Tronin A.A. CATALOGUE OF THERMAL AND ATMOSPHERIC PHAENOMENA RELATED WITH EARTQUAKES The book is the catalogue of historical and modern observations of earthquakes from 500 AD up to 2000. The catalogue contents description of space, atmospheric, hydrogeologic, accustic, electromagnetic and thermal phaenomena and also human general conditions and animal behaviour related with earthquakes. Main attention is attracted to atmospheric and thermal phaenomena. The review of earthquake ideas and theories in ancient times is inserted before the catalogue. Generally the catalogue is listed in chronological order. All data also was concentrated in tables. The catalogue contents description of 1507 earthquakes, 40 illustrations, 136 references and auxiliary informations. Contents Introduction .....................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Historical review of eartquake idea and theory...............................Error! Bookmark not defined. Ancient Greece and Roma ...........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Earthquakes in Bible ....................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Earthquake theory from meadeval toXVIII ................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Earthquake theory in XVIII – XX ..............................................Error! Bookmark not defined. People ideas about earthquake .....................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Catalogue description ......................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Sources .........................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Data formats .................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Tables format ...............................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Calendar .......................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Measures ......................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Gazetteer ......................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Earthquakes до 499 года.................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Earthquakes 500 - 999 ...................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Earthquakes 1000 - 1599 ...............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Earthquakes 1600 - 1749 ...............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Earthquakes 1750 - 1774 ...............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Earthquakes 1775 - 1799 ...............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Earthquakes 1800 - 1824 ...............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Earthquakes 1825 - 1849 ...............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Earthquakes 1850 - 1874 ...............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Earthquakes 1875 - 1899 ...............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Earthquakes 1900 - 1949 ...............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Earthquakes 1950 - 1999 ...............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Earthquakes before 499, table .........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Earthquakes 500 - 999, table ..........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Earthquakes 1000 - 1599, table ......................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Earthquakes 1600 - 1749, table ......................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Earthquakes 1750 - 1774, table ......................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Earthquakes 1775 - 1799, table ......................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Earthquakes 1800 - 1824, table ......................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Earthquakes 1825 - 1849, table ......................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Earthquakes 1850 - 1874, table ......................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Earthquakes 1875 - 1899, table ......................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Earthquakes 1900 - 1949, table ......................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Earthquakes 1950 - 1999, table ......................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Common table for whole catalogue ................