^ey jZfguo [bfkh\ kh]eZkgh lZ[ebpu 4.1, ]^_ \f_klh keh\Z «dbevkhggu» ke_^m_l qblZlv «dZjebg]ku»; D2 – dhwnnbpb_gl jZ\guc: ^ey ohehkluo [bfkh\ b ihem[bfkh\ – 1; ^ey jZfguo [bfkh\ kh]eZkgh lZ[ebpu 4.2; d – jZkklhygb_ f_`^m khhl\_lkl\mxsbfb [bfkZfb beb ihem[bfkZfb, f; <1 – \_ebqbgZ ijbgbfZ_fZy jZ\ghc gZb[hevr_fm jZkklhygbx, f: ^ey jZfguo [bfkh\ – f_`^m [hjlZfb beb f_`^m [hjlZfb b ijh^hevghc i_j_[hjdhc (n_jfhc), f_`^m i_j_[hjdZfb (n_jfZfb); ^ey ohehkluo [bfkh\ – f_`^m dZjebg]kZfb beb f_`^m dZjebg]khf b ijh^hevghc i_j_[hjdhc ([hjlhf). AgZq_gb_ <1 ^ey jZfguo [bfkh\ g_ ^he`gh [ulv ijbgylh f_g__ </3 ijb lj_o b q_luj_o ijh^hevguo i_j_[hjdZo (n_jfZo) b f_g__ </4 ijb iylb b [he__ ijh^hevguo i_j_[hjdZo; q – \_ebqbgZ, DIZ, hij_^_ey_fZy ih nhjfme_, q G f (6.7) ]^_ G – fZdkbfZevguc \_k ]jmaZ, dhlhjuc fh`_l [ulv ijbgyl gZ ^Zgguc aZ]jm`_gguc mqZklhd iZem[u, dG; f – iehsZ^v ^Zggh]h aZ]jm`_ggh]h mqZkldZ iZem[u, f2. AgZq_gb_ W ^ey jZfguo [bfkh\, _keb ij_^mkfZljb\Z_lky aZ]jmadZ b jZa]jmadZ ]j_cn_jZfb, g_evay ijbgbfZlv f_gvr_, q_f hij_^_e_ggh_ ^ey ohehkluo [bfkh\ km^h\-iehsZ^hd ijb h^bgZdh\hc nhjf_ aZ]jmadb b jZa]jmadb, l._. ]j_cn_jZfb W 115ac1 , (6.8) ]^_ Z b k1 hij_^_eyxlky ih (4.19). 2) >ey mqZkldh\ iZem[ gZeb\guo km^h\ \ jZchg_ ]jmah\uo hlk_dh\ W K 0 K1dB12 , (6.9) ]^_ D0 , D1, D2 – dhwnnbpb_glu, ijbgbfZ_fu_ kh]eZkgh (6.6); 3) >ey mqZkldh\ iZem[, g_ ij_^gZagZq_gguo ^ey jZaf_s_gby ]jmaZ, W K 0 K1 K 2 dB12 , ]^_ D0 – dhwnnbpb_gl jZ\guc: ^ey ohehkluo ihem[bfkh\ – 2,5; ^ey jZfguo [bfkh\ – 3,6; 66 (6.10) ^ey ohehkluo [bfkh\ – 1,85; ^ey jZfguo ihem[bfkh\ gZ km^Zo [_a ^\hcguo [hjlh\ – 14; D1 , D2 – dhwnnbpb_glu, ijbgbfZxlky kh]eZkgh (6.6). >ey mqZkldh\ iZem[, gZ dhlhju_ q_j_a ibee_jku, kl_gdb gZ^kljh_d, \u]hjh^db b l.i. i_j_^Zxlky gZ]jmadb k \ur_jZkiheh`_gguo iZem[, fhf_gl khijhlb\e_gby ihi_j_qgh]h k_q_gby jZfgh]h [bfkZ, hij_^_e_gguc ih nhjfme_ (6.10), ^he`_g [ulv mfgh`_g gZ dhwnnbpb_gl m n 1 , ]^_ n – qbkeh \ur_jZkiheh`_gguo iZem[, aZ bkdexq_gb_f mdZaZgguc \ i.4. Ijb wlhf agZq_gb_ <1 ^he`gh [ulv ijbgylh jZ\guf gZb[hevr_fm jZkklhygbx f_`^m ijh^hevgufb jy^Zfb ibee_jkh\ beb f_`^m ijh^hevguf b jy^hf dbee_jkh\ b ijh^hevghc i_j_[hjdhc ([hjlhf), ih^^_j`b\Zxsbfb [bfk. 4) >ey mqZkldh\ e_]dbo iZem[ gZ^kljh_d b jm[hd, g_^hklmiguo ^ey jZaf_s_gby ]jmah\ b iZkkZ`bjh\, K 0 K1 K 2 dB12 , W (6.11) ]^_ D0 – dhwnnbpb_gl jZ\guc: ^ey ohehkluo [bfkh\ – 0,4; ^ey ohehkluo ihem[bfkh\ – 0,5; ^ey jZfguo [bfkh\ – 0,7; ^ey jZfguo ihem[bfkh\ gZ km^Zo [_a ^\hcguo [hjlh\ – 2,8; D1 , D2 – dhwnnbpb_glu, ijbgbfZxlky kh]eZkgh (6.6). 5) >ey ohehkluo [bfkh\ km^h\-iehsZ^hd, _keb ij_^mkfhlj_gZ aZ]jmadZ b jZa]jmadZ ]j_cn_jZfb, W 115ac1 (6.12) ]^_ Z, k1 – hij_^_eyxlky kh]eZkgh (4.18). 6) Ijb Ln B <0,7 jZaf_ju jZfguo [bfkh\ ke_^m_l ijbgbfZlv jZ\gufb jZaf_jZf dZjebg]kh\, hij_^_ey_fuo kh]eZkgh (6.21). <ukhlZ kl_gdb jZfgh]h [bfkZ beb jZfgh]h ihem[bfkZ ^he`gZ ijbgbfZlvky g_ f_g__ 2/3 \ukhlu kl_gdb jZfgh]h riZg]hmlZ m iZem[u. IehsZ^v ihi_j_qgh]h k_q_gby k\h[h^gh]h ihykdZ jZfgh]h [bfkZ beb jZfgh]h ihem[bfkZ ^he`gZ [ulv g_ f_g__ 0,75 iehsZ^b ihi_j_qgh]h k_q_gby k\h[h^gh]h ihykdZ jZfgh]h riZg]hmlZ m iZem[u jbkmghd 6.2. Fhf_gl bg_jpbb ihi_j_qgh]h k_q_gby jZfgh]h [bfkZ k ijbkh_^bg_gguf ihykdhf, kf4, ^he`_g [ulv g_ f_g__ J 3B1W , (6.13) ;bfku dj_iyl d [hjlh\hfm gZ[hjm k ihfhsvx dgbp, bf_xsbo ^ey h[_ki_q_gby mklhcqb\hklb hlh]gmluc neZg_p beb ijb\Zj_gguc ihykhd, jbkmghd 6.2. 67 Jbkmghd 6.2 – IZem[guc gZ[hj ijb ihi_j_qghc ko_f_ gZ[hjZ: Z – ko_fZ i_j_djulby ih >I (h^gZ ba ieZklbg iZem[gh]h gZ[hjZ aZrljboh\ZgZ); [ – k_q_gb_ ih ihem[bfkm; \ – ma_e i_j_k_q_gby ihem[bfkZ kh riZg]hmlhf; 1 – ihem[bfk; 2 – dhgp_\hc exdh\uc [bfk; 3 dhfbg]k-dZjebg]k; 4 – rbjklj_d; 5 – iZem[guc kljbg]_j DZjebg]ku, ih^^_j`b\Zxsb_ [bfku, h[uqgh ij_^klZ\eyxl kh[hc lZ\jh\mx k\Zjgmx [Zedm (jbkmghd 6.3). Jbkmghd 6.3 – Kh_^bg_gb_ jZfguo [bfkh\ k dZjebg]kZfb: Z) g_jZ\gh\ukhdb_ [bfk b dZjebg]k; [) jZ\gh\ukhdb_ [bfk b dZjebg]k; 1 – dZjebg]k; 2 – [bfk DZjebg]ku gZ kmoh]jmaguo km^Zo, bf_xsbo \uj_au ih^ ]jmah\u_ exdb, kh\f_sZxl k ijh^hevgufb djhfdZfb \uj_ah\, b dZjebg]k i_j_oh^bl \ dZjebg]dhfbg]k, jbkmghd 6.4. 68 Jbkmghd 6.4 – Kh_^bg_gb_ dZjebg]kZ k dhgp_\uf [bfkhf (\b^ kgbam): 1 – ihykhd dZjebg]kZ; 2 – ihykhd [bfkZ; 3 – jhf[h\b^gZy ]hjbahglZevgZy dgbpZ Dhgp_\u_ jZfgu_ exdh\u_ [bfku kem`Zl hihjhc dZjebg]kZf, lZd dZd ^ebgZ ljxfZ \ [hevrbgkl\_ kemqZ_\ ij_\urZxl rbjbgm km^gZ. Dhgp_\hc exdh\uc [bfk ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc k\Zjgmx kbff_ljbqgmx lZ\jh\mx [Zedm, k \ukhlhc jZ\ghc \ukhl_ dZjebg]kZ (jbkmghd 6.3, [). >ey h[_ki_q_gby mklhcqb\hklb kl_gdb dhgp_\uo [bfkh\, dZd b dZjebg]kh\, ih^dj_ieyxl dgbpZfb. Ijb kh_^bg_gbb ijh^hevguo b ihi_j_qguo dhfbg]kh\ ke_^m_l mqblu\Zlv, qlh \ m]eZo exdh\ \hagbdZ_l agZqbl_evgZy dhgp_gljZpby gZijy`_gbc. H^ghc ba gZb[he__ wnn_dlb\guo f_j ^ey kgb`_gby y\ey_lky kdjm]e_gb_ m]eh\ exdh\, dhlhju_ fh`_l [ulv \uiheg_gh g_kdhevdbfb dhgkljmdlb\gufb kihkh[Zfb (jbkmghd 6.5). < i_j\hf kemqZ_ kdjm]e_gb_ hkms_kl\ey_lky \ kZfhf f_kl_ iZem[u. JZ^bmk kdjm]e_gby ijbgbfZ_lky jZ\guf R 0,1\ , (6.14) ]^_ \ – rbjbgZ exdZ, f. <h \lhjhf kemqZ_ exdh\uc \uj_a ^_eZ_lky ijyfhm]hevghc nhjfu, Z aZdjm]e_gb_ e_dZevgufb dgbpZfb, \\Zj_ggufb ih m]eZf exdh\h]h \uj_aZ. Jbkmghd 6.5 – Kh_^bg_gb_ ijh^hevgh]h b ihi_j_qgh]h dhfbg]kh\ exdh\: 69 Z – ijyfhm]hevgh_; [ – kdjm]e_gb_ m]eZ h^ghc dgbp_c; \ – kdjm]e_gb_ gZ^ iZem[hc b ijyfhm]hevgh_ ih^ g_c; ] – kdjm]e_gb_ m]eZ lj_fy dgbpZfb Ijb [hevrhc rbjbg_ ]jmah\uo exdh\ bo ijh^hevgu_ dhfbg]ku ^_eZxl g_ij_ju\gufb, ^ey \dexq_gby bo \ wd\b\Ze_glguc [jmk b ^ey jZaf_s_gby gZ gbo exdh\h]h aZdjulby, jbkmghd 6.6. Jbkmghd 6.6 – Dhgkljmdlb\gZy ko_fZ g_ij_ju\guo dhfbg]kh\ ]jmah\uo exdh\: Z – ijyfhebg_cgu_ ijh^hevgu_ dhfbg]ku; [ – dhfbg]ku, km`Zxsb_ky \ ghkh\hc hdhg_qghklb; \ – dhfbg]ku ^ey l_e_kdhibq_kdh]h exdh\h]h aZdjulby 6.4. Ijh^hevgZy kbkl_fZ gZ[hjZ iZem[guo i_j_djulbc GZ km^g_ k ijh^hevghc kbkl_fhc gZ[hjZ [ZedZfb ]eZ\gh]h gZijZ\e_gby iZem[gh]h i_j_djulby y\eyxlky ijh^hevgu_ ih^iZem[gu_ [Zedb, jbkmghd 6.7. Jbkmghd 6.7 – Ijh^hevguc gZ[hj iZem[u \ jZchg_ ]jmah\h]h exdZ: 1 – ijh^hevgZy [ZedZ; 2 – jZfguc [bfk; 3 – dhfbg]k ]jmah\h]h exdZ JZkklhygb_ f_`^m ih^iZem[gufb ijh^hevgufb [ZedZfb ijbgbfZxl lZdbf `_, dZd jZkklhygb_ f_`^m ijh^hevgufb [ZedZfb ^gbsZ. Ijh^hevgu_ ih^iZem[gu_ [Zedb hibjZxlky gZ jZfgu_ [bfku b ihi_j_qgu_ i_j_[hjdb. JZfgu_ [bfku mklZgZ\eb\Zxl \ h^ghc ihi_j_qghc iehkdhklb kh kiehrgufb nehjZfb. GZ djmiguo km^Zo ^ey kha^Zgby hihju jZfguf [bfkZf mklZgZ\eb\Zxl dZjebg]ku, hibjZxsb_ky gZ ihi_j_qgu_ i_j_[hjdb beb dhgp_\u_ exdh\u_ [bfku. 70 ;hevrb_ \uj_au \ iZem[_ k ijh^hevghc kbkl_fhc ih^dj_ieyxl ijh^hevgufb b ihi_j_qgufb [ZedZfb-dhfbg]kZfb, kh\f_sZ_fufb k dZjebg]kZfb b jZfgufb [bfkZfb. Fhf_gl khijhlb\e_gby ihi_j_qgh]h k_q_gby ijh^hevguo ih^iZem[guo j_[_j `_kldhklb k ijbkh_^bg_gguf ihykdhf, kf3, ^he`_g [ulv g_ f_g__: 1) >ey mqZkldh\ iZem[, ij_^gZagZq_gguo ^ey jZaf_s_gby ]jmaZ, gZ dhlhjuo g_ ij_^mkfZljb\Z_lky aZ]jmadZ b jZa]jmadZ ]j_cn_jZfb, W 0,704ad12 G , f (6.15) ]^_ Z – riZpby, f; d1 – jZkklhygb_ f_`^m jZfgufb [bfkZfb, f; G, f – ijbgbfZ_lky kh]eZkgh (6.7). 2) >ey iZem[ km^h\-iehsZ^hd W 115ad1 , (6.16) 3) >ey mqZkldh\ iZem[ gZeb\guo km^h\ \ jZchg_ ]jmah\uo lZgdh\, W 11,5ad12 , (6.17) 4) >ey mqZkldh\ iZem[, g_ ij_^gZagZq_gguo ^ey jZaf_s_gby ]jmaZ, dhjf_ gZeb\guo km^h\ b km^h\-iehsZ^hd W 3,6ad12 , (6.18) 5) >ey mqZkldh\ e_]dbo iZem[ gZ^kljh_d b jm[hd, g_^hklmiguo ^ey jZaf_s_gby ]jmaZ b iZkkZ`bjh\, W ad12 , (6.19) Fhf_gl bg_jpbb ihi_j_qgh]h k_q_gby ijh^hevguo ih^iZem[guo j_[_j k ijbkh_^bg_gu ihykdhf, kf4, ^he`_g [ulv g_ f_g__ J 1,02 102 K Reg f 100at d12 , (6.20) ]^_ K – dhwnnbpb_gl, agZq_gb_ dhlhjh]h ^he`gh [ulv g_ f_g__ 0,5; j_dhf_g^m_lky dhwnnbpb_gl K ijbgbfZlv jZ\guc 1,25; Reg – ij_^_e l_dmq_klb fZl_jbZeZ, FIZ; 71 f – iehsZ^v ihi_j_qgh]h k_q_gby ih^iZem[gh]h j_[jZ [_a ijbkh_^bg_gby gZklbeZ, kf; t – lhesbgZ iZem[gh]h gZklbeZ, kf; a, d1 – ijbgbfZlv ih (6.15). IeZg mqZkldZ iZem[u k ijh^hevghc kbkl_fhc gZ[hjZ ijb\_^_g gZ jbkmgd_ 6.8. Jbkmghd 6.8 – IeZg iZem[u ijb ijh^hevghc kbkl_f_ gZ[hjZ: 1 – ijh^hevgh_ j_[jh `_kldhklb; 2 – ihem[bfk; 3 – dhfbg]k exdZ; 4 – [jZd_lZ Ijh^hevgu_ [Zedb ijhimkdZxl q_j_a kl_gdm jZfgh]h [bfkZ b ijb\Zjb\Zxl d g_c. <ukhdb_ kl_gdb jZfgh]h [bfkZ ^ey h[_ki_q_gby mklhcqb\hklb ih^dj_ieyxl [jZd_lZfb \ iehkdhklb ijh^hevguo [Zehd. D [hjlh\hfm gZ[hjm jZfgu_ [bfku dj_iyl k ihfhsvx dgbp, \ukhlZ dhlhjuo ^he`gZ [ulv jZ\gZ \ukhl_ kl_gdb [bfkZ. 6.5. Ih^[hj jZaf_jh\ k_q_gby dZjebg]kh\ JZaf_ju dZjebg]kh\ ijb Li B1 t 0,7 ^he`gu [ulv g_ f_g__ jZaf_jh\, lj_[m_fuo ^ey jZfguo [bfkh\. Fhf_gl khijhlb\e_gby ihi_j_qgh]h k_q_gby dZjebg]kZ W, kf3, ijb Li B1 0,7 ^he`_g [ulv g_ f_g__: 1) ^ey mqZkldh\ iZem[, ij_^gZagZq_gguo ^ey jZaf_s_gby ]jmaZ, W 0,734 K1 K 2 \ld2 q , (6.21) ]^_ D1– dhwnnbpb_gl jZ\guc 1 ijb h^ghf jZfghf [bfk_, ih^^_j`b\Zxs_f dZjebg]k, Z ijb lj_o b [he__ [bfkZo, hij_^_ey_fuc ih lZ[ebp_ 6.1; 72 D2 – dhwnnbpb_gl, hij_^_ey_fuc ih lZ[ebp_ 6.2; \ – kj_^gyy rbjbgZ iehsZ^b iZem[u, f, g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh ih^^_j`b\Z_fZy dZjebg]khf; l – ^ebgZ ijhe_lZ dZjebg]kZ, f, ijbgbfZ_fZy jZ\ghc gZb[hevr_fm jZkklhygbx, baf_j_gghfm f_`^m ihi_j_qgufb i_j_[hjdZfb beb ihi_j_qgufb jy^Zfb ibee_jkh\ beb f_`^m ihi_j_qghc i_j_[hjdhc b ihi_j_qguf jy^hf ibee_jkh\; q – \_ebqbgZ, hij_^_ey_fZy kh]eZkgh (6.7). LZ[ebpZ 6.1 k2 ijb gZebqbb jZfguo klh- ijb hlkmlkl\bb jZfguo B1 ld _d ihi_j_qguo i_j_[h- klh_d ihi_j_qguo i_j_jhd \ iehkdhklb dZ`^h]h [hjhd \ iehkdhklb dZ`^h]h dZjebg]kZ dZjebg]kZ 1,4 0,73 0,85 1,5 0,75 0,90 1,6 0,77 0,95 1,7 0,80 1,0 1,8 0,85 1,0 1,9 0,90 1,0 2,0 1,0 1,0 LZ[ebpZ 6.2 k2 ld G 1 b f_g__ 2 3 b [he__ ijb gZebqbb jZfguo klh_d ihi_j_qguo i_j_[hjhd \ iehkdhklb dZ`^h]h dZjebg]kZ 0,9 0,6 0,5 ijb hlkmlkl\bb jZfguo klh_d ihi_j_qguo i_j_[hjhd \ iehkdhklb dZ`^h]h dZjebg]kZ 1 2) ^ey mqZkldh\ iZem[ gZeb\guo km^h\ \ jZchg_ ]jmah\uo hlk_dh\, W 7,2 K1 K 2 \ld2 , (6.22) 3) ^ey mqZkldh\ iZem[, g_ ij_^gZagZq_gguo ^ey jZaf_s_gby ]jmaZ, W 3,6 K1 K 2 \ld2 , (6.23) 73 4) ^ey mqZkldh\ iZem[ gZ^kljh_d b jm[hd, g_^hklmiguo ^ey jZaf_s_gby ]jmah\ b iZkkZ`bjh\, W 0,75 K1 K 2 \ld2 , (6.24) 6.6. Kh_^bg_gb_ we_f_glh\ iZem[gh]h gZ[hjZ ;bfku dj_iyl d dZjebg]kZf ijb\Zjdhc d djhfd_ \uj_aZ \ kl_gd_ dZjebg]kZ g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh beb q_j_a kh_^bgbl_evguc we_f_gl, jbkmghd 6.9. Jbkmghd 6.9 – <ZjbZglu dj_ie_gby g_jZaj_agh]h [bfkZ d dZjebg]km: Z – g_ihkj_^kl\_gghc ijb\Zjdhc; [, \ – k ihfhsvx kh_^bgbl_evgh]h j_[jZ; ] – q_j_a kh_^bgbl_evgmx dgbpm Kh_^bgbl_evgh_ j_[jh `_kldhklb (jbkmghd 6.9, \) h^gh\j_f_ggh ih^dj_iey_l kl_gdm dZjebg]kZ b ih\urZ_l mklhcqb\hklv kl_gdb ijb ba]b[_. Kh_^bgbl_evgu_ dgbpu (jbkmghd 6.9, ]), lh`_ b]jZxl jhev ih^dj_ieyxs_]h we_f_glZ b h[_ki_qb\Zxl dZjebg]km mklhcqb\hklv iehkdhc nhjfu ijb ba]b[_. DZjebg]ku mklZgZ\eb\Zxl g_ij_ju\gh \ ij_^_eZo dZ`^h]h hlk_dZ b jZaj_aZxl m ihi_j_qguo g_ijhgbpZ_fuo i_j_[hjhd. Kl_gdb dZjebg]kZ ijb\Zjb\Zxl d i_j_[hjdZf, Z bo ihykdb \ jZchg_ dhgp_\uo dgbp kj_aZxl gZ mk b d i_j_[hjdZf g_ ijb\Zjb\Zxl. LZdh_ hnhjfe_gb_ maeZ ijbf_gy_lky dZd ijb h^bgZdh\hc, lZd b ijb jZaghc \ukhl_ kl_ghd dZjebg]kh\ ih h^gm b ^jm]mx klhjhgm i_j_[hjdb, jbkmghd 6.10. 