ÈÑÒÎÐÈß Ì.Â. Êîíäðàøèí*

реклама
ÊîíöåïöèÿÂåñòíèê
ëèíãâèñòè÷åñêîãî
ñèìâîëèçìà
Àâðåëèÿ Àâãóñòèíà
ÑàìÃÓ. 2015.
¹ 4 (126)
127
ÈÑÒÎÐÈß
ÓÄÊ 33:338
Ì.Â. Êîíäðàøèí*
ÑÎÂÐÅÌÅÍÍÀß ÐÎÑÑÈÉÑÊÀß È ÇÀÐÓÁÅÆÍÀß
ÈÑÒÎÐÈÎÃÐÀÔÈß Î ÏÎÄÃÎÒÎÂÊÅ ÑÎÂÅÒÑÊÎÉ
ÝÊÎÍÎÌÈÊÈ Ê ÂÅËÈÊÎÉ ÎÒÅ×ÅÑÒÂÅÍÍÎÉ ÂÎÉÍÅ
 ñòàòüå àíàëèçèðóþòñÿ ðåçóëüòàòû èçó÷åíèÿ ïðîáëåìû
ïîäãîòîâêè ýêîíîìèêè ÑÑÑÐ ê Âåëèêîé Îòå÷åñòâåííîé âîéíå ñîâðåìåííûìè ðîññèéñêèìè è çàðóáåæíûìè èñòîðèêàìè
(ÑØÀ, Àíãëèè, ßïîíèè).  öåíòðå âíèìàíèÿ èõ ïóáëèêàöèè, çàòðàãèâàþùèå íàèáîëåå âàæíûå è äèñêóññèîííûå àñïåêòû ïðîáëåìû: ðåçóëüòàòû èíäóñòðèàëèçàöèè ñ òî÷êè çðåíèÿ ãîòîâíîñòè ÑÑÑÐ ê âîéíå, àëüòåðíàòèâíûå ïîäõîäû
ê ñòàëèíñêîìó âàðèàíòó ôîðñèðîâàííîé èíäóñòðèàëèçàöèè
è ò. ä. Íà îñíîâå ïðîâåäåííîãî àíàëèçà äåëàåòñÿ âûâîä îá
àêòóàëüíîñòè ïðîáëåìû, íåîáõîäèìîñòè åå äàëüíåéøåãî èçó÷åíèÿ êàê ðîññèéñêèìè, òàê è çàðóáåæíûìè ó÷åíûìè.
Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: èñòîðèÿ ñîâåòñêîé ýêîíîìèêè, Âåëèêàÿ
Îòå÷åñòâåííàÿ âîéíà, èíäóñòðèàëèçàöèÿ, âîåííî-ïðîìûøëåííûé êîìïëåêñ, àëüòåðíàòèâíàÿ èñòîðèÿ, ðîññèéñêàÿ è çàðóáåæíàÿ èñòîðèîãðàôèè.
 ñâÿçè ñ 70-ëåòèåì Âåëèêîé Ïîáåäû ïî-ïðåæíåìó àêòóàëüíîé è äèñêóññèîííîé â
ðîññèéñêîé è çàðóáåæíîé èñòîðèîãðàôèè îñòàåòñÿ ïðîáëåìà ãîòîâíîñòè ÑÑÑÐ ê âîéíå ñ òî÷êè çðåíèÿ âîåííî-ïðîìûøëåííîãî ïîòåíöèàëà è îïòèìàëüíîñòè ïðîâîäèìîé
â ãîäû ïåðâûõ ïÿòèëåòîê ñòàëèíñêèì ðóêîâîäñòâîì ñòðàíû ïîëèòèêè ïî åãî íàðàùèâàíèþ.
 ïîñëåäíèå äåñÿòèëåòèÿ óêàçàííàÿ ïðîáëåìà, íà íàø âçãëÿä, ïîëó÷èëà âñåñòîðîííåå è îáúåêòèâíîå îñâåùåíèå â ðÿäå äîêóìåíòàëüíûõ ïóáëèêàöèé, à òàêæå è â ìîíîãðàôè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèÿõ. Ïðè÷åì ñðåäè íèõ ìîæíî âûäåëèòü êàê ðàáîòû ðîññèéñêèõ, òàê è çàðóáåæíûõ èññëåäîâàòåëåé.
Íàïðèìåð, îñîáûé èíòåðåñ ïðåäñòàâëÿþò ñáîðíèêè äîêóìåíòîâ ñåðèè «Èñòîðèÿ
ñîçäàíèÿ è ðàçâèòèÿ îáîðîííî-ïðîìûøëåííîãî êîìïëåêñà Ðîññèè ÑÑÑÐ. 1901–
1963 ãã.», âûõîäÿùèå â ñâåò ïîä ãðèôîì Ðîññèéñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî àðõèâà ýêî* Ó Êîíäðàøèí Ì.Â., 2015
Êîíäðàøèí Ìàêñèì Âèêòîðîâè÷ (kondrashin.mv@gmail.com), êàôåäðà èñòîðèè Ðîññèè,
êðàåâåäåíèÿ è ìåòîäèêè ïðåïîäàâàíèÿ èñòîðèè, Ïåíçåíñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé óíèâåðñèòåò, 440026, ã. Ïåíçà, óë. Êðàñíàÿ, 40.
128
Ì.Â. Êîíäðàøèí
íîìèêè. Âòîðîé è òðåòèé òîìà ýòîé ñåðèè ïîñâÿùåíû ñòðîèòåëüñòâó âîåííûõ çàâîäîâ
è âîåííî-ïðîìûøëåííîé ïîëèòèêè â ÑÑÑÐ íàêàíóíå è â ãîäû ïåðâûõ ïÿòèëåòîê.
