Stiar N.1, Evershed RP1, Outram AK2, Варфоломеев В.В.3
реклама
1 Stiar N.1, Evershed R.P.1, Outram A.K.2, ȼɚɪɮɨɥɨɦɟɟɜ ȼ.ȼ.3 ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɟɬ, Ȼɪɢɫɬɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɍɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ (ɝ. Ȼɪɢɫɬɨɥɶ, Ⱥɧɝɥɢɹ.); 2 Ʉɚɮɟɞɪɚ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɗɤɫɟɬɟɪɫɤɢɣ ɍɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ (ɝ. ɗɤɫɟɬɟɪ, Ⱥɧɝɥɢɹ) 3 ɋɚɪɵɚɪɤɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɩɪɢ ɄɚɪȽɍ ɢɦ. ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤɚ ȿ.Ⱥ. Ȼɭɤɟɬɨɜɚ ɂȾȿɇɌɂɎɂɄȺɐɂə ɈɋɌȺɌɄɈȼ ɀɂɊɈȼ ȼ ɄȿɊȺɆɂɄȿ ɉɈɋȿɅȿɇɂə ɄȿɇɌ ɆȿɌɈȾɈɆ ȺɇȺɅɂɁȺ ɋɌȺȻɂɅɖɇɕɏ ɂɁɈɌɈɉɈȼ∗ Ʌɢɩɢɞɧɵɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɟ. Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɟ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɨɛɭɝɥɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɫɭɞɚ ɢɥɢ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɫɨɫɭɞɚ (Evershed et al., 1999; Evershed, 2008). Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɥɢɩɢɞɨɜ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɫɭɞɚ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ, ɚɛɫɨɪɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɪɚɯ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɞɚɬɶ ɰɟɧɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɭɸɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɯ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ (Evershed et al., 2001). ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ «ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɢɬɚ» ɢɥɢ «ɥɨɜɭɲɤɢ», ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɹ ɥɢɩɢɞɵ ɜ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɬɵɫɹɱɟɥɟɬɢɣ (Evershed et al., 1999; Evershed et al., 2001). ɉɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɩɢɞɨɜ ɜ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɵɟ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɧɟɝɥɚɡɭɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ 30 ɥɟɬ ɧɚɡɚɞ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɥɢɩɢɞɧɵɟ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɤɬɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɯɪɨɦɚɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ (GC) (Condamin et al., 1976; Patrick et al., 1985). ɋ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ, ɤɚɤ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɷɬɢ ɪɚɧɧɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɩɢɞɧɵɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ, ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ ɠɢɪɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɫ-ɫɩɟɤɬɪɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤ ɫɞɟɥɚɥɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɚɫɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɪɚɯ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ. ɂɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɥɢɩɢɞɧɵɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɥɢɩɢɞɧɵɯ ɛɢɨɦɚɪɤɟɪɨɜ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɦɢ ɨɤɚɦɟɧɟɥɨɫɬɹɦɢ, ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɡ ɛɢɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɧɟɤɨɝɞɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɜɲɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ (Peters et al., 2005), ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɥɢɩɢɞɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ, ɫ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ (Evershed, 1993). ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɷɬɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɥɨɫɶ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɯɪɨɦɚɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ GC (HTGC) ɢ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɯɪɨɦɚɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ/ɦɚɫɫ-ɫɩɟɤɬɪɨɦɟɬɪɢɢ (GC/MS). ɗɬɢɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɡɜɥɟɤɚɬɶ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɭɸ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨ-ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɢɡ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɤɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦɢ (Evershed et al., 1990; Evershed et al., 1992). ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ «ɦɹɝɤɨɣ» ɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɦɚɫɫ-ɫɩɟɤɬɪɨɦɟɬɪɢɢ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɩɪɟɣɧɚɹ ɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ (ESI), ɨɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɦ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɦ ɜɟɫɨɦ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɟ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɌȺȽɨɜ (ɬɪɢɚɰɢɥɝɥɢɰɟɪɢɞɨɜ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ MS (ɦɚɫɫ-ɫɩɟɤɬɪɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ) ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤ (Mirabaud et al., 2007). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ, ∗ ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ Ȼɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɋɨɜɟɬɨɦ ɩɨ ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɸ ȿɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɋɪɟɞɵ (ɝɪɚɧɬ NE/B504506/1), Ȼɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɟɣ (ɝɪɚɧɬ SG-35540) ɢ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɭɤɢ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧ (ɝɪɚɧɬ ʋ0529/ȽɎ2 «ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɋɚɪɵɚɪɤɢ ɜ ɷɩɨɯɭ ɛɪɨɧɡɵ»). 150 ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ GC/C/IRMS ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɨ ɞɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɭɸ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɪɚɯ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɧɱɚɪɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ (Evershed et al., 1994; Evershed et al., 1997b). ɗɬɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɚɫɶ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɰɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɞɟɝɪɚɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɠɢɪɨɜ. ɑɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɥɢɩɢɞɧɵɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ, ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɟ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɞɟɝɪɚɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɟ ɠɢɪɵ (Evershed et al., 1999). ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ, ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɣ ɩɪɟɞɵɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɜ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɹɯ: ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɢɳɢ, ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɪɢɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɠɟɪɬɜɨɩɪɢɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ, ɫɦɚɡɨɱɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɞɥɹ ɫɜɟɬɢɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ, ɜɹɠɭɳɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɝɢɞɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɤɨɫɦɟɬɢɤɢ, ɩɪɢɬɢɪɚɧɢɣ, ɤɥɟɣɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɥɚɤɨɜ, ɢ ɬ.ɞ. (Mills & White, 1994; Evershed et al., 2001). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɬɚɤɨɟ ɱɚɫɬɨɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɠɢɪɨɜ ɜ ɩɨɪɚɯ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɨ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɠɢɪɚ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɬ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ, ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɥɢɩɢɞɨɜ ɢɡ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ, ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɜɵɫɨɤɨ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɠɢɪɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɯ ɞɨɥɝɨɜɟɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɢ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɢɯ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ, ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɠɢɪɨɜ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɚɯ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɚɬɶ ɰɟɧɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɜ ɞɨɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ. ɢɡɨɬɨɩɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɞɥɹ ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɠɢɪɨɜ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɪɚɯ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ. ȼ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɧɢɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɠɢɪɨɜ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɧɱɚɪɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹɯ, ɧɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɟɧɢɣ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɦɭ ɥɢɩɢɞɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɜɢɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɠɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɢɚɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɨɫɭɞɚ ɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɝɪɭɧɬɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɢɥɢ ɦɨɝɢɥɵ (Evershed et al., 1999; Evershed et al., 2001). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɞɥɹ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɞɟɝɪɚɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɠɢɪɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɥɨ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɸ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɞɚɥɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ, ɧɨ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɨ ɠɜɚɱɧɵɦɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɬɢɩ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ (Evershed et al., 1999; Evershed et al., 2001). ɍɝɥɟɪɨɞ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɬɪɟɯ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɨɜ, ɞɜɭɯ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɯ (ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɯ) – 12ɋ, 13ɋ ɢ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɚ 14ɋ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ. Ɉɧɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ 98,89%, 1,11% ɢ 1x10-10 % ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɩɚɫɨɜ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɨɜ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ 13 ɋ/12ɋ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɦɫɹ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ (ɜɚɥɨɜɨɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ) ɢɥɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɢ (ɢɡɨɬɨɩɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ) ɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɦ VPDB, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɪɚɜɧɨɟ 0‰. Ɉɧ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɥɶɬɚ (į), ɝɞɟ: į13ɋ = [ Rɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ – Rɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ ] ɯ 1000 (ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ į13ɋ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɵɫɹɱɭ ‰) Rɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ Rɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ = ɦɨɥɹɪɧɨɦɭ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ 13ɋ/12ɋ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ Rɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ = ɦɨɥɹɪɧɨɦɭ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ 13ɋ/12ɋ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚ 151 Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ į13ɋ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɠɢɪɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ (ɫ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɨɦ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɜ ɢɯ ɦɟɬɢɥɨɜɵɟ ɷɮɢɪɵ FAMEs), ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɪɬɟɮɚɤɬɨɜ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɯɪɨɦɚɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ GC/ɋ/IRMS (ɪɢɫ. 1). ɂɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɞɟɝɪɚɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɠɢɪɨɜ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ į13ɋ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɠɢɪɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ C16:0 ɢ C18:0 ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ GC/C/IRMS. ȿɞɜɚ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɪɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɢɡ ɩɢɳɢ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɢɧɬɟɡ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ, ɹɜɥɹɹɫɶ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɱɟɬɤɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ į13ɋ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɠɢɪɚɦɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɨɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ (Evershed et al., 1997; Dudd, 1999; Mottram et al.,1999). ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɥɢɩɢɞɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɜ ɬɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɫɨɫɭɞ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɫɹ, ɢ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɥɢ ɜ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɹ, ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɞɟɝɪɚɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ į13ɋ ɠɢɪɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ C16:0 ɢ C18:0 ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɦɢ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɞɟɝɪɚɞɚɰɢɢ (Evershed et al., 1995; Charters, 1996), ɱɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɞɟɝɪɚɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɠɢɪɚ. ɉɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɞɥɹ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɞɟɝɪɚɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɠɢɪɨɜ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɢɡ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɵɯ «ɥɚɦɩ» ɢ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɛɥɸɞ-ɩɨɞɫɬɚɜɨɤ ɢɡ Ʉɚɭɡɜɟɣ Ʌɟɣɧ, Ʌɟɫɬɟɪ, ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɟ Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɨ (Causeway Lane, Leicester, UK) (Evershed et al., 1997b; Mottram et al., 1999). Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɯɪɨɦɚɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɢ GC-MS, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɥ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɨɛɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɥɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɥɢɩɢɞɚ ɫ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɝɪɚɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɠɢɪɨɜ. ȼ ɥɚɦɩɚɯ ɷɬɢ ɠɢɪɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɢ ɝɨɪɸɱɟɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɫɠɢɝɚɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɛɥɸɞɚ-ɩɨɞɫɬɚɜɤɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ, ɛɵɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɠɢɪɚ ɢ ɫɛɪɵɡɝɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɠɢɪɨɦ ɬɭɲɢ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɟɟ ɠɚɪɤɢ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɬɟɥɟ. ɂɡɨɬɨɩɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ C16:0 ɢ C18:0 ɠɢɪɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɛɵɥ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧ ɤ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɦ ɠɢɪɨɜ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ, ɫɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ ɷɬɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɪɚ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɬɢɩɨɦ ɫɨɫɭɞɚ. ɗɬɨ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ ɬɚɤ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫ ɛɥɸɞɚɦɢ-ɩɨɞɫɬɚɜɤɚɦɢ, ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ į13ɋ ɨɛɟɢɯ ɠɢɪɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ (C16:0 ~ 2 ‰ ɢ C18:0 ~ 5 ‰), ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡ ɥɚɦɩ. ɏɨɬɹ ɷɬɨɬ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɫɚɦ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɛɵɥ ɜɚɠɟɧ, ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ į13ɋ ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ į13ɋ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɥɨ, ɱɬɨ į13C ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɛɥɸɞ-ɩɨɞɫɬɚɜɨɤ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɫɢɥɢɫɶ ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɬ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɜɢɧɵɯ ɠɢɪɨɜ. Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫ ɥɚɦɩɚɦɢ, į13C ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɢɡ ɠɢɪɨɜ ɠɜɚɱɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ (ɤɪɭɩɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɝɚɬɨɝɨ ɫɤɨɬɚ ɢ ɨɜɟɰ; ɪɢɫ. 2). ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɞɟɝɪɚɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɠɢɪɨɜ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɵ ɤ ɫɜɢɧɵɦ ɠɢɪɚɦ ɢ ɠɢɪɚɦ ɠɜɚɱɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɜ ɛɥɸɞɚɯɩɨɞɫɬɚɜɤɚɯ ɢ ɥɚɦɩɚɯ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ (Evershed et al., 1997; Mottram et al., 1999). Ⱦɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɠɢɪɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɢ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɧɨɣ (ɩɨ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɦɭ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɭ) ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɛɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɠɢɪɨɜ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ (Dudd, 1999). ɗɬɢ 152 ɷɬɚɥɨɧɧɵɟ ɠɢɪɵ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɤɨɪɨɜɶɢ ɠɢɪɵ (ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɣ ɠɢɪ ɢ ɦɨɥɨɤɨ), ɨɜɟɱɶɢ ɠɢɪɵ (ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɣ ɠɢɪ ɢ ɦɨɥɨɤɨ), ɨɥɟɧɶɢ ɠɢɪɵ, ɤɨɧɫɤɢɟ ɠɢɪɵ, ɫɜɢɧɵɟ ɠɢɪɵ, ɠɢɪɵ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɣ ɩɬɢɰɵ ɢ ɪɵɛɢɣ ɠɢɪ, ɛɵɥɢ ɜɡɹɬɵ ɨɬ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ, ɜɵɪɚɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɦɚɯ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ. Ɇɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɧɵɯ ɠɢɪɨɜ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɥɨ ɨɬɱɟɬɥɢɜɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɥɢɩɢɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɠɢɪɚɦɢ ɠɜɚɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɟɠɜɚɱɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɪɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɠɜɚɱɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ (Dudd, 1999). Ʉɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 3, ɚɧɚɥɢɡ į13C ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɠɢɪɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɥ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬ ɠɜɚɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɟɠɜɚɱɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ (Dudd, 1999). Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɛɵɥɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɠɢɪɚɦɢ ɠɜɚɱɧɵɯ, ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ į13C ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ~ 2,3 ‰ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɸ ɜ į13C18:0 ɜ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɠɢɪɚɯ ɠɜɚɱɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ į13C18:0 ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɠɢɪɚ ɠɜɚɱɧɵɯ (Dudd & Evershed, 1998; Dudd, 1999; Copley et al., 2003). ɗɬɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɋ18:0 ɠɢɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɜ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɟ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɠɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɶɸ ɠɜɚɱɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ. ɗɬɢ ɠɢɪɧɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɋ18:0 , ɜ ɠɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ ɠɜɚɱɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɢɡ ɚɰɟɬɚɬɚ (ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɚɰɟɬɢɥɚ ɋɨȺ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɪɭɛɰɟ (ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɟ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ ɠɜɚɱɧɵɯ). Ⱦɥɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ, ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɥɚɤɬɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɚ ɤ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɭ ɋ18:0, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɋ18:0 ɠɢɪɧɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɢɡ ɧɟɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɋ18:0 ɠɢɪɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ, ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɮɭɪɚɠɧɨɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɢɯ ɛɢɨɝɢɞɪɨɝɟɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɪɭɛɰɟ, ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɞɨɥɟɣ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɨɣ ɨɬ ɦɨɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɚɞɢɩɨɡɧɵɯ ɠɢɪɨɜ (Moore & Christie, 1981). ɗɬɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ ɜ į13ɋ18:0 ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɚɞɢɩɨɡɧɵɦɢ ɠɢɪɚɦɢ ɠɜɚɱɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɬɨɦɭ ɮɚɤɬɭ, ɱɬɨ ɥɢɩɢɞɵ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɟɞɧɟɧɵ ɜ į13ɋ, ɱɟɦ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɵ (Deniro & Epstein, 1977). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɦɨɥɨɱɧɵɟ ɠɢɪɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɛɢɨɝɢɞɪɨɝɟɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɠɢɪɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɢɡ ɮɭɪɚɠɚ, ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɜ į13ɋ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɚɞɢɩɨɡɧɵɯ ɠɢɪɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɜ, ɞɚɜɚɹ 2,3 ‰ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɸ, ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ į13ɋ 18:0 ɦɨɥɨɤɚ ɠɜɚɱɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ (ɪɢɫ. 4) (Dudd & Evershed, 1998; Dudd, 1999). ɍɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɠɢɪɨɜ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɧɱɚɪɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹɯ, ɞɚɥ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɭɸɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɜ Ȼɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ, ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɢ ɧɚ Ȼɥɢɠɧɟɦ ȼɨɫɬɨɤɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɠɢɪɵ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɬɶ ɜ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɚɯ, ɛɵɥɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɫɨɬɧɹɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɢ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɞɨɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ Ȼɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ, ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɢ ɧɚ Ȼɥɢɠɧɟɦ ȼɨɫɬɨɤɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ (Copley et al., 2003; 2005a; 2005b; 2005c; 2005d; Craig et al., 2005; Evershed et al., 2008). ɋɚɦɨɟ ɪɚɧɧɟɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɨ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɜ ɝɨɧɱɚɪɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹɯ ɢɡ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɟɫɬ Ⱥɧɚɬɨɥɢɢ, ɞɚɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ VII ɬɵɫ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. (Evershed et al., 2008). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɫɚɦɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɪɢɮɥɟɧɨɣ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɟ ɛɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɟɨɥɢɬɚ ɷɤɫɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɫɜɢɧɢɧɚ (Mukherjee et al., 2007). ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɣ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɧɱɚɪɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹɯ ɢɡ Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧɚ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɞɨɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɟ. 153 Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ. ɉɨɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ Ʉɟɧɬ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ 220 ɤɦ ɤ ȼɘȼ ɨɬ ɝ. Ʉɚɪɚɝɚɧɞɵ, ɜ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨɪɧɨɦ ɥɟɫɢɫɬɨɦ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɟ Ʉɟɧɬ. Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɤ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɛɟɪɟɝɚ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɪ. Ʉɵɡɵɥɤɟɧɵɲ. ɉɨɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɞɪɨɧɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɝɚɡɵ-ɞɚɧɞɵɛɚɟɜɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ ɜɚɥɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ (ȼɚɪɮɨɥɨɦɟɟɜ, 2011). ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɨɤ ɢ ɞɚɬ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɣ, ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤ ɞɚɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ XIII-IX ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɂɡ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɨ ɨɤɨɥɨ 30 000 ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɫɭɞɵ. ɉɨ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɦɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɚ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɭ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɰɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɨɫɭɞɵ ɜɚɥɢɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ. Ɉɧɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɨɬ ɧɟɥɨɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ ɪɭɱɧɨɣ ɥɟɩɤɢ, ɜɧɟɲɧɹɹ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɚ ɩɭɱɤɚɦɢ ɬɪɚɜɵ, ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɵɦɢ ɳɟɩɤɚɦɢ, ɤɨɫɬɹɧɵɦɢ ɲɩɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɜ ɬɟɫɬɟ — ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɤɢ, ɩɟɫɤɚ, ɲɚɦɨɬɚ. Ʉɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ ɜɚɥɢɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ I ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɰɢɢ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ Ʉɟɧɬ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɚ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɟ ɨɤɨɥɨ 6% ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɨɫɭɞɵ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɚɧɞɪɨɧɨɢɞɧɚɹ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɤɨɜɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɚɹ. Ʉɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ — ɩɥɨɬɧɚɹ, ɧɟɩɨɪɢɫɬɚɹ, ɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɛɨɪɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɬɞɚɧɨ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚɦ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ ɢɡ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ I (ɪɢɫ. 5; ɪɢɫ. 6). ɉɨɫɭɞɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɝɨɪɲɟɱɧɵɦɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɫ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɣ ɝɨɪɥɨɜɢɧɨɣ (ɪɢɫ. 5; ɪɢɫ. 6: 1-4, 9), ɫɨɫɭɞɵ ɫ ɭɡɤɢɦ ɝɨɪɥɨɦ ɪɟɞɤɢ (ɪɢɫ. 6: 8), ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵ. Ɉɛɴɺɦɵ ɷɬɢɯ ɝɨɪɲɤɨɜ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɸɬ ɨɬ 2-3 (ɪɢɫ. 6: 5-7) ɞɨ 10-12 ɥ (ɪɢɫ. 5; ɪɢɫ. 6: 1-4, 9). ɇɚ ɞɧɢɳɚɯ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ, ɚ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɫɬɟɧɤɚɯ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨɪɥɵɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɩɢɳɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɱɟɪɧɵɯ ɭɝɥɢɫɬɵɯ ɧɚɝɚɪɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɩɢɳɢ, ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɹɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɝɨɪɲɤɚɯ. ɇɚ ɭɡɤɨɝɨɪɥɵɯ ɤɭɜɲɢɧɚɯ ɧɚɝɚɪ ɧɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧ, ɨɧɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɞɥɹ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɫɵɩɭɱɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ, ɚɛɫɨɪɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɩɨɪɚɯ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ, ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧɨ 63 ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɨɫɭɞɵ ɜɚɥɢɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɢɡ Ʉɟɧɬɚ. Ȼɵɥɢ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɵ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɵ ɨɬ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɢɳɢ. Ƚɞɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɜɵɛɢɪɚɥɢɫɶ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɵ ɜɟɧɱɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɬɭɥɨɜɚ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɛɵɥɨ ɭɠɟ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɥɢɩɢɞɚ, ɷɤɫɬɪɚɝɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ (Charters et al., 1993). ɗɤɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹ ɥɢɩɢɞɧɵɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ. Ʌɢɩɢɞɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɨɛɳɟɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɱɟɪɬɚɯ ɧɚ ɫɯɟɦɟ (ɪɢɫ. 7). Ȼɵɥɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɵ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ 2 ɝ ɩɪɨɛɵ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɝɥɢɧɹɧɨɝɨ ɱɟɪɟɩɤɚ, ɢ ɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɵɥɚ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɚ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɨɪɚ (Como Mini Drill, MFA Como Drills), ɱɬɨɛɵ ɭɞɚɥɢɬɶ ɥɸɛɵɟ ɷɤɡɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɥɢɩɢɞɵ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɠɢɪɵ, ɩɪɢɜɧɟɫɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɡ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɢɥɢ ɨɬɩɟɱɚɬɤɢ ɩɚɥɶɰɟɜ ɡɟɦɥɟɤɨɩɨɜ ɢ /ɢɥɢ ɯɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɦɭɡɟɹ. Ɉɱɢɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ ɛɵɥ ɪɚɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɵɦ ɩɟɫɬɢɤɨɦ ɜ ɫɬɭɩɤɟ ɞɨ ɬɨɧɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɚ, ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧ ɢ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧ ɜ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɛɵɥɨ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɨ 20 ȝl ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚ (nɬɟɬɪɚɬɪɢɚɤɨɧɬɚɧɚ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ Sigma Aldrich Company Ltd.). Ʌɢɩɢɞɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɯɥɨɪɨɮɨɪɦ: ɦɟɬɚɧɨɥ (10 ɦɥ; 2:1 v/v) ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɨɦ (2 x 20 ɦɢɧ). ɗɤɫɬɪɚɤɬ ɛɵɥ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɢɮɭɝɢɪɨɜɚɧ (2500 ɨɛ/ɦɢɧ; 10 ɦɢɧ; MSE Mistral 1000) ɢ ɫɭɩɟɪɧɚɬɚɧɬ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣ TLE (ɜɟɫɶ ɥɢɩɢɞɧɵɣ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɤɬ), ɛɵɥ ɭɞɚɥɟɧ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧ ɜ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ. TLE ɛɵɥ ɩɪɨɩɭɳɟɧ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɥɨɧɤɭ ɫ ɫɢɥɢɤɚɝɟɥɟɦ (1 ɝ), ɱɬɨɛɵ ɭɞɚɥɢɬɶ ɥɸɛɵɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ. Ȼɵɥɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɚ ɚɥɢɤɜɨɬɚ TLE, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɌɆɋ (ɬɪɢɦɟɬɢɥɫɢɥɢɥɨɜɵɟ) ɷɮɢɪɵ ɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɷɮɢɪɵ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ HTGC (ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɯɪɨɦɚɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ) ɢ GC/MS (ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɯɪɨɦɚɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ/ɦɚɫɫ-ɫɩɟɤɬɪɨɦɟɬɪɢɢ). ɗɤɫɬɪɚɤɬɵ, 154 ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɚɰɢɥɝɥɢɰɟɪɢɧɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɢ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɵ ɜ ɦɟɬɢɥɨɜɵɟ ɷɮɢɪɵ ɠɢɪɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ – ɆɗɀɄ (FAMEs) ɢ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ GC ɢ GC/C/IRMS ɢ/ɢɥɢ GC/TC/IRMS. ɉɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɌɆɋ. Ⱥɥɢɤɜɨɬɚ TLE ɛɵɥɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɚ N,O-ɛɢɫ (ɬɪɢɦɟɬɢɥɫɢɥɢɥ) ɬɪɢɮɬɨɪɚɰɟɬɚɦɢɞɨɦ (BSTFA), ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɦ 1% ɬɪɢɦɟɬɢɥɯɥɨɪɫɢɥɚɧɚ (Sigma Aldrich Company Ltd.; 40, ȝl; 70°C, 1 ɱɚɫ). ɂɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɵɣ BSTFA ɛɵɥ ɭɞɚɥɟɧ ɩɨɞ ɚɡɨɬɨɦ, ɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɨɟ TLE ɛɵɥɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɨ ɜ ɝɟɤɫɚɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɬɟɦ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ GC ɢ GC/MS. ɋɚɩɨɧɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ TLE. Ɇɟɬɚɧɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ (5 % v/v) ɛɵɥ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧ ɤ ɚɥɢɤɜɨɬɟ TLE ɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɬ (70°C, 1 ɱɚɫ) ɩɪɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɦ ɩɨɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɢ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɚ ɝɟɤɫɚɧɨɦ (3 x 3ɦɥ). Ɉɫɬɚɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɛɵɥ ɩɨɞɤɢɫɥɟɧ ɞɨ pH 3 (HCl 1M) ɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɟ ɠɢɪɧɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɵ ɯɥɨɪɨɮɨɪɦɨɦ (3 x 3 ɦɥ), ɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶ ɭɞɚɥɟɧ ɩɨɞ ɚɡɨɬɨɦ. ɉɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɢɥɨɜɵɯ ɷɮɢɪɨɜ ɠɢɪɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɆɗɀɄ (FAMEs). ɆɗɀɄ (FAMEs) ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɯ ɠɢɪɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ BF3-ɦɟɬɚɧɨɥɨɦ (14 % w/v; Sigma Aldrich Company Ltd.; 100 ȝl, 70°C, 1 ɱɚɫ). Ȼɵɥɚ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɞɜɚɠɞɵ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ (1 ɦɥ) ɢ ɆɗɀɄ (FAMEs) ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɵ ɯɥɨɪɨɮɨɪɦɨɦ (3 x 2 ɦɥ), ɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶ ɭɞɚɥɟɧ ɩɨɞ ɚɡɨɬɨɦ. ɆɗɀɄ (FAMEs) ɛɵɥɢ ɡɚɧɨɜɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɵ ɜ ɝɟɤɫɚɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ GC, GC/C/IRMS ɢ GC/TC/IRMS. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɧɵɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɟ ɠɢɪɵ ɢɡ Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧɚ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɰɵ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɠɢɪɨɜ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɦ Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧɟ ɜ 2002-2005 ɝɨɞɚɯ. ȼ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɨ 11 ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɫɜɢɧɢɧɵ, 6 ɝɨɜɹɞɢɧɵ ɢ 10 ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɤɨɧɢɧɵ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɪɵɧɤɚɯ, ɚ 5 ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɤɨɪɨɜɶɟɝɨ ɦɨɥɨɤɚ ɢ 6 ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɤɨɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɥɨɤɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɡɹɬɵ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɭ ɮɟɪɦɟɪɨɜ. ɏɨɬɹ ɪɚɰɢɨɧ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ, ɮɟɪɦɟɪɵ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɟ ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜ ɫɬɟɩɢ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɩɵɥɶɰɟ, ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ c ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɡɟɪ ɢ ɛɨɥɨɬ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɦ Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧɟ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɪɨɜ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɚɥɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥɫɹ ɫ 10100 ɝɨɞɚ ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. (Kremenetski, 2003; Tarasov, Kaptan, 1997). ɗɬɨ ɠɟ, ɧɚɞɨ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶ, ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɢ ɤ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧɭ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɢɳɚ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ, ɜɫɤɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɢ, ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɬɨɬ ɬɢɩ ɩɢɳɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɟ, ɜɵɪɚɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɬɶ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ 16 ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɩɪɟɫɧɨɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɪɵɛɵ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɜ ɪɟɤɚɯ ɭ ɝɝ. Ʌɢɫɚɤɨɜɫɤɚ ɢ Ʉɨɤɲɟɬɚɭ, ɚ ɞɪɭɝɚɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɤɭɩɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɚɯ ɜ Ʉɨɫɬɚɧɚɟ, Ʉɨɤɲɟɬɚɭ ɢ Ʉɚɪɚɝɚɧɞɟ. ȼ ɨɛɳɟɦ, ɧɚɛɨɪ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɵ ɩɥɨɬɜɵ (3), ɨɤɭɧɹ (2), ɳɭɤɢ (4), ɤɚɪɩɚ (6) ɢ ɫɨɦɚ (1). Ɉɛɪɚɡɰɵ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɡɹɬɵ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɤɚɥɶɩɟɥɹ ɢ ɜɵɫɭɲɟɧɵ ɫɭɛɥɢɦɚɰɢɟɣ ɜ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɥɛɟ. ɉɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɵ ɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɨ 70 ȝg ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚ (ɧ-ɬɟɬɪɚɬɪɢɚɤɨɧɬɚɧɚ). Ʌɢɩɢɞɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɵ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɦɟɬɨɞ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɣ ɜɵɲɟ. ɋɭɩɟɪɧɚɬɚɧɬ ɛɵɥ ɰɟɧɬɪɢɮɭɝɢɪɨɜɚɧ (2500 ɨɛ/ɦɢɧ, 10 ɦɢɧ.) ɢ ɨɬɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɥɨɧɤɭ ɫ ɫɢɥɢɤɚɝɟɥɟɦ (1ɝ). Ⱥɥɢɤɜɨɬɚ TLE ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ BSTFA, ɤɚɤ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɜɵɲɟ, ɢ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɯɪɨɦɚɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ — HTGC. Ⱦɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɚɹ ɚɥɢɤɜɨɬɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɨɦɵɥɟɧɚ ɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɚɹ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɡɚɦɟɳɟɧɚ ɞɨ ɦɟɬɢɥɨɜɵɯ ɷɮɢɪɨɜ ɠɢɪɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ (FAMEs) ɢ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ GC, GC/C/IRMS ɢ GC/TC/IRMS. 155 ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ. ȼɫɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɵ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɯɪɨɦɚɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ (HTGC) ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɦ ɯɪɨɦɚɬɨɝɪɚɮɟ Hewlett Packard 5890 series II, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɦ ɫ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɨɦ Opus V PC, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ HP Chemstation. Ɉɞɢɧ ɦɢɥɥɢɝɪɚɦɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɜɩɪɵɫɤɢɜɚɥɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɤɨɥɨɧɤɭ, ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɢɡ ɤɜɚɪɰɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ (15 ɦ x 0,32 ɦɦ ɜ.ɞ.), ɩɨɤɪɵɬɭɸ ɞɢɦɟɬɢɥɩɨɥɢɫɢɥɨɤɫɚɧɨɦ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ (J&W Scientific; DB1-HT, ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ ɮɚɡɵ 0,1 ȝɦ). Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɥɚ ɢɡ 2 ɦɢɧ. ɢɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɩɪɢ 50ɨɋ, ɡɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɞɨ 350ɨɋ ɫɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ 10ɨɋ ɜ ɦɢɧ-1. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɩɪɢ 350ɨɋ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 10 ɦɢɧ. ɉɥɚɦɟɧɧɨɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɞɟɬɟɤɬɨɪ (ɉɂȾ) ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɫɹ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɷɥɸɚɬ. ȼɨɞɨɪɨɞ ɹɜɥɹɥɫɹ ɝɚɡɨɦ-ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɝɨɥɨɜɟ ɤɨɥɨɧɤɢ 10 ɮɭɧɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɵɣ ɞɸɣɦ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɵ ɆɗɀɄ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɵ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɯɪɨɦɚɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɯɪɨɦɚɬɨɝɪɚɮɚ Hewlett Packard 5890 series II, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɫ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɨɦ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ Clarity. Ɉɞɢɧ ɦɢɥɥɢɝɪɚɦɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɜɩɪɵɫɤɢɜɚɥɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɤɨɥɨɧɤɭ, ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɢɡ ɤɜɚɪɰɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ (60 ɦ x 0,32 ɦɦ ɜ.ɞ.), ɩɨɤɪɵɬɭɸ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɣ ɰɢɚɧɨɩɪɨɩɢɥɨɜɨɣ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɣ ɮɚɡɨɣ, ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɦɟɬɢɥ ɩɨɥɢɫɢɥɨɤɫɚɧɨɦ (Varian Inc., USA; VF23ms; ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ ɮɚɡɵ 0,15 ȝɦ). Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɥɚ ɢɡ 1 ɦɢɧ. ɢɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɩɪɢ 50ɨɋ, ɡɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɞɨ 100ɨ ɋ ɫɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ 15ɨɋ ɜ ɦɢɧ-1, ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɞɨ 240ɨɋ ɫɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ 4ɨɋ ɜ ɦɢɧ-1, ɡɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɨ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɞɨ 260ɨɋ ɫɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ 15ɨɋ ɜ ɦɢɧ-1 ɫ ɢɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɦ ɜ 15 ɦɢɧ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 260ɨɋ. ɉɥɚɦɟɧɧɨ-ɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɞɟɬɟɤɬɨɪ (ɉɂȾ) – (FID) ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɫɹ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɥɟɞɢɬɶ ɡɚ ɷɥɸɚɬɨɦ, ɚ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞ ɹɜɥɹɥɫɹ ɝɚɡɨɦ-ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɝɨɥɨɜɟ ɤɨɥɨɧɤɢ 10 ɮɭɧɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɵɣ ɞɸɣɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɯɪɨɦɚɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ/ɦɚɫɫ-ɫɩɟɤɬɪɨɦɟɬɪɢɢ (GC/MS), ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɚɫɫ-ɫɩɟɤɬɪɨɦɟɬɪɚ ThermoFinnigan Trace MS ThermoFinnigan Trace MS, ɨɛɪɚɡɰɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɢɧɠɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɫ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ (PTV), ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɛɟɫɫɛɪɨɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɜɨɞɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɞɢɦɟɬɢɥɫɢɥɨɤɫɚɧɨɜɭɸ ɤɨɥɨɧɤɭ (Phenomenex, ZB-1, 60 ɦ x 0,32 ɦɦ ɜ.