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EZ\jh\ EB Bklhjbdh-wlgh]jZnbq_kdb_ hq_jdb DZ\dZaZ -E K 2. DZdkqblZ_lWOIZg_rbkwlbfgZgZr\a]ey^fh`ghkh]eZkblvky wlgbq_kdh_ kZfhkhagZgb_ Zû]h\ knhjfbjh\Zehkv m`_ d XVI \ Kf IZ g_rWOWlgbq_kdZyikboheh]bybf_`gZpbhgZevgu_hlghr_gby<aZbfh 50 ^_ckl\b_bhkh[_gghklbw\hexpbbgZijbf_j_K_\_jgh]hDZ\dZaZ–KI[ 1996. –K 3. HfZoZ^`bjkl\_kfEZciZgh\OHDbklhjbbi_j_k_e_gby]hjp_\K_ \_jgh]hDZ\dZaZ\LmjpbxLjmûDQGBB–<ui–KlZ\jhihev DZkmfh\ :O JZagu_ km^v[u – GZevqbd Dmfudh\ LO D \hijhkm h i_j_k_e_gbbZû]h\\LmjpbxMq_gu_aZibkdbD;=M–<ui–GZevqbd Kfbjgh\G:IheblbdZJhkkbbgZDZ\dZa_\XVI-XIX\\–F ?]h `_ Fxjb^baf gZ DZ\dZa_ – F >`bfh\ ;F KhpbZevghwdhghfbq_kdh_biheblbq_kdh_iheh`_gb_Zû]h\\XIX\–FZcdhi86; DZkmfh\:ODZkmfh\O:=_ghpb^Zû]h\–GZevqbdb^j Kfh[wlhfRhjlZgh\:L:û]kdb_dmevlu-GZevqbdhg`_ :û]kdZyfbnheh]by-GZevqbd WebZ^_FK\ys_ggh_bfbjkdh_-F-K Kf h[ wlhf Exev_ EY Q_jd_kkby Bklhjbdh-wlgh]jZnbq_kdb_ klZ lvb -K LZ\_jgv_ @-; R_klv iml_r_kl\bc \ Lmjpbx I_jkbx bBg ^bx\l_q_gb_e_l:;DB?:-K-79. Exev_EYQ_jd_kkbyBklhjbdh-wlgh]jZnbq_kdb_klZlvb-DjZkgh^Zj 1927. -K WebZ^_FMdZaijhba\-K26. KfLoZ]Zablh\XF>moh\gh-dmevlmjgu_hkgh\udZ[Zj^bgkdhcebl_ jZlmju-GZevqbd-K K ijbgylb_f bkeZfZ Zû]b klZeb mihlj_[eylv keh\h ³^`wgwl´ hl ZjZ[-³jZc´ GZjlu DZ[Zj^bgkdbc wihk -F -K- GZjlu GZ dZ [Zj^ya.). -GZevqbd-K GZjlu:û]kdbcwihkgZZû]ya-FZcdhi-L-K LZf`_-L-K-264. WebZ^_FMdZaijhba\-K LZf`_-K 51 EZlur_\<<Ba\_klby^j_\gboibkZl_e_chKdbnbbbDZ\dZa_<>B –F-E947. -–K A^_kvijbgbfZ_lkyjZaebqb_f_`^m³WDSX´b³WDEXíhkdhevdmihke_^ g__keh\h_klv_\jhi_abjh\Zgguc\ZjbZgli_j\h]hbbkihevam_lkykdhj__\ kfuke_ ³aZij_l´ q_f ³hklhjh`ghklv´ Kf. ih^jh[g__: Greschat H.