Лекция 3. КИНЕТИКА ФЕРМЕНТАТИВНЫХ ПРОЦЕССОВ

реклама
E_dpbyDBG?LBD:
N?JF?GL:LB<GUOIJHP?KKH<
N_jf_glZlb\gu_ ijhp_kku b]jZxl dexq_\mx jhev \ de_lhqghf
f_lZ[hebaf_Zke_^h\Zl_evghbodbg_lbdZ ^he`gZ bf_lvhkgh\gh_ agZ
q_gb_\^bgZfbd_de_lhqguoijhp_kkh\
MjZ\g_gb_ FboZwebkZF_gl_g JZkkfhljbf ijhkl_crmx n_j
f_glZlb\gmx j_Zdpbx \ dhlhjhc mqZkl\mxl h^bg km[kljZl 6b h^bg
n_jf_gl ? b ihy\ey_lky h^bg ijh^mdl J ijb jZkiZ^_ n_jf_gl
km[kljZlgh]hdhfie_dkZ(6
N
N
( 6 l (6 o ( 3 N ]^_NNdhgklZglukdhjhkl_cijyfhcbh[jZlghcj_Zdpbc h[jZah\Z
gby(6NdhgklZglZkdhjhklbv3h[jZah\Zgbyijh^mdlZJ
Kbkl_fZ hibku\Z_lky ke_^mxsbfb ^bnn_j_gpbZevgufb
mjZ\g_gbyfb
G6
N 6 ( N (6 GW
G(
N 6 ( N (6 N (6 GW
G (6 N 6 ( N (6 N (6 GW
G3
N (6 v3
GW
Ihkdhevdm\kbkl_f_khojZgy_lkyihklhygghch[sZydhgp_gljZpby
n_jf_glZ?lh\ex[hcfhf_gl\j_f_gbkmffZdhgp_gljZpbck\h[h^gh
]h?bk\yaZggh]h(6n_jf_glZjZ\gZ
((6 (
Ihkfhljbf fh`gh eb ijbf_gblv \ kbkl_f_ ijbgpbimadh]h
f_klZbebijbgpbijZa^_e_gby i_j_f_gguo gZ [uklju_b f_^e_ggu_ <
mjZ\g_gbyoe_]dh \u^_eblv ^\_ ]jmiiui_j_f_gguo I_j_f_ggu_ 6
bJhljZ`Zxlijhp_kkujZkoh^h\Zgbykm[kljZlZbkhhl\_lkl\mxs_]hih
y\e_gby ijh^mdlZ j_Zdpbb I_j_f_ggu_ ? b (6 hibku\Zxl ijhp_kku
h[jZah\Zgby b jZkiZ^Z n_jf_glkm[kljZlgh]h dhfie_dkZ Ihkfhljbf
gZkdhevdhhlebqZxlky ^jm] hl ^jm]Z wlb ]jmiiu i_j_f_gguo ih k\hbf
oZjZdl_jguf \j_f_gZf OZjZdl_jgh_ \j_fy W( kms_kl\h\Zgbydhfie_dkZ
(6hij_^_ey_lkygZb[he__[ukljhcklZ^b_c_]hjZkiZ^Zkh[jZah\Zgb_f
ijh^mdlZ J l _ dhgklZglhc kdhjhklbv3 h[jZah\Zgby ijh^mdlZ WlZ `_
[ukljZyklZ^byhij_^_ey_lj_]_g_jZpbxb\j_fykms_kl\h\Zgby\ kbkl_
f_ k\h[h^gh]h n_jf_glZ Bgufb keh\Zfb oZjZdl_jgh_ \j_fy W( `bagb
i_j_f_gguo?b(6khklZ\ey_l
W( N
DhgklZglZNkhhl\_lkl\m_lqbkemZdlh\dZlZebaZl_qbkemZdlh\
jZkiZ^Z (6 b h[jZah\Zgby J \ _^bgbpm \j_f_gb <j_fy wlh \j_fy
h[hjhlZn_jf_glZZdhgklZglZNgZau\Z_lkyqbkehfh[hjhlh\n_jf_glZ
