Химия. О.С. Габриелян

реклама
d mq_[gbdm ©ObfbyMq_[gbd^ey de
h[s_h[jZah\Zl_evguomqj_`^_gbcª
HK =Z[jb_eyg²F©>jhnZª ]
StudyPort.ru
mq_[ghijZdlbq_kdh_
ihkh[b_
1
H]eZ\e_gb_
<\_^_gb_. H[sZy oZjZdl_jbklbdZ obfbq_kdbo we_f_glh\ . 5
†OZjZdl_jbklbdZ obfbq_kdh]h we_f_glZ gZhkgh\Zgbb
_]h iheh`_gby \i_jbh^bq_kdhc kbkl_f_>B F_g^_e__\Z
................................................... 5
†OZjZdl_jbklbdZ obfbq_kdh]hwe_f_glZ ihdbkehlgh
hkgh\guf k\hckl\Zfh[jZam_fuo bfkh_^bg_gbc
:fnhl_jgu_ hdkb^ub ]b^jhdkb^u.................... 10
†I_jbh^bq_kdbc aZdhgb i_jbh^bq_kdZykbkl_fZ
obfbq_kdbo we_f_glh\>B F_g^_e__\Z.............. 11
=eZ\Z F_lZeeu ...................................
†<_d f_^guc[jhgah\uc`_e_aguc..............
†Iheh`_gb_ f_lZeeh\\ i_jbh^bq_kdhckbkl_f_
>B F_g^_e__\Z bkljh_gb_ boZlhfh\..............
†Nbabq_kdb_ k\hckl\Zf_lZeeh\.................
†KieZ\u.......................................
†Obfbq_kdb_ k\hckl\Zf_lZeeh\.................
†Ihemq_gb_ f_lZeeh\...........................
†Dhjjhaby f_lZeeh\...........................
†S_ehqgu_ f_lZeeu............................
†;_jbeebcfZ]gbc bs_ehqgha_f_evgu_ f_lZeeu.
†:exfbgbc....................................
†@_e_ah......................................
14
14
15
15
16
16
18
20
21
22
24
25
StudyPort.ru
=eZ\Z 2G_f_lZeeu ................................. 29
†G_f_lZeeuZlhfu bijhklu_ \_s_kl\ZDbkehjh^
hahg\ha^mo...................................... 29
†Obfbq_kdb_ we_f_glu\ de_ldZo`b\uo hj]Zgbafh\
.................................................. 31
†=Zeh]_gu.................................... 32
†Kh_^bg_gby ]Zeh]_gh\........................ 34
†Ihemq_gb_ ]Zeh]_gh\;bheh]bq_kdh_ agZq_gb_b
ijbf_g_gb_ ]Zeh]_gh\b bokh_^bg_gbc.............. 35
†Dbkehjh^.................................... 37
†K_jZ........................................ 38
†Kh_^bg_gby k_ju............................. 39
†:ahl........................................ 43
†:ffbZd...................................... 45
†Kheb Zffhgby................................ 46
†Dbkehjh^gu_ kh_^bg_gbyZahlZ................ 47
†Nhknhj b_]h kh_^bg_gby..................... 49
†M]e_jh^..................................... 51
†Dbkehjh^gu_ kh_^bg_gbym]e_jh^Z............. 53
†Dj_fgbc b_]h kh_^bg_gby.................... 55
2
=eZ\Z 3Hj]Zgbq_kdb_ \_s_kl\Z .....................
†Ij_^f_l hj]Zgbq_kdhcobfbb..................
†Ij_^_evgu_ m]e_\h^hjh^u.....................
†G_ij_^_evgu_ m]e_\h^hjh^uWlbe_g b_]h
]hfheh]b..........................................
†G_ij_^_evgu_ m]e_\h^hjh^u:p_lbe_g.........
†:jhfZlbq_kdb_ m]e_\h^hjh^u;_gahe..........
†Kibjlu......................................
†:ev^_]b^u...................................
†Ij_^_evgu_ h^ghhkgh\gu_dZj[hgh\u_ dbkehlu
Keh`gu_ wnbju.....................................
†@bju........................................
†:fbghdbkehlu b[_edb........................
†M]e_\h^u....................................
†Ihebf_ju....................................
Ijbeh`_gb_ .........................................
H[sZy deZkkbnbdZpbym^h[j_gbc..................
Obfbq_kdZy f_ebhjZpbyihq\.....................
:ahlgu_dZebcgu_ bnhknhjgu_ m^h[j_gby........
58
58
59
61
62
63
64
65
66
68
69
69
71
72
72
75
75
Obfbq_kdbc ijZdlbdmf I. K\hckl\Z f_lZeeh\b bo
kh_^bg_gby ......................................... 78
IjZdlbq_kdZy jZ[hlZ‹ Hij_^_e_gb_ \uoh^Zijh^mdlZ
j_Zdpbb........................................... 78
IjZdlbq_kdZy jZ[hlZ‹ Hkms_kl\e_gb_ p_ihqdb
obfbq_kdbo ij_\jZs_gbc............................ 79
IjZdlbq_kdZy jZ[hlZ‹ Wdki_jbf_glZevgu_ aZ^Zqbih
jZkihagZ\Zgbx bihemq_gbx \_s_kl\................. 81
IjZdlbq_kdZy jZ[hlZ‹ DZq_kl\_ggu_ j_ZdpbbgZ bhgu
f_lZeeh\.......................................... 83
StudyPort.ru
Obfbq_kdbc ijZdlbdmf IIK\hckl\Z kh_^bg_gbc
g_f_lZeeh\ ......................................... 86
IjZdlbq_kdZy jZ[hlZ‹ Ihemq_gb_ kheyghcdbkehlu b
bamq_gb_ __k\hckl\............................... 86
IjZdlbq_kdZy jZ[hlZ‹ Wdki_jbf_glZevgu_aZ^Zqbih
l_f_ ©Ih^]jmiiZdbkehjh^Zª ........................ 88
IjZdlbq_kdZy jZ[hlZ‹ Ihemq_gb_ ZffbZdZb bamq_gb_
_]h k\hckl\....................................... 90
IjZdlbq_kdZy jZ[hlZ‹ Wdki_jbf_glZevgu_ aZ^Zqbih
l_f_ ©Ih^]jmiiZ ZahlZª............................ 91
IjZdlbq_kdZy jZ[hlZ‹ Ihemq_gb_ hdkb^Zm]e_jh^Z
,9b bamq_gb__]h k\hckl\JZkihagZ\Zgb_ dZj[hgZlh\
.................................................. 94
Obfbq_kdbc ijZdlbdmfIII. K\hckl\Z hj]Zgbq_kdbo
\_s_kl\ ............................................ 96
IjZdlbq_kdZy jZ[hlZ‹ Ihemq_gb_ wlbe_gZb
3
bamq_gb_ _]hk\hckl\.............................. 96
IjZdlbq_kdZy jZ[hlZ‹ Wdki_jbf_glZevgu_ aZ^Zqbih
jZkihagZ\Zgbx bihemq_gbx \_s_kl\................. 96
IjZdlbq_kdZy jZ[hlZ‹ JZkihagZ\Zgb_ ieZklfZkk. 99
IjZdlbq_kdZy jZ[hlZ‹ JZkihagZ\Zgb_ \hehdhg... 99
IjZdlbq_kdZy jZ[hlZ‹ JZkihagZ\Zgb_ fbg_jZevguo
m^h[j_gbc........................................ 100
StudyPort.ru
4
<\_^_gb_. H[sZyoZjZdl_jbklbdZ
obfbq_kdbowe_f_glh\
§ 1OZjZdl_jbklbdZobfbq_kdh]hwe_f_glZgZhkgh\Zgbb
_]hiheh`_gby\ i_jbh^bq_kdhckbkl_f_>B F_g^_e__\Z
<hijhk :OZjZdl_jbklbdZnhknhjZ
Nhknhj ²we_f_gliylhc]jmiiub lj_lv_]hi_jbh^Z= = 15,
ArJ = 31.
Khhl\_lkl\_gghZlhfnhknhjZkh^_j`bl\ y^j_ ijhlhgh\
g_cljhgh\b we_dljhgh\Kljh_gb__]hwe_dljhgghch[hehqdb
fh`ghhljZablvk ihfhsvxke_^mxs_cko_fu
+15J

:lhfu nhknhjZ ijhy\eyxl dZd hdbkebl_evgu_ k\hckl\Z
ijbgbfZxl g_^hklZxsb_ ^ey aZ\_jr_gby \g_rg_]h mjh\gy ljb
we_dljhgZ ihemqZy ijb wlhf kl_i_gv hdbke_gby ± gZijbf_j \
kh_^bg_gbyo k f_g__ we_dljhhljbpZl_evgufb we_f_glZfb —
f_lZeeZfb \h^hjh^hf b li lZd b \hkklZgh\bl_evgu_ k\hckl\Z
hl^Zxlbebwe_dljhgh\[he__we_dljhhljbpZl_evguf we_f_glZf —
dbkehjh^m]Zeh]_gZfb liijbh[j_lZyijbwlhfkl_i_gbhdbke_gby b StudyPort.ru
Nhknhjf_g__kbevguchdbkebl_evq_fZahlgh[he__kbevgucq_f
furvydqlhk\yaZghk jhklhfjZ^bmkh\Zlhfh\hlZahlZd furvydm
Ihwlhc`_ijbqbg_\hkklZgh\bl_evgu_k\hckl\ZgZh[hjhl
mkbeb\Zxlky
Nhknhj ² ijhklh_ \_s_kl\h lbibqguc g_f_lZee Nhknhjm
k\hckl\_ggh y\e_gb_ Zeehljhibb GZijbf_j kms_kl\mxl Zeehljhigu_
fh^bnbdZpbb nhknhjZ lZdb_ dZd [_euc djZkguc b q_jguc nhknhj
dhlhju_h[eZ^ZxljZagufbobfbq_kdbfb b nbabq_kdbfbk\hckl\Zfb
G_f_lZeebq_kdb_k\hckl\ZnhknhjZ\ujZ`_gukeZ[__q_fm
ZahlZghkbevg__q_fm furvydZkhk_^gb_we_f_glu\ ]jmii_
G_f_lZeebq_kdb_ k\hckl\Z nhknhjZ \ujZ`_gu kbevg__ q_f m
dj_fgbyghkeZ[__q_fm k_jukhk_^gb_we_f_glu\ i_jbh^_
<ukrbchdkb^nhknhjZbf__lnhjfmemJ2H5Wlhdbkehlguc
hdkb^Hgijhy\ey_l\k_lbibqgu_k\hckl\Zdbkehlguohdkb^h\LZd
gZijbf_jijb\aZbfh^_ckl\bb_]hk \h^hcihemqZ_lkynhknhjgZy
dbkehlZ
J2H5 G2H ⇒ G3JH4.
5
Ijb\aZbfh^_ckl\bb_]hk hkgh\gufbhdkb^Zfbb hkgh\Zgbyfbhg
^Z_lkheb
J2H5 0JH 0J3JH4)2;
J2H5 DHG D3JH4 G2H
<ukrbc]b^jhdkb^nhknhjZ ²nhknhjgZydbkehlZG3JH4,
jZkl\hjdhlhjhcijhy\ey_l\k_lbibqgu_k\hckl\Zdbkehl
\aZbfh^_ckl\b_k hkgh\Zgbyfbb hkgh\gufbhdkb^Zfb
G3JH4 + 3NaOH = Na3PO4 G2H G3JH4 KD2 KD3(PO4)2↓ G2H
Nhknhjh[jZam_le_lmq__kh_^bg_gb_G3J ²nhknbg
;OZjZdl_jbklbdZdZeby
DZebcbf__lihjy^dh\ucghf_j = b hlghkbl_evgmx
ZlhfgmxfZkkm $r(K Khhl\_lkl\_gghaZjy^y^jZ_]hZlhfZ
jZ\_gqbkemijhlhgh\Ke_^h\Zl_evghqbkehg_cljhgh\\ y^j_
jZ\gh LZddZdZlhfwe_dljhg_cljZe_glhqbkehwe_dljhgh\
kh^_j`Zsboky\ Zlhf_dZebylh`_jZ\gh
We_f_gldZebcgZoh^blky\ q_l\_jlhfi_jbh^_i_jbh^bq_kdhc
kbkl_fuagZqbl\k_we_dljhgujZkiheZ]ZxlkygZq_luj_o
wg_j]_lbq_kdbomjh\gyoLZdbfh[jZahfkljh_gb_ZlhfZdZeby
aZibku\Z_lkylZd
+19D
Bkoh^ybakljh_gbyZlhfZfh`ghij_^kdZaZlvkl_i_gvhdbke_gby
dZeby\ _]hkh_^bg_gbyoLZddZd\ obfbq_kdboj_ZdpbyoZlhfdZeby
hl^Z_lh^bg\g_rgbcwe_dljhgijhy\eyy\hkklZgh\bl_evgu_
k\hckl\Zke_^h\Zl_evghhgijbh[j_lZ_lkl_i_gvhdbke_gby
<hkklZgh\bl_evgu_ k\hckl\Z m dZeby \ujZ`_gu kbevg__ q_f m
gZljbyghkeZ[__q_fm jm[b^byqlhk\yaZghk jhklhfjZ^bmkh\hl 1Dd
Rb.
DZebc ²ijhklh_\_s_kl\h^eyg_]hoZjZdl_jgZf_lZeebq_kdZy
djbklZeebq_kdZyj_r_ldZb f_lZeebq_kdZyobfbq_kdZyk\yavZ
hlkx^Z ²b \k_lbibqgu_^eyf_lZeeh\k\hckl\Z
F_lZeebq_kdb_ k\hckl\Z m dZeby \ujZ`_gu kbevg__ q_f m
gZljbyghkeZ[__q_fm jm[b^byldZlhfdZebye_]q_hl^Z_lwe_dljhg
q_fZlhfgZljbyghljm^g__q_fZlhfjm[b^by
F_lZeebq_kdb_k\hckl\Zm dZeby\ujZ`_gukbevg__q_fm
dZevpbyldh^bgwe_dljhgZlhfZdZebye_]q_hlhj\Zlvq_f^\Z
we_dljhgZZlhfZdZevpby
Hdkb^dZebyD2H y\ey_lkyhkgh\gufhdkb^hfb ijhy\ey_l\k_
lbibqgu_k\hckl\Zhkgh\guohdkb^h\<aZbfh^_ckl\b_k dbkehlZfb
b dbkehlgufbhdkb^Zfb
D2H G&O .&O+2O;
K2O + SO3 = K2SO4.
StudyPort.ru
6
< dZq_kl\_ ]b^jhdkb^Z dZebx khhl\_lkl\m_l hkgh\Zgb_ s_ehqv
DHG dhlhjh_ ijhy\ey_l \k_ oZjZdl_jgu_ k\hckl\Z hkgh\Zgbc
\aZbfh^_ckl\b_k dbkehlZfbb dbkehlgufbhdkb^Zfb
DHG+123 = KNO3+H2O;
2KOH+N2O5 = 2KNO3+H2O.
E_lmq_]h\h^hjh^gh]hkh_^bg_gbydZebcg_h[jZam_lZ h[jZam_l
]b^jb^dZebyDG
<hijhk
Z0J2 ²hkgh\ghchdkb^623 ²dbkehlguchdkb^
1) MgO + SO3 = MgSO4;
2) MgO + 2HNO3 = Mg(NO3)2 + H2O;
3) MgO + 2H+ = Mg2+ + H2O; 2RbOH + SO3 = Rb2SO4 + H2O;
SO3 + 2OH– = SO42– + H2O.
[0J2+2 ²hkgh\ghc]b^jhdkb^+2SO4 ²dbkehlguc]b^jhdkb^
0J2G2 + H2SO4 = MgSO4 + 2H2O; OH– + H+ = H2O;
0J2G2 + SO3 = MgSO4 + H2O; SO3 + 2OH– = H2O + 62 +
+
3) H2SO4 + Na2O = Na2SO4 + H2O; Na2O + 2H = 2Na + H2O.
<hijhk FZ]gbc ²ijhklh_\_s_kl\h ^eyg_]hoZjZdl_jgZf_lZeebq_kdZy
djbklZeebq_kdZyj_r_ldZhgh[eZ^Z_lf_lZeebq_kdbf[e_kdhf
we_dljhijh\h^ghklvx
Z0JH2 = 2MgO
[0J&O2 = MgCl2
0J H 0J 0J H 0J
&O H &O
2 H 2 StudyPort.ru
\0J6 0J6
0J − H = 0J + 6 + H = 6 −
^0J+&O 0J&O2 + H2↑
0J H 0J
+ H
+
]0J12 = Mg3N2
0J − H = 0J + 1 + H = 1−
<hijhk :eehljhiby ²y\e_gb_kms_kl\h\Zgbyobfbq_kdh]hwe_f_glZ\
\b^_g_kdhevdboijhkluo\_s_kl\jZaebqguoihkljh_gbxb
k\hckl\ZflZdgZau\Z_fuoZeehljhiguonhjf
Z< fhe_dmeZokhklZ\Z68 j_Zebam_lkydh\Ze_glghg_iheyjguclbi
k\yabl_g_ijhbkoh^blkf_s_gbywe_dljhgghciZjuh[jZamxs_c
k\yav
7
[< fhe_dmeZokhklZ\ZG26j_Zebam_lkydh\Ze_glghiheyjguclbi
k\yabldijhbkoh^blkf_s_gb_we_dljhgghciZjud [he__
we_dljhhljbpZl_evghfmZlhfm ²k_j_6
G→S←G
Nbabq_kdb_k\hckl\Zjhf[bq_kdhck_ju 68):
<_s_kl\hebfhggh`_elh]hp\_lZmklhcqb\h_^h W °K
jZkl\hjy_lky\ k_jhm]e_jh^_&62Zgbebg_[_gahe_n_ghe_
MjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbc
Z1D6 1D2S
1D H 1D
\hkklZgh\bl_ev
hdbkebl_ev
6 H 6
[&D6 &D6
KD − =HKD +
\hkklZgh\bl_ev
hdbkebl_ev
6 + =H6
\$O6 $O2S3
−
$O H $O
\hkklZgh\bl_ev
hdbkebl_ev
6 H 6
]622 = SO2↑
StudyPort.ru
6 H 6 \hkklZgh\bl_ev
hdbkebl_ev
2
^6+2 = H2S↑
+ H + \hkklZgh\bl_ev
hdbkebl_ev
6 H 6 _6)2 = SF6
6 H 6 \hkklZgh\bl_ev
hdbkebl_ev
) H )
2 H
<hijhk G_f_lZeebq_kdb_k\hckl\Zdj_fgby\ujZ`_gukeZ[__q_fm
nhknhjZghkbevg__q_fm Zexfbgby.
<hijhk ZM ZahlZdbkehlgu_k\hckl\Z\ujZ`_gukbevg__q_fm nhknhjZ
ld\ ]jmiiZok\_jom\gbaijhbkoh^blmkbe_gb_hkgh\guob
hkeZ[e_gb_dbkehlguok\hckl\
[M k_judbkehlgu_k\hckl\Z\ujZ`_gukbevg__q_fm nhknhjZ
ld\ i_jbh^Zoke_\ZgZijZ\hijhbkoh^blmkbe_gb_dbkehlguob
hkeZ[e_gb_hkgh\guok\hckl\
8
<hijhk >Zgh: ηH2 P0J ]ωMgijbf_kb %.
GZclb9\ha^moZ
J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkmfZ]gby[_aijbf_kb
mqbkluc (Mg) = m(Mg) – m(Mg)⋅ωMg (ijbf_kb
mqbkluc (Mg) ]±]⋅ ]
AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbbk`b]ZgbyfZ]gby]
]
0J
fhev
F ]fhev
P ]
oe
2
fhev
9 efhev
9 e
0J2
IhmjZ\g_gbxj_ZdpbbkhklZ\bfijhihjpbx
] ²e
] ²o e
o ⋅ e
Ke_^h\Zl_evgh e qbklh]hdbkehjh^Zlj_[m_lkygZk`b]Zgb_
] fZ]gby
GZc^_fh[t_f\ha^moZdhlhjucihlj_[m_lkygZk`b]Zgb_fZ]gby
V (O 2 )
9\ha^moZ = e
η(O 2 )
Hl\_l9\ha^moZ e
StudyPort.ru
<hijhk >ZghP6 d] ]
ω = 80 %.
GZclb: V(SO2)
J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbbk`b]Zgbyk_ju\ dbkehjh^_
]
6
fhev
F ]fhev
P ]
oe
H
fhev
9 efhev
9 e
62 KhklZ\bfijhihjpbx
] ²e
] ²o e
⋅ o e
VijZdl (SO2) = Vl_hj(SO2)⋅ ω e⋅ e
Hl\_l: V(SO2 e
<hijhk
G_lg_evayIj_`^_\k_]hbaaZjZaebqby\ kl_i_gyohdbke_gby<
hdkb^_k_jZbf__lkl_i_gvhdbke_gby< k_jgbklhcdbkehl_ — 4+.
9
<ukr_fmhdkb^m623 khhl\_lkl\m_lk_jgZydbkehlZ+2SO4.
K_jgbklhcdbkehl_+2SO3 khhl\_lkl\m_lhdkb^622.
>Zggu_khhl\_lkl\byfh`ghihdZaZlv]b^jhebahfhdkb^h\
+
+
62 GH⇒ + 62 +
62 GH ‡ + 62 +
<hijhk
Z0JKH2 0JH K
0J − H = 0J + &+ + H = &
[6.KOH3 = 2KCl + 3SO2
6 − H = 6 +
&O+ + H = &O−
§ 2. OZjZdl_jbklbdZobfbq_kdh]hwe_f_glZ
ihdbkehlghhkgh\gufk\hckl\Zfh[jZam_fuo
bfkh_^bg_gbc:fnhl_jgu_hdkb^ub ]b^jhdkb^u
StudyPort.ru
<hijhk
:fnhl_jguf]b^jhdkb^Zfijbkms_k\hckl\hj_Z]bjh\Zlvk
dbkehlZfbdZdhkgh\Zgb_b khs_ehqZfbdZddbkehlZIhwlhfm
dh]^Zfud jZkl\hjms_ehqbijbeb\Z_fihdZieyfjZkl\hjkhebm
gZkihemqZ_lkyZfnhl_jguc]b^jhdkb^dhlhjuckjZam`_j_Z]bjm_l
k s_ehqvxh[jZamyjZkl\hjbfmxkhevb fug_gZ[ex^Z_f
\uiZ^_gb_\ hkZ^hdZfnhl_jgh]h]b^jhdkb^Z
%H
<hijhk
%H62
%H2
.%H2
%H12
%H2+
1. 2Be + O2 = 2BeO;
2. BeO + H2SO4 = BeSO4↓ G2H
<_HDHG D2<_H2 G2H
<_HG123 = Be(NO3)2 + H2O;
5. Be(NO3)2 + 2NaOH = 2NaNO3 + Be(OH)2;
6. Be(OH)2 D2+ D2BeO2 + 2H2O;
10
7. Be(OH)2 + H2SO4 = BeSO4↓ G2H
<hijhk
Z%H2+2 G+ <_2+ G2H%H2+2 + H2SO4=BeSO4 G2H
Be(OH)2 + 2HNO3=Be(NO3)2 G2H
[%H2+2 2G– <_22– G2H%H2+2 + 2KOH=K2BeO2 +
G2H
Be(OH)2 + 2NaOH=Na2BeO2 G2H
<hijhk
:fnhl_jghklvx gZau\Z_lky kihkh[ghklv \_s_kl\Z ijhy\eylv dZd
dbkehlgu_lZdb hkgh\gu_k\hckl\ZDbkehlgu_k\hckl\ZdZdijZ\beh
ijhy\eyxlkh_^bg_gbyg_f_lZeeh\
GZijbf_j+2SO4; P2O5; CO2.
Ghkms_kl\mxl dbkehluh[jZah\Zggu_ f_lZeeZfb
GZijbf_j.MnO4 ²i_jfZg]ZgZldZebyD2Cr2O7 ²^bojhfZl
dZeby1D3VO4 ²\ZgZ^ZlgZljby1D>Al(OH)4] ²]b^jhdkhZexfbgZl
gZljby
Lh_klvf_lZeeufh]mllZd`_ijhy\eylvdbkehlgu_k\hckl\Z
Hkgh\gu_k\hckl\ZoZjZdl_jguijZdlbq_kdblhevdh^eyf_lZeeh\
GZijbf_jNaOH, K2O, LiNO3.
StudyPort.ru
§ 3I_jbh^bq_kdbcaZdhgb i_jbh^bq_kdZykbkl_fZ
obfbq_kdbowe_f_glh\>B F_g^_e__\Z
<hijhk
I_jbh^bq_kdbcaZdhgF_g^_e__\Z ²h^bgbahkgh\hiheZ]Zxsbo
aZdhgh\obfbbFh`ghml\_j`^Zlvqlh\kykh\j_f_ggZyobfby
ihkljh_gZgZg_fHgh[tykgy_laZ\bkbfhklvk\hckl\Zlhfh\hlbo
kljh_gbyh[h[sZ_lwlmaZ\bkbfhklv^ey\k_owe_f_glh\jZa^_eyy
bogZjZaebqgu_]jmiiuZ lZd`_ij_^kdZau\Z_lbok\hckl\Z\
aZ\bkbfhklbhlkljh_gbyb kljh_gb_\ aZ\bkbfhklbhlk\hckl\
Kms_kl\mxl^jm]b_aZdhgug_kmsb_h[tykgyxsmxh[h[sZxsmx
b ij_^kdZaZl_evgmxnmgdpbbGZijbf_jaZdhgkhojZg_gbywg_j]bb
aZdhgij_ehfe_gbyk\_lZ]_g_lbq_kdbcaZdhgF_g^_ey
<hijhk
Jmdh\h^kl\mykvi_jbh^bq_kdhckbkl_fhcgZc^_fwe_f_glk gm`guf
jZkiheh`_gb_fwe_dljhgh\b Wlhlwe_f_gl ²Zahl
N: 1s22s22p3.
Wlhlwe_f_glh[jZam_lijhklh_\_s_kl\h — N2, Zahl<h^hjh^gh_
kh_^bg_gb_ZahlZ — NH3ZffbZd<ukrbchdkb^ZahlZ — N2H5.
11
Dbkehlguchdkb^N2O5 ijbjZkl\hj_gbb\ \h^_i_j_oh^bl\
kbevgmxZahlgmxdbkehlm+123.
N2O5 + H2O = 2HNO3;
N2O5 + BaO = Ba(NO3)2;
N2O5 + Ba(OH)2 = Ba(NO3)2 + H2O;
5+
N h[eZ^Z_lkbevgufbhdbkebl_evgufbk\hckl\Zfb
2N2O5 K = 2N2 K22.
<hijhk
JZgvr_we_f_gl[_jbeebchrb[hqghhlghkbebd ,,,]jmii_IjbqbgZ
wlh]h aZdexqZeZkv \ g_ijZ\bevghf hij_^_e_gbb Zlhfghc fZkku
[_jbeeby \f_klh __ kqblZeb jZ\ghc >B F_g^_e__\
ij_^iheh`be qlh [_jbeebc gZoh^blky \ ,, ]jmii_ hkgh\u\Zykv gZ
obfbq_kdbo k\hckl\Zo we_f_glZ K\hckl\Z [_jbeeby [ueb hq_gv
ihoh`bgZk\hckl\Z0Jb KZb kh\_jr_gghg_ihoh`bgZk\hckl\Z$O
AgZy qlh Zlhfgu_ fZkku /L b < khk_^gbo we_f_glh\ d <_ jZ\gu
khhl\_lkl\_ggh b >BF_g^_e__\ij_^iheh`be qlhZlhfgZyfZkkZ
[_jbeebyjZ\gZ
<hijhk
KZ ²Zlhfm dhlhjh]hwe_dljhgujZkij_^_e_gukh]eZkghjy^m
qbk_e
We_f_gl‹ 7 — N,
we_f_gl‹ 8 — O.
MjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbc
KZ + N2 KZ3N2,
KZ + O2 KZ2
Ijh^mdluj_Zdpbcbf_xlbhgguclbik\yab
:ahl b dbkehjh^ bf_xl fhe_dmeyjgh_ kljh_gb_ djbklZeebq_kdbo
j_r_lhdZ mdZevpbyf_lZeebq_kdZy djbklZeebq_kdZy j_r_ldZ
Ijh^mdlu\aZbfh^_ckl\by ²KZ3N2 b KZ2bf_xlbhggh_kljh_gb_
djbklZeebq_kdhcj_r_ldb
<hijhk
N, P, As, Sb, Bi — mkbe_gb_f_lZeebq_kdbok\hckl\
F_lZeebq_kdb_ k\hckl\Z\ ]jmiiZomkbeb\Zxlky
<hijhk
Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl — mkbe_gb_g_f_lZeebq_kdbok\hckl\
G_f_lZeebq_kdb_k\hckl\Z\ i_jbh^Zomkbeb\Zxlky
StudyPort.ru
<hijhk
Cl2O7, P2O5, SiO2, Al2O3, MgO, Na2O — mf_gvr_gb_dbkehlguo
k\hckl\
12
Dbkehlgu_k\hckl\Z\ i_jbh^Zom\_ebqb\Zxlky
+KO24, H3PO4, H2SiO4, Al(OH)3, Mg(OH)2, NaOH — mf_gvr_gb_
dbkehlguok\hckl\
<hijhk
B2O3, BeO, Li2O²\hajZklZgb_hkgh\guok\hckl\ld\ i_jbh^Zo
hkgh\gu_k\hckl\ZhkeZ[_\Zxl
B(OH)3, Be(OH)2, LiOH — \hajZklZgb_hkgh\guok\hckl\
B(OH)3 — keZ[ZydbkehlZ
Be(OH)2 — keZ[h_hkgh\Zgb_
LiOH — kbevgh_hkgh\Zgb_
<hijhk
I_jbh^bq_kdZy kbkl_fZ we_f_glh\ hljZ`Z_l \aZbfhk\yav
obfbq_kdbo we_f_glh\ :lhfguc ghf_j we_f_glZ jZ\_g aZjy^m y^jZ
qbke_ggh hg jZ\_g qbkem ijhlhgh\ Qbkeh g_cljhgh\ kh^_j`Zsboky \
y^jZo h^gh]h we_f_glZ \ hlebqb_ hl qbkeZ ijhlhgh\ fh`_l [ulv
jZaebqguf :lhfu h^gh]h we_f_glZ y^jZ dhlhjuo kh^_j`Zl jZagh_
qbkehg_cljhgh\gZau\ZxlkybahlhiZfb
DZ`^uc obfbq_kdbc we_f_gl bf__l ih g_kdhevdh bahlhih\
ijbjh^guo beb ihemq_gguo bkdmkkl\_ggh :lhfgZy fZkkZ
obfbq_kdh]h we_f_glZ jZ\gZ kj_^g_fm agZq_gbx ba fZkk \k_o _]h
ijbjh^guobahlhih\k mq_lhfbojZkijhkljZg_gghklb StudyPort.ru
K hldjulb_fbahlhih\^eyjZkij_^_e_gbywe_f_glh\ih
i_jbh^bq_kdhckbkl_f_klZebbkihevah\ZlvaZjy^uy^_jZ g_bo
Zlhfgu_fZkku
<hijhk
LZdijhbkoh^blba-aZlh]hqlhk\hckl\Zwe_f_glh\b bokh_^bg_gbc
aZ\bkylg_hlh[s_]hqbkeZwe_dljhgh\Z lhevdhhl\Ze_glguo
dhlhju_gZoh^ylkygZihke_^g_fkeh_Dhebq_kl\h\Ze_glguo
we_dljhgh\f_gy_lkyi_jbh^bq_kdbke_^h\Zl_evghk\hckl\Z
we_f_glh\lZd`_f_gyxlkyi_jbh^bq_kdb
<hijhk
K\hckl\Zobfbq_kdbowe_f_glh\b h[jZah\Zgguobfb\_s_kl\
gZoh^ylky\ i_jbh^bq_kdhcaZ\bkbfhklbhlhlghkbl_evguoZlhfguo
fZkkwe_f_glh\
K\hckl\Z obfbq_kdbo we_f_glh\ b h[jZah\Zgguo bfb \_s_kl\
gZoh^ylky \ i_jbh^bq_kdhc aZ\bkbfhklb hl aZjy^Z Zlhfguo y^_j
we_f_glh\
K\hckl\Zobfbq_kdbowe_f_glh\b h[jZah\Zgguobfb\_s_kl\
gZoh^ylky\ i_jbh^bq_kdhcaZ\bkbfhklbhlkljh_gby\g_rgbo
wg_j]_lbq_kdbomjh\g_c\ we_dljhgghch[hehqd_ZlhfZ
13
=eZ\ZF_lZeeu
§ 4<_df_^guc[jhgah\uc`_e_aguc
<hijhk
< wihom Zglbqghklb k_fvx qm^_kZfb k\_lZ kqblZeb _]bi_lkdb_
ibjZfb^u \bkyqb_ kZ^u <Z\behgZ klZlmx DhehkkZ Jh^hkkdh]h OjZf
:jl_fb^u \ Wn_k_ klZlmx hebfibckdh]h [h]Z Xibl_jZ fZ\ahe_c \
=ZebdZjbZk_:e_dkZg^jbckdbc fZyd
< kha^Zgbb_]bi_lkdboibjZfb^b]jZeZg_fZemxjhevf_^vld^ey
khhjm`_gbyibjZfb^ubkihevah\Zebkv bgkljmf_glu ba]hlh\e_ggu_ ba
f_^b
=b]ZglkdZyklZlmyDhehkkZJh^hkkdh]h[ueZiheghklvxba]hlh\e_gZ
ba[jhgau
KlZlmyXibl_jZ[ueZqZklbqghk^_eZgZbaahehlZba[eZ]hjh^gh]h
f_lZeeZ[ueba]hlh\e_gieZsXibl_jZ
<hijhk
K\hckl\Zjlmlbijbh[uqguomkeh\byofh`ghhibkZlvke_^mxsbfb
ijbeZ]Zl_evgufb`b^dZyy^h\blZy[e_klysZy[]_
<hijhk
< hkgh\_h[jZah\Zgbyebl_jZlmjgh]h\ujZ`_gby ©klZevghc
oZjZdl_jª©`_e_agu_g_j\uª©ahehlh_k_j^p_ª©f_lZeebq_kdbc
]hehkª©k\bgph\ucdmeZdªe_`Zlke_^mxsb_k\hckl\Zf_lZeeh\
l\_j^hklvijhqghklv
<hijhk
>eyoZjZdl_jbklbdbij_^]jhah\h]hg_[Zfh`ghbkihevah\Zlv
ijbeZ]Zl_evgu_k\bgph\h_ly`_eh_\^
<hijhk
>eylh]hqlh[uohjhrhih^]hlh\blvkyd khh[s_gbx\ufh`_l_
\hkihevah\Zlvky^_lkdhcwgpbdehi_^b_cbebwgpbdehi_^b_c
bkdmkkl\Z
<hijhk
Ij_^hklZ\ey_f \hafh`ghklv\ZfkZfbfihnZglZabjh\Zlv gZwlml_fm
>ey lh]h qlh[u \Zf e_]q_ [ueh khjb_glbjh\Zlvky h[hagZqbf
g_dhlhju_ \hafh`ghklb ^ey ijbf_g_gby f_lZeeh\ dhgkljmdpbhggu_
fZl_jbZeu we_dljhl_ogbq_kdb_ fZl_jbZeu `Zjhijhqgu_ fZl_jbZeu
StudyPort.ru
14
§ 5Iheh`_gb_f_lZeeh\\ i_jbh^bq_kdhckbkl_f_
>B F_g^_e__\Zb kljh_gb_boZlhfh\
<hijhk
<hkklZgh\bl_evgu_k\hckl\Zf_lZeeh\hij_^_eyxlkykihkh[ghklvx
hl^Z\Zlvwe_dljhgu\g_rg_]hkehyQ_fe_]q_Zlhfhl^Z_l
we_dljhgu\g_rg_]hkehyl_f[he__kbevguf\hkklZgh\bl_e_fhg
y\ey_lky
<hijhk
KZfucZdlb\gucf_lZee ²njZgpbc )U
NjZgpbce_]q_\k_]hhl^Z_lwe_dljhg\g_rg_]hkehyHgh[eZ^Z_l
kZfuf[hevrbfZlhfgufjZ^bmkhfihwlhfmwg_j]by
\aZbfh^_ckl\byy^jZZlhfZk \g_rg_cwe_dljhgghch[hehqdhcfZeZ
<hijhk
F_lZeeuijhy\eyxl\hkklZgh\bl_evgu_k\hckl\Z\ gme_\hckl_i_gb
hdbke_gbyl_kZff_lZeefh`_l[ulvlhevdh\hkklZgh\bl_e_f
Ijb\_^_ggucijhp_kk ²ijbf_jhdbke_gby &X2+ ^h&X0< ^Zgghf
ijbf_j_f_^v\uklmiZ_l\ \b^_dZlbhgZ
StudyPort.ru
<hijhk
§ 6Nbabq_kdb_k\hckl\Zf_lZeeh\
KZfuce_]dhieZ\dbcf_lZee ²jlmlvM`_ijbdhfgZlghc
l_fi_jZlmj_hgy\ey_lky`b^dhklvx
<hijhk
< l_ogbd_bkihevamxlkylZdb_k\hckl\Zf_lZeeh\dZd
we_dljhijh\h^ghklvl\_j^hklvl_jfhmklhcqb\hklv
<hijhk
S_ehqgu_f_lZeeubf_xlkZfmxgbadmxwg_j]bxbhgbaZpbbl_
hgbe_]dhhl^Zxlwe_dljhgk ihke_^g_]hkehy>eylh]hqlh[u
hlgylvwlhlwe_dljhghlf_lZeeZ^hklZlhqgh^Z`_wg_j]bbk\_lZ
nhlhgZ
GZy\e_gbbnhlhwnn_dlZhkgh\Zgh^_ckl\b_nhlhwe_dljbq_kdbo
ijb[hjh\ihemqb\rb_jZaghh[jZagh_ijbf_g_gb_\ jZaebqguo
h[eZklyogZmdbb l_ogbdb ²nhlhwe_f_glujZ[hlZxsb_gZhkgh\_
nhlhwnn_dlZij_h[jZamxlwg_j]bxbaemq_gby\ we_dljbq_kdmx
<hijhk
GZlm]hieZ\dhklb\hevnjZfZhkgh\Zgh_]hijbf_g_gb_\ eZfiZo
gZdZeb\Zgby
15
<hijhk
< ebl_jZlmjguo\ujZ`_gbyo©k_j_[jygucbg_cª©ahehlZyaZjyª
©k\bgph\u_lmqbªaZdexq_ghk\hckl\hf_lZeeh\hljZ`Zlvk\_lh\u_
emqb\ j_amevlZl_q_]hhgbijbh[j_lZxloZjZdl_jgmxhdjZkdm
f_lZeebq_kdbc[e_kd
§ 7KieZ\u
<hijhk
;jhgah\uc \_d ijh^he`Zeky ijb[ebabl_evgh e_l dhg_p —
gZqZehlukyq_e_lby^hgwGZa\Zgb_©[jhgah\uc\_dªh[mkeh\e_gh
l_f qlh \ wlhl i_jbh^ rbjhdh bkihevah\Zeky kieZ\ f_^b b heh\Z
dhlhjucihemqbegZa\Zgb_[jhgaZ
<hijhk
F_evobhj ² kieZ\ kh^_j`Zsbc hdheh f_^b b gbd_ey
Ihwlhfm^eyijhba\h^kl\Z d]f_evobhjZg_h[oh^bfh \aylv
P&X Pf_evobhjZ⋅ ωKX\ kieZ\_ = 25⋅ d]
P1L Pf_evobhjZ⋅ ω(Ni)\ kieZ\_ = 25⋅ d]
Hl\_ld]&Xb d]1L
StudyPort.ru
<hijhk
G_ljm^gh
aZf_lblv
qlh
keh\Z
©e_]bjmxsbc ª
b
©ijb\be_]bjh\Z ggucª bf_xl h^bgZdh\mx qZklv ©e_]bjª \ dhjgyo
Hq_\b^ghqlhhgbijhbkoh^ylhlh^gh]hb lh]h`_keh\ZE_]bjmxsb_
we_f_glu^h[Z\eyxl\ kieZ\qlh[umemqrblvbonbabq_kdb_k\hckl\Z
©Ijb\be_]bj h\Zggucª hagZqZ_l ©emqrbcª ©[he__ \ukhdbc q_f m
hklZevguoª
§ 8Obfbq_kdb_k\hckl\Zf_lZeeh\
<hijhk
AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbch[jZah\Zgby`_e_aghchdZebgu
3Fe + 4H2O = Fe3O4 + 4H2↑ (1)
Fe3O4 ²ij_^klZ\ey_lkh[hckf_kv^\mohdkb^h\)H2⋅Fe2O3.
Ihwlhfm mjZ\g_gb_ j_Zdpbb fh`gh mkeh\gh ij_^klZ\blv \ \b^_
^\mo mjZ\g_gbc b ^ey dZ`^h]h khklZ\blv mjZ\g_gb_ we_dljhggh]h
[ZeZgkZ
Fe + H2O = FeO + H2↑
)H H )H + H + 2Fe + 3H2O = Fe2O3 + 3H2↑
16
)H − H = )H+
+ + + H = + 3Fe + 4H2O = FeO⋅Fe2O3 + 4H2↑
)H H )H )H + H + Lh_klvihemqbebqlh\ j_Zdpbbh[jZah\Zgby`_e_aghchdZebguljb
ZlhfZ`_e_aZhl^Zxlwe_dljhgh\
<hijhk
>ZghP0J ]ηH2) = 0,21.
GZclb9\ha^
J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbbk`b]ZgbyfZ]gby
]
0J
fhev
F efhev
P ]
oe
2 fhev
9 efhev
9 e
0J2 ,
KhklZ\bfijhihjpbxb hij_^_ebfh[t_fdbkehjh^Zg_h[oh^bfh]h
^eyijh\_^_gbyj_Zdpbb
] ²e
] ²[e
⋅ o e
V(O2 e
GZc^_fh[t_f\ha^moZg_h[oh^bfh]h^eyijh\_^_gbyj_Zdpbb
V (O 2 )
9\ha^ = e e
η(O 2 )
Hl\_l9\ha^ e
StudyPort.ru
<hijhk
>ZghP&D f] ]ω = 80 %
GZclb: V(H2)
J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_ZdpbbjZkl\hj_gbydZevpby\ \h^_
]
&D
fhev
F ]fhev
P ]
+2
&D2+ +
fhev
9 efhev
9 e
KhklZ\bfijhihjpbxb gZc^_fh[t_f\h^hjh^Zdhlhjuc
l_hj_lbq_kdb^he`_g[ueihemqblvky\ oh^_j_Zdpbb
] ²e
] ²o e
⋅ o e
17
Vl_hjG2 e
Hl\_l: VG2 e
Ihmkeh\bxaZ^Zqb\uoh^]ZaZkhklZ\ey_l hll_hj_lbq_kdb
\hafh`gh]hIhwlhfmijZdlbq_kdb[uehihemq_gh
VijZdlG2) = Vl_hjG2)⋅ ω e⋅ e
Hl\_l: VijZdlG2 e
<hijhk
S_ehqgu_b s_ehqgha_f_evgu_f_lZeeuhq_gvZdlb\gub
j_Z]bjmxlijZdlbq_kdbkh\k_fk q_fkhijbdZkZxlky
GZijbf_j gZ \ha^mo_ wlb f_lZeeu e_]dh hdbkeyxlky ?keb wlb
f_lZeeu ojZgblv ih^ keh_f d_jhkbgZ d dhlhjhfm hgb bg_jlgu lh
fh`gh m[_j_qv hl g_gm`guo \aZbfh^_ckl\bc Eblbc ² kZfuc e_]dbc
ba f_lZeeh\ Hg e_]q_ d_jhkbgZ b \ hlebqb_ hl ^jm]bo f_lZeeh\
\kieu\Z_l\ g_fihwlhfm_]hojZgyl\ \Za_ebg_
<hijhk
KZ + 12HNO3 = 5Ca(NO3)2 + N2↑ + 6H2O.
&D − H &D
1 H 1
StudyPort.ru
<hijhk
IhijZ\bemdhlhjh_]eZkblqlhf_lZeeuklhysb_\ jy^m
gZijy`_gbye_\__\h^hjh^Z\ul_kgyxl_]hbajZkl\hjh\dbkehl
\h^hjh^ijbj_Zdpbbk\bgpZk jZkl\hjhfk_jghcdbkehlu^he`_g
ihemqblvkyGh^Zggh_ijZ\behkh[ex^Z_lky_keb\ j_Zdpbb
f_lZeeZk dbkehlhch[jZam_lkyjZkl\hjbfZykhevZ 3E624 —
g_jZkl\hjbfZykhevIhwlhfm\ kemqZ_k\bgpZb k_jghcdbkehlu
ijZ\behg_^_ckl\m_lbke_^h\Zl_evgh\h^hjh^g_evayihemqblv
ijb\aZbfh^_ckl\bbk\bgpZk jZkl\hjhfk_jghcdbkehlu
<hijhk
4Zn + 5H2SOdhgp = 4ZnSO4 + H2S↑ + 4H2O
=Q − H =Q 6 H 6 < wlhcj_Zdpbbpbgdijhy\ey_l\hkklZgh\bl_evgu_k\hckl\Z
§ 9Ihemq_gb_f_lZeeh\
<hijhk
=:]jbdhe\ k\h_cdgb]_bf_e\ \b^mibjhf_lZeemj]bx
Ibjhf_lZeemj]bq_kdb_ijhp_kku\dexqZxlh[`b]ijbwlhf
kh^_j`Zsb_ky\ jm^Zokh_^bg_gbyf_lZeeh\\ qZklghklbkmevnb^u
i_j_\h^ylky\ hdkb^uZ k_jZm^Zey_lky\ \b^_622gZijbf_j
18
2CuS + 3O2 ⇒ 2CuO + 2SO2↑;
Cr2O3 + 2Al ⇒ Al2O3 + 2Cr.
AZl_fhdkb^ui_j_\h^ylky\ qbklu_f_lZeeuiml_fZfhghl_jfbb
<hijhk
Wdheh]bq_kdb[he__[_ahiZk_g[Zdl_jbZevguc f_lh^ihemq_gbyf_^b
<hijhk
S_ehqgu_b s_ehqgha_f_evgu_f_lZeeug_evayihemqblv
]b^jhf_lZeemj]bq_kdbff_lh^hfihlhfmqlh^Zggucf_lh^
hkgh\ZggZ\u^_e_gbbf_lZeeh\bajZkl\hjZih^^_ckl\b_f
we_dljbq_kdh]hlhdZ: _kebfubajZkl\hjZ\u^_ebfs_ehqghc
f_lZee\ qbklhf\b^_lhhgkjZam`_[m^_l\aZbfh^_ckl\h\Zlvk
\h^hch[jZamy]b^jhdkb^
<hijhk
3E6 → 3E2 → 3E
t
<hijhk
1) 2PbS + 3O2 = 2SO2↑ + 2PbO,
t
2) PbO + CO = Pb + CO2↑.
)H2→ )H
StudyPort.ru
)H6
62→ 62 → +62
t
4FeS2 + 11O2 = 2Fe2O3 + 8SO2↑;
2SO2 + O2 = 2SO3;
SO3 + H2O = H2SO4;
t
Fe2O3 + 3C = 2Fe + 3CO↑.
<hijhk
>ZghP]hjihj l d]ω(Cu2S) = 20 %, W = 90 %
GZclb: m(Cu)
J_r_gb_GZc^_fkdhevdh&X26kh^_j`blky\ ]hjghcihjh^_
m(Cu2S) = m]hjihj⋅ω(Cu2S) = 1,2⋅108]⋅0,2 = 2,4⋅107]
GZc^_fkdhevdhqbklhcf_^bfh`ghihemqblvl_hj_lbq_kdbba
Cu2S:
$ U &X
ml_hj(Cu) = m(Cu2S) ⋅ ω&X\ &X2S) = m(Cu2S) ⋅
=
0 U &X 6
= 2,4 ⋅ 107 ⋅
⋅ = 1,92 ⋅ 107 ]
⋅ + GZc^_fkdhevdhqbklhcf_^bihemqbebijZdlbq_kdb
mijZdl (Cu) = ml_hj(Cu)⋅W = 1,92⋅107⋅0,9 = 1,728⋅107 ] l
Hl\_l: m(Cu) = 17,28 l
19
§ 10Dhjjhabyf_lZeeh\
<hijhk
MjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbbdhjjhabbf_^b
&X2 + 2&2 &X2+ &2 fZeZobl
<hijhk
S_ehqgu_b s_ehqgha_f_evgu_f_lZeeufh]mlj_Z]bjh\Zlvk H2,
N2, H22b KH2\oh^ysbfb\ khklZ\\ha^moZ
4Li+O2 = 2LiO2;
6Li + N2 = 2Li3N; D H2 D2H2;
Li2O+CO2=Li2CO3;
2Na+O2=Na2O2;
2Na2O2+2CO2=2Na2CO3+O2↑;
Ca(Mg, Ba) + O2 = CaO (MgO, BaO);
CaO + CO2 = CaCO3.
<hijhk
G_j`Z\_xsZyklZev ²kieZ\kh^_j`Zsbc^h ojhfZ %
gbd_eyIhwlhfm^ey\uieZ\dbd]g_j`Z\_xs_cklZebgm`gh
\aylv
P&U PkieZ\Z⋅ω&U d]⋅ d]
P1L PkieZ\Z⋅ω1L d]⋅ d]
P)H PkieZ\Z⋅ω&U d]±d]±d] d]
Hl\_lPKU d]P1L d]P)H d]
StudyPort.ru
<hijhk
<<FZydh\kdbc]h\hjblh[hpbgdh\Zgghf`_e_a_
<hijhk
>mfZx\k_fohjhrhba\_klghqlhlZdh_]Zev\Zgbq_kdbcwe_f_gl
>\Zkh_^bg_gguof_`^mkh[hcwe_dljh^ZhimkdZxl\ jZkl\hj
we_dljheblZgZh^ghfwe_dljh^_\ j_amevlZl_H<Jijhbkoh^bl
hkZ`^_gb_f_lZeeZgZ^jm]hfgZh[hjhljZkl\hj_gb_LZd`_
ihemqbehkvb kdhjZ[e_ffhjkdZy\h^Zku]jZeZjhevjZkl\hjZ
we_dljheblZ:exfbgb_\ucdhjimkb f_^gu_aZde_idb ²jhev
we_dljh^h\\ j_amevlZl_f_lZeebq_kdbcAl i_j_oh^bl\ Al3+, gZ
f_^ghfdhjimk_ \u^_ey_lky\h^hjh^
2H+ +  ⇒ + ,
Al0± ⇒ Al3+.
LZdbfh[jZahff_lZeebq_kdbcdhjimkgZr\ZogZqZejZkl\hjylvky
b dhjZ[evmlhgme
20
<hijhk
§ 11S_ehqgu_f_lZeeu
Z/L 
/L2+ 
/L&O
→ /L2 
→
→
1. 4Li + O2 = 2Li2O,
/LHG G&O LiCl + H2O,
5. Li2H G&O G2H + 2LiCl.
1D12
2. Li2H G22 /L2G
4. 2Li G2O = 2LiOH + H2↑,
[1D→ 1D2 → 1D2→ 1D2+→ 1D62
1D32
1. 2Na + O2 = Na2O2;
2. Na2O2 + 2Na = 2Na2O;
3. Na2O + H2O = 2NaOH;
4. 2NaOH + H2SO4 = Na2SO4 + 2H2O;
5. Na2O + 2HNO3 = 2NaNO3 + H2O;
6. 3Na2O + 2H3PO4 = 2Na3PO4 + 3H2O.
StudyPort.ru
<hijhk
>ZghP1D ]ωijbf_kb %, W = 95 %
GZclb: V(H2)
J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkmqbklh]hgZljby
01D P1Dijbf_kv±P1Dijbf_kv⋅ ωijbf_kb
] ±] ⋅ ] ± 0,23 ] ]
AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbb
]
1D
fhev
F ]fhev
P ]
+2
1D2+
oe
+
fhev
9 efhev
9 e
KhklZ\bf ijhihjpbx b gZc^_f h[t_f \h^hjh^Z dhlhjuc
l_hj_lbq_kdb^he`_g[ueihemqblvky\ oh^_j_Zdpbb
] ²e
] ²o e
11, 27 ⋅ 22, 4
x=
e
46
Vl_hjG2 e
Hl\_l: Vl_hj(H2 e
Ihmkeh\bxaZ^Zqb\uoh^]ZaZkhklZ\ey_l hll_hj_lbq_kdb
\hafh`gh]hIhwlhfmijZdlbq_kdb[uehihemq_gh
VijZdG2) = Vl_jG2)⋅W = 5,488⋅ e
Hl\_l: VijZdG2 e
21
<hijhk
K_fbwlZ`guc^hf ²i_jbh^bq_kdZylZ[ebpZih^t_a^s_ehqguo
f_lZeeh\ ²,]jmiiZwe_f_glh\\Za_ebgh\Zy©rm[Zªkihkh[
ojZg_gbyeblbyih^keh_f\Za_ebgZLZd`_GZlZrZbkihevah\ZeZ
om^h`_kl\_ggucyaud^eyhibkZgbyb h[tykg_gbyobfbq_kdbo
k\hckl\/L\hkklZgh\bl_evgu_k\hckl\Zj_Zdpbyk dbkehjh^hf
<hijhk
Ij_^hklZ\ey_f \Zf \hafh`ghklv ih^mfZlv gZ^ wlbf kZfbf DZd
l_fm^eykhqbg_gbyfh`gh\aylvhdjZkdmieZf_gbs_ehqguof_lZeeh\
<hijhk
<ajhkeucq_eh\_d\ kmldb^he`_gihlj_[eylvk ibs_c ] bhgh\
dZeby
KhklZ\bfijhihjpbx
] dmjZ]b ²] dZeby
o ]dmjZ]b ²] dZeby
o ⋅
]
Hl\_lPdmjZ]b ]
StudyPort.ru
§ 12;_jbeebcfZ]gbcb s_ehqgha_f_evgu_f_lZeeu
<hijhk
ImklvfZkkZq_eh\_dZo d]Lh]^ZfZkkZ_]hdhkl_c[m^_ljZ\gZ⋅o
Z fZkkZnhknZlZdZevpby — 0,2⋅0,2⋅o ⋅o d]
PKZ3JH4)2) = 0,04⋅o]^_o ²fZkkZq_eh\_dZ
<hijhk
=_fhnbeby ²aZ[he_\Zgb_k\yaZggh_k iehohck\_jlu\Z_fhklvx
djh\bIjbdjh\hl_q_gbyo\\h^yljZkl\hj&D&O2 ^eyih\ur_gby
dhgp_gljZpbbdZlbhgh\KZ2+ \ djh\bdhlhju_kihkh[kl\mxl
k\_jlu\Z_fhklbdjh\b
<hijhk
>ZghPKZKH3 lωijbf_kb %.
GZclbPKZHG2)
J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkmKZKH3 [_aijbf_kb
PKZKH3)=Ph[s⋅(1–ωijbf_kb 2⋅ (1–
0,25)=2⋅ ⋅0,75=1,5⋅ ]
2. M(CaCO3 ]fhev0KZHG2 ]fhev
KhklZ\bf ijhihjpbx ih dhlhjhc gZc^_f dhebq_kl\h ]Zr_ghc
ba\_klbdhlhjh_fh`_l[ulvihemq_gh
]fhev — 1,5 ⋅ 106 ]
22
]fhev ²o ]
⋅ ⋅ o = 1,11 ⋅ ] l
Hl\_lPKZHG2 l
<hijhk
→
→
FKH 
FH 
FHG 
→ 062 
→ 062
W
FKH3 FH KH2↑;
FH G2H FHG2;
FHG2 + Na2SO3 = MSO3 + 2NaOH;
4. MSO3 + H2SO4 = MSO4 + SO2↑ G2H
Fh]ml[ulvbkihevah\Zgu%_0J
G_fh]ml[ulvbkihevah\ZguKZ<Z
<hijhk
→ &D+ 
→ &DHG 
→ &D&2 
→ &D2 
→&D&O 
→ &D32
KD 
&D2
StudyPort.ru
KZ G2 = KZG2;
KZG2 G2H KZHG2 G2↑;
KZHG2 + Na2CO3 = CaCO3↓ + 2NaOH;
t
KZKH3 = KZH + KH2↑;
KZH + 2HCl = CaCl2 + H2O;
6. 3CaCl2 + 2Na3PO4 = Ca3(PO4)2↓ + 6NaCl;
7. Ca + 2H2O = Ca(OH)2 + H2↑;
t
KZ H2 = KZH
KZH G2H KZHG2.
t
<hijhk
Ij_^hklZ\ey_f\Zf\hafh`ghklvih^mfZlvgZ^wlbfkZfbf
DZd l_fm ^ey khqbg_gby fh`_f ij_^eh`blv ©Ij_\jZs_gb_
f_lZeebq_kdh]hKZ\ fjZfhjª
<hijhk
>ey]bikh\uoih\yahdbkihevamxlZe_[ZkljHgijb^h[Z\e_gbb\h^u
ij_\jZsZ_lky \ ieZklbq_kdmx fZkkm dhlhjmx b bkihevamxl ^ey
gZeh`_gbyih\yadbFZkkZ\ukuoZ_lb ij_\jZsZ_lky\ l\_j^ucijhqguc
]bik
Ihem\h^guc]bikbebZe_[Zklj&D624)⋅H22ijb\aZbfh^_ckl\bb
k \h^hch[jZam_l^\m\h^guc]bik
(2CaSO4)⋅H2O + 3H2O⇒2CaSO4⋅2H2O.
23
WlZj_Zdpbyb^_lk \u^_e_gb_fl_ieZ
<hijhk
KZKH 3∅KZH KH2↑–Q.
>eykf_s_gbyjZ\gh\_kby\ijZ\hd kbkl_f_g_h[oh^bfhih^\_klb
l_iehl_mkeh\b_fijh\_^_gbyy\ey_lky\ukhdZyl_fi_jZlmjZb
ihgbablv^Z\e_gb_
<hijhk
§ 13:exfbgbc
< Zexfbgb_\hcihkm^_g_evayojZgblvs_ehqgu_jZkl\hjuld
ijhbkoh^blke_^mxsZyobfbq_kdZyj_Zdpby
2Al + 2NaOH + 6H2O=2Na[Al(OH)4] + 3H2↑.
Ijhbkoh^bljZkl\hj_gb_Zexfbgby\ s_ehqb
<hijhk
Kdhj__\k_]hfZl_jbZehf^ey]bi_j[hehb^Zfh]ihkem`blv$O2O3
baaZ_]hbg_jlguok\hckl\
<hijhk
;_g]Zevkdb_k\_qbkh^_j`Zlkf_kvkhklhysmxbaZexfbgb_\uo
hibehdhdbkebl_ey — KNO3 beb.&O24 b de_y
Ijbih^`b]Zgbbihy\ey_lkykghibkdjB^_lhdbke_gb_Zexfbgby
StudyPort.ru
8Al .KO24 = 4Al2O3 + 3KCl.
t
<hijhk
Ijbf_g_gb_Zexfbgby\ l_ogbd_hkgh\ZghgZke_^mxsbo
k\hckl\Zoe_]dhklvieZklbqghklv[hevrZywe_dljhijh\h^ghklvb
l_iehijh\h^ghklvK ^jm]bfbf_lZeeZfbZexfbgbch[jZam_l
ijhqgu_kieZ\u
<hijhk
Z$O2(SO4)3+6KOHg_^=2Al(OH)3↓D2SO4;
Al3+HG–g_^=Al(OH)3↓
[$O2(SO4)3+8KOHba[ D>$O2+4@D2SO4;
Al3+HG–ba[=[Al(OH)4]–.
<hijhk
2
3
4
5
1
Al 
Al(OH)3 
Al2O3 
NaAlO2 
→ AlCl3 
→
→
→
→
5
6
7
8
Al2(SO4)3 
Al(OH)3 
AlCl3 
NaAlO2.

→
→
→
→
1. 2Al + 6HCl = 2AlCl3 + 3H2↑;
2. AlCl3 + 3NaOH = Al(OH)3↓ + 3NaCl;
Al3+ + 3OH– → Al(OH)3;
24
$O − H → $O + H → + t
3. 2Al(OH)3 = Al2O3 + 3H2O↑;
kieZ\e_gb_W
4. Al2O3 + 2NaOH
2NaAlO2 + H2O↑;
=
t
5. 2NaAlO2 + 4H2SO4 = Na2SO4 + Al2(SO4)3 + 4H2O;
6. Al2(SO4)3 + 6NaOHg_^=3Na2SO4 + 2Al(OH)3↓;
Al3+ + 3OH– = Al(OH)3;
Al(OH)3 + 3H+ = Al3+ + 3H2O;
7. Al(OH)3 + 3HCl=AlCl3 + 3H2O;
8. AlCll\ + 4NaOHl\
kieZ\e_gb_W
=
NaAlO2 + 3NaCl + 2H2O↑.