 íèõ îïóáëèêîâàíû ðàíåå ñåêðåòíûå äîêóìåíòû ó÷ðåæäåíèé, îñóùåñòâëÿâøèõ ðóêîâîäñòâî îáîðîííîé ïðîìûøëåííîñòüþ â ðàññìàòðèâàåìûé ïåðèîä (ÑÍÊ, ÑÒÎ, Êîìèòåò Îáîðîíû, ñåêðåòàðèàòû È.Â. Ñòàëèíà, Â.Ì. Ìîëîòîâà, Ã.Ê. Îðäæîíèêèäçå,
íàðêîìàòû òÿæåëîé, îáîðîííîé ïðîìûøëåííîñòè è ò. ä.). Îíè óáåäèòåëüíî ñâèäåòåëüñòâóþò î ïðèîðèòåòå èíòåðåñîâ îáîðîíû â ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé ïîëèòèêå ñòàëèíèçìà â
ïðåäâîåííûå äåñÿòèëåòèÿ [12, 14].
Íà ýòó òåìó, íà íàø âçãëÿä, çàñëóæèâàþò ñàìîé âûñîêîé îöåíêè è âíèìàíèÿ
øèðîêîé îáùåñòâåííîñòè ïóáëèêàöèè òàêèõ ñîâðåìåííûõ ðîññèéñêèõ èññëåäîâàòåëåé, êàê Ì.Þ. Ìóõèíà [8], À.Ê. Ñîêîëîâà [13], À.Ì. Ìàðêåâè÷à [6], È.Â. Áûñòðîâîé
[2], Í.Ñ. Ñèìîíîâà [11], À.Ñ. Ñòåïàíîâà [15] è äð.
 íèõ íà íîâîì è äîñòîâåðíîì àðõèâíîì ìàòåðèàëå ðàññìîòðåíû âîïðîñû ðàçðàáîòêè è ðåàëèçàöèè ñòàëèíñêèì ðóêîâîäñòâîì ïðîãðàììû óñêîðåííîé âîåííîé ìîäåðíèçàöèè ñòðàíû: ýâîëþöèÿ ñèñòåìû óïðàâëåíèÿ ñîâåòñêîé âîåííîé ïðîìûøëåííîñòüþ, ìåõàíèçì ïëàíèðîâàíèÿ âîåííîãî ïðîèçâîäñòâà, ôèíàíñîâî-ýêîíîìè÷åñêîå
îáåñïå÷åíèå âîåííîãî ñòðîèòåëüñòâà è ò. ä. Àâòîðû ïîêàçûâàþò âñå ñòîðîíû ýòîãî
ïðîöåññà, â òîì ÷èñëå íåãàòèâíûå äëÿ ñîâåòñêîé îáîðîííîé ïðîìûøëåííîñòè, ñâÿçàííûå ñ ïîñëåäñòâèÿìè ñòàëèíñêîé ïîëèòèêè òåððîðà è ðåïðåññèé â 1930-å ãã. («áîðüáà
ñ âðåäèòåëüñòâîì», «âðàãàìè íàðîäà» è ò. ä.) [13, ñ. 156–157]. Íî ïðè ýòîì âñå îíè
åäèíîäóøíû âî ìíåíèè î óñïåøíîé ðàáîòå, ïðîäåëàííîé ñòàëèíñêèì ðóêîâîäñòâîì
ÑÑÑÐ â ãîäû ïåðâûõ ïÿòèëåòîê â äåëå ïîäãîòîâêè ñòðàíû ê âîéíå.
Òåì ñàìûì, íà íàø âçãëÿä, äàííûå àâòîðû ïîäâîäÿò ÷èòàòåëÿ è ñïåöèàëèñòîâ ê
âûâîäó, ÷òî, íåñìîòðÿ íà âñå èçäåðæêè ïðîâîäèìîé âíóòðåííåé è âíåøíåé ïîëèòèêè,
ðóêîâîäñòâîì ÑÑÑÐ áûëà äîñòèãíóòà ãëàâíàÿ öåëü – ñîçäàíèå ìàòåðèàëüíîé îñíîâû
Ïîáåäû â âèäå ìîùíîé è ýôôåêòèâíîé âîåííî-ìîáèëèçàöèîííîé ýêîíîìèêè. Áåç
íåå ïîáåäà ÑÑÑÐ â Âåëèêîé Îòå÷åñòâåííîé âîéíå áûëà áû íåâîçìîæíà.
Ýòîò âûâîä íå ïðåòåíäóåò íà íàó÷íóþ íîâèçíó, ïîñêîëüêó áûë óæå àêñèîìîé â
ïðåäøåñòâóþùåé îòå÷åñòâåííîé èñòîðèîãðàôèè. Íî îí âàæåí, ïîñêîëüêó ïîëó÷åí â
êîíòåêñòå äèñêóññèè î «öåíå Ïîáåäû» è âîçìîæíûõ àëüòåðíàòèâàõ ñòàëèíñêîé ôîðñèðîâàííîé èíäóñòðèàëèçàöèè çà ñ÷åò æåñòî÷àéøåé ýêñïëóàòàöèè êðåñòüÿíñòâà è âñåãî
ñîâåòñêîãî íàðîäà. Â ýòîì æå ðÿäó è äèñêóññèÿ ïî âîïðîñó î ðåàëüíîñòè âîåííîé
óãðîçû ÑÑÑÐ â íà÷àëüíûé ïåðèîä ñòàëèíñêîé èíäóñòðèàëèçàöèè.