-Y. Mana und Tabu. -Theologische Realenziklopedie. -Berlin: N.Y. -Bd XX11 - Lfg 1 - S.13-16. Fwgeb I Ohee Wgpbdehi_^bq_kdh_ baeh`_gb_ fZkhgkdhc ]_jf_lbq_ kdhc dZ[[Zebklbq_kdhc b jha_gdj_cp_jh\kdhc kbf\hebq_kdhc nbehkhnbb I_jkZg]e–Ki[KIBDK Kf K\ys_ggu_ jhsb b ^_j_\vy m dZ\dZakdbo gZjh^h\ DZ\dZakdb_ wlxû–Lbnebk–K LZ\_jgv_@-;R_klviml_r_kl\bc\LmjpbxI_jkbxbBg^bx\l_ q_gb_khjhdZe_l:;DB?:–K Exev_EYMdZaijhba\-K Nj_a_j>AhehlZy\_l\v-F-K Kf Fbee_j :: We_f_glu ©g_[Zª gZ \_s_kl\_gguo iZfylgbdZo Ba\_klby]hkm^Zjkl\_gghcZdZ^_fbbbklhjbbfZl_jbZevghcdmevlmju– E–<-K H[wlhfkfih^jh[g__FbnugZjh^h\fbjZ-F=heZg:jbwev Fbnbkbf\he-B_jmkZebf-F Kf N >x[mZ ^_ Fhgi_j_ Iml_r_kl\b_ \hdjm] DZ\dZaZ – Kmomfb 1937. –K OZg-=bj_cQ_jd_kkdb_ij_^ZgbyJmkkdbc\_klgbd–KI[–L dgIV. –K Kf:mle_\IMGh\u_fZl_jbZeuihj_eb]bbZû]h\Mq_gu_aZibk db:GBBBklhjbybwlgh]jZnby-L-DjZkgh^Zj-K FZf[_lh\ =O LjZ^bpbhggZy dmevlmjZ dZ[Zj^bgp_\ b [ZedZjp_\ GZevqbd-K-245. 52 AZn_kh\:OGZ]mq_\OBBkeZf\:û]__gZZû]ya-K-12. 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GZpbhgZevguc oZjZdl_j fbnu b j_Zevghklv - Db_\ <bsZrd-k =heZg:Fbnbkbf\he-B_jmkZebf-FJmkkebl-k =mfbe_\EGWlgh]_g_ab[bhkn_jZa_feb-EBa^-\hE=Mk 144 =mfbe_\EGWlghkubZglbwlghku]eZ\ubadgb]bA\_a^Z- 1990. - =mj_\bq B J_eb]by k_evkdhc h[sbgu m q_jd_kh\-rZikm]h\ J_eb]bhagu_i_j_`bldbmq_jd_kh\-rZikm]h\-FF=M-k >Zdobev]h\ B: Q_q_gh-bg]mrkdb_ ij_^Zgby h[ Zû]h-\ZcgZokdbo k\yayo GZpbhgZevgZy dmevlmjZ b h[s_gb_ - F Ba^-\h :G KKKJ 1977. -k >`ZgZr\bebFBa\_klby]jmabgkdboe_lhibk_cKFHFID-Lbn ebkBa^-\hMij-yDZ\dmqhdjm]Z-<ui-k >`_cfkMFgh]hh[jZab_j_eb]bhagh]hhiulZ-Ki[Ba^³:g^j__\ bkugh\vy´1992. -k >`bfh\ ;F KhpbZevgh-iheblbq_kdh_ b wdhghfbq_kdh_ iheh`_gb_ Zû]h\\OO\-FZcdhiDjZkgh^Zjba^-\h:û]hl^-gb_- 191 k >abâZjby=:FZoZ^`bjkl\hbijh[e_fubklhjbb:[oZabbOOklh e_lby-Kmomfb:eZrZjZ-k >h[jhex[h\G:HagZq_gbbgZrboihke_^gboih^\b]h\gZDZ\dZa_ Ihegkh[khq\ll-F-Elbi³I_qZlguc^\hj´\E_gbg]jL-k >m[jh\bgGQ_jd_kuZû]b-GZevqbdWev[jmk-k >mfZgh\ OF KhpbZevgZy kljmdlmjZ dZ[Zj^bgp_\ \ ghjfZo Z^ZlZ GZevqbdWev[jmk-k >x[b @ JZa\blb_ bklhjbq_kdbo bkke_^h\Zgbc \h NjZgpbb ihke_ ]H^bkk_cQ_eh\_d\bklhjbb–FGZmdZ >x[mZ^_Fhgi_j_@Iml_r_kl\b_\hdjm]DZ\dZaZ-Kmomfb:[]ba 1937. -k >xf_abev@<_joh\gu_[h]bbg^h_\jhi_cp_\-FGZmdZ- 234 k >xf_abev@KdbnubgZjluFGZmdZ-k ?f_evygh\ZGFmkmevfZg_DZ[Zjû–F 145 ?jZkh\;KKhpbZevgZydmevlmjheh]by–<-oq–F @^Zgh\X:Ij_klhekZlZguQ_eh\_d– AZdhguFZgm-FBa^<hklebl-k AZn_kh\ :OGZ]mq_\ OB BkeZf \ :û]__ gZ Zû]ya - FZcdhi :û]hl^-gb_DjZkgh^dgba^-\Z-k B\Zgh\Z::Wlgbq_kdh_kZfhkhagZgb_fheh^_`b\mkeh\byobklhjb q_kdh]h f_`wlgbq_kdh]h \aZbfh^_ckl\by gZ fZl_jbZeZo bkke_^h\Zgby dhj_gguowlghkh\K_\_jgh]hDZ\dZaZ:\lhj_n_jZl^bkk_jlZpbbgZkh bkdZgb_mq_ghckl_i_gb^hdlhjZikboheh]bq_kdbogZmd–F– 45 k Ba Zû]kdh]h gZjh^gh]h wihkZ FZl_jbZeu Zjob\Z G:PZ]h\Z GZevqbdWev[jmk-k BgZe-BiZ R> Hq_jdb h[ Z[oZakdhf wlbd_l_ - Kmomfb :eZrZ jZ-k BgZe-BiZ R> Klmi_gb d bklhjbq_kdhc ^_ckl\bl_evghklb h[ wlgb q_kdhckblmZpbb\:[oZabbOM-gZqOO\\-Kmomfb:eZrZjZk BiZlh\ :G Wlghdhgn_kkbhgZevgZy h[sghklv dZd khpbZevgh_ y\e_ gb_:\lhj_n_jZl^bkkgZkhbkdmqkl_i^hdlnbehkg-F-k BkeZf Bklhjbh]jZnbq_kdb_ hq_jdb - F GZmdZ=ej_^Zdpby \hklebl-ju-k BkeZf m Zû]h\ K_\_jh-AZiZ^gh]h DZ\dZaZ – FZcdhi ba^-\h :=M 2001. –k BkeZf Wgpbdehi_^bq_kdbc keh\Zjv-FGZmdZ=ej_^\hklebl-ju 1991. -k Bklhjby gZjh^h\ K_\_jgh]h DZ\dZaZ k ^j_\g_crbo \j_f_g ^h dhgpZ OMR\-FGZmdZ-k DZ`Zjh\<O:û]kdZyoZkZBabklhjbbkhkeh\gh-ij_^klZ\bl_evguo mqj_`^_gbc n_h^Zeh\ Q_jd_kbb-GZevqbd Ba^ BgklblmlZ Q_jd_kkdhc bklhjbbbdmevlmju-k 146 DZeZf[bcD_r_\:-=AZibkdbq_jd_kZ-GZevqbdWev[jmkk DZkeZgâby G< :û]Z]tw b ZikmZjZ Zû]h-Z[oZakdb_ dmevlmjghwlbq_kdb_iZjZee_ebNbehkhnbybkhpbheh]by\j_kim[ebd_:û]_yFZcdhiBa^:JB=B--k DZkmfh\ :O DZkmfh\ O: =_ghpb^ Zû]h\ Ba bklhjbb [hjv[u Zû]h\aZg_aZ\bkbfhklv\OO\-GZevqbdEh]hk-k DZkmfh\:OJZagu_km^v[u-GZevqbdDZ[-;Zeddgba^-\hk D_jZr_\:L;_]eu_Zû]b\Jhkkbb\XVIII – gZqZe_-o]]XIX\ DmevlmjZb[ulZû]h\–FZcdhi–K-245. Dbj`bgh\KD\hijhkmh[wlbd_l_Zû]h\\k_f_cghfbh[s_kl\_g ghf [ulm :jo_heh]h-wlgh]jZnbq_kdbc k[hjgbd - GZevqbd Wev[jmk 1974. -<ui-k DhjZgI_jBXDjZqdh\kdh]h-FJZjbl_l-k Dhk\_gFHWlgh]jZnbybbklhjbyDZ\dZaZ-FBa^-\h\hklebl-ju 1961. -k Dho D Iml_r_kl\b_ ih Jhkkbb b \ dZ\dZakdb_ a_feb :;DB?:K-629. Djmigh\ ?B >j_\gyy bklhjby K_\_jgh]h DZ\dZaZ - F Ba^-\h :G KKKJ-k Djmrdhe XK >j_\gyy Kbg^bdZ - F Ba^-\h FHIB bf GDDjmikdhc-k Dju\_e_\B:Bklhjbyj_eb]bb\-oll-FFukev75-76. -Lkl-k Djuf-=bj_c Iml_\u_aZf_ldbBa[jZggu_ijhba\_^_gbyZû]kdbo ijhk\_lbl_e_c-GZevqbdWev[jmk-k Dm^Zr_\<GBklhjbq_kdb_k\_^_gbyhdZ[Zj^bgkdhfgZjh^_-GZev qbdWev[jmk-k DmevlmjZb[ulgZjh^h\K_\_jgh]hDZ\dZaZ-FGZmdZ-k 147 DmevlmjgZy^bZkihjZgZjh^h\DZ\dZaZ]_g_abkijh[e_fubamq_gby– Q_jd_kkd Dmfudh\ LO D \hijhkm h i_j_k_e_gbb Zû]h\ \ Lmjpbx MqaZibkdbD;=M-GZevqbdBa^-\hD;=M-<ui-k. DmgZr_\Z FQ Dmevl ij_^dh\ b mf_js\e_gb_ klZjp_\ m Zû]h\ \ ^j_\ghklbJmdhibkv^_i\BGBHGJ:G-FF=M-k EZ\jh\EB>hbkeZfkdb_\_jh\ZgbyZû]_cp_\bdZ[Zj^bgp_\Bk ke_^h\Zgby b fZl_jbZeu ih \hijhkZf i_j\h[ulguo j_eb]bhaguo \_jh \Zgbc-FBa^-\h:GKKKJ-k EZ\jh\ EB Bklhjbdh-wlgh]jZnbq_kdb_ hq_jdb DZ\dZaZ - E GZmdZ E_gbg]jhl^-gb_-k EZciZgh\ OH D bklhjbb i_j_k_e_gby ]hjp_\ K_\_jgh]h DZ\dZaZ \ LmjpbxLjmûDQGBB-KlZ\jhihevQ_jddgba^-\h, 1968. -<uik EZg^ZJ=BkeZf\bklhjbbJhkkbb-FBa^nbjfZ³<hklebl´J:G 1995. -k EZibgkdbc L =hjpu DZ\dZaZ b bo hk\h[h^bl_evgZy [hjv[Z ijhlb\ jmkkdbo-GZevqbdWev[jmk-k E_[hg=Ikboheh]bygZjh^h\bfZkk-KI[FZd_l-k E_\b-;jxev E K\_jot_kl_kl\_ggh_ \ i_j\h[ulghf fure_gbb - F I_^Z]h]bdZ-Íjh]j_kk´-k E_\b-;jxevEI_j\h[ulgh_fure_gb_–FJ_kim[ebdZ E_\b-KljhkkDKljmdlmjZfbnZ<hijhkunbehkhnbb- 1979. - Ehg]\hjlD=h^kj_^bq_jd_kh\:;DB?:-K-585. Ehk_\:NNbehkhnbyFbnheh]byDmevlmjZ-FIheblba^Zl -k EmddZ>Ìml_r_kl\b_blZevygp_\ihQ_jd_kkbb\]DmevlmjZ b[ulZû]h\-FZcdhiBa^:JB=B-<ui-k Exev_EY<_jh\Zgbyj_eb]bhagu_h[jyûbij_^jZkkm^dbmq_jd_ kh\ADHBJ=H-LbnebkBa^J=H-<ui-k 148 Exev_EYH]hkl_ijbbfkl\_mq_jd_kh\DZ\dZa- 1859. - Exev_EYMqj_`^_gbybgZjh^gu_h[uqZbrZikm]h\bgZlmoZcp_\ ADHBJ=H-Ki[Ba^J=H-<ui-k Exev_ EY Q_jd_kkby Bklhjbdh-wlgh]jZnbq_kdb_ hq_jdb - DjZkgh ^Zjlbi:û]q_jdijhflhj]Z-k Eymr_\Z K: JZa\blb_ bkeZfZ \ ihebdmevlmjghf ijhkljZgkl\_ III Dhg]j_kk wlgheh]h\ b Zgljhiheh]h\ Jhkkbb - bxgy – L_abku ^hdeZ^h\–F–K Eymr_\ZK:BkeZfbljZ^bpbhggZydmevlmjZZû]h\ihfZl_jbZeZf khpbheh]bq_kdh]h bkke_^h\Zgby IV Dhg]j_kk wlgh]jZnh\ b Zgljhih eh]h\JhkkbbGZevqbd-k_gly[jy]–L_abku^hdeZ^h\–F 2001. –K Eymr_\ZK:D\hijhkmhj_eb]bhaguo\_jh\ZgbyZû]h\J_eb]bha gu_\_jh\ZgbyZû]h\Oj_klhfZlbybkke_^h\Zgbc>eykj_^gbob\uk rbo mq_[guo aZ\_^_gbc Khkl :O AZn_kh\ – FZcdhi Ba^-\h :=M 2001.-K-571. Eymr_\ZK:J_eb]bhagh_bgZpbhgZevgh_\ljZ^bpbhgghcdmevlmj_ J_eb]bhagu_\_jh\ZgbyZû]h\Oj_klhfZlbybkke_^h\Zgbc>eykj_^ gbob\ukrbomq_[guoaZ\_^_gbcKhkl:OAZn_kh\–FZcdhiBa^-\h :=M-K-578. Eymr_\ZK:Yob_\KMKmnbafnbehkhnkdb_ijh[e_fubkeZfkdh ]hfbklbpbafZBa\_klby\ukrbomq_[guoaZ\_^_gbcK_\_jhdZ\dZakdbc j_]bhgH[s_kl\_ggu_gZmdb––K-20. FZdZjbcZjob_ibkdhiOZjvdh\kdbcBklhjbyojbklbZgkl\Z\Jhkkbb ^hjZ\ghZihklhevkdh]hdgyay<eZ^bfbjZ-Ki[-k FZf[_lh\ =O LjZ^bpbhggZy dmevlmjZ dZ[Zj^bgp_\ b [ZedZjp_\ GZevqbdWev[jmk-k FZfo_]h\Z J: Hq_jdb h[ Zû]kdhf wlbd_l_ - GZevqbd Wev[jmk 1993. -k FZjdZjygWKL_hjbydmevlmjubkh\j_f_ggZygZmdZ–F 149 FZjdZjyg WK Maeh\u_ ijh[e_fu l_hjbb dmevlmjghc ljZ^bpbb Kh\_lkdZywlgh]jZnby–F--3. FZkkw:BkeZfHq_jdbklhjbb-FGZmdZ-k FZn_â_\KOF_ìhdhe_ggZyljZgkfbkkbyljZ^bpbhgghcdmevlmju Zû]h\\gZqOO-gZqOO\\-GZevqbdWev[jmk- k FZn_â_\KOH[jyûbh[jy^h\u_b]juZû]h\-GZevqbdWev[jmk 1978. -k FZn_â_\ KO H gZpbhgZevghf kZfhkhagZgbb :û]b - GZevqbd 1991. - F_j_lmdh\ F: Ba h[s_kl\_ggh]h [ulZ Zû]h\ DmevlmjZ b [ul