74 Jbkmghd 6.10 – Kh_^bg_gb_ dZjebg]kZ i_j_f_gghc \ukhlu k ihi_j_qghc i_j_[hjdhc: 1 – dZjebg]k; 2 – ihi_j_qgZy i_j_[hjdZ M \h^hg_ijhgbpZ_fuo i_j_[hjhd ijh^hevgu_ ih^iZem[gu_ [Zedb jZaj_aZxl beb (j_`_) ijhimkdZxl q_j_a i_j_[hjdm. ?keb ih^iZem[gu_ [Zedb jZaj_aZxl m ihi_j_qguo i_j_[hjhd, lh dhgpu [Zedb kh_^bgyxl k i_j_[hjdhc dgbpZfb, ihklZ\e_ggufb k h[_bo klhjhg i_j_[hjdb \ h^ghc iehkdhklb (jbkmghd 6.11, Z). ?keb ijh^hevgZy ih^iZem[gZy [ZedZ ijhoh^bl q_j_a i_j_[hjdm, lh ^hklZlhqgh mklZgh\blv h^gm dgbpm (jbkmghd 6.11, [). >ey [Zehd, jZaj_aZ_fuo m ihi_j_qghc i_j_[hjdb, fh`gh ijbf_gylv \ukhdhl_ogheh]bqguc \ZjbZgl maeZ k mklZgh\dhc dgbp (jbkmghd 6.11, \), \\Zjb\Z_fuo \ khhl\_lkl\mxsmx ijhj_av \ ebkl_ i_j_[hjdb. Jbkmghd 6.11 – <ZjbZglu dhgkljmdpbb i_j_k_q_gby ijh^hevguo ih^iZem[guo [Zehd k ihi_j_qgufb i_j_[hjdZfb: 1 – ijh^hevgZy ih^iZem[gZy [ZedZ; 2 – dgbpZ; 3 – h[rb\dZ i_j_[hjdb; 4 - \_jlbdZevgZy klhcdZ i_j_[hjdb >ey dj_ie_gby jZfguo [bfkh\ b ihem[bfkh\ d riZg]hmlZf kl_gdm [bfkZ ijb\Zjb\Zxl d riZg]hmlm b mklZgZ\eb\Zxl dgbpm, dZl_lu dhlhjhc jZ\gu \ukhl_ kl_gdb [bfkZ (jbkmghd 6.12). Ihykhd jZfgh]h [bfkZ kj_aZxl gZ mk. Lhesbgm dgbpu ijbgbfZxl jZ\ghc lhesbg_ kl_gdb jZfgh]h [bfkZ. 75 Jbkmghd 6.12 – Dhgkljmdpby kh_^bg_gby jZfguo riZg]hmlZ b [bfkZ: 1 – riZg]hml; 2 – dgbpu; 3 – kl_gdZ jZfgh]h [bfkZ; 4 ijh^hevgZy ih^iZem[gZy [ZedZ; 5 – j_[jh `_kldhklb; 6 – ihykhd jZfgh]h [bfkZ Maeu i_j_k_q_gby jZfguo [bfkh\ k dZjebg]kZfb (kf. jbkmghd 6.3) < wlhf i_j_k_q_gbb kl_gdm jZfgh]h [bfkZ jZaj_aZxl gZ dZjebg]k_ b ijb\Zjb\Zxl d g_fm, Z ^ey ih^dj_ie_gby kl_gdb b ihykdZ dZjebg]kZ \ mae_ i_j_k_q_gby _]h k jZfguf [bfkhf mklZgZ\eb\Zxl dgbpu. >ey hdhg_qghkl_c km^gZ ij_bfms_kl\Z ijbf_g_gby ijh^hevghc kbkl_fu gZ[hjZ, h[mkeh\e_ggu_ emqrbf bkihevah\Zgb_f [Zehd gZ[hjZ \ \hkijbylbb mkbebc hl h[s_]h ijh^hevgh]h ba]b[Z km^gZ, l_jyxl k\h_ agZq_gb_. Dhgkljmdpby i_j_oh^Z ijh^hevghc kbkl_fu gZ[hjZ \ ihi_j_qgmx hkms_kl\ey_lky ihke_^h\Zl_evguf h[ju\hf ijh^hevguo [Zehd kbff_ljbqgh kh klhjhgu e_\h]h b ijZ\h]h [hjlh\. Ijb wlhf g_h[oh^bfh, jZa]hgyy h[ju\u ijh^hevguo [Zehd, h[_ki_qblv ihkl_i_gghklv baf_g_gby iehsZ^_c k_q_gby iZem[u (jbkmghd 6.13). ;Zedb, b^msb_ \^hev [hjlh\, fh]ml aZdZgqb\Zlvky \ k_q_gbyo, _s_ g_^hklZlhqgh m^Ze_gguo hl hdhg_qghkl_c, l._. gZ mqZkldZo, dhgkljmdpby dhlhjuo \uihegy_lky ih ijh^hevghc ko_f_ gZ[hjZ. H[ju\Z_fZy ijh^hevgZy [ZedZ h[yaZl_evgh ^he`gZ [ulv ^h\_^_gZ ^h jZfgh]h [bfkZ k ihkl_i_gguf mf_gvr_gb_f \ukhlu __ k_q_gby gZ ^ebg_ hl dhgpZ, jZ\ghc ihemlhjZ agZq_gbyf \ukhlu [Zedb (jbkmghd 6.13, k_q_gb_ :-:). >jm]Zy ijh^hevgZy [ZedZ ijh^he`Z_lky aZ jZfguf [bfkhf b aZdZgqb\Z_lky ihkl_i_ggh km`Zxs_cky [jZd_lhc, ^h\_^_gghc ^h [eb`Zcr_]h [bfkZ (k_q_gb_ ;-;). I_j_oh^ jZfgh]h [bfkZ \ ohehklhc gZ mqZkld_ baf_g_gby kbkl_fu gZ[hjZ ihdZaZg gZ jbkmgd_ 6.13, k_q_gb_ <-<. 76 Jbkmghd 6.13 – Dhgkljmdpby i_j_oh^gh]h mqZkldZ iZem[u k ijh^hevghc kbkl_fhc gZ[hjZ \ ihi_j_qgmx \ hdhg_qghklyo dhjimkZ km^gZ: 1 – jZfguc [bfk; 2 – dZjebg]k; 3 – ijh^hevgZy ih^iZem[gZy [ZedZ; 4 – [bfk; 5 - dgbpZ < jZchg_ ^\hcguo [hjlh\, dZd ijZ\beh, ijbf_gy_lky ijh^hevgZy kbkl_fZ gZ[hjZ ^gbsZ b iZem[u. Ohehklu_ riZg]hmlu kh_^bgyxlky k djZcgbfb ijh^hevgufb [ZedZfb k ihfhsvx dgbp (jbkmghd 6.14, Z, [). < madbo f_klZo \f_klh ^\mo dgbp fh`_l [ulv ihklZ\e_gZ [jZd_lZ (jbkmghd 6.14, \). JZaf_ju ihem[bfkh\ ijbgbfZxlky lZdbfb `_, dZd b jZaf_ju [hjlh\uo riZg]hmlh\. < g_dhlhjuo kemqZyo \ukhlm ihem[bfkh\ ijboh^blky ^hihegbl_evgh m\_ebqb\Zlv (jbkmghd 6.14, ]), qlh[u ijhimklblv kd\hav gbo [hevrb_ ijh^hevgu_ [Zedb, g_h[oh^bfu_ ih mkeh\byf h[s_c ijhqghklb. Ihkdhevdm gZijy`_gby \ ihem[bfkZo fZeu, dgbpu \ mae_ _]h kh_^bg_gby k [hjlh\ufb riZg]hmlZfb qZs_ g_ klZ\ylky. Jbkmghd 6.14 – Maeu kh_^bg_gby [Zehd iZem[gh]h gZ[hjZ \ jZchg_ ^\hcguo [hjlh\ 77 6.7. <uj_au \ iZem[Zo b dhfbg]ku exdh\ RbjbgZ \uj_aZ \ iZem[_ g_ ^he`gZ ij_\urZlv 0,7 rbjbgu km^gZ < \ ^Zgghf f_kl_. >himkdZ_lky m\_ebqb\Zlv \uj_a ^h 0,85< ijb hkms_kl\e_gbb ki_pbZevguo f_jhijbylbc (m\_ebq_gbb `_kldhklb ihi_j_qgh]h gZ[hjZ, mklZgh\d_ ^\hcguo [hjlh\ k ihemi_j_[hjdZfb, mf_gvr_gbb ^ebgu \uj_ah\ b l.i.) Ijb rbjbg_ \uj_ah\ exdh\, [hevr_c 0,70<, ijh^hevgu_ dhfbg]ku exdh\ ^he`gu [ulv g_ij_ju\gufb ih ^ebg_ \k_o ljxfh\ b hdZgqb\Zlvky dgbpZfb ^ebghc g_ f_g__ ^\mo \ukhl dhfbg]kZ (jbkmghd 6.15) Jbkmghd 6.15 – Ko_fZ hdhgqZgby g_ij_ju\gh]h ijh^hevgh]h dhfbg]kZ; hd – \ukhlZ dhfbg]kZ; ldg – ^ebgZ dgbpu Dhgkljmdpby ijh^hevguo dhfbg]kh\ fh`_l [ulv jZaebqghc (jbkmghd 6.16). Ihedb dhfbg]kh\ ba]hlZ\eb\Zxl ]gmlufb, k\Zjgufb beb ba ijhdZlguo r\_ee_jh\. Jbkmghd 6.16 – Dhgkljmdlb\gu_ ko_fu dhfbg]kh\ ]jmah\uo exdh\: Z – lbih\Zy dhgkljmdpby; [ – ihedZ ba r\_ee_jZ; \ – ]gmlZy ihedZ; 1 – ljm[qZlZy aZsblZ ihehku hl bklbjZgby ljhkh\ ijb ]jmah\uo hi_jZpbyo; ] – k\ZjgZy ihedZ ?keb hlghr_gb_ \ukhlu kl_gdb dhfbg]kZ d __ lhesbg_ ij_\urZ_l 40, lh kl_gdZ dhfbg]kZ ^he`gZ [ulv ih^dj_ie_gZ ]hjbahglZevgufb j_[jZfb. 78 Ebklu dhfbg]kh\ ]jmah\uo exdh\ ^h\h^yl ^h mjh\gy gb`g_c djhfdb jZfguo [bfkh\, Z m gb`g_c djhfdb dhfbg]kZ ^he`_g [ulv hlh]gmluc neZg_p, ijbgbfZ_fuc \ ij_^_eZo 8÷12 lhesbg dhfbg]kZ. 6.8. H]jZ`^_gby ]jmah\h]h [mgd_jZ GZ km^Zo-iehsZ^dZo ^ey m^_j`Zgby kuimqbo ]jmah\ \ ij_^_eZo ]jmah\hc iehsZ^db mklZgZ\eb\Zxl h]jZ`^_gby. Ijh^hevgu_ kl_gdb h]jZ`^_gby mklZgZ\eb\Zxl gZ jZkklhygbb 1,0÷1,2 f hl [hjlZ, Z ihi_j_qgu_ kl_gdb h]jZ`^_gby km^h\ k gZ^kljhcdZfb gZ jZkklhygbb 1÷2 f hl gZ^kljhcdb. GZ km^Zo [_a gZ^kljhcdb ihi_j_qgu_ kl_gdb klZ\ylky kjZam `_ aZ km^h\ufb mkljhckl\Zfb \ ghkh\hc b dhjfh\hc qZklyo iZem[u. B ijh^hevgu_, b ihi_j_qgu_ kl_gdb `_eZl_evgh jZaf_sZlv \ iehkdhklb khhl\_lkl\mxsbo jZfguo k\ya_c. <ukhlZ kl_ghd h]jZ`^_gby dhe_[exlky \ ij_^_eZo 0,4÷1,8 f. Ijb hlkuid_ gZ\Zehqguo ]jmah\ «=hjdZfb» beb «]jy^hc» \ukhlm kl_gdb h]jZgbqb\Zxl ^h 0,7÷0,9 f, lZd dZd \ukhdb_ kl_gdb qZs_ ih\j_`^Zxlky ]j_cn_jZfb. Ijh^hevgu_ kl_gdb h]jZ`^_gby k p_evx mf_gvr_gby bo ih\j_`^Z_fhklb ]j_cn_jZfb mklZgZ\eb\Zxl k gZdehghf \ (5÷6)0, jbkmghd 6.17. Jbkmghd 6.17 – Dhgkljmdpby h]jZ`^_gby ]jmah\hc iZem[u km^h\ – iehsZ^hd: Z – k_q_gb_ ih jZfghc klhcd_; [ – k_q_gb_ ih ohehklhc klhcd_; \ – dhgkljmdpby k ]hjbahglZevgufb j_[jZfb `_kldhklb K mq_lhf mf_gvr_gby ih\j_`^Z_fhklb kl_ghd h]jZ`^_gby ]j_cn_jZfb bo lhesbgZ ijbgbfZ_lky ihjy^dZ 7÷8 ff. Kl_gdb h]jZ`^_gby bkdexqZxl hl mqZklby \ h[s_f ba]b[_ b ^_eZxl jZaj_agufb. 6.9. GZjm`gZy h[rb\dZ GZjm`gZy h[rb\dZ h[_ki_qb\Z_l \h^hg_ijhgbpZ_fhklv dhjimkZ b, \oh^y \ khklZ\ wd\b\Ze_glgh]h [jmkZ, ijbgbfZ_l mqZklb_ \ h[_ki_q_gbb h[s_c b f_klghc ijhqghklb km^gZ. HgZ h[jZam_lky jy^hf ihykv_\, dhlhju_ jZkiheh`_gu \^hev km^gZ. Ihykvy khklhbl ba ebklh\, k\Zj_gguo f_`^m kh[hc ih dhjhldbf 79 (kludb) b ^ebgguf (iZau) djhfdZf. < kj_^g_c qZklb km^h\ \gmlj_gg_]h ieZ\Zgby h[\h^u ijyfhebg_cgu_. Wlh iha\hey_l mklZgZ\eb\Zlv \ wlhf jZchg_ rbjhdb_ b ^ebggu_ ebklu. DZ`^uc ijh^hevguc ebkl gZau\Z_lky ihykhf. JZkiheh`_gb_ bo ih i_jbf_ljm b jZkly`dZ gZjm`ghc h[rb\db ijb\_^_gu gZ jbkmgd_ 6.18. Jbkmghd 6.18 – H[rb\dZ dhjimkZ \ ihi_j_qghf k_q_gbb (Z) b jZkly`dZ gZjm`ghc h[rb\db ([): 1 – ihyk ]hjbahglZevgh]h dbey; 2, 3 – ihykZ ^gbs_\hc h[rb\db; 4 – kdmeh\hc ihyk; 5 – ihyk h[rb\db gZjm`gh]h [hjlZ; 6 – rbjklj_d; 7 – iZem[guc kljbg]_j; 8 – ijh^hevguc dhfbg]k; 9 – nZevr[hjl; I – iZau; S – kludb <_ebqbgu fbgbfZevguo kljhbl_evguo lhesbg h[rb\db, k mq_lhf baghkZ dhgkljmdpbc, j_]eZf_glbjm_lky IjZ\beZfb J_]bkljZ, b ijb\_^_gu \ lZ[ebp_ 1.5. K lhqdb aj_gby ijhqghklb gZb[he__ gZ]jm`_ggufb ihykvyfb k_q_gby y\eyxlky: rbjklj_d, jZkiheh`_gguc \ \_jog_c qZklb wd\b\Ze_glgh]h [jmkZ, b ^gbs_\u_ ihykvy, h[jZamxsb_ gb`gbc ihyk wd\b\Ze_glgh]h [jmkZ b gZoh^ysb_ky ih^ gZb[hevrbf ^Z\e_gb_f \h^u (jbkmghd 6.18, Z). < k\yab k wlbfb bo lhesbgu ijbgbfZxlky gZb[hevrbfb. RbjbgZ rbjklj_dZ ijb \ukhl_ [hjlZ G > 2,5 f ijbgbfZ_lky jZ\ghc 0,2G. Ijb wlhf G < 2,5 lhesbgZ rbjklj_dZ fh`_l \uihegylvky h^bgZdh\uc lhesbgu k [hjlh\hc h[rb\dhc. < rbjklj_d_ ke_^m_l ba[_]Zlv mkljhckl\Z hl\_jklbc, Z _keb wlh]h g_\hafh`gh k^_eZlv, lh bo ke_^m_l \uihegylv djm]eufb. P_glj \uj_aZ hl djhfdb rbjklj_dZ ^he`_g hlklhylv gZ jZkklhygbb g_ f_g__ ^\mo ^bZf_ljh\ \uj_ah\. Ijb ^bZf_lj_ hl\_jklbc [he__ ^\Z^pZlb lhesbg rbjklj_dZ ^he`gu [ulv ih80 klZ\e_gu ih^dj_ieyxsb_ mlhes_ggu_ ebklu beb ijh^hevgu_ ihehku ba ijhnbevghc klZeb. Kdmeh\hc ihyk ba]hlZ\eb\Zxl ba hl^_evgh]h ebklZ, b ^_eZ_lky mlhes_gguf gZ 1-2 ff ih kjZ\g_gbx k ^gbs_\ufb ihykvyfb. >ey km^h\, ieZ\Zxsbo gZ f_edh\h^v_, lhesbgm kdmeh\h]h ihykZ j_dhf_g^m_lky ^hihegbl_evgh m\_ebqblv _sz gZ 1 ff. ;hjlh\u_ ihykvy g_agZqbl_evgh gZ]jm`_ggu_ ghjfZevgufb gZijy`_gbyfb hl h[s_]h ba]b[Z, bf_xl f_gvrb_ lhesbgu, q_f hklZevgu_ ihykvy b ^ey gbo j_rZxsmx jhev b]jZ_l f_klgZy ijhqghklv b baghk. GZjm`gmx h[rb\dm \ ghkh\hc hdhg_qghklb ijbgbfZxl mlhes_gguc gZ 25% ih kjZ\g_gbx kh kj_^g_c qZklvx km^gZ, Z \ dhjfh\hc hdhg_qghklb g_ f_gvr_, q_f \ kj_^g_c qZklb km^gZ. H[rb\dZ, ijbfudZxsZy d rl_\gyf, \ jZchg_ dj_ie_gby eZi djhgrl_cgh\, \ f_klZo mkbe_gghc dhjjhabb b ih\ur_ggh]h f_oZgbq_kdh]h baghkZ mlhesZ_lky. JZaf_ju m\_ebq_gby lhesbgu h[rb\db ijb dhjjhabhgghf b f_oZgbq_kdhf baghk_ hij_^_eyxlky nZdlbq_kdbfb kdhjhklyfb baghkZ. >ey mf_gvr_gby ijhly`_gghklb k\Zjguo r\h\ p_e_khh[jZagh m\_ebqb\Zlv ]Z[Zjblu ebklh\. H^gZdh hgb h]jZgbqb\Zxlky \hafh`ghklyfb f_lZeemj]bq_kdbo aZ\h^h\ b m^h[kl\Zfb h[jZ[hldb ebklh\ gZ km^hkljhbl_evguo ij_^ijbylbyo. =Z[Zjblgu_ jZaf_ju klZevguo ebklh\ hij_^_eyxlky ih HKLm 5.097572, y\eyxs_fky h]jZgbq_gb_f ^ey km^hkljh_gby =HKLh\ 5881-57 b 5521-76, \ aZ\bkbfhklb hl lhesbgu ebklh\ b fZjdb ijbgylhc klZeb. Ijb \u[hj_ jZaf_jh\ ebklh\ mqblu\Z_lky lh, qlh ijb mklZgh\d_ bo gZ km^g_ djhfdb ebklh\ [m^ml h[j_aZlvky gZ 10÷40 ff k dZ`^hc klhjhgu ebklZ \ k\yab k ihemqb\rbfbky ijb ljZgkihjlbjh\d_, ih]jmad_ b \u]jmad_ f_oZgbq_kdbfb ih\j_`^_gbyfb (\u[hbgZfb, aZam[jbgZfb, \fylbgZfb b l.