Множественное число имен существительных

Учебно-методические материалы
к курсу английского языка
для студентов заочного отделения
неязыковых педагогических вузов
Нижний Новгород 2011
English: Учебно-методические материалы к курсу английского языка для
студентов заочного отделения неязыковых педагогических вузов. - Нижний
Новгород: НГПУ, 2011. - 81с.
Учебно-методические
материалы
подобраны
с
учетом
требований
программы по английскому языку для студентов-заочников высших учебных
заведений, которая в основном предусматривает самостоятельные занятия
студентов. Материалы содержат грамматический справочник, контрольнотренировочные задания, тексты для их выполнения, а также базовые
тематические тексты, сопровождаемые вопросами, для подготовки устных
монологических высказываний.
Автор-составитель:
Ю. М. Борщевская, канд.пед.наук, ст. преподаватель
кафедры ин. яз. НГПУ
Соавтор: Статун Г.И., доцент кафедры ин. яз. НГПУ
Рецензенты:
Е. Ю. Илалтдинова, канд.пед.наук, доцент НГПУ
Т.А. Ревягина, канд.пед.наук, доцент, доцент ГХИ ННГАСУ
Ответственный редактор: доц. каф. ин. яз. НГПУ А.А. Шавенков
2
Содержание
I семестр. ………………………...………………………………………………..4
II семестр. ……….………………………………………………………………20
III семестр……………………………………………………………………….34
Тексты для дополнительного чтения…………………………………………...44
Topics for Discussion……………………………………………………………..50
Грамматический справочник……………………………………………………….81
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I семестр.
Множественное число имен существительных.
Упражнение 1.
Поставьте следующие существительные во множественное число (не
забудьте, что перед множественным числом неопределенный артикль
нужно опустить).
A pen, a class, a story, a road, a day, a cat, a bush, a desk, a table, a plate, a fox, a
room, a lady, a knife, a chair, a bus, a hero, a match, a way, a house, a family, a
flag, a town, a wolf, a country, a lion, a park, a play, a dictionary, a thief, a key.
Упражнение 2.
Заполните пропуски в предложениях множественным числом следующих
существительных: bus, child, church, class, coach, country, gentleman, holiday,
lady, person, photo, sandwich, shelf, story.
1. Three ………… went on a trip to Madrid.
2. He often reads some ……… to his young ……… before they go to bed.
3. ……… travel short distances, while ……… travel long distances.
4. There are a lot of ……… in my room. I keep all my books on them.
5. During the ……… I go to the swimming pool every day. I take ……… with me
for lunch.
6. ……… and ……… let’s welcome Barbara Streisand.
7. There are some beautiful ……… in Assisi. I took some great ……… of them.
8. He’s a diplomat, so he’s lived in many different ……… and met many different
……… .
Упражнение 3.
Поставьте следующие словосочетания во множественное число.
This magazine, that sticker, this stamp, that sandwich, this poster, this teacup, this
egg, that wall, that picture, this foot, that mountain, this lady, that window, this
man, that match, this knife, this book, this family, this pie, that answer, that
apartment, that teacher, that comedy.
Упражнение 4.
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Поставьте следующие предложения во множественное число.
1. This cup is dirty. 2. That biscuit was tasty. 3. This hotel is very expensive but it's
very nice. 4. There is a children's playground in the park. 5. That is a new
supermarket in our town. 6.It's a delicious lemon pie for dessert. 7.It's a nice cotton
dress for my niece. 8.This man is an engineer. 9. That woman is my sister. 10. This
child is my son. 11. That goose is big. 12. This mouse is white. 13. This man is a
doctor. 14. That woman is my cousin. She is a teacher. 15. That girl is my niece.
She is a pupil. 16. This girl has a blue sweater. 17. This boy has a good coat. 18.
My uncle has a large flat. 19. There is a table in the room. 20. I have a good pen.
My pen is in my pocket. 21. There is a flower in the vase. 22. This child's foot is
sore.
Притяжательный падеж существительных.
Упражнение 1.
Перефразируйте следующие словосочетания и предложения, употребляя
притяжательный падеж.
1. The ball of the dog. 2. The skateboard of that man. 3. The songs of the children.
4. The umbrella of my grandmother. 5. The room of my friend. 6. The questions of
my son. 7. The wife of my brother. 8. The table of our teacher. 9. The poems of
Pushkin. 10. The voice of this girl. 11. The new club of the workers. 12. The letter
of Pete. 13. The car of my parents. 14. The life of this woman. 15. The handbags of
these women. 16. The flat of my sister is large. 17. The children of my brother are
at home. 18. The room of the boys is large. 19. The name of this girl is Jane. 20.
The work of these students is interesting. 21. The computer of my son is modern.
22. He was a friend of my cousins.
Упражнение 2.
Замените существительные с предлогом of существительными в
притяжательном падеже где возможно.
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the name of my friend, a meeting of students, the flat of my mother-in-law, the
rays of the sun, a distance of two miles, the joys of life, the house of his parents,
the theatres of Moscow, the children of my sister Mary, the rights of the women.
Упражнение 3.
Переведите на английский язык, употребляя притяжательный падеж.
Глаза кошки, игрушки детей, день рождения моего отца, любимый торт моей
мамы, книги моего мужа, имя того молодого человека, письмо его сестры,
коньки её брата, тетради ваших учеников, вещи детей, птичье гнездо, семья
моего друга, отец моего друга, мать моего друга, сумка Тома, словари
студентов, книга нашего учителя, почерк этого мальчика, голос моей сестры,
смех и крики детей, мокрые сапоги мальчиков, бабушкино кресло, ответ
этого студента отличный, романы(книги) Агаты Кристи, дом моего друга,
собака Лизы.
Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий.
Упражнение 1.
Образуйте степени сравнения следующих прилагательных и наречий.
Pretty, short, cold, wide, early, big, near, late, fast, small, old, nice, young, large,
kind, long, quick, easy, hot, clever, silly, great, thin, thick, fat, warm, merry, tall,
high, heavy, brave, important, interesting, carefully, comfortable, progressive,
efficient, clearly, beautiful, difficult, beautifully, regularly, prominent, brightly,
especially, wonderful, realistic, remarkable, special, dependent, attentively.
Упражнение 2.
Употребите прилагательные и наречия, данные в скобках, в нужной
степени сравнения.
1. My brother is much . . . than myself. (young)
2. The opera theatre is one of ... buildings in the city. (beautiful)
3. The sound grew . . . and .... (faint)
4. The party was not so ... as I had expected. (gay)
5. I have no one . . . than you. (near)
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6. What is the ... news? (late)
7. Yesterday I came home . . . than usual. (late)
8. Ann sings far . . . than Nina. (well)
9. I like this picture ... of all. (well)
Упражнение 3.
Раскройте скобки, употребляя требующуюся форму прилагательного.
1. Her eyes are (grey) than mine. 2. He was the (fat) man in the village. 3. As he
went on, the box became (heavy) and (heavy). 4. My sister is the (tall) girl in her
class. 5. Who is the (attentive) student in your group? 6. It is autumn. Every day
the air becomes (cold), the leaves (yellow). 7. This is the (beautiful) view I have
ever seen in my life. 8. Your handwriting is now (good) than it was last year; but
still it is not so (good) as Nick's handwriting. Nick has a (good) handwriting than
you. And of course Nellie has the (good) handwriting of all. 9. Oil is (light) than
water. 10. We shall wait for a (dry) day to go on the excursion. 11. A bus is (fast)
than a tram. 12. Take some of these sweets: they are very (nice). They are (nice)
than the sweets in that box. 13. He clearly did not like the explanation, and as he
listened to it, he became (angry) and (angry). 14. He worked (hard) and (hard) as
the end of the term came nearer. 15. The (tall) trees in the world grow in
California. 16. Please be (careful) next time and don't spill the milk again. 17.
Bobby was a (quiet) child. He was (quiet) than his sister.
Местоимения.
Упражнение 1.
Употребите нужную форму личных местоимений.
1. I often see (they, them) in the bus.
2. She lives near (we, us).
3. (We, us) always walk to school together.
4. He teaches (we, us) English.
5. She sits near (I, me) during the lesson.
6. I always speak to (he, him) in English.
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7. What is the matter with (he, him) today?
8. He explains the lesson to (we, us) each morning.
9. There are some letters here for you and (I, me).
10.I know (she, her) and her sister very well.
Упражнение 2.
Заполните пропуски притяжательными местоимениями,
соответствующими личным местоимениям, данным в скобках.
1. (Не) ……. composition is very interesting.
2. (We) …… son goes to school.
3. (You) …… sister is young.
4. (They) …….knowledge of the subject is very poor.
5. (He) …… name is John.
6. (I) ... family lives in Kiev.
7. (She) . . . friends often visit her.
Упражнение 3.
Употребите нужную форму притяжательных местоимений.
1. Would you like to see some of (her, hers) poems?
2. (Their, theirs) knowledge of the subject is not much superior to (our, ours).
3. You take care of (your, yours) things and I'll take care of (my, mine).
4. All (our, ours) clothes were dirty, and (my, mine) especially so.
5. (Their, theirs) boat was faster than (our, ours).
6. I'm afraid they will take (your, yours) word against (her, hers).
7. (Their, theirs) home is pretty but (our, ours) is prettier.
Упражнение 4.
Заполните пропуски указательными местоимениями this, that, these,
those.
1. All ... is very interesting. 2. ... exercises are very easy. 3. ... will do. 4. ... chair is
very comfortable. 5. ... is my English book. 6. Try one of .... 7. ... are the TV sets
of the latest type. 8. ... office at the end of the hall is the administration office. 9. ...
books are over there on the table.
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Упражнение 5.
Прочитайте историю. Заполните пропуски нужной формой местоимений.
One hot day a big lion is asleep after his dinner. Suddenly a small mouse runs near
him. She has got some food for......... dinner. ............doesn't see the lion and she
runs over ............foot. The lion wakes up. "Who are ............?" he says, and picks
up the mouse. He holds ............near his big mouth. "I'm sorry," says the mouse,
"please don't eat ............I don't want to be ............dinner! Maybe ............ can help
you." The lion laughs and shows his big, sharp teeth. "How can a small mouse help
me? But alright, you can go." The next day the lion goes out to hunt. It is dark in
the forest and ...........can't see very well. He touches a rope and a big net falls on ...
........He can't get out and he calls for help. The small mouse hears ............and runs
to him. She takes the net in her teeth and bites ...........At last the lion can get out.
"Thank you!" says the lion. "Now you are ............friend!"
Глагол.
Запишите четыре формы следующих глаголов, переведите их на русский
язык.
to build, to think, to go, to see, to give, to meet, to write, to read, to know, to take,
to teach, to feel, to have, to come, to begin, to find, to get, to say, to tell, to put, to
leave, to do, to sing, to lose, to stand.
Времена группы Simple в действительном залоге.
Упражнение 1.
Заполните пропуски глаголом to be, употребляя соответствующую
форму в Present Simple.
1. Не ... a good student. 2. They . . . old friends. 3. I ... a teacher. 4. John . . . absent
from class today. 5. The weather . . . good today. 6. The sky . . . clear. 7. We . . .
both students. 8. Mr. Smith . . . sick today. 9. She and I ... cousins. 10. What …
your name? – My name … Shirley Frank. 11. Where … you from? – I … from
New York. 12. Helen ... a painter. She has some fine pictures. They ... on the walls.
She has much paper. It ... on the shelf. The shelf ... brown. It ... on the wall. Helen
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has a brother. He ... a student. He has a family. His family ... not in St. Petersburg,
it ... in Moscow.
Упражнение 2.
Напишите следующие предложения в вопросительной и отрицательной
формах.
1. They are in Europe now. 2. She is a clever girl. 3. It is cold today. 4. He is in his
office. 5. They are members of the country club. 6. Both sisters are tall. 7. John is
angry with you. 8. She is a good tennis player. 9. The stamps are in my desk. 10.
She is a good teacher. 11. I am her cousin.
Упражнение 3.
Употребите глаголы, данные в скобках, в Present Simple.
1. We (read) newspapers in class every day.
2. He always (prepare) his homework carefully.
3. We always (play) tennis on Saturdays.
4. She (speak) several foreign languages.
5. The children (play) in the park every afternoon.
6. Helen (work) very hard.
7. They (take) a lot of trips together.
8. We always (travel) by car.
9. I (eat) lunch in the cafeteria every day.
Упражнение 4.
Напишите следующие предложения в вопросительной и отрицательной
формах.
1. He knows French perfectly. 2. I understand everything he says. 3. She makes
mistakes in spelling. 4. They enjoy their English lessons. 5. They live in Kiev. 6.
We use our books in class. 7. The plane leaves at ten o'clock. 8. She always comes
to class late. 9. I always take the same bus to work.
Упражнение 5.
Заполните пропуски глаголом to be в Past Simple.
1. Ann . . . absent from school yesterday.
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2. The exercises in the last lesson . . . difficult.
3. She ... in the same class as Nick last year.
4. We . . . tired after our long walk.
5. The weather yesterday . . . very warm.
6. There ... a lot of students absent from class yesterday.
7. I . . . hungry after so many exercises.
8. I ... busy all day yesterday.
9. We . . . good friends for many years.
Упражнение 6.
Напишите следующие предложения в вопросительной и отрицательной
формах.
1. We were pleased to receive your letter.
2. The door of the office was open.
3. The wind last night was very strong.
4. He and his brother were sick two days ago.
5. There were few passengers in the compartment.
6. Last month they were in Hermitage.
7. When I came home all my family were at home.
8. There was a large picture in her room.
Упражнение 7.
Употребите глаголы, данные в скобках, в Past Simple.
1. We (work) in our garden all day yesterday.
2. I (listen) to the radio until twelve o'clock last night.
3. I (forget) to bring my notebook to class yesterday.
4. He always (want) to learn English.
5. The telephone (ring) twice but no one answered it.
6. Ann and I (talk) over the telephone yesterday.
7. They (live) in France for many years.
8. The meeting (last) about two hours.
9. Last year Professor Johnes (teach) us both English and mathematics.
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10.I (lose) my English book yesterday but I (find) it later.