OZjZdl_jgh_ \j_fy W6 m[ueb 6\ kbkl_f_ b khhl\_lkl\mxs_]h ihy\e_gby
Jhq_\b^ghaZ\bkblhlkdhjhklbh[jZah\Zgbyijh^mdlZHghjZ\gh
W( 6v3
FZdkbfZevgZy kdhjhklv h[jZah\Zgby ijh^mdlZ [m^_l ^hklb]gmlZ
dh]^Z\_kvn_jf_gl?gZoh^blky\k\yaZgghfkhklhygbbl_
v3PD[ N?h
<wlbomkeh\byo\j_fyW6m[ueb6[m^_lfbgbfZevguf
W6PLQ
6
N (
L_i_jvfh`_fkjZ\gblvih\_ebqbg_W6bW(Hq_\b^gh
W6PLQ
6
N (
< h[uqguo mkeh\byo dhgp_gljZpby km[kljZlZ 6 \h fgh]h jZaij_\urZ_l
dhgp_gljZpbxijh^mdlZ
>?@aF>6@aF
Hlkx^Zke_^m_lqlh?6 Ha l_
W6
PLQ
W ( ˜ a ˜ W ( H
H[uqghihihjy^dm\_ebqbguW(aFW6aFagZqbl
W(!!W6
Gh kh]eZkgh wlh hagZqZ_l qlh ? (6 y\eyxlky[ukljufb
i_j_f_ggufb Bo baf_g_gby gZklhevdh [uklju qlhhgb ij_[u\Zxl \k_
\j_fy hdheh k\hbo klZpbhgZjguo agZq_gbc ( (6 Ke_^h\Zl_evgh bo
fh`gh hibku\Zlv Ze]_[jZbq_kdbfb mjZ\g_gbyfb dhlhju_ ihemqZxlky
iml_f ijbjZ\gb\Zgby d gmexijZ\uo qZkl_c \lhjh]h b lj_lv_]h mjZ\g_
gbc\fh^_eb
G ( GW
G (6 GW
Fh`ghgZ]ey^ghbah[jZablvihemq_ggucj_amevlZl\ ^\mo fZkrlZ
[Zo\j_f_gbW(bW6kihfhsvxjbkmgdZ
Jbk>\ZfZkrlZ[Z\j_f_gbn_jf_glZlb\gh]hijhp_kkZ
h[tykg_gby\l_dkl_
G_[hevrZy l_e_`dZ ( hkms_kl\ey_l i_j_\ha ]jmaZ k h^gh]h f_k
lZ6 gZ ^jm]h_ J HgZ [ukljh gZ]jm`Z_lky b jZa]jm`Z_lkyW( fZeh
\ha\jZsZykv \gh\v aZ ]jmahf H^gZdh h[sbc ijhp_kk i_j_\hadb ]jmaZ k
h^gh]h f_klZ gZ ^jm]h_ m[uev 6 b ihy\e_gb_ J ijhbkoh^bl gZfgh]h
f_^e_gg__ q_f dZ`^uc hl^_evguc jZ[hqbc pbde l_e_`db W( !! W6 Bf_gghijb\uiheg_gbbmkeh\bcbfh`ghihemqblvba\_klgh_
\ [bhobfbb mjZ\g_gb_ FboZwebkZF_gl_g aZ\bkbfhklb klZpbhgZjghc
kdhjhklbn_jf_glZlb\ghcj_Zdpbbhldhgp_gljZpbbkm[kljZlZ
v3
N ( 6
.0 6
N N dhgklZglZ FboZwebkZ Ba \b^ghqlh qlh
N
ijb
m\_ebq_gbb
dhgp_gljZpbb
km[kljZlZ
dh]^Z
PD[
6 o f v o v3
N ( l_ gZ[ex^Z_lky gZkus_gb_ kdhjhklb j_Zd
pbbjbk Ba lZd`_\b^gh qlh ijb .0 6 kdhjhklv j_Zdpbb