Zû]h\-FZcdhiBa^:JB=B, 1991. -<ui-k Fb`Z_\FBDhkfh]hgbq_kdb_fbnuZû]h\NhevdehjgZjh^h\DZ jZqZ_\h-Q_jd_kbb-Q_jd_kkdBa^-\hDQGBB-k Fb`Z_\ FB Fbnheh]bq_kdZy b h[jy^h\Zy ihwaby Zû]h\ - Q_j d_kkdKlZ\jhidgba^-\hDZjZq-Q_jdhl^-gb_- 208k Fbee_j :: We_f_glu g_[Z gZ \_s_kl\_gguo iZfylgbdZo Ba\_k lby =hkm^Zjkl\_gghc ZdZ^_fbb bklhjbb fZl_jbZevghc dmevlmju - E 1933. -\ Fbee_j<KDZ\dZakdb_ij_^Zgbyh\_ebdZgZoijbdh\Zgguod]hjZf @FGI-F- FbnugZjh^h\fbjZWgpbdehi_^by<-oll-FKh\wgpbdehi_^by 1987. -L-kl-k Fhj]ZgE>hfZb^hfZrgyy`bagvZf_jbdZgkdbolma_fp_\-Elbi ³Dhfbgl_jg´-k FmkmdZ_\:BLjZ^bpbhggh_]hkl_ijbbfkl\hdZ[Zj^bgp_\b[ZedZj p_\-GZevqbdWev[jmk-k FmkoZ^`b_\ KO BkeZf \ Q_jd_kkbb \ i_jbh^ hk\h[h^bl_evgh]h ^\b`_gby-]]BkeZfmZû]h\K_\_jh-AZiZ^gh]hDZ\dZaZ– FZcdhiba^-\h:=M–K-24. 150 Fwgeb I Ohee Wgpbdehi_^bq_kdh_ baeh`_gb_ fZkhgkdhc ]_jf_lb q_kdhc dZ[[Zebklbq_kdhc b jha_gdj_cp_jh\kdhc kbf\hebq_kdhc nbeh khnbbI_jkZg]e–KI[KIBDK Fxee_jFKjZ\gbl_evgZyfbnheh]byE_lhibkbjmkkdhcebl_jZlm jub^j_\ghkl_c-FBa^GLbohgjZ\h\uf-L-k GZfblhd:Ijhbkoh`^_gb_q_jd_kh\-IZjb`-Q:job\D; GBB-NW-N GZjlu:û]kdbc]_jhbq_kdbcwihk-FGZmdZ-k GZjlu :û]kdbc wihk gZ Zû]ya - FZcdhi Ba^-\h :GBB 1973. -L-kl-kl-kl-kl- 4k GZjluDZ[Zj^bgkdbcwihk-F=hkba^-\hom^hèbl-ju- 502 k GZjluGZdZ[Zj^ya-GZevqbdDZ[-;Zeddgba^-\h-k GZpbhgZevgu_ ljZ^bpbb gZjh^h\ :û]_b ]_g_abk kmsghklv b ijh [e_fu \hkiblZgbyFZl_jbZeu j_kim[ebdZgkdhc gZmqgh- ijZdlbq_kdhcdhgn_j_gpbb-ghy[jy-FZcdhi:û]_yk Gh]fh\RBklhjbyZûo_ckdh]hgZjh^Z-GZevqbdWev[jmkk H[s_kl\_gguc [ul Zû]h\ b [ZedZjp_\-GZevqbdBa^-\hD;GBB 1986. -k IZg_r WO Wlgbq_kdZy ikboheh]by b f_`gZpbhgZevgu_ hlghr_gby <aZbfh^_ckl\b_bhkh[_gghklbw\hexpbbgZijbf_j_AZiZ^gh]hDZ\dZ aZ–KI[?