^.). I_j_oh^ hl h^gbo lhesbg d ^jm]bf \uihegy_lky ihkl_i_ggh. Baf_g_gb_ lhesbg kf_`guo ebklh\ g_ ^he`gh ij_\urZlv 30% beb 5 ff. K [he__ lheklh]h ebklZ ih djhfd_ kgbfZ_lky nZkdZ (gZ ijhly`_gbb iylb jZagbp lhesbg kh_^bgy_fuo ebklh\) ^h lhesbgu [he__ lhgdh]h ebklZ. JZkdjhc ebklh\ gZjm`ghc h[rb\db ijhba\h^blky gZ jZkly`d_ gZjm`ghc h[rb\db, \uiheg_gghc gZ ieZa_. 6.10. IZem[guc gZklbe GZklbe iZem[u y\ey_lky h^ghc ba \Z`g_crbo dhgkljmdpbc km^gZ. Hg \uihegy_l ke_^mxsb_ nmgdpbb: 1) h[_ki_q_gb_ h[s_c b f_klghc ijhqghklb km^gZ; 2) h[_ki_q_gb_ g_ijhgbpZ_fhklb b ij_^hojZg_gb_ dhjimkZ km^gZ hl aZeb\Zgby \h^hc; 3) l_ieh- b \eZ]hbaheypbx `beuo b kem`_[guo ihf_s_gbc. IZem[Z, y\eyykv kZfuf m^Ze_gguf ihykdhf wd\b\Ze_glgh]h [jmkZ, hdZau\Z_lky gZb[he__ gZ]jm`_gghc gZijy`_gbyfb h[s_]h b f_klgh]h ba]b[h\ b bf__l gZb[hevrb_ lhesbgu. GZ km^Zo-iehsZ^dZo b km^Zo, i_j_\haysbo iZem[guc 81 ]jma, ij_h[eZ^Zxsbfb gZijy`_gbyfb \ k_q_gbyo iZem[ fh]ml hdZaZlvky f_klgu_ gZijy`_gby. Lhesbgu iZem[ hij_^_eyxl ih ^Zgguf lZ[ebpu 1.5 \ aZ\bkbfhklb hl deZkkZ b ^ebgu km^gZ. Ebklu gZklbeZ iZem[u, lZd`_ dZd b gZjm`gZy h[rb\dZ, jZkiheZ]Zxlky ^ebgghc klhjhghc \^hev km^gZ, h[jZamy hl^_evgu_ ihykvy. Ebklu, jZkiheh`_ggu_ g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh m [hjlZ, gZau\Zxl iZem[guf kljbg]_jhf. Hgb \uihegyxlky mlhes_ggufb (ih kjZ\g_gbx k hklZevguf gZklbehf iZem[u), lZd dZd \ gZdj_g_gghf iheh`_gbb km^gZ y\eyxlky h^gh\j_f_ggh k rbjklj_dhf gZb[he__ m^Ze_ggufb ebklZfb iZem[u, \hkijbgbfZxsbfb mkbeby, dhlhju_ i_j_^Zxlky k [hjlh\h]h i_j_djulby gZ iZem[gh_. IZem[guc kljbg]_j ^ey \k_o deZkkh\ km^h\ \gmlj_gg_]h ieZ\Zgby \uihegy_lky rbjbghc g_ f_g__ 0,6 f. Kh_^bg_gb_ iZem[gh]h gZklbeZ k rbjklj_dhf hkms_kl\ey_lky jZaebqgufb dhgkljmdlb\gufb kihkh[Zfb, dhlhju_ ykgu ba jbkmgdZ 6.19. Kh_^bg_gby kh kljbg]_jhf (jbkmghd 6.19, ]) ijbf_gy_lky dZd [Zjv_jgu_ r\u, ij_iylkl\mxsb_ jZkijhkljZg_gbx lj_sbg. :gZeh]bqgmx nmgdpbx \uihegyxl kh_^bg_gby kh kljbg]_jghc ieZgdhc (jbkmghd 6.19, ^). Hkh[_gghklvx iZem[gh]h gZklbeZ y\ey_lky gZebqb_ \ g_f agZqbl_evgh]h dhebq_kl\Z \uj_ah\ – ]jmah\uo exdh\, jZkrbjbl_evguo rZol, exdh\ ^ey ^hklmiZ \ hlk_db km^gZ, fZrbggh-dhl_evguo rZol b l.^. <uj_au \ ebklh\uo dhgkljmdpbyo y\eyxlky dhgp_gljZlhjZfb gZijy`_gbc. Jbkmghd 6.19 – Kihkh[u kh_^bg_gby iZem[gh]h kljbg]_jZ k rbjklj_dhf: Z – rbjklj_d \uklmiZ_l gZ^ iZem[hc; [ – iZem[Z gZdju\Z_l rbjklj_d; \ – kh_^bg_gb_ ]gmluf eblhf; ] – kh kljbg]_jguf m]hevgbdhf; ^ – kh kljbg]_jghc ieZgdhc Ijb gZebqbb ijyfhm]hevguo \uj_ah\ \ ebklh\uo dhgkljmdpbyo gZb[hevrZy dhgp_gljZpby gZijy`_gbc \hagbdZ_l \ m]eZo \uj_ah\. >himklbfu_ dhwnnbpb_glu dhgp_gljZpbb gZijy`_gbc ^ey km^h\uo dhgkljmdpbc \hagbdZxl \ l_o kemqZyo, _keb m]eu ijyfhm]hevguo \uj_ah\ \uihegyxlky kdjm]e_ggufb k jZ^bmkhf aZdjm]e_gby, jZ\guf beb [hevrbf 0,1 rbjbgu \uj_aZ. Ijb \uiheg_gbb kdjm]e_gby \ m]eZo \uj_ah\ ^ey mf_gvr_gby gZijy`_gbc \ ahgZo bo dhg82 p_gljZpbb mklZgZ\eb\Zxl mlhes_ggu_ \ 1,2÷1,35 jZaZ ih kjZ\g_gbx k ijbe_]Zxsbfb ebklZfb \\Zjgu_ ebklu. JZaf_ju mlhes_gguo ebklh\ \ m]eZo ijyfhm]hevguo exdh\, j_dhf_g^m_fu_ IjZ\beZfb J_]bkljZ, ijb\_^_gu gZ jbkmgd_ 6.20. Jbkmghd 6.20 – Ih^dj_ie_gb_ m]eh\ ijyfhm]hevguo \uj_ah\ \ iZem[Zo \\Zjgufb mlheszggufb ebklZfb: Z – ^ey \uj_ah\ rbjbghc f_gvr_ 0,70<; [ – ^ey \uj_ah\ rbjbghc [hevr_ 0,70< ?keb ijh^hevgu_ dhfbg]ku ]jmah\uo exdh\ \uihegyxlky g_ij_ju\gufb, dhgp_gljZpby gZijy`_gbc \ m]eZo exdh\ hdZau\Z_lky agZqbl_evgh f_gvr_, ihwlhfm jZ^bmku aZdjm]e_gbc fh]ml [ulv mf_gvr_gu \ 1,5÷2 jZaZ ih kjZ\g_gbx k mdZaZggufb. JZkkfhlj_ggu_ ih^dj_ie_gby b jZ^bmku h[uqgh \uihegyxlky gZ \_jogbo iZem[Zo km^gZ. GZ gb`gbo iZem[Zo ih^dj_ie_gby b jZ^bmku aZdjm]e_gby \uihegyxlky agZqbl_evgh f_gvrbfb. G_[hevrb_ ijyfhm]hevgu_ \uj_au fh]ml ba khklZ\Z wd\b\Ze_glgh]h [jmkZ g_ bkdexqZlvky, _keb ^ey dhfi_gkZpbb ihl_jygghc iehsZ^b iZem[u ijhba\h^blky ih^dj_ie_gb_ mlhes_ggufb ebklZfb ih \k_c ^ebg_ ijh^hevguo djhfhd \uj_ah\ (jbkmghd 6.21). LZdZy dhfi_gkZpby iehsZ^b iZem[u h[uqgh \uihegy_lky, _keb rbjbgZ \uj_aZ g_ ij_\urZ_l 0,4 rbjbgu km^gZ b hlghr_gb_ ^ebgu \uj_aZ d _]h rbjbg_ f_gvr_ 1,5. 83 Jbkmghd 6.21 – Ih^dj_ie_gb_ ijyfhm]hevguo \uj_ah\ (\dexqZ_fuo \ khklZ\ wd\b\Ze_glgh]h [jmkZ) \\Zjgufb mlhes_ggufb ebklZfb G_ ^himkdZ_lky jZkiheZ]Zlv kludh\u_ r\u b \uj_au m m]eh\ exdh\, jZkiheh`_gguo \ kj_^g_c qZklb km^gZ, \ jZchg_, jZaf_ju dhlhjh]h ijb\_^_gu gZ jbkmgd_ 6.20. JZaf_ju jZchgZ m m]eh\ exdh\, jZkiheh`_gguo \ hdhg_qghklyo, fh]ml [ulv mf_gvr_gu ih kh]eZkh\Zgbx k J_qguf J_]bkljhf. 