98 Å.Â. Ïîíîìàðåíêî, Ã.À. Âåñòíèê ÑàìÃÓ. 2015. ¹Ïàðøóòèíà 1 (123) ÓÄÊ 811.111 Å.Â. Ïîíîìàðåíêî, Ã.À. Ïàðøóòèíà* ÄÈÍÀÌÈÊÎ-ÑÈÑÒÅÌÍÛÅ ÑÂÎÉÑÒÂÀ ÃËÀÃÎËΠÊÎÌÌÓÍÈÊÀÖÈÈ Â ÀÍÃËÈÉÑÊÎÌ ÄÅËÎÂÎÌ ÄÈÑÊÓÐÑÅ Â ñòàòüå ðàññìàòðèâàåòñÿ îäíî èç áàçîâûõ ñâîéñòâ äåëîâîãî äèñêóðñà, ñïîñîáñòâóþùèõ ýâîëþöèè ðå÷è â íàïðàâëåíèè çàäàííîé êîììóíèêàòèâíîé öåëè, – ñâîéñòâî ôóíêöèîíàëüíîé (ïðàãìà-ñåìàíòè÷åñêîé) ñèñòåìíîñòè. Àíàëèçèðóåòñÿ ðîëü ãëàãîëîâ êîììóíèêàöèè â îáåñïå÷åíèè äèíàìèêè ýòîãî ñâîéñòâà, êîòîðîå ñïîñîáñòâóåò ïîðîæäåíèþ â äèñêóðñå íîâûõ ñìûñëîâûõ êîìïîíåíòîâ. Äåëàåòñÿ âûâîä, ÷òî èñïîëüçîâàíèå äàííûõ ãëàãîëîâ ïîâûøàåò ðèòîðè÷åñêóþ ýôôåêòèâíîñòü äåëîâîãî äèñêóðñà. Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: àíãëèéñêèé äåëîâîé äèñêóðñ, ãëàãîëû êîììóíèêàöèè, ðèòîðè÷åñêîå âîçäåéñòâèå, ôóíêöèîíàëüíûå ñâîéñòâà ãëàãîëîâ êîììóíèêàöèè, äèíàìè÷åñêàÿ ñèñòåìíîñòü äèñêóðñà. Òðàíñïîíèðóÿ èçâåñòíîå âûñêàçûâàíèå î äèñêóðñå êàê «ðå÷è, ïîãðóæåííîé â æèçíü» [1], öåëåñîîáðàçíî ïîíèìàòü äåëîâîé äèñêóðñ êàê ðå÷ü, «ïîãðóæåííóþ» â äåëîâóþ æèçíü, èëè, èíà÷å, ÿçûê ñîöèàëüíîãî âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ â óñëîâèÿõ (ëþáîé) ïðîôåññèîíàëüíîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè: social action in business contexts [2] (ñì. òàêæå ðàáîòû Á.Ý. Àçíàóðüÿí, Ô. Áàðãèåëà-×èàïïèíè, Äæ. Ãàðöîíå, Å.Í. Çàðåöêîé, Å.Ï. Êàçàêîâîé, Ì.Â. Êîëòóíîâîé, Ë. Ëóõèàëà-Ñàëìèíåí, Å.Í. Ìàëþãà, Ò.Á. Íàçàðîâîé, Å.Â. Ïîíîìàðåíêî, À.Â. Ðàäþê, À.À. Õàðüêîâñêîé, Ä.Ñ. Õðàì÷åíêî, Ò.À. Øèðÿåâîé è äð.). Èìåííî ïîòðåáíîñòè ñîöèàëüíîãî âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ îïðåäåëÿþò ñïåöèôè÷åñêèå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè äåëîâîé êîììóíèêàöèè, êîòîðàÿ òðåáóåò îò ó÷àñòíèêîâ íå òîëüêî ýòèêåòíîãî ñîáëþäåíèÿ óñòàíîâëåííûõ íîðì è ïðàâèë îáùåíèÿ, íî è îïðåäåëåííîãî óðîâíÿ ðèòîðè÷åñêîé êîìïåòåíòíîñòè, ïîçâîëÿþùåãî îêàçûâàòü âëèÿíèå íà ìíåíèå ïàðòíåðà, êîððåêòèðîâàòü ñîáñòâåííóþ ïîçèöèþ, àäåêâàòíî ðåàãèðîâàòü íà òîò èëè èíîé ïîâîðîò â ñèòóàöèè îáùåíèÿ è òàêèì ïóòåì óñïåøíî ðåøàòü íàñóùíûå ïðîáëåìû äåëîâîé æèçíè.  ïðîòèâíîì ñëó÷àå äåëîâîé äèñêóðñ áóäåò íåýôôåêòèâíûì è ñòîÿùèå ïåðåä êîììóíèêàíòàìè ïðîôåññèîíàëüíûå çàäà÷è îñòàíóòñÿ íåâûïîëíåííûìè. Ñðåäñòâà è ñïîñîáû ïîâûøåíèÿ êîììóíèêàòèâíî-ðèòîðè÷åñêîé ýôôåêòèâíîñòè ðå÷è âñåãäà ñòîÿëè â ðÿäó ïðèîðèòåòíûõ âîïðîñîâ ôèëîëîãè÷åñêèõ èçûñêàíèé.  ÷àñòíîñòè, íåèçìåííî èíòåðåñóþùåé ó÷åíûõ îñòàåòñÿ ïðîáëåìàòèêà ôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèÿ ãëàãîëîâ êàê îðãàíèçóþùåãî öåíòðà – «íåðâà» âûñêàçûâàíèÿ. Ñðåäè íèõ îñîáîå ìåñòî çàíèìàþò ãëàãîëû êîììóíèêàöèè, òàê êàê äëÿ íèõ âåäóùåé ôóíêöèåé ÿâëÿåòñÿ ðåãóëèðîâàíèå êîììóíèêàòèâíîãî âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ äèñêóðñèâíûõ (ïîä)ñèñòåì ïàðòíåðîâ ìåæäó ñîáîé è îïòèìèçàöèÿ âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ýëåìåíòîâ âíóòðè êàæäîé èç ýòèõ (ïîä)ñèñòåì. Öåëü äàííîé ñòàòüè ñîñòîèò â òîì, ÷òîáû íà ïðèìåðå èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ àíãëèéñêèõ ãëàãîëîâ êîììóíèêàöèè ðàññìîòðåòü îäíî èç áàçîâûõ ñâîéñòâ äèñêóðñà, ñïîñîáñòâó* Ó Ïîíîìàðåíêî Å.Â., Ïàðøóòèíà Ã.À., 2015 Ïîíîìàðåíêî Åâãåíèÿ Âèòàëüåâíà (1pev2009@mail.ru), Ïàðøóòèíà Ãàëèíà Àëåêñååâíà (Cheshirecat-she@yandex.ru), êàôåäðà àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà ¹ 5, Ìîñêîâñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé èíñòèòóò ìåæäóíàðîäíûõ îòíîøåíèé (Óíèâåðñèòåò) ÌÈÄ Ðîññèè, 119454, Ðîññèéñêàÿ Ôåäåðàöèÿ, ã. Ìîñêâà, ïð. Âåðíàäñêîãî, 76. Äèíàìèêî-ñèñòåìíûå ñâîéñòâà ãëàãîëîâ êîììóíèêàöèè â àíãëèéñêîì äåëîâîì äèñêóðñå 99 þùèõ îïòèìàëüíîìó âûñòðàèâàíèþ ðå÷è â íàïðàâëåíèè çàäàííîé êîììóíèêàòèâíîé öåëè, – ñâîéñòâî ôóíêöèîíàëüíîé (ïðàãìà-ñåìàíòè÷åñêîé) ñèñòåìíîñòè, à òàêæå òîé ðîëè, êîòîðóþ èãðàþò íàçâàííûå ãëàãîëû â îáåñïå÷åíèè ïîäâèæíîñòè ýòîãî ñâîéñòâà. Âîïðîñû ñèñòåìíîñòè äèñêóðñà ñòàëè àêòóàëüíûìè äëÿ ÿçûêîâåäåíèÿ ñ òåõ ïîð, êàê ó÷åíûå ïðèçíàëè, ÷òî íå òîëüêî ÿçûê, íî è ðå÷ü ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñèñòåìîé (ñ ó÷åòîì íåêîòîðûõ îòëè÷èé â ïîíèìàíèè ýòîãî ôåíîìåíà ïðèìåíèòåëüíî ê ÿçûêó è ê ðå÷è). Ðàíåå ìû îòìå÷àëè, ÷òî âíå ñèñòåìíîñòè ëþáîå íîâîå âûñêàçûâàíèå ñîçäàâàëîñü áû áåç ó÷åòà îáúåêòèâíûõ çàêîíîìåðíîñòåé ðå÷åïðîèçâîäñòâà è ðå÷åâîñïðèÿòèÿ è âçàèìîïîíèìàíèå ìåæäó ëþäüìè áûëî áû íåâîçìîæíî [3]. Î÷åâèäíî, ÷òî â îòíîøåíèè äåëîâîãî îáùåíèÿ íåîáõîäèìîñòü äîñòèæåíèÿ âçàèìîïîíèìàíèÿ ñòàíîâèòñÿ ÷ðåçâû÷àéíî âàæíîé. Ïîýòîìó ñïîñîáíîñòü êîììóíèêàíòîâ ôîðìèðîâàòü ñèñòåìíîñòü äèñêóðñà ïðè÷èñëÿåòñÿ ê ïðîôåññèîíàëüíî çíà÷èìûì êîìïåòåíöèÿì ó÷àñòíèêîâ äåëîâîãî îáùåíèÿ è èçó÷àåòñÿ âñå àêòèâíåå, îñîáåííî â àíãëèñòèêå [4–7]. Ïðèìåíèòåëüíî ê ðå÷è/äèñêóðñó ñèñòåìíîñòü ïîíèìàåòñÿ êàê îáóñëîâëåííîñòü ðå÷è ýêñòðàëèíãâèñòè÷åñêèìè ôàêòîðàìè, êîòîðûå îïðåäåëÿþòñÿ, ñ îäíîé ñòîðîíû, ñóáúåêòèâíûìè èíòåíöèÿìè êîììóíèêàíòîâ (âêëþ÷àÿ êîììóíèêàòèâíûé çàìûñåë è öåëü îáùåíèÿ), ñ äðóãîé – ñóùåñòâîâàíèåì òåõ âåðáàëüíûõ ôîðì, êîòîðûå ñîöèàëüíî ïðèåìëåìû â ðàìêàõ êîíêðåòíûõ âèäîâ äåÿòåëüíîñòè è ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ñôåð îáùåíèÿ (Ì.Í. Êîæèíà, Ç.È. Êîìàðîâà, Í.À. Êóïèíà, Å.Í. Ìàëþãà, Ò.Â. Ìàòâååâà, Å.Â. Ïîíîìàðåíêî, Ò.Ñ. Ñàìîõèíà, À.À. Õàðüêîâñêàÿ, Ä.Ñ. Õðàì÷åíêî è äð.) [8–10]. Ãëàãîëû êîììóíèêàöèè àêòóàëèçèðóþò äàííîå ñâîéñòâî ðå÷è è â îïðåäåëåííîé ìåðå ñïîñîáñòâóþò ñîçäàíèþ òîãî èëè èíîãî ïðàãìàòè÷åñêîãî ýôôåêòà. Ñîâîêóïíîñòü èõ ïðàãìà-ñåìàíòè÷åñêèõ õàðàêòåðèñòèê óïîðÿäî÷èâàåò êîììóíèêàòèâíûé àêò, óäåðæèâàÿ ôóíêöèîíàëüíóþ ïåðñïåêòèâó äèñêóðñà â îòíîñèòåëüíî ôèêñèðîâàííûõ ðàìêàõ êîíòàêòîóñòàíàâëèâàþùåé (ôàòè÷åñêîé) ôóíêöèè è ïàðàëëåëüíî – ôóíêöèè âîçäåéñòâèÿ, ïîñêîëüêó â ñèëó ñâîåé ñåìàíòèêè äàþò âîçìîæíîñòü íåíàâÿç÷èâî, íî íàñòîé÷èâî àêöåíòèðîâàòü íóæíûé ñìûñëîâîé êîìïîíåíò. Íàïðèìåð, ñåêðåòàðèàò Ïðåçèäåíòà ÑØÀ â ðàññûëêå, àäðåñîâàííîé ãðàæäàíàì ñòðàíû, ïðåäâàðÿåò îáçîð ïîëó÷åííîé îò íèõ êîððåñïîíäåíöèè ñëåäóþùèì ïàññàæåì: Two weeks ago, President Obama asked you to write and tell him how you’re doing. And I can tell you, as one of the people who helps sort through the mail here at the White House, that a lot of you answered. You told us how you’re feeling about your family, your community, and our country. You shared stories about what’s been going well, and what you wish was better. So if you were wondering if those letters actually get read, the answer is yes [11]. Óïîòðåáëåíèå ãëàãîëîâ êîììóíèêàöèè â êàæäîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ýòîãî îòðûâêà îêàçûâàåò âïîëíå îïðåäåëåííûé ýôôåêò: ñîîáùåíèå ñîçäàåò îùóùåíèå ïðî÷íîé ñâÿçè ìåæäó ãðàæäàíàìè è ðóêîâîäñòâîì ñòðàíû, ïîä÷åðêèâàåò, âî-ïåðâûõ, ãîòîâíîñòü ê äèàëîãó è âíèìàòåëüíîå îòíîøåíèå Ïðåçèäåíòà ê ìíåíèþ ãðàæäàí, âî-âòîðûõ – èõ àêòèâíîñòü ïðè îáùåíèè ñ íèì è, ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, äîâåðèå ê Ïðåçèäåíòó ïî ëþáûì âîïðîñàì æèçíè îáùåñòâà. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ìíîãîêðàòíîå è ñèñòåìíîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå ãëàãîëîâ êîììóíèêàöèè â äàííîì äèñêóðñå ôîðìèðóåò óñòîé÷èâûé ïðàãìàòè÷åñêèé ýôôåêò ïîñòîÿííîãî âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ è åäèíñòâà èíòåðåñîâ íàñåëåíèÿ è âëàñòè. Êàê âèäèì, ñèñòåìíîñòü çäåñü ïîäðàçóìåâàåò íå òîëüêî ñèñòåìàòè÷íîñòü (÷àñòîòíîñòü èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ), íî è öåëåíàïðàâëåííîñòü âûñòðîåííîé ôóíêöèîíàëüíîé ïåðñïåêòèâû äèñêóðñà, ñîãëàñîâàííîñòü äâèæåíèÿ âñåõ åãî êîìïîíåíòîâ ê çàäàííîé êîììóíèêàòèâíîé öåëè è ðåãóëÿòèâíóþ ðîëü ãëàãîëîâ êîììóíèêàöèè â ýòîì äâèæåíèè. Ñëåäóåò êîñíóòüñÿ åùå îäíîãî âåñüìà ñóùåñòâåííîãî àñïåêòà ïðîáëåìû ñèñòåìíîñòè ðå÷è/äèñêóðñà. Èçâåñòíî, ÷òî ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ î ñèñòåìíîñòè ÿçûêà, ñûãðàâ âàæ- 100 Å.Â. Ïîíîìàðåíêî, Ã.À. Ïàðøóòèíà íåéøóþ ðîëü â ñòðóêòóðíîé ëèíãâèñòèêå, ñòàëè â òðóäàõ ðÿäà ó÷åíûõ ïðèîáðåòàòü èçëèøíþþ êàòåãîðè÷íîñòü (â ïðîòèâîâåñ àñèñòåìíîñòè ðå÷è) è òîðìîçèòü ðàçâèòèå ó÷åíèÿ î ÿçûêå êàê öåëîñòíîì è óïîðÿäî÷åííîì, íî â òî æå âðåìÿ «æèâîì» è ôóíêöèîíèðóùåì îáúåêòå.  