<hijhk
>ZghPkieZ\Z ]
ω(Cu) = 20 %, W = 85 %.
GZclb: VijZdG2)
J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkmZexfbgby\ kieZ\_
P:O PkieZ\Z±PkieZ\Z⋅ω(Cu) = 0,27–0,27⋅ ]
AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbbb gZc^_fh[t_f\h^hjh^Zdhlhjuc
l_hj_lbq_kdb^he`_g[ueihemqblvky
StudyPort.ru
P ]
$O
fhev
F ]fhev
P ]
1D2++2
1D>$O2+@ + fhev
9 efhev
9 e
] ²e
] ²o
⋅ o e
Vl_hjG2 e
GZc^_fh[t_f\h^hjh^ZdhlhjucihemqbekyijZdlbq_kdb
VijZdl G2) = Vl_hjG2)⋅: e⋅ e
Hl\_l: VijZdl G2 e
<hijhk
Ij_^hklZ\ey_f \Zf k\h[h^m ^ey l\hjq_kl\Z Ij_^eZ]Z_f \ dZq_kl\_
l_fu ^ey khqbg_gby ©:exfhl_jfby beb [hjv[Z Zexfbgby k ^jm]bfb
f_lZeeZfbª
§ 14@_e_ah
<hijhk
AZibr_fkgZqZeZko_fm]_g_lbq_kdbo jy^h\
1) Fe→FeCl2→Fe(OH)2→FeO;
25
2) Fe→FeCl3→Fe(OH)3→Fe2O3;
)H+&O⇒)H&OG↑

FeCl2 + 2NaOH ⇒ Fe(OH)2↓ + 2NaCl;
Fe2+ + 2OH– ⇒ Fe(OH)2↓;
t
Fe(OH)2 = FeO + H2O↑.
J_ZdpbxjZaeh`_gbygm`ghijh\h^blv\ hlkmlkl\bbhdbkebl_e_c
)H&O⇒)H&O

FeCl3 + 3NaOH ⇒ Fe(OH)3 + 3NaCl;
Fe3+ + 3OH– ⇒ Fe(OH)3↓;
t
2Fe(OH)3 ⇒ Fe2O3 + 3H2O.
<hijhk
1) 3Fe2+ + 2[Fe(CN)6]3– = Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2:
3FeSO4 + 2K3 >)H&1 @ = 3K2SO4 + )H>)H&1 @ ↓ ;
]_dkZpbZghn_jjZl,,,
`_e_aZ,,
djZkgZy
djh\ygZykhev
StudyPort.ru
2) 4Fe3+ + 3[Fe(CN)6]4– = Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3:
4FeCl + 3K 4 [Fe(CN)6 ] = Fe 4 [Fe(CN)6 ]3 ↓ ;
`_elZy
djh\ygZykhev
3) Fe3+ + 3NCS–
Fe(NCS)3:
FeCl3 + 1D1&6
jh^Zgb^gZljby
∅
<hijhk
DZq_kl\_ggZyj_ZdpbygZ)H2+:
]_dkZpbZghn_jjZl,,
`_e_aZ,,,
)H1&6
jh^Zgb^`_e_aZ,,,
+ 3NaCl.
3FeCl2 + 2K3[Fe(CN)6] ⇒ Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2↓ + 6KCl;
3Fe2+ + 2[Fe(CN)6]3– ⇒ Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2↓
K3[Fe(CN)6] ²djZkgZydjh\ygZykhev)H3[Fe(CN)6]2 ²lmjg[mee_\Z
kbgv
DZq_kl\_ggZyj_ZdpbygZ)H3+:
4FeCl3 + 3K4[Fe(CN)6] ⇒ Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3↓ + 12KCl;
4Fe3+ + 3[Fe(CN)6]4– ⇒ Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3↓
K4[Fe(CN)6] ²`_elZydjh\ygZykhev)H4[Fe(CN)6]3 ²[_jebgkdZy
eZamjv
26
GZa\Zgb_djh\yguokhe_cijhbkoh^blhlf_lh^Z boihemq_gby
JZgvr_boihemqZebbahloh^h\gZfykh[hcg_l_ba]hlZ\eb\Zebba
djh\b©@_elZyªb ©djZkgZyª ²baaZjZaebqguohll_gdh\jZkl\hjh\
khe_c
Lmjg[mee_\Z khev ihemqbeZ k\h_ gZa\Zgb_ \ q_klv mq_gh]h
Lmjg[meydhlhjuc__ \i_j\u_kbgl_abjh\Ze ;_jebgkdZyeZamjvgZa\ZgZ\ q_klv]hjh^Z;_jebg
<hijhk
3Fe + 4H2O ∅ Fe3O4 + 4H2↑.
Ijbih\ur_gbb^Z\e_gbyjZ\gh\_kb_g_baf_gblkyldj_Zdpby
ijhl_dZ_l[_abaf_g_gbyqbkeZfhe_dme]Zah\H2O ²]Za
<hijhk
)H 
→ )H&O 
→ )H2+ 
→ )H2+ 
→ )H2 
→ )H
)H&O
StudyPort.ru
1. Fe + 2HCl = FeCl2 + H2↑;
Fe0 – 2 H → Fe2+;
2H+ + 2 H → + ;
Fe2+ + 2OH → Fe(OH)2↓;
2. FeCl2 + 2KOH = Fe(OH)2↓ + 2KCl;
3. 4Fe(OH)2 + 2H2O + O2 = 4Fe(OH)3↓;
t
4. 2Fe(OH)3 = Fe2O3 + 3H2O;
t
5. Fe2O3 + 3CO = 2Fe + 3CO2↑;
)H
H → )H → & & H
6. Fe2O3 + 6HCl=2FeCl3 + 3H2O;
Fe2O3 + 6H+ → 2Fe3+ + 3H2O;
7. 2FeCl3 + 3Zn=3ZnCl2 + 2Fe↓;
2Fe3+ + 3Zn → 3Zn2+ + 2Fe
8. FeCl3 + 3NaOH=3NaCl + Fe(OH)3↓;
Fe3+ + 3OH– → Fe(OH)3↓.
<hijhk
1. 10Fe + 36HNO3 = 10Fe(NO3)3 + 3N2↑ + 18H2O.
27
)H − H )H
1
1 H
2. Fe + 4HNO3 = Fe(NO3)3 + NO↑ + 2H2O
)H − H )H 1 H 1 3. 8Fe + 30HNO3 = 8Fe(NO3)3 + 3NH4NO3 + 9H2O
)H − H )H
−
1 H 1
<hijhk
>Zgh: m(Fe3O4 lωijbf_kb %, W = 80 %.
GZclb: ν(Fe), V(CO)
J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkmihjh^u[_aijbf_kb
m(Fe3O4)=m(Fe3O4 ij – m(Fe3O4 ij⋅ωij ±⋅0,05=2,204
l
AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbb
P l
)H2
[e
&2
\]
W
fhev
9 efhev
9 e
)H
fhev
F ]fhev
P ]
+ &2 StudyPort.ru
fhev
F ]fhev
P ]
GZc^_f9&2b P)H
] ²e
2,204⋅ ] ²o e
o ⋅ ⋅ 9&2 e
] ²]
2,204⋅106 ²m ]
m e
⋅ ⋅ = 1,596⋅106 ]
GZc^_ffZkkm`_e_aZihemqb\r_]hkygZijZdlbd_
m(Fe) = y⋅W = 1,596⋅106⋅0,8 = 1,2768⋅ ]
m(Fe)
1, 2768 ⋅106 ]
=
fhev
ν(Fe) =
M(Fe)
56 ]fhev
Hl\_l: ν(Fe) = 2,28 ⋅ 104 fhevV(CO) = 8,5 ⋅ 105 e
<hijhk
Ij_^hklZ\ey_f\Zfk\h[h^m^eyl\hjq_kl\Z
28
=eZ\Z 2G_f_lZeeu
§ 15G_f_lZeeuZlhfub ijhklu_\_s_kl\Z
Dbkehjh^hahg\ha^mo
<hijhk
Z'\ha^H2) =
32
0 U 2 =
≈1,1;
0 U \ha^
29
['\ha^KH2) =
\'\ha^G2) =
44
0 U &2 =
≈1,52;
0 U \ha^
29
2
0 U + =
≈0,069.
0 U \ha^
29
<hijhk
>Zgh9\ha^ e
η\ha^(N2) = 78,2 %,
η\ha^H2) = 20,95 %.
GZclb: ν(N2), νH2)
J_r_gb_GZc^_fh[t_fH2 b 12:
V(O2 9\ha^⋅η\ha^H2 e⋅ e
V(N2 9\ha^⋅η\ha^(N2 e⋅ e
GZc^_fqbkehfhev]Zah\
V (O 2 )
e
=
νH2) =
≈ fhev
efhev
Vν
StudyPort.ru
ν(N2) =
V( N 2 )
e
=
≈ fhev
efhev
Vν
Hl\_l: νH2 fhevν(N2 fhev
<hijhk
>Zgh9\ha^ e
GZclb: N(O2), N(N2)
J_r_gb_<ujZabfh[t_fdZ`^h]h]ZaZ
V(O2 9\ha^⋅η\ha^H2); V(N2 9\ha^⋅η\ha^(N2)
GZc^_fqbkehfhev]Zah\
νH2)= 92 = 9\ha^ ⋅ ηH =
e ⋅ fhev
efhev
9ν
9ν
9\ha^ ⋅ η1 e
⋅
=
ν(N2) =
fhev
9ν
efhev
GZc^_fqbkehfhe_dmedZ`^h]h]ZaZ
29
N(O2) = νH2)⋅NA = 0,2095⋅6,022⋅1023 ≈ 1,26⋅1023.
N(N2) = ν(N2)⋅NA = 0,782⋅6,022⋅1023 ≈ 4,7⋅1023.
Hl\_l122) = 1,26⋅1023 fhe_dme
N(N2) = 4,7⋅1023 fhe_dme
<hijhk
>Zgh: V(H2S) = 20 f3 = 20⋅103 e
GZclb9\ha^P\ha^
J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbb
+ 6
2
+
fhev
fhev
9 ]fhev 9 efhev
9 e
9 e
= + 262 ↑
GZc^_fh[t_fdbkehjh^Zg_h[oh^bfuc^eyijh\_^_gbyj_Zdpbb
e ²e
2⋅104 e ²o e
2 ⋅ 10 4 ⋅ 67 ,2
o = 3⋅104 e
44 ,8
GZc^_fh[t_f\ha^moZg_h[oh^bfuc^eyihemq_gbylZdh]h
h[t_fZdbkehjh^Z
V(\ha^ V (O 2 ) = ⋅ e = 1,43⋅105 e f3.
η \ha^ (H 2 )
m(\ha^ Mr(\ha^⋅ν\ha^ Mr\ha^⋅ 9\ha^ =
9ν
StudyPort.ru
= 29 efhev⋅ ⋅ e = 1,85⋅105 ] d]
efhev
Hl\_l: V\ha^ f3, m\ha^ d]
<hijhk
Ljm^ghij_^klZ\blvgZrm`bagv[_adbkehjh^ZHgkem`blij_`^_
\k_]h^ey^uoZgbyJZkl\hj_gguc\ \h^_dbkehjh^kem`bl^ey
^uoZgbyh[blZl_e_c\h^ghckj_^uIh^^_ckl\b_fdbkehjh^Z
\ha^moZb [Zdl_jbcijhbkoh^blhdbke_gb_hj]Zgbq_kdbohklZldh\
< ijhfure_gghklb dbkehjh^ ijbf_gy_lky \ f_lZeemj]bb ijb
\uieZ\d_ f_lZeeh\ dZd hdbkebl_ev \h fgh]bo obfbq_kdbo
ijhba\h^kl\Zo^eyk\Zjdbb j_adbf_lZeeh\\ f_^bpbgkdbop_eyo
@b^dbcdbkehjh^ ²hdbkebl_ev^eyjZd_lguolhieb\hoeZ^bl_ev
<hijhk
Hahgh\u_^ujuihy\eyxlkybaaZ\u[jhkh\\ Zlfhkn_jm
oeZ^Z]_glh\nj_hgh\hdkb^h\ZahlZdhlhju_h[jZamxlky\h
fgh]boijhfure_gguoijhp_kkZo
>ey ij_^mij_`^_gby hahgh\uo ^uj g_h[oh^bfh hqbsZlv \u[jhku
ijhfure_gguoij_^ijbylbcb ij_djZlblvbkihevah\Zgb_ nj_hgh\
30
Hahgh\u_^uju ²mlhgvr_gb_bebjZajmr_gb_hahgh\h]hklehy
Zlfhkn_ju
§ 16Obfbq_kdb_we_f_glu\ de_ldZo`b\uohj]Zgbafh\
<hijhk
JZaebqb_ f_`^m `b\hc b g_`b\hc ijbjh^hc h[gZjm`b\Zxlky
lhevdhgZmjh\g_keh`guo\_s_kl\gZfhe_dmeyjghf mjh\g_
<hijhk
LZdb_\_s_kl\ZoZjZdl_jgulhevdh^ey`b\uohj]Zgbafh\
gZijbf_jhj]Zgbq_kdb_\_s_kl\Z[_edb`bjum]e_\h^u
gmde_bgh\u_dbkehlu\blZfbgu]hjfhgub ^j
<hijhk
;bh]_ggu_fZdjhwe_f_glu ²we_f_gludhlhju_\oh^yl\ khklZ\
hj]Zgbq_kdbo\_s_kl\Wlhm]e_jh^\h^hjh^dbkehjh^b Zahl
<hijhk
Wg^_fbq_kdbcah[dZdba\_klgh\uau\Z_lkyg_^hklZldhfbh^Z\
ibs_b \h^_WlhaZ[he_\Zgb_ihy\ey_lky\ hij_^_e_gguo
]_h]jZnbq_kdbojZchgZo^eydhlhjuooZjZdl_j_gg_^hklZlhdbh^Z
Wg^_fbdb ²wlhjZkl_gbybeb`b\hlgu_dhlhju_\klj_qZxlky
lhevdh\ h^ghfhij_^_e_gghfZj_Ze_
Wg^_fbdbjZkl_gbygZijbf_jebZguwg^_fbdb`b\hlgu_
gZijbf_jdhZeZmkkmjbckdbclb]j
StudyPort.ru
<hijhk
N_jf_glu ² wlh [_edb dhlhju_ dZlZebabjmxl [bheh]bq_kdb_
j_Zdpbb
<blZfbgu ² wlh [bheh]bq_kdb_ Zdlb\gu_ \_s_kl\Z ijbgbfZxsb_
mqZklb_ \ j_Zdpbyo h[f_gZ \_s_kl\ Ih k\h_fm [bheh]bq_kdhfm
^_ckl\bx \blZfbgu [ebadb d n_jf_glZf gh n_jf_glu h[jZamxlky
de_ldZfbhj]ZgbafZZ \blZfbguh[uqghihklmiZxlk ibs_c
<hijhk
@_e_au
Ih^`_em^hqgZy
`_e_aZ
=bihnba
GZ^ihq_qgbdb
=hjfhgu
Bgkmebg
:DL=
Nmgdpbb]hjfhgh\
Kgb`_gb_]exdhau\ djh\b
>_ckl\m_lgZgZ^ihq_qgbdb
kihkh[kl\m_lbonmgdpbb
:^j_gZebg
MqZklb_\ klj_kkhjguoj_Zdpbyo
GhjZ^j_gZebg m\_ebq_gb_qZklhluk_j^_qguo
khdjZs_gbc
31
Sblh\b^gZy
`_^_aZ
Lbjhdkbg
< ^_lkdhf\hajZkl_ ²jZa\blb_
g_j\ghckbkl_fu\h\ajhkehf
\hajZkl_ ²ih\ur_gb_h[f_gZ\_s_kl\
§ 17=Zeh]_gu
<hijhk
>Zgh: V(F2) = V(Cl2 e
GZclb: m(F2); m(Cl2); D\ha^(F2); D\ha^(Cl2); DH 2 (F2); DH 2 (Cl2)
J_r_gb_: 1. m(F2)=ν(F2)⋅M(F2)=
m(Cl2)=ν(Cl 2)⋅M(Cl 2) =
V(F2 )
e
⋅M(F2)=
⋅ ]fhev ]
efhev
Vν
V(Cl 2 )
e
⋅M(Cl 2) =
⋅]fhev
efhev
Vν
]
2. D\ha^(F2) = 0 U ) = ≈1,31;
0 U \ha^
' + (F2) = 0 U ) =
= 19;
0 U + D\ha^(Cl2) = 0 U &O = ≈2,45;
0 U \ha^
0
&O
U
' + (Cl2) =
=
= 35,5.
0 U + StudyPort.ru
<hijhk
NlhjgZy\h^Zg_kms_kl\m_lldnlhjj_Z]bjm_lk \h^hc
2F2 + H2O = 2HF + F2O.
<hijhk
S_ehqgu_ f_lZeeu ij_`^_ \k_]h [m^ml j_Z]bjh\Zlv k \h^hc k
\u^_e_gb_f\h^hjh^ZZ g_k jZkl\hj_gghc khevx
>eykjZ\g_gby\havf_fj_Zdpbb$Ok jZkl\hjhf)H&O3 b oehjghc
\h^uk jZkl\hjhf1D%U
+
$O )H&O ⇒ )H↓$O&O

Cl2+2NaBr ⇒ 2NaCl+Br2.
2
B \lhfb \^jm]hfkemqZ_b^_lH<J;he__Zdlb\gucwe_f_gl
\ul_kgy_lf_g__Zdlb\gucbajZkl\hjZkheb
<hijhk
. KO 2 − + KO 2±+ KO 2 −
&O2
&O2
&O2
32
<hijhk
H2 + I]Za ∅ 2HI + Q.
Obfbq_kdh_jZ\gh\_kb_fh`ghkf_klblv\ijZ\h_kebkbkl_fZ[m^_l
hoeZ`^ZlvkyihijbgpbimE_RZl_ev_
<hijhk
JZkkfhljbf\aZbfh^_ckl\b_]Zeh]_gh\k \h^hjh^hfNlhjj_Z]bjm_l
k G2 \ ex[uomkeh\byokh\aju\hfoehj ²kh\aju\hflhevdhijb
ih^`b]Zgbbbebh[emq_gbbijyfufkheg_qgufk\_lhf[jhf
\aZbfh^_ckl\m_lk G2 ijbgZ]j_\Zgbbb [_a\aju\ZWlbj_Zdpbb
wdahl_jfbq_kdb_J_Zdpby`_kh_^bg_gbybh^Zb G2 keZ[h
wg^hl_jfbq_kdZyhgZijhl_dZ_lf_^e_ggh^Z`_ijbgZ]j_\Zgbb
<u\h^ q_f Zdlb\g_c j_Z]bjmxsb_ \_s_kl\Z l_f \ur_ kdhjhklv
ijhl_dZgbyj_Zdpbb
<hijhk
>ZghPjjZ., ]ω\ jj_(KI) = 0,15;
GZclb: V(Cl2), m(KCl);
J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkmkmohckheb.,
P., PjjZ.,⋅ω., ] ⋅ ]
AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbbb gZc^_ffZkkmkhebb h[t_f
g_h[oh^bfh]hoehjZ
StudyPort.ru
P ]
.,
fhev
0 ]fhev
P ]
oe
fhev
9 efhev
9 e
] ²o e
] ²e
o &O
m]
.&O
fhev
0 ]fhev
P ]
,
⋅ = 3.
V(Cl2) e
] ²m ]
] ²]
y ]
m(KCl) = 20,2 ]
.&O
P.&O
]
fhev
0.&O ]fhev
Hl\_l: V(Cl2 eP.&O ].
<hijhk
>Zgh: V(H2 e9&O2 e
GZclb: V(HCl)
J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbb
33
+
&O
fhev
fhev
9 efhev 9 efhev
9 e
9 e
+&O
fhev
9 efhev
9 e
GZc^_fdZdhc]Za\ayl\ ba[uld_
V(Cl 2 )
9+ 200
νG2) =
=
, VKO2) =
= .
9ν
Vν
22,4
3IhmjZ\g_gbxj_ZdpbbVG2):VKO2 ke_^h\Zl_evgh
\h^hjh^\ ba[uld_ > ).
IhmjZ\g_gbxj_Zdpbb9G&O ⋅9KO2 eLh]^ZhklZehkv
g_ijhj_Z]bjh\Z\r_]h\h^hjh^Z9hkl e± e e
Hl\_l9+&O e9hklG2 e
<hijhk
Wlh gZa\Zgb_ nlhj ihemqbe [eZ]h^Zjy kihkh[ghklb ieZ\bdh\h]h
riZlZihgb`Zlvl_fi_jZlmjmieZ\e_gbynlhjb^h\
StudyPort.ru
§ 18Kh_^bg_gby]Zeh]_gh\
<hijhk
We_dljheblbq_kdZy^bkkhpbZpbym\_ebqb\Z_lkyhlH)d HI.
KZfZykbevgZyba]Zeh]_gh\h^hjh^guodbkehl ²bh^h\h^hjh^gZyZ
kZfZykeZ[Zy ²nlhjh\h^hjh^gZy;hevrZyijhqghklvobfbq_kdhc
k\yab+)nlhjh\h^hjh^gZydbkehlZkeZ[h^bkkhpbbjm_l\ \h^_
h[mkeh\e_gZfZeufjZaf_jhfZlhfZ)b khhl\_lkl\mxsbffZeuf
jZkklhygb_ff_`^my^jZfbZlhfh\\h^hjh^Zb nlhjZK jhklhf
jZ^bmkZZlhfZhl)d I jZkl_lb f_`ty^_jgh_jZkklhygb_ijhqghklv
fhe_dmemf_gvrZ_lkyb khhl\_lkl\mxsZykihkh[ghklvd
we_dljheblbq_kdhc^bkkhpbZpbbm\_ebqb\Z_lky
<hijhk
<havf_f\ dZq_kl\_j_Zdlb\ZjZkl\hjgbljZlZk_j_[jZ
1. AgNO3 + NaF∅AgF + NaNO3 ²gbdZdbobaf_g_gbc
2. AgNO3 + NaCl=AgCl↓ + NaNO3 ²\uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hd
3. AgNO3+NaBr=AgBr↓+NaNO3 ²\uiZ^Z_l[e_^gh`_eluchkZ^hd
4. AgNO3 + NaI=AgI↓ + NaNO3 — \uiZ^Z_l`_eluchkZ^hd
<hijhk
K ihfhsvx^Zgghcj_Zdpbbfh`ghihemqblv[_a\h^gucMgCl2
Mg + Cl2 = MgCl2.
2. Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl = MgCl2 + 2H2O;
3. MgO + 2HCl = H2O + MgCl2;
34
4. MgSO4 + BaCl2 = BaSO4↓ + MaCl2.
<hijhk
&O 
→ +&O → &X&O 
→ =Q&O → $J&O
1. Cl2 + H2 = 2HCl; &O + H → &O − ; + − H → + ;
2. 2HCl + Cu(OH)2 = CuCl2 + 2H2O; 2H+ + Cu(OH)2 → Cu2+ + 2H2O;
3. CuCl2 + Zn = Cu↓ + ZnCl2; Cu2+ + Zn → Cu + Zn2+;
4. ZnCl2 + 2AgNO3 = 2AgCl↓ + Zn(NO3)2; Ag+ + Cl– → AgCl↓.
§ 19Ihemq_gb_]Zeh]_gh\;bheh]bq_kdh_agZq_gb_
b ijbf_g_gb_]Zeh]_gh\b bokh_^bg_gbc
<hijhk
>Zgh: m(NaCl + ij ]ωij %;
GZclb: V(Cl2); m(Na)
J_r_gb_: GZc^_ffZkkmqbklhckheb
M(NaCl)=m(NaCl+ij±m(NaCl+ij⋅ωij ]± ]⋅0,02 ]
AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbc
StudyPort.ru
P ]
1D&O
fhev
0 ]fhev
P ]
=
ao
1D
fhev
0 ]fhev
P ]
+
m
&O
fhev
9 efhev
9 e
GZc^_ffZkkmgZljbyb h[t_foehjZ
] ²o ]
] ²]
⋅ o ]
m(Na) ]
] ²m e
] ²e
⋅ m e
V(Cl2) = 109,76 e
Hl\_l: m(Na) = 225,4 ]V(Cl2) = 109,76 e
<hijhk
>Zgh: m(Na ]ω\ jj_(NaOH) = 40 %;
GZclb: m(NaOH)
J_r_gb_: AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbbihemq_gbyNaOH:
P ]
1D
fhev
0 ]fhev
P ]
+ +2
o]
1D2+ + G ↑
fhev
0 ]fhev
P ]
GZc^_ffZkkmNaOHihemqb\r_]hky\ oh^_j_Zdpbb
35
] ²]
] ²o ]
⋅ o ]m(NaOH) = 392 ]
GZc^_ffZkkm ]hjZkl\hjZ]b^jhdkb^ZgZljby
m( NaOH)
m(jjZNaOH) =
=
= 980 ]
ω\j− j_ ( NaOH)
Hl\_l: m(jjZ1D2+ ].
<hijhk
>Zgh: V(Cl2) = 100 eW = 95 %;
GZclb: m(MnO2); ν(HCl)
J_r_gb_GZc^_fkdhevdhoehjZ^he`ghihemqZlvky
l_hj_lbq_kdbqlh[uijZdlbq_kdbihemqbehkvebljh\
Vl_hj(Cl2) = V(Cl 2 ) = e = 105,26 e
W
AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbb
o]
MnO 2 + 4HCl = MnCl 2 +
ν = 4 fhev
fhev
M = 87 ]fhev
m = 87 ]
105,26 e
Cl2
+ G22
fhev
9 efhev
V = 22,4 e
↑
StudyPort.ru
ν(HCl) = 4⋅ν(Cl2) = 4⋅
9&O l_hj
9ν
= 4⋅ = 18,8 fhev
GZc^_ffZkkmMnO2:
] ²e
o ] ²e
o ]
Hl\_l: V(HCl) fhevm(MnO2) = 408]
<hijhk
Ij_^hklZ\ey_f \Zf\hafh`ghklvkZfbfih^mfZlvgZ^wlbf\hijhkhf
<hijhk
F ²ihfh]Z_lij_^hl\jZsZlvlZdh_aZ[he_\Zgb_dZddZjb_kam[h\
Cl ²klbfmebjm_lh[f_g\_s_kl\jhkl\hehkijb^Z_l[h^jhklvb
kbemBr ²j_]mebjm_lijhp_kku\ha[m`^_gby blhjfh`_gby
p_gljZevghcg_j\ghckbkl_fuijbf_gy_lky^eye_q_gbyg_j\guo
[he_ag_cI ²\eby_lgZ\ujZ[hldm]hjfhgZsblh\b^ghc`_e_au
_]hg_^hklZlhdijb\h^bld lZdhfmaZ[he_\ZgbxdZdwg^_fbq_kdbc
ah[
< lh`_\j_fy\k_]Zeh]_gu\oh^yl\ khklZ\y^h\bluohljZ\eyxsbo
\_s_kl\
Ijbba[uld_]Zeh]_gh\\ hj]Zgbaf_jZa\b\ZxlkyjZaebqgu_[he_agb1
1
Hl\_l\aylbamq_[gbdZgZklj
36
<hijhk
< jhebm[bcpu\uklmiZ_l]Zeh]_g ²oehj — ]Zak _^dbfaZiZohf
[e_^gha_e_gh]hp\_lZy^h\blHibku\Z_lkyijbf_g_gb_\ \hcg_
obfbq_kdh]hhjm`by
<hijhk
Ij_^hklZ\ey_f\Zf\hafh`ghklvihnZglZabjh\ZlvkZfbf
§ 20Dbkehjh^
<hijhk
1) 4Al + 3O2 = 2Al2O3; Al0 ± $O3+, O02  22–
2) 3Fe + 2O2=Fe3O4; Fe0±→Fe2+, 2Fe0± → 2Fe3+, O02  22–
<hijhk
S + O2 = SO2,
4P + 5O2 = 2P2O5,
C + O2 = CO2.
<hijhk
DZlZebaZlhjZfbgZau\ZxlkylZdb_\_s_kl\Zdhlhju_ih\urZxl
kdhjhklvj_ZdpbbghkZfbijbwlhf\ j_Zdpbxg_\klmiZxl<
ijbkmlkl\b_dZlZebaZlhjZ — MnO2\ eZ[hjZlhjbbihemqZxlH2
iml_fjZaeh`_gby+2O2.
StudyPort.ru
MnO 2
2H2O2 ⇒ 2H2O + O2↑.
<hijhk
J_ZdpbyjZaeh`_gby HgO:
t
2HgO ⇒ 2Hg + O2↑;
AZ^ZqZImklvm gZk_klv] aZ]jyag_ggh]h+J2Ba\_klghqlh
kh^_j`Zgb_ijbf_k_ckhklZ\ey_l <uoh^j_Zdpbb %.
JZkkqblZcl_h[t_fdbkehjh^Zihemq_ggh]hijbjZaeh`_gbbhdkb^Z
jlmlb
J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkmqbklh]h+J2
m(HgO) = mkf_kb ⋅ωkf_kb (HgO) = 10⋅± ]
W
2) +J2 +J
2
fhev
0 ]fhev
P ]
fhev
9 efhev
9 e
9H2)l_hj = ] ⋅ e
]
3) 92 ijZdl = 0,8;
e
92 l_hj
V(O2)ijZdl = V(O2)l_hj⋅ e⋅ e
Hl\_le dbkehjh^Zj_Zevgh\u^_ebehkv
37
<hijhk
J_Zdpbb]hj_gby ²j_Zdpbb\_s_kl\Zk dbkehjh^hfijhl_dZxsb_k
[hevrhckdhjhklvxk \u^_e_gb_f[hevrh]hdhebq_kl\Zl_ieZb
khijh\h`^Zxsb_ky\hkieZf_g_gb_f
>uoZgb_ ² wlh ijhp_kk f_^e_ggh]h hdbke_gby Hg aZdexqZ_lky \
ke_^mxs_fdbkehjh^^hklZ\ey_lky]_fh]eh[bghf djh\b\h\k_ldZgbb
de_ldb hj]ZgbafZ dbkehjh^ hdbkey_l m]e_\h^u h[jZamy ijb wlhf
m]e_dbkeuc ]Za b \h^m b hk\h[h`^Zy wg_j]bx g_h[oh^bfmx ^ey
hj]ZgbafZ
Koh^kl\h aZdexqZ_lky \ lhf qlh h[Z ijhp_kkZ _klv ijhp_kku
hdbke_gby \ h[hbo kemqZyo \uk\h[h`^Z_lky wg_j]by \ j_amevlZl_
j_Zdpbch[jZamxlkyhdkb^u
JZaebqbyaZdexqZxlky\ kdhjhklyohdbke_gby\ dhebq_kl\_
\u^_ey_fhcwg_j]bb
<hijhk
Nhlhkbgl_a ²wlhijhp_kk`bag_^_yl_evghklbjZkl_gby\
j_amevlZl_dhlhjh]hhgbih]ehsZxlKH2 b \u^_eyxlH2.
