
Отпечатано на дупликаторе. Усл. печ. л. 2,5. Уч.-изд. л. 2,5.
Тираж 70 экз. Заказ 283 .
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Издательство ОмГТУ. 644050, г. Омск, пр. Мира, 11; т. 23-02-12
Типография ОмГТУ
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