jZ\gZ v3PD[Ke_^h\Zl_evgh dhgklZglZ FboZwebkZ .0 jZ\gZ qbke_g
ghdhgp_gljZpbb km[kljZlZ ijbdhlhjhc iheh\bgZ fhe_dme n_jf_glZ
gZoh^blky\dhfie_dk_kkm[kljZlhfZ klZpbhgZjgZykdhjhklv ^hklb]Z_l
iheh\bguk\h_]h fZdkbfZevgh]h agZq_gbykf jbk Gm`gZy
^eyh[_ki_q_gbyh^ghcblhc`_kdhjhklbY3dhgp_gljZpbykm[kljZlZ^ey
]^_ . 0
^\mo jZaguo n_jf_glh\ [m^_l l_f [hevr_ q_ff_gvr_ Zdlb\ghklv ^Zg
gh]hn_jf_glZl_q_f[hevr__]hgZ^h^eyh[_ki_q_gby^Zggh]hdheb
q_kl\Z n_jf_gkm[kljZlguo dhfie_dkh\ Hq_\b^gh kihkh[ghklv k\yau
\Zlvkykkm[kljZlhfaZ^Z_lky\dhgklZglhcNm\_ebq_gb_dhlhjhcb
ijb\h^bldjhklmZdlb\ghklbn_jf_glZbmf_gvr_gbx\_ebqbgu.0
J_]meypby
n_j
f_glZlb\guo j_Zdpbc
< j_Zevguo mkeh\byo de_
lhqgh]h
f_lZ[hebafZ
dhgp_gljZpby km[kljZlZ
ihlj_[ey_fh]h \ n_jf_g
lZlb\guo j_Zdpbyo baf_
gy_lkyg_lhevdh\j_amev
lZl_ kZfhc j_Zdpbb gh b
aZ kq_l ijblhdZ _]h \ j_
Zdpbhgguc h[t_f H^gh
\j_f_ggh ijhbkoh^bl b
hllhd ijh^mdlZ ba kn_ju
JbkAZ\bkbfhklvkdhjhklbY
j_Zdpbb\^jm]b_h[eZklb
n_jf_glZlb\ghcj_Zdpbbhldhgp_gljZpbb
]^_ hg bkihevam_lky \
^Zevg_crbo f_lZ[hebq_ km[kljZlZ6Djb\u_bkhhl\_lkl\mxl
^\mfn_jf_glZfkjZagufbdhgklZglZfb
kdbo ij_\jZs_gbyo Bgu
FboZwebkZD0D0
fb keh\Zfb \ de_l
d_dZ`^Zy hl^_evgZy j_
ZdpbylZd`_dZdbbokh\hdmighklvij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc hldjulmx kbk
l_fm h[eZ^Zxsmx f_oZgbafZfb kZfhj_]meypbb H^gbf ba kZfuo fhs
guo kihkh[h\ j_]meypbb n_jf_glZlb\gh]h ijhp_kkZ y\ey_lky baf_g_
gb_Zdlb\ghklb n_jf_glZ k ihfhsvx jZaebqguo bg]b[blhjh\ Kms_kl
\mxl dZd ba\_klgh dhgdmj_glgu_ bg]b[blhju aZgbfZxsb_f_klZ km[
kljZlZ \ Zdlb\ghf p_glj_ n_jf_glZ k h[jZah\Zgb_fg_Zdlb\gh]h dhf
ie_dkZ<hafh`ghlZd`_g_dhgdmj_glgh_bebZeehkl_jbq_kdh_ bg]b[b
jh\Zgb_ijbdhlhjhfbg]b[blhj g_ bf__l kljmdlmjgh]h kjh^kl\Z k km[
kljZlhfbijbkh_^bgy_lkyg_dZdlb\ghfmp_gljm n_jf_glZ Z d hij_^_
e_gguf f_klZf [_edh\hc ]eh[meu \uau\Zy ^_nhjfZpbx n_jf_glZ J_