>uoZgb_ ²wlhijhp_kk`bag_^_yl_evghklbjZkl_gby`b\hlgh]hb
q_eh\_dZ\ j_amevlZl_dhlhjh]hih]ehsZ_lkyH2 b \u^_ey_lkyKH2.
Ijbnhlhkbgl_a_b ^uoZgbb\ jZkl_gbyoijhbkoh^yl
ijhlb\hiheh`gu_ijhp_kku
<hijhk
Ijhy\bl_k\hbl\hjq_kdb_kihkh[ghklb\ gZibkZgbbkhqbg_gby
<hijhk
2F2 + H2O = 2HF + F2O;
StudyPort.ru
) H )
2 − H 2
hdbkebl_ev
\hkklZgh\bl_ev
<hijhk
§ 21K_jZ
>Zgh: m(ZnS ij d]ωijbf_kb %.
GZclb: V(SO2)
J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkm\_s_kl\Z[_aijbf_kb
m(ZnS)=m(ZnS ij±P=Q6 ij⋅ωij d] ±d]⋅ d]
AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbb
P ⋅ =Q6
fhev
0 ]fhev
P ]
+ 2 =Q2 +
] ²e
388⋅103] ²o e
oe
62
fhev
9 efhev
9 e
38
o ⋅ ⋅ ≈100⋅103 e f3.
Hl\_l: V(SO2 f3.
<hijhk
3S .KO23 = 2KCl + 3SO2↑;
6 − 6
H &O H &O
<hijhk
\hkklZgh\bl_ev
hdbkebl_ev
4
→ HgS 
→ SO2 
→ Na2SO3 
→
→ SO3 
→ H2SO4.
S
SO2 
1. S + Hg = HgS;
2. HgS + O2 = SO2↑ + Hg;
3. SO2 + 2NaOH = Na2SO3 + H2O;
4. Na2SO3 + 2HCl = 2NaCl + H2O + SO2↑;
5. 2SO2 + O2 = 2SO3;
6. SO3 + H2O = H2SO4.
<hijhk
Kh_^bg_gby\oh^ysb_\ khklZ\\medZgbq_kdbo]Zah\h[eZ^Zxl
lhdkbq_kdbfbk\hckl\Zfb
<hijhk
JZgvr_jlmlvgZau\Zebf_jdmjb_f\ q_lvieZg_luF_jdmjbc
IjbklZ\dZ^_hagZqZ_lhljbpZgb_Lh]^Z©^_f_jdmjbaZpbyª ²wlh
mgbqlh`_gb_jlmlbl_h[_aaZjZ`b\Zgb_
1
2
3
5
6
StudyPort.ru
§ 22Kh_^bg_gbyk_ju
<hijhk
Z K_jh\h^hjh^ ijhy\ey_l lhevdh \hkklZgh\bl_evgu_ k\hckl\Z ld
k_jZ\ ^Zgghfkh_^bg_gbbbf__lkl_i_gvhdbke_gby±gZbf_gvrZyba
\hafh`guo
W
2H2O + 2SO2↑.
[hdkb^k_ju,9fh`_lijhy\eylvk\hckl\ZdZdhdbkebl_eylZdb
\hkklZgh\bl_eyldkl_i_gvhdbke_gbyk_ju\ ^Zgghfkh_^bg_gbb
y\ey_lkyijhf_`mlhqghc
2H2S + 3O2
t
2SO2 + 3Cba[ = CS2 + 2CO2,
t
\k_jZlZd`_fh`_lijhy\eylvhdbkebl_evgu_b \hkklZgh\bl_evgu_
kihkh[ghklbl_kl_i_gvhdbke_gbyk_juy\ey_lky
ijhf_`mlhqghc
S + H2 = H2S↑,
S + O2 = SO2↑;
SO2 + Cl2 = SO2Cl2;
39
]k_jgZydbkehlZijhy\ey_lhdbkebl_evgu_k\hckl\Zldkl_i_gv
hdbke_gbyk_juy\ey_lkyfZdkbfZevgh\hafh`ghc
2H2SOdhgp+Cu = CuSO4+SO2↑+2H2O.
<hijhk
ZK_jgbkluc]ZaihemqZxlijbiheghfk`b]Zgbbk_jh\h^hjh^Zb
h[`b]_kmevnb^h\
t
t
2H2S+3O2 = 2SO2↑+2H2O,
2ZnS+3O2 = 2ZnO+2SO2↑.
K_jgbkluc]Za622) ²[_kp\_lguc]Zak oZjZdl_jgufaZiZohf
ijhy\ey_llbibqgu_k\hckl\Zdbkehlguohdkb^h\b ohjhrh
jZkl\hjy_lky\ \h^_h[jZamykeZ[mxk_jgbklmxdbkehlm
SO2+H2O ∅ H2SO3.
Kh_^bg_gbyk_juIV): NaHSO3, Na2SO3 b 622 bkihevamxlky^ey
hl[_eb\Zgbyr_jklbr_edZ[mfZ]bb khehfuZ lZd`_\ dZq_kl\_
dhgk_j\bjmxsbokj_^kl\^eykhojZg_gbyk\_`boieh^h\b njmdlh\
[Hdkb^k_ju9,ihemqZxlihke_^mxs_cj_Zdpbb
WFDW
StudyPort.ru
2SO3.
Hdkb^k_ju9, ²[_kp\_lgZykbevgh^ufysZykygZ\ha^mo_
`b^dhklvijhy\ey_llbibqgu_dbkehlgu_k\hckl\ZjZkl\hjyykv\
\h^_h[jZam_lk_jgmxdbkehlm
2SO2+O2
H2O + SO3 = H2SO4.
K_jgZydbkehlZ ²h^bgba\Z`g_crboijh^mdlh\ bkihevam_fuo\
jZaebqguohljZkeyoijhfure_gghklb
<hijhk
JZa[Z\e_ggZyk_jgZydbkehlZ\uklmiZ_l\ dZq_kl\_we_dljheblZ\
bhgguoj_ZdpbyoGZijbf_j
BaCl2 + H2SO4 ⇒ BaSO4↓ + 2HCl;
Ba2+ + SO42– ⇒ BaSO4↓.
K_jgZydbkehlZijhy\ey_lk\hckl\Zhdbkebl_ey< H<J+2SO4
\klmiZ_llhevdhdhgp_gljbjh\ZggZy
JZkkfhljbfj_Zdpbb+2SO4 k f_lZeeZfb=Qb &Xk ihabpbb
hdbkebl_evgh\hkklZgh\bl_evguoj_Zdpbc
Zn + H2SOjZa[ ⇒ ZnSO4 + H2↑,
Cu + 2H2SOdhgp ⇒ CuSO4 + SO2↑ + 2H2O.
B \lhfb \^jm]hfkemqZ_b^_lH<Jgh\ i_j\hcj_Zdpbbjhev
hdbkebl_eyb]jZxldZlbhguG+Z \h\lhjhc ²k_jZ
AZibr_fbhggh_mjZ\g_gb_^eyi_j\hcj_Zdpbb
40
Zn0 + 2H+ ⇒ Zn2+ + + ↑.
Wlmj_Zdpbxfh`ghhlg_klbd j_Zdpbyfbhggh]hh[f_gZ
L_i_jvjZkkfhljbfj_Zdpbbbhggh]hh[f_gZk ihabpbbl_hjbb
we_dljheblbq_kdhc^bkkhpbZpbbDZd\uagZ_l_j_Zdpbybhggh]h
h[f_gZb^_llhevdh\ lhfkemqZ__keb\ j_amevlZl_h[jZam_lkykeZ[h
^bkkhpbbjmxs__\_s_kl\h
GZijbf_j
ZnSO4 + MgCl2 ∅ MgSO4 + ZnCl2.
J_Zdpbyg_b^_lldg_h[jZamxlkyfZeh^bkkhpbbjmxsb_\_s_kl\Z
< jZkl\hj_gZoh^blkykf_kvbhgh\
ZnSO4 + BaCl2 ⇒ BaSO4↓ + ZnCl2.
62 − + Ba
⇒ BaSO4↓.
J_Zdpbyijhl_dZ_lld%D624 ²fZehjZkl\hjbf
<hijhk
Ihemq_gb_k_jghcdbkehlu
S

 1
2
3
FeS 2  
SO 3 
H 2 SO 4.
→ SO 2 
→
→

H 2S 
2+
StudyPort.ru
1. S+O2=SO2↑; 4FeS2H2 = 2Fe2O3+8SO2; 2H2S+3O2 = 2H2O+2SO2.
622
WFDW
t
t
62
3. SO3+H2O = H2SO4.
<hijhk
>Zgh: V(H22 fe ]9622 e
GZclb: ω\ jj_(H2SO3)
J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_ihemq_gbyk_jgbklhcdbkehlu
H2O+SO2 = H2SO3.
BamjZ\g_gby\b^ghqlh^eyh[jZah\Zgbyfhev+2SO3 gm`gh\aylv
fhev+22b fhev622GZc^_fqbkehfhev+22b 622:
400]
P+ 2
fhev
=
νG2H 0+ 2
18] / fhev
V(SO 2 )
e
fhev
=
ν(SO2) =
e fhev
Vν
Ke_^h\Zl_evgh622 gZoh^blky\ g_^hklZld_b ihemqbehkvfhev
H2SO3Lh]^Zm gZkhklZehkvνG2Hhkl ± fhev
41
2. ω\ jj_(H2SO3) =
=
=
m(H 2 SO 3 )
m(H 2SO 3 )
=
=
m(j − jZ )
m(H 2SO 3 ) + m(H 2 O) hkl.
ν+ 62 ⋅ 0+62 =
ν+ 62 ⋅ 0+62 + ν + 2hkl ⋅ 0+ 2
fhev ⋅ ] fhev
= 0,095 = 9,5 %.
fhev ⋅ ] fhev + fhev ⋅] fhev
Hl\_l: ω\ jj_(H2SO3) = 9,5 %.
<hijhk
AZibr_fj_Zdpbxkbgl_aZ623:
2SO2 + O2
2SO3.
Ij_`^_\k_]hwlZj_Zdpbyhdbkebl_evgh\hkklZgh\bl_evgZy
 → S 6+ ;
S 4+ − 2 e hdbke_gb_
\hkklZgh\bl_ev
  _gb_
→ 2O 2− .
O 02 + 4 e \hkklZgh\e
hdbkebl_ev
LZd`_j_Zdpbykbgl_aZ623 y\ey_lkyh[jZlghcj_Zdpb_cl_hgZb^_l
h^gh\j_f_ggh\ h[_klhjhguJ_ZdpbygZqbgZ_lkylhevdhijb
hlghkbl_evgh\ukhdbol_fi_jZlmjZo°K bijhl_dZ_l\
ijbkmlkl\b_dZlZebaZlhjZieZlbguhdkb^h\\ZgZ^by`_e_aZb l^
>eykf_s_gbyjZ\gh\_kby\ijZ\hgZ^h\kihfgblvijbgpbiE_
RZl_ev_^ey]Zah\ijb\ukhdhf^Z\e_gbbj_Zdpbyb^_l\ lm
klhjhgm]^_h[sbch[t_f]Zah\f_gvr_
< gZr_fkemqZ_ke_\Zdhebq_kl\h]Zah\fhevkijZ\Z ²fhev
l_ijbm\_ebq_gbb^Z\e_gbyj_Zdpby[m^_lkf_sZlvky\ klhjhgm
h[jZah\Zgby623.
StudyPort.ru
<hijhk
>Zgh: V(H2H fe0&X624⋅5H22 ]
GZclb: ω\ jj_(CuSO4)
J_r_gb_: 1. m(H2O) = V(H2O)⋅ρ(H22 fe⋅]fhev ]
GZc^_ffZkkmjZkl\hjZkheb
Ph[s P+2O) + m(CuSO4⋅5H2O) = 5000 ]
GZc^_ffZkkmkmevnZlZf_^b[_a\h^gh]h
m(CuSO4) = m(CuSO4⋅5H2O)⋅ω \ &X62⋅GH(CuSO4) =
= m(CuSO4)⋅
0U&X62 0U&X62 + 0U+ 2
]⋅ + Lh]^ZfZkkh\Zy^hey&X624 \ jZkl\hj_
m(CuSO 4 )
320
ω(CuSO4) =
≈0,058 = 5,8 %.
=
m(h[s )
5500]
Hl\_l: ω(CuSO4) = 5,8 %.
]⋅ ]
42
<hijhk
<gbfZl_evgh jZkkfhljbl_ ko_fm ijbf_g_gby k_jghc dbkehlu
jbk gZkljb ihiulZcl_kv kZfbhl\_lblvgZwlhl\hijhk
§ 23:ahl
<hijhk
Z0J + N2 = Mg3N2 ²gbljb^fZ]gby
0J − H = 0J +
1 + H = 1
−
[KZ + N2 = Ca3N2 ²gbljb^dZevpby
&D − H = &D +
1 + H = 1−
\$O + N2 = 2AlN ²gbljb^Zexfbgby
$O − H = $O+
1 + H = 1
−
< ijh^mdlZo j_Zdpbc bhgguc lbi obfbq_kdhc k\yab b bhggZy
djbklZeebq_kdZy j_r_ldZ
StudyPort.ru
Gbljb^uf_lZeeh\e_]dh]b^jhebamxlkyk \u^_e_gb_fZffbZdZ
Mg3N2 + 6H2O 3Mg(OH)2↓ + 2NH3↑;
<hijhk
1 
→ /L1 
→ 1+ 
→ 12 
→ 12 
→ +12
1. N2 + 6Li = 2Li3N; 1 + H → 1 −
2. Li3N + 3H2O = 3LiOH + NH3↑; Li – 1 H → Li+;
3. 4NH3 H2 = 4NO↑ + 6H2O;
4. 2NO + O2 = 2NO2;
5. 4NO2 + 2H2O + O2 = 4HNO3.
cat
<hijhk
JZkkfhljbfke_^mxsmxj_Zdpbx
2NO + O2 ∅ 2NO2 + Q.
Ij_`^_\k_]hwlZj_Zdpbyhdbkebl_evgh\hkklZgh\bl_evgZy
hdbke_gb_
1 + − H 
→ 1+ ;
\hkklZgh\bl_ev
  _gb_
→ 2O 2− .
O 02 + 4e \hkklZgh\e
hdbkebl_ev
43
LZd`_j_Zdpbykbgl_aZ122 y\ey_lkyh[jZlghcj_Zdpb_cl_hgZ
b^_lh^gh\j_f_ggh\ h[_klhjhguLd\ j_ZdpbbmqZkl\mxl]Zaulh
fufh`_fijbf_gblvijbgpbiE_RZl_ev_
< gZr_cj_Zdpbbdhebq_kl\hfhev]Zah\ke_\Z[hevr_q_fkijZ\Z
Lh]^Zijbm\_ebq_gbb^Z\e_gbyjZ\gh\_kb_kf_klblky\ijZ\h
< ijyfhcj_Zdpbb\u^_ey_lkyl_iehke_^h\Zl_evghijb
mf_gvr_gbbl_fi_jZlmjujZ\gh\_kb_kf_klblky\ijZ\h
<hijhk
Z1+3 + 5O2 = 4NO↑ + 6H2O
1− − H = 1 +
2
+ H = 2
−
[1+3 + 3O2 ⇒ 2N2↑ + 6H2O
1− − H = 1
2
+ H = 2
−
.
<hijhk
>Zgh: m(NH4NO2 ]ωijbf_kb %.
GZclb: V(N2), ν(H2O)
J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkmkheb[_aijbf_k_c
m(NH4NO2)=m(NH4NO2ij±P1+4NO2)⋅ωij ]±]⋅0,012=19,76
]
AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbb
StudyPort.ru
]
W
1+ 12 fhev
0 ]fhev
P ]
oe
1
fhev
9 ]fhev
9 ]
m]
+ 2
fhev
F ]fhev
P ]
GZc^_f912b P+2O):
] ²e
] ²o e
⋅
o 19,76 22,4 e912 e
64
] ²]
] ²m ]
19,76 ⋅ 36
y=
= 11,115 ]P+22 ]
64
Lh]^Zν(H2O) = P+ 2 = ]
fhev
0+ 2
] fhev
Hl\_l: V(N2 eν(H22 fhev
44
§ 24:ffbZd
<hijhk
:ffbZd e_]dh k`b`Z_lky ijb h[uqghf ^Z\e_gbb b l_fi_jZlmj_ ±
33,4°KZ ijbbkiZj_gbb`b^dh]h]ZaZbahdjm`Zxs_ckj_^uih]ehsZ_lky
fgh]hl_ieZihwlhfmhgijbf_gy_lky\ oheh^bevguomklZgh\dZo
:ffbZdhq_gvohjhrhjZkl\hjbf\ \h^_ jZkl\hjZffbZdZ
gZau\Z_lkygZrZlujgufkibjlhfb bkihevam_lky\ f_^bpbg_2
<hijhk
<h^hjh^gZyk\yav ²wlhobfbq_kdZyk\yavf_`^mZlhfZfb\h^hjh^Z
b ZlhfZfbkbevghwe_dljhhljbpZl_evguowe_f_glh\nlhj
dbkehjh^Zahl<h^hjh^gZyk\yavh[jZam_lkyh[uqghf_`^m^\mfy
khk_^gbfbfhe_dmeZfbGZijbf_jhgZh[jZam_lkyf_`^m
fhe_dmeZfb\h^ukibjlh\nlhjh\h^hjh^ZZffbZdZ
Wlhhq_gvkeZ[Zyk\yav ²ijbf_jgh\ jZakeZ[__dh\Ze_glghc
;eZ]h^Zjy _c g_dhlhju_ gbadhfhe_dmeyjgu_ \_s_kl\Z h[jZamxl
ZkkhpbZlu qlh ijb\h^bl d ih\ur_gbx l_fi_jZlmj ieZ\e_gby b
dbi_gby\_s_kl\
:ghfZevgh \ukhdb_ l_fi_jZlmju ieZ\e_gby b dbi_gby oZjZdl_jgu
^ey\h^u_kebjZkkfZljb\Zlv \h^hjh^gu_kh_^bg_gby9, ]jmiiu<k_
\h^hjh^gu_kh_^bg_gby9,]jmiiudjhf_\h^uy\eyxlky]ZaZfb
Hq_gv\Z`gmxjhevb]jZ_l\h^hjh^gZyk\yav\ fhe_dmeZo\Z`g_crbo
^ey`b\uokms_kl\kh_^bg_gbc ²[_edh\b gmde_bgh\uodbkehl3
<hijhk
>hghjghZdp_ilhjgZyk\yav ²wlhhkh[uc\b^obfbq_kdhc k\yab
dhlhjZy\hagbdZ_lg_aZkq_lkiZjb\Zgbyg_iZjguowe_dljhgh\Z aZ
kq_lk\h[h^ghcwe_dljhgghciZjuh^gh]hZlhfZb k\h[h^ghcyq_cdb
^jm]h]h4
StudyPort.ru
<hijhk
−
Kl_i_gvhdbke_gbyZahlZ\ oehjb^_Zffhgby1+4Cl: 1+ &O .
−
+
Kl_i_gvhdbke_gbyZahlZ\ gbljZl_Zffhgby1+4NO3: 1+ 12 .
<hijhk
3CuO + 2NH3 = N2 + 3Cu + 3H2O.
&X + + H = &X 1
−
− H = 1
.
>eyhl\_lZbkihevah\Zekymq_[gbdklj
>eyhl\_lZbkihevah\Zekymq_[gbdklj
4
>eyhl\_lZbkihevah\Zekymq_[gbdklj
2
3
45
<hijhk
:ffbZd ijhy\ey_l lhevdh \hkklZgh\bl_evgu_ k\hckl\Z ld Zahl
gZoh^blky \ kZfhc gbadhc kl_i_gb hdbke_gby b g_ fh`_l [hevr_
ijbgbfZlvwe_dljhgu
§ 25KhebZffhgby
<hijhk
Z1+4)2SO4 + BaCl2 = BaSO4↓ + 2NH4Cl; SO42– + Ba2+ = BaSO4↓.
[1+4Cl + AgNO3 = AgCl↓ + NH4NO3; Ag+ + Cl– = AgCl↓.
<hijhk
Z1+4)2CO3+H2SO4=(NH4)2SO4+H2O+CO2 ↑; CO3–
2
+2H+=H2O+CO2↑.
[1+4)2CO3+2NaOH=Na2CO3+2NH3↑+2H2O; NH4++OH–=NH3↑+H2O.
\1+4)2CO3 + CaCl2 = CaCO3↓ + 2NH4Cl; CO32– + Ca2 + = CaCO3↓.
W
]1+4)2CO3 CO2↑ + 2NH3↑ + H2O↑.
<hijhk
(NH4)3PO4 ²nhknZlZffhgby
(NH4)2HPO4 ²]b^jhnhknZlZffhgby
NH4H2PO4 ²^b]b^jhnhknZlZffhgby
(NH4)3PO4 ∅ 3NH4+ + PO43–.
(NH4)2HPO4 ∅ 2NH4+ + H+ + PO43–
(NH4)H2PO4 ∅ NH4+ + 2H+ + PO43–.
<hijhk
3
2
4
1
N2 
NH3 
→ NH4Cl 
→ (NH4)2HPO4 
→
→ NH4NO3.
WSFDW
1. N2 + 3H2 - 2NH3↑;
2. H3PO4 + 2NH3 = (NH4)2HPO4;
3. (NH4)2HPO4 G&O 1+4Cl + H3JH4;
4. NH4Cl + AgNO3 = AgCl↓ + NH4NO3.
<hijhk
>ZghP((NH4)2SO4 d]
GZclb91+3), m(NH3)
J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkh\mx^hexZffbZdZ\ kmevnZl_Zffhgby
2 ⋅ 17] / fhev
01+ ω1+ 62 (NH3)=
=
=0,2576=25,76 %.
01+ 62 132] / fhev
GZc^_ffZkkmZffbZdZg_h[oh^bfh]h^eyihemq_gbyd]
(NH4)2SO4:
m(NH3) = m((NH4)2SO4)⋅ω(NH3 d]⋅ d]
GZc^_fh[t_fZffbZdZ
StudyPort.ru
46
⋅ ]
⋅efhev e V(NH3)=ν(NH3)⋅Vν= P1+ ⋅Vν=
01+ ]fhev
f3.
Hl\_l: m(NH3 d]91+3 f3.
§ 26Dbkehjh^gu_kh_^bg_gbyZahlZ
<hijhk
:ahlgZy dbkehlZ g_ h[jZam_l dbkeuo khe_c ld hgZ h^ghhkgh\gZy b
bf__l\k_]hh^bgZlhf\h^hjh^Zdhlhjucb hl^Z_lijbh[jZah\Zgbbkheb
<hijhk
Z&X2+2 + 2HNO3=2H2O + Cu(NO3)2; Cu(OH)2 + 2H+=Cu2+ + 2H2O;
[)H2O3 + 6HNO3 = 2Fe(NO3)3 + 3H2O; Fe2O3 + 6H+ = 2Fe3+ + 3H2O.
\1D2CO3+2HNO3=2NaNO3 + H2O + CO2↑; CO32– + 2H+=H2O +
CO2↑.
<hijhk
Na2SiO3 + 2HNO3 = 2NaNO3 + H2SiO3↓;
SiO32– + 2H+ = H2SiO3↓.
<hijhk
1) 3Cu + 8HNOjZa[ = 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO↑ + 2H2O,
StudyPort.ru
&X − H &X 1 H 1
.
2) Cu + 4HNO3(dhgp) = Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2↑ + 2H2O
&X − H &X 1 H 1
<hijhk
2
1
3
→
I. N2 
NO2 
→ NO 
→ HNO3.
1. N2 + O2 = 2NO,
1 − H = 1 +
2 + H = 2
−
1 + − H = 1 +
.
.
2. 2NO + O2 = 2NO2,
2 + H = 2
−
1 + − H = 1+
.
3. 4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O = 4HNO3,
2 + H = 2
−
2
1
3
→ NO2 
II. NH3 
→ NO 
→ HNO3.
1. 4NH3 + 5O2 = 4NO + 6H2O,
47
1− − H = 1 +
2 + H = 2
−
.
MjZ\g_gbyb kfhljb\ur_
<hijhk
>Zgh: V(NO2 f3; ω(HNO3) = 68 %.
GZclbP+123)
J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbbihemq_gbyZahlghcdbkehlu
⋅ e
12
fhev
9ν efhev
9 e
2 +2
89,6 e — 252
134,4⋅103 e ²o ]
o ] ⋅ ⋅ e
e
o]
+12
fhev
0 ]fhev
P ]
d]
GZc^_ffZkkmjZkl\hjZZahlghcdbkehlu
x
379 d]
m(HNO3) =
=
= 555,9 d];
0,68
ω( HNO 3 )
Hl\_l: m(HNO3) = 555,9 d]
StudyPort.ru
<hijhk
>Zgh: m(NaNO3 ]922 e
GZclbPijbf_kb
J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbb
o]
1D12 fhev
0 ]fhev
P ]
W
1D12 ] ²e
o ] ²e
o ⋅ ]
e
2 ↑
fhev
9 efhev
9 e
mqbklZy (NaNO3 ]
GZc^_ffZkkmijbf_kb
Pij P1D123)–mqbklZy (NaNO3 ]±] ]
P
ωij = ij = beb
Pk_e Hl\_l: ωij = 25%.
<hijhk
Kf\hijhk,,
48
§ 27Nhknhjb _]hkh_^bg_gby
<hijhk
1. Na3PO4 ²nhknZlgZljby Na3PO4 = 3Na+ + PO43–;
2. Na2HPO4 ²]b^jhnhknZlgZljby Na2G324 = 2Na+ G+ + PO43–;
3. NaH2PO4 ²^b]b^jhnhknZlgZljby 1DG2PO4 = Na+ G+ + PO43–.
<hijhk
2
3
J
→ Mg3P2 
→
→
→ H3PO4 
→ Ca3(PO4)2.
PH3 
P2O5 
1
4
5
1. J + 3Mg = Mg3P2,
t
3 H 3
0J − H 0J
,
2. Mg3P2 + 6H2O = 3Mg(OH)2↓ + 2PH3↑.
3. 2PH3 + 4O2 = P2O5 + 3H2O,
3− − H = 3+
2 + H = 2
−
,
4. P2O5 + 3H2O = 2H3PO4;
5. 2H3PO4 &DHG2 = Ca3(PO4)2↓ + 6H2H
StudyPort.ru
<hijhk
3P + 5HNO3 + 2H2O = 3H3PO4 + 5NO↑,
3 − H = 3 +
.
1 + + H = 1 +
<hijhk
>Zgh: m(Ca3(PO)4 ij ]ωij %, W = 80 %.
GZclb: m(P)
J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkmkheb[_aijbf_kb
m(Ca3(PO4)2) = m(Ca3(PO4)2 ij±P&D3(PO4)2 ij⋅ωij
]± ] ⋅ ]
AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbb
]
&D 32 6L2 & &D6L2 fhev
0 ]fhev
P ]
] ²]
] ²o ]
o ⋅ ]
o]
3↑
fhev
0 ]fhev
P ]
m(P)l_hj ]
GZc^_ffZkkmnhknhjZdhlhjZyihemqbeZkv\ oh^_j_Zdpbb
m(P)ijZdl = m(P)l_hj⋅: ]⋅ ]
49
Hl\_l: m(P)ijZdl ]
<hijhk
>ZghP3 ]ωij %,
ω(H3PO4) = 80 %.
GZclb: mjjZ(H3PO4)
J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkmnhknhjZ[_aijbf_kb
m(P) = m(P ij – m(P ij⋅ωij ] – 31⋅ ]
Bah^gh]hfhevnhknhjZfh`ghihemqblvjh\ghh^bgfhev
nhknhjghcdbkehlu
P3
P3 29,45]
ν(H3PO4)=ν(P)=
⇒ν(H3PO4)=
=
=0,95 fhev
03
03
31]
Lh]^ZP+3PO4)=M(H3PO4)⋅ν(H3PO4 ]fhev⋅fhev ]
FZkkZjZkl\hjZnhknhjghcdbkehlujZ\gZ
m(H 3 PO 4 )
PjjZ+3PO4) =
= ] ]
ω(H 3 PO 4 )
Hl\_lPjjZ+3PO4 ]
<hijhk
>ZghPjjZ+3PO4 ]ω1(H3PO4) = 5 PJ2H5 ]
GZclb: ω2(H3PO4)
J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbbihemq_gbynhknhjghc
dbkehlu
StudyPort.ru
G2H J2H5 G3JH4.
BamjZ\g_gby\b^ghqlhbafhevJ2H5 ihemqZ_lkyfhevG3JH4.
GZc^_ffZkkmnhknhjghcdbkehluihemqb\r_cky\ oh^_j_Zdpbb
ν(H3PO4) = 2ν(P2O5) = 2⋅
P32 ]
= 2⋅
032 ] fhev
fhev
m(H3PO4) = ν(H3PO4)⋅M(H3PO4 fhev⋅]fhev ]
GZc^_fkdhevdh[uehnhknhjghcdbkehlu\ jZkl\hj_
m(H3PO4 PjjZ⋅ω1(H3PO4) = 980⋅ ]
GZc^_fgh\mxfZkkh\mx^hexdbkehlu\ jZkl\hj_
209,72 + 49
ω2(H3PO4) = P+32 h[s =
= 0,2286.
Pj − jZ + P3 2 980 + 152
Hl\_l: ω2(H3PO4) = 22,86 %.
<hijhk
:DhgZg>hce \ k\h_f ijhba\_^_gbb g_ mq_e obfbq_kdbo k\hckl\
nhknhjZ >Z\Zcl_ ih^mfZ_f \f_kl_ Nhknhj k\_lblky \ l_fghl_
ke_^h\Zl_evgh wlh [_euc nhknhj ld djZkguc nhknhj g_ k\_lblky
\hh[s_ >Ze__ [_euc nhknhj hq_gv y^h\bl b bkihevah\Zlv _]h klhev
50
g_h[uqgufkihkh[hfg_kdhevdhjZa\_jhylgh[ueh[ukeh`ghDjhf_
lh]h [_euc nhknhj gZ \ha^mo_ e_]dh hdbkey_lky i_j_oh^y ijb wlhf \
kl_i_gvhdbke_gby
4P + 5O2 = 2P2O5.
