Ïèùåâûå ðåñóðñû äèêîé ïðèðîäû è ýêîëîãè÷åñêàÿ áåçîïàñíîñòü íàñåëåíèÿ 112 Ïîëëþòàíòû â îáúåêòàõ äèêîé ïðèðîäû ÌÈÊÐÎÝËÅÌÅÍÒÍÛÉ ÑÎÑÒÀ ÊÎÑÒÍÎÉ ÒÊÀÍÈ ÒÅÒÅÐÅÂÈÍÛÕ ÓÐÀËÀ Â.Ñ. Áåçåëü, Å.À. Áåëüñêèé, Ë.Í. Ñòåïàíîâ Èíñòèòóò ýêîëîãèè ðàñòåíèé è æèâîòíûõ ÓðÎ ÐÀÍ, Åêàòåðèíáóðã. E-mail: bezel@ipae.uran.ru MICROELEMENTARY CONTENT OF BONY TISSUES OF TETRAONIDAE OF URALS V.S. Bezel, Ye.A. Belski, L.N. Stepanov Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch of RAS, Ekaterinburg. The content of Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cd, Mo, Hg, Cr in a bony tissue of capercailzie, black grouse and hazel grouse from the populations of Pripolar, North, Middle and South Urals was analyzed. With the analysis of dispersion no specific peculiarity in the accumulation of such physiologically significant elements as Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn was found. The concentrations of foreign metals (Pb, Ni, Cd, Mo, Hg, Cr) are reliably different in various species of Tetraonidae. An increased content of the lead was observed in 6 studied capercailzie of 16 ones. Our own and literature data give evidence of a peculiar chemical content of Tetraonidae of the Urals. The spectrum of elements in the organisms of birds of certain regions may be used for revealing natural and anthropogenic biogeochemical abnormalities and as the marker of geographic populations. Ñïåêòð õèìè÷åñêèõ ýëåìåíòîâ, ïðåæäå âñåãî òÿæåëûõ ìåòàëëîâ êàê ïðèîðèòåòíûõ ýêîòîêñèêàíòîâ, è èõ êîíöåíòðàöèè â æèâûõ îðãàíèçìàõ ïðåäñòàâëÿþò ñîáîé îòïðàâíîé ïóíêò â ýêîòîêñèêîëîãè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèÿõ. Ýòè ïîêàçàòåëè ïîçâîëÿþò îõàðàêòåðèçîâàòü óðîâíè òîêñè÷åñêîãî âîçäåéñòâèÿ íà ïðèðîäíûå ïîïóëÿöèè.  ñëó÷àå ïðîìûñëîâûõ âèäîâ, èñïîëüçóåìûõ ÷åëîâåêîì â ïèùó, ó÷åò èõ õèìè÷åñêîãî ñîñòàâà ïðîäèêòîâàí íåîáõîäèìîñòüþ ñîáëþäåíèÿ ñàíèòàðíîãèãèåíè÷åñêèõ íîðìàòèâîâ. Êðîìå òîãî, óðîâíè íàêîïëåíèÿ ýëåìåíòîâ ïîçâîëÿþò îõàðàêòåðèçîâàòü âåëè÷èíó òîêñè÷åñêîé íàãðóçêè íà ïðèðîäíûå ýêîñèñòåìû è ìîãóò áûòü èñïîëüçîâàíû â ìîíèòîðèíãå èõ ñîñòîÿíèÿ. Îñîáîå çíà÷åíèå ñ ýòîé òî÷êè çðåíèÿ èìåþò îñåäëûå âèäû, ñîõðàíÿþùèå òåñíóþ ñâÿçü ñ îãðàíè÷åííîé