84 EBL?J:LMJ: 1. ;hqdh\ ;.N. Dhgkljmdpby km^h\ \gmlj_gg_]h b kf_rZggh]h ieZ\Zgby. – =hjvdbc, 1980. – 84 k. 2. >hiZldZ J., I_j_i_qdh :. Dgb]Z h km^Zo. – E.:Km^hkljh_gb_, 1981. – 207 k. 3. IjZ\beZ deZkkbnbdZpbb b ihkljhcdb km^h\ \gmlj_gg_]h ieZ\Zgby: J_qghc J_]bklj JKNKJ – Fhkd\Z «LjZgkihjl», 1989, qZklv II . – dhjimk. – 219 k. 4. Ijhlhihih\ <.;., K\_qgbdh\ H.B., ?]hjh\ G.F. Dhgkljmdpby dhjimkZ km^h\ \gmlj_gg_]h b kf_rZggh]h ieZ\Zgby: Mq_[gbd. – E.:Km^hkljh_gb_, 1984 – 376 k.be. 5. K\_qgbdh\ H.B., Ljygbg B.B. JZkq_l b ijh_dlbjh\Zgb_ dhgkljmdpbc km^h\ \gmlj_gg_]h ieZ\Zgby. KI[.:Km^hkljh_gb_, 1994. – 376 k. 6. RZlbeh K.G. Hkgh\u l_hjbb b mkljhckl\h km^h\ \gmlj_gg_]h ieZ\Zgby. – =hf_ev:;_e=ML, 2004. – 261 k. 85 IJBEH@?GB? I_j_q_gv hkgh\guo klZg^Zjlh\ ijhdZlguo b ^jm]bo f_lZeebq_kdbo ba^_ebc 86 LZ[ebpZ I.1 – I_j_q_gv hkgh\guo klZg^Zjlh\ ijhdZlguo b ^jm]bo f_lZeebq_kdbo ba^_ebc Dhjimkgu_ klZeb b bo gZagZq_gb_ F_oZgbq_kdb_ k\hckl\Z ijb jZkly`_gbb FZjdZ LhesbgZ, Khklhygb_ L_fi_jZklZeb ff ihklZ\db lmjZ ijb bkiulZ<j_f_ggh_ khijh- Ij_^_e l_dmq_- Hlghkbl_evgh_ gbyo, 0K lb\e_gb_ klb m^ebg_gb_ 2 2 Re 5l , G ff :5 V5 ,% Rm VB , H ff : < > ? :32 4-60 =hjyq_dZlZgZy 5,0-7,0 =hjyq_dZlZgZy 7,5-9,5 10-50 =hjyq_dZlZgZy 5,0-7,0 7,5-9,5 10-12 >12 ^h 50 GhjfZebah\ZggZy 5,0-7,0 GhjfZebah\ZggZy 7,5-9,5 10-50 4-4,5 5,0-7,0 7,5-9,5 10-20 >20÷40 =hjyq_dZlZgZy GhjfZebah\ZggZy M^ZjgZy \yadhklv, >`/kf2 KV KCU M]e_jh^bklZy klZev 400-490 235 400-490 235 22 22 0 400-490 235 22 -10 400-490 235 22 -40 19 24 27 22 0 22 26 31 Gbadhe_]bjh\ZggZy klZev 470-590 315 19 24 27 19 24 27 - 87 Ijh^he`_gb_ lZ[ebpu I.1 FZjdZ LhesbgZ, klZeb ff Khklhygb_ ihklZ\db F_oZgbq_kdb_ k\hckl\Z ijb jZkly`_gbb <j_f_ggh_ khijhlb\e_gb_ Rm VB , H ff >32 ?32 :36 >36 >36 5,0-7,0 7,5-9,5 10-20 >20÷40 5,0-7,0 7,5-9,5 10-40 4-4,5 5-7,0 7,5-9,5 10-40 5,0-7,0 7,5-9,5 10-40 5,0-7,0 7,5-9,5 10-40 2 Ij_^_e l_dmq_klb Re 5l , G ff 2 Hlghkbl_evgh_ m^ebg_gb_ :5 V5 ,% L_fi_jZlmjZ ijb bkiulZgbyo, 0K M^ZjgZy \yadhklv, >`/kf2 KV KCU =hjyq_dZlZgZy 470-590 315 22 -20 GhjfZebah\ZggZy GhjfZebah\ZggZy 22 26 31 470-590 315 22 -20 GhjfZebah\ZggZy 490-620 355 21 - GhjfZebah\ZggZy 490-620 355 21 -20 GhjfZebah\ZggZy 490-620 355 21 -40 22 26 31 24 28 34 24 28 34 24 28 34 - 88 Ijh^he`_gb_ lZ[ebpu I.1 FZjdZ klZeb LhesbgZ, ff Khklhygb_ ihklZ\db F_oZgbq_kdb_ k\hckl\Z ijb jZkly`_gbb <j_f_ggh_ khijhlb\e_gb_ Rm V B , H ff :40 >40 ?40 09=2 09=2 10OKG> 4-4,5 5-7,0 7,5-9,5 10-40 k\15^h32 5,0-7,0 7,5-9,5 10-32 10-32 4 5-9,5 10-20 21-30 32-60 4 5-9,5 10-15 16-32 2 Ij_^_e l_dmq_klb Re 5l , G ff 2 L_fi_jZlmjZ ijb bkHlghkbl_evgh_ iulZgbyo, 0K m^ebg_gb_ :5 V5 ,% M^ZjgZy \yadhklv, >`/kf2 KV KCU =hjyq_dZlZgZy 530-690 390 19 0 - AZdZedZ+hlimkd =hjyq_dZlZgZy 25 30 36 530-690 390 19 -20 530-690 G_ f_g__ 440 390 300 19 21 -40 -40 25 30 36 36 - G_ f_g__ 450 530-690 290 290 390 21 19 -40 -40 34 29 49 49 39 49 AZdZedZ+hlimkd AZdZedZ+hlimkd - 89 LZ[ebpZ I.2 – KlZev lhgdhebklh\Zy m]e_jh^bklZy b gbadhe_]bjh\ZggZy. KhjlZf_gl b fZjdZ (h]jZgbq_gb_ =HKL 19903-76, =HKL 19904-76, =HKL 552176 b =HKL 16523-70) FZjdZ klZeb LhesbgZ ebklZ, >ebgZ ebklZ ijb lhesbg_, ff ff 1000 1400 0,9 2000 <Kl3ik 1,0 2000 <Kl3ik 1,6 2000 <Kl3ik 2,0 2000 2800 <Kl3ik, 10OKG> 2,5 2000 2800 <Kl3ik, 10OKG> 3,0 2000 3000-3500 <Kl3ik, 10OKG> Ijbf_qZgby: 1. KlZg^Zjl =HKL 5521-76. 2. Mkeh\gh_ h[hagZq_gb_ oheh^ghdZlZghc lhgdhebklh\hc klZeb fZjdb Kl.3, ghjfZevghc lhqghklb ijhdZldb, memqr_gghc iehkdhklghklb, k h[j_aghc djhfdhc, 2-c dZl_]hjbb ih ghjfbjm_fuf oZjZdl_jbklbdZf, jZaf_jhf 0,8o1000o2000 ff, III ]jmiiu hl^_edb ih\_joghklb Ebkl= ;-IM-0-0.8o1000o2000 =HKL 19904-76 . 2-III-Kl.3 =HKL 16523-70 3. Ijbf_j mkeh\gh]h h[hagZq_gby ]hjyq_dZlZghc lhgdhebklh\hc klZeb fZjdb 10OKG>, ghjfZevghc lhqghklb ijhdZldb, \ukhdhc iehkdhklghklb, k h[j_aghc djhfdhc, jZaf_jhf 2,5o2000o2800 ff, 4-c dZl_]hjbb ih ghjfbjm_fuf oZjZdl_jbklbdZf, II ]jmiiu hl^_edb ih\_joghklb Ebkl= ;-I<-0-2.5o2000o2800 =HKL 19903-76 . 4-II-10OKG> =HKL 5521-76 90 LZ[ebpZ I.3 – KlZev lheklhebklh\Zy. KhjlZf_gl (ba ghjfZeb 0G9-92-64) (H]jZgbq_gb_ ih =HKL 19903-76 b =HKL 5521-80) LhesbgZ ebklh\, ff 4,5 6 7 8,9 10, 11 12 14, 16, 18 20, 22, 24, 26 28, 30, 32 36, 40 45, 50, 56 1400 6 6 6 6 6 6 1600 6, 7, 8 6, 7, 8 6, 7, 8, 6 7,8, 10 6, 7, 8, 10 6, 7, 8, 10 10 6 6 6 1800 6, 7, 8 6, 7, 8 6, 7, 8, 10 6, 7, 8, 10 6, 7, 8, 10 10 6, 7, 8 RbjbgZ ebklh\, ff 2000 2200 >ebgZ ebklh\, ff 2400 2600 3000 6, 7, 8 6, 7, 8, 10 6, 7, 8, 10 6, 7, 8, 10 10 6, 7, 8 10, 12 10, 12 10, 12 10, 12 10, 12 10, 12 10, 12 10, 12 10, 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 Ijbf_qZgb_. Ebklu ^ebghc 10 b 12 f jZaj_rZ_lky ijbf_gylv ihke_ kh]eZkh\Zgby k aZ\h^Zfb-kljhbl_eyfb b aZ\h^Zfb-ihklZ\sbdZfb. 91 LZ[ebpZ I.4 – J_dhf_g^m_fuc khjlZf_gl ihehkh\hc klZeb =HKL 82-70 RbjbgZ, ff 20 22 25 30 40 45 GZb[hevrZy lhesbgZ, ff 12 12 16 20 20 25 35 RbjbgZ, ff 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 GZb[hevrZy lhesbgZ, ff 35 35 40 40 40 40 50 RbjbgZ, ff 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 GZb[hevrZy lhesbgZ, ff 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 92 LZ[ebpZ I.5 – We_f_glu m]eh\h]h g_jZ\gh[hdh]h ijhnbey (=HKL 8509-93, HKL 5.9084-72) JZaf_ju ;_a ihykdZ ijhnbey, ff IehsZ^v k_- JZkklhygb_ h u b u d q_gby 2ijh- PL, kf nbey, kf 32o20o3 32o20o4 45o28o4 56o36o4 63o40o5 63o40o6 70o45o5 75o50o6 75o50o8 90o56o8 100o63o8 110o70o8 125o80o10 140o90o10 160o100o10 1,49 1,94 2,80 3,58 4,98 5,90 5,59 7,25 9,47 11,2 12,6 13,9 19,7 22,2 25,3 2,12 2,08 2,99 3,78 4,22 4,18 4,72 5,06 4,98 5,96 6,68 7,39 8,36 9,42 10,77 Fhf_gl bg_jpbb, kf4 1,52 1,93 5,68 11,4 19,9 23,3 27,8 40,9 52,4 90,9 127 172 312 444 667 K mkeh\guf ihykdhf rbjbghc 60d GZbf_gvrbc Fhf_gl IehsZ^v k_- JZkklhygb_ 4 bg_jpbb, kf fhf_gl khq_gby ijh- PL, kf 2 ijhlb\e_gby, nbey, kf kf3 6,89 2,86 7,54 2,64 11,54 3,02 10,3 3,42 12,40 3,98 27,7 6,96 13,2 4,72 52,7 11,2 20,0 5,44 94,6 17,4 27,5 