Íà íàø âçãëÿä, â ýòîì è çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ öåííîñòü âûøåíàçâàííûõ äîêóìåíòàëüíûõ
èçäàíèé è òðóäîâ ðîññèéñêèõ èñòîðèêîâ â äåòàëüíîì àíàëèçå òåõíè÷åñêèõ âîïðîñîâ
âîåííîé ïîëèòèêè ÑÑÑÐ â ðàññìàòðèâàåìûé ïåðèîä è ñìåíå àêöåíòà ïðè àíàëèçå
èñòî÷íèêîâ òàê íàçûâàåìîé «âîåííîé óãðîçû».
Íàïðèìåð, À.Ê. Ñîêîëîâ è äðóãèå èññëåäîâàòåëè, çàíèìàâøèåñÿ èçó÷åíèåì âîåííî-ìîáèëèçàöèîííîãî ïëàíèðîâàíèÿ ÑÑÑÐ â ïðåäâîåííîå äåñÿòèëåòèå, äîêàçàëè, ÷òî
âñå âîåííûå ïëàíû «èìåëè îáîðîíèòåëüíûé õàðàêòåð», òî åñòü ÑÑÑÐ â ýòîò ïåðèîä
ãîòîâèëñÿ ê îáîðîíå, à íå ê íàïàäåíèþ [13, ñ. 140]. Êðîìå òîãî, ïî èõ ìíåíèþ,
ôàêòîðîì «âîåííîé óãðîçû» áûëî ÷åòêîå ïîíèìàíèå âîåííûì ðóêîâîäñòâîì ÑÑÑÐ
òåõíè÷åñêîé è îðãàíèçàöèîííîé ñëàáîñòè Êðàñíîé àðìèè ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ àðìèÿìè
âåäóùèõ çàïàäíûõ ñòðàí, êîòîðûå àêòèâíî ïåðåîñíàùàëèñü â äàííûé ïåðèîä. Ïîýòîìó ïðåîäîëåíèå ýòîé îòñòàëîñòè íå áûëî ïðèõîòüþ Ñòàëèíà. Òðåáîâàëèñü äåéñòâèòåëüíî ýêñòðåííûå ìåðû, â òîì ÷èñëå è ñïëîøíàÿ êîëëåêòèâèçàöèÿ, êàê ãàðàíòèÿ
áåñïåðåáîéíîãî ñíàáæåíèÿ àðìèè ïðîäîâîëüñòâèåì è ðåñóðñàìè â ñëó÷àå âîéíû [13,
ñ. 151–152].
 ñâÿçè ñ âîïðîñîì î «âîåííîé óãðîçå» ÑÑÑÐ â 1930-å ãã., íà íàø âçãëÿä, ïðåäñòàâëÿåò èíòåðåñ ìîíîãðàôèÿ îäíîãî èç âåäóùèõ ñïåöèàëèñòîâ ïî èñòîðèè ñîâåòñêèõ
Ñîâðåìåííàÿ ðîññèéñêàÿ è çàðóáåæíàÿ èñòîðèîãðàôèÿ î ïîäãîòîâêå
ñîâåòñêîé ýêîíîìèêè ê Âåëèêîé Îòå÷åñòâåííîé âîéíå
129
ñïåöñëóæá Î.Á. Ìîçîõèíà «Ïðîòèâîáîðñòâî (Ñïåöñëóæáû ÑÑÑÐ è ßïîíèè (1918–
1945)» [7]. Èç îïóáëèêîâàííûõ â íåé ñòåíîãðàìì äîïðîñîâ çàõâà÷åííûõ â ïëåí ãåíåðàëîâ Êâàíòóíñêîé àðìèè ÿñíî âèäíî, ÷òî óæå â íà÷àëå 1930-õ ãã. ßïîíèÿ âñåðüåç
ãîòîâèëàñü ê íàïàäåíèþ íà ÑÑÑÐ, ïîýòîìó îïàñåíèÿ ñòàëèíñêîãî ðóêîâîäñòâà íà
ýòîò ñ÷åò áûëè íåáåñïî÷âåííûìè [8, ñ. 349–449].
Êàê ïîêàçàë àíàëèç èçó÷åííûõ íàìè ïóáëèêàöèé çàðóáåæíûõ èññëåäîâàòåëåé íà
óêàçàííóþ òåìó, ñðåäè íèõ íåìàëî òàêèõ, êòî ðàçäåëÿåò âûøåíàçâàííóþ òî÷êó çðåíèÿ
ðîññèéñêèõ ó÷åíûõ î ïîäãîòîâêå ÑÑÑÐ ê âîéíå â ãîäû ïåðâûõ ïÿòèëåòîê. Íàïðèìåð,
â òðóäàõ ÿïîíñêîãî èññëåäîâàòåëÿ Êèîñóêý Òýðàÿìû íå îòðèöàåòñÿ ôàêò àêòèâíîé
ïîäãîòîâêè ßïîíèè ê íàïàäåíèþ íà ÑÑÑÐ â 1930-å ãã. Åå ïåðâûì àêòîì ñòàë òàê
íàçûâàåìûé «ìàíü÷æóðñêèé èíöèäåíò» 1931 ã. [16].
Êðóïíåéøèé àíãëèéñêèé èññëåäîâàòåëü ñîâåòñêîé èñòîðèè Ð. Äýâèñ, ãëóáîêî è
âñåñòîðîííå èçó÷èâøèé ýêîíîìè÷åñêîå ðàçâèòèå ÑÑÑÐ â ãîäû ïåðâûõ ïÿòèëåòîê,
òàêæå ïðèçíàë ôàêò ñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ ðåàëüíîé âîåííîé óãðîçû ÑÑÑÐ íà ðóáåæå
1920-õ–1930-õ ãã. ñî ñòîðîíû ßïîíèè. Èìåííî â ýòîò ïåðèîä, à íå ïîñëå ïðèõîäà ê
âëàñòè â Ãåðìàíèè íàöèñòîâ, êàê òðàäèöèîííî ñ÷èòàëîñü â èñòîðèîãðàôèè, â Ñîâåòñêîì Ñîþçå ïðîèñõîäèò ðåøàþùèé ïîâîðîò â ñòîðîíó óâåëè÷åíèÿ ðàñõîäîâ íà îáîðîíó [5, ñ. 327].