\jhi_ckdbc^hf–k Ibhljh\kdbcF;BkeZfbkm^v[ZIhgylb_km^v[u\dhgl_dkl_jZa guodmevlmj-FGZmdZ-k. Ihl_[gy::Fqkevbyaud–Db_\Kbglh–k J_eb]bhagu_ i_j_`bldb m q_jd_kh\-rZikm]h\FZl_jbZeu RZikm] kdhcwdki_^bpbb]Ih^j_^K:LhdZj_\Z-FF=M-k 151 JhkkbckdZy f_glZevghklv FZl_jbZeu ©djm]eh]h klheZª <hijhku nbehkhnbb––K-53. Kdblkdbc;<KhpbZevgucoZjZdl_j^\b`_gbybfZfZFZgkmjZ-Hj^ `hgbdbâ_Bg]lbiba^-\Z³K_j^Zeh´-k Kfbjgh\G:Fxjb^bafgZDZ\dZa_-FBa^-\h:GKKKJk Kfbjgh\G:IheblbdZJhkkbbgZDZ\dZa_\OM-OO\\-FKhp wd]ba-k Ki_gk_j W Iml_r_kl\by \ Q_jd_kbx - FZcdhi JBIH ³:û]_y´ 1993. -k KlZev D Wlgh]jZnbq_kdbc hq_jd q_jd_kkdh]h gZjh^Z DZ\dZakdbc k[hjgbd-Lbnebk-k Kl_nZg_gdh L= Wlghikbohe]by – F Bgklblml ikboheh]bb J:G 1999. Kxdbycg_gEJRZjbZlj_eb]bygjZ\kl\_gghklvijZ\hWohDZ\ dZaZ- 1992. - LZcehjW;I_j\h[ulgZydmevlmjZ-FIheblba^Zl-k LZf[b_\I:û]kdb_ihkeh\bpuKFHFID-LbnebkBa^-\hMijyDZ\dmqhdjm]Z-<ui-k LhdZj_\K:JZggb_nhjfuj_eb]bb-FIheblba^Zl-k LhdZj_\K:J_eb]by\bklhjbbgZjh^h\fbjZ-FIheblba^Zl -k LhjgZm G Baeh`_gb_ gZqZe fmkmevfZgkdh]h aZdhgh\_^_gbyKi[LbiIHl^-yKh[kl\_gghc?B<DZgp_eyjbb-k LmjqZgbgh\=NIZfylgbdbibkvfZbyaudZgZjh^h\DZ\dZaZb<hk lhqghc?\jhiu-EGZmdZE_gbg]jhl^-_-k LoZ]Zablh\ XF >moh\gh-dmevlmjgu_ hkgh\u dZ[Zj^bgkdhc ebl_jZ lmju-GZevqbdWev[jmk-k LoZ]Zikh_\ O= GZjlkdbc wihk dZd n_ghf_g ^bZeh]Z dmevlmj GZmqgZyfukevDZ\dZaZ– 152 M]jbgh\bq>FIkboheh]byj_eb]bb-FIheblba^Zl-k MkeZj I GZqZeh ojbklbZgkl\Z \ AZdZ\dZav_ b gZ DZ\dZa_K[hjgbd k\_^_gbchdZ\dZakdbo]hjpZo-FFGLIH³:^bj´-k NhevdehjZû]h\-GZevqbdBa^-\hD;GBB-k Nhevdehj Zû]h\ \ aZibkdZo b im[ebdZpbyo OO-gZqOO \\ - GZev qbdBa^-\hD;GBB-k Nj_a_j>ÀhehlZy\_l\v-FIheblba^Zl-k Nj_a_j>`Nhevdehj\<_lohfAZ\_l_-FIheblba^Zl-k OZ]mjh\Z DO D ijh[e_f_ dmevlmjgh-wlgbq_kdh]h gZke_^by g_dhlh ju_ \hijhku f_lh^heh]bb bkke_^h\Zgby wihkZ ©GZjluª DmevlmjgZy ^bZkihjZ gZjh^h\ DZ\dZaZ ]_g_abk ijh[e_fu bamq_gby – Q_jd_kkd 1993. OZgZomJ:LjZ^bpbhggZydmevlmjZK_\_jgh]hDZ\dZaZ\uah\u\j_ f_gbkhpbZevgh-nbehkhnkdbcZgZeba–FZcdhi–k OZgZomJ:P\_ldh\HFN_ghf_gZû]Z]twdihklZgh\d_bkke_^h \Zl_evkdhcijh[e_fuNbehkhnbybkhpbheh]by\j_kim[ebd_:û]_y -FZcdhiBa^-\h:JB=B--k OZgZom J: P\_ldh\ HF Eymr_\Z K: Khklhygb_ b i_jki_dlb\u bkeZfZ\:û]__fZl_jbZeuijh[gh]hbkke_^h\ZgbyBkeZfbiheblb dZgZK_\_jghfDZ\dZa_–Jhklh\-gZ->hgmKDGP<R–K-91. OZg-=bj_cAZibkdbhQ_jd_kbb-GZevqbdWev[jmk-k OZg-=bj_cQ_jd_kkdb_ij_^Zgby-GZevqbdWev[jmk-k O_lZ]mjh\DHkh[Zwlgh]jZnbq_kdbchq_jdKh[khq-FBa^-\h :GKKKJ-L-k OhldhKO=_g_abkq_jd_kkdbowebl\kmelZgZl_FZfexdh\bHkfZg kdhcbfi_jbbXIII-XIX \\–FZcdhiF_hlu RZ]bjh\ :D Wlbfheh]bq_kdbc keh\Zjv Zû]kdbo q_jd_kkdbo yau dh\-FGZmdZ-L-kl-k RZ^`_ :X GZpbhgZevgu_ p_gghklb b q_eh\_d khpbZevghnbehkhnkdbcZki_dl–FZcdhiba^-\h:=M–k 153 RZj^Zgh\YFFZl_jbZeuihh[uqghfmijZ\mdZ[Zj^bgp_\i_j\hc iheh\bguOO\-GZevqbdWev[jmk-k R_gdZh F: Ki_pbnbdZ fbnhwibq_kdh]h khagZgby gZ fZl_jbZe_ wihkZ ³GZjlu´>bkk gZ khbkd mqkl_i dZg^nbehkg - Jhklh\-gZ>hgm Rhjh\ B: :û]kdZy gZjh^gZy i_^Z]h]bdZ - FZcdhi DjZkgh ^Zjdgba^-\h:û]hl^-gb_-k RhjlZgh\:L:û]kdb_dmevlu-GZevqbdWev[jmk-k RhjlZgh\ :L :û]kdZy fbnheh]by - GZevqbd Wev[jmk – 194k Ri_l=<\_^_gb_\wlgbq_kdmxikboheh]bxKhq-FIjZ\^Z 1989. -k RmRKGZjh^gu_lZgpuZû]h\-GZevqbdWev[jmk-k Q_fkh =D G_dhlhju_ wlghdmevlmjgu_ hkh[_gghklb Zû]h\ ijh`b \Zxsbo \ BajZbe_ DmevlmjgZy ^bZkihjZ gZjh^h\ DZ\dZaZ ]_g_abk ijh[e_fubamq_gby–Q_jd_kkd Q_kgh\ Y< @_gsbgZ b wlbdZ `bagb \ f_glZebl_l_ q_q_g p_\Wlgheh]bq_kdbch[ahj- 1994. - WebZ^_F:ki_dlufbnZ–F:dZ^_fbq_kdbcijh_dl–k WebZ^_FK\ys_ggh_bfbjkdh_-FBa^-\hF=M-k Xg]D=:jo_lbibkbf\he–F Y[ehdh\BGIkboheh]byj_eb]bbL_hj_lbq_kdZybijbdeZ^gZykh pbZevgZyikboheh]by-FFukev-k Y[ehdh\Z?:Km[t_dluh[s_kl\_gghcikboheh]bbL_hj_lbq_kdZy bijbdeZ^gZykhpbZevgZyikboheh]by-FFukev-k Yg^Zjh\ :> Kmnbaf b b^_heh]by gZpbhgZevgh-hk\h[h^bl_evgh]h ^\b`_gby-:efZ-:lZGZmdZ-k Yob_\KMAbdjGZmdZbj_eb]by– Greschat H.-Y. 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