òåððèòîðèåé íà ïðîòÿæåíèè âñåé æèçíè, â ÷àñòíîñòè, òåòåðåâèíûå. Öåëü ðàáîòû õàðàêòåðèñòèêà õèìè÷åñêîãî ñîñòàâà òåòåðåâèíûõ ïòèö ôîíîâûõ (íåçàãðÿçíåííûõ) òåððèòîðèé Óðàëà è ñïåöèôèêè íàêîïëåíèÿ ýëåìåíòîâ (Pb, Ni, Cd, Mo, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cr, Hg) â êîñòíîé òêàíè. Ïðîáû ïòèö: ãëóõàðÿ Tetrao urogallus L., ðÿá÷èêà Tetrastes bonasia L. è òåòåðåâà Lyrurus tetrix L. ñîáðàíû â 13 òî÷êàõ Óðàëà: îò Ïðèïîëÿðíîãî äî Þæíîãî (Òþìåíñêàÿ, Ñâåðäëîâñêàÿ è ×åëÿáèíñêàÿ îáëàñòè). Ñðåäíèå êîíöåíòðàöèè èçó÷àåìûõ ýëåìåíòîâ â êîñòíîé òêàíè ïòèö ïðèâåäåíû â òàáëèöå. Äëÿ âûÿâëåíèÿ âèäîâîé ñïåöèôèêè õèìè÷åñêîãî ñîñòàâà ïòèö áûë ïðîâåäåí äèñïåðñèîííûé àíàëèç. Îí ïîêàçàë ñòàòèñòè÷åñêè íåäîñòîâåðíûå ðàçëè÷èÿ â ñîäåðæàíèè â êîñòíûõ òêàíÿõ òàêèõ ìåòàëëîâ, êàê Mn (ð = 0.76), Fe (ð = 0.35), Cu (ð = 0.10), Zn (ð = 0.50). Ýòè ýëåìåíòû âûïîëíÿþò âàæíåéøèå ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêèå ôóíêöèè, è ñëåäóåò îæèäàòü, ÷òî ìåõàíèçìû ìèíåðàëüíîãî ãîìåîñòàçà êîíòðîëèðóþò ïîñòîÿíñòâî èõ ñîäåðæàíèÿ â òêàíÿõ è îðãàíàõ ïòèö.  òî æå âðåìÿ óðîâíè Pb, Ni, Cd, Mo, Hg, Cr ïî äàííûì äèñïåðñèîííîãî àíàëèçà äîñòîâåðíî îòëè÷àþòñÿ ó ïòèö ðàçëè÷íîãî âèäà. Ýòè ýëåìåíòû íå îòíîñÿòñÿ ê ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêè íåîáõîäèìûì è ïî ýòîé ïðè÷èíå ñïîñîáíû ê ïàññèâíîìó òðàíñïîðòó ÷åðåç ñòåíêó æåëóäî÷íî-êèøå÷íîãî òðàêòà. Ïîýòîìó óðîâíè òàêèõ ýëåìåíòîâ â êîñòíûõ òêàíÿõ ïòèö îòðàæàþò èõ ñîäåðæàíèå â ïèùåâûõ ðàöèîíàõ. Ãåîãðàôè÷åñêàÿ èçìåí÷èâîñòü õèìè÷åñêîãî ñîñòàâà ëîêàëüíûõ ïîïóëÿöèé ïòèö èññëåäîâàíà íàìè íà ïðèìåðå ãëóõàðÿ. Âûáîðêè ýòîãî âèäà îõâàòûâàþò áîëåå îáøèðíóþ òåððèòîðèþ, ÷åì ó îñòàëüíûõ ñîáðàííûõ íàìè âèäîâ. Ìàêñèìàëüíîå ñõîäñòâî îòìå÷åíî äëÿ ïîïóëÿöèé ñ Ïðèïîëÿðíîãî è Ñåâåðíîãî Óðàëà. Áëèæå âñåõ ê íèì ïî õèìè÷åñêîìó ñîñòàâó ïòèöû èç çàïàäíîé ÷àñòè Ñðåäíåãî Óðàëà. Âûáîðêè ãëóõàðÿ èç âîñòî÷íîé ÷àñòè Ñðåäíåãî Óðàëà îáëàäàþò íàèìåíüøèì ñõîäñòâîì ñ äðóãèìè óðàëüñêèìè ïîïóëÿöèÿìè. Ýòîò ðàéîí ëåæèò â íàïðàâëåíèè ïðåîáëàäàþùèõ âåòðîâ îò ðÿäà ïðîìûøëåííûõ öåíòðîâ Ñâåðäëîâñêîé îáëàñòè è, î÷åâèäíî, èñïûòûâàåò ïîâûøåííóþ òåõíîãåííóþ íàãðóçêó. Äëÿ âûÿâëåíèÿ îñîáåííîñòåé õèìè÷åñêîãî ñîñòàâà ïòèö Óðàëà ìû ïðîâåëè ñðàâíåíèå ïîëó÷åííûõ íàìè äàííûõ ñ êîíöåíòðàöèÿìè ýëåìåíòîâ ó òåòåðåâèíûõ Êèðîâñêîé îáëàñòè (Ñåðãååâ, 2003). Ñîäåðæàíèå ñâèíöà â êîñòÿõ ãëóõàðåé èç ñðàâíèâàåìîãî ðåãèîíà îêàçàëîñü çíà÷èòåëüíî ìåíüøèì, ÷åì íà Óðàëå.  