11.I (wait) almost two hours for Helen yesterday.
12.She (study) in our class last semester.
13.We (watch) television until eleven o'clock last night.
14.They (go) to the park after the lesson.
15.He (tell) the whole story to us.
Упражнение 8.
Напишите следующие предложения в вопросительной и отрицательной
формах.
1. Не prepared his lesson well. 2. They stayed in Moscow all summer. 3. She
planned her work well. 4. The crowd waited a long time to see the famous actor. 5.
He worked in that Institute for many years. 6. We arrived home late. 7. He entered
this class in April. 8. Ann passed all her examinations. 9. The meeting lasted a long
time. 10. They travelled there by train. 11. She decided to write a letter to her
parents at home. 12. They sat in the first row. 13. They spoke to us in French. 14.
He went to Moscow to see some friends. 15. On Monday we had five lessons.
Упражнение 9.
Заполните пропуски глаголом to be в Future Simple. Напишите эти
предложения в вопросительной и отрицательной формах.
1. She . . . our new teacher.
2. These exercises . . . very difficult for you.
3. They . . . glad to see their old friends.
4. There . . . many examinations next term.
5. There ... a new club in our town next year.
6. We . . . very tired after the long walk.
7. I ... happy to be here again.
8. We . . . interested in his progress.
9. My friend … in St. Petersburg tomorrow.
Упражнение 10.
Употребите глаголы, данные в скобках, в Future Simple.
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1. Helen (find) the book which you need.
2. They (see) us tomorrow.
3. I (finish) the work in April.
4. The shops (close) at noon today.
5. We (arrive) at three o'clock.
6. She (tell) you all about it.
7. We (spend) two months in the South.
8. The plant (die) because of lack of sunshine.
9. The meeting (begin) at eight o'clock.
10.The film (last) an hour.
Упражнение 11.
Напишите следующие предложения в вопросительной и отрицательной
формах.
1. They will return in October.
2. These exercises will be easy for you.
3. He will be able to meet us later.
4. Our drama society will present a new play this year.
5. The lesson will be over at twelve o'clock.
6. There will be three new students in the class.
7. She will leave a message on the table for him.
8. They will write to us on Wednesday.
9. We shall take the children to the park.
Времена группы Continuous в действительном залоге.
Упражнение 1.
Употребите глаголы, данные в скобках, в Present Continuous.
1. Look! It (begin) to rain.
2. They (wait) for us on the corner now.
3. I see that you (wear) your new suit today.
4. Listen! Someone (knock) at the door.
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5. Please, be quiet! The baby (sleep).
6. The leaves (begin) to fall from the trees.
7. John (have) lunch in the cafeteria now.
8. Listen! I think the telephone (ring).
9. Ann seems to be very busy I guess she (prepare) her English lesson.
10.He (work) in the centre of Chicago at the moment.
Упражнение 2.
Напишите следующие предложения в вопросительной и отрицательной
формах.
1. You are doing that exercise correctly.
2. He is looking for the book which he lost.
3. All the birds are flying south.
4. The sky is getting very dark.
5. They are laughing at what you said.
6. They are travelling in Europe at present.
7. Helen is taking dancing lessons at the country club.
8. Mr. Evans is writing a series of articles on the economic situation.
9. Ann is doing well in her studies at present.
10.She is studying English at present.
Упражнение 3.
Употребите глаголы, данные в скобках, в Past Continuous.
1. They (eat) dinner when we came.
2. It (rain) when I left home.
3. When you telephoned, I (have) dinner.
4. The baby (sleep) soundly when I went to wake him.
5. She (talk) with Mr. Smith when I saw her in the hall.
6. The accident happened while they (travel) in the South.
7. When I got up this morning, the sun (shine) brightly.
8. At seven o'clock, when you telephoned, I (read) the newspaper.
9. Mary (play) the piano when I arrived.
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10.Helen fell just as she (get) off the bus.
11.The wind (blow) hard when I came to work this morning.
Упражнение 4.
Употребите глаголы, данные в скобках, в Future Continuous.
1. At ten o'clock tomorrow morning she (have) her music lesson.
2. I (wait) on the corner for you at the usual time tomorrow morning.
3. It probably (rain) when you get back.
4. If you come before six, I (work) in my garden.
5. At this time tomorrow afternoon I (take) my final English examination.
6. If we go there now, they (have) dinner. But if we go later, they (watch)
television.
7. At this time next year he (study) at the university.
8. He won’t go to the cinema tonight he (study) the whole evening.
Времена группы Simple страдательного залога.
Упражнение 1.
Поставьте глаголы в скобках в нужную форму (past, present, future passive).
Take a look around. How many people in this room are wearing Nike? A large
percentage of the training shoes sold in the world during the next year .......(make)
by the American company, from Oregon in the USA, which is now the world's
biggest sportswear manufacturer. The company .......(name) after the Greek
goddess of victory, and .......(start) in the early 1970s. Nike .......(know) for its
clever advertising, using the world's best-known sportsmen. In the 1980s, tennis
star, John McEnroe, .......(sponsor) by the company, and in the eighties and nineties
the basketball star, Michael Jordan, .......(ask) to appear in adverts. In 1997, a $40
million contract .......(sign) with golf star Tiger Woods. He ........(associate) with
Nike until the year 2010! The famous Nike tick ........(recognize) all over the world
nowadays. It .......(create) by a designer in Oregon in 1971, and he .......(pay) just
$35 for his idea!
Упражнение 2.
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Замените в следующих предложениях действительный залог
страдательным. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. They developed a new method of teaching.
2. The audience enjoyed the concert very much.
3. The little boy ate the cake.
4. The teacher corrects our exercises at home.
5. They started a dancing class last week.
6. Everybody will see this film soon.
7. The teacher returned our written work to us.
8. Mr. Smith will leave the tickets at the box-office.
9. The students translate texts during the lessons.
10.Mary took that book from the desk.
Упражнение 3.
Замените в следующих предложениях страдательный залог
действительным. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The entire city was destroyed by the fire.
2. This letter was written by John.
3. The lecture was attended by many people.
4. The book will be published in spring.
5. The class is taught by Mr. Smith.
6. It was designed by a French engineer.
7. This book is always read by the students of the first course.
8. The letter was left on the table.
9. The house was struck by lightning.
10.The cries of the child were heard by everyone.
Упражнение 4.
Поставьте глаголы в скобках в нужную форму ( passive or active).
1. More cars...............(steal) every year in Britain than in any other European
country: about half a million!
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2. In the next ten years, about 30% of the world's cars..............(manufacture) in
Asia.
3. Corradino d'Ascenio..............(design) the first Vespa scooter in 1946.
4. The Japanese newspaper Yomiuri Shimbun ..............(read) by over 14 million
people every day.
5. Australia..............(produce) about 40% of the world's diamonds.
6. A book of drawings by Leonardo da Vinci ..............(sell) for over $30 million in
1994.
7. Surprisingly, the Finns..............(eat) more ice cream than any other people in
Europe!
8. More than 10 million Sony PlayStations ..............(sell) in the next year.
9. Georgio Armani..............(start) his successful clothes label in the late 1970s.
10. In 1997, 15% of all clothes sold in the world ..............(make) by the American
company, Levi Strauss.
Задания к контрольной работе №1.
1. Прочитайте тексты № 1 и 2, письменно по-английски ответьте на вопросы,
следующие за текстами.
2. Выпишите из текстов 10 существительных в единственном числе и
поставьте их во множественное число.
3. Выпишите из текстов предложные конструкции с предлогом of и
переведите их на русский язык.
4. Выпишите из текстов прилагательные и наречия, переведите их на русский
язык и образуйте степени сравнения.
5. Найдите в текстах и переведите на русский язык предложения, в которых
употреблены местоимения. Укажите, к какой группе они относятся (личные,
притяжательные, указательные, вопросительные, относительные).
6. Выпишите из текстов все неправильные глаголы, запишите их основные
формы и переведите их на русский язык.
17
7. Выпишите из текстов 2 предложения в Present Simple и переведите их на
русский язык. Напишите эти предложения в вопросительной и
отрицательной формах. Напишите эти предложения в Past и Future Simple.
8. Выпишите из текстов предложения в Past или Future Simple и переведите
их на русский язык. Напишите эти предложения в вопросительной и
отрицательной формах.
9. Выпишите из текстов 2 предложения с глаголом-сказуемым в
страдательном залоге. Поставьте глагол-сказуемое одного предложения из
текста во все временные формы группы Simple в страдательном залоге,
произведя все необходимые смысловые изменения.
Образец: The text is translated by the student.
The text was translated by the student yesterday.
The text will be translated by the student tomorrow.
10. Переведите тексты на русский язык, при переводе пользуйтесь англорусским словарем.
11 .Выпишите лексику по теме «Образование»
Text № 1
The University of Salford
Study in higher education usually entails more self-motivation than study at
school or college. You will take responsibility for planning your workload and
using your free time to study. Classes are divided into lectures, where information
is related to you, seminars, which are student groups where discussion is possible,
and tutorials, usually featuring a small group of students and a lecturer.
The University of Salford aims to be a successful international institution at
leading edge of research, technology transfer and innovation, forging a fruitful and
sympathetic partnership with industry, society and environment. The University
aims to produce capable, professional graduates and to develop innovative
strategies to make the University accessible to students of all ages and
backgrounds.
18
Salford graduates are successful, capable and sought after by employers
nationally and internationally. The 'capability element' of course ensures that your
studies equip you with all the skills you will need for your future career.
More than 1500 students from over 70 overseas countries choose to study at the
University of Salford each year.
The University has adopted the semester system, which means that the
traditional three term structure of the academic year is divided now into two
semesters.
There is a three day induction period between 25 and 27 September, before the
semester begins, in which you can meet tutors and fellow students and find your
way round the University.
The University arranges various activities for new students and most
departments have an informal gathering for students and tutors to mingle. The
Union stages a packed programme of daytime and evening events for your first
week at Salford.
The University has an excellent library and computer facilities for all students.
Questions:
1. What are the characteristics of study in higher education?
2. What are the aims of the University of Salford?
3. What is the structure of the academic year according to the semester system?
4. What do the students do during a three day induction period?
Text № 2
The Teaching Profession
The teaching profession is one of the most important and necessary professions.
You can't live without education if you want to be an educated person and have a
good job. At school teachers give us basic skills: reading, writing and arithmetic.
Then we get knowledge of Russian and foreign languages, literature, history,
mathematics, etc. Subjects such as physics, geography, biology and chemistry help
us to understand nature.
19
At vocational schools and higher institutions teachers give us some skills,
necessary for our future profession and career.
The teaching profession has many aspects. Teachers need not only competence
for the subject they teach, but knowledge of Pedagogy, Psychology, Methods,
communicative skills and so on. Besides, this profession requires constant selfeducation and self-development.
Teachers not only teach their subject, but also educate the younger generation.
They develop their pupils' intellect, form their characters, their attitude to life and
other people.
A teacher also needs personal qualities such as love for people, patience,
kindness, democracy and so on.
So, the teaching profession is not only important, necessary and noble but also
difficult and specific.
Answer the questions:
1. How can you characterize the teaching profession?
2. Can we live without education?
3. What basic skills and knowledge of what subjects do we get at school?
Why are they important?
4. What skills do we receive at vocational schools and higher institutions?
5. Does the profession of a teacher have many aspects? What are they?
6. Do teachers only give knowledge of their subject?
7. What personal qualities does a teacher need?
II семестр.
Оборот there is (are).
Упражнение 1.
Употребите оборот there is (are) в следующих предложениях.
Переведите их на русский язык.
1. ... a new moon tonight. 2. ... someone at the door. 3. ... a lot of students
absent today. 4. ... three lamps in the room. 5. ... two large windows in the room.
20
6. But . . . only one door. 7. ... a lot of English classes in our school. 8. ... nobody
in the room now. 9. ... no one at home. 10. ... twelve months in a year. 11. ... a
letter for you on the table. 12. ... several beautiful parks in this city.
Упражнение 2.
Запишите следующие предложения в вопросительной и отрицательной
формах.
1. There is a flag on the top of the building. 2. There is a big parade today. 3. There
are two lamps in the room. 4. There are ten new words in the lesson. 5. There are
enough chairs for everyone. 6. There is a good restaurant near here. 7. There is a
comfortable chair in each room. 8. There are many pictures on the walls of our
room. 9. There are more than ten sentences in each exercise.
Модальные глаголы.
Упражнение 1.
Переведите на русский язык.
1. Her grandmother can knit very well. 2. I can answer the questions. They are very
easy. 3. This trip is too expensive for me. I can't afford it. 4. She can type. She can
speak well on the telephone. She hopes she can find the job she's looking for. 5.
Can you go to have lunch with me? — I'm sorry. I can't. 6. Mike can run very fast.
7. They can understand French. 8. Kate can speak English well. 9. My brother can
come and help you in the garden. 10. Can you speak Spanish? 11. Can your brother
help me with mathematics? 12. His little sister can walk already. 13. The children
cannot carry this box: it is too heavy. 14. My friend cannot come in time. 15. This
old woman cannot sleep at night. 16. His sister can cook very well. 17. I can sing,
but I cannot dance. 18. Can't you wait till tomorrow morning? — I can wait, but
my toothache can't.
Упражнение 2.
Переведите на русский язык.
1. May I invite Nick to our house? 2. You may go now. 3. If you have done your
homework, you may go for a walk. 4. Don't go to the wood alone: you may lose
21
your way. 5. May I go to the post office with Mike? 6. May I take Pete's bag? 7.
Don't give the vase to the child: he may break it. 8. May we take notes with a
pencil? 9. You may not cross the street when the light is red. 10. May I shut the
door? 11. It stopped raining, and mother told us that we might go out. 12. May
children play with scissors? 13. They may travel by sea. It may be cheaper, but it
takes a long time. 14. It may be true. 15. May I come and see you? 16. Where have
you been, may I ask?
Упражнение 3.
Переведите на русский язык.