5,64 116 20,6 20,6 5,90 128 21,7 28,8 6,46 197 30,5 47,9 6,84 272 39,8 49,6 7,96 442 55,5 51,0 8,65 602 69,3 52,3 9,33 791 84,8 79,7 10,8 1480 137 82,2 11,8 2040 173 85,3 13,2 2930 222 93 2 2,5 2,5 3,2 3,6 4,0 4,5 2,13 1,43 1,86 2,43 2,75 3,08 3,48 m0-m0 0,17 0,34 0,44 0,94 1,36 1,90 2,74 4,5 5,0 6,3 7,5 7,5 9,0 10 d 5 5 6 6 8 9 10 4,29 4,80 7,28 8,78 11,5 15,6 19,2 o-o 8,03 11,2 27,1 46,6 59,8 118 17,9 m0-m0 3,33 4,63 11,2 19,3 24,8 48,6 74,1 PL, PL, 0,60 0,73 0,76 0,94 1,04 1,13 1,26 b 45 50 63 75 75 90 100 Fhf_glu bg_jpbb, kf4, hlghkbl_evgh hkb JZkklhygb_ kf o-o 0,40 0,81 1,03 2,26 3,29 4,58 6,63 IehsZ^v k_q_gby ijhnbey, kf2 d 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 JZaf_ju ijhnbey, ff ijhnbey b 20 25 25 32 36 40 45 Fhf_glu bg_jpbb, kf4, hlghkbl_evgh hkb JZkklhygb_ kf ijhnbey JZaf_ju ijhnbey, ff IehsZ^v k_q_gby ijhnbey, kf2 LZ[ebpZ I.6 – We_f_glu m]eh\h]h jZ\gh[hdh]h ijhnbey (=HKL 8509-93, HKL 5.9084-72) 1,30 14,42 1,78 2,06 2,151 2,551 2,831 94 LZ[ebpZ I.7 – L_hj_lbq_kdb_ we_f_glu kbff_ljbqgh]h ihehkh[mev[h\h]h ijhnbey ^ey km^hkljh_gby KhjlZf_gl : – ghjfZevgu_ ihehkh[mev[u (=HKL 9235-76) Ix b Im – fhf_glu bg_jpbb hlghkbl_evgh hk_c o b m; ix b im – jZ^bmku bg_jpbb hlghkbl_evgh hk_c o b m; m0 – dhhj^bgZlZ p_gljZ ly`_klb iehsZ^b k_q_gby ihehkh[mev[Z [_a ijbkh_^bg_ggh]h ihykdZ 524 525 526 624 625 626 40 b L_hj_lbq_kdbc \_k, 1 ih].f, d]k 414 145 h 2,28 2,68 1,79 2,10 3,50 4,11 1,25 1,25 2,50 2,42 0,20 0,26 0,29 0,31 3 3,01 3,51 4,01 2,36 2,76 3,15 7,25 8,51 9,72 1,55 1,56 1,56 3,21 3,11 3,03 0,37 0,46 0,56 0,35 0,36 0,37 3 3,66 4,26 4,86 2,87 3,34 3,82 12,9 45,1 17,2 1,88 1,88 1,88 3,89 3,76 3,67 0,58 0,69 0,83 0,40 0,40 0,41 r 1, r 2 S 17 18 4 5 50 20 21 22 4 5 6 60 23 24 25 4 5 6 KijZ\hqgu_ \_ebqbgu Hkv oo Hkv mm IehsZ^v k_q_gby ijhnbey, kf2 ijhnbey JZaf_ju, ff 2,5 Ix, kf4 ix, kf m0, kf Im, kf4 im, kf 95 Ijh^he`_gb_ lZ[ebpu I.7 724 725 726 824 825 827 935 936 937 1035 1036 1038 1235 1237 1248 1446 1447 1449 1646 1658 70 24,5 25,5 26,5 4,5 5,5 6,5 80 26,5 27,5 29 4,5 5,5 7 90 31 32 33,5 5 6 7,5 100 35,5 36,5 38 5,5 6,5 8 120 37,5 39 40,5 5,5 7 8,5 140 42 43,5 45 6 7,5 9 48,5 50 6,5 8 160 3,5 4,65 5,35 6,05 3,65 4,20 4,75 22,5 26,0 29,2 2,20 2,20 2,20 4,48 4,35 4,25 0,81 0,96 1,13 0,42 0,42 0,43 4 5,47 6,27 7,47 4,29 4,92 5,86 34,5 39,7 47,9 2,51 2,52 2,53 5,19 5,04 4,87 1,14 1,36 1,66 0,46 0,46 0,47 4 6,82 7,72 9,07 5,35 6,05 7,12 55,6 63,1 73,9 2,86 2,86 2,86 5,86 5,70 5,52 1,91 2,17 2,64 0,53 0,53 0,54 4,5 8,53 9,53 11,0 6,70 7,48 8,66 85,4 96,1 111 3,16 3,16 3,16 6,57 6,40 6,21 3,22 3,60 4,25 0,62 0,62 0,62 5 10,2 12,0 13,8 7,97 9,38 10,8 146 172 198 3,78 3,79 3,79 7,84 7,56 7,36 4,15 4,86 5,70 0,64 0,64 0,64 6 13,1 15,2 17,3 10,3 11,9 13,6 255 298 339 4,42 4,43 4,43 9,24 8,90 8,67 6,83 7,86 9,05 0,72 0,72 0,72 16,5 18,9 12,9 14,8 419 484 5,04 5,08 10,6 10,3 11,6 13,0 0,84 0,83 6,5 96 Ijh^he`_gb_ lZ[ebpu I.7 16510 52 10 180 55 56,5 58,5 7 8,5 10,5 200 59,5 61 63 7,5 9 11 2268 22610 22712 22 66 68 70 2478 2471 24712 240 2779 27811 27813 1857 1858 18510 2057 2069 20611 30810 30812 30914 22,1 17,3 566 5,06 9,93 15,3 0,84 7 20,2 22,9 26,5 15,9 18,0 20,8 650 745 863 5,67 5,70 5,70 12,0 11,6 11,3 18,4 20,4 23,5 0,96 0,94 0,94 8 24,3 27,3 31,3 19,0 21,4 24,6 957 1080 1250 6,28 6,30 6,33 13,4 13,0 12,6 26,4 28,8 32,8 1,04 1,03 1,02 8 10 12 8,5 28,7 33,1 37,5 22,6 26,0 29,5 1380 1610 1830 6,92 6,97 6,98 14,8 14,3 13,9 38,3 43,0 48,3 1,16 1,14 1,14 73,5 75,5 77,5 8,5 10,5 12,5 9 33,8 38,6 43,4 26,6 30,3 34,1 1920 2230 2520 7,54 7,60 7,61 16,2 15,7 15,3 56,7 62,8 69,7 1,30 1,28 1,27 270 79 81 83 9 11 13 10 40,2 45,6 51,0 31,6 36,8 40,1 2900 3340 3750 8,49 8,55 8,57 18,2 17,7 17,2 77,4 85,2 93,8 1,39 1,37 1,36 300 86 88 90 10 12 14 11 49,0 55,0 61,0 38,4 43,1 47,8 4380 4970 5540 9,46 9,51 9,53 20,2 19,6 19,1 110 120 131 1,50 1,48 1,47 Ijbf_qZgb_. 1. Ghf_j dZ`^h]h ijhnbey khklZ\e_g ba jZaf_jh\ h b b \ kf b S \ ff (p_eu_ qbkeZ). 2. L_hj_lbq_kdZy fZkkZ mdZaZgZ ^ey klZeb k iehlghklvx 7,85. 97 Ghf_j ijhnbey LZ[ebpZ I.8 – L_hj_lbq_kdb_ we_f_glu g_kbff_ljbqgh]h ihehkh[mev[h\h]h ijhnbey k mkeh\guf ijbkh_^bg_gguf ihykdhf 600o(1015) ff. =HKL 5353-82 (k h]jZgbq_gb_f ih HKL 5.9076-82) 5 5,5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14Z 14[ 16Z 16[ F1 – iehsZ^v ijhnbey; Io1 – fhf_gl bg_jpbb ijhnbey; m1 – jZkklhygb_ ^h p_gljZ ly`_klb ijhnbey, e_`Zs_]h gZ hkb o1o1; F – h[sZy iehsZ^v ijhnbey k ihykdhf; Io – fhf_gl bg_jpbb ijhnbey k ihykdhf hlghkbl_evgh hkb oo; Wx – gZbf_gvrbc fhf_gl khijhlb\e_gby ijhnbey k ihykdhf hlghkbl_evgh hkb oo; We_f_glu ijhnbey We_f_glu ijhnbey k ihykdhf h, ff 50 55 60 70 80 90 100 120 140 140 160 160 b, ff 16 17 19 21 22 24 26 30 33 35 36 38 S, ff 4 4,5 5 5 5 5,5 6 6,5 7 9 8 10 F1, kf2 2,87 3,48 4,27 5,06 5,84 7,03 8,63 11,15 14,05 16,85 17,96 21,16 Io1, kf4 6,96 10,20 15,00 24,10 36,23 55,60 85,22 158 274 321 468 527 m1, kf 3,13 3,38 3,74 4,40 5,07 5,65 6,29 7,55 8,82 8,55 9,95 9,75 F, kf2 62,87 63,48 64,27 65,06 65,81 67,08 68,63 71,15 74,05 76,85 107,96 111,16 Io, kf4 44 61 87 137 202 295 434 767 1274 1398 2200/1980 2434/2190 Wx, kf3 9 12 15 20 25 33 45 68 100 112 147/140 165/159 S1, ff 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 