 ñâîèõ ïóáëèêàöèÿõ Äýâèñ çàòðîíóë ïðîáëåìó ñîâåòñêîãî âîåííîãî ïëàíèðîâàíèÿ
íàêàíóíå Âòîðîé ìèðîâîé âîéíû.  1930-å ãã. áûëè ðàçðàáîòàíû ñåêðåòíûå ìîáèëèçàöèîííûå ïëàíû â êàæäîé çíà÷èòåëüíîé ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé åäèíèöå, ïðåäóñìàòðèâàâøèå ìåõàíèçì ïåðåêëþ÷åíèÿ ïðåäïðèÿòèÿ ñ âûïóñêà ãðàæäàíñêîé íà âûïóñê âîåííîé
ïðîäóêöèè â ïåðâûé ãîä âîéíû. Îí óêàçûâàåò íà èõ íåñîâåðøåíñòâî, ÷òî îíè íèêîãäà íå áûëè ïîëíîñòüþ âûïîëíåíû è ò. ä.  òî æå âðåìÿ èñòîðèê çàêëþ÷àåò, ÷òî
«ãðàæäàíñêàÿ ïðîìûøëåííîñòü â ÑÑÑÐ áûëà ïîäãîòîâëåíà ê âîéíå çíà÷èòåëüíî ëó÷øå, ÷åì â äðóãèõ ñòðàíàõ ñîþçíèêàõ» [5, ñ. 328].
Èñòîðèê ÑØÀ Â.Ç. Ãîëäìàí, èçó÷èâøàÿ ïðîáëåìó ó÷àñòèÿ æåíùèí â ñîâåòñêîé
èíäóñòðèàëèçàöèè 1930-å ãã., ïðèøëà ê âûâîäó, ÷òî èíäóñòðèàëèçàöèÿ «äàëà ïðèìåð
òàêîé ìîäåëè ðàçâèòèÿ, êîòîðàÿ ïðîäîëæàåò âîñõèùàòü ðàáî÷èõ, ïðîôñîþçíûõ äåÿòåëåé è ôåìèíèñòîê âî âñåì ìèðå. Îíà çàëîæèëà îñíîâó îãðîìíûõ äîñòèæåíèé, âêëþ÷àÿ óêðåïëåíèå Ñîâåòñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâà, êîòîðîå ñòàëî êîíêóðåíòîñïîñîáíûì íà ìåæäóíàðîäíîé àðåíå; ïîáåäó íàä ìîùíîé, õîðîøî îñíàùåííîé ôàøèñòñêîé àðìèåé» [4,
ñ. 352–353].
Î òîì, ÷òî äëÿ ÑÑÑÐ ãëàâíîé öåëüþ ðàçâèòèÿ âîåííî-ïðîìûøëåííîãî êîìïëåêñà
â ãîäû ïåðâûõ ïÿòèëåòîê áûëà îáîðîíà, à íå ïîäãîòîâêà ê íàïàäåíèþ, «ìèðîâîé
ðåâîëþöèè» è ò. ï., ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò â ñâîèõ ïóáëèêàöèÿõ åùå îäèí êðóïíûé çàïàäíûé ñïåöèàëèñò ïî ñîâåòñêîé èñòîðèè – øâåäñêèé èñòîðèê Ë. Ñàìóýëüñîí.  ãëàâíîì ñâîåì òðóäå – êíèãå, ïîñâÿùåííîé ×åëÿáèíñêîìó òðàêòîðíîìó çàâîäó è íàëàæèâàíèþ íà íåì ïðîèçâîäñòâà òàíêîâ («Òàíêîãðàä: ñåêðåòû ðóññêîãî òûëà, 1917–1953»),
îí îïðîâåðãàåò ðàñïðîñòðàíåííóþ â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ â èñòîðèîãðàôèè òî÷êó çðåíèÿ î
ãîòîâíîñòè ÑÑÑÐ ïåðâûì íàïàñòü íà ôàøèñòñêóþ Ãåðìàíèþ ëåòîì 1941 ã. Èçó÷èâ
ðåàëüíîå ñîñòîÿíèå òàíêîâîé ïðîìûøëåííîñòè è äðóãèõ îòðàñëåé âîåííîé ýêîíîìèêè â ðàññìàòðèâàåìûé ïåðèîä, Ñàìóýëüñîí ïðèøåë ê âûâîäó, ÷òî òàêîå íàïàäåíèå
áûëî òåõíè÷åñêè íå ïîäãîòîâëåíî è ïîýòîìó íåâîçìîæíî. À êàêîì íàïàäåíèè ìîãëà
èäòè ðå÷ü, åñëè â ýòî âðåìÿ â ÑÑÑÐ òîëüêî íà÷àëîñü îñóùåñòâëåíèå áîëüøîé ïðîãðàììû ïî òåõíè÷åñêîìó ïåðåîñíàùåíèþ è îðãàíèçàöèîííîé ïåðåñòðîéêå Êðàñíîé
àðìèè ïîä âëèÿíèåì íåóäà÷ Ñîâåòñêî-ôèíñêîé âîéíû 1939–1940 ãã. [10, ñ. 71–180]?
Àðõèâíûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ Ñàìóýëüñîíà ïîçâîëÿþò åìó ïðèéòè ê çàêëþ÷åíèþ, ÷òî
ïîäãîòîâêà ÑÑÑÐ ê ïåðåõîäó íà âîåííîå ïîëîæåíèå áûëà îòëè÷íî îðãàíèçîâàíà [10,
ñ. 173].