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. References .......................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Table format Date in source Time in source Location Date in seimic catalogue Time in seimic catalog ue lat lon de pt h M or I Earthquakes from 1775 to 1799 year. 1775 Tauris (Tebriz), Iran In 1775, when Tauris was destroyed, boiling water issued from the cracks which were formed. /10/ 4 Feb 1775 During a tempest. /31/ Rethel, Champagne, France 18-19 April 1775 night Island of Amboyna, South-China Sea ? The air was clear, and the weather was perfectly calm. /31/ 16 Oct 1775 Malaga, Spain Accompanied by a violent gust of wind from the NW. /31/ 30 Oct 1775 Tournon in the Vivarais, France Accompanied by heavy gust of wind. /31/ 30 Oct 1775 10:50 2 Feb 1776 Rhode island, USA Accompanied by igneous meteors. /31/ 6 Sep 1776 Guadaloupe Accompanied by a violent hurricane. /31/ 28 Oct 1776 10:45 Northampton, UK? A ball or balls of fire were observed in the heavens. /31/ 27 Nov 1776 20:15 Canterbury, Sandwich, coast of Kent The day was gloomy and perfectly calm, wind south, barometer at 29.8 in., thermometer - 37.3 in the shade. /31/ 28 Nov 1776 3:15 Mannheim, Germany 28 Nov 1776 Compass needle of 1 foot long deviated but 3'. The air was calm. /31/ 3:15 47.7 7.3 I7 13 Aug 1777 22:00 Valley Ossau, Perenees, France The air was calm and the sky cloudless. /31/ 2 Sep 1777 13:30 St.Thomas in West Indies The last shock, on the following evening, was succeeded by an abundant fall of rain, which lasted four-andtwenty hours. /31/ 14 Sep 1777 10:55 Manchester, UK The wind was easterly before, but suddenly veered round to the opposite quarter at the time of the shock. The barometer was going up all day, and was not affected by the disturbance. Various electrical phaenomena manifested themselves. Cattle were very uneasy. /31/ 16 Oct 1777 Florence, Italy Occurred in the midst of a violent storm. /31/ Dec 1777 Carthagena, Spain The weather was unusually cold for the climate. /31/ 5 May 1778 5:10 Aleppo, Syria Accompanied by unusual cold. /31/ 3-23 July 1778 Smyrna, Turkey These shocks were followed by the plague. /31/ 10 Oct-1 Nov 1778 Smyrna, Turkey The winter was excessively, with ice and snow, which is rarely the case in this place. /31/ 18 Nov 1778 Trieste, Italy Аccompanied by a violent storm with thunder. /31/ 15 Dec 1778 Kashan, Iran 15 Dec 1778 The shock was preceded by the three or four days of continuous heavy rains. [26] 34.0 51.3 6.2 1779 Boulogne, France Geat number of luminous spheras filled the air in the day of Boulogne earthquake in 1779. /54/ 4 Jun 1779 7:30 Bologna, Italy 4 Jun 1779 44.4 11.52 5 On the 7th meteors were observed like rain of the fire at the mountain St.Michael in Bosco. /31/ 10 June 1779 9:05 Bologna, Italy 10 June 1779 I7 44.3 11.57 I6.5 8 The weather was calm, but cloudy. The water in wells became warmer, and magnetic needle deviated 3 deg. /31/ 23 Sept 1779 During an eclipse. /31/ Padua, Italy 27 декабря 1779 Тебриз, Закавказье, Иран 8 января 1780 38.2 46 18 - 17 января 1780 In 1775, when Tauris was destroyed, boiling water issued from the cracks which were formed. /10/ 25 Feb 1780 Wetzlar and Konigsberg, Germany 25 Feb 1780 50.3 7.7 7.7 4.2 Heavy snow and wind the day before. /31/ 26 Feb 1780 18:35 Boppart on the Rhine At 19:45 a violent gust of wind from the west was perceived at Wiesbaden, Frankfort on the Maine, but decreasing in violence the futher it extended from the Rhine. /31/ 27 Febb 1780 10:30 Coblenz, Germany The heavens looked usually stormy. /31/ 29 Aug 1780 8:45 Hafodunos, England The barometer was hot affected. /31/ 13 Feb 1781 Messina, Italy During the furious storm. /31/ 3 June 1781 Borgo-San-Sepolcro, Italy 3 June 1781 43.5 8 12.55 6.1 The spring had been dry, but the summer was stormy. /31/ 26 March 1781 Okhotsk, Russia 08 April 1781 6:30 59 143 15 4 Strong storm before the earthquake with NE wind and snow. Wind was changed the direction and ceased after the shock. /1/ 2 Oct 1781 Jamaica Accompanied by a tremendous hurricane. /31/ 22 Nov 1781 Padua, Italy The magnetic needle was agitated. /31/ 15 May 1782 Trentschin, Hungary A chasm opened during a storm and fifty-three houses were swallowed up. /31/ 15 Aug 1782 Grenoble, France 15 Aug 1782 1616:30 I6 The barometer was agitated. /31/ 6(17) Jan 1783 15:00 Semipalatinsk, Irtish, 17 Jan 1783 10:00 Altay, Russia Winter was warm, 6 Jan was rain. All spring was changeable, frost in June./1/ 50.7 81.2 27 5.9 5 Feb 1783 Calabria, Italy 4-6 Feb 1783 39.3 16.2 I11 On February 