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E$'1&*&"*(. F*$1%b%. F%$-#,'. +. $'j#*/-7d"("+,%3LL"K"*&4'("5. i/-. +%,$'d*&"-. j'F"+". 11*#*(. %C%j&')*&"-M ~ < = T ; − < = •; = ^ 5.l%b#'.E$'1&*&"*.N<5GP.F$"(*4.1"# r >h g| r = T + •| + ^| > N<5€P go S y&%;. ,',. "j1*+4&%. N+(5. 6'(,*. pGq;. F5. ?5<CP;. "(**4. $*8*&"*5. •+/" T + •|s + ^|s> ≠ s ;. 4%. "&4*b$'/0&'-. ,$"1'-;. F$%e%#-d'-. )*$*j. 4%),E. (o s ; |s ) ; F%/E)'*4+-.$*8*&"*(.%4&%+"4*/0&%. | E$'1&*&"| o g| r = ∫ go .......................................N<5QP > ∫ S os |s T + •| + ^| [ ( ] ) •+/" T + •|s + ^|s> = s ...............................................N<5OP 4%.F$-('| = |s ..........................................................N<5=P *+40.$*8*&"*5 k')&*(.+.'&'/"j'.$*8*&"-.1"#'.N<5=P5.:*8*&"*.E$'1&*&"-.N<5OP − • ± • > − ?T^ ; |s = >^ '.+.E)*4%(.F$"&-4fe.%C%j&')*&"J |s = h < ± < − >~ rh ..........................................N<5<sP w*d*+41*&&%*.$*8*&"*.34%b%.E$'1&*&"-.+Ed*+41E*4;.*+/" < − >~ rh ≥ s ;.................................................N<5<<P 45*5.*+/". ~ .#%+4'4%)&%.('/'5.B%.L"j")*+,"(.+%%C$'2*&"-(.1.$'1*&+41*.N<5<sP "j.#1Ee.j&',%1.‚F/7+ƒ.".‚("&E+ƒ.&'#%.1j-40.‚("&E+ƒ5 B'$'. N|s;~P;. -1/-7d'-+-. $*8*&"*(. E$'1&*&"-. N<5<sP;. "(**4. F$%j$')&fJ L"j")*+,"J.+(f+/M.~.n.34%.+"/';.+%e$'&-7d'-.|s;.45*5.F%#.#*J+41"*(.34%J.+"/f 3/*,4$%&. #1"2*4+-. +. F%+4%-&&%J. +,%$%+407. |s5. l',"(. %C$'j%(. #1"2*&"* 3/*,4$%&'. &*. E#%1/*41%$-*4. F*$1%(E. j',%&E. k074%&'5. x4%. #1"2*&"*. +,%$** &'F%("&'*4.#1"2*&"*.'14%(%C"/-.F%.j*(/*."/".+'(%/*4'.1.1%j#Ee*5 wfF"8*(.1"#.$*8*&"-.E$'1&*&"-.N<5QP.#/-.+/E)'-.%4+E4+41"-.1&*8&*J.+"/f; ~„s5.l%b#'.+,%$%+40 ( ) >&%s ...........................N<5<>P [%s − R†^{' …S (# − #s )}(>& − %s )] B$".%4+E4+41"".1&*8&*J.+"/f.~."(*7d'-+-.+,%$%+40.|.ECf1'*4.+%.1$*(*&*( 3,+F%&*&K"'/0&%5. y4+7#';. 1. )'+4&%+4";. +/*#E*4;. )4%. *+/". ,. 3/*,4$%&E. &* F$",/'#f1'40. +"/E;. 4%. %&. %+4'&%1"4+-. ". CE#*4. F%,%"40+-. %4&%+"4*/0&%. 3L"$' 4',.2*;.,',.'14%(%C"/0.+.j'b/%e8"(.#1"b'4*/*(.F%,%"4+-.%4&%+"4*/0&%.j*(/"5 % = 2"! 