130
Ì.Â. Êîíäðàøèí
 ñîâðåìåííîé çàðóáåæíîé èñòîðèîãðàôèè ñóùåñòâóþò äèàìåòðàëüíûå îöåíêè ðåçóëüòàòîâ ïðåäïðèíÿòûõ ñòàëèíñêèì ðóêîâîäñòâîì äåéñòâèé ïî ïîäãîòîâêå ñòðàíû ê
âîéíå. Ïðè ýòîì íàèáîëüøèé èíòåðåñ, íà íàø âçãëÿä, ïðåäñòàâëÿåò äèñêóññèÿ íà
òåìó «àëüòåðíàòèâ» ñòàëèíñêîé ôîðñèðîâàííîé èíäóñòðèàëèçàöèè.
Òàê, íàïðèìåð, ïðîôåññîð Îêñôîðäñêîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà Ð.Ñ. Àëëåí äàë ñîâåðøåííî
íå òðàäèöèîííóþ èíòåðïðåòàöèþ ñîäåðæàíèÿ è ðåçóëüòàòîâ ñîâåòñêîé èíäóñòðèàëèçàöèè. Ïðîàíàëèçèðîâàâ õîä ðåàëèçàöèè ïåðâûõ òðåõ ïÿòèëåòîê, îí çàêëþ÷èë, ÷òî
ýêîíîìèêà Ñîâåòñêîãî Ñîþçà ñòàëà îäíîé èç íàèáîëåå óñïåøíûõ ðàçâèâàþùèõñÿ
ñèñòåì ÕÕ âåêà. Â ñâîåé ìîíîãðàôèè «Îò ôåðìû ê ôàáðèêå: íîâàÿ èíòåðïðåòàöèÿ
ñîâåòñêîé ïðîìûøëåííîé ðåâîëþöèè», îñíîâûâàÿñü íà äàííûõ îôèöèàëüíîé ñîâåòñêîé ñòàòèñòèêè âòîðîé ïîëîâèíû 1920-õ ãã., ïðèìåíèâ ñëîæíûå ìàòåìàòè÷åñêèå ôîðìóëû, îí ñìîäåëèðîâàë âîçìîæíûå ýêîíîìè÷åñêèå ïîêàçàòåëè ñîñòîÿíèÿ ýêîíîìèêè
ÑÑÑÐ ê íà÷àëó Âòîðîé ìèðîâîé âîéíû áåç êîëëåêòèâèçàöèè è ïðèøåë ê âûâîäó, ÷òî
«ðàçâèòèå ýêîíîìèêè ïî ïóòè «ìèðíîé êîëëåêòèâèçàöèè» ëèøü íåìíîãèì ïðåâîñõîäèò âîçìîæíîñòè íýïà è ìåíåå ýôôåêòèâíî, ÷åì ïðèíóäèòåëüíàÿ êîëëåêòèâèçàöèÿ»
[1, ñ. 245].  çàêëþ÷åíèè îí äåëàåò ãëàâíûé âûâîä: «Êîëëåêòèâèçàöèÿ ñòàëà òîë÷êîì
ê óñêîðåíèþ èíäóñòðèàëèçàöèè èìåííî ïîòîìó, ÷òî ñïðîâîöèðîâàëà êàòàñòðîôó â
àãðàðíîì ñåêòîðå, à âîâñå íå âîïðåêè ýòîìó» [1, ñ. 245]. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ïî ìíåíèþ
Ð.Ñ. Àëëåíà, ñ òî÷êè çðåíèÿ ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ ðåçóëüòàòîâ ñòàëèíñêèé âàðèàíò ñîçäàíèÿ
âîåííî-ìîáèëèçàöèîííîé ýêîíîìèêè áûë áîëåå óñïåøíûì, ÷åì ãèïîòåòè÷åñêèé àëüòåðíàòèâíûé âàðèàíò ðàçâèòèÿ ýêîíîìèêè ÑÑÑÐ ïî ïóòè ÍÝÏà.
Ê ïðîòèâîïîëîæíîìó ðåçóëüòàòó ïðèøåë äðóãîé èçâåñòíûé èññëåäîâàòåëü ñîâåòñêîé ýêîíîìèêè, àìåðèêàíñêèé ó÷åíûé, ïðîôåññîð Õàâåðôîðäñêîãî êîëëåäæà (ÑØÀ)
Ã. Õàíòåð. Â 1992 ã. ñîâìåñòíî ñî ñâîèì êîëëåãîé ß. Øèðìåðîì îí èçäàë êíèãó ïîä
õàðàêòåðíûì íàçâàíèåì «Íåãîäíûå îñíîâû: ñîâåòñêàÿ ýêîíîìè÷åñêàÿ ïîëèòèêà â 1928–
1940 ãã.» [17]. Â íåé îí ïðîàíàëèçèðîâàë àëüòåðíàòèâíûé âàðèàíò ðàçâèòèÿ ñåëüñêîãî
õîçÿéñòâà ÑÑÑÐ áåç êîëëåêòèâèçàöèè. Îïèðàÿñü íà ñòàòèñòè÷åñêèå äàííûå ðàçâèòèÿ
àãðàðíîé ýêîíîìèêè â ïåðèîä ÍÝÏà, Ã. Õàíòåð ñ ïîìîùüþ ìàòåìàòè÷åñêîé ôîðìóëû
ñìîäåëèðîâàë âîçìîæíîå åå ðàçâèòèå â 1930-å ãã. è ïîêàçàë, êàêîâû áûëè áû ðàçìåðû
óðîæàåâ çåðíîâûõ â ÑÑÑÐ, ÷èñëåííîñòü ðàáî÷åãî è ïðîäóêòèâíîãî ñêîòà, ñåëüñêîãî
íàñåëåíèÿ ñòðàíû. Îíè áûëè áû çíà÷èòåëüíî âûøå, ÷åì ðåàëüíûå. Ïîýòîìó àâòîð
çàêëþ÷àåò: «Êîëëåêòèâèçàöèÿ íå òîëüêî ïîäîðâàëà ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûå ïîñòàâêè
äëÿ íóæä íåñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííîãî ïîòðåáëåíèÿ, íî åùå è îáóñëîâèëà êðàéíþþ íåîáõîäèìîñòü èíäóñòðèàëüíûõ ðåñóðñîâ äëÿ ñåëüñêîãî õîçÿéñòâà â âèäå òðàêòîðîâ,
ãðóçîâèêîâ è êîìáàéíîâ, ÷òî äîëæíî áûëî âîçìåñòèòü ïîòåðè ðàáî÷åãî ñòàäà. Ýòî
ñîêðàùàëî âîçìîæíîñòè èñêîìîãî ïàðòèåé èíäóñòðèàëüíîãî ðîñòà» [17, ñ. 67].