]meylhjgu_wnn_dlufh]mlhkms_kl\eylvkylZd`_ihijbgpbimh[jZlghc
k\yab dh]^Z ijb [hevrbo dhgp_gljZpbyo km[kljZlZ beb ijh^md
lZm]g_lZ_lkyj_ZdpbyGZjy^mkbg]b[blhjZfbbf_xlkybZdlb\Zlhju
\_s_kl\Z ih\urZxsb_ Zdlb\ghklv n_jf_glZ :dlb\bjmxsbc wnn_dl
fh`_lhdZau\ZlvbkZfijh^mdlj_ZdpbbZdlb\Zpbyijh^mdlhf
<k_ wlb hkh[_gghklb gZjy^m k g_ebg_cghklvx dbg_lbdb e_`Zl \
hkgh\_ f_oZgbafh\ j_]meypbb n_jf_glZlb\guo ijhp_kkh\b \ blh]_ hi
j_^_eyxl ^bgZfbq_kdh_ ih\_^_gb_ keh`ghc kh\hdmighklb f_lZ[hebq_
kdboij_\jZs_gbc\de_ld_Fum\b^bfqlhj_]meypby^Z`_kjZ\gbl_ev
ghijhkluon_jf_glZlb\guoijhp_kkh\mdZaZggufbkihkh[Zfbijb\h^bl
dihy\e_gbxg_ljb\bZevguolbih\^bgZfbq_kdh]hih\_^_gby
HldjulZyn_jf_glZlb\gZykbkl_fZkkm[kljZlgufm]g_l_gb_f
N
\dexqZ_l g_h[jZlbfmx j_Zdpbx ijblhdZ km[kljZlZ 6 o 6 hllhdZ
N
ijh^mdlZ 3 o bakn_juj_Zdpbbbh[jZah\Zgby g_Zdlb\gh]h dhfie_d
kZ
N
(6 6 l (6 N
N
N
N
6 o 6 ( l (6 o ( 3 o
N
N
(6 6 l (6 N Kdhjhklvv3h[jZah\Zgbyijh^mdlZ\ko_f_bf__l\b^hlebq
guchlklZpbhgZjgh]hmjZ\g_gbyFboZwebkZF_gl_gZbf_ggh
N ( 6
v3
.0 6 6
N6
]^_ N6 NNAZf_lbf qlh qe_gu kh^_j`Zsb_ 6 \h \lhjhc kl_i_gb
6Nh[mkeh\eb\Zxl kbevgmx g_ebg_cghklv kbkl_fu b ihy\e_gb_
\mjZ\g_gbyo dm[bqguo qe_gh\ 6 Ijb fZeuo 6 6 dh
]^Z\_ebqbghc6N6\agZf_gZl_e_fh`ghij_g_[j_qvmjZ\g_gbyb
kh\iZ^Zxl H^gZdh ijb jhkl_ 6 h[jZam_lky m`_g_Zdlb\guc dhf
ie_dk (6 b kdhjhklv h[jZah\Zgby ijh^mdlZv3o ijb 6 o f =jZnbd
aZ\bkbfhklb v36 bf__l \b^ dhehdhehh[jZaghc djb\hc k fZdkbfmfhf
Kdhjhklv baf_g_gby km[kljZlZ dhgp_gljZpbb 6 kdeZ^u\Z_lky ba kdhjh
klbv6ijblhdZ_]hba\g_vijbl
vijbl N6±6 D±N6
hllhdZ\oh^_n_jf_glZlb\ghcj_Zdpbbvhll v3
vS = vijbl±v3
=jZnbd aZ\bkbfhklb vijbl D ± N6 bf__l \b^ ijyfhc ebgbb<
klZpbhgZjghfkhklhygbb\hldjulhckbkl_f_dh]^Zdhgp_gljZpby
km[kljZlZih^^_j`b\Z_lkyihklhygghc^he`gh\uihegylvkyjZ\_gkl\h