15, 1783, according to a documented report by the earthquake researcher Giovanni Vivenzio, the sea off the coast of Calabria was unrecognizable even to experienced sea dogs. Even through the air was totally calm and there was no sign of a storm, the open sea off Bivona and Pizzo was so turbulent that fishermen felt obliged to return to port. But near the beach the sea was again totally still. The inhabitants of the coast village of Carto fled their homes when they suddenly saw the sea retreat from the bank. They thus saved themselves, not from the flood they expected (which did not come), but from a disastrous earthquake that devastated their homes a few hours later./24/ The weather was unnaturally still and gloomy, like that which often preceedes great thunderstorms, and immediately before the shock a heavy, whistling blast of wind was observed. Fire was reported to have issued from clefts in the earth near Messina. This year was remarkable for the extraordinary dry fog, which beginning in Calabria in February, overspread until autumn the greater part of Europe, and extended even to the Azores. This fog, though not consisting apparently of moisture, was so dense that the sky was quite obscured, appearing a light gray clour instead of bleu, and the sun presented a blood-red disc. In Calabria the darkness was so great that lights were obliged to be used in the houses, and vessels at sea repeatedly came in collision. The odour was most disagreeable. /31/ Fig. Catastrophical events in 1783 in Europe: plague, war with Turkish, flood. Earthquakes in Messina and Calabria are shown on the corners.. 25 March 1783 3:00 Malemort in Provence, France 25 March 3:00 I6 1783 At Sallon-de-Crau, three leagues from Malemort, the weather was clear and fine, yet the electrical machine gave but very feeble sparks (a very uncertain subject of observation). A strong wind, without a fixed direction, succeeded the shocks, and lasted for an hour. /31/ 22 April 1783 4:00 Comorn, Hungary 22 April 1783 2:30 47.8 18.1 1 4 5.6 At Presburg followed by a violent storm. The mineral waters of Buda became warmer than usual. /31/ 15 June 1783 4-5:00 Godgard, Ost Gothland, Sweden An hour before a noise like that of a carrige rolling over paverment was heard. /31/ 6 July 1783 9:56 Dijon, Verden, Seurre, France 6 July 1783 3:00 At Besancon it appeared as if the air were compressed against the doors and windows. The noise was not subterranean, not aerial, but like that produced on throwing a handful of grain against a flat surface. The weather was hot and fine, and was not altered. The celebrated mist which obscured almost the whole of Europe and part of Asia this year, was observed here. /31/ 20 July 1783 Tripolis, Syria The weather before had been very tempestuous, with fogs and violent rain. /31/ 17 Jan 1784 18, 21:00 La Rochelle, France Accompanied by a violent storm at 9 p.m. with thunder, lightning, and hail. Some persons denied the fact of there being an earthquake altogether. /31/ March 1784, sworm Calabria, Italy The preceeding winter had been unusually severe and long continued both in Europe and America. A thaw of alarming suddenness took place in the middle of March, but afterwards severe cold set again. /31/ 1 April 1784 Calabria, Italy Preceeded by terrible storm, with lightning and hail. /31/ 11 May 1784 Zailgrotz, Hungary A thick vapour arose from a spring at this place. /31/ 5 June 1784 12-13:00 Caub on the Rhine A mist preceded the first shock, and a storm followed it on the Rhine. /31/ 29 July 1784 21-22:00 Port-au-Prince and Cap in 29 July 1784 St.Domingo, Leonardo in Jamaica A harricane occurred at the same time, both here and in Florida. /31/ 14:10 18.3 -72.5 31 July 1784 2:00 Kingston in Jamaica A furious hurricane raged during the whole night. /31/ 15 Oct 1784 12:02 Dijon, France 15 Oct 1784 12:03 I6.5 The weather at Dijon was calm and fine, and was immediately altered, but in a few days it became rainy, and continued so (with some snow) for some time. At Bourg-en-Bresse the barometer suddenly fell three lines, and rose immediately after the shock to its former level. /31/ 29 Nov 1784 22:00 Vosges, Haute Marne, 29 Nov 1784 21:10 47.8 7.43 Alsace, France, Switzerland, 5 The barometer was observed to fall below "stormy" not only in the region where the earthquake was experienced, but also at Paris where nothing was felt. /31/ I6 5 Dec 1784 23:15 Vosges, France A violent wind arose at the time of earthquake and blew for thirty-six hours. The barometer fell six