методы использования временных серий - ИКИ РАН

ɆȿɌɈȾɕ ɂɋɉɈɅɖɁɈȼȺɇɂə ȼɊȿɆȿɇɇɕɏ ɋȿɊɂɃ ɋɉɍɌɇɂɄɈȼɕɏ
ɂɁɈȻɊȺɀȿɇɂɃ ȼɕɋɈɄɈȽɈ ɉɊɈɋɌɊȺɇɋɌȼȿɇɇɈȽɈ ɊȺɁɊȿɒȿɇɂə
ȾɅə ɈɐȿɇɄɂ ɆȺɋɒɌȺȻɈȼ ɂ ȾɂɇȺɆɂɄɂ ȼɕɊɍȻɈɄ ɌȺȿɀɇɕɏ ɅȿɋɈȼ
ɋ.Ⱥ. Ȼɚɪɬɚɥɟɜ1, Ɍ.ɋ. Ʉɭɪɹɬɧɢɤɨɜɚ1, ɏ.ɘ. ɋɬɢɛɢɝ2
1
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ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ (ɂɄɂ) ɊȺɇ,
117997 Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, ɉɪɨɮɫɨɸɡɧɚɹ 84/32
E-mail: beml@d902.iki.rssi.ru
Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɣ Ʉɨɦɢɫɫɢɢ,
I-21020 Ispra (VA), Italy
ȿ-mail: hans-urgen.stibig@jrc.it
ȼɵɪɭɛɤɢ ɥɟɫɨɜ, ɹɜɥɹɹɫɶ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɦ ɞɥɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɥɟɫɨɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɨɳɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɢ ɪɹɞɚ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɛɢɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ, ɱɬɨ ɞɢɤɬɭɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɯ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɟ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɚɪɯɢɜɵ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɫɨ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɟɪɢɢ Landsat ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɪɟɬɪɨɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ ɥɟɫɨɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɜɵɪɭɛɨɤ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ. ȼ
ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɟɪɢɣ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ
ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɜɵɪɭɛɨɤ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɧɚ ɬɟɫɬɨɜɨɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ ɜ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ Ʉɨɦɢ. ɉɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɞɟɬɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɪɭɛɨɤ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢɯ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɥɟɫɨɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɜɵɪɭɛɨɤ ɧɚ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ.
ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
Ʌɟɫɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɹɜɥɹɹɫɶ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɰɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɵɪɶɟɜɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɭɸ ɛɢɨɫɮɟɪɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ, ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɢɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɛɢɨɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ, ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ ɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɮɟɪɟ Ɂɟɦɥɢ [1]. Ʉɚɤ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɥɟɫɚ ɩɪɟɬɟɪɩɟɜɚɸɬ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɝɨ
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɜɨɡɦɭɳɚɸɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ. ȼɵɪɭɛɤɢ, ɛɭɞɭɱɢ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ
ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɨɳɧɵɯ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɥɟɫɚ, ɜɥɟɤɭɬ ɡɚ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ, ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɧɨ-ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɥɟɫɨɜ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɯ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ, ɚɥɶɛɟɞɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɝɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɥɟɫɧɨɣ ɮɚɭɧɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ [2]. ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ ɜɵɪɭɛɨɤ
ɥɟɫɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɨɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ Ʉɢɨɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɚ ɤ Ɋɚɦɨɱɧɨɣ Ʉɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ ɈɈɇ ɩɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɥɟɫɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɢɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨ ɬɟɤɭɳɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɜ ɥɟɫɚɯ, ɧɨ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɬɪɨɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɪɟɬɪɨɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɧɚ ɥɟɫɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɥɟɫɨɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɭɤɰɟɫɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɥɟɫɨɜ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɥɟɫɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɢɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ.
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ, ɢ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ
ɫɨ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɟɪɢɢ Landsat ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɜɵɪɭɛɨɤ ɥɟɫɨɜ [3]. ɇɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɧɵɟ
ɤ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ, ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɟ [4] ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɚɪɯɢɜɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ Landsat, ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɬɪɨɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɜɵɪɭɛɨɤ ɥɟɫɨɜ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɟɪɢɣ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɜɵɪɭɛɨɤ ɬɚɟɠɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɟɜɟɪɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ.
Ɇɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɚɯ ɩɨ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ
Ʉ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ
ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɜ ɥɟɫɚɯ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɵɪɭɛɨɤ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɢ217
ɩɚɦɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɣ ɥɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢɯ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɨ-ɨɬɪɚɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ [5-7]. ɉɪɢ
ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɤ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹɦ ɜ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɨ-ɨɬɪɚɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢɟ, ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɮɟɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ, ɪɟɥɶɟɮ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɢɧɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.
ȼɫɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ ɤ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɚɯ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. ɂɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɥɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ
ɨɬɫɱɟɬɵ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɨ ɥɟɫɚɯ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɤɚɤ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɵɟ ɤɚɪɬɵ ɢɥɢ ɛɚɡɵ ɥɟɫɨɬɚɤɫɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɝɟɨɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 1 ɫɯɟɦɚ, ɩɪɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɢɞɟɢ, ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɚɯ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɬɟɫɧɚɹ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɹ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɛɚɧɤɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɝɟɨɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɵɦɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɴɟɦɤɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɚ ɛɚɧɤ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɵɯ ɤɚɪɬ ɢ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɨ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ ɥɟɫɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ. ȼ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɛɚɧɤɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ.
Ɇɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɚɯ ɩɨ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɦ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɹɞɚ ɷɬɚɩɨɜ, ɫɪɟɞɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ:
x ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ;
x ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɚɯ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ;
x ɩɨɫɬɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ;
x ɚɤɬɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɛɚɧɤɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ Ƚɂɋ ɨ ɥɟɫɚɯ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɲɟ ɷɬɚɩɨɜ.
ɉɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ
ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɷɬɚɩɨɦ, ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɚɹ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɸ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ.
Ƚɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɜɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ
ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɞɧɭ ɢɡ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɤɚɪɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɰɢɣ. ɉɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɢɜɹɡɤɚ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɧɚɜɢɝɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜ, ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɩɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɴɟɦɤɢ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ
ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɨɪɛɢɬɵ. ɍɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɜɹɡɤɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɟɬɢ
ɨɩɨɪɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɵ. Ɍɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ, ɱɢɫɥɚ ɨɩɨɪɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɣ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɜɹɡɤɢ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɩɚɞɨɜ ɜɵɫɨɬ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɧɚ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɰɢɹ ɢɫɤɚɠɟɧɢɣ
ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ.
ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɚɩɚ ɪɚɞɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ
ɜ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ:
x ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɹ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɋɨɥɧɰɚ ɢ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ;
x ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɹ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ;
x ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɹ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ;
x ɜɡɚɢɦɧɚɹ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɜ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɯ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɚ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ, ɮɟɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ.
ɉɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɚɧɤɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ Ƚɂɋ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɢ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ
ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɯ ɡɟɦɟɥɶ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɞɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɟɣ ɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ
ɞɜɭɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ, ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɢɯ ɨɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. ɍɱɟɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɯ ɡɟɦɟɥɶ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɩɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧ
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ɩɪɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɣ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɮɟɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɥɟɫɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ɍɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɚɯ
ȼɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɚɯ ɩɨ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɦ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ:
x ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ (ɩɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɸ);
x ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ ɧɚ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ;
x ɞɟɬɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɚɯ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ;
x ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ/ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɚɯ.
ɉɨɞ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ
ɜ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ, ɢɥɢ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɦ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦ.
ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɜ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɬɶ ɡɚɞɚɱɟ ɞɟɬɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ
ɚɩɪɢɨɪɧɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɢɯ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ, ɬɢɩɚɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɚɦɢ ɢɯ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ. Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ: ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞɧɨɦɨɦɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ, ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɢɯ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɜɢɞɨɜ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɢɯ ɞɟɬɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1
ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɚɯ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɢ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ, ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɞɟɬɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɚɯ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚɯ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ.
ɗɬɚɩ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ ɧɚ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɛɚɧɤɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ Ƚɂɋ
ɢ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɫ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ
ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɦ ɡɟɦɟɥɶ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹɦ ɫ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɬɚɤɫɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ. Ɂɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɷɬɚɩɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɟɬ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ
ɞɟɬɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧ ɤ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɚɯ ɩɨ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɞɧɨɦɨɦɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ, ɧɨɫɢɬ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɜ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɚɯ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ.
ɇɚɛɨɪ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɛɨɪɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ, ɧɨ ɢ
ɬɟɯɧɢɤɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. ɇɟ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ
1 ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ, ɡɚɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɚɪɫɟɧɚɥ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɦ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɬɢɩɨɦ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɚ ɜ ɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɫɴɟɦɤɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ
ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɜɵɹɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɬɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɢ
ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɥɟɫɨɜ.