v ijbl±v3 KlZpbhgZjgu_lhqdb 6 ijb v 6 ij_^klZ\eyxlkh[hclhqdbi_
j_k_q_gby djb\uo v36 b vijbl6 GZ jbk jZaebqguf agZq_gbyf D
khhl\_lkl\m_l k_f_ckl\h iZjZee_evguo ijyfuo Baf_gyy D beb \g_r
gxxdhgp_gljZpbxkm[kljZlZ6e_]dh\b^_lvqlhkbkl_fZfh`_lbf_lv
hlh^gh]h^hlj_oklZpbhgZjguokhklhygbc
Baf_gyyagZq_gb_mijZ\eyxs_]hiZjZf_ljZ D fh`gh f_gylv qbk
ehklZpbhgZjguolhq_d< bgl_j\Ze_ D D D dZ`^hfm agZq_gbx D
hl\_qZxl ljb jZaebqguo klZpbhgZjguo khklhygby kbkl_fu Z agZq_gby
D b D ijb dhlhjuo baf_gy_lky qbkehklZpbhgZjguo lhq_d y\eyxlky
[bnmjdZpbhggufb
JbkAZ\bkbfhklvqbkeZklZpbhgZjguokhklhygbchlagZq_gbc
iZjZf_ljZZbbomklhcqb\hklv\kbkl_f_kkm[kljZlgufm]g_l_gb_f
bh[jZlbfufijblhdhfkm[kljZlZ
KlZpbhgZjgu_ lhqdb hlebqZxlky ih k\h_c mklhcqb\hklb LZdijb
D D ba lj_o klZpbhgZjguo lhq_d 6 c 6 cc
b 6 ccc lhqdZ 6 cc g_mk
lhcqb\ZZ 6 c b 6cc mklhcqb\u<wlhfe_]dhm[_^blvkyijh\_^yZgZ
ebagZmklhcqb\hklvkfjbk<kZfhf^_e_imklv\j_amevlZl_g_dh
lhjh]hhldehg_gby'6 hl klZpbhgZjghc lhqdb 6 c \_ebqbgZ 6 klZeZ
f_gvr_klZpbhgZjgh]hagZq_gby 6 c < h[eZklb 6 6 c kdhjhklv ijblh
dZ km[kljZlZ [hevr_kdhjhklb _]h hllhdZ vijbl ! v3 b ke_^h\Zl_evgh
i_j_f_ggZy6 [m^_l jZklb \gh\v ijb[eb`Zykv d 6 c ?keb `_ hldehg_
gb_hlklZpbhgZjghclhqdb'6!l_6! 6 c lh\wlhch[eZklbvijbl v3 b 6 [m^_l mf_gvrZlvky \ha\jZsZykv d klZpbhgZjghfm agZq_gbx 6 c LZdbf h[jZahf ijb ex[hf hldehg_gbb hlklZpbhgZjgh]h khklhygby
6 c kbkl_fZ [m^_l \ g_]h \ha\jZsZlvkyb ke_^h\Zl_evgh khklhygb_ 6 c
mklhcqb\h :gZeh]bqgu_ jZkkm`^_gby ihdZau\Zxl qlh lhqdZ 6 cc g_mk
lhcqb\Z Z 6 ccc ± mklhcqb\Z Mklhcqb\u_ lhqdb jZkiheh`_gu gZ djb\hc
vS6 gZ mqZkldZo :< b &' Z g_mklhcqb\u_ gZ mqZkld_ <K Fh`gh ih
kljhblv ]jZnbd 6 D aZ\bkbfhklb klZpbhgZjguo khklhygbc
hl\_ebqbgu mijZ\eyxs_]h iZjZf_ljZ Z Ba jbk \b^gh dZdijb ba
f_g_gbbDkbkl_fZfh`_li_j_dexqZlvkybah^gh]hmklhcqb\h]hj_`bfZ
\^jm]hc