DZdlhevdhijhp_kkhdbke_gbyaZdZgqb\Z_lkykh[ZdZi_j_klZ_l
k\_lblvky
Hdkb^nhknhjZ9hq_gv]b]jhkdhibqgh_\_s_kl\hl_hgh
ijbly]b\Z_ld k_[_\h^m<kihfgbfqlh\ hlju\d_]h\hjbehkvh
lmfZg_badhlhjh]h\ukdhqbeh©qm^h\bs_ªLmfZg ²wlh
kdhg^_gkbjh\Zggu_iZju\h^uLh]^Zkdhj__\k_]hh[jZah\Z\rbcky
P2O5 ih^^_ckl\b_f\eZ]bij_\jZlbeky\ nhknhjgmxdbkehlm
J2H5 G2H⇒G3JH4.
Ljm^gh ij_^klZ\blv k_[_ qlh kh[ZdZ h[fZaZggZy y^h\bluf
\_s_kl\hfb dbkehlhcfh`_l_s_qlheb[hk^_eZlv
StudyPort.ru
§ 28M]e_jh^
<hijhk
:efZa ²ijhajZqgh_djbklZeebq_kdh_ \_s_kl\hkZfh_l\_j^h_ba
\k_o ijbjh^guo \_s_kl\ LZdZy l\_j^hklv h[mkeh\e_gZ hkh[hc
kljmdlmjhc_]hZlhfghcdjbklZeebq_kdhc j_r_ldb< g_cdZ`^ucZlhf
m]e_jh^Z hdjm`_g lZdbfb `_ ZlhfZfb jZkiheh`_ggufb \ \_jrbgZo
ijZ\bevgh]hl_ljZw^jZ
DjbklZeeuZefZaZh[uqgh[_kp\_lgu_gh[u\Zxlkbg_]h]hem[h]h
djZkgh]hb q_jgh]hp\_lh\Hgbbf_xlhq_gvkbevguc[e_kd
[eZ]h^Zjy\ukhdhck\_lhij_ehfeyxs_cb k\_lhhljZ`Zxs_c
kihkh[ghklb:efZaohjhrhijh\h^bll_iehh[eZ^Z_l
we_dljhbaheypbhggufbk\hckl\Zfb5
=jZnbl ²l_fghk_jh_`bjgh_gZhsmivdjbklZeebq_kdh_
\_s_kl\hk f_lZeebq_kdbf[e_kdhf< hlebqb_hlZefZaZ]jZnbl
fy]dbcb g_ijhajZqgucohjhrhijh\h^bll_iehb we_dljbq_kdbc
lhdFy]dhklv]jZnblZh[mkeh\e_gZkehbklhckljmdlmjhcjbk\
mq_[gbd_< djbklZeebq_kdhcj_r_ld_]jZnblZZlhfum]e_jh^Z
e_`Zsb_\ h^ghciehkdhklbijhqghk\yaZgu\ ijZ\bevgu_
r_klbm]hevgbdb6
5
6
Hl\_l\aylbamq_[gbdZklj
Hl\_l\aylbamq_[gbdZklj
51
<hijhk
K H2 KH2
& − &
H − \hkklZgh\bl_ev
.
2 H 2− − hdbkebl_ev
W
K G2 KG4
& + H = &− − hdbkebl_ev
.
+ − H = ++ − \hkklZgh\bl_ev
<hijhk
DZj[hg ² wlh h^bg ba i_jbh^h\ iZe_hahckdhc wju < dZj[hg_
ijh^he`Zxl jZkijhkljZgylvky kihjh\u_ jZkl_gby l_ iZihjhlgbdb
HklZldbih]b[rboiZihjhlgbdh\ f_^e_gghhdbkeyebkv ih^keh_f a_feb
\ l_q_gb_ fgh]bo fbeebhgh\ e_l < j_amevlZl_ h[jZah\Zebkv h]jhfgu_
aZe_`b dZf_ggh]h m]ey dhlhjuc g_ qlh bgh_ dZd hklZldb ^j_\g_crbo
jZkl_gbc
<hijhk
DZj[he_g ²wlhjZagh\b^ghklvZdlb\bjh\Zggh]hm]ey
Ke_^h\Zl_evghhgh[eZ^Z_lohjhrbfbZ^khj[bjmxsbfb
k\hckl\Zfbb bkihevam_lky^eyih]ehs_gbyjZaebqguoaZiZoh\\
oheh^bevgbdZo
StudyPort.ru
<hijhk
K + Fe2O3 = 2Fe KH↑;
t
& − H = & +
)H
+
+ H = )H
t
2) PbO2 + 2C = Pb + 2CO↑;
3E + + H = 3E & − H = &
+
.
<hijhk
>ZghPK ij ]9&22 e: %.
GZclb: ωij
J_r_gb_GZc^_fh[t_fm]e_dbkeh]h]ZaZdhlhjuc^he`_g[ue
ihemqblvky
V(CO2)l_hj =
9&2 = e
:
AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbb
e
W
K H2 KH2.
Ba mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbb \b^gh qlh ba h^gh]h fhev m]ey ihemqZ_lky
jh\ghh^bgfhevm]e_dbkeh]h ]ZaZAgZqbl
52
νK νKH2) =
e
e fhev
fhev
Vν
Lh]^ZP& νK⋅0K fhev⋅]fhev ]
Pij P& ij±PK ]±] ]
m(ij)
2]
Lh]^Zωij =
= 0,25 = 25 %.
m(C + ij)
8]
Hl\_l: ωij %.
<hijhk
K KH2 KH
V(CO 2 ) l_hj
=
& − H = &+ − \hkklZgh\bl_ev .
K + + H = K + − hdbkebl_ev
<hijhk
K
→ CaC2 
→ C2H2 
→ CO2 
→ CO
1
2
3
4
t
1. 2C + Ca = CaC2;
&
H &− hdbkebl_ev &D − H &D \hkklZgh\bl_ev
2. CaC2 + 2H2O = Ca(OH)2 + C2H2↑;
3. 2C2H2 + 5O2 = 4CO2↑ + 2H2O;
&− − H & + \hkklZgh\bl_ev
H H H − hdbkebl_ev StudyPort.ru
4. CO2 + C = 2CO.
§ 29Dbkehjh^gu_kh_^bg_gbym]e_jh^Z
<hijhk
t
Fe2O3 + 3CO = 2Fe + 3CO2↑
)H+ + H = )H
&
+
− H = &
+
<hijhk
G_khe_h[jZamxsb_ bebbg^bnn_j_glgu_ hdkb^u g_ j_Z]bjmxsb_
k \h^hc ²wlhgZijbf_jK2126L2djZcg_g_mklhcqb\uc
<hijhk
KH H2
KH2.
Ih\ur_gb_^Z\e_gbyijb\h^bld kf_s_gbxiheh`_gbyjZ\gh\_kby
\ijZ\h
<hijhk
KH2 G2H
G2KH3,
53
KH2 + 2Mg = 2MgO + C;
1
C 4 + + 4e = C 0
4 .
0
2+
2
Mg − 2e = Mg
KH2 K
KH
<hijhk
IjbjZkl\hj_gbbm]e_dbkeh]h]ZaZ\ \h^_h[jZam_lkykeZ[Zy
m]hevgZydbkehlZihwlhfmeZdfmkbf__ldjZkgmxhdjZkdm
CO2 + H2O
H2CO3
IjbklhygbbjZkl\hjZm]hevgZydbkehlZjZaeZ]Z_lkyb jZkl\hjkgh\Z
klZgh\blkyg_cljZevguf <hijhk
CuCO3 ²kj_^gyyfhev ²dZj[hgZlf_^b,,
&XG&23)2 ²dbkeZykhev ²]b^jhdZj[hgZlf_^b,II),
(CuOH)2CO3 ²hkgh\gZykhev ²]b^jhdkhdZj[hgZlf_^b,,fZeZobl
Bai_j_qbke_gguokhe_clhevdh&X+&23)2 y\ey_lkywe_dljheblhf
&XG&23)2 Cu2+ + 2CO32– + 2H+.
<hijhk
StudyPort.ru
ZKD&23 → CaO → &Z2+2 → CaCO3 → Ca(HCO3)2 → CaCO3
1
2
3
4
5
t
1. CaCO3 = CaO + CO2↑;
2. CaO + H2O = Ca(OH)2;
3. Ca(OH)2 + COg_^ = CaCO3 + H2O;
4. CaCO3 + COba[ + H2O = Ca(HCO3)2;
t
5. Ca(HCO3)2 = CaCO3 + H2O + CO2↑.
[K 
→ CO2 
→ CO 
→ CO2 
→ C
1
2
3
4
t
& − H = & +
1.
2
C + O2 = CO2;
+ H = 2
−
& + + H = &+
2. CO2 + C = 2CO;
& − H = &
& − +
&H
3. 2CO + O2 = 2CO2;
2 H 2
t
4. CO2 + 2Mg = 2MgO + C.
54
& H&
0J − H 0J
<hijhk
>ZghPjjZ1D2CO3 ]ω1(Na2CO3) = 2 %;
m(Na2CO3⋅G2H ]
GZclb: ω2(Na2CO3)
J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkm1D2CO3 \ djbklZeeh]b^jZl_
m(Na2CO3)=m(Na2CO3⋅G2H⋅ω(Na2CO3)=
=m(Na2CO3⋅G2H⋅
0U1D &2 = 14,3⋅
+ 0U1D &2 + 0U+ 2
GZc^_ffZkkm1D2CO3 \ jZkl\hj_
m(Na2CO3 PjjZ1D2CO3)⋅ω1(Na2CO3) = 1060⋅ ]
3. ω2(Na2CO3)=
]
P1D &2 h[s
= ] + ] ]
Pj − jZ + P1D &2 ⋅ + 2 ] + ]
Hl\_l: ω2(Na2CO3 ] beb %.
§ 30Dj_fgbcb _]hkh_^bg_gby
StudyPort.ru
<hijhk
>bhdkb^dj_fgbyb m]e_dbkeuc]Zay\eyxlkydbkehlgufbhdkb^Zfb
H^gZdh\ hlebqb_hlKH2 hdkb^dj_fgby,9bf__lg_
fhe_dmeyjgmxZ ZlhfgmxdjbklZeebq_kdmxj_r_ldmIhwlhfm6L22
y\ey_lkyl\_j^ufb lm]hieZ\dbf\_s_kl\hfZ KH2 y\ey_lky]Zahf
M]e_dbkeuc]Za\aZbfh^_ckl\m_lk \h^hck h[jZah\Zgb_fm]hevghc
dbkehlu+2O + CO2 ∅ H2CO3\aZbfh^_ckl\m_lk s_ehqZfbKH2 +
+ 2NaOH = Na2CO3 + H22j_Z]bjm_lk hkgh\gufbhdkb^ZfbKH2 +
+ KZH KZKH3\klmiZ_l\ j_Zdpbxk f_lZeebq_kdbffZ]gb_f
KH2 + + 2Mg = 2MgO + C.
Hdkb^dj_fgby,9g_jZkl\hjy_lky\ \h^_\aZbfh^_ckl\m_lijb
\ukhdbol_fi_jZlmjZokhs_ehqZfbk h[jZah\Zgb_fkbebdZlh\
t
SiO2 + 2NaOH = Na2SiO3 + H22\aZbfh^_ckl\m_lijbkieZ\e_gbbk
hkgh\gufbhdkb^Zfb SiO2 + CaO = CaSiO3, j_Z]bjm_lk fZ]gb_f
SiO2 + 2Mg ⇒ 2MgO + Si.
t
<hijhk
M]e_jh^ ² wlh hkh[uc obfbq_kdbc we_f_gl Hg hkgh\Z
fgh]hh[jZaby hj]Zgbq_kdbo kh_^bg_gbc ba dhlhjuo ihkljh_gu \k_
`b\u_hj]ZgbafugZgZr_cieZg_l_
< ijbjh^_dj_fgbc ²\lhjhcihjZkijhkljZg_gghklbihke_
dbkehjh^Zobfbq_kdbcwe_f_glA_fgZydhjZ[he__q_fgZq_l\_jlv
khklhblba_]hkh_^bg_gbc Ihwlhfmm]e_jh^gZau\Zxlhkgh\guf
55
we_f_glhf`b\hcijbjh^uZ dj_fgbc²hkgh\gufwe_f_glhf
g_`b\hcijbjh^u
<hijhk
>Zgh: m(Si + ij ]V(H2) = 22,4 eω(NaOH) = 60 %.
GZclb: ω(Si), m(SiO2), m(jjZNaOH)
J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbc
Si + 2NaOH + H2O = Na2SiO3 + 2H2↑.
BamjZ\g_gby\b^ghqlhbafhevdj_fgbyihemqZ_lkyfhev
\h^hjh^ZAgZqbl
1
1 V(H 2 )
1
22,4 e
ν(Si) = νG2) = ⋅
fhev
= ⋅
2
2
Vν
2 22,4 e / fhev
Lh]^Zm(Si) = ν(Si)⋅M(Si) = 0,5⋅28 = 14]
14]
m(Si)
ω(Si) =
⋅0,875 = 87,5 %.
=
m(Si + ij)
16]
2. m(SiO2) = m(Si ij±m(Si) = 16]±] ]
BamjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbb\b^ghqlh^eyjZkl\hj_gbyfhevdj_fgby
gm`gh\aylvfhevs_ehqbKe_^h\Zl_evghν(NaOH) = 2ν(Si) =
= 2⋅0fhev fhev
m(NaOH) = ν(NaOH)⋅M(NaOH) = fhev⋅]fhev ]
m( NaOH)
40]
PjjZ1D2+ ]
=
0,6
ω( NaOH)
Hl\_l: ω(Si) = 87,5 %; m(SiO2) = 2 ]PjjZ1D2+ ]
StudyPort.ru
<hijhk
1
2
3
4
5
Z6LO2 
→
→
Si →
Ca2Si 
SiH4 →
SiO2 →
Si
t
6L + + H = 6L ,
1. SiO2 + 2Mg = 2MgO + Si;
0J − H = 0J
+
t
6L + H = 6L −
2. Si + 2Ca = Ca2Si;
&D − H = &D
+
3. Ca2Si + 4H2O = 2Ca(OH)2 + SiH4↑;
4. SiH4 + 2O2 = SiO2 + 2H2O;
6L − − H = 6L +
2
+ H = 2
−
W
,
5. SiO2 + Mg = 2MgO + Si.
56
[6L 
6L2 →
1D6L2 
+6L2 →
6L2 
6L
→
→
→
t
6L − H = 6L +
,
1. Si + O2 = SiO2;
2
+ H = 2
−
t
2. SiO2 + 2NaOHl\ = Na2SiO3 + H2O↑;
3. Na2SiO3 + H2SO4 = H2SiO3↓ + Na2SO4;
t
4. H2SiO3 = H2O + SiO2.
t
5. SiO2 + 2Mg = Si + 2MgO.
<hijhk
Dhg_qgh`_wlhkh_^bg_gb_ ²hdkb^dj_fgby(IV).
<hijhk
Hlebqbl_evghchkh[_gghklvxkl_deZy\ey_lky_]hk\hckl\h
jZafy]qZlvkyb \jZkieZ\e_gghf\b^_ijbgbfZlvex[mxnhjfm
dhlhjZykhojZgy_lkyijbaZklu\Zgbbkl_deZGZwlhfhkgh\Zgh
ijhba\h^kl\hihkm^ub ^jm]boba^_ebcbakl_deZ>hihegbl_evgu_
dZq_kl\Zkl_demijb^ZxljZaebqgu_^h[Z\dbLZd\\_^_gb_fhdkb^Z
k\bgpZihemqZxlojmklZevgh_kl_dehhdkb^ojhfZhdjZrb\Z_l
kl_deh\ a_e_gucp\_lhdkb^dh[ZevlZ ²\ kbgbcb l^
H[eZklv ijbf_g_gby kl_deZ hq_gv h[rbjgZ Wlh hdhggh_
[mluehqgh_ eZfih\h_ a_jdZevgh_ kl_deh kl_deh hilbq_kdh_ ² hl
kl_dhehqdh\^hkl_dhenhlhdZf_jebgau[_kqbke_gguo ijb[hjh\ ²hl
fbdjhkdhih\ ^hl_e_kdhih\
StudyPort.ru
57
=eZ\Z 3Hj]Zgbq_kdb_\_s_kl\Z
<hijhk
§ 31Ij_^f_lhj]Zgbq_kdhcobfbb
S=C=S
k_jhm]e_jh^
&O
ljboehjf_lZg
G
&O
&
&O
+
G G
K
G
G
K
G
G
G G
K
G
K
G
KG3 ²KG3 ijhiZg
G
K
G
G
K
G
G
KG3 ²KG2 ²KG2 ²KG3 [mlZg
StudyPort.ru
<hijhk
K2G6kl_i_gvhdbke_gbym]e_jh^Z±kl_i_gvhdbke_gby\h^hjh^Z
\Ze_glghklvm]e_jh^Z\Ze_glghklv\h^hjh^Z
G
G G
K K
G
G
G
N2kl_i_gvhdbke_gbyZahlZ\Ze_glghklvN ≡ N.
H2O2: kl_i_gvhdbke_gbydbkehjh^Z±kl_i_gvhdbke_gby
\h^hjh^Z\Ze_glghklvdbkehjh^Z\Ze_glghklv\h^hjh^Z
G ²H ²H ²G
<hijhk
L_hjby:F;mle_jh\Zml\_j`^Z_l lhqlhdZ`^h_\_s_kl\hbf__l
hij_^_e_ggh_obfbq_kdh_kljh_gb_hldhlhjh]haZ\bkylk\hckl\Z
\_s_kl\K\hckl\Z\_s_kl\aZ\bkylhlijbjh^uobfbq_kdbo
we_f_glh\hlbodhebq_kl\Zb hllh]hdZdhgbkh_^bgyxlkyf_`^m
kh[hc
Ijb\_^_f ijbf_j ^\mo bahf_jh\ k jZaebqgufb obfbq_kdbfb
k\hckl\Zfb
58
+1
+1
NH4 — N = K = O
& 2
fhq_\bgZ
pbZgZlZffhgby
<hijhk
Kl_i_gvhdbke_gbyoZjZdl_jbam_ldhebq_kl\hijbgyluobeb
hl^Zgguowe_f_glhfwe_dljhgh\Kl_i_gvhdbke_gbyfh`_l[ulv
iheh`bl_evghchljbpZl_evghcgme_\hc
<Ze_glghklvihdZau\Z_ldhebq_kl\hk\ya_cdhlhju_h[jZam_l
we_f_gl\ fhe_dme_<Ze_glghklvfh`_l[ulvlhevdhiheh`bl_evghc
<hijhk
Ij_^hklZ\ey_f\Zf\hafh`ghklvih^mfZlvgZ^wlbf\hijhkhf
kZfbf
<hijhk
>Zgh: V(CH4) = f3, ηH2)\ha^ = 21 %.
GZclb: V\ha^
J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbbk`b]Zgbyf_lZgZ
W
StudyPort.ru
KG4 H2 KH2 G2H
Ba mjZ\g_gby \b^gh qlh ^ey k`b]Zgby fhev f_lZgZ g_h[oh^bfh
2 fhevdbkehjh^ZAgZqbl
νH2) = 2νKG4) = 2⋅
V(CH 4 )
.
Vν
V (CH 4 )
V
ν (O 2 )Vν
V (O 2 )
ν
Lh]^ZV\ha^ =
=
=
η(O 2 )\ha^
η(O 2 )\ha^
η(O 2 )\ha^
2 ⋅ V(CH 4 )
2 ⋅ 250f 3
f3.
=
=
η(O 2 )\ha^
0,21
Hl\_l: V\ha^ f3.
2⋅
§ 32Ij_^_evgu_m]e_\h^hjh^u
<hijhk
Ijbqbgu fgh]hh[jZaby m]e_\h^hjh^h\ ykgu ba iheh`_gbc l_hjbb
:F ;mle_jh\Z
:lhfu\ fhe_dmeZohj]Zgbq_kdbo\_s_kl\k\yaZgu^jm]k ^jm]hf
kh]eZkghbo\Ze_glghklb
59
K\hckl\Z\_s_kl\aZ\bkylg_lhevdhhlkhklZ\Z bo fhe_dme gh b
hlbokljh_gby
<hijhk
=hfheh]bq_kdbcjy^fh`ghaZibkZlvdZdCn H2n+2.
M]e_\h^hjh^uk n ≤ y\eyxlky]ZaZfb
M]e_\h^hjh^uk < n ≤ y\eyxlky`b^dhklyfb
M]e_\h^hjh^uk n ≥ y\eyxlkyl\_j^ufb\_s_kl\Zfb
Ihf_j_m\_ebq_gbyn m\_ebqb\Z_lkyl_fi_jZlmjZdbi_gbyb
ieZ\e_gbym]e_\h^hjh^h\
<hijhk
GZ]hjh^kdhfb k_evkdhohayckl\_gghfljZgkihjl_ijbf_gyxlky
[_gabgd_jhkbgkheyjdZ^ba_evgh_lhieb\hhgby\eyxlky
e_]dh\hkieZf_gyxsbfbky]hjxqbfb\_s_kl\Zfihwlhfmke_^m_l
kh[ex^Zlvijhlb\hih`Zjgu_ijZ\beZl_ogbdb[_ahiZkghklb
<hijhk
KG ²KG ²&+ ²KG
&+
StudyPort.ru
Z=hfheh]b
KG ²KG ²KG
&+
bah[mlZg
[Bahf_ju
KG3 ²KG2 ²KG2 ²KG2 ²KG3
i_glZg
KG3 ²KG2 ²KG3
ijhiZg
&+
&+
&
&+
&+
l_ljZf_lbef_lZg
<hijhk
K3G8 K3G6 G2↑; K3H6 — ijhi_gK4G10 K4G8 G2↑; K4G8 —
[ml_g
<hijhk
>Zgh: Vkf_kb eηKH2) = 10 %.
GZclb: V(O2)
J_r_gb_GZc^_fh[t_fijhiZgZ[_aijbf_kb
V(C3H8)=V(kf_kb±V(kf_kb⋅ηKH2 e ±e⋅ e
AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_ZdpbbK3G8 H2 KH2 G2H
BamjZ\g_gby\b^ghqlh^eyk`b]ZgbyfhevijhiZgZgm`ghfhev
dbkehjh^Z
60
Ke_^h\Zl_evghνH2) = 5νK3G8) = 5⋅ 9&+ .
9ν
Lh]^ZV(O2) = Vν⋅νH2) = V#⋅5 V(C3H8 ) = 5⋅ e
Hl\_l: V(O2) = 100e
Vν
§ 33G_ij_^_evgu_m]e_\h^hjh^u
Wlbe_gb _]h]hfheh]b
<hijhk
>ey wlZgZ oZjZdl_j_g lbi j_Zdpbc aZf_s_gby Z ^ey wlbe_gZ —
ijbkh_^bg_gby
<hijhk
J_Zdpbyijbkh_^bg_gby\h^hjh^ZgZau\Z_lky]b^jbjh\Zgb_f
KG2 KG2 G2 → KG3–KG3;
KG3±KG CH2 + H2 → CH3–CH2–CH3
<hijhk
2CH3–CH3 + 7O2 → 4CO2 + 6H2O; CH2=CH2 + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 2H2O
;hevr_ dbkehjh^Z ihlj_[m_lky ^ey k`b]Zgby wlZgZ ld wlZg bf__l
gZ^\Z\h^hjh^Z[hevr_q_fwlbe_g
Wlbe_g ]hjbl k\_lysbf ieZf_g_f ld \ gf [hevr_ fZkkh\Zy ^hey
m]e_jh^Zq_f\ wlZg_
<hijhk
QKG KG ²KG → a &+ &+aQ
StudyPort.ru
&+
ihebijhibe_g
Ijh^mdlihebf_jbaZpbbijhibe_gZgZau\Z_lkyihebijhibe_g
<hijhk
&+
Z=hfheh]b
CH2
[Bahf_ju
²i_gl_g
C
&
&+
CH3
CH3
f_lbeijhi_g
&+
&G
CH2=CH–CH3
ijhi_g
KG KG²KG2 ²KG2 ²KG3
61
KG ²K KG²KG
²f_lbe[ml_g
<hijhk
&+
KG2 KG2 → G2 KG≡KG
Zp_lbe_g
:p_lbe_g ijhy\ey_l kbevgh g_ij_^_evguc b ^Z`_ keZ[hdbkehlguc
oZjZdl_j
§ 34G_ij_^_evgu_m]e_\h^hjh^u:p_lbe_g
<hijhk
H[sZynhjfmeZm]e_\h^hjh^h\jy^ZZp_lbe_gZCnH2n–2.
<hijhk
:p_lbe_gfh`ghbgZq_gZa\Zlvwlbghf
<hijhk
&+≡ &²&+²&+ ²&+
StudyPort.ru
Z=hfheh]b
&+
KG≡ KH, ²wlbg KG≡ K — &+ ²KG3
&+
²f_lbe[ml_g-1.
[Bahf_ju
&+
&+≡ &²&²&+
— 3,3-^bf_lbe[mlbg — ]_dkbg
<hijhk
&+
KG3–K≡K–KG2–KG2–KG3
KG≡KG H2 KH2 G2H
62
:p_lbe_g ]hjbl dhilysbf ieZf_g_f ihlhfm \ g_f hq_gv [hevrZy
fZkkh\Zy^heym]e_jh^Z
<hijhk
>Zgh: m(CaC2) = 720 d]ωij %.
GZclb: VK2G2)
J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkmdZj[b^ZdZevpby[_aijbf_k_c
mKaK2) = 720⋅(1–0,2) = 720⋅ d]
AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbb
d]
&D&
fhev
0 ]fhev
P ]
+ +2
=
oe
& + ↑
fhev
9 efhev
9 e
+ &D2+
KhklZ\bfijhihjpbx
] ²e
] ²o
o ⋅ ⋅ = 201,6⋅103 e f3.
Hl\_l: VK2G2 f3.
StudyPort.ru
<hijhk
>Zgh: V(C2H2) = 134,4 e; W = 75 %.
GZclb: mK6G6)
J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbb
e
&+
fhev
9 efhev
9 e
W
o]
& +
fhev
0 ]fhev
P ]
e ²o ]
e ²]
o 78 ⋅ 134,4 ]
67,2
m(C6H6)l_hj ]
GZc^_ffZkkm[_gaheZihemqb\r_]hky\ oh^_j_Zdpbb
m(C6H6)ijZdl = m(C6H6)l_hj⋅W ]⋅ ]
Hl\_l: m(C6H6) ]
§ 35:jhfZlbq_kdb_m]e_\h^hjh^u;_gahe
<hijhk
=hfheh]
K6G5–KG3 ²f_lbe[_gahe
K6G5–K2G5 ²wlbe[_gahe
63
Bahf_j
HC≡C–C≡C–CH2–CH2–CH3 ²]_ilZ^bbg
<hijhk
Hj]Zgbq_kdb_\_s_kl\Zrbjhdhijbf_gyxlky\ k_evkdhfohayckl\_
^eyaZsblujZkl_gbchl\j_^bl_e_c[he_ag_cb khjgydh\Wlh
y^hobfbdZlubebi_klbpb^uIhk\h_fmgZagZq_gbxi_klbpb^u
^_eylkygZg_kdhevdh\b^h\Fum`_gZa\Zebbgk_dlbpb^
]_dkZoehjZg>eybae_q_gbyjZkl_gbcb ihq\uhl]jb[dh\uo
aZ[he_\Zgbcijbf_gyxlnmg]bpb^u^eymgbqlh`_gbykhjgydh\ —
]_j[bpb^u^eymgbqlh`_gby\j_^guofbdjhhj]Zgbafh\ —
[Zdl_jbpb^uZ ]juamgh\ ²ahhpb^u
<k_i_klbpb^u ²y^h\blu_\_s_kl\Zihwlhfmg_h[oh^bfh ke_^blv
qlh[uhgbg_ihiZeb\ hj]Zgbaf
<hijhk
;_gahedZdb Zp_lbe_ggZ khklhblbam]e_jh^Zihwlhfmhg
dhilblijbk]hjZgbb
>eylh]h qlh[u [_gahe ]hj_e [_a dhihlb fh`gh \f_klh dbkehjh^Z
bkihevah\Zlv hahgdZd[he__kbevguchdbkebl_ev
StudyPort.ru
<hijhk
< hkgh\_ijbf_g_gby[_gaheZ\ khklZ\_fhlhjgh]hlhieb\Ze_`bl
j_Zdpby]b^jbjh\Zgbyl_gZkus_gbym]e_jh^Z\h^hjh^hf
G2 ⇒
<hijhk
1. CaC2 + 2H2O ⇒ C2H2 + Ca(OH)2.
t, p, cat
2. 3C2H2 ⇒
NO 2
3.
+ HONO2 ⇒
+ H2O .
§ 36Kibjlu
<hijhk
KG3HG H2 ⇒ KH2↑ G2H ²]hjbl[_kp\_lgufieZf_g_f
t
64
K2G5HG H2 ⇒ KH2↑ G2H ²]hjblk\_lysbfky
]hem[h\ZlufieZf_g_f
t
3) 2CH2
OH
CH2
H2 ⇒ KH2 G2H
t
OH
4) 2 CH2 CH CH2 H2 ⇒ KH2 G2H
t
OH
OH
<hijhk
OH
W
KGHG &XH ⇒ +&
2
+
&X +2↑
<hijhk
F_lbeh\ucb wlbeh\uckibjluijbf_gyxlky\ dZq_kl\_
jZkl\hjbl_e_c
<hijhk
KG2 KG2 G2H ⇒ KG3KG2HG + Q.
StudyPort.ru
Obfbq_kdh_jZ\gh\_kb_wlhcj_Zdpbbfh`ghkf_klblv\ijZ\h
ih\ukb\^Z\e_gb_b h[_ki_qb\hl\h^l_ieZ
<hijhk
>Zgh: νK6G12H6 fhev
GZclb: m(C2H5OH), V(CO2)
J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbb
K6G12H6 → K2G5HG KH2↑.
BamjZ\g_gby\b^ghqlhbafhev]exdhaufhevm]e_dbkeh]h
]ZaZIhwlhfmbafhev]exdhauihemqbehkvfhevKH2.