òî æå âðåìÿ ýòîò ïîêàçàòåëü ó òåòåðåâîâ è ðÿá÷èêîâ â Êèðîâñêîé îáëàñòè âûøå, ÷åì â íàøåì ðåãèîíå. Ñðåäíèé óðîâåíü ñâèíöà â êîñòÿõ ãëóõàðÿ íà Óðàëå îêàçàëñÿ âûøå óðîâíÿ (5 ìêã/ã), ñâèäåòåëüñòâóþùåãî î ïîâûøåííîé òîêñè÷åñêîé íàãðóçêå íà ýêîñèñòåìó (Sheuhammer, 1987). Îòìåòèì, ÷òî ïîâûøåííûå óðîâíè ñâèíöà èìåëè ëèøü 6 èç 16 ïðîàíàëèçèðîâàííûõ íàìè îñîáåé. Ñðåäíèå óðîâíè êàäìèÿ â êîñòÿõ óðàëüñêèõ òåòåðåâèíûõ îêàçàëèñü íàìíîãî íèæå, ÷åì â Êèðîâñêîé îáëàñòè. Ñîäåðæàíèå Ni è Cr â óðàëüñêèõ òåòåðåâèíûõ â öåëîì áûëî íèæå, ÷åì â ñðàâíèâàåìîì ðåãèîíå, Mn, Fe è Zn áîëüøå, à Cu ïðèìåðíî íà òîì æå óðîâíå. Ïîëó÷åííûå ðåçóëüòàòû ïîä÷åðêèâàþò ñâîåîáðàçèå óðàëüñêèõ ïòèö. Òàáëèöà Ñðåäíèå êîíöåíòðàöèè ìåòàëëîâ â êîñòíûõ òêàíÿõ òåòåðåâèíûõ (± îøèáêà), ìêã/ã âîçäóøíî-ñóõîé ìàññû Âèä Ãëóõàðü n = 16 Ðÿá÷èê n = 10 Òåòåðåâ n = 10 Mn 15.2±5.2 Fe 43.7±10.9 Cu 13.1±4.3 Zn 185.5±18.6 Pb 5.6±1.8 Cd 0.26±0.10 Cr 3.7± 1.1 Ni 1.4±0.6 Mo 0.05±0.05 Hg 0.02±0.01 10.7±1.7 19.0±2.2 5.0±1.6 206.3±24.4 0.1±0.1 0.03±0.01 1.6±0.4 2.7±1.1 Í.ï.* Í.ï. 13.1±2.4 49.3±15.4 6.0±1.7 177.1±15.4 3.1±0.9 0.03±0.01 1.8±0.5 0.1±0.1 Í.ï. Í.ï. Ïðèìå÷àíèå: Í.ï. íèæå ïðåäåëà îáíàðóæåíèÿ ËÈÒÅÐÀÒÓÐÀ Ñåðãååâ À.À. 2003. Òÿæ¸ëûå ìåòàëëû â îõîòíè÷üèõ ïòèöàõ Êèðîâñêîé îáëàñòè (áèîëîãè÷åñêèå, èíäèêàöèîííûå è ñàíèòàðíî-ãèãèåíè÷åñêèå àñïåêòû). Äèññ. êàíä.áèîë.íàóê. Êèðîâ: ÂÍÈÈÎÇ ÐÀÑÕÍ. 183 ñ. Scheuhammer A.M. 1987. Reproductive effects of chronic, low-level dietary metal exposure in birds // 52th North Amer. wildlife and natural resources conf. Quebec City, Quebec. March 2025, 1987. P. 658664. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ñïåêòð ýëåìåíòîâ â îðãàíèçìå ïòèö êîíêðåòíûõ ðåãèîíîâ ìîæåò áûòü èñïîëüçîâàí êàê äëÿ âûÿâëåíèÿ åñòåñòâåííûõ è àíòðîïîãåííûõ áèîãåîõèìè÷åñêèõ àíîìàëèé, òàê è â êà÷åñòâå ìàðêåðà ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèõ ïîïóëÿöèé. 113 Ìåæäóíàðîäíàÿ êîíôåðåíöèÿ Ìèêðîýëåìåíòíûé ñîñòàâ êîñòíîé òêàíè òåòåðåâèíûõ Óðàëà