Êàê âèäíî èç èçó÷åííîé íàìè ëèòåðàòóðû, â ñîâðåìåííîé çàðóáåæíîé èñòîðèîãðàôèè áîëüøèíñòâî èññëåäîâàòåëåé, çàíèìàÿ ðåçêî êðèòè÷åñêóþ ïîçèöèþ ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê ñòàëèíèçìó, ïîääåðæèâàþò âûâîäû Õàíòåðà. Íàïðèìåð, èõ ðàçäåëÿåò àâòîðèòåòíûé èññëåäîâàòåëü àãðàðíîé èñòîðèè Ðîññèè àíãëèéñêèé ñîöèîëîã Ò. Øàíèí. Åãî
ðàññóæäåíèÿ íà ýòó òåìó ÿâëÿþòñÿ ñâîåîáðàçíîé êâèíòýññåíöèåé «àëüòåðíàòèâíîãî»
âçãëÿäà íà ñîâåòñêóþ èíäóñòðèàëüíóþ ìîäåðíèçàöèþ: «Åñëè áû ñîâåòñêàÿ ýêîíîìèêà
ðàçâèâàëàñü â 30-å ãîäû òàê, êàê ïðåäëàãàëè ëó÷øèå àíàëèòèêè è ïëàíîâèêè, ñòðàíà,
ïî ìîåìó óáåæäåíèþ, ïðèøëà áû ê 1940 ã. ñ íåñêîëüêî ìåíüøèì êîëè÷åñòâîì ôàáðèê, íî îíè áûëè áû ãîðàçäî áîëåå ýôôåêòèâíûìè è ñ áîëåå âûñîêèì, ÷åì äîñòèãíóòûé, óðîâíåì ïðîèçâîäñòâà. Ñåëüñêîå õîçÿéñòâî ê 1940 ã. áûëî áû ïðîäóêòèâíåå íå
ìåíåå ÷åì íà òðåòü, ñàìûå ëó÷øèå êîìàíäèðû îñòàëèñü æèâû, ïàðòèéíûå êàäðû
ñîõðàíèëèñü â öåëîñòè, îêîëî 5 ìëí ÷åëîâåê ìîãëè áû ïîïîëíèòü ðÿäû àðìèè. Íå
ñëåäóåò ëè ïðèçíàòü, ÷òî ýòî áûë áû ëó÷øèé ïóòü èíäóñòðèàëèçàöèè (åñëè áû åìó
Ñîâðåìåííàÿ ðîññèéñêàÿ è çàðóáåæíàÿ èñòîðèîãðàôèÿ î ïîäãîòîâêå
ñîâåòñêîé ýêîíîìèêè ê Âåëèêîé Îòå÷åñòâåííîé âîéíå
131
ïîñëåäîâàëè, ãèòëåðîâñêèå àðìèè áûëè áû îñòàíîâëåíû íå íà îêðàèíàõ Ìîñêâû, íî ó
Ñìîëåíñêà)» [3]?
Èçëîæåííûé â ñòàòüå ìàòåðèàë, íà íàø âçãëÿä, ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò î çíà÷èòåëüíîì
èíòåðåñå ñîâðåìåííûõ ðîññèéñêèõ è çàðóáåæíûõ èñòîðèêîâ ê ðàññìàòðèâàåìîé ïðîáëåìå. È ýòî âïîëíå çàêîíîìåðíî. Ôåíîìåí ðåøàþùåãî âêëàäà ÑÑÑÐ â ïîáåäó íàä
ôàøèçìîì áóäåò âñåãäà ïðèâëåêàòü âíèìàíèå èññëåäîâàòåëåé.
Áèáëèîãðàôè÷åñêèé ñïèñîê
1. Àëëåí Ð.Ñ. Îò ôåðìû ê ôàáðèêå: íîâàÿ èíòåðïðåòàöèÿ ñîâåòñêîé ïðîìûøëåííîé
ðåâîëþöèè / ïåð. ñ àíãë. Å. Âîëîäèíîé. Ì.: Ðîññèéñêàÿ ÐÎÑÑÏÝÍ, 2013. 390 ñ.
2. Áûñòðîâà È.Â. Âîåííî-ïðîìûøëåííûé êîìïëåêñ ÑÑÑÐ â 1920-å–1980-å ãã.: ýêîíîìè÷åñêèå àñïåêòû ðàçâèòèÿ // Ýêîíîìè÷åñêàÿ èñòîðèÿ: Åæåãîäíèê. 2003. Ì.: ÐÎÑÑÏÝÍ, 2004.
Ñ. 234–248.
3. Âåëèêèé íåçíàêîìåö. Êðåñòüÿíå è ôåðìåðû â ñîâðåìåííîì ìèðå. Ì., 1992. Ñ. 16–17.
