Загрузил James J Reed Omana

BDZ Nekit 1

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Национальный Исследовательский Университет
“МИЭТ”
Кафедра иностранных языков
Творческое домашнее задание
Этимологический анализ текста
Выполнил: Махаев Н.П.
Группа Л-22
Преподаватель: Лось А.Л.
Москва 2021
1
Содержание
Теоретическая часть
Phonetical assimilation – implies adaptation of the
borrowed
word
to
the
sound,
stress
and
pronunciation system of the recipient language
(e.g.: table, plate bear no traces of their French
origin, whereas regime, valise, bourgeois still sound
foreign).
Grammatical assimilation – consists of adaptation
of the borrowed word to the grammatical rules of
the recipient language that is of complete change of
the former paradigm of the borrowed word. So, for
instance(French -ance) a noun should adapt to a
new system of declension; a verb should be
conjugated according to the rules of the recipient
language; an adjective should acquire new degrees
of comparison and etc. (e.g.: root, low, ill are
assimilated grammatically, while criterion (pl.
criteria), datum (pl. data) are not; compare also
Russian пальто, пианино, кофе).
By semantic adaptation we mean adjustment to
the system of meanings of the recipient language.
Indeed, the words sari, tsar, steppe, sarafan are not
assimilated semantically, as the objects, denoted by
2
these words either are not used (sari, sarafan) or
they already have names (tsar, steppe).
Graphical adaptation is the adjusting to the
graphical system of the recipient language. The
words photo, psychology, chemistry are not
assimilated graphically as the underlined letters
form the sounds that can be denoted by English
letters f, s, k (c). There are certain structural
features which enable us to identify some words as
borrowings and even to determine the source
language. We have already established that the
initial sk usually indicates Scandinavian origin.
You can also recognise words of Latin and French
origin by certain suffixes, prefixes or endings. The
two tables below will help you in this.
Latin Affixes
The suffix: –ion, -tion, -ate, -ute, -ct, -d(e), -able, ant, -ent, -or, -al, -ar
The prefix: dis-.
French Affixes
The suffix: –ance, -ence, -ment, -age, -ess, -ous;
The prefix: en-.
The Etymological Structure of English Vocabulary
The
The
3
native
borrowed
elemen
element
t
Indo-
Celtic (5th
Europe
— 6th c.
an
A. D.)
elemen
t
Germa
Latin
1st
nic
group: 1st
elemen
с. В. С.
t
2nd group:
7th c. A.
D. 3rd
group: the
Renaissanc
e period
Englis
III.
h
Scandinavi
Proper
an (8th —
elemen
11th c. A.
t (no
D.)
earlier
IV. French
than
1. Norman
5th
c.
borrowings
A. D.)
:
11th
—
13th c. A.
D.
4
2.
Parisian
borrowings
(Renaissan
ce)
V.
Greek
(Renaissan
ce)
VI.
Italian
(Renaissan
ce
and
later) VII.
Spanish
(Renaissan
ce
and
later)
VIII.Germ
an
Indian
IX.
X.
Russian
And some
other
groups
By the native element we mean words which were
not borrowed from other languages but represent
the original stock of this particular language. By a
borrowing or loan-word we mean a word which
came into the vocabulary of one language from
another and was assimilated by the new language.
Практическая часть
5
In shirt-sleeves, the way I generally worked, I sat
sketching a bar of soap taped to an upper corner of
my drawing board. The gold-foil wrapper was
carefully peeled back so that you could still read
most of the brand name printed on it; I'd spoiled the
wrappers of half a dozen bars before getting that
effect. This was a new idea, the product to be
shown ready for what the accompanying copy
called "fragrant, lathery, lovelier you" use, and I
had the job of sketching
it into half a dozen
layouts, the bar of soap at a slightly different angle
in each.
It was just exactly as boring as it sounds, and I
stopped to look out the window beside me, down
twelve stories at Fifty-fourth Street and the little
heads moving along the sidewalk. It was a sunny,
sharply clear day in mid-November, and I'd have
liked to be out in it, the whole afternoon ahead and
nothing to do; nothing I had to do, that is.
Over at the paste-up table Vince Mandel, our
lettering man, thin and dark and probably feeling as
caged-up today as I was, stood working with the
airbrush, a cotton surgical mask over his mouth. He
was spraying a flesh-colored film onto a Life
magazine photo of a girl in a bathing suit. The
effect, when he finished, would be to remove the
suit, leaving the girl apparently naked except for the
ribbon she wore slanted from shoulder to waist on
which was lettered MISS BUSINESS MACHINES.
6
This kind of stunt was Vince's favorite at-work
occupation ever since he'd thought of it, and the
retouched picture would be added to a collection of
others like it on the art-department bulletin board,
at which Maureen, our nineteen-year-old paste-up
girl and messenger, refused ever to look or even
glance, though often urged.
Frank Dapp, our art director, a round little package
of energy, came trotting toward his partitionedoff
office in the northeast corner of the artists' bullpen.
As he passed the big metal supply cabinet just
inside the room he hammered violently on its open
door, yodeling at full bellow. It was an habitual
release of unused energy like a locomotive jetting
steam, a starting eruption of sound. But neither
Vince nor I nor Karl Jonas at the board ahead of
mine glanced up. Neither did anyone in the typists'
pool outside, I knew, although strangers waiting in
the art-department reception room just down the
ball had been known to leap to their feet at the
sound.