íàøåé îòå÷åñòâåííîé íàóêå îáû÷íî êðèòèêîâàëàñü àáñîëþòèçàöèÿ ýòîãî ôàêòîðà ÿçûêà (÷òî íàáëþäàëîñü, íàïðèìåð, ó Ç. Õýððèñà, Í. Õîìñêîãî) è äîñòàòî÷íî øèðîêî ðàñïðîñòðàíåííûì áûëî ïîíèìàíèå ïîäâèæíîñòè ñèñòåìû ÿçûêà, íåâîçìîæíîñòè æåñòêîé äåòåðìèíèðîâàííîñòè ïðîèñõîäÿùèõ â íåì ïðîöåññîâ è ÿâëåíèé. Îòñþäà è òà îòíîñèòåëüíàÿ ëåãêîñòü, ñ êîòîðîé íàøà ëèíãâèñòèêà ïðèíÿëà äèàëåêòè÷åñêèé ïîäõîä â ìåòîäîëîãèè è, â ÷àñòíîñòè, èäåþ äèíàìè÷åñêîé ñèñòåìíîñòè (íåîáÿçàòåëüíî èìåííî â òàêîé òåðìèíîëîãèè) íå òîëüêî ðå÷è, íî è ÿçûêà â öåëîì, êîòîðàÿ ðàçâèâàëàñü åùå â òðóäàõ êëàññèêîâ îòå÷åñòâåííîé íàóêè (È.À. Áîäóýíà äå Êóðòåíý, Â.Â. Âèíîãðàäîâà, Í.È. Æèíêèíà, Â.À. Çâåãèíöåâà, Ñ.Í. Òðóáåöêîãî, Ë.Â. Ùåðáû). Ñî÷åòàíèå «äèíàìè÷åñêàÿ ñèñòåìíîñòü» íå íåñåò â ñåáå íèêàêîãî ïðîòèâîðå÷èÿ. Íàïðîòèâ, îíî âïîëíå îðãàíè÷íî èíêîðïîðèðóåò äâà áàçîâûõ ïðèçíàêà ðå÷åâîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè – íåîòúåìëåìîå ñâîéñòâî ñèñòåìíîé îáóñëîâëåííîñòè è âçàèìîçàâèñèìîñòè âñåõ ýëåìåíòîâ è ÷àñòåé ñèñòåìû ÿçûêà è âàðèàòèâíîñòü èõ ôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèÿ â ðåàëüíîì ðå÷åóïîòðåáëåíèè. Òàêèì îáðàçîì äîñòèãàåòñÿ åäèíñòâî ñèñòåìíî-ñòðóêòóðíîãî è ôóíêöèîíàëüíîãî (â øèðîêîì ñìûñëå) ïîäõîäîâ ê ÿçûêó.  îòíîøåíèè äèñêóðñà ïîíÿòèå äèíàìè÷åñêîé ñèñòåìíîñòè ïðåäïîëàãàåò, ÷òî íàïðàâëåííîñòü êîìïîíåíòîâ ðå÷è ê ðåàëèçàöèè êîììóíèêàòèâíîãî çàìûñëà èçíà÷àëüíî ôîðìèðóåòñÿ â çàäàííîì ñìûñëîâîì äèàïàçîíå, íî ïî ìåðå ðàçâèòèÿ ñèòóàöèè îáùåíèÿ â ðàçâåðòûâàíèè ðå÷åâîé öåïè âîçíèêàþò êàêèå-òî èçìåíåíèÿ, âûçâàííûå ðàçëè÷íûìè ïðè÷èíàìè, íåèçáåæíûìè â æèâîì îáùåíèè (íàïðèìåð, ïîâåäåíèåì ïàðòíåðà èëè ïîÿâëåíèåì â äèñêóðñå íîâûõ ñìûñëîâûõ êîìïîíåíòîâ, èëè íåäîñòàòî÷íîé àêòóàëèçàöèåé æåëàåìûõ ïðàãìàòè÷åñêèõ ýôôåêòîâ, èëè íåàäåêâàòíûì âîñïðèÿòèåì ðå÷è ñî ñòîðîíû àäðåñàòà, èëè ñòðåìëåíèåì ñêðûòü ìîòèâû ñâîåãî ïîâåäåíèÿ è ò. ä. è ò. ï.). Òî åñòü äëÿ ñèñòåìíîãî ïðîäâèæåíèÿ äèñêóðñà ê öåëè òðåáóåòñÿ ñâîåãî ðîäà ðåãóëèðîâàíèå ÷åðåç äîïîëíèòåëüíûå ñìûñëîâûå ïðèðàùåíèÿ, è ýòîò ñïîñîá ïîâûøåíèÿ ðèòîðè÷åñêîé ýôôåêòèâíîñòè äèñêóðñà ïðèãîäåí êàê äëÿ ñïîíòàííîãî îáùåíèÿ, òàê è äëÿ çàïëàíèðîâàííûõ àêòîâ êîììóíèêàöèè (â òîì ÷èñëå ïèñüìåííûõ).  ýòîì ïëàíå ãëàãîëû êîììóíèêàöèè òàêæå äåìîíñòðèðóþò ñâîé áîãàòûé ïðàãìàòè÷åñêèé ïîòåíöèàë, èáî àäåêâàòíîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå ýòèõ ãëàãîëîâ ñïîñîáñòâóåò âçàèìîïîíèìàíèþ ïàðòíåðîâ; ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, íåàäåêâàòíîå – ìîæåò íàðóøèòü (à â õóäøåì ñëó÷àå è ðàçðóøèòü) êîììóíèêàöèþ. Ñðàâíèì ñëåäóþùèå âûñêàçûâàíèÿ: ïðèìåð (1) – öèòàòà èç âûñòóïëåíèÿ Ïðåçèäåíòà ÑØÀ Á. Îáàìû íà îäíîì èç àâòîçàâîäîâ êîìïàíèè «Ôîðä Ìîòîð»; ïðèìåð (2) – îòðûâîê èç äåëîâîãî ïèñüìà, ïðèâåäåííîãî â çíàìåíèòîé êíèãå Ä. Êàðíåãè «How to Win Friends and Influence People». (1) So I want to say thank you for building my car. But I also came here to talk about what’s got to be the number-one priority in this country, and that is growing our economy [12]. (2) May we ask that, on days on which you ship the volume, which was received on the above date, effort be made either to get the truck here earlier or to deliver us part of the freight during the morning? [13].  ïåðâîì ñëó÷àå ðå÷ü áûëà ïðèíÿòà àóäèòîðèåé ñ âîñòîðãîì. Âî âòîðîì – êàê ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò Ä. Êàðíåãè, àäðåñàò áûë â ðàçäðàæåíèè, ÷òî àâòîð ïèñüìà ñ÷åë âîçìîæíûì ñðàçó îáðàòèòüñÿ ñ íåóìåñòíîé ïðîñüáîé âìåñòî òîãî, ÷òîáû ñíà÷àëà âûÿñíèòü óñëîâèÿ îñóùåñòâëåíèÿ ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâà, ïðèåìëåìûå äëÿ îáåèõ ñòîðîí. Êàê âèäèì, âûáîð ãëàãîëîâ êîììóíèêàöèè, ñ îäíîé ñòîðîíû, ñòðóêòóðèðóåò êàíàë âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ìåæäó ïàðòíåðàìè, ñ äðóãîé – â êàêîé-òî ñòåïåíè ïðåäîïðåäåëÿåò ôóíêöèîíàëüíóþ (ïðàãìà-ñåìàíòè÷åñêóþ) ýôôåêòèâíîñòü äèñêóðñà. Äèíàìèêî-ñèñòåìíûå ñâîéñòâà ãëàãîëîâ êîììóíèêàöèè â àíãëèéñêîì äåëîâîì äèñêóðñå 101 Òàêèì îáðàçîì, â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ îáùåïðèçíàííîé ÿâëÿåòñÿ òðàêòîâêà ÿçûêà/ ðå÷è/äèñêóðñà êàê ñèñòåìû ïîäâèæíîé, ýâîëþöèîíèðóþùåé, àäàïòèâíîé. Áëàãîäàðÿ ñâîåé ïðÿìîé ôóíêöèè ââîäèòü âûñêàçûâàíèå â îáùåå ïðîñòðàíñòâî êîììóíèêàöèè ãëàãîëû ãîâîðåíèÿ äàþò âîçìîæíîñòü ïîâûøàòü èëè ñíèæàòü ñòåïåíü âûðàæåííîñòè òåõ èëè èíûõ êîìïîíåíòîâ ñìûñëà, äåëàÿ î÷åâèäíûìè èëè, íàîáîðîò, ìàñêèðóÿ èíòåíöèè ó÷àñòíèêîâ îáùåíèÿ. Ñïåöèôè÷åñêàÿ ñåìàíòèêà ãëàãîëîâ êîììóíèêàöèè îáåñïå÷èâàåò èõ ìîäåëèðóþùóþ ðîëü íà ýòàïå âîñïðèÿòèÿ ðå÷è. Ïðàãìàòèêà äåëîâîãî äèñêóðñà ïî îïðåäåëåíèþ äîëæíà áûòü íàïðàâëåíà íà ïðîäóêòèâíîå ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâî, óëó÷øåíèå ïàðòíåðñêèõ îòíîøåíèé, ñáëèæåíèå öåëåé è ïîçèöèé [14; 15], ÷òî çàäàåò îïðåäåëåííóþ ëèíãâîêîãíèòèâíóþ ìîäåëü ïîâåäåíèÿ ëþäåé è íåïðåìåííî äîëæíî ó÷èòûâàòüñÿ â ïðîöåññå ÿçûêîâîé ïîäãîòîâêè ïðåäñòàâèòåëåé äåëîâûõ êðóãîâ. Êàê âèäíî èç ïðèâåäåííûõ ïðèìåðîâ, äëÿ ðåàëèçàöèè êîììóíèêàòèâíîãî çàìûñëà ó÷àñòíèêàì äåëîâûõ îòíîøåíèé íåîáõîäèìî ðàöèîíàëüíî ïîäîáðàòü è ðàñïðåäåëèòü â äèñêóðñå ðå÷åâûå ñðåäñòâà òàêèì îáðàçîì, ÷òîáû âñå òðàåêòîðèè ðå÷åìûñëèòåëüíîãî ïðîöåññà âî âðåìÿ îáùåíèÿ áûëè íàïðàâëåíû íà äîñòèæåíèå íàìå÷åííûõ öåëåé. Ýòî òðåáóåò îïðåäåëåííîé òîíêîñòè â âûñòðàèâàíèè èíôîðìàöèîííîé ñòðóêòóðû äèñêóðñà, â ðåçóëüòàòå ÷åãî îáùåå ôóíêöèîíàëüíîå ïðîñòðàíñòâî òåêñòà äîïîëíÿåòñÿ ïîÿñíèòåëüíûìè