Салимгариева Н.И., Калошина С.В. Негативное влияние

ȼɟɫɬɧɢɤ ɉɇɂɉɍ. ɋɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ. ʋ 1. 2012
ɍȾɄ 69.04
ɇ.ɂ. ɋɚɥɢɦɝɚɪɢɟɜɚ, ɋ.ȼ. Ʉɚɥɨɲɢɧɚ
ɉɟɪɦɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ
ɇȿȽȺɌɂȼɇɈȿ ȼɅɂəɇɂȿ ɉɈȾɌɈɉɅȿɇɂə ɌȿɊɊɂɌɈɊɂɂ
ȽɈɊɈȾɋɄɈɃ ɁȺɋɌɊɈɃɄɂ ɇȺ ɋɈɋɌɈəɇɂȿ ɁȾȺɇɂɃ
ɂ ɋɈɈɊɍɀȿɇɂɃ
Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɨɞɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɨɞɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ; ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɩɨɞɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɸ,
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ: ɩɨɞɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ, ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɡɞɚɧɢɟ, ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ, ɝɪɭɧɬ.
ȼ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɬ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɷɬɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ,
ɱɬɨ ɜɥɟɱɟɬ ɡɚ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ
ɱɚɫɬɶ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ
ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ. Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɨɞɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ.
Ⱥɤɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɬɚɤɢɟ
ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɤɚɤ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ, ɩɪɨɤɥɚɞɤɚ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ.
ɉɨɞɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ
ɢ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ ɡɨɧɵ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ. ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɨɞɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ
ɢɦɟɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ:
– ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ;
– ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ;
– ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɟ
ɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɫɦɨɬɪ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ
ɢ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɣ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɡɞɚɧɢɹɯ
ɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɝɢɛɵ, ɜɵɝɢɛɵ, ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ
ɫɤɜɨɡɧɵɟ, ɬɪɟɳɢɧɵ, ɢɡɝɢɛɵ ɫɬɟɧ, ɬɪɟɳɢɧɵ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɚɪɲɟɣ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɫɬɟɧ, ɬɪɟɳɢɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɧɤɚɯ, ɪɚɫɫɥɨɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚ,
ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ.
95
ɇ.ɂ. ɋɚɥɢɦɝɚɪɢɟɜɚ, ɋ.ȼ. Ʉɚɥɨɲɢɧɚ
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ, ɝɪɭɧɬɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɥɢɫɶ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɨɞɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɡɞɚɧɢɟ
ɫɬɨɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɥɢɧɢɤɢ ȽɈɍ ȼɉɈ «ɉɟɪɦɫɤɚɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ
ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɚɹ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɹ». Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɫ 1938 ɝɨɞɚ, ɬ.ɟ. ɨɛɳɢɣ ɫɪɨɤ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ 2009 ɝɨɞɭ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ 71 ɝɨɞ [1].
Ɉɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ «ɋɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ» ɉɇɂɉɍ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɵ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɢ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɤɜɨɡɧɵɟ ɬɪɟɳɢɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɟɫɭɳɢɯ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ
ɢ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɧɚɯ ɲɢɪɢɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɞɨ 2–3 ɫɦ, ɧɚɦɨɤɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɮɚɫɚɞɨɜ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɛɵɥɨ
ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ.
ɉɪɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɡɚɦɟɪɵ
ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ, ɜɫɤɪɵɬɢɟ
ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɦɟɠɞɭɷɬɚɠɧɵɯ ɢ ɱɟɪɞɚɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɣ, ɜɫɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɲɭɪɮɨɜ, ɨɬɛɨɪ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɢɡ-ɩɨɞ ɩɨɞɨɲɜɵ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜɫɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɬɪɟɯ ɲɭɪɮɨɜ. ȼɫɤɪɵɬɢɟ
ɲɭɪɮɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɩɨɞɜɚɥɟ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ. Ȼɵɥɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɵ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɛɭɬɨɜɵɟ ɢɡ ɬɟɫɚɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɦɧɹ ɧɚ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ. Ƚɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦɢ
ɧɟɫɭɳɢɦɢ ɫɬɟɧɚɦɢ 0,7–1,27 ɢ 1,0 ɦ ɨɬ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɩɨɥɚ ɩɨɞɜɚɥɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. ɉɪɢ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɫɦɨɬɪɟ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɨ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɢɞɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɢ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɢɠɧɢɯ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɧɨɣ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɫɬɟɧ (ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ ɞɨ 150 ɦɦ) ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ
ɞɨ 70 ɦɦ.
ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ
ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɢ ɞɨ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ 10,5 ɦ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢɱɧɵɟ ɚɥɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ ɜɧɢɡ: ɫɭɩɟɫɹɦɢ ɤɨɪɢɱɧɟɜɵɦɢ, ɫɟɪɵɦɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɦɢ (ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ ɝɥɭɛɢɧ ɫ 0,9
ɞɨ 1,4 ɦ); ɩɟɫɤɚɦɢ ɩɵɥɟɜɚɬɵɦɢ ɤɨɪɢɱɧɟɜɵɦɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɜɨɞɨɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ (ɫ 1,4 ɞɨ 2,6 ɦ); ɫɭɝɥɢɧɤɚɦɢ ɤɨɪɢɱɧɟɜɵɦɢ
ɨɬ ɦɹɝɤɨɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɣ ɞɨ ɬɟɤɭɱɟɣ ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɢ (ɫ 2,6 ɞɨ 8,8 ɦ). ɉɨ ɜɫɟɣ
ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɟ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢɱɧɵɟ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɵ ɧɚɫɵɩɧɵɦɢ ɝɪɭɧɬɚɦɢ
96
ɇɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ
ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ 0,9–1,8 ɦ. ɇɚɫɵɩɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɧɬɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɛɢɬɵɦ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɨɦ, ɚɫɮɚɥɶɬɨɦ, ɛɟɬɨɧɨɦ, ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɥɨɦɨɦ, ɛɵɬɨɜɵɦɢ ɨɬɯɨɞɚɦɢ, ɫɭɩɟɫɶɸ, ɩɟɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɤɨɦ.
ȼ ɝɢɞɪɨɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ, ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɵɫɤɚɧɢɹɯ ɜ 2003 ɝɨɞɭ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ 2,8 ɦ. ɉɪɢ ɜɫɤɪɵɬɢɢ
ɲɭɪɮɨɜ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɟɧɵ.
ȼ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɢ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɛɵɥ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨ-ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɊȽɗ-1 – ɫɭɝɥɢɧɨɤ ɦɹɝɤɨɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɣ, ɞɥɹ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ
(ɬɚɛɥ. 1).
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1
ɉɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɊȽɗ-1
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ
Ɇɨɞɭɥɶ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ȿ, Ɇɉɚ
ɍɝɨɥ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ
M, ɝɪɚɞ
ɍɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɰɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɫ,
ɤɉɚ
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ
ɂɧɬɟɪɜɚɥ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ
ɇɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
6
7,37–13,68
10,3
3
6–14
11,3
3
5–17
9,3
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɩɨ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɦ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɩ. 2.41. ɋɇɢɉ 2.02.01–83* [2] ɧɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɨ. ɋɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞ ɩɨɞɨɲɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɜɨɞɨɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ (0,89) ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɝɪɭɧɬ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧ ɜɨɞɨɣ, ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɥɨ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ
ɫ ɤɪɨɜɥɢ (ɬɚɛɥ. 2).
ɋɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɭɳɟɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɤɜɨɡɧɵɯ ɬɪɟɳɢɧ
ɜ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɟɫɭɳɢɯ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɢ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɧɚɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɸɬ ɞɨɥɝɨɜɟɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɧɟɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ (ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ). ɉɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ
ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ ɡɚ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɬɢɟɦ ɬɪɟɳɢɧ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɫɬɨ97
ɇ.ɂ. ɋɚɥɢɦɝɚɪɢɟɜɚ, ɋ.ȼ. Ʉɚɥɨɲɢɧɚ
ɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɥɢɧɢɤɢ, ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ 2007 ɝɨɞɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ
ɲɢɪɢɧɵ ɬɪɟɳɢɧ, ɨ ɱɟɦ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ «ɩɨɪɜɚɧɧɵɟ» ɛɭɦɚɠɧɵɟ ɦɚɹɱɤɢ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ 2007 ɝɨɞɭ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2
Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɊȽɗ-1
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ
ɉɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ, ɬ/ɦ3
6
ɉɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ, ɬ/ɦ3
6
ɉɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ, ɬ/ɦ3
3
ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ
6
Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɢ, ɟɞ.
3
ɉɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɶ, ɟɞ.
3
ȼɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱ6
ɧɨɫɬɢ, ɟɞ.
ȼɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɬɟɤɭɱɟ6
ɫɬɢ, ɟɞ.