34*5,6) < − >~ rh > s ")7&$'(8&'&()9'-:(%-(" w*$&*(+-. ,. $*8*&"7;. j'#'1'*(%(E. "&4*b$'/'(". N<5QP5. •+/". &*$'1*&+41% N<5<<P.1fF%/&-*4+-.+4$%b%;.4%.$*8*&"*."(**4.1"# r < − >~ rh (o − o s ) |s − h − h < − >~ rh < − >~ rh − < h R†^ S |= + r < − >~ rh (o − o s ) |s − h − h < − >~ rh |s − h + h < − >~ rh − R†^ S ( )( ) ( ( )( + < − >~ rh + < |s − h + h < − >~ rh + ) ) .......N>5<P r < − >~ rh (o − o s ) |s − h − h < − >~ rh |s − h + h < − >~ rh − R†^ S wf$'2*&"*. N>5<'P. +4'&%1"4+-. C%/**. %C%j$"(f(. #/-. &E/*1fe. &')'/0&fe #'&&fe.|s„s;.os„s5 ' < − > ( '& > ( R†^ # − < $ % = ........N>5>P ' < − > ( '& ' − < + < − > ( '& + R†^ # < + < − > ( '& $ ~. n. F$%"j1%/0&%;. %&%. j'1"+"4. %4. &'8*b%. 1fC%$'5. k%. 1. e%#*. "&4*b$"$%1'&"+"/E. ~. (f. +)"4'/". F%+4%-&&%J5. wfC$'1. ~;. (f. 4*(. +'(f(. 1fC"$'*(. +,%$%+40 ‡ = >~ r 5 6',. +/*#E*4. "j. N>5>P;. F$"%C$*4'*('-. j'$-#%(. r. +,%$%+40. F$%F%$K"%&'/0&' 34%J.+,%$%+4". ‡;. %F$*#*/-*(%J. F$"/%2*&&%J. ,. j'$-#E. +"/%J. ~5. B$". o„s. #$%C0 "j.,1'#$'4&fe.+,%C%,.1.)"+/"4*/*.".1.j&'(*&'4*/*."(**4.1"# )s − < ( ( ) ) ( ) > < − > ( '& 45*5.%&'.$'1&'.&E/75.@.$%+4%(.o.34'.#$%C0.$'+4*4.".+e%#"4+-.,.*#"&"K*;.F%+/* )*b%. 3/*,4$%&. +%e$'&-*4. F%+4%-&&%J. +,%$%+40. ‡;. %F$*#*/-*(E7. F$"/%2*&&%J +"/%J.~5.B$%(*2E4%,.1$*(*&".%4.&')'/'.#1"2*&"-.#%.F$"%C$*4*&"-.+,%$%+4".‡ *+40. 1$*(-. $'jb%&';. 1$*(-. E+,%$*&&%b%. #1"2*&"-. 3/*,4$%&'5. w. e%#* $'++E2#*&"J.F$*#F%/'b'/%+0;.)4% < − >~ rh > s ..................................................N>5HP "/";.)4%.4%.2*.+'(%*;.)4%.+,%$%+40 ‡ = >~ r < h .....................................................N>5?P N%4&%+"4*/0&%. $'j(*$&%+4*J. 3/*,4$%#"&'(")*+,"e. 1*/")"&. +(5. $'C%4f '14%$'.p?q.".p€qP y#&',%;. 1f$'2*&"*. N>5>P. "(**4. +(f+/. ". 1. +/E)'*;. ,%b#'. 1. &*$'1*&+41*. N>5HP #%+4"b'*4+-.$'1*&+41%;.45*5.1.+/E)'*;.,%b#' >~ r = ‡ = h .....................................................N>5GP w.34%(.+/E)'*.%)*1"#&%.CE#*4.#%+4"b&E4'.+,%$%+40.+1*4' | = h .............................................................N>5€P Nt'1"+-d"*. %4. 1$*(*&". +%(&%2"4*/". 