ɗɬɚɩ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ/ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɚɯ ɩɨ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧ ɧɚ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɜɵɹɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɢɣ, ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɚɯ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɤ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ:
x ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ, ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɟ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɨɛɥɚɱɧɨɫɬɢ);
x ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɥɟɫɨɜ, ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɮɟɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ);
x ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɨɲɢɛɤɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɜɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɵɯ ɤɚɪɬ ɥɟɫɨɜ.
ɇɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ
ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɛɚɧɤɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ Ƚɂɋ ɢ ɨɩɨɪɧɵɯ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɝɧɚɬɭɪ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɶ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ ɢ ɫɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɯ, ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɪɟɲɚɟɦɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ. ɗɬɚɩ ɩɨɫɬɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɣ
ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɛɚɧɤ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ Ƚɂɋ, ɱɚɫɬɨ
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɨ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɤɚɪɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɸ
ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɚɯ.
219
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1. ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɚɯ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
Ɍɢɩɵ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ
ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ
x ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɹɪɤɨɫɬɢ;
...ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ
ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ
ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ
x ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɵ;
x ɝɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ;
...ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɹɪɤɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ
x ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ;
x ɬɟɤɫɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ;
...ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ
x ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ;
x ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ
ɉɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ
Ɋɚɡɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ
Ɉɞɢɧɨɱɧɵɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ
ɫɟɧɫɨɪɨɦ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɢ- ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɟɧɫɨɫ ɛɚɡɨɣ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ Ƚɂɋ
ɩɚ ɜ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɪɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɨ ɥɟɫɚɯ
ɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ
x ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɧɨx ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ
x ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɧɟɡɚɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɫɢɦɨɝɨ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɧɢɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ
ɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɧɚ
ɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ;
ɪɚɡɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ
ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɝɢɩɨɬɟx ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɤɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ;
ɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɧɚx ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ;
ɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ;
ɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɡɧɨx ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɨx ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɬɟɦɚɫɢɦɨɝɨ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɪɚɡɛɨɬɤɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɨɧɢɣ ɫ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɵɦɢ
ɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ;
ɤɚɪɬɚɦɢ ɥɟɫɨɜ
x ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɧɵɯ
ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɰɜɟɬɨɜɨɝɨ
ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ
ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɨ ɞɟɬɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɜɵɪɭɛɨɤ ɜ ɥɟɫɚɯ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ
ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɦ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦ
Ɇɚɫɲɬɚɛɵ ɜɵɪɭɛɨɤ ɜ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ, ɱɬɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɰɟɥɵɦ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ, ɥɟɫɢɫɬɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɩɨɪɨɞɧɨ-ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ, ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ, ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ ɥɟɫɨɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ʌɟɫɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɟɜɟɪɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɡɚɩɚɫɚɦɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɰɟɧɧɵɯ ɯɜɨɣɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ (ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɢ ɟɥɢ), ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɵɦ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɥɟɫɨɫɟɱɧɵɦ ɪɭɛɤɚɦ [1], ɱɬɨ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɡɚɦɟɧɟ ɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ ɫɬɚɪɨɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɧɨɯɜɨɣɧɵɯ
ɥɟɫɨɜ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦ ɪɭɛɨɤ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɜɵɪɭɛɨɤ ɜ ɥɟɫɚɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɬɶ 50 ɝɚ, ɯɨɞɹ ɞɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ 90-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɥɢɫɶ ɜɵɪɭɛɤɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ ɞɨ 200 ɝɚ [8-10]. ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɟ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɵɦɢ ɜɵɪɭɛɤɚɦɢ, ɩɨɹɜɢɥɚɫɶ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɞɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɢ ɜɵɛɨɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɪɭɛɨɤ ɥɟɫɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɨ ɫ ɧɚɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɣ ɧɟɥɟɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɨɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɵɥ ɜɵɛɪɚɧ ɬɟɫɬɨɜɵɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ Ɇɟɠɞɭɪɟɱɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɚ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ Ʉɨɦɢ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶɸ 958427 ɝɚ ɢ ɥɟɫɢɫɬɨɫɬɶɸ 87%, ɩɨɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 2.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2. Ɋɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɬɟɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɩɨ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɦ ɩɨɪɨɞɚɦ
ɉɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɚɹ
ɩɨɪɨɞɚ
ɋɨɫɧɚ
ȿɥɶ
Ȼɟɪɟɡɚ
Ⱦɨɥɹ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ (%)
ɩɨ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ
20.45
66.65
12.24
ɩɨ ɡɚɩɚɫɭ
20.8
73.39
5.10
ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɨɩɨɪɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɬɟɫɬɨɜɨɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɚ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɥɟɫɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɜ 1998 ɝɨɞɭ
ɢ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɤɚɪɬɚ-ɫɯɟɦɚ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɚ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚ 1:200 000.
Ɉɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɨɤ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɬɪɨɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ, ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɜɲɟɣ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɚɪɯɢɜɨɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɨ
ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɟɪɢɢ Landsat, ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɜ ɫɟɬɢ Internet ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ Global Land
Cover Facility [4]. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɬɶ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ,
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɛɨɪɚ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ (ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3).
220
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Ɋɢɫ.1 Ʌɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɚɯ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɛɨɪɚ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
ɋɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ
ʋ
Ⱦɚɬɚ ɫɴɟɦɤɢ
ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
1
03.08.1989
Landsat-TM
GLCF
2
01.06.1995
Landsat-TM
GLCF
3
11.07.2001
Landsat-ETM+
GLCF
4
06.06.2002
Landsat-ETM+
Eurimage
5
14.05.2003
Landsat-ETM+
USGS
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 2:
GLCF - Global Land Cover Facility (ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɍɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ Ɇɷɪɢɥɟɧɞ, ɋɒȺ)
USGS – United States Geological Survey (Ƚɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ ɋɒȺ)
Eurimage – ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɸ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ
ɂɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɤɚɪɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɪɨɟɤɰɢɸ UTM ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɨɜɦɟɳɟɧɵ
ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɚɮɮɢɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɨɩɨɪɧɵɦ ɬɨɱɤɚɦ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ ɨɩɨɪɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɧɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɥɨ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɚ 9-12 ɦɟɬɪɨɜ.
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɪɟɯ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɢɠɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɞɟɬɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɪɭɛɨɤ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɦ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ:
x ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɥɟɫɨɜ;
x ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɩɨɤɚɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ;
x ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɩɨɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ.
Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɝɨ ɤɚɪɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ
ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɦ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ ɩɨ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɚɯ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɭɸ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɸ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɛɨɪɚ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. Ʉ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɟɝɨ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɧɢɡɤɭɸ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ, ɞɟɝɪɚɞɚɰɢɹ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɜɵɪɭɛɨɤ, ɛɨɥɟɡɧɟɣ ɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɤ
ɩɨɥɧɨɦɭ ɢɫɱɟɡɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɢɥɢ ɝɢɛɟɥɢ ɥɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɤɚɪɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɥɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɨɦ
ERDAS-Isodata. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ Landsat-TM/ETM+ ɜ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɚɯ TM3, TM4 ɢ TM5, ɚ ɬɪɟɯɦɟɪɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɹɪɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɪɚɡɛɢɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɚ 100 ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɨɜ. ɉɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɝɢɫɬɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɚɯ.
ɂɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɨɜ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɥɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɚɩɪɢɨɪɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ
ɨɛ ɢɯ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɝɧɚɬɭɪɚɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɤɚɪɬ ɥɟɫɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ. Ʉɥɚɫɬɟɪɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɨɝ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɨɞɢɧ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɧɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ, ɛɵɥɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɛɢɬɵ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɨɜ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɲɟ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɚ. ɇɚ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɚɸɳɟɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɵ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɛɵɥ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧ
ɞɥɹ ɤɚɪɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ Landsat-TM (03.08.1989) ɢ
ETM+ (11.07.2001). ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦɢ ɢɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɩɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɤɚɪɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 4.
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɤɚɪɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɟɫɬɨɜɨɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɬ ɬɟɦɧɨɯɜɨɣɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɹɯ ɫɜɟɬɥɨɯɜɨɣɧɵɟ, ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ
ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ. ɋɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɥɟɫɨɜ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɤ ɞɜɭɦ ɞɚɬɚɦ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ
ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɥɟɫɢɫɬɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɚɯ ɥɟɫɚ. ɂɡ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɢ ɜ ɯɜɨɣɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ, ɞɨɥɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɥɚɫɶ ɫ 64,5% ɞɨ 51,9% ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ 1989 ɝɨɞɚ ɩɨ 2001 ɝɨɞ. ȼ ɬɨɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɫɹ ɪɨɫɬ ɞɨɥɢ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɯ
ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɭɤɰɟɫɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɧɵ ɩɨɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɧɚ ɜɵɪɭɛɤɚɯ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɯ ɥɟɬ.
Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɩɨɤɚɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ [5] ɛɵɥ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɬɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɪɭɛɨɤ ɜ ɥɟɫɚɯ ɬɟɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɚɪ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ:
TM (03.08.1989) ɢ TM (01.07.1995);
TM (01.07.1995) ɢ ETM+ (11.07. 2001);
ETM+ (11.07. 2001) ɢ ETM+ (06.06.2002).
ɍɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɷɬɚɩɨɜ:
222
ɜɡɚɢɦɧɚɹ ɩɨɩɚɪɧɚɹ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ;
ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɩɢɤɫɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɚɪɚɦɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ
ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ;
(iii) ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɹ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɨ-ɹɪɤɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɧɨɦ
ɩɨɤɪɨɜɟ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4. ɉɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ ɬɟɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɩɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɤɚɪɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ
(i)
(ii)
Ɍɢɩ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ
Ɍɟɦɧɨɯɜɨɣɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ
ɋɜɟɬɥɨɯɜɨɣɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ
Ʌɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ
ɋɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ
Ɋɟɞɤɨɫɬɨɣɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ
ɋɜɟɠɢɟ ɜɵɪɭɛɤɢ
ɋɜɟɠɢɟ ɝɚɪɢ
ɍɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɥɟɫɨɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ
Ʉɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɚɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
Ɍɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɥɭɝɨɜɚɹ
ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
Ȼɨɥɨɬɚ
Ʉɪɚɬɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ
Ⱦɟɪɟɜɶɹ ɩɢɯɬɵ (Picea) ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɟɥɢ (Abies) ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 75% ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɨɥɨɝɚ
Ⱦɟɪɟɜɶɹ ɫɨɫɧɵ (Pinus) ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 75%
ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɨɥɨɝɚ
Ⱦɟɪɟɜɶɹ ɛɟɪɟɡɵ (Betula) ɢɥɢ ɨɫɢɧɵ (Populus)
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 75% ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɨɥɨɝɚ
Ⱦɟɪɟɜɶɹ ɯɜɨɣɧɵɯ ɢ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɜ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɨɥɨɝɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ 25-75%
ɇɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟɦ ɦɟɧɟɟ
20%, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɧɚ ɡɚɛɨɥɨɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ
ȼɵɪɭɛɤɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɱɟɦ 4-5 ɥɟɬɧɟɣ ɞɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ
Ƚɚɪɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɱɟɦ 4-5 ɥɟɬɧɟɣ ɞɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ
ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ
ȼɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɚɦɢ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɫ ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶɸ ɛɨɥɟɟ 80% ɧɚ ɜɵɪɭɛɤɚɯ ɢ
ɝɚɪɹɯ
ɍɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɍɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɍɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɛɨɥɨɬ ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɮɚɝɧɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ȼɫɟ ɥɟɫɚ
Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɩɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ
ɤɚɪɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
3.08.1989
11.07 2001
%
ɤɦ2
%
ɤɦ2
4278,94
45,7
3704,23
39,7
1761,21
18,8
1138,70
12,2
522,642
5,6
543,85
5,8
722,66
7,7
1295,25
13,9
29,56
0,3
79,15
0,9
327,63
3,5
74,67
0,8
4,94
0,1
251,71
2,7
1107,57
11,8
1774,72
19,2
78,41
0,8
32,94
0,4
82,29
0,9
33,77
0,4
207,59
2,2
199,24
2,1
7315,01
78,1
6761,18
72,5
ȼɡɚɢɦɧɚɹ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɰɟɥɶ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ
ɪɚɞɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ, ɨɬɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɨɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɚɯ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ, ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɋɨɥɧɰɚ, ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɣ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɚɹ
ɦɨɞɟɥɶ Im g1 a * Im g 2 b , ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɹɪɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɚɪɵ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ Img1 ɢ Img2, ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ a ɢ b ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɭ ɩɢɤɫɟɥɨɜ, ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɦ ɥɟɫɨɜ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɥɢɫɶ ɩɢɤɫɟɥɵ, ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɡɚ
ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɳɟɣ 31,7% ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ. ȼɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɥɟɫɚ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ (R) ɢ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ ((A,B) |