1. You must work hard at your English. 2. You must learn the words. 3. Must we
learn the poem today? 4. It must be very difficult to learn Chinese. 5. You must not
talk at the lessons. 6. Everybody must come to school in time. 7. Don't ring him up:
he must be very busy. 8. You must not make notes in the books. 9.1 must help my
mother today. 10. Don't worry! This is not important. — Not important! You must
be joking! 11. He never comes to work late! He must have overslept today. 12.
You must not argue with the boss. 13. She must stop eating much and she must
lose weight. 14. You must stop smoking! If you don't, you're going to have serious
problems with your lungs some day.
Упражнение 4.
Переведите на русский язык.
1. You cannot read so many books. 2. You need not read so many books. 3. Nick
cannot go to school today. 4. Nick need not go to school today. 5. They cannot
translate this article. 6. They need not translate this article. 7. My sister cannot
write this letter: she is very busy. 8. My sister need not write this letter: I shall
phone them. 9. She cannot buy bread. 10. She need not buy bread. 11. He could not
stay there for the night. 12. He need not have stayed there for the night. 13. We
could not do all this work. 14. We need not have done all this work. 15. She could
not cook such a big dinner. 16. She need not have cooked such a big dinner. 17.
They could not write the composition. 18. They need not have written the
22
composition. 19. I could not go to the library. 20. I need not have gone to the library.
Упражнение 5.
Вставьте модальные глаголы can, may, must или need.
1. ... I take this book for a little while? — I am sorry, but I ... return it to the library
at once. 2. Alec ... practise this sound specially, but the other pupils ... not: they all
pronounce it properly. 3. … you see anything in this darkness? 4. They ... come
any time they like between ten and twelve in the morning, but they ... not come if
they don't want to. 4. ... I go there right now? — Yes, you ... . 5. Most children …
slide on ice very well. 6. ... we hand in our compositions tomorrow? — No, you ...
not, you ... hand them in after Sunday. 7. ... John really do this today? — No, he ...
not, he ... do it tomorrow if he likes. 8. You ... not let this cup fall: it ... break. 9. ...
I help you with your coat? 10. You … park your car only in your own space in the
back of the building.
Неопределенные местоимения some, any, no, every и их производные.
Упражнение 1.
Вставьте some, any или no.
1. We haven't got ... milk. We can't make an omelette. 2. Bob always likes ... sugar
in his coffee. 3. Poor Oliver was hungry. He wanted ... bread. 4. They haven't got
... stamps. I can't post my letter. 5. He has got ... money. He can't spend his
holidays in Switzerland any more and stay at luxury hotels. 6. There are ... schools
in this street. 7. Are there ... pictures in your book? 8. There are ... flowers here in
winter. 9. I can see ... children in the yard. They are playing. 10. Are there ... new
buildings in your street? 11. There are ... people in the park because it is cold. 12. I
saw ... boys in the garden, but Mike was not among them. 13. They brought ...
good books from the library. 14. Give me ... tea, please, I am thirsty. 15. Dinner
was not yet ready, so she gave the children ... bread and butter because they were
hungry. 16. Do you want ... milk in your coffee? 17. Have you got ... time to spare?
23
I'd like to ask you ... questions. 18. Is there ... cheese on the plate? 19. There is ...
ham on the plate. 20. There is ... tea in the cup: the cup is empty.
Упражнение 2.
Вставьте something, anything, nothing или everything.
1. My husband taught his son ... he knows. 2. Her patient has a bad memory. She
can't remember .... 3. I think there is ... wrong with my watch. 4. We've got ... to
eat. We've got only ... to drink. 5. The student didn't understand ... because she
heard .... 6. Does he know ... about computers? — Yes, he knows ... because he is
the best specialist in computer science at Harvard University. 7. He felt terrible. He
couldn't do ... else. 8. ... is all right, the patient is much better today. 9. Is there ...
interesting in the programme of the concert? 10. I could see ... : it was quite dark.
11. Give me ... to drink. 12. I didn't take any money with me, so I couldn't buy ... .
13. My new eyeglasses are very good, I can see ... now. 14. I saw ... near the wood
that looked like a tent.
Упражнение 3.
Вставьте somebody, anybody, nobody или everybody.
1. Don't tell ... about it. It's a secret. 2. Life is tough! ... has problems. 3. ... has
eaten all the ice cream. That's terrible! ... will be able to have it for dessert tonight.
4. I think, ... in our class is honest. That's why we trust .... 5. If you look in the
yellow pages, I am sure you'll find ... who can fix your TV. 6. I am not a
perfectionist. ... is perfect in this world. 7. Is there ... in the office? 8. ... needs good
friends. A friend in need is a friend indeed. 9. Has ... in this group got a dictionary?
10. ... left a magazine in our classroom yesterday. 11. The question was so difficult
that ... could answer it. 12. I am afraid I shan't be able to find ... in the office now:
it is too late. 13. ... knows that water is necessary for life. 14. Is there ... here who
knows French? 15. You must find ... who can help you. 16. ... knew anything about
America before Columbus discovered it. 17. I saw ... in the train yesterday who
looked like you.
Упражнение 4.
24
Заполните пропуски местоимениями some, any, no, every и их
производными. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Не found . . . new words in this lesson. 2. I have . . . living in that city. 3. She
comes here . . . day. You can find her in ... time between nine and six. 4. If you
have . . . against me, speak out. 5. Have . . . more ice-cream.— Thanks, . . . more
for me. 6. ... day he comes here and asks me the same questions. 7. ... was ready.
8. I told you ... I had to tell. There is hardly ... to add.
Неличная форма глагола – причастие.
Упражнение 1.
Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на причастия.
1. Everybody looked at the dancing girl. 2. The little plump woman standing at the
window is my grandmother. 3. The man playing the piano is Kate's uncle. 4.
Entering the room, she turned on the light. 5. Coming to the theatre, she saw that
the performance had already begun. 6. Looking out of the window, he saw his
mother watering the flowers. 7. She went into the room, leaving the door open.
8. Working at his desk, he listened to a new CD. 9. Running into the road, the
young man stopped a taxi. 10. Looking through the newspaper, she noticed a
photograph of her boss. 11. Using chemicals, the firemen soon put out the fire in
the forest.
Упражнение 2.
Замените придаточные предложения причины причастными оборотами.
1. As he now felt more at ease, the man spoke in a louder voice. 2. Since he knew
who the man was, Robert was very pleased to have the chance of talking to him.
3. As he thought that it was his brother at the window, Steve decided to open it.
4. As the people were afraid of falling into a ditch in the darkness at any
moment, they felt their way about very carefully. 5. Since he needed a shelter for
the night, Peter decided to go to the neighbours' house.
Упражнение 3.
Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на Past Participle.
25
1. She put a plate of fried fish in front of me. 2. The coat bought last year is too
small for me now. 3. Nobody saw the things kept in that box. 4. My sister likes
boiled eggs. 5. We stopped before a shut door. 6. Tied to the tree, the goat could
not run away. 7. They saw overturned tables and chairs and pieces of broken glass
all over the room. 8. This is a church built many years ago. 9. The books written by
Dickens give us a realistic picture of the 19th century England.
Упражнение 4.
Выберите из скобок требующуюся форму причастия.
1. a) The girl (writing, written) on the blackboard is our best pupil.
b) Everything (writing, written) here is quite right.
2. a) We listened to the girls (singing, sung) Russian folk songs.
b) We listened to the Russian folk songs (singing, sung) by the girls.
3. a) The girl (washing, washed) the floor is my sister.
b) The floor (washing, washed) by Helen looked very clean.
4. a) Who is that boy (doing, done) his homework at that table?
b) The exercises (doing, done) by the pupils were easy.
5. a) The house (surrounding, surrounded) by tall trees is very beautiful.
b) The wall (surrounding, surrounded) the house was very high.
Времена группы Perfect в действительном залоге.
Употребите глаголы, данные в скобках, в Present Perfect.
1. I (speak) to him about it several times.
2. We (learn) many new words in this course.
3. He (make) that same mistake several times.
4. I (hear) that story before.
5. I am afraid that I (lose) my car keys.
6. She (see) this film three times.
7. I (tell) John what you said.
8. She (return) my book at last.
9. She says that she (lose) her new pocket-book.
26
Упражнение 2.
Употребите глаголы, данные в скобках, в Past Perfect.
1. I was sure that I (see) the man before.
2. I asked him why he (leave) the party so early.
3. It was clear that he (give) us the wrong address.
4. The teacher corrected the exercises which I (prepare).
5. He knew that he (make) a serious mistake.
6. She said she (look) everywhere for the book.
7. I felt that I (meet) the man somewhere before.
8. He wanted to know what (happen) to his briefcase.
Упражнение 3.
Употребите глаголы, данные в скобках, в Future Perfect.
1. I am sure they (complete) the new road by June.
2. He says that before he leaves he (see) every show in town.
3. By the time you arrive, I (finish) reading your book.
4. I (be) in this country two years on next January.
5. A year from now he (take) his medical examinations and (begin) to practise.
6. If you don't make a note of that appointment, you (forget) it by next week.
Упражнение 4.
Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на
употребление времен группы Perfect.
1. Не has told her all about his travel. 2. I have never been to St. Petersburg. 3.
Have you finished your homework? 4. They have been friends for years. 5. By the
time he leaves home, we shall have come to the station. 6. We are sure that he will
have kept his promise. 7. She told us that she had not finished her report yet. 8. He
has been the best student in the class. 9. She said she had had her lunch. 10. By the
end of the week we shall already have translated this book. 11. They have been
absent from class all week.
Времена группы Perfect Continuous в действительном залоге.
Упражнение 1.
27
Употребите сказуемое в следующих предложениях в Present Perfect
Continuous. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
Переделайте эти предложения, поставив глаголы-сказуемые в Past Perfect
Continuous, произведя все необходимые смысловые изменения.
1. Не has worked at the plant for many years.
2. They have talked for more than an hour.
3. She has taught English for ten years.
4. He has done very little work recently.
5. They have argued about that for more than two hours.
6. They have lived in Moscow since 1953.
7. We have used this textbook since January.
8. They have travelled all over Europe.
9. I have looked through newspapers.
10.We have listened to a very interesting lecture.
11.She has painted the walls.
Упражнение 2.
Напишите следующие предложения в вопросительной и отрицательной
формах.
1. She has been feeling well recently. 2. She has been teaching there many years.
3. They have been waiting here a long time. 4. She has been taking music lessons
many years. 5. They have been discussing the matter all day long. 6. You have
been studying English a long time. 7. It has been raining like this for an hour. 8.
He has been working for that firm for ten years. 9. You have been playing for three
hours already. 10. The sun has been shining ever since we got up. 11. Wake up!
You have been sleeping for ten hours already. 12. Tom has been taking a cold
shower for half an hour already.
Упражнение 3.
Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая
внимание на времена группы Perfect Continuous.
1. Не has been doing that same kind of work for many years.
28
2. Have you been looking through these magazines long?
3. For how long have you already been doing your morning exercises?
4. He had been speaking for an hour and a half when he decided to have an
interval.
5. They had been waiting long before the train arrived.
6. We felt very tired because we had been working for many hours.
7. They will have been working at this problem not less than two years if they
complete it this year.
8. He has been attending that school for four years.
Времена группы Perfect страдательного залога.
Упражнение 1.
Замените в следующих предложениях действительный залог
страдательным. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. By six o’clock they had finished the work. 2. Mother will have made dinner by
the time father comes home. 3. By three o’clock the workers had loaded the trucks.
4. I have translated the whole text. 5. When I came home, they had eaten the
sweets. 6. They have made a number of important experiments in this laboratory.
7. They will have built excellent shelters for tourists in these mountains by 2015.
8. Have you written the letter yet? 9. They will have handed in the homework by
tomorrow. 10. By the middle of autumn we had planted all the trees. 11. They have
forgotten the story. 12. Has anybody explained the rules of the game to you? 13.
They haven’t brought back my skates. 14. I don’t think we shall have finished all
the preparations by five o’clock today. 15. I haven’t yet translated the article.
Упражнение 2.
Замените в следующих предложениях страдательный залог
действительным. Введите любые подходящие подлежащие. Переведите
предложения на русский язык.
1. Have all these books been read? 2. The letter has just been typed. 3. The door
has been left open. 4. She said that the new timetable had not yet been hung up on
29
the notice board. 5. The papers will have been looked through and corrected by the
next lesson. 6. Invitations have been sent to all the old pupils to be present at the
school’s thirtieth anniversary. 7. By three o’clock everything had been prepared.
8. The light has not yet been turned off. 9. The mail has just been sent. 10. This
article will have been translated by the lesson on Tuesday. 11. By what time will
this book have been returned to the library? 12. This man has never been spoken
of. 13. What has been said is true. 14. After the facts had thoroughly been
explained to her, she no longer felt worried. 15. This mountain has never been
climbed before.
Задания к контрольной работе №2.
1. Прочитайте тексты № 3 и 4, письменно по-английски ответьте на вопросы,
следующие за текстами.
2. Найдите в текстах и переведите на русский язык предложения, в которых
употреблены модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.
3. Найдите в текстах и переведите на русский язык предложения, в которых
употреблены неопределенные местоимения some, any, no, every и их
производные.
4. Найдите в текстах и переведите на русский язык предложения, в которых
употреблено причастие настоящего времени.
5. Найдите в текстах и переведите на русский язык предложения, в которых
употреблено причастие прошедшего времени.
6. Поставьте глагол-сказуемое одного предложения из текстов во все
временные формы группы Perfect, произведя все необходимые смысловые
изменения.
Образец: Не has just translated the text.
Не had translated the text before the bell rang.
He will have translated the text by tomorrow.
7. Поставьте глагол-сказуемое одного предложения из текстов во все
временные формы группы Perfect Continuous, произведя все необходимые
30
смысловые изменения.
Образец: Не has been translating the text for two hours already.
Не had been translating the text for an hour before the bell rang.
By tomorrow he will have been translating the text for two days.
8. Найдите в текстах и переведите на русский язык предложения, в которых
сказуемые употреблены в страдательном залоге.
9. Поставьте глагол-сказуемое одного предложения из текстов во все
временные формы группы Simple и Perfect в страдательном залоге.