lines at Paris the night before. /31/ 9 Dec 1784 Briancon, dep. HautesAlpes, France For some days burning vapours had been observed rising from the earth, beneath which there were deposits of coal. Very probably this is but the same event with that before given as occurring on the 9 th Nov. /31/ 31 Jan 1785 midnight Klagenfurth in Carinthia The air was calm, and it rained heavily. /31/ 20 May 1785 Surinam Accompanied by a tempest. /31/ 18 July 1785 Clausemberg in the basin of the Dunabe During rain. The evening before, Dr. Konig suspected the probability of shocks from observing some considerable magnetic peerturbations. /31/ 26 July 1785 Triente, Padua, Italy Followed by heavy falls of rain, which caused inundations of the Adige and other rivers. /31/ 22 Aug 1785 Moravia, Silesia 22 Aug 1785 5:45 49.9 18.6 2 5.2 6 The Ephem. de Mannheim give 24th and attributes the earthquake to inundations of the Oder having undermined the ground. Irregularities of the magnetic needle were observed in Germany, both before, on, and after this day. /31/ 42.5 5 12.78 I7.5 42.5 3 12.78 5.6 11-12 Sept 1785 night Briancon in Dauphiny, France Some days before, the atmosphere was very hot, and full of vapours. /31/ 2 Oct 1785 22:00 Rome, Italy 2 Oct 1785 At the same time some drops of rain fell for a few minutes. /31/ 9 Oct 1785 4:00 Rome, Italy 9 Oct 1785 It rained at Norcia the whole of the rest of the day. /31/ 15 Oct 1785 Terni, Italy At Pie-di-Lugo several small fumaroles opened, from which there came forth smoke and an odour of sulphur. /31/ 15 Oct 1785 Thuringia, Germany 15 Oct 1785 51.0 11.4 During the earthquake very strong crackle was heared and with calm weather fireball was seen. /4/ The atmosphere was hot and a fire-ball was observed. /31/ 12 Nov 1785 1:00, 3:00 It rained in the evening. /31/ Terni, Italy 25 Nov 1785 Terni, Italy Rain during the following evening and night. /31/ 29 Nov 1785 Rain during the day. /31/ Terni, Italy 4 Dec 1785 At night Terni, Italy Rain before, during, and after the shocks. /31/ 20 Dec 1785 Terni, Italy It rained at this place almost every day during the month. /31/ 1786 Dist. Batur, Java, Indonesia Great clefts was opened in the earth from which sulphurous vapours came out. /31/ 1 Jan 1786 Terni, Italy It rained almost the whole day. /31/ 15 Jan 1786 noon Rome, Italy This month, like the preceding was very rainy, especially towards the end. /31/ I5 24 Feb 1786 Terni, Italy It rained on the following days. /31/ 16(27) Feb 1786 High Silesia, Bohemia, 27 Feb 1786 2:00 49.7 18.5 Hungary, Poland The weather was hot and the air calm, but in Hungary a violent storm succeeded the shock. /31/ 2 5.8 4 4 March 1786 3-4:00 Falkenberg, Prov. Halland, Sweden During a season of intense cold. /31/ 4 June 1786 10:00 Followed by rain. /31/ Rome, Terni, Italy 8 July 1786 6:00 It rained at 6 p.m. /31/ Buda, Comorn, Hungary 24 July 1786 00:08 Bonn, Germany The atmosphere was hot and calm. /31/ 30 July 1786 16:00 Rome, Rieti, Aduila, Naples, Italy 31 July 1786 42.3 13.4 5.4 The weather was lowering all day. /31/ 11 Aug 1786 2:00 Whitehaven, Lancaster, Cartmell (in Cumberland), Newcastl, Glasgow, Isle of Man, Dublin, UK The weather was dose and sultry. Barometer at 29 inches. At some places violent rain succeeded the shock. /31/ 13 Oct 1786 Aquila, Italy Tombs broken open, so that a pestilential smell came forth. /31/ 1 Nov 1786 night Terni, Italy It rained of the following days. /31/ 3 Dec 1786 Silesia, Poland, Hungary, Galicia 3 Dec 1786 16:00 49.7 19.9 3 6 0 The air was calm. /31/ 25 Dec 1786 Padua, Florence, Venecia, Mantua, 25 Dec 43.9 12.57 Faenza, Bologna, especially Rimini, Italy 1786 8 At Rimini there seems to have been thunder and lightning. Snow fell very thickly there. /31/ 5.7 27 Dec1786 Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan Light earthquake. 17 and 18 Feb was great thaw and rain, all snow was melted, but in 19 at night snow felt and the road became hard, and in 24 Feb was so geat snowfall that never seen . Also fron 23 to 24 Dec was moon eclipse that continued 2 hours with calm weather. Somer had strong and long heat. /5/ 4 Aug 1787 During a terrible storm. /31/ Ferrara, Italy 28 Aug 1787 Stuttgard, Munich, Germany, 27 Aug 0:45 47.3 11.0 I7 Austria 1787 At Innsbruck a magnetic needle deviated 0deg 12' to the east. It rained continuously there the whole day. At Stuttgard a violent wind had been blowing, but the weather was calm at the moment of the shocks. /31/ 23 Oct 1787 4:00 Island of St.Tomas A severe storm arose