It was an ordinary day, a Friday, twenty minutes till
lunchtime, five hours till quitting time and the
weekend, ten months till vacation, thirty-seven
years till retirement. Then the phone rang.
"Man here to see you, Si." It was Vera, at the
switchboard. "He has no appointment."
"That's okay. He's my connection; I need a fix."
7
What you need can't be fixed." She clicked off. I
got up, wondering who it was; an artist in an
advertising agency doesn't usually have too many
visitors. The main reception room was on the floor
below, and I took the long route through
Accounting and Media, but no new girls had been
hired.
Frank Dapp called the main reception room Off
Broadway. It was decorated with a genuine Oriental
rug, several display cases of antique silver from the
collection of the wife of one of the three partners,
and with a society matron whose hair was also
antique silver and who relayed visitors' requests to
Vera. As I walked toward it my visitor stood
looking at one of the framed ads hung on the walls.
Something I don't like admitting and which I've
learned to disguise is a shyness about meeting
people, and now I felt the familiar slight
apprehension and momentary confusion as he
turned at the sound of my approaching footsteps.
He was bald and short, the top of his head reaching
only to my eye level, and I'm an inch short of six
feet. He looked about thirty-five, I thought, walking
toward him, and he was remarkably thick-chested;
he'd outweigh me without being fat. He wore an
olive-green gabardine suit that didn't go with his
pink redhead's complexion. I hope he's not a
salesman, I thought; then he smiled as I stepped
into the lobby, a real smile, and I liked him
8
instantly and relaxed. No, I told myself, he's not
selling anything, and I couldn't have been more
wrong about that."
Over (2), of (26), as (10), in (13) – предлоги;
исконные слова, Proper English element
The (56), a (23), an (10) – артикли; исконные
слова, Proper English element
And (29), or (1) – союз; исконное слово, Proper
English element
To (23) – частица; исконное слово, Proper
English element
I (40), their, our (3), your (2), my (7), you (4), he
(12), she (2), It (15), his (3), me (1), him (2), this
(2), that (6) – местоимение, Indo-European
element
Is (2), are (1), was (21), were (1) – глагол to be;
Indo-European element
Way – существительное, Germanic element
Sat – глагол, Indo-European element
Sketching (2) (sk в начале) – скандинавское
заимствование; 8-11 вв.
Read – глагол, Indo-European element
Effect (суффикс -ct) – латинское заимствование;
14 вв.
9
Fragrant
(суффикс
-ant)
–
латинское
–ly)
-
немецкое
заимствование; 15 вв.
Slightly
(суффикс
заимствование; 8-11 вв.
Exactly (суффикс –ly) - немецкое заимствование;
8-11 вв.
Sharply
(суффикс
–ly)
немецкое
-
заимствование; 8-11 вв.
Сlear (суффикс –ar) – латинское заимствование;
15вв.
Day – существительное, Indo-European element
Table – французское заимствование, период
Ренессанса; 15-16 вв.
Surgical
(суффикс
–al)
латинское
-
заимствование; 15вв.
Today – существительное, Indo-European element
Magazine - французское заимствование, период
Ренессанса; 15-16 вв.
Photo (ph в начале) – латинское заимствование;
19 вв.
Have (8) – глагол; Germanic element
Apparently
(суффикс
–ly)
заимствование; 8-11 вв.
10
-
немецкое
BUSINESS (суффикс –ness) - французское
заимствование, период Ренессанса; 15-16 вв.
Occupation
(суффикс
-tion)
-
латинское
заимствование; 14 вв.
Collection (3) (суффикс -tion) - латинское
заимствование; 14 вв.
Department (суффикс -ment) - французское
заимствование, период Ренессанса, государство;
15 вв.
Glance
(суффикс
-ance)
французское
-
заимствование, период Ренессанса, государство;
15 вв.
Package
(суффикс
–age)
французское
-
заимствование, период Ренессанса, государство;
15 вв.
Office - латинское заимствование; 13 вв.
Metal (суффикс –al) - латинское заимствование;
15 вв
Violently
(суффикс
–ly)
-
немецкое
заимствование; 16 вв.
Habitual
(суффикс
–al)
-
латинское
-ion)
-
латинское
заимствование; 15-16 вв.
Eruption
(суффикс
заимствование; 15 вв.
11
Friday
–
существительное,
Indo-European
element
Vacation
(суффикс
–tion)
латинское
-
заимствование; 14 вв.
Retirement(суффикс
-ment)
французское
-
заимствование, период Ренессанса; 15-16 вв.
Phone (ph в начале) – латинское заимствование;
19 вв.
See - глагол, Germanic element
Appointment (суффикс -ment) - французское
заимствование, период Ренессанса; 15-16 вв.
Reception (3) (суффикс -tion) - латинское
заимствование; 14 вв.
Antique - французское заимствование, 15-16 вв
(суффикс
Confusion
-ion)
-
латинское
dis-)
-
латинское
заимствование; 13 вв.
Disguise
(приставка
заимствование; 13 вв.
Shyness
(суффикс
-ess)
французское
-
заимствование, 17 вв.
Familiar
(суффикс
–ar)
латинское
-
заимствование; 14 вв.
Apprehension
(суффикс
-ion)
заимствование; 14 вв.
12
-
латинское
Head - существительное, Germanic element
Complexion
(суффикс
-ion)
-
латинское
заимствование; 14 вв.
Told – глагол, Germanic element
Всего слов – 248
Исконных – 207
Заимствованных - 41
Соотношение исконных слов к заимственным
5:1.
13
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