10. Переведите тексты на русский язык, при переводе пользуйтесь англорусским словарем.
11. Выпишите лексику по теме «Образование».
Text № 3
Education in England
There are different types of school - private (public) schools, where you have to
pay for your education and state schools, which are funded by the government.
Parents can choose which school to send their children to. In England every child
aged between 5 and 16 has to go to school. When they are 3 years old children can
go to a nursery school or playgroup for a few hours a day.
The first stage of education is Primary School. It is divided into 2 parts. At the
age of 4 children usually start Infant School and then when they are 7 go to Junior
School.
The second stage is called Secondary School. This begins at the age of 11.
Comprehensive Schools are usually big and there are around 150 children in each
year group. For the first three years children study about 15 subjects. Then they
choose 9 or 10 subjects for GCSE. GCSEs are written exams taken by all 16-yearolds in Britain. Once they have done their GCSEs teenagers have 3 options. They
can leave school and find work, go to a technical college and do a vocational
course or stay at school and go into 6th form to 'A' levels. There are also special 6th
31
form colleges. You need to have 'A' levels to go to university. An 'A' level course
lasts 2 years and students take 3 or 4 subjects.
In sixth form some students apply for university. Nobody usually applies for
university in his or her hometown. If they get good results in their 'A' level exams
then at 18 they start university. It takes three years to do a Bachelor's degree. Some
students then go on to do a masters or even a doctorate. In the end they are having
a special ceremony called graduation.
Notes: GCSE - General Certificate of Secondary Education
'A' level - advanced level
Questions:
1. Is education in England obligatory?
2. When can the English children begin their education?
3. What are the main stages of education?
4. Заполните таблицу используя информацию текста:
Age of a child
Type of school
Type of education
……………..
Nursery, playground
……………..
4-7
……………..
Primary education
……………..
Junior school
……………..
11-16
……………..
……………..
16-18
……………..
……………..
Text № 4
Generation Gap
"It is good when a family is friendly. In loving family people share joys and
sorrows, take care of each other. It is very important to be on good terms with
32
parents. They are the only dearest people in the world, always ready to help. They
always share both, grief and happiness with their children. There's nothing like home,
like a good friendly family in this cruel world!"
"Understanding and respect between fathers and sons will come sooner, if both
try to be patient and attentive to each other and if the whole society improves the
social situation in the country".
"It's rather important to consider one more aspect. To my mind the
surrounding situation influences children's character greatly. What really matter is
that youth is corrupted by spirits, smoking and drugs today ... the source of these
problems is society. Often children become victims of these problems".
"Parents are the first who must make the first step for mutual understanding.
But some consider that their children must be the first. And that is the main problem.
Parents are to take care of us and to teach us how to understand people. However,
rather many grown-ups want their children to be good boys and girls without any
efforts."
"I think that all people have some problems and youth is no exception. I also think
that in different countries young people have different problems, but some of them
are common. I'm sure that in essence, a great part of these common problems boils
down to the fact that succeeding generations can't understand each other".
"According to their attitude towards this problem parents may be divided into 2
groups: the first try to understand their children and we can only envy them; the
second even don't try.
One may certainly consider this an extreme point of view. As a matter of fact
there are still many young people whose hearts ring like bells, who are very
enthusiastic and eager to improve their Motherland, and live a better spiritual life and
with an idea, that a higher education is still a goal for many of them.
Questions:
1. Are the parents or the children to make the first steps in solving the described
problems?
2. What categories of parents are distinguished in the text?
33
III семестр.
Сложные предложения с различными типами придаточных
предложений.
Упражнение 1.
Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык. Определите тип
придаточных предложений.
1. I consider it is very important to translate the text without a dictionary.
2. You can improve your English if you read much.
3. The exercise is so difficult that she can’t do it.
4. The books you spoke about are available in all bookshops.
5. We know he will keep his word.
6. Because I had seen the film twice I remembered many details.
7. The information you sent us is of great importance.
8. We can make eggs hard if we boil them for more than three minutes.
9. He was so clever that nobody could beat him at chess.
10. As I had come to the theatre after the third bell, I wasn’t let in.
11. He took many photographs when he travelled in Caucasus.
12. The woman who is speaking now is our secretary.
13. It happened so fast that they hardly saw it.
14. You must have much practice when you are learning to speak a foreign
language.
15. When they were travelling in Central Africa, the explorers met many wild
animals.
16. I felt how her heart was beating.
17. You can spoil your new dress if you wash it in the washing-machine.
18. The new film which is running at many cinema-houses is great.
19. I felt rather sick because I had lost much blood.
20. We shall call you as soon as we have settled at the new place.
21. As I looked out of the garden I heard that a motor-car was starting on the road.
22. She will finish writing the essay if she is not bothered.
34
23. As I had some spare time, I decided to go somewhere.
24. He had little hope that he would be invited to the party.
25. He felt so happy that he sang.
Согласование времен в придаточных дополнительных предложениях.
Упражнение 1.
Употребите глагол-сказуемое главного предложения в Past Simple и
сделайте соответствующие изменения в придаточном предложении.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Не says that he will go to the library.
2. She says that she can read English books in the original.
3. He is sure that he will pass his examinations.
4. We know that our friends went to the South a week ago.
5. I think that he is having his music lesson now.
6. We know that both he and his sister like sport.
7. Do you know that they arrived in Moscow yesterday?
8. I don't think that she has come home.
9. I'm certain that nobody will think him a stranger.
Упражнение 2.
Употребите глаголы, данные в скобках, в нужной форме времени и залога,
соблюдая правило согласования времен. Переведите предложения на русский
язык.
1. She said that she (to know) English very well.
2. We knew that they (to come) to visit us next Sunday.
3. John said that he (to go) away on Wednesday.
4. People were sure that soon a spaceship (to fly) to other planets.
5. We were informed that many scientists (to work) at the problem of
radioactivity.
6. They thought the flight (to be) successful.
7. He said that the telegram (to come) that day.
35
Упражнение 3.
Преобразуйте следующие предложения из прямой речи в косвенную.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Не said, "I will be here at noon."
2. Mary said, "The train will probably arrive in time."
3. He said, "I have to finish this report by five o'clock."
4. The doctor said, "Mr. Smith will improve quickly."
5. Ann said to me, "I am leaving in the morning."
6. The teacher said, "Everyone has to write a composition."
7. John said, "I saw this film last week."
8. Ann said, "I have finished studying my lesson."
9. The man said, "The telephone is out of order."
Упражнение 4.
Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание
на форму глагола придаточных предложений.
1. Не said that he had read this book twice.
2. We thought that the results of your work would be better.
3. The boy said that he was only eight years old.
4. I knew that he would refuse to help me.
5. He was sure that I should come in time.
6. She thought that the letter had been written by her friend.
7. They said that it had been raining from five till seven.
8. She said that she could not give me this book because she had promised to
give it to her sister.
Сослагательное наклонение.
Упражнение 1.
Раскрывая скобки, напишите каждое предложение три раза, образуя
предложения реального условия и нереального условия:
a) относящиеся к настоящему или будущему;
36
b) относящиеся к прошедшему.
1. If you (to be) busy, I (to leave) you alone. 2. If my friend (to come) to see me, I
(to be) very glad. 3. If mother (to buy) a cake, we (to have) a very nice tea party. 4.
If we (to receive) a telegram from him, we (not to worry). 5. If you (not to work)
systematically, you (to fail) the exam. 6. If I (to live) in Moscow, I (to visit) the
Tretyakov Gallery every year. 7. If I (to get) a ticket, I (to go) to the Philharmonic.
8. If I (to live) near a wood, I (to gather) a lot of mushrooms. 9. If my father (to
return) early, we (to watch) TV together. 10. If she (to know) English, she (to try)
to enter the university.
Упражнение 2.
Перепишите каждое из следующих предложений дважды, образуя
предложения нереального условия:
a) относящиеся к настоящему или будущему;
b) относящиеся к прошедшему.
1. If I am not too busy, I shall go to the concert.
2. They will all be surprised if I make such a mistake.
3. If he knows grammar better, he will make fewer mistakes.
4. If we leave right away, we will be able to be there in an hour.
5. If you take the noon train, you will get there about four o'clock.
6. If he doesn't waste so much time in class, he will make better progress.
7. If he goes to bed earlier, he won't feel so tired.
8. If I see her, I will give her your message.
9. If I come to Moscow, I will visit my friends.
10.If Mary is present, the party will be a success.
11.If she saves her money, she will be able to go on vacation.
12.Will you be very angry if we don’t come?
13.What shall we do if they are late?
Упражнение 3.
Составьте условные предложения, используя таблицу.
Перепишите их, отнеся действие к настоящему или будущему;
37
к прошлому.
If I
live in the south,
I’ll
go to the doctor.
come home late,
often go to the wood.
live in the country,
go to bed at once.
go to the wood,
be very sorry.
receive his letter,
be very happy.
fall ill,
be very glad.
find my book,
bathe every day.
lose my money,
ask his advice.
see my friend,
gather many mushrooms.
Упражнение 4.
Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в требующейся форме.
1. If he were not such an outstanding actor, he (not to have) so many admirers. 2. If
she (not to be) so absent-minded, she would be a much better student. 3. If my
sister did not go to the south, we (to spend) the summer in St. Petersburg together.
4. If they (not to go) to Moscow last year, they would not have heard that famous
musician. 5. If you were not so careless about your health, you (to consult) the
doctor. 6. I should be delighted if I (to have) such a beautiful fur coat. 7. If he (to
work) hard, he would have achieved great progress. 8. I (to write) the composition
long ago if you had not disturbed me. 9. If he (not to read) so much, he would not
be so clever. 10. If my friend (to be) at home, he would tell us what to do. 11. If
my friend (to work) in my office, we should meet every day.
Многофункциональность глаголов should и would.
Упражнение 1.
Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Определите какую
функцию выполняют в предложении should, would.
1. If I had known that you were ill last week, I’d have gone to see you.
2. She said she would come here in time.
38
3. I should like to carry out research work in the field of literature.
4. If I was offered the job, I think I would take it.
5. What would happen if you didn’t go to work tomorrow?
6. If he had missed the train, he would have been late for his interview.
7. I would have forgotten about Tom’s birthday if Ann hadn’t reminded me.
8. I’d have sent you a postcard while I was on holiday if I had had your address.
9. Ann promised that she wouldn’t be late.
10.Tom said that he would lend Ann some money.
11.She’s been studying hard, so she should pass her examination.
12.I think Tom should accept the job.
13.You should stop smoking.
14.They should have reserved a table at a restaurant.
Модальные глаголы с различными типами инфинитива.
Упражнение 1.
Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения.
MUST, MAY, MIGHT
1. When the clock struck three, Elizabeth felt that she must go.
2. Mr. Rochester must have been aware of the entrance of Mrs. Fairfax and
myself.
3. Mind, you mustn’t spend it all at once.
4. “It must be getting late”, he said. “What’s the time?”
5. Jan must be at the station by now.
6. It may rain tonight.
7. “May I have a cigarette?” he asked.
8. He may have written the letter, but the signature is certainly not his.
9. Justice may be slow, mother, but it comes in the end.
10. You may not smoke here.
11. “I didn’t know I might smoke,” he said.
12. For the first time she faced the thought that she might never be well again.
39
13. Surely, Holly might have told him all this before.
14. We feared that we might lose our way in the darkness.
CAN, COULD
1. “I can’t explain it,” said Gladys. “I can’t explain anything I did today.”
2. Oh, Martha, can it be you?
3. I simply couldn’t refuse. They would have been hurt.
4. David can’t be swimming now because the weather is too chilly.
5. Could he have meant it?
6. Annie, as soon as we are gone, you can clear the table.
7. He was not old, he couldn’t have been more than forty.
8. “That is not true!” exclaimed Linton rising in agitation. “It cannot be; it is
incredible, it cannot be.”
9. The car was going too fast. They couldn’t have seen us.
10. Could this old woman be Louise? She can’t have changed like this.
11. You can keep the change.
12.Can she have said that?
SHOULD
1. You should be learning your lessons, Jack, and not talking with Mary.
2. If it’s a story by Wodehouse it should be amusing.
3. I should have married long ago.
4. Now, when it was too late, he suddenly realized that he should have left a note.
5. Promises should never be broken.
6. You shouldn’t have treated her as a small child.
7. She had no nerves, he should never have married a woman eighteen years
younger than himself.
8. Can you show me any English woman who speaks English as it should be
spoken.
Упражнение 2.
40
Переведите на английский язык, употребляя модальный глагол.
MUST, MAY, MIGHT
1. Может быть, это неправда. 2. Может быть, он занят. 3. Может быть, они
знают. 4. Может быть, он все еще за границей. 5. Может быть, она опоздает.
6. Может быть, он сдаст экзамен. 7. Может быть, мы поедем на Волгу. 8.
Может быть, она придет завтра. 9. Может быть, я куплю эту книгу в Москве.
10. Возможно, она пришлет нам телеграмму. 11. Возможно, они забудут
принести газету. 12. Может быть, он уже сделал уроки. 13. Может быть, моя
сестра уже поговорила с ними. 14. Возможно, они уехали за границу. 15.
Возможно, мой брат забыл позвонить вам. 16. Возможно, она уже купила
билеты.
CAN, COULD
1. Неужели он хороший бегун? Он такой маленький. 2. Не может быть, что
она уже окончила школу. 3. Не может быть, что он ученый. 4. Неужели она
еще спит? 5. Неужели они проиграли? 6. Не мог он этого сказать! 7. Не
может взрослый человек любить такие книги! 8. Не может быть, что она вам
это рассказала. 9. Неужели было так холодно? 10. Не может быть, что она
опоздала на урок: она никогда не опаздывала. 11. Не может быть, чтобы это
была правда. 12. Не может быть, чтобы он был в парке сейчас. Уже поздно.
13. Не может быть, что она это написала. Я уверен, что это написал кто-то
другой. 14. Не может быть, чтобы сейчас было холодно на улице: термометр
показывает пятнадцать градусов. 15. Он не мог получить книгу, потому что
библиотека была закрыта.