êîìïîíåíòàìè, êîòîðûå îñîáåííî ýôôåêòèâíû â ïîçèöèè ñòðóêòóðíî-ñåìàíòè÷åñêèõ äóáëèêàòîâ [16]. Íàïðèìåð, â âûñêàçûâàíèè «He must talk to someone, lay bare his sole» [17] äâîéíàÿ íîìèíàöèÿ àêòà âûñêàçûâàíèÿ ïîìîãàåò êîíêðåòèçèðîâàòü åãî õàðàêòåðèñòèêó íå òîëüêî êàê äåéñòâèÿ, íî è êàê ýìîöèîíàëüíîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ. Íåñîìíåííî, òàêèå ïðèðàùåíèÿ ïðàãìà-ñåìàíòè÷åñêèõ êîìïîíåíòîâ â îòíîñèòåëüíî êîìïàêòíûõ ôîðìàõ ïðèäàþò äèñêóðñó ìíîãîïëàíîâîñòü è ðèòîðè÷åñêóþ ýôôåêòèâíîñòü. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, àíãëèéñêèå ãëàãîëû êîììóíèêàöèè àêòóàëèçèðóþò îäíî èç îñíîâîïîëàãàþùèõ ñâîéñòâ ðå÷è – äèíàìè÷åñêóþ ñèñòåìíîñòü äèñêóðñà – ïðè âûïîëíåíèè ðàçëè÷íûõ êîììóíèêàòèâíûõ ôóíêöèé, è ýòî ñâîéñòâî ãëàãîëîâ äàííîé ãðóïïû çàñëóæèâàåò äàëüíåéøåãî èçó÷åíèÿ íà ìàòåðèàëå ëþáûõ âèäîâ äèñêóðñà, îñîáåííî èíñòèòóöèîíàëüíîãî. Áèáëèîãðàôè÷åñêèé ñïèñîê 1. Àðóòþíîâà Í.Ä. Äèñêóðñ // Ëèíãâèñòè÷åñêèé ýíöèêëîïåäè÷åñêèé ñëîâàðü. Ì., 1990. Ñ. 136-137. 2. Bargiela-Chiappini Fr., Nickerson C., Planken B. Business Discourse. N.Y.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. 282 p. 3. Ïîíîìàðåíêî Å.Â. Ñèñòåìíûé ïîäõîä êàê ìåòîäîëîãè÷åñêàÿ îñíîâà èçó÷åíèÿ ðå÷åâîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè // Âåñòíèê Ñàìàðñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà. Ãóìàíèòàðíàÿ ñåðèÿ. 2006. ¹ 1 (41). Ñ. 134–138. 4. Õàðüêîâñêàÿ À.À. Business English: ó÷åá. ïîñîáèå äëÿ èíäèâèäóàëüíîé ðàáîòû ïî äåëîâîìó àíãëèéñêîìó ÿçûêó ñòóäåíòîâ 4 êóðñà ñïåöèàëüíîñòè «Àíãë. ôèëîëîãèÿ». Ñàìàðà, 2004. 62 ñ. 5. Õàðüêîâñêàÿ À.À. Äèñêóðñèâíûé ìèð àíãëîÿçû÷íûõ è ðóññêîÿçû÷íûõ áåñòñåëëåðîâ // Âîïðîñû ïðèêëàäíîé ëèíãâèñòèêè. 2013. ¹ 10. Ñ. 75–88. 6. Õðàì÷åíêî Ä.Ñ. Àíãëèéñêèé äåëîâîé äèñêóðñ â ðàçâèòèè: ôóíêöèîíàëüíî-ñèíåðãåòè÷åñêèå àñïåêòû. Òóëà: Èçä-âî ÒÃÏÓ èì. Ë.Í. Òîëñòîãî, 2014. 272 ñ. 7. Õðàì÷åíêî Ä.Ñ. Ê âîïðîñó î ôîðìèðîâàíèè àðñåíàëà ëåêñè÷åñêèõ ñðåäñòâ â àíãëèéñêîì äåëîâîì äèñêóðñå // Âîïðîñû ïðèêëàäíîé ëèíãâèñòèêè. 2012. ¹ 6. Ñ. 72–75. 8. Êîæèíà Ì.Í. Ðå÷åâåäåíèå è ôóíêöèîíàëüíàÿ ñòèëèñòèêà: âîïðîñû òåîðèè. Èçáðàííûå òðóäû. Ïåðìü: ÏÃÓ: ÏÑÈ: ÏÑÑÃÊ, 2002. 475 ñ. 9. Êîìàðîâà Ç.È. Ìåòîäîëîãèÿ, ìåòîä, ìåòîäèêà è òåõíîëîãèÿ íàó÷íûõ èññëåäîâàíèé â ëèíãâèñòèêå: ó÷åáíîå ïîñîáèå. Ì.: Ôëèíòà: Íàóêà, 2013. 818 ñ. 102 Å.Â. Ïîíîìàðåíêî, Ã.À. Ïàðøóòèíà 10. Êóïèíà Í.À., Ìàòâååâà Ò.Â. Ñòèëèñòèêà ñîâðåìåííîãî ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà. Ì.: Þðàéò, 2012. 416 ñ. 11. Reeves F. What You Wrote the President // The White House blog. July 09, 2014. URL: http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2014/07/09/what-you-wrote-president?utm_source= email&utm_medium=email&utm_content=email351-text1&utm_campaign=dayinthelife. 