Ij_^iheh`bfqlh\bkoh^ghfkhklhygbbkbkl_fZgZoh^blky\lhq
d_:gZ\_jog_c\_l\bdjb\hc 6 DIjbkgb`_gbbkdhjhklb ijblhdZ b
mf_gvr_gbbDkbkl_fZ[m^_li_j_f_sZlvky\e_\h\^hev\_jog_cmklhc
qb\hc \_l\b :< klZpbhgZjguo khklhygbc Ijb ^hklb`_gbb [bnmjdZpb
hggh]hagZq_gbyiZjZf_ljZDkbkl_fZihdbg_lg_mklhcqb\mxlhqdm< b
kh\_jrblkdZqdhh[jZaguci_j_oh^% o 'gZgb`gxx\_l\vmklhcqb\uo
klZpbhgZjguo khklhygbc M\_ebqb\Zy \gh\v agZq_gb_ iZjZf_ljZ hl D
^hDfh`ghi_j_\_klbkbkl_fm\^hevmklhcqb\hc\_l\b'&^h[bnmjdZ
pbhgghclhqdbKIhke_ ^hklb`_gby wlhc lhqdb kbkl_fZkdZqdhh[jZagh
\_jg_lky\bkoh^gh_khklhygb_gZ\_jogxx\_l\v:<
LZdbfh[jZahfgZrZkbkl_fZfh`_lnmgdpbhgbjh\Zlv\ h^ghf ba
^\momklhcqb\uoklZpbhgZjguokhklhygbcb ke_^h\Zl_evgh hgZ h[eZ^Z
_lljb]]_jgufbk\hckl\ZfbGZijZ\e_gb_i_j_oh^h\b j_ZebaZpby h^gh
]h beb ^jm]h]h mklhcqb\h]h khklhygby aZ\bkyl hl lh]h ijhbkoh^bl
mf_gvr_gb_
beb
m\_ebq_
gb_iZjZf_ljZ Wlh k\hckl\h kbkl_
fu kh\_jrZlv jZaebqgufb im
lyfbi_j_oh^bah^gh]hkhklhygby\
^jm]h_
\
aZ\bkbfhklb
hlij_^u^ms_]h m\_ebq_gby '& o
:< beb mf_gvr_gby :< o '&
iZjZf_ljZbebhlij_^uklhjbb kbk
l_fu gZau\Z_lky]bkl_j_abkhf
I_jbh^bq_kdh_ ^\b`_gb_ \^hev
]bkl_j_abkgh]hpbdeZ : o < o '
o & o : ghkbl dhe_[Zl_evguc JbkDjb\ZyklZpbhgZjguo
oZjZdl_j
khklhygbc 6 D\kbkl_f_kkm[
KbevgZy g_ebg_cghklv h[m kljZlgufm]g_l_gb_fbh[jZlb
keh\e_ggZy f_oZgbafZfb km[kljZl
fufijblhdhfkm[kljZlZ
gh]h m]g_l_gby Z lZd`_ gZebqb_
[ukljuobf_^e_gguoi_j_f_gguo kem`Zl ijbqbghc ihy\e_gby \ kbkl_
f_fgh`_kl\_gguoklZpbhgZjguokhklhygbcbljb]]_jguob ]bkl_j_abk
guok\hckl\
Dhe_[Zgby\n_jf_glZlb\guokbkl_fZo h[mkeh\e_gu ZgZeh]bq
gufb ijbqbgZfb Ihkdhevdm \ n_jf_glZlb\guo kbkl_fZh[uqgh dhg
p_gljZpby km[kljZlZ gZfgh]h ij_\urZ_l dhgp_gljZpbx n_jf_glZ lh
wlhkha^Z_lmkeh\b_kms_kl\h\Zgby ^\mo kbevgh jZaebqZxsboky fZkrlZ
[h\\j_f_gb^eykm[kljZlZbn_jf_glkh^_j`Zsbodhfie_dkh\>eyg_aZ