SHOULD
1. Вам следует работать больше. 2. Ей следует слушать советы учителя. 3.
Вам следовало бы извиниться: вы не правы. 4. Вам не следует пропускать
уроки английского языка. 5. Дети должны быть более внимательны к своим
родителям. 6. Ему следует обратиться к врачу. 7. Ему следовало давно
обратиться к врачу. 8. Вы не должны давать ребенку столько конфет. 9. Ему
следует прочитать эту книгу. 10. Вам следует пойти туда и поговорить с
41
ними. 11. Он не должен был так грубо разговаривать. 12. Ей давно бы
следовало вернуться. 13. Тебе не следует ходить туда. 14. Вам надо было
прочитать эту книгу в прошлом году. 15. Ему следовало помнить об этом.
16. Вы должны были попросить разрешения. 17. Вы не должны были
беспокоиться.
Задания к контрольной работе №3.
1. Прочитайте текст № 5, письменно по-английски ответьте на вопросы,
следующие за текстом.
2. Найдите в тексте сложноподчиненные предложения. Определите тип
придаточных предложений.
3. Найдите в тексте предложения в сослагательном наклонении.
Подчеркните одной чертой Subjunctive, двумя Conditional.
4. Найдите в тексте и переведите на русский язык предложения, в которых
употреблено причастие настоящего времени.
5. Найдите в тексте и переведите на русский язык предложения, в которых
употреблено причастие прошедшего времени.
6. Переведите текст на русский язык, при переводе пользуйтесь англорусским словарем.
Text № 5
The sun
The sun is a star. It is not by any means the biggest of the stars. It looks much
bigger than any star because it is closer to us. It is only about 93,000,000 miles
away! All the other stars are much, much farther away than that.
Of course, if we were still closer to the sun, it would look even bigger. If we
were only a million miles away, let us say, it would fill the whole sky.
The sun is not very big as stars go, but it is enormous compared to the earth. If
it were hollow, there would be room for more than a million earths inside. This
enormous ball weighs more than 300,000 times as much as the earth.
42
There is a great deal of talk about space travel, but no one would want to take a
trip to the sun even if he could. It is so hot that no one could stand to come near it.
At the centre the temperature is supposed to be more than 35 million degrees!
Even if the sun were not hot, no one would dare visit it. The gravity on the
surface is so great that a person would be crushed by his own weight.
The sun is far too hot to be solid. It is a huge ball of gases that are so hot that
they give off light. Shooting up from the sun there are great rose-coloured
streamers of glowing gas. They are called solar prominences. Some of them shoot
up more than 100,000 miles from the sun's surface.
The sun has a halo around it. It is called the corona.1-The sun's corona shows only
when there is an eclipse of the sun. 2 Scientists think that it is a cloud of very, very
small particles lighted up by the main body of the sun.
We all owe our lives to the sun. If it did not send light and warmth to the earth,
nothing could live here. No wonder many people in ancient times worshipped it!
All our energy for useful work comes from the sun. The energy of falling water
turns many of our machines. The water was first raised to the clouds as vapour by
the sun's heat and then dropped as rain. Green plants use the energy that comes to
them in sunlight to make food. Almost all other living things depend on green
plants for food. Coal, oil, and natural gas were formed from the remains of plants
and animals of long ago. In these fuels the energy of sunlight has been stored for
millions of years. Scientists are now experimenting with using the sun's energy
directly in solar furnaces.
Where does the sun's energy come from? Deep in its centre hydrogen atoms are
constantly joining to form heavier elements. Energy is constantly being produced
in the process.
The spinning of the earth makes the sun rise and set, and seem to move
westward in the sky. The people of long ago thought that the earth stood still and
that the sun moved around it. Many of them believed that each day the sun god
drove the golden chariot of the sun across the sky.
Questions:
43
1. Is the sun the biggest of the stars?
2. Is it possible to take a trip to the sun?
3. When does the sun's corona show?
4. Where does the sun's energy come from?
5. What did the people of long ago think about the sun?
Notes
1. the corona — корона
2. an eclipse of the sun.— затмение солнца
Тексты для дополнительного чтения.
Text A
Liverpool Hope University College:
a tradition of training teachers.
You need very special characteristics to be a teacher: the qualities of
commitment, a sense of purpose, stamina, awareness, reliability, and impartiality.
You must be able to observe, reflect, plan for tomorrow and next year, lead and
follow. Ideally you should have some experience of working in primary schools,
and you will be expected to demonstrate the ability to learn from that experience.
Do you have these qualities? If so, then Liverpool Hope offers the best place to
train for a career in teaching with more than 150 years' experience in teacher
education. It was established to perform this task and to remain central to this work
today. Originally pioneers, they are still at the forefront of teacher education in
Britain.
The Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.) programme gives you the opportunity to
train for a career in primary teaching to honours degree level. During the course
professional work and academic subject study are concurrent. This ensures that
you maintain a continuing practical link with children in primary schools
throughout four years of study. Initial teacher training at the college is highly
regarded. The national standing of Liverpool Hope's B. Ed. course is high and it is
one of the five largest in the country. Liverpool Hope B. Ed. graduates continue to
44
achieve impressive results both in terms of degree classification and appointment
in teaching posts.
Questions:
1. What special characteristics are important for a teacher?
2. How long has Liverpool Hope been training teachers?
3. In what way is a link with children maintained during B. Ed. course?
4. What is the national standing of Liverpool Hope's B. Ed. course?
Text B
The University College of Swansea
The University College of Swansea was founded in 1920 and is one of the six
constituent institutions of the Federal University of Wales. All degrees are
conferred by the University, which exercises a general control over university
education in Wales and which is second in size only to the University of London.
All undergraduate teaching is carried out in the individual Colleges. Swansea, with
a total of some 7,800 full-time students, has the advantage of being large enough to
support a wide range of academic and social activities and at the same time small
enough to ensure that the sense of belonging and community, which is so often
absent in larger institutions, is always present.
The College's teaching and research extends across seven faculties, covering
Arts, Economic and Social Studies, Educational Studies, Engineering, Health Care
Studies, Law and Science. Each Faculty supports a number of related academic
subjects, grouped into Departments and Schools.
The College offers a wide range of degrees, from traditional single subject
degrees to schemes which link modern languages with business studies, computing
and engineering. Methods of assessment are constantly reviewed and students have
the opportunity of discussing this and other matters through elected representatives
on the Court, the Council, the Senate, the Faculties or on Departmental
Consultative Committees.
45
The campus is modern and compact and contains, apart from the teaching
buildings and the Library, Hilton House (refectory and other services), Mandela
House (Student's Union), 3 halls of residence and a new arts centre (theatre, art
gallery, bookshop, etc.). Within 5 minutes' walk are the main playing fields and the
new indoors sports centre. Enjoy the facilities of The University College of
Swansea!
Questions:
1. When was the University College of Swansea founded?
2. How many students are there at the University?
3. How many faculties does the University have?
4. Do the students have the opportunity of discussing methods of assessment?
Text C
Montclair State University
Step onto Montclair State University's tree-lined campus, and you'll discover a
vibrant, energetic community dedicated to liberal arts education and the notion of
learning.
Founded as a college for teachers, Montclair State today is a highly regarded
university that offers its diverse student body a remarkably wide range of courses
and majors, yet maintains its commitment to teaching and its focus on individual
development.
As a student at Montclair State University, you will discover countless
opportunities to learn, from the moment you arrive on campus for our New Student
Experience to the day you join the ranks of Montclair State's alumni.
Our 44 majors and more than 250 minors and concentrations mean you'll be
able to select courses and subjects that interest you, gain practical experience and
meet professionals in your chosen field. In small classes - rarely more than 30
students - you'll receive individual attention from dedicated teachers, who will
know you by the name.
46
In addition, our innovative new Academic Success Center will ensure that you
always have someone on your side, whether you need advice about your class
schedule, are uncertain about your career goals or just need to talk.
Among our 13,500 students, you'll meet new friends from around the world,
and old friends from around the corner. And with extra curricular offerings ranging
from fraternities and sororities to recreational and intercollegiate sports to musical
and dramatic performances, your day won't end with your last class.
Questions:
1. What will you discover when you arrive at Montclair State University?
2. Found as a college for teachers, does the University still prepare teaching staff?
3. How many subjects are there at Montclair State University for you to choose
from? What does it mean?
4. If you have a certain problem, where can you get advice?
5. Are there any extra curricular facilities at Montclair State University?
Text D
Birmingham University
Birmingham University is one of the "modern Universities" of Great Britain.
The University was founded in 1900. It is in a big city which offers all the
attractions and excitement of city life.
There is a wide range of research
opportunities and courses, the standard of teaching is very high and the facilities
both for academic work and for social life are varied and of a good quality.
The University is organised into schools and grouped into faculties. These
reflect the traditional groupings of academic disciplines but they do not hinder
research which crosses school and faculty boundaries. There are a number of areas
of vigorous interdisciplinary research activity.
Interdisciplinary research and postgraduate teaching in cognitive science
involves the active participation of staff in a range of schools and faculties.
Computer Sciences, English, Philosophy, Psychology are the primary academic
disciplines which contribute to cognitive science.
47
All the courses combine stimulating, academically challenging study, with
opportunities to develop the practical skills and personal qualities which employers
value - including problem solving, teamwork, communication and computer
literacy. The students are given the transferable skills, they will need to be a
success in whatever profession they one day enter. Such skills include computing,
management techniques, marketing, and interpersonal skills such as leadership and
teambuilding.
Consequently, by the time students graduate, they will have a body of practical
and theoretical knowledge in the chosen subjects. They will also have developed
some specialisms and acquired first hand experience of working on their own and
with others and communicating their knowledge effectively.
The academic year is divided into two semesters with 4 units in each semester
for a full time student. To achieve a qualification, a student must pass each unit of
his course. Many units have a piece of coursework in the middle and an exam at
the end. The University course lasts 4 or 5 years for full time students, part time up to 5 or7 years, a sandwich course - 4 or 5 years.
The University is a major international institution of research and postgraduate
study. The University has an increasing applied research programme with over a
dozen special research centres enjoying a growing reputation. Several leading
academics, new professors from other institutions have recently joined the
university and are running major programmes for government and for other
contractors. They work with full-time and part-time post graduate students,
supervise their work and provide academic guidance. At Birmingham there are
scholars and researchers of high distinction.
The University grants its own degrees. At the end of three years a bachelor
degree (BA or B. Sc.) is awarded on the results of examinations. A master degree
(MA or M. Sc.) is awarded after 4 or 5 years of study. The highest degree is the
doctor of Philosophy. It's awarded for research and submission of a thesis.
Questions:
1. How is Birmingham University organized? Does it restrict the number of
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research areas?
2. Why are the University graduates a success in any profession?
3. How is the University course organised? What do a student need to get a
qualification?
4. Is there a research programme at Birmingham University? Who works with
post graduates students?
5. What degrees does the University grant to its graduates?
Text E
Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University
Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University is one of the leading higher
pedagogical institutions in Russia. It is famous for its high academic standards. For
ninety years the University has trained over 50,000 specialists in Education.
Among the University graduates there are many outstanding scientists, politicians,
diplomats, well-known educators.
The University was founded in 1911. It is situated in the central historical part
of Nizhny Novgorod, on Minin square. The University is located in 5 study blocks.
As well as that it has 2 hostels, a hotel, a sport-health complex, a covered track and
field hall, a summer sports camp on the Gorky Sea shore.
There are two departments at the University: a full-time department and a parttime department. There is a faculty of philology, a faculty of history, a faculty of
physical culture and sport, a faculty of mathematics, computer studies and physics,
a faculty of natural sciences, a psychology and pedagogics faculty, a faculty of
technology and economics at the University. The University has a population of
about 1,600 full-time students, 800 students studying by correspondence and an
academic staff of 240.
The courses at the University are constantly updated, so each generation of
students graduate with the latest skills and most up-to-date knowledge in the
various subject areas. The staff stimulate a sense of interest, encourage imagination
and independence of mind. Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University offers
49
postgraduate training. Research students carry out individual research within their
particular field of study and do a dissertation.
A well-stocked library center is equipped with a wide range of literature to meet
the needs of students and to support the research.
The
graduates
can
work
at
schools,
colleges,
institutes,
and
universities.
The University has plenty to offer. You’d never regret taking course at Nizhny
Novgorod State Pedagogical University.
Questions:
1. What is the university famous for?
2. When was the university founded?
3. Where is the university situated?
4. What buildings, hostels and sport complexes belong to it?
5. What faculties are there at the university?
6. What skills do students graduate with?
7. Where can the graduates work on finishing the university?
Topics for Discussion
About Myself
My name is N.P. I am Russian. I am seventeen. I am not married. I am from
Nizhny Novgorod. I live in V. street. I am a student at the Pedagogical University.
My university is a long way from my home. It takes me an hour to get there by bus.
Last year I finished school. I worked hard to pass my university entrance
exams. Now I am a first-year student at Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical
University. I study at the faculty of mathematics, computer studies and physics. I
am doing Physics, Mathematics, Psychology, Pedagogy, Philosophy and English. I
study at the correspondence department.
At the moment I am very busy doing homework. Most of my friends are
students too, so we do not go out very often. I do not have much time for my
hobby, which is music. I can play the piano well and have a good music collection.
50
As well as that I enjoy reading. Mathematics is my passion and I hope I shall
make a good mathematics teacher. I do sport regularly because I like it very much.
I go to a fitness club once a week and to a swimming pool on Mondays.
I am lucky to have a large and friendly family. We have a lot in common and
like to spend time together.
Answer the questions:
1. What is your full (first, sur-) name?
2. Where are you from?
3. Where did you study and work?
4. What do you do?
5. Are you married?
6. What is your favourite occupation?
7. What is your ambition?
My Family
I would like to tell you some words about my family. There are 5 of us -my
Mum, my Dad, my two brothers, and me. My grandparents do not live with us.
I am seventeen. My elder brother is twenty; he is not married yet. He does not
study, he works. My younger brother is twelve; he is at school. I really love my
brothers. My brothers and I look like our Dad and we take after him. We're great
friends and always help each other. I would not like to be an only child.