ɞ., ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ ɮɚɡɵ 0,1 ȝɦ). ɉɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɪɬɚ ɜɫɩɪɵɫɤɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɚ 50ɨɋ ɫ ɮɚɡɨɣ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ 1 ɦɢɧ, ɡɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɫ 50ɨɋ ɞɨ 300ɨɋ ɩɪɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ 14,5ɨɋ ɫɟɤ-1 ɫ ɢɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɦ ɜ 37 ɦɢɧɭɬ. ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ GC ɫɨɫɬɨɹɥɚ ɢɡ ɢɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɜ 2 ɦɢɧ ɩɪɢ 50ɨɋ, ɡɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɞɨ 300ɨɋ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 10 ɦɢɧ. Ɇɚɫɫɫɩɟɤɬɪɨɦɟɬɪɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɦ ɭɞɚɪɨɦ (EI) ɝɚɡɨɯɪɨɦɚɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɨɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜ 300ɨɋ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜ 200ɨɋ. Ɍɨɤ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥ 150 ȝȺ ɢ ɆS ɩɨɥɭɱɚɥɢ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ m/z 50-650 ɚ.ɟ.ɦ. ɩɪɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɫɤɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ 1,3 ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɫɟɤɭɧɞɭ. ɋɛɨɪ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ Xcalibur. Ɇɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɯɪɨɦɚɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ/ɦɚɫɫ-ɫɩɟɤɬɪɨɦɟɬɪɢɢ (HTGC/MS) ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɬɪɢɦɟɬɢɥɫɢɥɢɥɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ TLE, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɮɢɪɦɵ Perkin Elmer Turbomass Gold, ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɥɨɧɤɨɣ, ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɤɜɚɪɰɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ (J&W; DB1-HT; 15ɦ x 0,25 ɦɦ ɜ.ɞ.; ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ ɮɚɡɵ 0,1 ȝɦ). Ƚɚɡɨɯɪɨɦɚɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ (GC) ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɥɫɹ ɩɪɢ 156 350ɨɋ. Ɇɚɫɫ-ɫɩɟɤɬɪɨɦɟɬɪ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɥ ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ (50 – 850 ɞɚɥɶɬɨɧ, 1 ɫɤɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ/0,6 ɫɟɤ; 40 eV ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ 240ɨɋ). Ƚɚɡɨɦɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɛɵɥ ɝɟɥɢɣ, ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɚɬ ɯɪɨɦɚɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɥɨɧɤɢ ɛɵɥ ɡɚɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ: 2 ɦɢɧ ɢɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɩɪɢ 50ɨɋ, ɡɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɞɨ 350ɨɋ ɩɪɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ 10ɨɋ ɦɢɧ-1, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ 350ɨɋ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 10 ɦɢɧ. ɉɢɤɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ, ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɦɚɫɫ-ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɯ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɭɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ Ƚɏ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ c NIST ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɱɧɵɦɢ ɦɚɫɫ-ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɦɢ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɵ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɨɜ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ MS (GC/C/IRMS) ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɯɪɨɦɚɬɨɝɪɚɮɚ Varian 3400, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫ ɦɚɫɫ-ɫɩɟɤɬɪɨɦɟɬɪɨɦ Finnigan MAT Delta S IRMS ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ Finnigan MAT type I, ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɵ ɫɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɛɵ, ɦɟɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɥɚɬɢɧɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɥɨɤɨɣ (0,1 ɦɦ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ) ɜ ɝɥɢɧɨɡɟɦɧɨɦ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɟ (0,5 ɦɦ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ). Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ 860ɨɋ, ɚ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɟ ɦɚɫɫ-ɫɩɟɤɬɪɨɦɟɬɪɚ ɛɵɥɨ 6 ɯ 10-6 ɦɛɚɪ. Ʉɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɵ Ɏɚɪɚɞɟɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɨɧɨɜ m/z 44 ɚ.ɟ.ɦ. (12C16O2), 45 (13C16O2 ɢ 12 17 16 C O O) ɢ 46 (12C18O16O). ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɯɪɨɦɚɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɥɨɧɤɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɤɨɥɨɧɤɚ Factor Four VF-23ms (Varian Chrompack 60 ɦ x 0,32 ɦɦ ɜ.ɞ., ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ ɮɚɡɵ 0,15 ȝɦ). Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɥɚ ɢɡ ɢɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɜ 1 ɦɢɧ ɩɪɢ 50ɨɋ, ɡɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɞɨ 240ɨɋ ɩɪɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ 10°C ɦɢɧ-1, ɡɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥ ɢɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜ 10 ɦɢɧ ɩɪɢ 240ɨɋ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɚɫɫ-ɫɩɟɤɬɪɨɦɟɬɪɚ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ThermoElectron Deltaplus XP, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɫ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɦ ɯɪɨɦɚɬɨɝɪɚɮɨɦ ThermoElectron Trace ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ Thermo-Electron GCCIII. Ɉɛɪɚɡɰɵ ɜɫɩɪɵɫɤɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɱɟɪɟɡ PTV ɢɧɠɟɤɬɨɪ ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɛɟɫɫɛɪɨɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɜɨɞɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ. Ƚɚɡɨɜɵɣ ɯɪɨɦɚɬɨɝɪɚɮ ɛɵɥ ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɥɨɧɤɨɣ ɢɡ ɤɜɚɪɰɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ (60ɦ x 0,32ɦɦ ɜ.ɞ.), ɩɨɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɣ ɰɢɚɧɨɩɪɨɩɢɥɨɜɨɣ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɣ ɮɚɡɨɣ, ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɦɟɬɢɥɩɨɥɢɫɢɥɨɤɫɚɧɨɦ (Varian Inc., USA; VF23ms; ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ ɮɚɡɵ 0,15 ȝɦ). Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɟ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ 940°C, ɚ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɟ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ 600°C. Ⱦɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ 6 x 10-6 ɦɛɚɪ, ɚ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɵ Ɏɚɪɚɞɟɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɬɶ ɢɨɧɵ ɦɚɫɫɵ 44 ɚ.ɟ.ɦ.(12C16O2), 45 (13C16O2 ɢ 12C17O16O) ɢ 46 (12C18O16O). Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɥɚ ɢɡ ɢɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɜ 1 ɦɢɧ ɩɪɢ 40ɨɋ, ɡɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɞɨ 240ɨɋ ɩɪɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ 10°C ɦɢɧ-1, ɡɚ ɧɢɦ – ɢɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜ 1 ɦɢɧ ɩɪɢ 240ɨɋ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɧɵɯ ɠɢɪɨɜ ɢɡ Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧɚ. Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 8 ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨ į13ɋ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɋ16:0 ɢ ɋ18:0 ɠɢɪɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɬɶ ɠɢɪɵ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɫɨɜɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɠɢɪɚ ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɠɢɪɚ ɠɜɚɱɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ, ɷɬɢ ɞɜɚ ɬɢɩɚ ɠɢɪɨɜ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɟ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɤɨɧɫɤɢɟ ɠɢɪɵ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɨɛɟɞɧɟɧɵ ɜ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ į13ɋ18:0 ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɚɞɢɩɨɡɧɵɦɢ ɠɢɪɚɦɢ ɠɜɚɱɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ. ɋɜɢɧɵɟ ɠɢɪɵ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ, ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɹ ɫɚɦɨɟ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ į13ɋ18:0, ɚ ɠɢɪɵ ɩɪɟɫɧɨɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɪɵɛɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɟ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ į13ɋ18:0 ɢ į13ɋ16:0 ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɵ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɧɚ 3‰ ɢ 1.5 ‰ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ (ɪɢɫ. 8). ɍɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ į13ɋ ɩɪɟɫɧɨɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɪɵɛɵ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɥɢ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɋɈ2, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɛɨɥɨɬɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ ɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ (Rau, 1980; Fry, 2002), ɢ ɷɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɋɈ2 ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɜ ɩɪɟɫɧɨɜɨɞɧɭɸ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɤɚɡɚɯɫɤɨɣ 157 ɫɬɟɩɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ į 13ɋ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɢɞɚɯ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɭɯɨɩɭɬɧɵɯ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɛɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɠɢɪɚɦ (Dudd & Evershed, 1998), ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɵɟ ɠɢɪɵ ɤɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɠɜɚɱɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ, ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ į13ɋ ɠɢɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɋ18:0 ɜ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɠɢɪɚɯ. Ʉɚɤ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɲɟ, ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɦɭ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɭ ɛɢɨɝɢɞɪɨɝɟɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɠɢɪɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ, ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡ ɮɭɪɚɠɚ, ɤ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɋ18:0 ɜ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɠɢɪɚɯ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ɋ18:0 ɢɡ ɚɰɟɬɚɬɨɜ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɜ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɷɬɨ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜ ɞɟɩɨ ɠɢɪɨɜ ɠɜɚɱɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ (Christie, 1981; Dudd & Evershed, 1998). ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɠɢɪɨɜ ɠɜɚɱɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ, ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɤɨɧɫɤɢɟ ɚɞɢɩɨɡɧɵɟ ɢ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɵɟ ɠɢɪɵ, ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ į13ɋ ɢɯ ɠɢɪɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɧɚɛɨɪɨɜ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ. ɗɬɨ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɛɢɨɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɭ ɠɜɚɱɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ, ɱɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɚɞɢɩɨɡɧɵɯ ɠɢɪɨɜ. Ɇɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɢ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɢɡ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ Ʉɟɧɬɚ. ȼ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ 63 ɝɥɢɧɹɧɵɯ ɱɟɪɟɩɤɚ ɢɡ Ʉɟɧɬɚ, 73% ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɥɢ ɥɢɩɢɞɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ, ɩɨɞɞɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ. ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɥɢɩɢɞɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɚ 126,9 ȝg g-1 ɢ ɜɫɟ ɥɢɩɢɞɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɝɪɚɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɠɢɪɨɜ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɠɢɪɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ C16:0 ɢ C18:0 (ɪɢɫ. 9). ɌȺȽ (ɬɪɢɚɰɢɥɝɥɢɰɟɪɢɞɵ) ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ 21 ɝɥɢɧɹɧɨɦ ɱɟɪɟɩɤɟ (33%) ɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɨɬ C44 ɞɨ C56, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ C52 ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɥɫɹ ɜ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ, ɚ C44, C46 ɢ C56 ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ (ɪɢɫ.9ɚ). ɑɟɬɵɪɟ ɜɵɬɹɠɤɢ (PS108, PS110, PS143 ɢ PS145) ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɥɢ ɞɥɢɧɧɭɸ ɰɟɩɶ C31, C33 and C35 ɤɟɬɨɧɨɜ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ 1:2:1, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɚɯ ɝɪɟɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɝɨɬɨɜɢɥɢ ɩɢɳɭ (ɪɢɫ. 9ɛ). Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɥɢɩɢɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɥɨ ɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɰɟɩɢ C15:0 ɢ C17:0 ɠɢɪɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ. ɂ ɨɩɹɬɶ ɷɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɠɜɚɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɷɬɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɨ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɠɢɪɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ 31 ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɛɵɥ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ į13ɋ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɟ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 10. ɋɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɢɡ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ Ʉɟɧɬɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ (74%) ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɠɜɚɱɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ. ɗɬɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɭɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹɦɢ, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ ɠɢɪɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɢɡɤɢɟ ɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ, ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɠɢɪɨɜ ɠɜɚɱɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ/ɫɜɢɧɵɯ ɠɢɪɨɜ. ɉɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɠɜɚɱɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɜ ɩɨɫɭɞɟ ɛɪɨɧɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɟɤɚ ɧɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɭɞɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɝɨ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɝɚɬɨɝɨ ɢ ɦɟɥɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɝɚɬɨɝɨ ɫɤɨɬɚ ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɜ Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧɟ (Benecke & von Den Driesch, 2003) ɢ ɨɧɨ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ, ɚɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɫ ɚɧɞɪɨɧɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɣ (Mallory, 1989; Zdanovich, 2003; Lamberg-Karlovsky, 2005). Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ į13C ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɯ ɛɪɨɧɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɟɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɦ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 158 ɜɟɥɨɫɶ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɠɜɚɱɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ (39%) ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ į13C ɠɢɪɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ C18:0, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɠɢɪɨɜ ɠɜɚɱɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɢ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɠɜɚɱɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ. ɀɢɪɧɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɩɪɨɢɫɲɟɞɲɢɟ ɢɡ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɠɜɚɱɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ, ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ, ɱɟɦ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɬɢɩ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɠɢɪɚ, ɫɥɭɠɚ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɦ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɶɸ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɪɹɞ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ, ɢɥɢ ɦɹɫɚ ɠɜɚɱɧɨɝɨ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝɨ (ɠɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɬɤɚɧɶ) ɢɥɢ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ į13C ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɷɬɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɞɨɜɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɥɢɩɫɚ, ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɤɨɦɭ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɦɭ ɠɢɪɭ ɢɥɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɨ ɤ ɧɟɦɭ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɪɭɝɚɦɢ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɣ ɢ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɵɣ ɠɢɪ (ɪɢɫ. 10), ɱɬɨ ɧɚɜɨɞɢɬ ɧɚ ɦɵɫɥɶ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɢ ɢɡ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɠɢɪɨɜ. ɗɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɞɜɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɨɫɭɞɟ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ, ɢɥɢ ɷɬɚ ɩɨɫɭɞɚ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɠɜɚɱɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ. Ɉɛɚ ɷɬɢ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɦɭ ɫɥɭɱɚɸ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɭɞɵ, ɢ ɱɬɨ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɫɭɞɟ (Charters et al., 1995; Charters, 1996). ȼ ɩɨɪɚɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ ɧɟɬ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɫɜɢɧɵɯ ɠɢɪɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɢɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɫɭɞɟ ɜ Ʉɟɧɬɟ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɜɢɧɶɢ ɜ ɨɫɬɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɰɢɢ Ʉɟɧɬɚ, ɝɞɟ ɨɧɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ 0,08% (Outram, Ʉɚɫɩɚɪɨɜ, 2007). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɫɜɢɧɶɹ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɩɢɳɢ ɭ ɨɛɢɬɚɬɟɥɟɣ Ʉɟɧɬɚ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɨɞɧɭ ɢɡ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɛɟɝɚɡɵɞɚɧɞɵɛɚɟɜɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ. Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɜɢɧɶɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɧɧɟɣ ɚɧɞɪɨɧɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɢ, ɪɚɧɟɟ ɷɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɜ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɨɛ ɢɧɞɨɢɪɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɚɧɞɪɨɧɨɜɰɟɜ (Mallory, 1989; LambergKarlovsky, 2005). ȼ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ ɢɡ Ʉɟɧɬɚ ɧɟ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɨ ɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɫɧɨɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɪɵɛɵ. ɗɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɪɵɛɚ ɧɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɩɢɳɭ ɧɚ Ʉɟɧɬɟ, ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɟɣ ɪ. Ɍɚɥɞɵ, ɢ ɜ ɟɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɟ — ɪ. Ʉɵɡɵɥɤɟɧɵɲ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ, ɜ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɟɥɤɚɹ ɩɥɨɬɜɚ, ɜɪɹɞ ɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɜɲɚɹ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ. ȼ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɯ (PS114, 141, 179, 186) ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɥɢɫɶ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ į13ɋ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɩɚɥɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ, ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦɭɸ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɫɤɢɯ ɠɢɪɨɜ, ɢɥɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɫ ɧɟɣ. Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɧɫɤɢɯ ɠɢɪɨɜ, ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ, ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɠɢɪɚɦɢ ɠɜɚɱɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɥɨɲɚɞɶ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɥɚɫɶ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɩɢɳɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ. ɗɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɨɫɬɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɛɪɨɧɡɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɢɣ, ɝɞɟ ɥɨɲɚɞɢ, ɯɨɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ, ɧɨ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ 30% ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɮɚɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ. ȼɵɜɨɞɵ. Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɥɢɩɢɞɧɵɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɜ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɧɱɚɪɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹɯ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɜ Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧɟ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɠɢɪɨɜ ɢɡ Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɚɞɢɩɨɡɧɵɟ ɠɢɪɵ ɠɜɚɱɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ, ɫɜɢɧɟɣ, ɥɨɲɚɞɟɣ ɢ ɪɵɛɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ 159 ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɵɟ ɠɢɪɵ ɠɜɚɱɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɨɜ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɷɬɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɵ ɜ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɵ ɜ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ. ɗɬɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨɟɧɢɟ ɠɜɚɱɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ (ɤɪɭɩɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɝɚɬɨɝɨ ɫɤɨɬɚ ɢ ɨɜɟɰ) ɛɵɥɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɝɨ ɛɪɨɧɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɟɤɚ Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧɚ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ ɱɬɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ į13ɋ, ɚɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦɢ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɭɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɮɚɤɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɨɫɭɞɟ ɝɨɬɨɜɢɥɢ ɦɹɫɨ ɠɜɚɱɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɚɥɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɧɢɧɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɩɢɳɭ ɢɡ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɫɭɞɵ. ɇɟɬ ɧɢɤɚɤɢɯ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɚ ɩɨɫɭɞɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɥɚɫɶ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɢɧɢɧɵ ɢɥɢ ɪɵɛɵ. ɗɬɢ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɨɬɨɜɨɞɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ, ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɹɫɧɵɯ ɢ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɨɬ ɠɜɚɱɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɥɨɲɚɞɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɟɪɯɨɜɨɣ ɟɡɞɵ ɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɬɹɝɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɥɵ, ɚ ɧɟ ɤɚɤ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɩɢɳɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɪɵɛɚ ɢɡ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɪɟɤ ɢ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɩɢɳɭ, ɬɨ, ɩɨɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɟɟ ɧɟ ɝɨɬɨɜɢɥɢ ɜ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɫɭɞɟ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɯ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ Ʉɟɧɬ, ɫ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɞɨɥɟɣ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɩɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɝɚɡɵɞɚɧɞɵɛɚɟɜɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ. ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊȺ Ⱥɯɢɧɠɚɧɨɜ ɋ.Ɇ., Ɇɚɤɚɪɨɜɚ Ʌ.Ⱥ., ɇɭɪɭɦɨɜ Ɍ.ɇ. Ʉ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɤɨɬɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɨɯɨɬɵ ɜ Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧɟ (ɩɨ ɨɫɬɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɭ ɢɡ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɷɧɟɨɥɢɬɚ ɢ ɛɪɨɧɡɵ). – Ⱥɥɦɚ-Ⱥɬɚ, 1992. – 218 ɫ. ȼɚɪɮɨɥɨɦɟɟɜ ȼ.ȼ. Ȼɟɝɚɡɵ-ɞɚɧɞɵɛɚɟɜɫɤɚɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɣ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ // Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧɚ ɜ ɷɩɨɯɭ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ. – Ɍ. I. – Ⱥɥɦɚɬɵ. 2011. – ɋ. 210-240. Benecke N., von Den Driesch A. Horse exploitation in the Kazakh steppes during the Eneolithic and Bronze Age // Prehistoric Steppe Adaptation and the Horse. (eds M. Levine, C. Renfrew and K. Boyle). – Cambridge, 2003 – Pp. 69-82. Brand W. High precision isotope ratio monitoring techniques in mass spectrometry // Journal of Mass Spectrometry. – 1996. – #31. – Pp. 225-235. Charters S. Chemical investigations of absorbed lipids and laboratory simulation experiments to interpret archaeological pottery vessel contents and use. – PhD thesis. – University of Bristol, 1996. Chariere S., Evershed R.P., Blinkhorn P.W., Denham V. 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