4. Ãîëäìàí Â.Ç. Æåíùèíû ó ïðîõîäíîé. Ãåíäåðíûå îòíîøåíèÿ â ñîâåòñêîé èíäóñòðèè
(1917–1937) / ïåð. ñ àíãë. Â.Þ. Ëîáîâñêîé. Ì.: ÐÎÑÑÏÝÍ; Ôîíä «Ïðåçèäåíòñêèé öåíòð
Á.Í. Åëüöèíà», 2010. 358 ñ.
5. Äýâèñ Ð.Â. Àðõèâû è ýêîíîìèêà ñòàëèíèçìà // Ýêîíîìè÷åñêàÿ èñòîðèÿ: Åæåãîäíèê.
2007. Ì.: ÐÎÑÑÏÝÍ, 2008. Ñ. 323–339.
6. Ìàðêåâè÷ À.Ì. Íóæäû îáîðîíû è ïëàíèðîâàíèå âîåííîé ïðîìûøëåííîñòè ÑÑÑÐ â
êîíöå 1920-õ–1930-å ãã. // Ýêîíîìè÷åñêàÿ èñòîðèÿ: Åæåãîäíèê. 2007. Ì.: ÐÎÑÑÏÝÍ, 2008.
Ñ. 441–485.
7. Ìîçîõèí Î.Á. Ïðîòèâîáîðñòâî. Ñïåöñëóæáû ÑÑÑÐ è ßïîíèè (1918–1945). Ì.: ÎÎÎ
«Ðîäèíà-ìåäèà», 2012. 480 ñ.
8. Ìóõèí Ì.È. Ýâîëþöèÿ ñèñòåìû óïðàâëåíèÿ ñîâåòñêîé îáîðîííîé ïðîìûøëåííîñòüþ â
1921–1941 ãîäàõ è ñìåíà ïðèîðèòåòîâ îáîðîíêè // Îòå÷åñòâåííàÿ èñòîðèÿ. 2000. ¹ 3. Ñ. 3–15;
9. Ìóõèí Ì.È. Ðåôîðìû óïðàâëåíèÿ âîåííîé ïðîìûøëåííîñòüþ ÑÑÑÐ è òåìïû ðîñòà
ïðîèçâîäñòâà â 1936–1841 ãã. // Ýêîíîìè÷åñêàÿ èñòîðèÿ: Åæåãîäíèê. 2004. Ì.: ÐÎÑÑÏÝÍ,
2004. Ñ. 141–159.
10. Ñàìóýëüñîí Ë. Òàíêîãðàä: ñåêðåòû ðóññêîãî òûëà, 1917–1953 / ïåðåâ. ñ øâåä.
Í.Â. Äîëãîâîé. Ì.: ÐÎÑÑÏÝÍ; Ôîíä «Ïðåçèäåíòñêèé öåíòð Á.Í. Åëüöèíà», 2010. 375 ñ.
11. Ñèìîíîâ Í.Ñ. Âîåííî-ïðîìûøëåííûé êîìïëåêñ ÑÑÑÐ 1920–1950-å ãã.: òåìïû ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî ðîñòà, ñòðóêòóðà, îðãàíèçàöèÿ ïðîèçâîäñòâà è óïðàâëåíèå. Ì., 1996. 336 ñ.
12. Ñîâåòñêîå âîåííî-ïðîìûøëåííîå ïðîèçâîäñòâî (1918–1926 ãã.): ñá. äîêóìåíòîâ / ïîä
ðåä. Â.À. Çîëîòàðåâà; îòâ. ñîñò. Ò.Â. Ñîðîêèíà. Ì.: Íîâûé õðîíîãðàô, 2005. Ò. 2. 765 ñ.
13. Ñîêîëîâ À.Ê. «Âîåíèçàöèÿ» ïåðâîé ïÿòèëåòêè (ñîâåòñêàÿ âîåííàÿ ïðîìûøëåííîñòü
â 1927–1932 ãã.) // Òðóäû Èíñòèòóòà ðîññèéñêîé èñòîðèè. Ì.: Íàóêà, 2008. Âûï. 7. Ñ. 122–200.
14. Ñòàíîâëåíèå îáîðîííî-ïðîìûøëåííîãî êîìïëåêñà ÑÑÑÐ (1927–1937): ñá. äîêóìåíòîâ. Ò. 3. ×. 1 (1927–1932) / ïîä ðåä. À.À. Êîëüòþêîâà; îòâ. ñîñò. Ò.Â. Ñîðîêèíà. Ì.: ÒÅÐÐÀÊíèæíûé êëóá, 2008. 912 ñ.; Ò. 3. ×. 2 (1933–1937). Ì.: ÎÎÎ «Èçäàòåëüñòâî ÒÅÐÐÀ», 2011.
944 ñ.
15. Ñòåïàíîâ À.Ñ. Âîåííûå ïëàíû è îáîðîííàÿ ïðîìûøëåííîñòü ÑÑÑÐ íàêàíóíå è â
íà÷àëå Âòîðîé ìèðîâîé âîéíû: áðèòàíñêèé ôàêòîð // Îòå÷åñòâåííàÿ èñòîðèÿ. 2006. ¹ 3.
Ñ. 33–40.
16. Òýðàÿìà Êèîñóêý. Ñîâåòñêàÿ ìîáèëèçàöèîííàÿ ïîëèòèêà íà Äàëüíåì Âîñòîêå â íà÷àëå 1930-õ ãã. // Óðàë è Ñèáèðü â ñòàëèíñêîé ïîëèòèêå: ñá. ñòàòåé. Íîâîñèáèðñê, 2002.
Ñ. 98–125.