My Mum is 40. She is an economist and works in a bank. My Dad is a very
serious man. He is a university professor. He is a physicist. He is always very busy
at the university and at home. Sometimes he even works at weekends. We've got a
lot of books at home and I hope I shall be able to read all of them one day. Dad
wants me to study physics but I do not think I am as interested in it as he is.
My Mum works five days a week and is off on Saturdays and Sundays. She
devotes all her time to our family. She does everything about the house: she cooks,
does the cleaning and washing and goes shopping. In the evening Mum likes to
read a magazine or a book or to watch TV.
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At weekends we usually go round to my grandparents’. They live in the
country. They're retired. My grandma likes to work in the small garden where she
grows different vegetables and flowers. My grandpa likes playing chess. He's a
very interesting person, because he has visited a lot of countries and read a lot of
books.
I love my family very much and I am happy that they love me too.
Answer the questions:
1. How old are your parents?
2. What do they do?
3. What are their hobbies?
4. Who does the housework in your family?
5. What does your family usually do at weekends?
My Flat
I live in a nine-storey house. I live on the second floor. Our flat is very
comfortable. It has all modern conveniences, such as central heating, electricity,
gas, cold and hot water and a telephone. There are three rooms in our flat: a living
room, a bedroom and a children's room. We also have a kitchen, a bathroom, an
entrance hall, a toilet and a balcony. There is also a lift in the building and a
rubbish-chute. In front of the house there is a small garden.
The flat is not large but well planned. The living room is the largest and the
most comfortable. Let me describe it. In the left-hand corner there is a little table
with a TV set and a video recorder on it. In the opposite corner there is a sofa and
two arm-chairs. Near them there is a bookcase. Against the wall there is a nice
sideboard. In the middle of the room there is a coffee table. On the floor we have a
nice thick carpet. The curtains on the window match the wallpaper. All this makes
the room cosy.
Our kitchen is rather large. There is a gas-stove, a fridge, a cupboard and a
square table with four stools around it. On the wall above the table there are three
kitchen cabinets. As well as that there are different fixings and fittings.
52
We like our flat very much.
Answer the questions:
1. Do you live in a nine-storey house?
2. What floor do you live on?
3. Does your flat have all modern conveniences? What are they?
4. How many rooms are there in your flat? What are they?
5. Which is the largest room? Which is the most comfortable?
6. Describe one of the rooms.
My Daily Routine
My usual working day starts at 6 o'clock in the morning. I'm not an early riser.
That's why it's always very difficult for me to get up. I switch on my stereo or TV
and go to the bathroom first and then to the kitchen. There I have breakfast. For
breakfast I usually have coffee and some cheese sandwiches. Finally, I go to get
dressed and leave home.
I hurry to the office. I go there by bus and it takes me forty minutes to get there.
I work five days a week: on Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday.
I’m off at the weekend. My working day lasts eight hours. At lunch time I go to the
snack bar or canteen to have dinner. I usually finish work at five o’clock in the
evening. After my work is over I return home.
In the evening I watch TV, read books for pleasure, have a walk with my
friends chatting about the latest news or go to a café or restaurant with my family.
Twice a week I go to a fitness club for a training session. I go to bed at about
eleven o’clock.
Answer the questions:
1. When does your working day start?
2. How much time do you spend at work?
3. How often do you do sport and go out?
4. What do you usually do in the evenings?
5. Describe your usual day-off.
53
My Holidays
I like to get away from the city during the summer holidays. I like to go
somewhere with my friends or my family. Last summer I was lucky to do a lot of
interesting things.
First of all, my friends and I went hiking. We spent five days in the open air
away from the city and people. We walked a long way and slept in tents. We went
fishing, made a fire, and cooked food. At nights we sat by the fire, talked, sang and
danced.
I was very tired when I got home and stayed inside for two days reading,
watching TV and listening to music.
In July my family and I went to Anapa on the Black Sea coast. I really liked
travelling by train. In Anapa we stayed in a hotel. It was not far from the beach,
where we spent days sunbathing, swimming, playing badminton or volleyball. In
the evenings I used to go to a bar or a club, twice we went to a concert. The
weather was good for the whole holiday. We went on an excursion one day. The
guide told us some historical facts and interesting legends about nearby places.
It was a great summer!
Answer the questions:
1. When and where do you like to spend your holidays?
2. What do you like doing?
3. Who do you usually go on holiday with?
4. How did you spend your last holidays?
5. What do you do if you have to stay at home?
My Home Place
I live in Nizhny Novgorod. It's my native city. I was born here, and I have lived
here all my life.
Nizhny Novgorod was founded in 1221. It is an old Russian city with a lot of
historical sights. The two great Russian rivers - the Oka and the Volga join in
Nizhny Novgorod. It's a big river port on the Volga. It's linked with all parts of the
54
country by roads and railways. Nizhny Novgorod is divided into two parts:
Zarechnaya and Nagornaya by the Oka. Nagornaya part is known as a historical
and cultural centre. Zarechnaya part is an industrial area.
The city is known for its trade traditions because of the world famous
"Yarmarka". In fact, Nizhny Novgorod is one of the biggest manufacturing centres.
The city is famous for the car factory. Cars and lorries, which are very popular
throughout the country, are produced there.
There are lots of cultural and educational institutions in Nizhny Novgorod. A
number of universities and institutes can be found here. The students can use a lot
of libraries and museums. There are five theatres, some modern cinemas, and clubs
of different kinds in the city.
Nizhny Novgorod has some really nice parks. The tourists find a lot of
interesting sights, monuments, churches and museums in Nizhny Novgorod.
Answer the questions:
1. What is your home place?
2. Where is Nizhny Novgorod situated?
3. When was the city founded?
4. What is it famous for?
5. What makes cultural life of the city?
6. Do you like your city? Why?
Russia
Russia is one of the largest countries in the world. It covers an area of over 6.5
million square miles. It occupies about one seventh of the earth's surface. Russia
covers the eastern part of Europe and the northern part of Asia It has eleven time
zones.
The population of Russia is 146 million people. 83 per cent are Russians.
Russia is a multinational state; over 100 nationalities live in it. Each nation has its
own language, culture and traditions.
55
There are various types of climate from arctic in the north to subtropical in the
south. So, a large variety of scenery, vegetation and animal world can be found in
Russia. But the temperate zone with four seasons prevails.
Russia is very rich in raw and energy resources, three quarters of which come
from Siberia. Russia has one sixth of the world's forests. Russia is a land of long
rivers and deep lakes.
There are 1,030 towns and cities in the country. Moscow is the capital and the
biggest city in Russia, one of the largest cities in Europe with a population about 9
million people. It was founded 8 centuries ago. Ancient Moscow occupied the
territory of the present-day Kremlin.
Today Moscow is a political, economic, scientific, cultural centre and also one
of the most beautiful cities in the world. The heart of Moscow is Red Square and
the Kremlin. This historical and architectural centre of the city attracts the tourists'
attention. There are other beautiful palaces, old mansions, cathedrals, churches and
monuments in Moscow. It is also famous for its museums and art galleries,
theatres.
At present the political and economic situation in the country is rather
complicated. There are a lot of problems in the national economy, but Russia has a
lot of opportunities to become one of the leading countries in the world.
Answer the questions:
1. Where is Russia situated?
2. How much is its territory?
3. What is the population of Russia?
4. What is the climate in Russia like?
5. What is Russia rich in?
6. What is the capital of Russia? What is it famous for?
7. What do you think about the present day situation in the country and its future?
56
Грамматический справочник.
Множественное число существительных.
1. Имена существительные во множественном числе принимают окончание -s-,
которое читается:
а) как [z] после звонких согласных и гласных: bed- beds; pen-pens; tie-ties;
б) как [s] после глухих согласных: list-lists;
2. Имена существительные на -s-, -ss-, -x-, -sh-, -ch- принимают во множественном
числе окончание -es-, которое произносится как [iz]: match-matches
3. Имена существительные, оканчивающиеся на -y- с предшествующей согласной при
прибавлении -es- меняют y на i: city-cities; baby-babies, но day-days.
4. Имена существительные, оканчивающиеся на -o- принимают во множественном
числе окончание -es-: potato-potatoes, но discos, photos (abbreviated, foreign words).
5. Имена существительные, оканчивающиеся на -f-, -fe- при прибавлении -es- меняют f
на v: wife-wives; wolf-wolves.
6. В английском языке есть рад существительных, которые образуют множественное
число путем изменения корневой гласной:
man-men; woman-women; mouse-mice; goose-geese; foot-feet; tooth-teeth; child-children.
7. Имена существительные, употребляемые только в единственном числе: advice,
information, knowledge, progress, money, hair, fruit. Эти существительные не
употребляются с неопределенным артиклем, могут определяться местоимениями
much, little, this и заменяются местоимением it.
Названия наук на -ics-: mathematics; physics etc. имеют форму множественного числа,
но употребляются с глаголом сказуемым в единственном числе: Maths is my favourite
subject.
8. Имена существительные, употребляемые только во множественном числе: clothes;
goods; trousers; scissors; spectacles.
57
Конструкции с предлогом of.
Некоторые отношения между словами в предложении, которые в русском языке
выражены при помощи падежей, в английском языке выражаются посредством
предлогов.
Отношение родительного падежа между двумя существительными, когда второе
является определением к первому, выражаются предлогом of:
the work of that engineer; the center of the city.
Притяжательный падеж.
1. Существительное в притяжательном падеже обозначает принадлежность предмета,
отвечает на вопрос Whose? Чей?, употребляется в функции определения и стоит перед
определяемым существительным. Существительное в притяжательном падеже
принимает окончание 's.
2. Как правило, в форме притяжательного падежа употребляются существительные,
обозначающие одушевленные предметы: this man’s newspaper.
3. Притяжательный падеж существительных во множественном числе образуются
посредством прибавления на письме апострофа, а при чтении и речи ничем не
отличается от единственного числа: my friend's sister; my friends' sisters.
4. Притяжательный падеж существительных, образующих множественное число
путем изменения корневой гласной, образуется также, как и в единственном числе, т.е.
прибавлением 's: these men's newspapers.
5. При наличии перед существительным слов, в притяжательном падеже ставится
только последнее существительное: We like miss Brown's talk.
Степени сравнения прилагательных.
Качественные имена прилагательные имеют три степени сравнения: положительную,
сравнительную и превосходную.
1. Односложные прилагательные и двусложные прилагательные, оканчивающиеся на
-y, -e, -er, -ow образуют сравнительную степень путем прибавления к положительной
степени суффикса -er-, привосходную степень путем прибавления суффикса -est-:
58
small – smaller – the smallest
easy – easier – the easiest
simple – simpler – the simplest
narrow – narrower – the narrowest
NB: немая е на конце опускается: large – larger – the largest;
в прилагательных, оканчивающихся на согласную с предшествующей краткой
гласной, согласная удваивается: big –bigger – the biggest;
конечная y с предшествующей согласной изменяется на i: busy – busier – the busiest
2. Good, bad, little, many, much образуют степени сравнения от другого корня:
good – better – the best
bad – worse – the worst
little – less – the least
many, much – more – the most
3. Old, far имеют две степени сравнения:
old – older – the oldest
– elder – the eldest
far – farther – the farthest
– further – the furthest
4. Большинство двусложных прилагательных, а также прилагательные, состоящие из
трех и более слогов, образуют степени сравнения при помощи слов more / less, the
most/ the least: active – more active – the most active.
5. В английском языке после прилагательных в сравнительной степени всегда
употребляется союз than.
Степени сравнения наречий.
Степени сравнения односложных и двусложных наречий образуются также как
прилагательных: quicker; well – better – the best; badly – worse – the worst; earlier.
Остальные наречия, оканчивающиеся на -ly образуют степени сравнения при помощи
слов more / less, the most/ the least: correctly – more correctly – the most correctly.
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Сравнительная конструкция as … as.
1. Сравнение двух предметов, которым в равной степени присуще одно и то же
качество, производится при помощи сравнительного союза as … as – так же … как,
такой же … как: This book is as interesting as that one.
2. Эти союзы употребляются также и с наречиями: My friend reads English as well as I
do.
Местоимения.
1. У личных местоимений есть два падежа: именительный и объектный. Личные
местоимения в именительном падеже употребляются в функции подлежащего.
Личные местоимения в объектном падеже употребляются в функции дополнения и
обстоятельства.
Meet me. Встречайте меня.
Tell me. Расскажи мне.
2. Притяжательные местоимения отвечают на вопрос Whose? Чей? И обозначают
принадлежность.
Личные местоимения
Именительный
Притяжательные местоимения
Объектный падеж
Относительная
падеж
Абсолютная форма
форма
I
me
you
you
your
your
he
him
his
his
she
her
her
hers
it
it
its
its
we
us
our
ours
you
you
your
your
they
them
their
theirs
I’ve lost my book. Can I borrow yours?
60
3. Вопросительные, относительные местоимения совпадают по форме. С
вопросительных местоимений начинаются вопросы, относительные местоимения
вводят определительные придаточные предложения.
Who is that man? The man who is standing there is my teacher.
Whose pen is this? The student whose exercise-book I’ve shown you is doing well.
Which is your favourite subject? The book which you’ve given me is very interesting.
4. Указательные местоимения this, these, that, those. Местоимения this – этот, эта, это,
these – эти употребляются при указании на предмет, находящийся вблизи говорящего.
Местоимения that – тот, та, то, those – те – при указании на предмет, находящийся
вдали от говорящего.
Причастие настоящего времени.
Participle I.
Причастие настоящего времени образуется от основы инфинитива глагола при
помощи окончания -ing-.
Оно соответствует русскому причастию действительного залога настоящего времени с
суффиксами -ущ- (-ющ-); -ащ- (-ящ-).
reading – читающий; looking – смотрящий
NB: немая е на конце опускается: take – taking, но see – seeing; be – being (e – читаемая);
согласная после краткой гласной удваивается: sit – sitting;
буквосочетание ie в корне стягивается в y: lie – lying, но copy - copying ( y сохраняется).
Причастие прошедшего времени.
Participle II.