y=Ax+B) ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɚɪɚɦɢ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 5.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 5. Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɢ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɚɪɚɦɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ
ɉɚɪɚ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ
TM,1989 & TM,1995
TM,1995 & ETM+, 2001
ETM+, 2001 & ETM+ 2002
TM3
R
A
0,90
0,99
0,79
0,89
0,82
1,01
ɋɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ
TM4
B
R
A
B
1,10
0,95
1,00
1,71
12,98
0,93
1,00
9,29
5,13
0,89
0,66 12,16
TM5
R
0,96
0,90
0,93
A
1,03
1,25
1,06
B
3,97
22,68
1,94
ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɞɟɬɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɪɭɛɨɤ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɹɪɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɥɟɫɨɦ
ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ (ɢɥɢ ɩɢɨɧɟɪɫɤɨɣ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ) ɧɚ ɜɵɪɭɛɤɚɯ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɚɯ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɚ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɜɵɪɭɛɨɤ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɩɢɤɫɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɚɪɚɦɢ ɪɚɡ223
ɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɜɲɢɦɢɫɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɦɢ ɥɟɫɚ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɨɪɨɝɨɜɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɚɯ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵ ɞɜɚ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɚɪɚɦɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɢɡ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɥɟɫɨɦ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɤɚɪɬ ɥɟɫɨɜ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ Landsat-TM (03.08.1989). Ʉɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɩɢɤɫɟɥɭ ɛɵɥ ɩɪɢɫɜɨɟɧ ɲɟɫɬɢɡɧɚɱɧɵɣ ɤɨɞ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɣ ɪɨɫɬ, ɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɹɪɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɚɯ,
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɪɭɛɨɤ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ. ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɫ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɩɨɤɚɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɜɵɪɭɛɨɤ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɚɯ
ɥɟɫɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 6.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 6. ɉɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɜɵɪɭɛɨɤ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɬɟɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ, ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɩɨɤɚɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ
Ɍɢɩ ɥɟɫɚ
Ɍɟɦɧɨɯɜɨɣɧɵɟ
ɋɜɟɬɥɨɯɜɨɣɧɵɟ
Ʌɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ
ɋɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɟ
Ɋɟɞɤɨɫɬɨɣɧɵɟ
ȼɫɟ ɥɟɫɚ
03.08.1989-01.07.1995
ɤɦ2
%
310,2
81,9
42,63
11,3
7,98
2,1
18,06
4,8
0,00
0,0
378,86
100,0
01.07.1995-11.07. 2001
ɤɦ2
%
165,68
95,4
8,61
5,0
1,29
0,7
5,36
3,1
0,03
0,0
173,67
100,0
11.07. 2001- 06.06.2002
ɤɦ2
%
16,87
80,8
2,11
10,1
0,07
0,4
1,79
8,6
0,04
0,2
20,87
100,0
Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɩɨɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɦɟɲɟɧɢɹ [11], ɛɵɥ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɪɭɛɨɤ ɩɨ
ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɦ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦ Landsat-ETM+ 2001 ɢ 2002 ɝɨɞɨɜ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɞɨɥɟɣ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɜ ɩɢɤɫɟɥɚɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ, ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ:
­N
°¦ epsi o min
°i 1
M
°°
j
R
® i ¦ Ri S j epsi
j 1
°
M
°
°1 ¦ S j
j 1
¯°
ɝɞɟ i – ɢɧɞɟɤɫ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɚ (i=1,N), j – ɢɧɞɟɤɫ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ
(j=1,M), Ri - ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɹɪɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɢɤɫɟɥɚ ɜ i-ɨɦ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɤɚɧɚɥɟ, Ri j - ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɹɪɤɨɫɬɢ jɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɜ i-ɨɦ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɤɚɧɚɥɟ, S j - ɞɨɥɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ j-ɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɜ ɩɢɤɫɟɥɟ; epsi - ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɹɪɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ i-ɨɦ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɤɚɧɚɥɟ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ
N
¦ eps
i
o min ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɞɨɥɟɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ S j ɜ ɩɢɤɫɟɥɟ.
i 1
ȼɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɚɯ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɲɚɝɨɜ:
(i)
ȼɵɛɨɪ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɢɯ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɹɪɤɨɫɬɟɣ;
(ii) Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɜ ɩɢɤɫɟɥɹɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ;
(iii) ɉɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ;
(iv) ȼɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɩɨɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɟɣ.
ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɢɤɫɟɥɵ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɡɥɚɝɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ: ɯɜɨɣɧɵɣ ɥɟɫ, ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ
ɥɟɫ ɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɚɹ ɩɨɱɜɚ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɹɪɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɱɢɫɬɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɦɚɫɤɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɩɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɤɚɪɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɩɨ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɦɭ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɸ Landsat-ETM+ 2001 ɝɨɞɚ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɨ ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɦ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ
ɥɟɫɚɯ:
x ɂɫɱɟɡɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɥɟɫɨɫɟɱɧɵɯ ɜɵɪɭɛɨɤ;
x ɍɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɥɟɫɨɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ;
x ɋɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɜɵɪɭɛɨɤ.
Ɉɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɵɯ ɜɵɪɭɛɨɤ ɜ ɥɟɫɚɯ ɬɟɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ, ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɩɨɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 7.
224
ɋɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɪɭɛɨɤ ɜ ɥɟɫɚɯ ɬɟɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɫ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɟɪɢɣ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 8 ɢ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 2 ɞɚɧɧɵɦ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 7. ɉɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɵɯ ɜɵɪɭɛɨɤ, ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɩɨɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɟɣ
ɩɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦ Landsat-ETM+ (11.07. 2001 ɢ 06.06.2002)
Ɍɢɩ ɥɟɫɚ
ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ
ɤɦ
Ɍɟɦɧɨɯɜɨɣɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ
ɋɜɟɬɥɨɯɜɨɣɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ
Ʌɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ
ɋɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ
Ɋɟɞɤɨɫɬɨɣɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ
ȼɫɟ ɥɟɫɚ
2
22,988
3,789
0,007
1,157
0,0026
27,968
%
82,19
13,55
0,03
4,14
0,09
100
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 8. ɋɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɜɵɪɭɛɨɤ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ
ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ
Ɍɢɩ ɥɟɫɚ
Ɍɟɦɧɨɯɜɨɣɧɵɟ
ɋɜɟɬɥɨɯɜɨɣɧɵɟ
Ʌɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ
ɋɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɟ
Ɋɟɞɤɨɫɬɨɣɧɵɟ
ȼɫɟ ɥɟɫɚ
ɇɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɚɹ
Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɩɨɤɚɧɚɥɶɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
ɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɟɣ
ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ
(ɤɦ2)
2
(ɤɦ )
03.08.1989-11.07. 2001
504,01
475,88
97,90
51,24
20,54
9,27
37,24
23,42
2,21
0,03
661,92
552,53
Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɩɨɤɚɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɟɣ
(ɤɦ2)
Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɩɨɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɟɣ (ɤɦ2)
11.07. 2001- 06.06.2002
16,87
22,988
2,11
3,789
0,07
0,007
1,79
1,157
0,04
0,0026
20,87
27,968
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɢ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ
ȼɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɢ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ Landsat-TM ɢ ETM+ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɪɭɛɨɤ ɬɚɟɠɧɵɯ
ɥɟɫɨɜ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɟɜɟɪɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ ɬɪɟɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 9.
Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ,
ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɜ ɮɟɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɥɟɫɧɨɣ
ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɴɟɦɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɭɸ ɜ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɦ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. Ɍɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ
ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ. Ⱦɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ (ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ) ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɡɧɚɧɢɸ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ. Ʉ
ɱɢɫɥɭ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɢ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɟɝɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɩɨɤɚɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɫɬ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɜ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ. Ʉ ɟɝɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɝɨɜɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢ ɞɟɬɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɲɭɦɭ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɟɦɭ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɜɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɞɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ.
Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɩɨɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɢ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɩɢɤɫɟɥɹɯ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɲɤɚɥɚɯ. Ʉ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɱɢɫɬɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ, ɱɬɨ
ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɟɬ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɸ ɚɩɪɢɨɪɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟ
ɱɢɫɬɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɢɯ ɹɪɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɢɡ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ.
225
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 9. ɉɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɪɭɛɨɤ ɜ ɥɟɫɚɯ
ɩɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɦ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦ
Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ
Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ
Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɩɨɤɚɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ
Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɩɨɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɧɵɯ
ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ
ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ
ɉɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ
Ɉɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ
ȼɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ
ɨɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɮɟɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɴɟɦɤɢ
ɉɪɨɫɬɨɬɚ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ
Ɍɢɩɵ ɜɵɹɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɵ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨɦ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɦ ɡɟɦɟɥɶ
ɇɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ
ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɚɩɪɢɨɪɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɨ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ
ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɚ
ɋɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɬ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɮɟɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɴɟɦɤɢ
ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɝɨɜ
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɨɬ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ
ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
ɨ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɹɪɤɨɫɬɹɯ ɱɢɫɬɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɱɢɫɬɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ
ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ.
ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ȼɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ
ɨɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɮɟɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɴɟɦɤɢ
ɉɪɨɫɬɨɬɚ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ
ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
ɂɫɚɟɜ Ⱥ.ɋ., Ƚ.ɇ. Ʉɨɪɨɜɢɧ, ȼ.ɂ. ɋɭɯɢɯ ɢ ɞɪ. ɗɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ
ɥɟɫɨɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɥɟɫɨɪɚɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ (ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɛɡɨɪ). ɐɟɧɬɪ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ,
Ɇ., 1995, 156ɫ.
2. ɋɭɯɢɯ ȼ.ɂ. Ʌɟɫɨɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ XXI ɜ. Ʌɟɫɧɨɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨ. ʋ 6, 1999, ɫ. 8-13.
3. Milne A. K., 1988. Change direction analysis using Landsat imagery: a review of methodology. Proc. IGARSS’88 Symp.
(ESA SP-284), Edinburgh, Scotland, 541-544.
4. Global land Cover Facility http://glcf.umiacs.umd.edu
5. Bartalev, S., M. Deshayes, S. Durrieu, G. Fabre, N. Stach, and V. Sukhikh, 1997. Monitoring by change detection in three
different forest environments, Proceedings International Workshop Applications of Remote Sensing in European forest
Monitoring, Vienna, 14-16 0ctober 1996, Report EUR 17685 EN, pp 293-308.
6. Häme T. Spectral interpretation of changes in forest using satellite scanner images// The Society of Forestry of Finland –
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Helsinki, 1991, 111p.
7. Coppin P. R. and Bauer M. E., 1996. Digital change detection in forest ecosystems with remote sensing imagery. Remote
sensing reviews, 13, 207-234.
8. Greenpeace Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ www.greenpeace.org/russia/ru
9. ȼɫɟ ɨ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ (Ʉɥɭɛ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɨɯɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ)
www.forest.ru/rus/publications
10. əɪɨɲɟɧɤɨ Ⱥ.ɘ., ɉɨɬɚɩɨɜ ɉ.ȼ., Ɍɭɪɭɛɚɧɨɜɚ ɋ.Ⱥ. Ɇɚɥɨɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɟɜɟɪɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ. – Ɇ.: Ƚɪɢɧɩɢɫ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, 2001. – 75ɫ.
11. Adams J.B., Smith M.O., Johnson P.E. Spectral mixture modeling: a new analysis of rock and soil types at the Viking
Lander I site // Journal of Geophysical Research, 1986, N91. - p. 8098 - 8112.
1.
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METHODS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF TIME-SERIES OF HIGH-RESOLUTION
SATELLITE IMAGES FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF LOGGING IN THE TAIGA
Bartalev S.A. 1, Kuryatnikova T.S. 1, Stibig H.-J. 2
1
Space Research Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences,
117997, 84/32 Profsoyuznaya str., Moscow, Russia
E-mail: beml@d902.iki.rssi.ru
2
Joint Research Center of the European Commission
I-21020 Ispra (VA), Italy
ȿ-mail: hans-urgen.stibig@jrc.it
Although timber production in Russian forests is of great economic importance, forest logging is a main factor of anthropogenic change in boreal forest ecosystems. Regularly updated information on the scale and the temporal dynamic of these
changes is therefore desired. The available historical imagery from the Landsat satellites series provides an unique opportunity
for a retrospective analysis of forest cover dynamics in Russian forests resulting from the logging activities of the last two decades. This paper describes possibilities of using a time-series of Landsat images for the mapping and area assessment of forest
clear-cuts in the Russian Taiga. The study was carried out for a test site in the Komi Republic, comparing different methods for
clear cut detection, based on a multi-temporal set of high-resolution Landsat satellite data. The study examines the potential of
such satellite data to assess the long-term impact of logging on forest cover at regional and national levels.
Ɋɢɫ. 2 ɋɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɪɭɛɨɤ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɦ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɩɨɤɚɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɩɨɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ:
A ɢ 2B - Ɏɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɵ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ Landsat-ETM ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɸ Ɇɟɠɞɭɪɟɱɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɚ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ Ʉɨɦɢ
(RGB: TM3, TM5, TM4);
C - ɍɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɜɵɪɭɛɨɤ ɥɟɫɚ, ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɛɨɢɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ (ɛɟɥɵɣ) ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɩɨɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ (ɡɟɥɟɧɵɣ).
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