lmoZxsbo dhe_[Zgbc g_ij_f_gguf mkeh\b_f y\ey_lky hldjuluc oZjZd
l_j kbkl_fu ihkdhevdm \ aZfdgmluo n_jf_glZlb\guo kbkl_fZo gZ[ex
^ZxlkyebrvaZlmoZxsb_dhe_[Zgby
GZb[he__ jZkijhkljZg_ggZy ijbqbgZ g_ebg_cghklb [bhobfbq_
kdbokbkl_fk\yaZgZk gZebqb_f h[jZlguo k\ya_c \ p_ib j_Zdpbc dh]^Z
ijh^mdl m]g_lZ_l beb Zdlb\bjm_l j_Zdpbx Z lZd`_ ijb mkeh\bb km[
kljZlgh]hm]g_l_gby Wlb nZdlhju hdZau\Zxl kbevgh_ ^_klZ[bebabjmx
s__ ^_ckl\b_ gZ kbkl_fu kihkh[kl\my ihy\e_gbx \ g_c g_mklhcqb\hc
hkh[hc lhqdb hdheh dhlhjhc fh`_l h[jZah\u\Zlvky ij_^_evguc pbde
Mkeh\b_f mklhcqb\h]h Z\lhdhe_[Zl_evgh]h j_`bfZ y\ey_lky gZebqb_
g_mklhcqb\hklb\kbkl_f_
JZkkfhljbfko_fmj_Zdpbbkkm[kljZlgufbijh^mdlgufm]g_l_gb
_f
Baf_g_gb_ dhgp_gljZpbc f_^e_gguo i_j_f_gguo ijh^mdlZ
bkm[kljZlZhibku\Z_lkymjZ\g_gbyfb
G6
GW
G3
GW
v v 6 3 v6 3 v AZf_lbfqlh6J^he`gu[ulvij_^klZ\e_gu\\b^_[_ajZaf_jguo
\_ebqbg 6 6 3 3 H^gZdh^eyijhklhlufu\_a^_himkdZ_fhi_jZ
pbx\\_^_gby[_ajZaf_jguoi_j_f_gguo<wlhckbkl_f_m]g_l_gb_ijh
bkoh^bl\j_amevlZl_ g_dhgdmj_glgh]h bg]b[bjh\Zgby ijh^mdlhf b km[
kljZlhfihko_f_
6(6 (66
3(6 (63
3( (3
3(66 (663
< kemqZ_ dh]^Z j_Zdpby ijblh
dZ
km[kljZlZ
h[jZlbfZ
hl
lhdijh^mdlZ ebg_cguc AZ\bkbfhklv
v6 ghkbl \b^ dhehdhehh[jZaghc
djb\hckfZdkbfmfhf
:gZeba ihdZau\Z_l qlh qbkeh
klZpbhgZjguo khklhygbc kbkl_fu b
bo mklhcqb\hklv aZ\bkyl hl ]em[bgu
ijh^mdlgh]h m]g_l_gby Ijb keZ[hf
m]g_l_gbb ijh^mdlhf hlghkbl_evgZy
JbkIj_^_evgucpbde
dhgp_gljZpby km[kljZlZ [m^_l [ukl gZnZah\hciehkdhklbkbkl_
jhci_j_f_gghcih kjZ\g_gbxk dhg
fuijbfZehc]em[bg_
p_gljZpb_c ijh^mdlZ Ijb wlhf \
ijh^mdlgh]hm]g_l_gby
kbkl_f_ j_Zebam_lky_^bgkl\_ggh_
klZpbhgZjgh_ g_mklhcqb\h_ khklhy
gb_jZkiheh`_ggh_gZg_mklhcqb\hcqZklboZjZdl_jbklbdb v6 < kbk
l_f_\hagbdZxlZ\lhdhe_[Zgby\hdjm]g_mklhcqb\h]hkhklhygbygZnZah
\hciehkdhklb6Jjbkijb^\b`_gbb__\^hevpbdeZK o : o '