Причастие прошедшего времени у правильных глаголов образуется путем
прибавления окончания -ed- к основе глагола.
Неправильные глаголы образуют форму причастия II различными способами.
Оно соответствует русскому причастию страдательного залога прошедшего времени с
суффиксами -анн- (-янн-); -инн- (-енн-).
written – написанный; discussed – обсужденный
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The Present Simple tense.
Утвердительная форма настоящего времени для всех лиц, кроме 3л.ед. числа,
совпадает с формой инфинитива без to.
I read every day. We read every day. You read every day. They read every day.
Вопросительная форма образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола do в
настоящем времени и смыслового глагола в форме
инфинитива без to.
Вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим.
Do you read every day?
Отрицательная форма образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола do в
настоящем времени, частицы not, которая ставится после вспомогательного глагола и
смыслового глагола в форме инфинитива без to.
I do not read every day.
1. 3л.ед. число образуется при помощи окончания -s-.
He works at school. She lives in Moscow. It sits.
2. Глаголы на -o- принимают окончание -es-: He goes to school.
3. Глаголы на -s-, -ss-, -x-, -sh-, -ch- принимают окончание -es-: She teaches English.
4. Глаголы, оканчивающиеся на -y- с предшествующей согласной при прибавлении
-es- меняют y на i: We copy out. He copies out. Но I buy fruit. She buys fruit.
Present Simple употребляется для выражения повторяющегося действия или действия,
свойственного лицу или предмету, обозначенному подлежащим.
Слова указатели на Present Simple: every day, usually, always, seldom, sometimes,
often.
Present Simple также употребляется после союзов if, when в придаточных условия.
Глагол to be в Present Simple.
I am (not) a student. We are (not) students.
You are (not) students. They are (not) students.
He is (not) a student. She is (not) a student.
Are you students? Are they students?
Is he a student? Is she a student?
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The Past Simple tense.
Утвердительная форма прошедшего времени правильных глаголов образуется путем
прибавления окончания -ed- к основе глагола.
-ed- произносится:
а) как [d] после звонких согласных и гласных: opened; answered;
б) как [t] после глухих согласных: worked; finished;
в) как [id] после [d] и [t]: added; waited.
NB: немая е на конце опускается: live – lived;
в глаголах, оканчивающихся на согласную с предшествующей краткой гласной,
согласная удваивается: stop – stopped;
конечная y с предшествующей согласной изменяется на i: study – studied, но stay –
stayed.
Неправильные глаголы образуют форму прошедшего времени и причастия II
различными способами.
Write – wrote – written
Go – went – gone
Sit – sat – sat
Вопросительная форма образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола do в
прошедшем времени – did и смыслового глагола в форме инфинитива без to.
Вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим.
Did they work yesterday?
Отрицательная форма образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола do в
прошедшем времени – did, частицы not, которая ставится после вспомогательного
глагола и смыслового глагола в форме инфинитива без to.
He did not go to school yesterday.
Past Simple служит для выражения действия, которое совершилось в прошлом. Это
время употребляется для констатации какого-либо факта, для изложения
последовательности событий.
Слова указатели на Past Simple: yesterday, two days ago, last week, in 2005.
Глагол to be в Past Simple.
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I was (not) a student last year. We were (not) students last year.
You were (not) students last year. They were (not) students last year.
He was (not) a student last year. She was (not) a student last year.
Were you students last year? Were they students last year?
Was he a student last year? Was she a student last year?
The Future Simple tense.
Утвердительная форма будущего времени глаголов образуется при помощи
вспомогательных глаголов shall, will и смыслового глагола в форме инфинитива без
to.
I’ll work tomorrow. We’ll work tomorrow.
You’ll work tomorrow. They’ll work tomorrow.
He’ll work tomorrow. She’ll work tomorrow.
It’ll work tomorrow.
Для образования вопросительной формы вспомогательный глагол ставится перед
подлежащим.
When shall we begin working? When will you begin working?
Отрицательная форма образуется при помощи отрицательной частицы not, которая
ставится после вспомогательного глагола.
I shall not (shan’t) work tomorrow. He will not (won’t) work tomorrow.
Слова указатели на Future Simple: tomorrow, in five years, next week, in 2015.
The Present Continuous tense.
Времена группы Continuous обозначают действие, соотнесенное с каким-то
определенным моментом, действие в процессе его развития, т.е. совершающееся,
совершавшееся или которое будет совершаться в определенный момент в настоящем,
прошедшем или будущем.
Present Continuous образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола to be в настоящем
времени и формы причастия I смыслового глагола.
I am watching TV now.
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Вопросительная форма образуется постановкой вспомогательного глагола to
be перед подлежащим.
Are you watching TV now?
Отрицательная форма образуется при помощи отрицательной частицы not,
которая ставится после вспомогательного глагола to be.
I’m not watching TV now.
Present Continuous употребляется для выражения действия, совершающегося в момент
речи.
Слова указатели на Present Continuous: now, at the moment, at present.
NB: Не употребляются в Continuous следующие глаголы:
want, love, like, see, know, remember, forget, seem, wish, hear, notice, understand, recognize,
be, need, hate, suppose, belong, realize, mean, prefer, believe, have (possess), think (believe).
Present Continuous также употребляется для выражения заранее намеченного,
запланированного действия, которое совершится в будущем.
The Past Continuous tense.
Past Continuous образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола to be в прошедшем
времени и формы причастия I смыслового глагола.
I was watching TV when you phoned.
Were you watching TV at 5 o’clock yesterday?
I wasn’t watching TV from 2 to 5 o’clock yesterday.
Past Continuous употребляется для выражения действия, совершавшегося в
определенный момент в прошлом.
The Future Continuous tense.
Future Continuous образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола to be в будущем
времени и формы причастия I смыслового глагола.
I’ll be watching TV when you phone.
Will you be watching TV at 5 o’clock tomorrow?
I won’t be watching TV from 2 to 5 o’clock tomorrow.
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Future Continuous употребляется для выражения действия, которое будет совершаться в
определенный момент в будущем.
Страдательный залог.
The passive voice.
В Английском языке глаголы могут иметь два залога: действительный(the Active voice)
и страдательный (the Passive voice). Глагол в действительном залоге показывает, что
действие выполняется, совершается лицом или предметом, обозначаемым
подлежащим.
Глагол в страдательном залоге показывает, что лицо или предмет, обозначаемый
подлежащим, испытывает воздействие или находится в определенном состоянии в
результате какого-то воздействия.
Страдательный залог образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола to be и формы
причастия II смыслового глагола.
Форма причастия II никогда не изменяется. Показателем лица, числа, времени является
вспомогательный глагол to be.
Letters are written every day.
The film was shown yesterday.
The film will be shown tomorrow.
Вопросительная форма образуется постановкой первого вспомогательного
глагола перед подлежащим.
Are letters written every day?
Was the film shown yesterday?
Will the film be shown tomorrow?
Отрицательная форма образуется при помощи отрицательной частицы not,
которая ставится после первого вспомогательного глагола.
Letters are not written every day.
The film was shown yesterday.
The film won’t be shown tomorrow.
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Оборот there is (there are).
1. Оборот there is (there are) употребляется, чтобы на наличие или отсутствие какоголибо лица или предмета в определенном месте.
There – подлежащие обстоятельства места. There is a newspaper on the table. На столе
есть газета. There are flowers in the garden. В саду есть цветы.
2. Если в предложении с оборотом there is имеется несколько подлежащих, глагол to
be согласуется с подлежащим, которое следует за ним. There is a table and five chairs in
the room. There are five chairs and a table in the room.
3. В Past Simple употребляется there was, если подлежащее стоит в единственном числе
и there were, если во множественном.
4. Для образования вопросительной формы глагол to be в соответствующем времени
ставится перед словом there. Is there a map in your room?
5. Отрицательная форма оборота there is образуется при помощи отрицательной
частицы not, которая ставится после глагола to be. There is not a book in my bag. There
are not any books on the table.
Также для выражения отрицания употребляется отрицательное местоимение no,
которое ставится перед существительным и является определением к нему.
There is no time for this work.
6. Будущее время образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола will.
There will be a lot of people at the meeting. Will there be many people at the meeting?
There will not (won’t) be many people in the cinema today.
Модальные глаголы.
Модальные глаголы не выражают конкретных процессов (действий), а
показывают лишь отношение говорящего к действию, оценку действия.
Модальные глаголы имеют ряд формальных отличительных особенностей:
а) не имеют окончания -s- в 3 лице ед. числа настоящего времени группы
Simple;
б)
не
имеют
неличных
форм
(инфинитива,
повелительного наклонения;
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причастия,
герундия),
в) после них употребляются глаголы в форме инфинитива без частицы to;
г) Вопросительная и отрицательная формы образуются без вспомогательного глагола
do.
Can употребляется для выражения:
1. Возможности, умения, способности.
He can do this work. My son can read now.
2. Разрешения.
You can go home.
Форма прошедшего времени can – could. He went to his parents in the country
where he could finish his work.
Can you do it? My little son cannot (can’t) write yet. My son could not write when
he was three.
Синонимичным оборотом can является be able to. I’ll be able to do it
tomorrow. When will you be able to come and see us? I shan’t be able to go to the
cinema today.
May имеет два значения:
1. Разрешения.
May I smoke here?
2. Предположения, допускаемой возможности.
He may come any minute.
Форма прошедшего времени may – might. I was told that I might place an
advertisement in the newspaper.
Синонимичным оборотом may является be allowed to. We’ll be allowed to do
our work at home.
Must в утвердительной форме имеет следующие значения:
1. Обязанность, приказание (должен, обязан).
I must come to work by 8 o’clock.
2. Настоятельный совет или приглашение (обязательно должен, нужно).
You must go and see this film.
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3. Внутренне осознанную необходимость (надо, нужно, необходимо,
должен).
I must do it today. I can’t leave it till tomorrow.
В вопросительном предложении употребление глагола must ограничено
значением обязательно ли должен.
Must I do it now?
В отрицательной форме глагол must имеет значение категорического
запрещения.
Visitors must not feed the animals.
Глагол have to употребляется для выражения значения необходимости,
вызванной
обстоятельствами,
показывает,
что
лицо,
обозначенное
подлежащим, вынуждено выполнить действие.
I can’t play chess with you now. I have to do my homework.
Вопросительная
и
отрицательная
форма
образуется
при
помощи
вспомогательного глагола do.
When do you have to do it?
You don’t have to stay (не нужно).
Для передачи этого значения также употребляется модальный глагол needn’t.
You needn’t do it today.
Форма прошедшего времени have to – had to.
I had very little time and had to take a taxi.
Did you have to write him again?
I’m glad you didn’t have to do it again.
Форма будущего времени образуется с помощью вспомогательных глаголов shall, will.
You can’t get the book now. You’ll have to come tomorrow.
Shall I come here again?
I’m glad I shan’t have to do this work again.
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Неопределенные местоимения some, any, no, every и их производные.
Неопределенные местоимения some, any употребляются для обозначения
неопределенного количества предметов или вещества. Они являются
определениями к существительным и стоят вместо артикля.
Some употребляется, как правило, в утвердительных предложениях перед
исчисляемыми существительными во множественном числе и перед
неисчисляемыми существительными. I have got some interesting English books
to read. He took some money and went to the cinema.
Some может употребляться в вопросительных предложениях, если вопрос не
относится к сочетанию, в которое входит местоимение some. Will you have
some coffee?
Any употребляются, как правило, в вопросительных и отрицательных
предложениях. Have you got any interesting English books to read? Don’t take
any books from here please.
Any может употребляться в утвердительных предложениях после союза if
или при выражении сомнения. If I find any of your books, I’ll send them to you.
I don’t think I have any ink.
Any в повествовательных утвердительных предложениях может иметь
значение ‘любой’. Please take any book you like.
No имеет значение полного отрицания. I have no sisters.
Every имеет значение ‘каждый’. I read books every day.
Some, any, no, every образуют ряд производных, вторым компонентом
которых служат thing, body, one, where.
Они употребляются по тем же правилам, что и some, any, no, every.
Thing употребляется, когда речь идет о вещах, body, one – о людях, where –
о месте.
Производные местоимения употребляются как самостоятельные члены
предложения (подлежащие, дополнение).
Please give me something to eat. I haven’t eaten anything today. I have nothing
interesting to read. He has done everything he could.
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Please call somebody to help. Don’t tell anybody. Nobody saw him here yesterday.
Everybody was there in time.
Do you want to go somewhere to eat? I don’t want to go anywhere today. I want to
go nowhere today. I’ll go everywhere you like.
Неопределенные местоимения somebody, someone, anybody, nobody,
everybody могут иметь окончание притяжательного падежа. I found
somebody’s book yesterday. Is it yours?
Времена группы Perfect в действительном залоге.
The Present Perfect tense.
Времена группы Perfect выражают действие, соотнесенное с каким-либо
моментом или действием, а именно действие, предшествующее этому
моменту или действию.
Времена группы Perfect образуются с помощью вспомогательного глагола
have (has 3 лице ед. числа) и причастия прошедшего времени (participle II)
смыслового глагола.
Глагол have является показателем лица, числа, времени; причастие прошедшего
времени является неизменяемой частью этой формы.
В вопросительной форме глагол have ставится перед подлежащим. В
отрицательной форме частица not ставится после глагола have.
He has written to his friend. Have you written to your friend?
Глагол в настоящем времени группы Perfect обозначает действие, уже
совершившееся в предшествующий период до момента речи, но имеющее
непосредственную связь с настоящим моментом.
He has written a book. You can read it. Результат действия ощущается в момент
речи.
I haven’t seen him this week. Указание на период времени, который еще не
закончился.
Слова указатели на Present Perfect: already(+), yet (-,?), ever, never, recently, this
week/month/year, since, for.
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The Past Perfect tense.
Прошедшее время группы Perfect употребляется для обозначения действия,
уже совершившегося до определенного момента в прошлом.
Данный момент в прошлом может быть выражен точным указанием времени
с предлогом by или другим прошедшим действием, событием или ситуацией.
В прошедшем времени глагол have стоит в прошедшем времени.