during the following night. /31/ 11(22) Jul 1788 Unga Island, Alaska 27 Jul 1788 55 161 Earthquakes usually occure here in autemn and always during west wind or after them. /1/ 2 Aug 1788 11:30 Stavanger, Norway 2 Aug 1788 The wind was very stormy both before and after the shock. /31/ 10:45 59 5.7 2.2 23 Dec 1788 2;19:00 Mayence, Frankfort, Germany The day after snow fell, and a thaw began, but on the 26th the wind returned to the north, and the cold set in again with much severity. /31/ 27 July 1789 12:15 Adorf in the Voigtland 27 July 1789 Succeeded by light rain, the sky being covered with thick clouds. /31/ 26 Aug 1789 9:30 Plauem in the Voigtland 26 Aug 1789 The sky was clear, and the atmosphere suffocatingly hot. /31/ 28 Oct 1789 12 9:30 50.3 50.6 12.3 12.1 I3 I6 6:00 Bernek in the Black Forest, Germany? After a brilliant flash of lightning. /31/ 18 Mar 1790 Sta Maria di Nisceminear, Terranova in Sicily, Italy From fissures in this spot, petroleum, sulphur, various vapours, hot water, and finally a stream of salt mud issued. Considerable atmospheric disturbance was perceived (in Malta). On the 31 st of this month at 8 a.m. the mountain Scylla fell into sea. /31/ 26 Mar (6 Apr) Vrancha, Romania 6 Apr 1790 19:29 45.7 23.9 150 6.9 1790 Earthquake in Vrancha mountains accompanied by deafening noise, similar to volley of thouthand guns, the weather was calm. /1/ The air was calm. /31/ 14 June 1790 Ancona, Italy Almost at the same time with these shocks others were felt in the Calabrias, the first of which were followed by terrible storms with thunder. /31/ Before 22nd Feb 1791 Calabria, Abruzzo, Italy A frightful storm had occured at Catania, followed by earthquake shocks. /31/ 16 May 1791 20:00 East Haddam, Connekticut, US 16 May 13:00 41.5 72.50 1791 0 The atmosphere was very clear and warm; and the moon almost full, and remarkably brilliant. /31/ 17 May 1791 night East Haddam, Connekticut, US The night very fine. /31/ 21 May 1791 1:00 Turin, Italy The evening before a reddish halo had been observed surrounding the sun, which phaenomenon was considered by many there as sign of approaching earthquake. /31/ 29 Aug 1791 16-17:00 Pressburg, Hungary Accompanied by a terrible storm, which overthrew buildings, and did great damage in the forests. /31/ 27 Sep 1791 21:00 Island of Jersey The evening was fine and starlight, and the wind soft, from the east. For many weeks great heat and drought had prevailed. /31/ 2 Dec 1791 Island of Zante, Morea?, Greece? A storm of rain, thunder and lightning raged at the same time. /31/ Beginning of Feb 1792, Norway Great cold on the 13th and 15th of this month. On the former day, at noon, much lightning and thunder. /31/ 12-13 Aug1792 Kamchatka, Russia 22 Aug 1792 18:00 54 162 20 8.4 A numerous unusual swallows with red neck were observed in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky before earthquake. Swallows restlessly flew up and down and disappeared about noon.People said they presage disaster. /1/ 28 Aug 1792 1:00 East Haddam, Connekticut, US 29 Aug 1792 3:00 41.5 0 72.50 11 Jan 1793 13:00 41.5 0 72.50 41.5 0 72.50 41 29 The weather was very fine. /31/ 11 Jan 1793 8:00 East Haddam, Connekticut, US The weather was warm and fine. /31/ 11 July 1793 6:00 East Haddam, Connekticut, US Weather very warm. Rain and thunder after the shockk. /31/ 28 Sept 1793 16:00 Salisbury, Shaftesbury, UK The weather very calm, and what wind there was easterly. /31/ 29 Nov 1793 Lisbon, Portugal Followed by abundant rain. /31/ 9 March 1794 14:00 16 June 1794 11:00 East Haddam, Connekticut, US 9 March 19:00 1794 The atmosphere was clear in the morning, hazy and damp in afternoon. /31/ Bayuk Dere on the 16 June 1794 Bosphorus, Turkey The weather was calm, the sky a little clouded and the heat rather intense. /31/ 2 4.3 0 28 Oct 1794 5:00 Canea in the island Candia It was calm at the moment of the shock, but soon after the wind began to blow from the west, and continued in that quarter for some days. /31/ 18 Nov 1794 23:00 from Leeds to Bristol, from Norwich to Liverpool, UK The wind had been SW and afterwards changed to NW, followed by rain and suffocating heat. At Derby a fire ball, and at other places a luminous streak were observed in the heavens. /31/ 27 Jan 1795 morning Lisbon, Portugal Fore some time storms had been experienced here, accompanied by extraordinary rain. /31/ 26 April 1796 9:00 Latakiah, Asia Minor The air was quite still, and the sun had pale appearance before the shock. The sea was perfectly calm. /31/ Oct 1796 (5 Nov) 14:00 Manila, Lucon 5 Nov 1796 14:00 14.6 121 I9 During the shock the air was hot and close, and perfect calm. /31/ The first day, the weather was calm, cloudy, and dull, the air was warm and heavy, the wind came in gusts and from time to time there was a little rain; they are indications of the imminence of an earthquake. /42/ 4 Feb 1797 7:45 Quito, S.America 4 Feb 1797 12:30 -1 -78.6 8.3 Flames and suffocating vapours burst forth from the lake of Quilotoa in the district of Llactacunga, and destroyed herds of cattle feeding on the shores. /31/ 14 Mar 1798 10:00 Dept. la Meurthe, France Some days before, a meteor was observed three leagues from Metz. /31/ 12(23) May 1798 Perm, Kungur, Russia 23 May 1798 0:30 57.9 56.8 26 5.3 From the beginning of May there was warm and hot weather with south wind. From the 8 th of May after strong rain with wind first thunder was heard, 10 May also thunderstorm, 11 becamr cold, temperature drops a few degrees below zero, snowfall in night 12 May. Strong wind and snow at the moment of earthquake. /1/ 26 May 1798 1:15 Florence, Sienna 26 May 1798 43.5 11.2 I10 For some days before the air had been very close and hot, but after the earthquake severe cold set in. On the 21st and 22nd a tremendous storm raged from Fiume in the Adriatic to Hungary. /31/ 7-8 Jan 1799 night Iceland Accompanied by terrible storm. /31/ 25 Jan 1799 4:00 West coast of France 25 Jan 1799 46.9 -2 At Machecoul it rained soon after the shocks, and thundered all day. At island of Bouin the atmosphere appeared fiery-red, and soon after the earthquake a violent wind arose, which lasted two days. /31/ 21-22 Feb 1799 I8 night Frankfort-on-Maine, Giessen, Germany Accompanied by a terrible storm, with lightning etc. /31/ 4 Nov 1799 16:12 Cumana, Cariaco, Venezuela 4 Nov 1799 20:42 10.5 -64.2 On Dec 14, 1797, an insupportable smell of sulphur was observed to have accompanied the e. which at that time shook Cumana, which was greatest when the disturbance was greatest. /10/ The most anxious one spaid attention to the conduct of dogs, goats, and pigs. The latter, who have an exeptionally sharp sense of smell and who are accustomed to rooting in the ground, announce the nearness of danger through restlessness and clamoring. We shall let it stand [without comment] whether they are the first to hear the underground tumult because they are nearer to the ground or whether gases that emanate from the earth have an effect on their organs. Several minutes before the first shock, an intense storm blew up, followed by an electic rain with large drops. I immediately observed the electricity in the air with the Volta electrometer. The little bals deflected from one another by four lines, the electricity often alternated between positive and negative... Presently, as the most powerful electric discharge was taking place, at 4:12, two earth tremors occurred, 15 second apart. The people cried loudly in the street." /24/ There had been an eclipse of the sun on the 28 th Oct, and from that day until the 7th Nov the atmosphere was filled with a dry reddish vapour. At the same time thunder and lightning were observed, and some minutes before the shocks a heavy gust of wind, followed by large drops of rain charged with electricity. These phaenomena were succeeded by a calm, which lasted all the reminder of the night. The barometer was not affected but Humbolt observed very remarkable changes in the variation of magnetic needle. Half an hour before the violent shocks a smell of sulphur was observed. /31/ 11 Dec 1799 12:00 Silesia, Germany 11 Dec 1799 14:45 50.5 16.1 1 3.9 0 Dense fog. Barometer drops in Fridland very low. Barometer stands above average level in Shiderberg, Landensgut and Valdenburg, and rise after the shock. /4/ There was a thick fog at the time, which at one place smelled of sulphur. At one place thunder and lightning, apparently coming out of the thick mist, preceded the earthquake, and the barometer oscillated considerably. Cats appeared uneasy before the shock. /31/ References [1] Мушкетов И.В. Каталог землетрясений Российской империи. С-Петербург, Записки русского географического общества по общей географии. Том XXVI, 1893, 582 с. [2] Борисенков Е.П., Пасецкий В.М. Тысячелетняя летопись необычайных явлений природы. М., Мысль, 1988, 522 c. [3] Материалы для изучения землетрясений России. Приложение к известиям Русского географического общества. СПб., т.I, 1891, 62 с., т.II, 1899,106с. 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