o % o KLhqdb:b<e_`ZlgZ]jZgbpZo mklhcqb\uo :K b '% b g_
mklhcqb\hc:<\_l\_cd\ZabklZpbhgZjghcdjb\hc 6 >\b`_gb_ih
\_l\b K: kh\_jrZ_lky ih gZijZ\e_gbx d lhqd_ :Ko: k gZdhie_gb_f
ijh^mdlZlZddZd\h[eZklbK:kdhjhklvYhllhdZijh^mdlZf_gvr_kdh
jhklb _]hh[jZah\Zgby < djblbq_kdhc lhqd_ $ ijb v v kbkl_fZ l_jy
_lmklhcqb\hklv b kdZqdhf i_j_oh^bl \ lhqdm ' \_l\b '% gZ dhlhjhc
kdhjhklvhllhdZYklZgh\blky[hevr_kdhjhklbj_Zdpbb<ke_^kl\b_wlh
]hdhgp_gljZpbyijh^mdlZgZqbgZ_l\gh\v m[u\Zlv Z kdhjhklv v jZkl_l
>hklb]gm\ lhqdb %v v kbkl_fZ\gh\v l_jy_l mklhcqb\hklv b
kju\Z_lky \ [ukljh_ ^\b`_gb_ih gZijZ\e_gbx d bkoh^ghc lhqd_ K
>Ze__pbdeih\lhjy_lkyZkbkl_fZkh\_jrZ_lZ\lhdhe_[Zgby
H[sb_mkeh\by\hagbdgh\_gbydhe_[Zgbc\ n_jf_glZlb\guo j_Zd
pbyo ij_^iheZ]Zxl gZebqb_ [hevrh]h qbkeZ ijhf_`mlhqguo klZ^bc \
hldjulhcp_ib:gZebaihdZaZeqlh wlh j_Zebam_lky \ ihebn_jf_glguo
dhevp_\uo kbkl_fZo ]^_ dhg_qgucijh^mdl \eby_l gZ kdhjhklv gZqZev
ghcklZ^bbWlbkbkl_fugZau\Zxlkydhevp_\ufb
Klj_edZh[jZlghck\yabihdZau\Z_l m]g_lZxs__ \ebygb_ dhg_qgh
]hijh^mdlZgZZdlb\ghklvdexq_\h]hn_jf_glZ(
G_ebg_cgZydbg_lbdZj_]meypbyihijbgpbimh[jZlghck\yab b_
jZjobyoZjZdl_jguo\j_f_gbaf_g_gbyi_j_f_gguohij_^_eyxl jZaebq
gu_ lbiu ^bgZfbq_kdh]h ih\_^_gby [bheh]bq_kdbo ijhp_kkh\ Hlebq
gu_ihk\h_c ijbjh^_ [bheh]bq_kdb_ ijhp_kku oZjZdl_jbamxlky l_f g_
f_g__ [ebadbfb ^bgZfbq_kdbfb k\hckl\Zfb lbiheh]bq_kdb koh^gufb
nZah\ufbihjlj_lZfbbboaZ\bkbfhklyfb hl mijZ\eyxsbo iZjZf_ljh\
GZ hkgh\Zgbb wlh]h \hafh`gh jZajZ[hlZlv deZkkbnbdZpbb [bhobfbq_
kdbokbkl_fihlbiZfbo^bgZfbq_kdh]hih\_^_gbyGZijbf_jg_kdhev
dh lbih\uo fZl_fZlbq_kdbo fh^_e_c ZgZeh]bqguo ih k\h_ckljmdlmj_
ko_f_ d dhlhjuf fh`gh k\_klb jZaebqgu_ dbg_lbq_kdb_ ko_fu
^ey kjZ\gbl_evgh]h bamq_gby iZjZf_ljbq_kdbo oZjZdl_jbklbd bo ^bgZ
fbq_kdh]hih\_^_gby
Скачать