17. Hunter H., Szyrmer J. Faulty Foundations: Soviet Economic Policies, 1928–1940. Princeton,
N.J: Princeton University Press, 1992. Chaps. 13–14.
132
Ì.Â. Êîíäðàøèí
References
1. Allen R.S. From farm to factory: new interpretation of the Soviet industrial revolution /
translated from eng. by E. Volodina. M., ROSSPEN, 2013, p. 390 [in Russian].
2. Bystrova I.V. Military-industrial complex of the USSR in the 1920s–1980s: economic aspects
of development. Ekonomicheskaia istoriia: Ezhegodnik. 2003 [Economic history: Yearbook. 2003].
M., ROSSPEN, 2004, pp. 234– 248 [in Russian].
3. The great unknown. Peasants and farmers in the modern world. M., 1992, pp. 16–17 [in
Russian].
4. Goldman V.Z. Women at the entrance. Gender relations in the Soviet industry (1917–1937)
in Wendy Z. Goldman, translated from English by V.Yu. Lobovsky. M., ROSSPEN; Fond
«Prezidentskii tsentr B.N. El’tsina», 2010, 358 p. [in Russian].
5. Davis R.V. Archives and economy of Stalinism. Ekonomicheskaia istoriia: Ezhegodnik. 2007
[Economic history: Yearbook. 2007]. M., ROSSPEN, 2008, pp. 323–339 [in Russian].
6. Markiewicz A.M. Needs of the defence and military planning industry of the USSR in the
late 1920–1930-ies. Ekonomicheskaia istoriia: Ezhegodnik. 2007 [Economic history: Yearbook. 2007].
M., ROSSPEN, 2008, 2008, pp. 441–485 [in Russian].
7. Mozokhin O.B. Confrontation. Special services of the USSR and Japan (1918–1945). M.,
OOO «Rodina-media», 2012, 480 p. [in Russian].
8. Mukhin M.I. Evolution of the control system of the Soviet defense industry in 1921 – 1941
and change of priorities of the defense. Otechestvennaia istoriia [Russian history], 2000, no 3,
pp. 3–15 [in Russian].
9. Mukhin M.I. Reforms of management by military industry of the USSR and the growth rate
of production in 1936–1841. Ekonomicheskaia istoriia: Ezhegodnik. 2004 [Economic history:
Yearbook. 2004]. M., ROSSPEN, 2004, pp. 141–159 [in Russian].
10. Samuelson L. Tankograd: secrets of the Russian rear area, 1917–1953. Transl. from Sweden
by N.V. Dolgova. M., ROSSPEN; Fond «Prezidentskii tsentr B.N. El’tsina», 2010, 375 p. [in
Russian].
11. Simonov N.S. Military-industrial complex of the USSR of the 1920–1950-ies: the rate of
economic growth, structure, organization of production and management. M., 1996, 336 p. [in
Russian].
12. Soviet military-industrial production (1918–1926): the collection of documents /
V.A. Zolotarev (Ed.). M., Novyi khronograf, 2005. Vol. 2. 765 p. [in Russian].
13. Sokolov A.K. “Militarization” of the first five years (Soviet military industry in 1927–1932).
Trudy Instituta rossiiskoi istorii [Proceedings of the Institute of Russian History]. Issue 7. M.,
Nauka, 2008, pp. 122–200 [in Russian].
14. The formation of the military-industrial complex of the USSR (1927–1937): Collection of
documents. Vol. 3. Part 1 (1927–1932) / A.A. Koltunov (Ed.). M., TERRA-Knizhnyi klub, 2008,
912 p. [in Russian]; Vol. 3. Part 2 (1933–1937). M., OOO «Izdatel’stvo TERRA», 2011, 944 p. [in
Russian].
15. Stepanov A.S. Military plans and defense industry of the USSR on the eve and at the
beginning of the Second World War: British factor. Otechestvennaia istoriia [Russian history],
2006, no. 3, pp. 33–40 [in Russian].
16. Tarama Kyosuke. Soviet mobilization policy on the Far East in the early 1930-ies. Ural i
Sibir’ v stalinskoi politike (sbornik statei) [The Urals and Siberia during Stalin’s policy: collection
of articles]. Novosibirsk, 2002. P. 98–125 [in Russian].
17. Hunter H., Szyrmer J. Faulty Foundations: Soviet Economic Policies, 1928–1940. Princeton,
N.J, Princeton University Press, 1992, Chaps. 13–14.
Ñîâðåìåííàÿ ðîññèéñêàÿ è çàðóáåæíàÿ èñòîðèîãðàôèÿ î ïîäãîòîâêå
ñîâåòñêîé ýêîíîìèêè ê Âåëèêîé Îòå÷åñòâåííîé âîéíå
133
M.V. Kondrashin*
MODERN RUSSIAN AND FOREIGN HISTORIOGRAPHY
IN THE PREPARATION OF SOVIET ECONOMY
TO THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR
The article analyzes the results of a study of the problem of
preparing the economy of the USSR to the Great Patriotic War of
modern Russian and foreign historians (the USA, England, Japan).
In the spotlight are their publications that covers the most important
and controversial aspects of the problem: the results of
industrialization from the perspective of readiness of the USSR to
war, alternative approaches to the Stalinist version of the forced
industrialization etc. On the basis of this analysis, it is concluded
that the relevance of the problem, the need for further examination
of both Russian and foreign scientists.
Key words: history of the Soviet economy, Great Patriotic war,
industrialization, military industrial complex, alternative history,
Russian and foreign historiography.
Còàòüÿ ïîñòóïèëà 26/II/2015.
The article received 26/II/2015.
* Kondrashin Maxim Viktorovich (kondrashin.mv@gmail.com), Department of Russian History,
Local History and Methods of Teaching History, Penza State University, 40, Krasnaya Street,
Penza, 440026, Russian Federation.
Скачать