12. Remarks by the President on the Economy – Kansas City, MO. // The White House. Office of the Press Secretary. September 20, 2013. URL: http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/ 2013/09/20/remarks-president-economy-kansas-city-mo . 13. Carnegie D. How to Win Friends and Influence People. Bombay: D.B. Taraporevala Sons& Co. Private Ltd., 1979. 242 p. 14. Ïîëüñêàÿ Ñ.Ñ. Ñòðóêòóðà è ôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèå ïðîôåññèîíàëüíîãî ñîöèîëåêòà (íà ìàòåðèàëå àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà): äèñ. ... êàíä. ôèëîë. íàóê. Ì., 2011. 231 ñ. 15. Êèñåëåâà À.Â. Ñîâðåìåííîå ÿçûêîâîå îáðàçîâàíèå: ñòðóêòóðà, ôóíêöèè è îñíîâíûå êîìïîíåíòû // Ôèëîëîãè÷åñêèå íàóêè â ÌÃÈÌÎ. Ì.: ÌÃÈÌÎ (Ó) ÌÈÄ Ðîññèè, 2007. Ñ. 171–179. 16. Ïîíîìàðåíêî Å.Â. Ïîÿñíåíèå êàê ÿçûêîâàÿ åäèíèöà (ê âîïðîñó î ôóíêöèîíàëüíûõ ñâÿçÿõ äèñêóðñà): ìîíîãðàôèÿ. Ì., 1999. 17. Fowles J. The French Lieutenant’s Woman. London, etc: Triad/Granada, 1980. 470 p. References 1. Arutynova N.D. Discourse. Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. M., 1990, pp. 136–137 [in Russian]. 2. Bargiela-Chiappini Fr., Nickerson C., Planken B. Business Discourse. New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2007, 282 p. 3. Ponomarenko E.V. System approach as methodological basis of study of speech activity. Vestnik Samarskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Gumanitarnaiia seriia [Vestnik of Samara State University. Humanitarian Series], 2006, no. 1 (41), pp. 134–138 [in Russian]. 4. Kharkovskaya A.A. Business English: Workbook for individual work on business English for the students of 4 year of study of specialty «English philology». Samara, 2004, 62 p. [in Russian]. 5. Kharkovskaya A.A. Discourse world of English and Russian bestsellers. Voprosy prikladnoi lingvistiki [Issues of applied linguistics], 2013, no.10, pp. 75–88 [in Russian]. 6. Khramchenko D.S. English business discourse on the move: functional and synergetic aspects. Tula, Izd-vo TGPU im. L.N. Tolstogo, 2014, 272 p. [in Russian]. 7. Khramchenko D.S. On the question of formation of arsenal of lexical means in English business discourse. Voprosy prikladnoi lingvistiki [Issues of applied linguistics], 2012, no.6, pp. 72–75 [in Russian]. 8. Kozhina M.N. Speech studies and functional stylistics: issues of theory. Selected works. Perm, PGU, PSI, PSSGK, 2002, 475 p. [in Russian]. 9. Komarova Z.I. Methodology, method, approaches and technology of scientific research in linguistics: textbook. M., Flinta, Nauka, 2013, 818 p. [in Russian] 10. Kupina N.A., Matveeva T.V. Stylistics of modern Russian language. M., Iurait, 2012, 416 p. [in Russian]. 