He had read the book by 5 o’clock yesterday. I had already read the book when my
friend rang me up.
The Future Perfect tense.
Будущее время группы Perfect употребляется для обозначения действия,
которое совершится до определенного момента в будущем.
В будущем времени глагол have стоит в будущем.
I’ll have read the book by the time you come back. Will you have finished reading
the book by tomorrow? He will not have finished this article by 3 o’clock.
В придаточных предложениях времени и условия вместо будущего времени
группы Perfect употребляется настоящее время.
I’ll have a talk with you after I have done this work.
Времена группы Perfect Continuous в действительном залоге.
Времена группы Perfect Continuous образуются при помощи глагола be в
соответствующем времени группы Perfect и причастия настоящего
времени (participle I) смыслового глагола.
Глагол be является показателем лица, числа, времени; причастие настоящего
времени является неизменяемой частью этой формы.
I have been waiting for ten minutes.
He has been waiting for ten minutes.
I had been waiting for ten minutes when he came.
I’ll have been waiting for ten minutes by 3 o’clock.
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Для образования вопросительной формы первый вспомогательный глагол
ставится перед подлежащим. Have you been waiting long? Will they have been
waiting for another hour?
Для образования отрицательной формы отрицательная частица not ставится после
первого вспомогательного глагола. He has not been waiting long. We shall not
have been waiting long.
Времена группы Perfect Continuous обозначают действие, которое началось в
указанный момент и совершается (или совершалось) некоторое время,
включая другой указанный момент (или вплоть до него).
He had been working for two hours by the time I came back. В предложении обозначен
период времени, в течение которого происходило действие.
I have been translating the article since 9 o’clock. В предложении обозначен момент, с
которого начинается действие.
Глаголы не имеющие формы Continuous употребляются в форме Perfect, а не
Perfect Continuous. I have known him since 1990.
Времена группы Perfect страдательного залога.
Времена группы Perfect страдательного залога образуются при помощи
глагола be в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем времени группы Perfect и
причастия прошедшего времени (participle II) смыслового глагола.
I have been asked two difficult questions today, so I must do something about it.
Мне задали сегодня два трудных вопроса и я должен что-то предпринять,
чтобы найти на них ответы.
Времена группы Perfect страдательного залога употребляются в тех же
случаях, что и действительного залога.
Прошедшее и будущее время употребляются довольно редко, настоящее
время часто употребляется с глаголами to ask, to send, to tell etc.
I have been asked to play in next week’s football match. Меня попросили
сыграть в футбольном матче на следующей неделе. He has been told to work
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harder. Ему сказали, чтобы он работал упорнее. He has been sent to help them.
Его послали им на помощь.
Сложные предложения с различными типами придаточных
предложений.
Придаточные предложения делятся на именные (выполняющие функцию имени
существительного – подлежащего, дополнения, именной части сказуемого) и
обстоятельственные.
Определительные придаточные предложения отвечают на вопросы What? Какой?
Which? Который? и вводятся относительными словами (местоимениями и
наречиями).
Определительные придаточные предложения ставятся непосредственно после того
существительного, которое они определяют.
In our office there are a lot of people who speak English well. The student whose exercise
book I’ve shown you is doing well. The book which you’ve given me to read is very
interesting. The book that I’m reading is not very interesting.
Определительные придаточные предложения могут вводиться относительными
наречиями when, where.
I’ll always remember the time when we went to the institute. He’ll never forget the city where
he lived in his childhood.
Дополнительные придаточные предложения выполняют в сложном предложении
функцию прямого дополнения и отвечают на вопрос What? Что? Дополнительные
придаточные предложения могут вводиться союзом that, союзными наречиями when,
where, why, whose, who, what, which, how.
Do you know who wrote this book? Show me what you have done. Show me which book
you’ve read. I don’t know when he’ll be back. I don’t know how he did it.
Дополнительные придаточные предложения могут вводиться союзами if, whether и
переводятся на русский язык при помощи косвенного вопроса с частицей ли.
I didn’t know if he would be at home. Olga didn’t remember whether she had taken the book
with her or had left it at home.
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Обстоятельственные придаточные предложения делятся на следующие типы:
Времени. Обстоятельственные придаточные предложения времени указывают время
совершения действия, отвечают на вопрос When? Когда? и вводятся союзами when,
till, until, after, before, while, as soon as.
When I was a student I lived in Kiev. Please stay here until I return. As soon as he saw us he
came towards us. Please give me this book to read after you have finished it. You should see
the doctor before you go back to work. While I’m writing this you can read a newspaper.
Условия. Обстоятельственные придаточные предложения условия выражают
условие, необходимое для совершения действия главного предложения. Условные
предложения чаще всего вводятся союзом if.
Can I have this book to read if it’s interesting?
Причины. Обстоятельственные придаточные причины указывают на причину
совершения действия и отвечают на вопрос Why? Почему? Они вводятся союзами
because, as.
I couldn’t go to the institute yesterday because I was ill. As my lessons begin at 8 o’clock, I
have to get up at 7 in the morning.
Результата. Обстоятельственные придаточные результата указывают на результат
совершенного действия.
He came to the theater after the third bell so he was not let in.
Согласование времен в придаточных дополнительных предложениях.
1. Если глагол – сказуемое в главном предложении стоит в настоящем или будущем
времени, то употребление времен в дополнительных придаточных в английском языке
ничем не отличается от употребления времен в таких же придаточных предложениях в
русском языке, т.е. времена употребляются по смыслу.
where he lives now?
Do you know that he lived in Moscow last year?
that he will be in Moscow soon?
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2. Если глагол – сказуемое в главном предложении стоит в одном из прошедших
времен, то употребление времен в придаточных предложениях подчиняется правилу
согласования времен.
а) Для обозначения действия, одновременного с действием главного предложения,
употребляется прошедшее время группы Simple.
I didn’t know you lived here. Я не знал, что вы живете здесь.
I didn’t know you could get tickets for us. Я не знал, что вы можете достать для нас
билеты.
б) Для обозначения действия, предшествовавшего действию, выраженному в
главном предложении, употребляется прошедшее время группы Perfect.
I heard that your brother had left Moscow. Я слышал, что твой брат уехал из Москвы.
в) Для обозначения действия, которое последует за прошедшим действием,
выраженным в главном предложении, употребляется будущее в прошедшем (Future
in the Past).
should – 1 лицо, would – 2, 3 лицо + инфинитив без частицы to
I didn’t know that you would get home soon. Я не знал, что вы скоро придете домой.
3. NB: При переводе прямой речи в косвенную производят следующие изменения:
this/these – that/those
now – then
yesterday – the day before
today – that day
tomorrow – the next day/ the following day
ago – before
last week – the week before/ the previous week
next week – the next week/ the following week
4. Если дополнительное придаточное в свою очередь является сложным
предложением, то правилу согласования времен подчиняются все предложения,
входящие в его состав.
He says that he will go for a walk as soon as he has had dinner.
He said that he would go for a walk as soon as he had had dinner.
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Инфинитив.
1. Формы инфинитива.
Tense (время)
Voice (залог)
Non – perfect (простой)
Perfect (перфектный)
Simple
Continuous
Perfect
Perfect Continuous
Active (действ.)
to do
to be doing
to have done
to have been doing
Passive (страд.)
to be done
–
to have been done
–
Hello, how nice to see you. It was nice to have seen you. Good – bye.
He doesn’t seem to be writing anything now. The batteries must be recharged every week.
2. Отрицательная форма инфинитива образуется при помощи отрицательной частицы
not, которая ставится перед инфинитивом.
The doctor told me not to go out for a week.
Сослагательное наклонение.
Сослагательное наклонение выражает возможность, предположительность
или нереальность действия.
Subjunctive.
Subjunctive употребляется в простых предложениях для обозначения
нереального действия, т. е. действия, которое, по мнению говорящего, могло
бы произойти при определенных обстоятельствах в настоящем, прошедшем
или будущем.
Если высказывание относится к настоящему или будущему времени, то форма
Subjunctive совпадает с формой Future in the Past.
should – 1 лицо, would – 2, 3 лицо + простой инфинитив без частицы to
It’s a pity you can’t come tomorrow. Peter would help you. Жаль, что вы не можете прийти
завтра. Петр помог бы вам.
Если высказывание относится к предшествующему периоду, то форма Subjunctive
совпадает с формой Future Perfect in the Past.
should – 1 лицо, would – 2, 3 лицо + перфектный инфинитив без частицы to
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I’m sorry I had no money with me yesterday. I’d have bought that dress. Жаль, у меня не
было с собой денег вчера. Я бы купила это платье.
Why didn’t you phone him yesterday? He would have helped you. Почему вы не позвонили
ему вчера? Он бы помог вам.
Conditional.
Conditional употребляется в придаточных предложениях для выражения
нереального условия.
Форма conditional совпадает с формой Past Simple, если высказывание относится
к настоящему или будущему времени, и с формой Past Perfect, если высказывание
относится к предшествующему периоду.
If I had any free time now or tomorrow, I’d do the work myself. Если бы у меня
было свободное время сейчас или завтра, я бы сделал эту работу сам.
If I had had any free time yesterday, I’d have done the work myself. Если бы у
меня было свободное время вчера, я бы сделал эту работу сам.
NB: глагол be в Conditional имеет форму were для всех лиц, если высказывание
относится к настоящему или будущему времени.
If he were in Moscow next week (now), he would come to see us. Если бы он был в Москве
на будущей неделе (сейчас), он бы навестил нас.
Модальные глаголы в сослагательном наклонении.
Формой сослагательного наклонения модального глагола can – является
could, may – might.
Если высказывание относится к предшествующему периоду, то после модального
глагола употребляется перфектный инфинитив.
I could do it today if I had any free time. Я бы мог сделать это сегодня, если бы у меня
было время.
I could have done it yesterday, if I had known that the matter was urgent. Я бы
смог сделать это вчера, если бы я знал, что дело срочное.
I would go to see you if I could find time. Я бы навестил вас, если бы смог
выбрать время.
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Многофункциональность глаголов should и would.
1. Сослагательное наклонение (Subjunctive).
2. Модальные глаголы (Modal verbs).
Модальный глагол should имеет значение личного совета, личного мнения и
соответствует в русском языке словам: следует, следовало (бы), должен был
(бы), нужно (было бы).
He should do exercises every morning. Ему следует делать зарядку каждое
утро.
What should I do next? Что мне теперь следует делать?
С простым инфинитивом высказанное мнение относится к настоящему или
будущему, с перфектным инфинитивом – к прошлому.
You should have called on your friend long ago. Вам давно уже следовало
навестить вашего друга.
3. should/would like to
I should like to read this book. Я бы хотел почитать эту книгу.
He would like to begin learning French. Ему бы хотелось начать изучать
французский.
4. Future in the Past.
Модальные глаголы с различными типами инфинитива.
May (might) обозначает предположение, допускаемую возможность. Предложение с
простым инфинитивом относится к настоящему или будущему, с перфектным
инфинитивом – к прошлому.
They may have arrived already, but I’m not sure. Они, возможно, уже приехали, но я не
уверен.
Предложение с might может иметь значение упрека, переводиться мог бы, могли бы.
You might have come to see your sister when she was in trouble. Вы могли бы навестить
свою сестру, когда у нее были проблемы.
Must выражает предположение с большей степенью уверенности, чем предположение
с may.
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I must have seen you somewhere before. Your face is very familiar to me. По всей
вероятности, я видел вас где-то раньше. (Я определенно вас видел.) Ваше лицо мне
очень знакомо.
Предложение
с инфинитивом Continuous выражают предполагаемое действие,
совершаемое в момент речи.
He is in his room. But I’m not sure that he isn’t busy. He may be writing letters or reading. Он
в своей комнате. Но я не уверен, что он не занят. Он, возможно, пишет письма или
читает.
Hurry up! They must be waiting for us already. Поторопись! Они, наверное, нас уже ждут.
Can (could) может выражать сомнение, удивление, недоверие. В этом значении он
употребляется, как правило, в отрицательных и вопросительных предложениях.
She can’t be hurt. We’ve explained everything to her. Не может быть, чтобы она обиделась.
Мы ей все объяснили. Can it be true? Неужели это правда?
Could he be your age? You look much younger. Неужели ему столько же лет, сколько
тебе? Ты выглядишь намного моложе. (could выражает те же значения, что и can, но в
менее категоричной форме).
Предложение с инфинитивом Continuous выражают действие, которое происходит
в момент речи.
They can’t be working in the garden. It’s raining hard. Не может быть, чтобы они сейчас
работали в саду. Идет сильный дождь.
В предложении
с перфектным инфинитивом высказывание относится к
прошедшему времени.
Mr. Brown can’t have got back yet. He only left a couple of days ago. Не может быть,
чтобы мистер Браун уже вернулся. Он уехал только пару дней тому назад.
Can she have read such a big book in two days? Неужели она прочитала такую толстую
книгу за два дня?
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REFERENCES
1. Учебно-методические материалы к курсу английского языка для
студентов заочного отделения неязыковых педагогических вузов.
Нижний Новгород: НГПУ, 2002.
2. Воронцова Л.А., Грызулина А.П. Сборник контрольных работ и
контрольно-тренировочных
упражнений
по
английскому
языку:
Пособие для студентов-заочников 1-2 курсов неяз. фак. пед. ин-тов.
МГЗПИ, 1988.
3. Голицынский Ю.Б. Грамматика: Сборник упражнений. СПб.: КАРО,
2005.
4. Английский язык для аспирантов: Методические разработки к курсу
английского языка. Н. Новгород, 2006.
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Учебное издание
English
Учебно-методические материалы к курсу английского языка для студентов
заочного отделения неязыковых педагогических вузов.
Автор-составитель:
Ю. М. Борщевская, канд.пед.наук, ст. преподаватель
кафедры ин. яз. НГПУ
Соавтор: Статун Г.И., доцент кафедры ин. яз. НГПУ
Ответственный редактор: доц. каф. ин. яз. НГПУ А.А. Шавенков
Компьютерный набор: Ю. М. Борщевской
Печатается в авторской редакции
Подписано в печать 15.01. 2011
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