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɬɟɤɭɱɟɫɬɢ
3
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ
3
ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɜɨɞɨɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ
3
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ
ɂɧɬɟɪɜɚɥ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ
1,86–2,04
2,63–2,71
1,52–1,67
0,20–0,27
0,62–0,74
0,38–0,43
0,12–0,14
ɇɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
1,94
2,66
1,57
0,23
0,70
0,41
0,13
0,27–0,31
0,29
0,54–0,81
0,14–0,16
0,82–0,93
0,64
0,15
0,89
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɨ ɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɵɦ. Ȼɵɥɢ ɞɚɧɵ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɸ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɭɬɟɦ
ɭɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɨɲɜɵ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɧɨɥɢɬɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɨɣɦ ɢɥɢ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɣ ɦɨɧɨɥɢɬɧɨɣ ɩɥɢɬɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɧɟɫɭɳɢɦɢ ɫɬɟɧɚɦɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɭ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɲɜɚ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ
ɩɪɢɦɵɤɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɟɧ ɩɪɢɫɬɪɨɹ ɤ ɫɬɟɧɚɦ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ, ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɸ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɧɨɣ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ
ɫɬɟɧ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɝɢɞɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɢ.
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɨɞɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ. ɋɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɫɚɦɨ
ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ, ɷɬɨ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨɟ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ
ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ. ȼɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɮɢɡɢɤɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɨ-ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ
ɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ. ȼɫɟ ɷɬɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɩɪɢ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɦ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɨɞɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟɦ
ɝɪɭɧɬɚ. ɗɬɨɦɭ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ ɜɵɳɟɥɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɯ
ɜɨɞ. Ɂɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɨ98
ɇɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ
ɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ (ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɟɫɟɧɢ, ɝɪɢɛɤɚ ɢ ɧɚɫɟɤɨɦɵɯ). ȼ ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹɯ ɡɚɦɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ
ɝɪɢɛɤɚ, ɚ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɤ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɜ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ
ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɢɤɨɡɨɦ.
Ɋɢɫ. Ɏɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɵ ɮɚɫɚɞɚ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɥɢɧɢɤɢ ȽɈɍ ȼɉɈ
«ɉɟɪɦɫɤɚɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɚɹ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɹ». ɋɤɜɨɡɧɵɟ ɬɪɟɳɢɧɵ
ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɜɵɜɨɞ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɬ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɝɪɭɧɬ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
ɩɨɞɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɞɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ
ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɦ ɢ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɦ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɬɶ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɯɫɹ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɩɨɞɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɢ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ. Ɉɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɭɠɟɧ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɩɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɦɟɪɚɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ.
Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ
1. Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ. Ɉɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɥɢɧɢɤɢ ɩɨ ɭɥ. Ʌɭɧɚɱɚɪɫɤɨɝɨ, 74 /
ɇɚɭɱ.-ɩɪɨɢɡɜ. ɮɢɪɦɚ «ɋɬɪɨɣɷɤɩɟɪɬ». – ɉɟɪɦɶ, 2009.
2. ɋɇɢɉ 2.02.01–83*. Ɉɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ. – Ɇ.,
1983.
ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɨ 2.10.2012
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ɇ.ɂ. ɋɚɥɢɦɝɚɪɢɟɜɚ, ɋ.ȼ. Ʉɚɥɨɲɢɧɚ
N.I. Salimgarieva, S.V. Kaloshina
NEGATIVE INFLUENCE OF CITY TERRITORIES FLOODING
ON THE CONDITION OF BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTIONS
One of the most negative processes for functioning of city systems is flooding. Influence of
flooding on the soils of buildings and constructions is considered in article, the example of inspection of
a building to flooding and results of inspection are shown.
Keywords: flooding, inspection, building, construction, soil.
Ɉɛ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɯ
ɋɚɥɢɦɝɚɪɢɟɜɚ ɇɚɞɟɠɞɚ ɂɝɨɪɟɜɧɚ (ɉɟɪɦɶ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ) – ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɧɬ
ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ «ɋɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ» ɎȽȻɈɍ ȼɉɈ
ɉɇɂɉɍ (e-mail: spstf@pstu.ru).
Ʉɚɥɨɲɢɧɚ ɋɜɟɬɥɚɧɚ ȼɚɥɟɧɬɢɧɨɜɧɚ (ɉɟɪɦɶ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ) – ɤɚɧɞ.
ɬɟɯɧ. ɧɚɭɤ, ɞɨɰɟɧɬ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ «ɋɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ» ɎȽȻɈɍ ȼɉɈ ɉɇɂɉɍ (e-mail: spstf@pstu.ru).
About the authors
Salimgarieva Nadezhda Igorevna (Perm, Russia) – student, Department of Building production and geotechnics, Perm National Research
Polytechnic University (e-mail: spstf@pstu.ru).
Kaloshina Svetlana Valentinovna (Perm, Russia) – Candidate of
Technics, Associate Professor, Department of Building production and geotechnics, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (e-mail:
spstf@pstu.ru).
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