Lh]^ZVKH2) = νKH2)⋅Vν fhev⋅efhev e
Hl\_l: m\h^db ]VKH2 e
§ 37:ev^_]b^u
<hijhk
KGHG >2@→ &+ &
2
+
+2
&+≡ KG GH→ &+ &+ → &+ &
2+
2
+
65
<hijhk
KGHG >2@→ +&
<hijhk.
+&
2
+
$J2→ +&
nhjfZev^_]b^
2
+& &X2+→ +K
+
nhjfZev^_]b^
2
2+
2
+
$J↓
fmjZ\vbgZydbkehlZ
2
&X2↓ +2
2+
fmjZ\vbgZydbkehlZ
2
2
2) &+ & $J2→ &+ &
$J↓
+
2+
&+ &
Zp_lZev^_]b^
2
+
&X2+ → &+ &
Zp_lZev^_]b^
mdkmkgZy dbkehlZ
2
2+
KXH↓ GH
mdkmkgZy dbkehlZ
<hijhk
J_Zdpby©k_j_[jygh]ha_jdZeZªfh`_lijbf_gylvky^eyihemq_gby
lhgdh]hgZe_lZk_j_[jZgZdZdhf-gb[m^vij_^f_l_beb^eyihemq_gby
a_jdZe.
StudyPort.ru
<hijhk
Ij_^eZ]Z_f\Zfih^mfZlvgZ^wlbfkZfbf
<hijhk
2
3
wlZg 
mdkmkgucZev^_]b^
→ wlbe_g 
→ wlbeh\uckibjl 
→
4

→ mdkmkgZydbkehlZ
KG3±KG3→G2 KG2 KG2J_Zdpby^_]b^jbjh\Zgby
KG2 KG2 G2H→K2G5HGJ_Zdpby]b^jZlZpbb
2
KG±KGHG >2@→ &+ &
GH J_Zdpbyhdbke_gby
+
2
2
&+ & $JH→ &+ &
$J↓ J_Zdpbyhdbke_gby
2+
+
k_j_[jyggh]ha_jdZeZ
§ 38Ij_^_evgu_h^ghhkgh\gu_dZj[hgh\u_dbkehlu
Keh`gu_wnbju
<hijhk
I. GKHHG + Mg = (CHOO)2Mg + H2↑.
66
2) GKHHG + MgO = (CHOO)2Mg + H2O.
3) GKHHG + Mg(OH)2 = (CHOO)2Mg + 2H2O.
4) GKHHG + MgCO3 = (CHOO)2Mg + H2O + CO2↑.
II. 1) Mg + 2CH3COOH = (CH3COO)2Mg + H2↑.
2) MgO + 2CH3COOH = (CH3COO)2Mg + H2O.
3) Mg(OH)2 + 2CH3COOH = (CH3COO)2Mg + H2O.
4) MgCO3 + 2CH3COOH = (CH3COO)2Mg + CO2 + H2O.
<hijhk
Keh`guc wnbj ihemqZ_lky \ oh^_ j_Zdpbb ^_]b^jZlZpbb f_`^m
dbkehlhc b kibjlhf j_Zdpby wl_jbnbdZpbb GZa\Zgb_ wnbjZ
h[jZam_lky iml_f h[t_^bg_gby ^\mo ijbeZ]Zl_evguo i_j\h_ ² hl
gZa\Zgbydbkehlu\lhjh_²hlgZa\ZgbykibjlZ
<hijhk
<hijhk
+&
2
+2 ²&+ ‡ +& 2 &+ GH
2+
2
fmjZ\vbghf_lbeh\uc wnbj
>eylh]hqlh[ukf_klblvjZ\gh\_kb_\ j_Zdpbbwl_jbnbdZpbb
\ijZ\hgm`gh\\_klb\ kbkl_fm\h^hhlgbfZxs__\_s_kl\h
gZijbf_jdhgp_gljbjh\Zggmxk_jgmxdbkehlm
<hijhk
KG3KHHG + Cl2 → KG2ClKHHG + HCl oehjmdkmkgZydbkehlZ
KG2ClKHHG + Cl2 → KGCl2KHHG + HCl ^boehjmdkmkgZydbkehlZ.
KGCl2KHHG + Cl2 → KCl3KHHGHCl ljboehjmdkmkgZydbkehlZ.
<hijhk
StudyPort.ru
wlZg 
→ wlbe_g → wlbeh\uckibjl → mdkmkgucZev^_]b^
1
2
3
→ mdkmkgZydbkehlZ → mdkmkghwlbeh\uckibjl
4
5
oehjmdkmkgZy dbkehlZ
t, p

→ KG2 KG2 G2↑.
KG3±KG3 
KG2 KG2 G2H→KG3±KG2HG
KG3KG2HG + [O]→ CH3 C
4. CH3 C
O
H
O
H
G2H
+ Ag2H→KG3KHHG + 2Ag↓.
KG3KHHG K2G5HG→CH3 C
O
OC 2 H5 + G2O
KG3KHHG + Cl2→KG2ClKHHG + HCl.
67
§ 39@bju
<hijhk
& +
&+ &+ &+ K G KHHG & +
2+
2+
2+
2
&
2
&+
& + 2
+ 2
& + &
2
2
&
& + 2
<hijhk
>eykf_s_gbyjZ\gh\_kbyj_Zdpbbwl_jbnbdZpbb\ijZ\hgm`gh
h[_ki_qblvm^Ze_gb_\h^ubakbkl_fu
<hijhk
C H2
O
C
C 17 H 31
O
CH
O
C
C 17 H 31
C H2
G2→ C H
O
C
C 17 H 35
O
O
C
C 17 H 35
StudyPort.ru
O
CH2
<hijhk
O
C
O
O
C 17 H31
C H2
O
C
C 17 H 35
O
K17G35KHHNa + CaSO4 ⇒ K17G35KHH2KZ↓ + Na2SO4.
<hijhk
@bju y\eyxlky \Z`ghc qZklvx ibs_\h]h jZpbhgZ < hj]Zgbaf_
ijhbkoh^bl ]b^jheba `bjh\ dhlhju_ jZks_ieyxlky gZ ]ebp_jbg b
`bjgu_ dbkehlu g_dhlhju_ ba gbo y\eyxlky g_aZf_gbfufb ld g_
fh]mlkbgl_abjh\Zlvky \ hj]Zgbaf_q_eh\_dZ
DZd b ^jm]b_ iblZl_evgu_ \_s_kl\Z `bju ijbgbfZxl mqZklb_ \
ieZklbq_kdhf b wg_j]_lbq_kdhf h[f_g_ Bo hdbke_gb_ ijb\h^bl d
\uk\h[h`^_gbx ]hjZa^h [hevr_]h dhebq_kl\Z wg_j]bb q_f hdbke_gb_
[_edh\b m]e_\h^h\Djhf_lh]h`bjufh]mlgZdZieb\Zlvky\ hj]Zgbaf_
h[jZamy mgb\_jkZevgh_ ^_ih wg_j]_lbq_kdb p_ggh]h fZl_jbZeZ
IhklmiZxsb_ \ hj]Zgbaf \ ba[ulhqghf dhebq_kl\_ m]e_\h^u b qZklv
[_edh\ fh]ml ljZgknhjfbjh\Zlvky \ `bj qlh ijb\h^bl d jhklm _]h
hleh`_gbc Ijb g_h[oh^bfhklb aZiZk_gguc lZdbf h[jZahf `bj fh`_l
ij_\jZsZlvky \ ]ebdh]_g b bkihevah\Zlvky \ j_Zdpbyo m]e_\h^gh]h
h[f_gZ
68
§ 40:fbghdbkehlub [_edb
<hijhk
Fhe_dmeuZfbghdbkehlkh^_j`Zl^\_nmgdpbhgZevgu_]jmiiu
H2N — Zfbgh]jmiimb COOH— dZj[hdkbevgmx]jmiimihwlhfm
Zfbghdbkehluijhy\eyxlk\hckl\ZdZdZfbgh\lZdb dZj[hgh\uo
dbkehl
<hijhk
JZaebqb_f_`^mj_Zdpbyfbihebdhg^_gkZpbbb ihebf_jbaZpbb
aZdexqZ_lky\ lhfqlh\ i_j\hcj_ZdpbbgZjy^mk ihebf_jhf
h[jZam_lkygbadhfhe_dmeyjgh_\_s_kl\hqZs_\k_]h\h^Z\
j_Zdpbbihebf_jbaZpbbh[jZam_lkylhevdhihebf_j
<hijhk
N_jf_glu±wlh[bheh]bq_kdb_dZlZebaZlhjuHgbij_^klZ\eyxl
kh[hc[_edbN_jf_gluhlebqZxlkyhlg_hj]Zgbq_kdbo
dZlZebaZlhjh\\ukhdhcwnn_dlb\ghklvxb ki_pbnbqghklvx
^_ckl\by
<hijhk
StudyPort.ru
1+
&+ &2
5
>++ @
Q+2 ⇒ Q1+ &+ &22
Q
5
=b^jheba[_edh\ih^^_ckl\b_fdbkehlbebs_ehq_ce_`bl\ hkgh\_
ijhp_kkZibs_\Zj_gby
<hijhk
1
2
3
4
K2G6 
→ K2G5HG 
→ KG3KHG 
→ KG3KHHG 
→

→ KG2KlCOOH 
→ CH–NH2–COOH 
→ ihebi_ilb^
4
W3
5
6
K2H6 ⇒ CH2 = CH2 + H2; CH2 = CH2 + H2O → K2H5OH;
2. K2H5OH + [O] → CH3COH + H2O;
3. CH3COH + Ag2O → CH3COOH + 2Ag↓;
4. CH3COOH + Cl2 → CH2ClCOOH + HCl;
5. CH2ClCOOH + 2NH3 → CH2NH2COOH + NH4Cl;
6. Q&+1+&22+
1+
&+ &
5
2
Q
Q+2
§ 41M]e_\h^u
<hijhk
>Zgh: νK6G12H6 fhevωK2G5HG %.
GZclb: mkibjlZ
69
J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbb
K6G12H6 → 2K2G5HG + 2CO2↑.
BamjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbb\b^ghqlhbafhev]exdhauihemqZ_lkyfhev
wlbeh\h]hkibjlZihwlhfmνK2G5HG ⋅νK6G12H6)=2⋅fhev fhev
2. mK2G5HG νK2G5HG⋅MK2G5HG fhev⋅]fhev ]
Lh]^ZmkibjlZ mK2G5HGωK2G5HG ] ]
Hl\_lmkibjlZ ]
<hijhk
>Zgh: mG2H d]
GZclb: V(O2)
J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbb
KH2 G2H → K6G12H6 H2.
BamjZ\g_gby\b^ghqlhbafhev\h^uihemqZ_lkyfhev
dbkehjh^Zihwlhfm
⋅ P+ 2
=
= 2⋅104 fhev
νH2) = νG2H 0+ 2
]fhev
Lh]^ZVH2)=νH2)⋅Vν=2⋅104 fhev⋅efhev ⋅104 e f3.
Hl\_lVH2 f3.
<hijhk
StudyPort.ru
+
&+2+
+
2+
2
+
2
+
2+
<hijhk
=exdhaZ
2
+
&
+±&±2+
2+±&±+
+±&±2+
+
+
2
&+2+
+
2+
+
2
+
t
+
2+
+nH2O ⇒ n
Q
H+
+
2+
& + 2 +
+
2
2+
+
+
2+
+
2+
DZd \b^gh ba nhjfmeu ]exdhau hgZ bf__l Zev^_]b^gmx
]jmiim b kibjlh\mx ]jmiim ±HG < wlhf b aZdexqZ_lky
^\hckl\_gghklv]exdhau
O
O
C
HC
]jmiiZ
:
— dZj[hdkbevgZy
OH
OH
O
C
²Zev^_]b^gZy]jmiiZ
+±&±2+ ]jmiiZ; ]jmiiZ
H
&+2+
FmjZ\vbgmxdbkehlmfh`ghgZa\ZlvZev^_]b^hdbkehlhc.
<hijhk
Fhe_dmeZdjZofZeZbf__ljZa\_l\e_ggh_kljh_gb_ihoh`__gZ
k_ldmZ fhe_dmeZp_eexehaubf__lkljh_gb_p_ihqdbghbo
fhghf_jhfy\ey_lky]exdhaZ
70
<hijhk
=exdhaZijbf_gy_lky\ f_^bpbg_b ibs_\hcijhfure_gghklb ijb
ijhba\h^kl\_ a_jdZe KZoZjhaZ \ ibs_\hc ijhfure_gghklb DjZofZe ² \ ibs_\hc l_dklbevghc [mfZ`ghc iheb]jZnbq_kdhc
ijhfure_gghklyo P_eexehaZ ijbf_gy_lky ^ey ihemq_gby [mfZ]b
obfbq_kdbo\hehdhgieZklfZkkihjhoZeZdh\
<hijhk
<hijhk
<hijhk
§ 42Ihebf_ju
Q&+
Q &+
&+&O ⇒
&+ &+ ⇒
&+
&+
&O Q
&+
&+
&+ Q
ihebijhibe_g
Bkdmkkl\_ggu_\hehdgZba]hlZ\eb\Zxlbaijbjh^guoihebf_jh\
ij_`^_\k_]hbap_eexehauKbgl_lbq_kdb_\hehdgZ\ujZ[Zlu\Zxl
bakbgl_lbq_kdboihebf_jh\
<hijhk
HklZ\ey_fwlhl\hijhk^eykZfhklhyl_evgh]h bamq_gby
<
j_amevlZl_
j_Zdpbb
ihebdhg^_gkZpbb ihemqZxl
n_henhjfZev^ _]b^gmxkfhem
StudyPort.ru
<hijhk
Ij_^hklZ\ey_f\Zf\hafh`ghklvih^mfZlvgZ^wlbf\hijhkhfkZfbf
71
Ijbeh`_gb_
<hijhk
1H[sZydeZkkbnbdZpbym^h[j_gbc
Z ω NaNO ( N) =
14
Mr ( N)
= 16,5 %.
=
Mr ( NaNO 3 ) 85
28
2Mr(N)
[ ω( NH ) SO ( N ) =
=
= 21,2 %.
Mr((NH 4 ) 2SO 4 )
132
2 ⋅ Mr ( N)
28
\ ω1+ 12 1 =
=
= 35 %.
Mr ( NH 4 NO 3 )
80
GZb[he__dhgp_gljbjh\Zggh_ m^h[j_gb_NH4NO3.
3
4 2
4
<hijhk
Z ω.12 . 2 =
Mr(K 2 O)
94
=
= 46,5 %.
2Mr(KNO3 )
202
Mr ( N) = 14 = 14 %.
ω.12 1 =
101
Mr (KNO 3 )
28
2Mr ( N)
[ ω1+ +32 1 =
=
= 21,2 %;
132
Mr ( NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4
142
Mr (P2 O 5 )
&1+ +32 32 =
=
= 53,8 %.
264
2Mr ( NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4
282
3 ⋅ Mr(K 2 O)
\ ωK 3PO 4 (K 2 O) =
=
= 66,5 %.
424
2Mr(K 3 PO 4 )
142
ωK 3PO 4 (P2 O 5 ) = Mr ( P2 O 5 ) =
= 33,5 %.
424
2Mr ( K 3 PO 4 )
StudyPort.ru
<hijhk.
G_\k_m^h[j_gbyfh`ghkf_rb\Zlv^jm]k ^jm]hf
2NH4NO3 &D2G2 ⇒ Ca(NO3)2 + 2NH3↑ G2H
:ffbZd\us_eZqb\Z_l ihq\m
<hijhk
< khklZ\_\_s_kl\h[jZamxsbode_ldb\k_o`b\uohj]Zgbafh\
h[gZjm`_gh[he__we_f_glh\Wlbwe_f_gluijbgylh^_eblvgZ
^\_]jmiiufZdjh- b fbdjhwe_f_glu
FZdjhwe_f_glu kh^_j`Zlky \ de_ldZo \ [hevrbo dhebq_kl\Zo <
i_j\mx hq_j_^v wlh m]e_jh^ dbkehjh^ Zahl b \h^hjh^ < kmff_ hgb
khklZ\eyxl ihqlb \k_]h kh^_j`bfh]h de_ldb Ba gbo khklhyl \
72
hkgh\ghf [_edb `bju m]e_\h^u gmde_bgh\u_ dbkehlu \blZfbgu
]hjfhgub ^j
Fbdjhwe_f_glukh^_j`Zlky\ wlbo\_s_kl\Zo\ g_agZqbl_evguo
dhebq_kl\Zo\k_]hbol_fg_f_g__bojhev\ ghjfZevghc
`bag_^_yl_evghklbhj]ZgbafZh]jhfgZ
GZijbf_jkh_^bg_gby[hjZfZj]ZgpZpbgdZdh[ZevlZj_adh
m\_ebqb\Zxlmjh`Zcghklvhl^_evguok_evkdhohayckl\_gguo
jZkl_gbcb ih\urZxlbokhijhlb\ey_fhklvd jZaebqgh]hjh^Z
aZ[he_\ZgbyfQ_eh\_db `b\hlgu_ihemqZxlgm`gu_bf
fbdjhwe_f_gluq_j_ajZkl_gbydhlhjufbiblZxlky
<Z`gmxjhev\ `bagbjZkl_gbcb]jZxlK, N b JdZebc\oh^bl\
f_`de_lhqgmx`b^dhklvZahl ²\ Zfbghdbkehlunhknhj
g_h[oh^bf^eyihkljh_gbyde_lhd\oh^bl\ khklZ\gmde_bgh\uo
dbkehl
<hijhk
Ihq\uKbpbebbbkihevah\Zeb^eyk_evkdhohayckl\_gguop_e_c\
l_q_gb_fgh]boe_l< j_amevlZl_ihq\ZmljZlbeZk\hx
ieh^hjh^ghklvijhbahrehbklhs_gb_a_feb>eyij_^hl\jZs_gby
wlh]hg_h[oh^bfh_`_]h^gh\ghkblv\ ihq\mm^h[j_gby
StudyPort.ru
<hijhk
Djm]h\hjhlZahlZ\ ijbjh^_
:ahlkms_kl\m_l\ ijbjh^_\ \b^_kh_^bg_gbckh^_j`Zsboky\
ihq\_bebjZkl\hj_gguo\ fbg_jZevguo\h^ZoLZd`_Zahl\oh^bl
\ [_edh\u_fhe_dmeudhlhju_y\eyxlkyhkgh\gufbqZklyfbde_lhd
ldZg_chj]ZgbafZ
Q_eh\_dihemqZ_l[_edbZ \f_kl_k gbfbb ZahlbajZklbl_evghc b
`b\hlghc ibsb `b\hlgu_ \ k\hx hq_j_^v ihemqZxl bo lZd`_ ba
jZkl_gbc
;hevrh_ agZq_gb_ bf_xl hkh[u_ [Zdl_jbb dhlhju_ `b\ml \
dem[_gvdZo gZ dhjgyo [h[h\uo jZkl_gbc Wlb [Zdl_jbb k\yau\Zxl
k\h[h^guc Zlfhkn_jguc Zahl l_ ij_\jZsZxl _]h \ kh_^bg_gby
dhlhju_fh]mlmk\Zb\ZlvkyjZkl_gbyfbBajZkl_gbcb `b\hlguoihke_
bokf_jlbZahlkgh\Zi_j_oh^bl\ ihq\m
73
: a h l \ h a^ m o Z
= j h au
; Zdl_jbb
ihq\u
= gb_gb _
= hj_gb_
: a h l j Z k l _ g b c b
` b\hlgu o
= gb_gb _
J Z ae h ` _ g b _
[Zdl_jbyf b
J Z ae h ` _ g b _
[Zdl_jb yf b
: a h l f h j y
I blZgb_
jZkl_gbc
< u f u \Zg b_
\h^hc
: a h l i h q \ u
M ^h[j_gby
Djm]h\hjhldZebyb nhknhjZ\ ijbjh^_
Nhknhj b dZebc kms_kl\mxl \ ijbjh^_ \ \b^_ kh_^bg_gbc
kh^_j`Zsboky \ ihq\_ beb jZkl\hj_gguo \ ijbjh^guo \h^Zo Ba
ihq\uwlbwe_f_gluba\e_dZxlkyjZkl_gbyfbZ `b\hlgu_ihemqZxlbo
k jZklbl_evghc ibs_c Ihke_ hlfbjZgby jZklbl_evguo b `b\hlguo
hj]Zgbafh\ nhknhj b dZebc kgh\Z i_j_oh^yl \ ihq\m LZd
hkms_kl\ey_lky djm]h\hjhlnhknhjZb dZeby\ ijbjh^_
@b\hlgu_
StudyPort.ru
JZkl_gby
Ihq\Z
M^h[j_gby
DZebcgu_b
nhknhjhkh^_j`Zsb_
fbg_jZeub ihjh^u
M^h[j_gby^eylh]hqlh[ug_aZ]jyagylv\h^h_fufhjyb hd_Zgu
^he`guohjhrh\iblu\ZlvkyjZkl_gbyfbb g_hklZ\Zlvky\ ihq\_
e_]dhjZaeZ]Zlvkyb jZkl\hjylvky\ \h^_
<hijhk
Ieh^hjh^b_ ihq\u aZ\bkbl g_ lhevdh hl dhebq_kl\Z iblZl_evguo
\_s_kl\ gh lZd`_ hl \h^h b \ha^mohijhgbpZ_fhklb ihwlhfm ohjhrZy
iZohlZlZd`_g_h[oh^bfZdZdb \g_k_gb_m^h[j_gbc
74
<hijhk
2Obfbq_kdZyf_ebhjZpbyihq\
CaCO3 + 2HCl = CaCl2 + H2O + CO2↑.
G_jZkl\hjbfucdZj[hgZldZevpbyjZkl\hjy_lky\ dbkehlZo
<hijhk
J_dhf_g^m_lkyihke__^uihqbklblvam[ubebih`_\Zlv
`_\Zl_evgmxj_abgdm^eylh]hqlh[ug_cljZebah\Zlvkj_^m
`_em^dZkexghc
<hijhk
CaCO3 + 2H+ ⇒ Ca2+ + H2O + CO2↑.
6
l
100
Hl\_lgm`gh\g_klbd]CaCO3.
m(CaCO3) = 4l]Z⋅
<hijhk
CaCO3⋅MgCO3 + 4H+ ⇒ Ca2+ + Mg2+ + 2CO2↑ + 2H2O.
StudyPort.ru
3:ahlgu_dZebcgu_b nhknhjgu_m^h[j_gby
<hijhk
Ca3(PO4)2 ²fZehjZkl\hjbfh_\ \h^_\_s_kl\hihwlhfm_]h\ghkyl
^hihk_\Zld\ wlh\j_fy\eZ`ghklvihq\u[hevr_
<hijhk
Ca3(PO4)2 — nhknhjblgZyfmdZ ²fZehjZkl\hjbfh_\_s_kl\h
ihwlhfmhgh©mk\Zb\Z_lkyªihq\hc^ebl_evgh_\j_fy
<hijhk
Nhknhjgu_m^h[j_gby\ [hevrbgkl\_k\h_ffZehjZkl\hjbfu_
\_s_kl\Zke_^h\Zl_evghbojZkl\hj_gb_aZgbfZ_l^he]bci_jbh^
DZebcgu_`_m^h[j_gby ²ohjhrhjZkl\hjbfu_\_s_kl\Zihwlhfm
hgb[ukljhmk\Zb\Zxlkyihq\hc
<hijhk
Hl\_lgZwlhl\hijhk_klv\ ‹ \hijhkub <hijhk
>Zgh: VjjZ e ]m(HNO3) ]m(Ca×(NO3)2)=10]
GZclb: ω\ jj_(K2O), ω\ jj_(N), ω\ jj_(P2O5)
J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkh\u_^hebwe_f_glh\
75
0 U . 2
94
=
= 46,5 %.
0 U .12 202
14
0 U 1
ωKNO 3 ( N) =
=
= 14 %.
0 U .12 101
28
0 U 1
ωCa ( NO3 )2 ( N) =
=
= 17 %.
0 U &D12 164
0 U . 2
94
ω KH 2PO 4 (K 2 O) =
=
= 34,6 %.
0 U .+ 32 272
0 U 32 142
ω KH 2PO4 (P2 O 5 ) =
=
= 52,2 %.
0 U .+ 32 272
GZc^_ffZkkudhfihg_glh\
m(N) = m(KNO3)⋅ω(N) + m(Ca(NO3)2)⋅ω(N) = 2,5⋅0,14 + 10⋅0,17 =
= 0,35 + 1,7 = 2,05 ]
m(P) = m(K2HPO4)⋅ω(P2O5) = 2,5⋅0,522 = 1,305 ]
m(K)=m(KNO3)⋅ω(K2O)+m(KH2PO4)⋅ω(K2O)=2,5⋅0,465+2,5⋅0,346=2,02
75 ]
3. GZc^_ffZkkh\u_^hebdhfihg_glh\
m( N)
ω(N) =
=
m(j − jZ ) + m(KNO 3 ) + m(Ca ( NO 3 ) 2 + m(KH 2 PO 4 )
ωKNO (K 2 O) =
3
StudyPort.ru
=
= 0,2 %.
2,0275
m( K )
=
= 0,2 %.
m(h[s)
1015
1,305
m( P )
ω(P) =
=
= 0,113 %.
m(h[s)
1015
Hl\_l: ω(N) = 0,2 %; ωJ) = 0,13 %; ω(D %.
ω(K) =
<hijhk
>Zgh: ωkf_kb (J2H5) = 0,2.
GZclb: ωKZG2JH4)2)
J_r_gb_Kmi_jnhknZlijhklhckhklhblbaCa(H2PO4)2 b CaSO4.
m(P2 O 5 )
x
AgZqblωJ2H5) =
=
= 0,2.
m(kf_kb)
y
o ⋅m]^_m ²fZkkZkf_kb
m(Ca ( H 2 PO 4 ) 2 )
2. ωKZG2JH4)2) =
=
m (kf_kb )
76
=
m(P2 O 5 ) : ω Ca ( H 2PO 4 )2 (P2 O 5 )
m(kf_kb)
ωCa ( H PO ) (P2 O 5 ) =
2
4 2
=
[ ω&D+ 32 32 \
142
0 U 3 2 =
= 60,7 %.
0 U &D+ 32 234
Lh]^ZωKZG2JH4)2)=
;
[ ⋅ \ =
=0,329=32,9 %.
\
\
Hl\_l: ω\ kmi_jnhknZl_ KZG2JH4)2) = 32,9 %.
<hijhk
>Zgh: m(H3PO4) = ]m(Ca(OH)2) = 37 ]
GZclb: m(CaHPO4⋅2H2O)
J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbb
Ka(OH)2+H3PO4=CaHPO4⋅2H2O; ν(Ca(OH)2)=0,5fhev
νG3JH4 fhev
BamjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbb\b^ghqlhνG3JH4): ν(Ca(OH)2 Ba
^Zgguo\b^ghqlhCa(OH)2 \ ba[uld_ihwlhfmkqblZ_fihG3JH4.
BafhevG3JH4 ihemqZ_lkyfhevij_pbiblZlZ.
m(CaHPO4⋅2H2O) = ν\_s\Z⋅M\\Z ⋅ ]
Hl\_l: m(CaHPO4⋅2H22 ]
StudyPort.ru
77
Obfbq_kdbcijZdlbdmf I.
K\hckl\Z f_lZeeh\b bokh_^bg_gby
IjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ‹ 1.
Hij_^_e_gb_\uoh^Zijh^mdlZj_Zdpbb
<ZjbZgl
Hij_^_e_gb_\uoh^Z\h^hjh^Zijb\aZbfh^_ckl\bbpbgdZk kheyghc
dbkehlhc
]Zahhl\h^gZy ljm[dZ
rlZlb\
ijh[dZ
f_jguc
pbebg^j
djbklZeebaZlhj
k \h^hc
StudyPort.ru
ijh[bjdZk ihjhrdhf
Zn b HCl
Kh[_j_fijb[hj^eyihemq_gby]Zah\dZdihdZaZghgZjbkmgd_
Ijh\_jbf_]hgZ]_jf_lbqghklv>eywlh]hhimklbfk\h[h^guc
dhg_p]Zahhl\h^ghcljm[db\ \h^mb gZ]j__fijh[bjdmfh`ghk
ihfhsvxkibjlh\db?kebbaljm[db\uoh^ylimaujvdb\ha^moZ
jZkrbjb\r_]hkyijbgZ]j_\Zgbblhijb[hjkh[jZg]_jf_lbqgh
L_i_jvgZev_f\ f_jgucpbebg^j\h^mZddmjZlghi_j_\_jg_f_]h\
\h^_ lZd qlh[u \ha^mo g_ ihiZe \gmljv dhg_p ]Zahhl\h^ghc ljm[db
ihf_klbf \ pbebg^j dZd ihdZaZgh gZ jbkmgd_ < ijh[bjdm ihf_klbf
jZkq_lgh_ dhebq_kl\h ihjhrdZ pbgdZ b jZkl\hj kheyghc dbkehlu b
iehlghaZldg_f__ j_abgh\hcijh[dhck ]Zahhl\h^ghc ljm[dhc
< ijh[bjd_gZqbgZ_lky\u^_e_gb_\h^hjh^Zdhlhjucihljm[d_
ihklmiZ_l\ f_jgucpbebg^jb \ul_kgy_lbag_]h\h^mH[t_f
\ul_kg_gghc\h^ujZ\_gh[t_fmihemq_ggh]h\h^hjh^Z VH ( ijZdl.) ).
>eylh]hqlh[umagZlv VH 2 ( ijZdl.) aZibr_fj_Zdpbx\aZbfh^_ckl\by
=Qb +&O
2
=Q
fhev
0 ]fhev
P 0⋅ ]
+ +&O ⇒ =Q&O +
+ ↑
fhev
9 efhev
9 ν⋅ 9ν e
78
Ij_^\Zjbl_evgh\a\_kb\pbgdjZkkqblZ_fl_hj_lbq_kdbh[t_f
\h^hjh^Z
V
VH 2 ( l_hj.) = mZn⋅
= mZn 22,4 = 0,345 mZn;
m
65
lh]^Z\uoh^\h^hjh^Zfh`ghihemqblvihnhjfme_
VH 2 ( ijZdl .)
9+ ijZdl
9+ ijZdl
⋅100 % =
⋅100 % = 2,9⋅ W=
100 %.
P
P =Q
VH 2 ( l_hj.)