11. Reeves F. What You Wrote the President. The White House blog. July 09, 2014. Retrieved from: http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2014/07/09/what-you-wrote-president?utm_source= email&utm_medium=email&utm_content=email351-text1&utm_campaign=dayinthelife. 12. Remarks by the President on the Economy – Kansas City, MO. The White House. Office of the Press Secretary. September 20, 2013. Retrieved from: http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-pressoffice/2013/09/20/remarks-president-economy-kansas-city-mo. 13. Carnegie D. How to Win Friends and Influence People. Bombay, D.B. Taraporevala Sons& Co. Private Ltd., 1979, 242 p. 14. Pol’skaya S.S. Struktura i funktsionirovanie professional’nogo sotsiolekta (na materiale angliiskogo iazyka): dis. ... kandi. filol. nauk [Structure and functioning of professional social dialect (on the material of English language): Candidate’s of Philological Sciences thesis]. M., 2011, 231 p. [in Russian]. Äèíàìèêî-ñèñòåìíûå ñâîéñòâà ãëàãîëîâ êîììóíèêàöèè â àíãëèéñêîì äåëîâîì äèñêóðñå 103 15. Kiseleva A.V. Modern linguistic education: structure, functions and basic components. Filologicheskie nauki v MGIMO [Philological components in MGIMO]. M., MGIMO (U) MID Rossii, 2007, pp. 171–179 [in Russian]. 16. Ponomarenko E.V. Statement as linguistic unit (on the issue of functional ties of discourse): monograph. M., 1999 [in Russian]. 17. Fowles J. The French Lieutenant’s Woman. London, etc, Triad/Granada, 1980, 470 p. [in Russian]. E.V. Ponomarenko, G.A. Parshutina* DYNAMIC AND SYSTEM PROPERTIES OF VERBS OF COMMUNICATION IN ENGLISH BUSINESS DISCOURSE The article considers one of the basic properties of business discourse which promotes evolution of speech in the direction of the given communicative purpose, i.e. the property of functional (pragmatic and semantic) systemacity. The role of verbs of communication in this process is under analysis in terms of new sense components genesis. The authors come to the conclusion that the use of the verbs in question enhances business discourse rhetoric effectiveness. Key words: business English discourse, verbs of communication, rhetoric impact, functional properties of verbs of communication, dynamic systemacity of discourse. Ñòàòüÿ ïîñòóïèëà â ðåäàêöèþ 10/I/2015. The article received 10/I/2015. * Ponomarenko Evgenia Vitalievna (1pev2009@mail.ru), Parshutina Galina Alexeevna (Cheshirecat-she@yandex.ru), Department of English Language ¹ 5, MGIMO, Moscow, 119454, Russian Federation.