1. )"+/"4*/*. ". j&'(*&'4*/* +%,$'d'74+-P5 i'&&fJ. $*jE/04'4. +%b/'+%1'&. ". +. +%%4&%8*&"*(. N<5<sP5. y4(*4"(;. &',%&*K; )4%. #/-. #%+4"2*&"-. %F$*#*/*&&%J. +,%$%+4". +Ed*+41*&&'. "(*&&%. +"/';. '; &'F$"(*$;. &*. "(FE/0+. +"/f5. i/"4*/0&%*. 1%j#*J+41"*. +. F%+4%-&&%J. +"/%J #%1%/0&%. Cf+4$%. F$"1%#"4. $*8*&"*. N>5>P. ,. 1"#E. N<5<sP5. @,%$%+40. +4'&%1"4+F%+4%-&&%J5. l',"(. %C$'j%(. C%/08%J. "(FE/0+. +"/f. E1*/")"1'*4. F$%J#*&&fJ FE40;. &%. &*. b'$'&4"$E*4. E1*/")*&"-. +,%$%+4". +'(. F%. +*C*5. l%. 2*. +'(%* %4&%+"4+-.,.3&*$b"";.j'4$')*&&%J.&'.$'jb%&.3/*,4$%&'M.1'2*&.**.b$'#"*&4;.'.&* +%1*$8'*('-. $'C%4'5. B$"1*#*(. &*+,%/0,%. )"+/*&&fe. F$"(*$%1;. F%-+&-7d"e F%/E)*&&fJ.$*jE/04'45 B$*#1'$"4*/0&%. E,'2*(;. )4%. F%. %K*&,'(. '14%$'. p<q. j'$-#. 3/*,4$%&' r = Q;H ⋅ <s −<s ,b + ;. +%%41*4+41*&&%. r S = ω = O;< ⋅ <s >s bK . "(**4. +(f+/. Eb/%1%J +,%$%+4".1$'d*&"-.('++f;.+%j#'7d*J.3/*,4$%&5 B$"(*$.ˆ< BE+40. < − >~ rh = < ? ;.45*5. ~ = H O rh = s;sO> .&074%&'.&'.3/*,4$%&5.l%b#' [ ] ? ⋅ s;s?< ⋅ <s<s ) ω# − < ≈ <;G ⋅ <s O + * 5 Q;H H) ω# − < B$"(*$.ˆ> BE+40. < − >~ rh = s;s<HQ ;.45*5. ~ = s;<sO .&074%&'.&'.,'2#fJ.3/*,4$%&5.l%b#' % = [ ] | ≈ >;s€ ⋅ <s O ( + 5 B$"(*$.ˆH BE+40. < − >~ rh = <s .;.45*5. | = s;<s=?O .&074%&'.&'.3/*,4$%&5.l%b#' | = >;== ⋅ <s O ( + 5 B$". ~ = s;<s=G .&074%&'.3/*,4$%&.#%+4"b&*4.+,%$%+4".+1*4'5 −€ @"/%1%J. ,%$*&0. < − >~ rh . 1. F$*#/'b'*(%J. 4*%$"". 1. &*,%4%$%(. +(f+/* '&'/%b")*&. $*/-4"1"+4+,%(E. ,%$&75. y#&',%. %4/")'*4+-. %4. F%+/*#&*b%. F% ,$'J&*J. (*$*. 1. %#&%(. . +Ed*+41*&&%(. %4&%8*&""M. *b%. $'1*&+41%. &E/7. &* F$"1%#"4. ,. L"j")*+,". C*++(f+/*&&f(. C*+,%&*)&%+4-(;. '. F*$*(*&'. j&','. F%# ,%$&*(;.,',.(f.E1"#"(.&"2*;.F$%+4%."j(*&-*4.e'$',4*$.#1"2*&"-.3/*,4$%&'5 ;"! 34*5,6) < − >~ rh < s ")3'(+<$'(8&'&()9'-:(%-(" i/-. 34%b%. +/E)'-. E$'1&*&"*. N<5<sP. E2*. &*. CE#*4. "(*40. 1*d*+41*&&fe $*8*&"J;. ";. +/*#%1'4*/0&%;. #/-. /7C%J. &')'/0&%J. +,%$%+4". |s . &*. CE#*4 +Ed*+41%1'40. +"/f;. **. +%e$'&-7d*J5. y#&',%. E$'1&*&"*. N<5QP. CE#*4. 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