=Q
<ZjbZgl
Hij_^_e_gb_\uoh^Z\h^hjh^Zijb\aZbfh^_ckl\bbdZevpbyk \h^hc
Hiulijh\h^blkyZgZeh]bqghij_^u^ms_fm\ZjbZgl
HlebqZxlkyebrvjZkq_lu
KgZqZeZgZc^_ffZkkmqbklh]hdZevpby<a\_kb\\u^Zgguch[jZa_p
fumagZ_fkmffZjgmxfZkkmf_lZeeZk ijbf_kyfb
(100% − 12%)
mCa =
mh[jZapZ = 0,88 mh[jZapZ .
100%
± ^heyqbklh]hf_lZeeZ\ h[jZap_AZibr_fj_Zdpbx
\aZbfh^_ckl\byKZk G2H
oe
StudyPort.ru
&D
fhev
0 ]fhev
P ]
+ + 2 = &D2+ +
Lh]^Z VH 2 ( l_hj.) = mKZ⋅
+ ↑
fhev
9 efhev
9 e
V
= 0,56mKZ = 0,4928 mh[jZapZ .
m
JZkkqblZ_f\uoh^\h^hjh^Zihnhjfme_
VH 2 ( ijZdl .)
VH ( ijZdl .)
⋅100 % = 2,03⋅ 2
W=
100 %.
VH 2 ( l_hj.)
m h[jZapZ
< j_Zdpbbh[jZam_lkyfZehjZkl\hjbfh_\_s_kl\hKZHG2Hgh
hklZg_lky\ ijh[bjd_\ \b^_[_ehcfmlb
IjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ‹ 2.
Hkms_kl\e_gb_p_ihqdbobfbq_kdboij_\jZs_gbc
<ZjbZgl
Ijh\_^_fke_^mxsb_ij_\jZs_gby
1
2
3
→
→
→
MgCO3 
MgCl2 
Mg(OH)2 
MgSO4.
<havf_fl\_j^uc0J&23 b ^h[Z\bfd g_fmjZkl\hj+&O
MgCO3 + 2HCl ⇒ MgCl2 + H2O + CO2↑.
MgCO3 + 2H+ ⇒ Mg2+ + H2O + CO2↑.
79
]Za
L\_j^ucdZj[hgZlfZ]gbyjZkl\hjblky\ dbkehl_b [m^_l\u^_eylvky
D ihemq_gghfmjZkl\hjm^h[Z\bfs_ehqvgZijbf_jjZkl\hj
NaOH.
MgCl2 + 2NaOH ⇒ 2NaCl + Mg(OH)2↓;
Mg2+ + 2OH– ⇒ Mg(OH)2↓.
Ijhbkoh^bl\uiZ^_gb_[_eh]hhkZ^dZ
D hkZ^dm^h[Z\ey_fjZkl\hj+2SO4.
Mg(OH)2 + H2SO4⇒MgSO4 + 2H2O;Mg(OH)2 + 2H+⇒Mg2+ + 2H2O.
HkZ^hdjZkl\hjy_lky
<ZjbZgl
Ijh\_^_fke_^mxs__ij_\jZs_gb_ → Cu(OH)2 
→ CuO 
→ Cu.
CuSO4 
D jZkl\hjmf_^gh]hdmihjhkZ&X624^h[Z\bfhklhjh`gh
jZkl\hj1D2+
CuSO4 + 2NaOH = Cu(OH)2↓ + Na2SO4,
Cu2+ + 2OH– = Cu(OH)2↓.
<uiZ^Z_lkbgbchkZ^hd
Ijh[bjdmk ihemq_ggufhkZ^dhfZddmjZlghgZ]j__fgZkibjlh\d_
1
2
3
StudyPort.ru
W
Cu(OH)2 ⇒ CuO + H2O.
KbgbchkZ^hdihkl_i_gghq_jg__lIjhbkoh^bljZaeh`_gb_
Cu(OH)2k h[jZah\Zgb_fq_jgh]hKX2
>eyihemq_gby&XkgZqZeZi_j_\_^_f&X2\ jZkl\hj^h[Z\bf
jZkl\hj+&O
KX2 + 2HCl ⇒ CuCl2 + H2O,
KX2 + 2H+ ⇒ Cu2+ + H2O.
Q_jguchkZ^hdjZkl\hjy_lkyL_i_jv^h[Z\bflm^Zihjhrhd`_e_aZ
Ihemq_ggmxkf_kvfh`ghhklhjh`ghijhdbiylblvgZkibjlh\d_
CuCl2 + Fe ⇒ Cu↓ + FeCl2;
Cu2+ + Fe0 ⇒ Cu0↓ + Fe2+.
GZ^g_ijh[bjdbhklZ_lkydjZkguchkZ^hdf_^b
<ZjbZgl
Ijh\_^_fke_^mxsb_ij_\jZs_gby
= Q& O  
→ = Q 2 +  → = Q & O 1 D = Q 2 D jZkl\hjm=Q&O2 ^h[Z\bfg_fgh]hjZkl\hjZ1D2+
ZnCl2 + 2NaOH ⇒ Zn(OH)2↓ + 2NaCl,
Zn2+ + 2OH– ⇒ Zn(OH)2↓.
<uiZ^Z_l[_eucklm^_gbkluchkZ^hd
80
<uiZ\rbchkZ^hdjZa^_ebfgZ^\_jZ\gu_qZklbD i_j\hc
ijh[bjd_^h[Z\bfjZkl\hj+&O
Zn(OH)2 + 2HCl ⇒ ZnCl2 + 2H2O, Zn(OH)2 + 2H+ ⇒ Zn2+ + 2H2O.
HkZ^hdjZkl\hjy_lky
Dh\lhjhcijh[bjd_^h[Z\bfba[ulhd1D2+
Zn(OH)2+2NaOH⇒Na2[Zn(OH)4], Zn(OH)2+2OH–⇒[Zn(OH)4]2–.
H[jZam_lky]b^jhdkhdhfie_dkpbgdZIjb\_^_ggZy\ mq_[gbd_
nhjfmeZ1D2ZnO2 g_\_jgZ^eyj_Zdpbc\ jZkl\hjZo
Zn(OH)2 \ j_Zdpbyob \_^_lk_[ydZdZlfhkn_jguc]b^jhdkb^
j_Z]bjmyb kdbkehlhcb khkgh\Zgbyfb
IjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ‹ 3.
Wdki_jbf_glZevgu_aZ^ZqbihjZkihagZ\Zgbx
b ihemq_gbx\_s_kl\
<ZjbZgl
< \u^Zgguoijh[bjdZokh^_j`Zlkyl\_j^u_[_eu_\_s_kl\Z>ey
gZqZeZjZkl\hjbfbo\ \h^_>h[Z\bfd ihemq_ggufjZkl\hjZf
H2SO4.
Z1D2+ + H2SO4 ⇒ Na2SO4 + 2H2O,
2Na+ + 2OH– + 2H+ + SO42– ⇒ 2Na+ + SO42– + 2H2O,
HG– G+ ⇒ G2H
G_l\b^bfuobaf_g_gbc
[D2KH3 + H2SO4 ⇒ K2SO4 + H2O + CO2↑.
2K+ + CO32– + 2H+ + SO42– ⇒ 2K+ + SO42– + H2O + CO2↑.
CO32– + 2H+ ⇒ H2O + CO2↑.
<u^_ey_lky]Za
\%D&O2 + H2SO4 ⇒ BaSO4↓ + 2HCl;
Ba2+ + 2Cl– + 2H+ + SO42– ⇒ BaSO4↓ + 2H+ + 2Cl–.
Ba2+ + SO42– ⇒ BaSO4↓.
<uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hd
StudyPort.ru
<ZjbZgl
< ijh[bjdZokh^_j`Zlkyl\_j^u_[_eu_\_s_kl\ZKgZqZeZbo
jZkl\hjbf\ \h^_
Z< h^ghcijh[bjd_\_s_kl\hg_[m^_ljZkl\hjylvkyWlh&D&23.
>eyhdhgqZl_evghcijh\_jdb^h[Z\bfd g_fmjZkl\hj+&O
CaCO3 + 2HCl ⇒ CaCl2 + H2O + CO2↑.
CaCO3 + 2H+ + 2Cl– ⇒ Ca2+ + 2Cl– + H2O + CO2↑.
CaCO3 + 2H+ ⇒ Ca2+ + H2O + CO2↑.
<u^_ey_lky]Za
81
[D hklZ\rbfkyjZkl\hjZf^h[Z\bfjZkl\hj%D&O2< h^ghcba
ijh[bjhd\uiZ^_l[_euchkZ^hdWlhjZkl\hj1D2SO4.
Na2SO4 + BaCl2 ⇒ 2NaCl + BaSO4↓.
2Na+ + SO42– + Ba2+ + 2Cl– ⇒ 2Na+ + 2Cl– + BaSO4↓.
SO42– + Ba2+ ⇒ BaSO4↓.
\< hklZ\r_ckyijh[bjd_gZoh^blky.&O
<ZjbZgl
< ijh[bjdZo ²l\_j^u_[_eu_\_s_kl\ZIhiulZ_fkybojZkl\hjblv
\ \h^_G_jZkl\hjb\r__ky\_s_kl\h\ h^ghcbaijh[bjhd ²wlh
KZKO3>eyih^l\_j`^_gbyfh`gh^h[Z\blvd g_fmjZkl\hjdbkehlu
kfhljb\ZjbZglZ>eyhij_^_e_gby1D2SO4 ijh\_^_f
ZgZeh]bqguchiuldZdb \\ZjbZgl_[
< hklZ\r_ckyijh[bjd_gZoh^blky%D(NO3)2.
<ZjbZgl
< ijh[bjdZo ²ljbjZaebqguojZkl\hjZ>h[Z\bfd dZ`^hcbalj_o
ijh[bjhdg_fgh]hjZkl\hjZ1D2+
Z< ijh[bjd_]^_g_l\b^bfuobaf_g_gbckh^_j`blky1D&O
[< ijh[bjd_k jZkl\hjhf$O&O3 \uiZe[_eucklm^_gbkluchkZ^hd
jZkl\hjbfucdZd\ dbkehlZolZdb \s_ehqZo
AlCl3 + 3NaOH ⇒ 3NaCl + Al(OH)3↓.
Al3+ + 3Cl– + 3Na+ + 3OH– ⇒ 3Na+ + 3Cl– + Al(OH)3↓.
Al3+ + 3OH– ⇒ Al(OH)3↓.
\< ijh[bjd_k jZkl\hjhf)H&O3 hkZ^hdbf__l[mjucp\_lWlhl
hkZ^hdlZd`_jZkl\hjbf\ dbkehlZob \ba[uld_s_ehqb
FeCl3 + 3NaOH ⇒ 3NaCl + Fe(OH)3↓.
Fe3+ + 3Cl– + 3Na+ + 3OH– ⇒ 3Na+ + 3Cl– + Fe(OH)3↓.
Fe3+ + 3OH– ⇒ Fe(OH)3↓.
StudyPort.ru
AZ^ZqZ
>eyhij_^_e_gbyijbf_kbkmevnZlZ`_e_aZ,,,\ `_e_aghf
dmihjhk_ \hkihevam_fkydZq_kl\_gghcj_Zdpb_cgZbhg)H3+l_
ijh\_^_fj_Zdpbxk `_elhcdjh\yghckhevx
2Fe2(SO4)3 + 3K4[Fe(CN)6] ⇒ Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3↓ + 6K2SO4.
?kebijbf_kv)H3+ kh^_j`blky\ dmihjhk_lh\uiZ^_ll_fghkbgbc
hkZ^hdlmjg[me_\hckbgb
AZ^ZqZ
>eygZqZeZi_j_\_^_f)H&O3 \ ]b^jhdkb^^h[Z\eyyjZkl\hj1D2+
FeCl3 + 3NaOH ⇒ Fe(OH)3↓ + 3NaCl.
82
<uiZ^Z_l[mjuchkZ^hd]b^jhdkb^ZL_i_jvkhev_fk g_]hjZkl\hjih
\hafh`ghklbZ kZfhkZ^hdi_j_g_k_f\ nZjnhjh\uclb]evb
ijhdZebfgZh]g_HklZ\rbckyihjhrhdp\_lZj`Z\qbgub [m^_l
Fe2O3.
t
2Fe(OH)3 ⇒ Fe2O3 + 3H2O↑.
AZ^ZqZ
>ey ihemq_gby ZexfbgZlZ gZljby g_h[oh^bfh d $O ^h[Z\blv
ba[ulhdjZkl\hjZ1D2+b ih^h`^Zlvg_dhlhjh_\j_fy
:exfbgbcgZ\ha^mo_ihdju\Z_lkyhdkb^ghcie_gdhcdhlhjZy
f_^e_gghjZkl\hjy_lky\ s_ehqbKZf`_Zexfbgbck s_ehqvx
j_Z]bjm_l^h\hevghZdlb\gh
AZibr_f\k_ijhbkoh^ysb_j_Zdpbb
3H2O + Al2O3 + 6NaOH ⇒ 2Na3[Al(OH)6];
2Al + 6H2O ⇒ 2Al(OH)3 + 3H2↑;
Al(OH)3 + 3NaOH ⇒ Na3[Al(OH)6].
< j_amevlZl_h[jZam_lkyZexfbgZlgZljby
AZ^ZqZ
>eyihemq_gby)H&O2 ijh\_^_fj_Zdpbxf_`^m)Hb jZkl\hjhf+&O
Fe + 2HCl ⇒ H2↑ + FeCl2.
StudyPort.ru
IjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ‹ 4.
DZq_kl\_ggu_j_ZdpbbgZbhguf_lZeeh\
AZ^Zgb_
< obfbbbkoh^j_ZdpbbqZklhaZ\bkblhlmkeh\bc_]hijh\_^_gby
gZijbf_jhlkhhlghr_gbyj_Z]_glh\
Ijb^h[Z\e_gbbd jZkl\hjm$O&O3 s_ehqb\uiZ^Z_lhkZ^hd
]b^jhdkb^Zlds_ehqv\ wlhfkemqZ_\ g_^hklZld_
AlCl3 + 3NaOHg_^hkl ⇒ Al(OH)3↓ + 3NaCl.
Ijb^h[Z\e_gbbd s_ehqbjZkl\hjZ$O&O3 hkZ^hdg_\uiZ^Z_lld
Al(OH)3 kjZam`_j_Z]bjm_lk ba[uldhf1D2+^hh[jZah\Zgby
]b^jhdkhdhfie_dkZ
AlCl3 + 6NaOHba[ ⇒ 3NaCl + Na3[Al(OH)6]↓.
AZ^Zgb_
>eyih^l\_j`^_gbydZq_kl\_ggh]hkhklZ\Z&D&O2 ^h[Z\bfd _]h
jZkl\hjmdZj[hgZlgZljbyIjbwlhf\uiZ^_l[_euchkZ^hd
CaCl2 + Na2CO3 = CaCO3↓ + 2NaCl;
Ca2+ + 2Cl– + 2Na+ + &2 − ⇒ CaCO3↓ + 2Na+ + 2Cl–;
83
Ca2+ + &2 − = CaCO3↓.
>eyhij_^_e_gbybhgh\&O– \ h[jZap_fh`ghbkihevah\ZlvjZkl\hj
AgNO3dhlhjuc^Z_lg_jZkl\hjbfuc[_euchkZ^hd
CaCl2 + 2AgNO3 ⇒ Ca(NO3)2 + 2AgCl↓;
Ca2+ + 2Cl– + 2Ag+ + 2NO3– ⇒ Ca2+ + 2NO3– + 2AgCl↓.
AZ^Zgb_
Ijh\_^_fke_^mxsb_ij_\jZs_gby
→ FeCl2 
→ FeCl3.
Fe 
1
JZkl\hjbf`_e_ah\ jZkl\hj_+&O
+
+
2
)H +&O ⇒ )H&O + ↑

Fe0 + 2H+ = Fe2+ + H 02 ↑.
<u^_ey_lky\h^hjh^L_i_jvijh\_jbf\ jZkl\hj_gZebqb_)H2+ k
ihfhsvxdjZkghcdjh\yghckheb
3FeCl2 + 2K3[Fe(CN)6] ⇒ Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2↓ + 6KCl.
3Fe2+ + 2[Fe(CN)6]3– ⇒ Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2↓.
<uiZ^Z_ll_fghkbgbchkZ^hdlmjg[me_\hckbgbke_^h\Zl_evgh
bhgu)H2+ ²ihemq_gu
I_j_\_^_f)H2+ \ )H3+bkihevamyoehjgmx\h^mOehjgZy\h^Z —
wlhjZkl\hj&O2 \ \h^_
StudyPort.ru
+
+
)H&O &O ⇒ )H&O− 
2Fe2+ + Cl 02 ⇒ 2Fe3+ + 2Cl–.
P\_ljZkl\hjZbaa_e_gh]hi_j_oh^bl\ `_elhdhjbqg_\ucL_i_jv
ijh\_jbfjZkl\hjgZgZebqb_)H3+ k ihfhsvx`_elhcdjh\yghc
kheb
4FeCl3 + 3K4[Fe(CN)6] ⇒ Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3↓ + 12KCl.
4Fe3+ + 3[Fe(CN)6]4– ⇒ Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3↓.
?keb\uiZ^Z_ll_fghkbgbchkZ^hdlmjg[me_\Zkbgvlh\ jZkl\hj_
kh^_j`Zlkybhgu)H3+.
AZ^Zgb_
Ihemqbf)H624.
Ijh\_^_fj_Zdpbx)Hk +2SO4.
0
+1
+2
0
Fe + H 2 SO 4 ⇒ FeSO4 + H 2 ↑.

@_e_ahjZkl\hjy_lky\ dbkehl_b \u^_ey_lky]Za< jZkl\hj_
hklZ_lky)H624.
84
Ijh\_^_fj_Zdpbx)Hk jZkl\hjhf&X624.
+
+
&X 62 )H ⇒ )H62 &X ↓

<uiZ^Z_ldjZkguchkZ^hdf_^b\ jZkl\hj_hklZ_lky)H624.
BajZkl\hjZkheb)H2+ ihemqbfkgZqZeZ]b^jhdkb^`_e_aZ,,
FeCl2 + 2NaOH ⇒ Fe(OH)2↓ + 2NaCl.
Fe2+ + 2OH– ⇒ Fe(OH)2↓.
Khev_fhklZ\rbckyjZkl\hjb ^h[Z\bf+2SO4H[jZam_lky)H624.
Fe(OH)2 + H2SO4 ⇒ 2H2O + FeSO4;
Fe(OH)2 + 2H+ ⇒ Fe2+ + 2H2O.
?s_)H624 fh`ghihemqblvba)H623 ^h[Z\e_gb_fdbkehlu
FeSO3 + H2SO4 ⇒ FeSO4 + H2O + SO2↑;
FeSO3 + 2H+ ⇒ Fe2+ + H2O + SO2↑.
AZ^Zgb_
Ijh\_jbfdZq_kl\_gguckhklZ\kmevnZlZ`_e_aZ,,
>hdZ`_fkh^_j`Zgb_\ jZkl\hj_bhgh\)H2+Bkihevam_f^ey
wlh]hdZq_kl\_ggmxj_Zdpbxk djZkghcdjh\yghckhevx
3FeSO4 + 2K3[Fe(CN)6] ⇒ Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2↓ + 3K2SO4;
3Fe2+ + 2[Fe(CN)6]3– ⇒ Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2↓.
StudyPort.ru
<uiZ^_gb_l_fghkbg_]hhkZ^dZ]h\hjblh gZebqbbbhgh\)H2+.
>hdZ`_fkh^_j`Zgb_\ jZkl\hj_bhgh\6242– j_Zdpb_ck khevx
[Zjby
FeSO4 + BaCl2 ⇒ BaSO4↓ + FeCl2;
SO42– + Ba2+ ⇒ BaSO4↓.
<uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hdg_jZkl\hjyxsbcky\ dbkehlZob s_ehqZo
Ke_^h\Zl_evghjZkl\hjkh^_j`Ze6242–.
85
Obfbq_kdbcijZdlbdmf II.
K\hckl\Z kh_^bg_gbcg_f_lZeeh\
IjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ‹ 5.
Ihemq_gb_kheyghcdbkehlub bamq_gb___k\hckl\
Ihemq_gb_kheyghcdbkehlu+&O
Z;m^mqbg_e_lmq_ckbevghcdbkehlhc+2SOdhgp kihkh[gZy
\ul_kgylv^jm]b_dbkehlubabokhe_c< ^ZgghfkemqZ_+&OlZd`_
kbevgZydbkehlZghhgZh[eZ^Z_le_lmqbfbk\hckl\ZfbIhwlhfm
^ey__ ihemq_gbybkihevamxlj_Zdpbxk H2SOdhgpijbgZ]j_\Zgbb
t
H2SOdhgp + NaCll\ ⇒ NaHSO4 + HCl↑.
< kbevghdbkehckj_^_kj_^gyykhev1D2SO4 i_j_oh^bl\ dbkemx
NaHSO4.
Na2SO4 + H2SO4 ⇒ 2NaHSO4.
;_agZ]j_\Zgby\ jZkl\hj_mklZgZ\eb\Z_lkybhggh_jZ\gh\_kb_
Oehjh\h^hjh^g_\u^_ey_lky
NaCl + H2SO4 ⇒ NaHSO4 1Z&O
JZkl\hjoehjh\h^hjh^Zg_fgh]hly`_e__\h^uihwlhfmfu
fh`_fgZ[ex^Zlvlhgdb_himkdZxsb_kykljmcdb_s_g_
i_j_f_rZ\r_ckylhevdhqlhh[jZah\Z\r_ckyijbjZkl\hj_gbb
kheyghcdbkehlu
Oehjh\h^hjh^hq_gvohjhrhjZkl\hjbf\ \h^_?kebdhg_p
]Zahhl\h^ghcljm[dbhimklblvgbadhd ih\_joghklb\h^ulhfh`_l
ijhbahclb\kZku\Zgb_jZkl\hjZ\ ljm[dm
Ihkfhljbl_jbkbamq_[gbdZkljbeexkljbjmxsbc
ohjhrmxjZkl\hjbfhklvoehjh\h^hjh^Z\ \h^_
Bamq_gb_k\hckl\kheyghcdbkehlu
>eybamq_gbyk\hckl\kheyghcdbkehluijh\_^_fg_kdhevdh
oZjZdl_jguo^eyg__j_Zdpbc
G_\k_f_lZeeuj_Z]bjmxlk kheyghcdbkehlhcB^_lj_Zdpbybeb
g_laZ\bkblhlZdlb\ghklbf_lZeeZQ_fZdlb\g_cf_lZeel_f
[uklj__b^_l\aZbfh^_ckl\b_>eym^h[kl\Zfh`ghjZkkfhlj_lv
we_dljhobfbq_kdbcjy^gZijy`_gbcf_lZeeh\hggZoh^blkygZ
nhjaZp_\ dhgp_mq_[gbdZLh]^Zf_lZeeugZoh^ysb_kyi_j_^G2,
j_Z]bjmxlk dbkehlZfbihke_G2 ²g_j_Z]bjmxl
Ihwlhfm=Qb 0J\ul_kgyxl+2 badbkehlu
Zn + 2HCl ⇒ ZnCl2 + H2↑,
StudyPort.ru
86
Mg + 2HCl ⇒ MgCl + H2↑.
K f_^vxkheygZydbkehlZg_j_Z]bjm_l
< q_l\_jlhcijh[bjd_ijhl_dZ_lj_Zdpby
t
CuO + 2HCl ⇒ CuCl2 + H2O.
&X2jZkl\hjy_lky\ dbkehl_h[jZam_lky]hem[hcjZkl\hjaZkq_l
hdjZr_gguobhgh\&X2+.
< iylhcijh[bjd_ijhbkoh^bljZkl\hj_gb_&X2+2 \ +&O
Cu(OH)2 + 2HCl ⇒ G2H + CuCl2.
LZd`_h[jZam_lky]hem[hcjZkl\hj&X2+).
< r_klhcijh[bjd_
CaCO3 + 2HCl ⇒ CaCl2 + H2O + CO2↑.
;he__kbevgZydbkehlZ\ul_kgy_l[he__keZ[mxm]hevgmxdbkehlm
dhlhjZyjZaeZ]Z_lkygZm]e_dbkeuc]Zab \h^m
H2CO3 ⇒ CO2↑ + H2O.
KgZqZeZaZibr_f\k_j_Zdpbbk $J123.
StudyPort.ru
HCl + AgNO3 ⇒ AgCl↓ + HNO3;
NaCl + AgNO3 ⇒ AgCl↓ + NaNO3;
CaCl2 + 2AgNO3 ⇒ 2AgCl↓ + Ca(NO3)2.
<h\k_oijh[bjdZo\uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hdg_jZkl\hjbfuc\
HNOdhgp.
:gZeh]bqghijhbkoh^ylj_Zdpbbk 3E123)2:
2HCl + Pb(NO3)2 ⇒ PbCl2↓ + 2HNO3;
2NaCl + Pb(NO3)2 ⇒ PbCl2↓ + 2NaNO3;
CaCl2 + Pb(NO3)2 ⇒ PbCl2↓ + Ca(NO3)2.
LZddZdjZkl\hjbfhklv3E&O2 \k_lZdb^hklZlhqgh\_ebdZlhhkZ^hd
\uiZ^Z_lebrvba^hklZlhqghdhgp_gljbjh\ZgguojZkl\hjh\Ijb
^h[Z\e_gbbba[uldZdhgp_gljbjh\ZgghcG123 dhgp_gljZpbybhgh\
Pb2+ b &O– mf_gvrZ_lkydjhf_lh]hjZ\gh\_kb_baaZba[uldZ+123
kf_sZ_lky\e_\hihwlhfmhkZ^hd3E&O2 jZkl\hjy_lky
Z>eylh]hqlh[uhlebqblvkheygmxdbkehlmhl^jm]bodbkehl
fh`ghijh\_klbj_Zdpbxk $J123 beb3E123)2< j_amevlZl_
\uiZ^Z_l[_eucl\hjh`bkluchkZ^hd$J&ObebfZehjZkl\hjbfuc
PbCl2.
[Oehjb^uhij_^_eyxlkybgufh[jZahf
\Kheygmxdbkehlmhloehjb^h\fh`ghhlebqblvj_Zdpb_ck
f_lZeeZfb
+&Oj_Z]bjm_lk f_lZeeZfbk \u^_e_gb_f\h^hjh^Z
87
IjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ‹ 6.
Wdki_jbf_glZevgu_aZ^Zqbihl_f_ ©Ih^]jmiiZdbkehjh^Zª
AZ^ZqZ
>ey^hdZaZl_evkl\Zijh\_^_fkgZqZeZj_Zdpbxk_jghcdbkehluk =Q
Zn + H2SO4 ⇒ ZnSO4 + H2↑.
Pbgd\ul_kgy_l\h^hjh^badbkehlul_+2SO4 kh^_j`blbhgu
\h^hjh^Z
Ijh\_^_fj_Zdpbx+2SO4 k jZkl\hjhfkheb<Z2+:
<Z&O2 + H2SO4 ⇒ BaSO4↓ + 2HCl.
<uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hdg_jZkl\hjbfuc\ dbkehlZob hkgh\Zgbyo
l_+2SO4 kh^_j`blbhgu6242+.
AZ^ZqZ
< j_ZdpbbpbgdZk jZa[Z\e_gghck_jghcdbkehlhc\u^_ey_lky\h^hjh^:
Zn + H2SOjZa[ ⇒ ZnSO4 + H2↑.
Ijbj_Zdpbb=Qk dhgp_gljbjh\Zgghck_jghcdbkehlhc\u^_ey_lky
H26h[eZ^Zxsbcg_ijbylgufoZjZdl_jgufaZiZohf
4Zn + 5H2SO4(dhgp ⇒ 4ZnSO4 + H2S↑ + 4H2O.
JZa[Z\e_ggZyk_jgZydbkehlZj_Z]bjm_lk f_lZeeZfbdZdh[uqgZy
fbg_jZevgZydbkehlZDhgp_gljbjh\ZggZyk_jgZydbkehlZ\_^_l
k_[ym`_dZddbkehlZhdbkebl_ev\ j_amevlZl_j_Zdpbyijhbkoh^bl
ih^jm]hfm
AZ^ZqZ
OehjgZyb [jhfgZy\h^Z ²hdbkebl_ebihwlhfm\ h[_boijh[bjdZo
kmevnb^hdbkeblky^hk_ju
Na2S + Cl2 = S + 2NaCl;
StudyPort.ru
JZkl\hjuh[_kp\_qb\Zxlky
AZ^ZqZ
M gZk_klvljbjZaebqguo\_s_kl\Z+&O+2SO4; NaOH.
>eyhij_^_e_gby1D2+fh`ghbkihevah\ZlveZdfmk
bg^bdZlhjgZy[mfZ`dZ^he`gZihkbg_lv\ s_ehqghckj_^_beb
jZkl\hj0J2+.
MgCl2 + 2NaOH ⇒ 2NaCl + Mg(OH)2↓.
< ijh[bjd_k 1D2+\uiZ^_l[_euchkZ^hd\ hklZevguo\b^bfuo
baf_g_gbcg_ijhbahc^_l
>eyhij_^_e_gby+2SO4 gZ^hbkihevah\ZlvjZkl\hj%D2+.
Na2S + Br2 = S + 2NaBr.
88
H2SO4 + BaCl2 ⇒ 2HCl + BaSO4↓.
<uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hdk +&OjZkl\hj%D2+ g_\aZbfh^_ckl\m_l
< hklZ\r_ckyijh[bjd_jZkl\hj+&O>eyijh\_jdb^h[Z\bf
jZkl\hj$J123 beb3E123)2.
HCl + AgNO3 ⇒ AgCl↓ + HNO3;
2HCl + Pb(NO3)2 ⇒ PbCl2↓ + 2HNO3.
<uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hd
AZ^ZqZ
Ih\Zj_ggZykhevbf__lnhjfmem1D&O>eyhij_^_e_gby ijbf_kb
kmevnZlZfh`ghbkihevah\ZlvdZq_kl\_ggmxj_Zdpbxk %D2+.
Na2SO4 + BaCl2 ⇒ 2NaCl + BaSO4↓.
?keb\uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hdg_jZkl\hjbfuc\ dbkehlZob
s_ehqZolhih\Zj_ggZykhevkh^_j`blijbf_kbkmevnZlh\
AZ^ZqZ
>eyhij_^_e_gbykmevnZlZbkihevam_foZjZdl_jgmxj_Zdpbxk
jZkl\hjhf<Z2+.
StudyPort.ru
<Z2+ + SO42– ⇒ BaSO4.
<uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hdK oehjb^hfb bh^b^hfj_Zdpbyg_b^_l
>eyhij_^_e_gbyoehjb^Zb bh^b^Z\havf_fjZkl\hj$J123
ij_^\Zjbl_evghijh\_jb\gZkmevnZl
Ag+ + Cl– ⇒ AgCl↓,
Ag+ + I– ⇒ AgI↓.
AgCl ²[_euc$JI ²`_elucIhp\_lmfh`ghhij_^_eblvkhklZ\
\u^Zgghckheb
AZ^ZqZ
JZkl\hjbfihemq_gguchdkb^f_^b\ k_jghcdbkehl_ijbgZ]j_\Zgbb
t
CuO + H2SO4 ⇒ CuSO4 + H2O.
H[jZam_lky]hem[hcjZkl\hjkmevnZlZf_^b
Ihemq_ggucjZkl\hj&X624 i_j_ev_f\ nZjnhjh\mxqZr_qdmb
ijh^he`bf]j_lvgZh]g_^hihy\e_gbykeZ[hcie_ghqdbgZ
ih\_joghklbjZkl\hjZAZl_fkgbfZ_fqZr_qdmk h]gyb hklZ\ey_f
hoeZ`^Zlvky< jZkl\hj_h[jZamxlkydjbklZeeuf_^gh]hdmihjhkZ
L_i_jvbofh`ghhklhjh`ghhlnbevljh\u\Zlvb \ukmrblv
NhjfmeZf_^gh]hdmihjhkZ — CuSO4⋅G2H
89
AZ^ZqZ
<havf_fjZkl\hjkheyghcdbkehlub ^h[Z\bf__ \dZ`^mxbaijh[bjhd
< ijh[bjd_k kmevnZlhfgbq_]hg_ijhbahc^_l< ^\mo^jm]bo
ijh[bjdZo\u^_ey_lky]ZaBofh`ghjZaebqblvihaZiZom
Na2SO3+2HCl⇒2NaCl+H2O+SO2↑,
Na2S+2HCl⇒2NaCl+H2S↑.
SO2 bf__lj_adbcg_ijbylgucaZiZo+26bf__loZjZdl_jgucaZiZo
ihjq_guoybp
IjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ‹ 7.
Ihemq_gb_ZffbZdZb bamq_gb__]hk\hckl\
Ihemq_gb_ZffbZdZIjh\_^_f\k_^_ckl\byhibkZggu_\ mq_[gbd_
Ba]Zahhl\h^ghcljm[db[m^_l\u^_eylvkyZffbZdHgjZkl\hjy_lky
\ \h^_ijhiblZ\r_cn_ghenlZe_bgh\mx[mfZ`dm
NH3 + H2O ⇒ NH4OH.
< j_amevlZl_h[jZam_lky]b^jhdkb^Zffhgbydhlhjucbf__l
s_ehqgmxj_Zdpbxb hdjZrb\Z_lbg^bdZlhj\ fZebgh\ucp\_l
?kebih^g_klbd hl\_jklbxijh[dbkl_deyggmxiZehqdmkfhq_ggmx
dhgp_gljbjh\ZgghckheyghcdbkehlhclhgZ^hl\_jklb_f
h[jZam_lky[_eZy^ufdZIjhbkoh^blj_Zdpby
NH3 + HCl ⇒ NH4Cl.
NH4&Oh[eZ^Z_le_lmq_klvx_]hqZklbqdbih^gbfZxlky\f_kl_k
ZffbZdhfBofub \b^bf\ \b^_[_ehc^ufdb
Ijh\_^_fjZkl\hj_gb_ZffbZdZlZddZdwlhhibkZgh\ mq_[gbd_Ba
aZhq_gvohjhr_cjZkl\hjbfhklbZffbZdZ\h^Z\ ijh[bjd_
ih^gbfZ_lkyH[jZam_lky1+4OH.
AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbbf_`^m&D2+2 b 1+4Cl.
Ca(OH)2 + 2NH4Cl ⇒ CaCl2 + 2NH3↑ + 2H2O↑.
DZdfh`gh\b^_lvbamjZ\g_gby\ j_Zdpbbh[jZamxlkyiZju\h^u
Hgbdhg^_gkbjmxlkygZ[he__oheh^guokl_gdZoijh[bjdb?keb
dZi_evdb\h^uihiZ^mlgZjZkdZe_ggh_^ghlhijh[bjdZfh`_l
lj_kgmlvIhwlhfm__ gZdehgyxllZdbfh[jZahfqlh[udZi_evdb
kdZlu\Zebkvd hl\_jklbxijh[bjdb
:ffbZde_]q_\ha^moZldF1+3 ]fhevF\ha^moZ ≈
≈ 29 ]fhevHgih^gbfZ_lky\\_joihwlhfm_]hgZ^hkh[bjZlv\
i_j_\_jgmlmxijh[bjdm:gZeh]bqghfh`ghkh[bjZlvG2F
2 ]fhev&+4 ²f_lZgF ]fhev+HF ]fhevb ^jm]b_
StudyPort.ru
90
?keb\f_klh+&Oih^g_klbd hl\_jklbxijh[bjdbk ZffbZdhf
iZehqdmkfhq_ggmxdhgp_gljbjh\ZgghcZahlghcdbkehlhclhfu
gbq_]hg_m\b^bf
NH3 + HNO3 ⇒ NH4NO3.
NH4NO3 ²g_h[eZ^Z_le_lmq_klvx
H[uqgh^eyhij_^_e_gbyhkgh\Zgbcbkihevamxlj_Zdpbbk
h[jZah\Zgb_fg_jZkl\hjbfuo]b^jhdkb^h\gZijbf_j0J2+2.
2NH4OH + MgCl2 ⇒ 2NH4Cl + Mg(OH)2↓.
<uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hd
Bamq_gb_k\hckl\\h^gh]hjZkl\hjZZffbZdZ
<h^guc jZkl\hj ZffbZdZ bf__l s_ehqgmx kj_^m l_ ^Z_l
fZebgh\mxhdjZkdmk n_ghenlZe_bghf Ijbdbiyq_gbbjZkl\hjZ]b^jhdkb^ZffhgbyjZaeZ]Z_lky\
j_amevlZl_q_]hZffbZdme_lZ_lb jZkl\hjklZgh\blkyg_cljZevguf
t
NH4OH ⇒ NH3 + H2O↑.
N_ghenlZe_bg\ g_cljZevghckj_^_ ²[_kp\_lguc
N_ghenlZe_bg^Z_lfZebgh\mxhdjZkdm\ jZkl\hj_]b^jhdkb^Z
ZffhgbylZddZdlhly\ey_lkyhkgh\Zgb_fIjb^h[Z\e_gbbdbkehlu
ijhbkoh^blg_cljZebaZpbyb p\_lbkq_aZ_l
NH4OH + HCl ⇒ NH4Cl + H2O,
StudyPort.ru
OH– + H+ ⇒ H2O.
Ijhbkoh^bl\aZbfh^_ckl\b_f_`^mjZkl\hjhf$O&O3 b 1+4OH.
AlCl3 + 3NH4OH ⇒ Al(OH)3↓ + 3NH4Cl,
Al3+ + 3OH– ⇒ Al(OH)3↓.
<uiZ^Z_l[_eucklm^_gbkluchkZ^hd
IjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ‹ 8.
Wdki_jbf_glZevgu_aZ^Zqbihl_f_©Ih^]jmiiZZahlZª
AZ^ZqZ
ZJZkl\hjbfZffbZd\ \h^_b ijh\_jbfhkgh\gu_k\hckl\ZjZkl\hjZ
NH3 + H2O ⇒ NH4OH,
2NH4OH + MgCl2 = 2NH4Cl + Mg(OH)2↓.
<uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hdN_ghenlZe_bghdjZrb\Z_lky\ fZebgh\uc
p\_l
[Dhgp_gljbjh\ZggZyZahlgZydbkehlZjZkl\hjy_lf_lZeebq_kdmx
f_^v
91
Cu + 4HNOdhgp ⇒ KX123)2 + 2NO2↓ + 2H2O.
H[jZam_lky]hem[hcjZkl\hjb \u^_ey_lky[mjuc]Za
\GbljZlZffhgbyijbgZ]j_\ZgbbjZaeZ]Z_lkygZ^\Z]Zahh[jZaguo
ijbW°>100°K\_s_kl\Z
t
NH4NO3 ⇒ N2O↑ + 2H2O↑.
IjbgZ]j_\Zgbbk s_ehqvx\u^_ey_lkyZffbZd
t
NH4NO3 + NaOH ⇒ NaNO3 + NH3↑ + H2O.
:ffbZdfh`ghhij_^_eblvihaZiZombebdZdmdZaZgh\ imgdl_ Z
AZ^ZqZ
Ijh\_^_fj_Zdpbx1+4)2SO4 b 1+4NO3 k &D(OH)2.
< j_amevlZl_\aZbfh^_ckl\byiblZl_evgucwe_f_glZahl
me_lmqb\Z_lky\ \b^_ZffbZdZ
(NH4)2SO4 + Ca(OH)2 =CaSO4↓ + 2NH3↑ + 2H2O;
2NH4NO3 + Ca(OH)2 = Ca(NO3)2 + 2NH3↑ + 2H2O.
AZ^ZqZ
Z>eyhij_^_e_gby1+4+ fh`ghbkihevah\Zlvj_Zdpbxk s_ehqvx
ijbgZ]j_\Zgbb
StudyPort.ru
t
NH4Cl + NaOH ⇒ NH3↑ + H2O + NaCl.
G_mklhcqb\uc1+42+jZaeZ]Z_lkyijbgZ]j_\Zgbbk h[jZah\Zgb_f
]Zahh[jZagh]hZffbZdZHij_^_e_gb_1+3 ih^jh[ghhibkZgh\
aZ^Zq_Z
Oehjb^bhgu&O– fh`ghhij_^_eblvk ihfhsvxbhgh\$J+ beb3E2+.
AgNO3 + NH4Cl ⇒ NH4NO3 + AgCl↓.
Pb(NO3)2 + 2NH4Cl ⇒ PbCl2↓ + 2NH4NO3.
<uiZ^Zxl[_eu_hkZ^db
[:gZeh]bqghhij_^_eyxlkybhguZffhgby 1++ \ kmevnZl_
KmevnZlbhgu6242– hij_^_eyxlkyj_Zdpb_ck jZkl\hjhf<Z2+.
<Z&O2 + (NH4)2SO4 ⇒ 2NH4Cl+BaSO4↓
<uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hdg_jZkl\hjbfuc\ dbkehlZob s_ehqZo
AZ^ZqZ
AZibr_fnhjfmeu\u^Zgguom^h[j_gbcoehjb^dZeby — KCl;
ZffbZqgZyk_ebljZ — NH4NO3kmi_jnhknZl — Ca(H2PO4)2.
KgZqZeZhij_^_ebf&D+2PO4)2>eywlh]h\havf_fba[ulhd
jZkl\hjZs_ehqb
92
3Ca(H2PO4)+12NaOH ⇒ Ca3(PO4)2↓+4Na3PO4+12H2H
<uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hd< ijh[bjd_]^_gZoh^beZkvZffbZqgZy
k_ebljZih^^_ckl\b_fs_ehqb\u^_ey_lky]Za
NH4NO3 + NaOH=NaNO3 + NH3↑ + H2O.
Hij_^_ebfl_i_jv.&O>eywlh]h^h[Z\bfjZkl\hj$J123 beb
Pb(NO3)2.
AgNO3+KCl ⇒ AgCl↓+KNO3,
Pb(NO3)2+2KCl ⇒ PbCl2↓+2KNO3.
<uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hd
AZ^ZqZ
IjhdZeb\Zyl\_j^uc1+4&Ofh`ghihemqblvqbklucZffbZd
t
NH4Cl ⇒ NH3↑ + HCl↑.
IjbjZaeh`_gbbh[jZamxlky^\Z]Zahh[jZaguoijh^mdlZIjhimkdZy
wlmkf_kvq_j_as_ehqvfuba[Z\ey_fkyhloehjh\h^hjh^Z
HCl + NaOH ⇒ NaCl + H2O.
HklZ_lkyqbklucZffbZd
Ba1+4)2SO4 b 1+4NO3 ZffbZdfh`ghihemqblv\
kbevghs_ehqghckj_^_ijbgZ]j_\Zgbb
(NH4)2SO4 + 2NaOH ⇒ 2NH3↑ + H2O+Na2SO4,
NH4NO3 + NaOH ⇒ NH3↑ + H2O + NaNO3.
StudyPort.ru
AZ^ZqZ
I_j\ZybhggZyj_Zdpbykhhl\_lkl\m_lj_Zdpbbg_cljZebaZpbb
HCl+NaOH ⇒ NaCl+H2O,
H++OH– ⇒ H2O.
<lhjZybhggZyj_Zdpby ²hkZ`^_gb_%D624;
BaCl2+Na2SO4 ⇒ BaSO4↓+2NaCl; Ba2++SO42– = BaSO4↓.
Ihke_^gyyj_Zdpby ²hkZ`^_gb_$J&O
AgNO3+KCl ⇒ AgCl+KNO3,
Ag++Cl– ⇒ AgCl↓.
AZ^ZqZ
JZkl\hjbff_lZeebq_kdmxf_^v\ dhgp_gljbjh\ZgghcZahlghc
dbkehl_
Cu+4HNOdhgp ⇒ Cu(NO3)2+2NO2↑+2H2O.
H[jZamxsbcky]hem[hcjZkl\hjkh^_j`bl&X123)2.
JZkl\hjbf&X2+2 \ +123:
Cu(OH)2+2HNO3 ⇒ Cu(NO3)2+2H2O.
H[jZam_lky]hem[hcjZkl\hjgbljZlZf_^b,,
93
Ihemqbf&X123)2 q_j_aj_ZdpbxhkZ`^_gby
CuSO4+Ba(NO3)2 ⇒ BaSO4↓+Cu(NO3)2.
H[jZam_lky[_euchkZ^hd_]hg_h[oh^bfhhlnbevljh\Zlv
HklZ\rbckyjZkl\hj — Cu(NO3)2.
IjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ‹ 9.
Ihemq_gb_hdkb^Z m]e_jh^Z ,9b bamq_gb_
_]h k\hckl\ JZkihagZ\Zgb_dZj[hgZlh\
Ihemq_gb_hdkb^Zm]e_jh^Z,9b bamq_gb__]hk\hckl\
Ijb^_clk\bbkheyghcdbkehlugZf_ebebfjZfhjhgb
jZkl\hjyxlkyijbwlhf\u^_ey_lky&22NhjfmeZf_eZb
fjZfhjZ — CaCO3.
CaCO3+2HCl ⇒ CaCl2+CO2↑+H2O,
KaCO3+2H+ ⇒ &Z2+ + CO2↑ + H2O.
< ijh[bjd_k ba\_kldh\hc\h^hcijhbkoh^yl^\_
ihke_^h\Zl_evgu_j_ZdpbbKgZqZeZijhbkoh^blh[jZah\Zgb_[_eh]h
hkZ^dZ
Ca(OH)2+CO2 ⇒ CaCO3↓+H2O.
AZl_fhkZ^hdjZkl\hjy_lky
CaCO3+CO2+H2O ⇒ Ca(HCO3)2.
Ca(HCO3)2 ²jZkl\hjbfh_\_s_kl\h
CaCO3+CO2+H2O ⇒ Ca2++2HCO3–.
IjbijhimkdZgbbKH2 q_j_a^bklbeebjh\Zggmx\h^mm]e_dbkeuc
]ZaqZklbqghjZkl\hjy_lkyk h[jZah\Zgb_fm]hevghcdbkehluG2KH3.
CO2+H2O ∅ H2CO3,
DZddbkehlZ+2CO3 bf__ldbkemxj_ZdpbxihwlhfmeZdfmk
hdjZkblky\ kbgbcp\_l
JZkihagZ\Zgb_dZj[hgZlh\
GZf\u^Zgh\_s_kl\Z1D2SO4, ZnCl2, K2CO3, Na2SiO3.
KgZqZeZijb[Z\bfjZkl\hj+&OIjbwlhfj_Zdpbyihc^_llhevdh
\ ^\moijh[bjdZo
K2CO3+2HCl ⇒ 2KCl+H2O+CO2↑.
2K+ +CO32–+2H++2Cl– ⇒ 2K++2Cl–+H2O+CO2↑.
CO32–+2H+ ⇒ CO2↑+H2O.
StudyPort.ru
<u^_ey_lky]Za
Na2SiO3+2HCl ⇒ H2SiO3↓+2NaCl.
2Na++SiO32–+2H++2Cl– ⇒ H2SiO3↓+2Na++2Cl–.
SiO32–+2H+ ⇒ H2SiO3↓.
94
L_i_jv^h[Z\bfjZkl\hj%D&O2K 1D2SO4 wlhljZkl\hj^Z_l
hkZ^hd
Na2SO4+BaCl2 ⇒ BaSO4↓+2NaCl,
2Na++SO42–+Ba2++2Cl– ⇒ BaSO4↓+2Na++2Cl–,
Ba2++SO42– ⇒ BaSO4↓.
<uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hdK jZkl\hjhf=Q&O2 gbq_]hg_ijhbkoh^bl
< hklZ\r_ckyijh[bjd_=Q&O2>h[Z\bfjZkl\hj$J123qlh[u
ijh\_jblvwlh<uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hd
ZnCl2+2AgNO3 ⇒ Zn(NO3)2+2AgCl↓,
Zn2++2Cl–+2Ag++2NO3– ⇒ Zn2++2NO3–+2AgCl↓.
Cl–+Ag+ ⇒ AgCl↓.
<u\h^>eydZj[hgZlbhgh\dZq_kl\_gghcj_Zdpb_cy\ey_lky
j_Zdpbyk dbkehlhck \u^_e_gb_fm]e_dbkeh]h]ZaZ
CO32–+2H+ ⇒ H2O+CO2↑.
StudyPort.ru
95
Obfbq_kdbcijZdlbdmfIII.
K\hckl\Zhj]Zgbq_kdbo\_s_kl\
IjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ‹ 10.
Ihemq_gb_wlbe_gZ b bamq_gb__]hk\hckl\
< ijh[bjd_gZqbgZ_l\u^_eylvky]Za
t, H2SO4 (dhgp
C2H4↑+H2O.
C2H5OH
Dhgp_gljbjh\ZggZyk_jgZydbkehlZaZ[bjZ_l\h^mbakibjlZb \
j_amevlZl_h[jZam_lkywlbe_g
IjbijhimkdZgbbK2G4 q_j_a[jhfgmx\h^mihke_^gyy
h[_kp\_qb\Z_lky
K2G4+Br2(aq) ⇒ C2H4Br2.
Ijhbkoh^blhdbke_gb_wlbe_gZ[jhfghc\h^hcih^\hcghck\yab
Ih^dbke_gguci_jfZg]ZgZllZd`_hdbkey_lwlbe_g
K2G4+12KMnO4+18H2SO4=10CO2+6K2SO4+12MnSO4+28H2O.
JZkl\hj.MnO4 h[_kp\_qb\Z_lky
Ih^h``_f \u^_eyxsbcky ]Za Hg ]hjbl yjdbf k\_lysbfky
ieZf_g_f
StudyPort.ru
K2G4H2 ⇒ 2CO2+2H2O.
t
IjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ‹ 11.
Wdki_jbf_glZevgu_aZ^ZqbihjZkihagZ\Zgbx
b ihemq_gbx\_s_kl\
GZfg_h[oh^bfhhij_^_eblvljb\_s_kl\Z]ebp_jbg
fgh]hZlhfguckibjlZev^_]b^]exdhamm]e_\h^
H^ghcbaoZjZdl_jguoj_Zdpbc^eywlbo\_s_kl\y\ey_lky
\aZbfh^_ckl\b_k &X2+2.
KgZqZeZihemqbf]b^jhdkb^f_^b,,>eywlh]hd f_^ghfm
dmihjhkm^h[Z\bfg_fgh]hjZkl\hjZ1D2+
CuSO4+2NaOH ⇒ KX2+2↓+Na2SO4.
<uiZ^Z_l]hem[hchkZ^hd]b^jhdkb^Z
D h[jZah\Z\r_fmkyhkZ^dmijbev_fg_fgh]hZev^_]b^Zb gZ]j__f
kf_kv
R
C
O
H
t
+2Cu(OH)2 ⇒ R C
O
OH
+2CuOH↓G2H
96
Zev^_]b^]hem[hc
`_eluc
2CuOH ⇒ KX2O↓+H2O
t
`_eluc
djZkguc
< j_amevlZl_h[jZam_lkydjZkguchkZ^hd&X2O.
L_i_jvd &X2+2 ^h[Z\bfihdZieyf]ebp_jbgb kf_kv
\a[helZ_fHkZ^hdjZkl\hjy_lkyihemqZ_lkyjZkl\hjyjdhkbg_]h
p\_lZH[jZam_lkymklhcqb\ucdhfie_dk]ebp_jbgZk f_^vx
2 &+
&+ 2+
&+ 2+
&X
2+ &+ +2
2&+ 2+ &X2+⇒ &+ 2
2
&+ +
2+ &+
&+ 2+
=exdhaZihk\hbfobfbq_kdbfk\hckl\Zfy\ey_lky
Zev^_]b^hkibjlhfl_hgZijhy\ey_lk\hckl\Zb Zev^_]b^h\b
fgh]hZlhfguokibjlh\DZdZev^_]b^hgZ\klmiZ_l\ j_Zdpbb
oZjZdl_jgu_^eywlh]hdeZkkZ\_s_kl\\ qZklghklbijbgZ]j_\Zgbb
\aZbfh^_ckl\m_lk &X2+2 k h[jZah\Zgb_fdjZkghdhjbqg_\h]h
hkZ^dZ&X2HDZdfgh]hZlhfguckibjl]exdhaZ^Z_ljZkl\hjyjdh
kbg_]hp\_lZijb^h[Z\e_gbbd g_ck\_`_]hhkZ^dZ&X2+2.
+
W
&X2+ ⇒&+
2+
StudyPort.ru
&+
2+
&+ &
2+
2
t
2+
&+ &
2+
2
GH&X2+↓
2CuOH ⇒ Cu2O↓+H2O.
<uiZ^Z_ldjZkguchkZ^hd&X2O.
>eyhij_^_e_gbylj_o^Zgguo\_s_kl\badZ`^hcijh[bjdb
^h[Z\bfg_fgh]h&X2+2< ^\moijh[bjdZoh[jZam_lkyyjdhkbgbc
jZkl\hj]exdhaZb ]ebp_jbgL_i_jvgZ]j__f\k_ljbkf_kb\ ^\mo
ijh[bjdZo\uiZ^_ldjZkguchkZ^hdZev^_]b^b ]exdhaZLZdbf
h[jZahffumagZ_f\ dZdhcijh[bjd_dZdh_\_s_kl\hgZoh^blky
FZrbggh_fZkehkhklhbl\ hkgh\ghfbaij_^_evguo
m]e_\h^hjh^h\Z jZklbl_evgh_fZkeh ²ba`bjh\h[jZah\Zgguo
g_ij_^_evgufbdbkehlZfbJZklbl_evgh_fZkehh[_kp\_qb\Z_l
[jhfgmx\h^mZ fZrbggh_²g_l
Z>eyihemq_gbyijhklh]hwnbjZijh\_^_fj_Zdpbx
^_]b^jZlZpbbwlbeh\h]hkibjlZ
K2G5HG
t, H2SO4 (dhgp
K2G5 ²H ²K2G5 G2H
H[jZamxsbcwnbjgZau\Z_lky^bwlbeh\uf>ZggZyj_Zdpby
ijhoh^blebrvijbhij_^_e_gguomkeh\byogZ]j_\Zgbb\
ijbkmlkl\bb+2SO4b ijbba[uld_kibjlZ
[>eyihemq_gbyZev^_]b^ZbakibjlZgm`ghbkihevah\ZlvkeZ[uc
hdbkebl_evgZijbf_j&X2+.
97
t
C2H5OH+CuO ⇒ Cu+ CH3 C
CH3 C
O
²mdkmkgucZev^_]b^
O
H
+H2O;
\Ijb^Zevg_cr_fhdbke_gbbZev^_]b^Zh[jZam_lkydbkehlZ
H
CH3 C
O
H
t
+2Cu(OH)2 ⇒ CH3COOH+Cu2O↓+2H2O;
H[jZam_lkymdkmkgZydbkehlZ
KZoZj ²wlhkeh`gh_hj]Zgbq_kdh_\_s_kl\hkh^_j`Zs__
^hklZlhqgh[hevrh_dhebq_kl\hm]e_jh^ZQlh[u^hdZaZlvwlh
\havf_fg_fgh]hkZoZjZb ^h[Z\bfd g_fm+2SOdhgp.
KZoZjih^^_ckl\b_fdhgp_gljbjh\Zgghck_jghcdbkehluhl^Zkl
\h^mb ij_\jZlblky\ m]e_jh^
H2SO4 (dhgp
C12H22O11
12C+11H2O.
Dhgp_gljbjh\ZggZy+2SO4 aZ[bjZ_l\h^mm kZoZjZ\ j_amevlZl_
ihemqZ_lkyk\h[h^gucm]e_jh^q_jgh_\_s_kl\h
Z>eyhij_^_e_gbydjZofZeZkms_kl\m_lohjhrZydZq_kl\_ggZy
j_Zdpbyk bh^hfH[jZam_lkymklhcqb\ucdhfie_dkyjdhkbg_]h
p\_lZ
DZig_fg_kdhevdhdZi_evjZkl\hjZbh^ZgZdZjlhn_evb [_eucoe_[
?kebgZijh^mdlZoh[jZam_lkykbg__iylghlhhgbkh^_j`Zl
djZofZe
[>eyijh\_jdby[ehdZgZkh^_j`Zgb_]exdhauijb]hlh\bf
g_kdhevdhdZi_evy[ehqgh]hkhdZ>h[Z\bfg_fgh]hkbg_]hhkZ^dZ
Cu(OH)2?kebbkke_^m_fucjZkl\hjkh^_j`bl]exdhamlhkgZqZeZ
fuihemqbfkbgbcjZkl\hjbfucdhfie_dk]exdhaudhlhjucijb
gZ]j_\ZgbbjZaeh`blky^hdjZkgh]h&X2H
ZKgZqZeZhij_^_ebfdjZofZe^h[Z\b\d dZ`^hfmbalj_o
\_s_kl\jZkl\hjbh^Z< ijh[bjd_k djZofZehfh[jZam_lkykbgbc
dhfie_dk=exdhamhlkZoZjhaufh`ghhlebqblvaZkq_l
Zev^_]b^guok\hckl\H[Z\_s_kl\Zh[eZ^Zxlk\hckl\Zfb
fgh]hZlhfgh]hkibjlZghlhevdh]exdhaZh[eZ^Z_l_s_b
k\hckl\ZfbZev^_]b^Z>h[Z\bf\ h[_ijh[bjdb&X2+2h[jZam_lky
kbgbcjZkl\hjGhlhevdhijbgZ]j_\Zgbbk ]exdhahc\uiZ^Z_l
djZkguchkZ^hd&X22l_ijhbkoh^blhdbke_gb_Zev^_]b^ghc
]jmiiu
[KgZqZeZhij_^_ebfdjZofZek ihfhsvxbh^ZH[jZam_lkykbgbc
dhfie_dk
StudyPort.ru
98
L_i_jvijh\_jbfdbkehlghklbjZkl\hjh\fueZb ]ebp_jbgZ
=ebp_jbgbf__lkeZ[hdbkemxkj_^mZ fueh ²s_ehqgmx
=ebp_jbglZd`_h[jZam_lk &X2+2 kbgbcjZkl\hjk\hckl\h
fgh]hZlhfguokibjlh\
GZ]j__f ihemq_ggu_ jZkl\hju < h^ghc ba ijh[bjhd \uiZ^Z_l
[_euc hkZ^hd ² ijhbkoh^bl ^_gZlmjZpby [_edZ K ]ebp_jbghf ijb
gZ]j_\Zgbbgbq_]hg_ijhbkoh^bl IjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ‹ 12.
JZkihagZ\Zgb_ieZklfZkk
Ijb\_^_f^ey^Zgguo\b^h\ieZklfZkkkljmdlmjgu_nhjfmeu
Ihebwlbe_g ²KG2 — KG2 — ) n,
Iheb\bgbeoehjb^ (— KG2 — KG — ) n ,
Kl
Ihebklbjhe (– CH2 – CH – )n ,
StudyPort.ru
N_ghenhjfZev^_]b^gZykfheZ
OH
OH
CH2
CH2
CH2
OH
CH2
CH2
CH2
n
IjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ‹ 13.
JZkihagZ\Zgb_\hehdhg
AZibr_fkljmdlmjgu_nhjfmeubkdmkkl\_gguo\hehdhg
:p_lZlgh_\hehdgh [ – C6H7O2(OCCH3)3 – ]n .
H
KZijhg [– (KG2)5 — K — NH — ]n .
EZ\kZg >±&±
2
O
±&±2±&+ ±&+ ±H ±@Q .
2
99
IjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ‹ 14.
JZkihagZ\Zgb_fbg_jZevguom^h[j_gbc
< mq_[gbd_^hklZlhqghih^jh[ghijb\_^_ghhibkZgb_\k_ohiulh\
Ihwlhfmijb\_^_febrv\hafh`gu_j_Zdpbb
Hij_^_e_gb_Zffhgb_\uofbg_jZevguom^h[j_gbc
t
–⇒
+
NH4 +OH
NH3↑+H2O.
GZijbf_j1+4NO3+NaOH ⇒ NaNO3+NH3↑+H2O.
Hij_^_e_gb_kmevnZlguom^h[j_gbc
SO42– + Ba2+ ⇒ BaSO4↓.
GZijbf_j
(NH4)2SO4 + BaCl2 ⇒ BaSO4↓ + 2NH4Cl.
Hij_^_e_gb_oehjb^bhgh\
Cl– + Ag+ ⇒ AgCl↓.
GZijbf_j
KCl + NaCl + 2AgNO3 ⇒ KNO3 + NaNO3 + 2AgCl↓.
Hij_^_e_gb_nhknhjguom^h[j_gbc
PO43– + 3Ag+ ⇒ Ag3PO4↓
GZijbf_j
K3PO4 + 3AgNO3 ⇒ Ag3PO4↓ + 3KNO3.
J_Zdpby$J123 k bhgZfb6242–:
2Ag+ + SO42– ⇒ Ag2SO4↓.
Hij_^_e_gb_dZj[hgZlh\
CO32– + 2H+ ⇒ H2O + CO2↑.
GZijbf_j
CaCO3+2HCl ⇒ CaCl2+H2O+CO2↑.
t
StudyPort.ru
100
Скачать