15/10 15/10 98 Ijh^he`_gb_ lZ[ebpZ I.8 18Z 18[ 20Z 20[ 22Z 22[ 24Z 24[ 27Z 27[ 180 180 200 200 220 220 240 240 270 270 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 55 57 9 11 10 12 11 13 12 14 12 14 22,20 25,80 27,36 31,36 32,82 37,22 38,75 43,55 43,82 49,22 714 837 1078 1265 1611 1795 2232 2542 3265 3515 11,15 10,81 12,40 12,06 13,50 13,20 14,70 14,35 16,60 16,30 112,20 115,80 117,36 121,36 122,82 127,22 128,75 133,55 133,82 139,22 3280/2860 3530/3130 4730 5110 6500 6930 8720 9250 12180 12780 200/188 218/206 268 293 343 372 434 466 552 588 15/10 15/10 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 99 LZ[ebpZ I.9 – LZ\ju klZevgu_ k\Zjgu_ ^ey fhjkdbo km^h\. HG 9-594-68 lZ\jZ F0 – iehsZ^v k_q_gby lZ\jZ [_a ijbkh_^bg_ggh]h ihykdZ; I0 – fhf_gl bg_jpbb iehsZ^b k_q_gby lZ\jZ [_a ijbkh_^bg_gby ihykdZ; W0 – fbgbfZevguc fhf_gl khijhlb\e_gby iehsZ^b k_q_gby lZ\jZ ijb jZ\_gkl\_ iehsZ^_c k_q_gby ijbkh_^bg_ggh]h b k\h[h^gh]h ihykdh\; W00 – fbgbfZevguc fhf_gl khijhlb\e_gby iehsZ^b k_q_gby lZ\jZ ijb iehsZ^b k_q_gby ijbkh_^bg_ggh]h ihykdZ, jZ\ghc [_kdhg_qghklb; z0 – dhhj^bgZlZ p_gljZ ly`_klb iehsZ^b k_q_gby lZ\jZ [_a ijbkh_^bg_ggh]h ihykdZ; fi, fij i – iehsZ^b k\h[h^gh]h b ijbkh_^bg_ggh]h ihykdh\ JZaf_ju, ff KijZ\hqgu_ \_ebqbgu 8 10 12 14 16Z 16[ 18Z 18[ 20Z 20[ 22Z h 80 100 120 140 160 160 180 180 200 200 220 S 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 5 5 6 5 S1 b 40 50 60 80 80 100 100 100 100 100 100 6 6 6 6 6 8 8 10 8 10 10 F0, kf2 5,6 7,0 8,4 10,4 11,2 16,0 15,2 19,0 18,0 22,0 21,0 L_hj_lbq_kdZy I0, kf4 fZkkZ 1 f, d] 4,396 5,495 6,595 8,164 8,792 12,56 1193 14,81 14,13 17,18 16,40 42,45 81,50 139,2 229,2 325,3 452,8 529,0 670,5 813,9 1001 1137 z0, kf 5,84 7,27 8,70 10,4 11,6 12,2 13,9 14,0 14,6 14,8 16,5 f ij i ijb W00 f i , f ij i kf3 22,6 35,6 51,5 73,5 92,4 146 162 202 186 234 205 kf3 28,1 43,8 62,9 88,9 112 172 188 236 228 282 250 W0 ijb fi , 100 Ijh^he`_gb_ lZ[ebpu I.9 22[ 25Z 25[ 28Z 28[ 32Z 32[ 32\ 36Z 36[ 40Z 40[ 45Z 45[ 50Z 50[ 56Z 56[ 63Z 63[ 71Z 71[ 80Z 80[ 220 250 250 280 280 320 320 320 360 360 400 400 450 450 500 500 560 560 630 630 710 710 800 800 6 6 8 7 8 8 10 8 8 10 10 12 10 14 12 14 14 16 14 18 16 20 18 22 120 120 140 120 140 140 180 160 160 200 180 220 200 250 220 250 250 300 300 360 360 400 360 450 12 12 14 12 14 14 14 16 16 14 14 16 14 18 16 18 18 20 20 22 22 24 22 26 27,6 29,4 39,6 34,0 42,0 45,2 57,2 51,2 54,4 64,0 65,2 83,2 73,0 100,0 95,2 115,0 123,4 149,8 148,2 191,6 192,8 238,0 223,2 293,0 21,55 22,96 30,89 26,55 32,76 35,26 44,90 39,98 42,43 50,24 51,18 65,31 57,30 84,78 74,81 89,70 96,87 116,8 116,3 151,2 186,8 175,2 175,2 230,0 1459 2042 2768 3050 3722 5280 6661 5797 7901 9395 11960 15180 16880 26000 28180 32960 44370 53637 66880 87050 110200 136800 163000 213700 17,0 18,9 19,0 20,2 20,8 28,2 28,3 24,4 26,8 26,2 28,0 18,8 31,4 32,2 34,5 45,1 38,5 39,6 44,7 44,9 50,5 50,3 54,6 56,5 356 413 557 483 636 743 957 932 952 1200 1250 1690 1570 2440 2230 2781 3180 4122 4620 6080 6860 8300 8140 11500 417 489 655 589 756 906 1160 1099 1154 1450 1550 2060 1940 2990 2790 3342 4000 5070 5650 7430 8340 10170 10220 14130 101 LZ[ebpZ I.10 – JZagh[hdb_ m]eh\u_ ijhnbeb (]gmlu_) F:JDBJH<D: < Q?JL?@? B A:D:A? J:AF?JU M]e. ijhn. SFS 5484- L 100x50x4- 6000 Fe 37 D EN 10 204-2 GZa\Zgb_ KlZg^Zjl gZ jZaf_ju Lbi ijhnbey =Z[Zjblu, ff LhesbgZ kl_gdb, ff FZjdZ klZeb, ijb g_h[oh^bfhklb klZg^Zjl K_jlbnbdZl gZ fZl_jbZe : – iehsZ^v ihi_j_qgh]h k_q_gby; :b – iehsZ^v \g_rg_c ih\_joghklb; F – \_k; I – fhf_gl bg_jpbb k_q_gby; W – fhf_gl khijhlb\e_gby ijb ba]b[_; i – jZ^bmk bg_jpbb; JZkq_lgZy iehlghklv = 7,85 d]/^f3; 1) m ^be_jh\ \ Nbgeyg^bb; 2) j_dhf_g^m_fZy k_jby – fhf_gl bg_jpbb djmq_gby; – p_gljh[_`guc fhf_gl bg_jpbb; ip – ijb\_^_gguc jZ^. bg_jpbb; L1, L2 – jZkklhygb_ f_`^m p_gljZfb djmq_gby b ly`_klb; . – m]he hkb ]eZ\gh]h fhf_glZ bg_jpbb Id Ixy J:AF?JU G: KDE:>? 50 >ebgZ: 60000 AZsblZ ih\_joghkl_c: ð ke_]dZ kfZaZgu FZjdZ klZeb: Fe 37D SFS 200 102 Ijh^he`_gb_ lZ[ebpu I.10 i, ff·10 I, ff4·104 W, ff3·103 i, ff·10 I, ff4·104 W, ff3·103 i, ff·10 I, ff4·104 W, ff3·103 i, ff·10 O O O W, ff3·103 O I, ff4·104 O F, d]/f 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 7,5 7,5 2-2 :g , 2/f r, ff 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 1-1 M-M :, ff2·102 t, ff 30o20 40o20 50o30 60o30 60o40 70o50 100o50 125o65 150o50 2), O hxb, 1), ff O-O 0,93 1,13 2,25 2,55 2,85 7,54 5,74 9,03 9,53 0,10 0,12 0,16 0,18 0,20 0,23 0,29 0,37 0,39 0,73 0,89 1,77 2,00 2,24 3,56 4,50 7,09 7,48 0,87 1,91 5,87 9,68 10,77 23,05 61,13 150,34 224,15 0,43 0,75 1,79 2,52 2,66 4,84 9,48 18,58 24,79 0,96 1,30 1,61 1,95 1,94 2,25 3,26 4,08 4,85 0,32 0,34 1,66 1,74 3,98 10,08 11,08 30,19 14,64 0,21 0,22 0,72 0,73 1,30 2,67 2,77 5,85 3,52 0,58 0,55 0,86 0,83 1,18 1,49 1,39 1,83 1,24 1,02 2,05 6,61 10,38 12,63 28,00 65,32 162,80 229,00 0,51 0,80 2,00 2,69 3,11 5,86 10,11 20,03 25,26 1,05 1,35 1,71 2,02 2,11 2,49 3,38 4,25 4,90 0,17 0,21 0,92 1,04 2,12 5,13 6,69 17,69 9,76 0,16 0,17 0,56 0,59 1,01 2,06 2,24 4,67 2,96 0,42 0,43 0,64 0,64 0,86 1,06 1,08 1,40 1,01 Ixy, _o, _m, L 1, L2 i p, hxbxt, Id, 4 4 4 4 ff ·10 ff ·10 ff·10 ff·10 ff·10 ff·10 ff·10 ff 30o20o2 0,01 0,33 1,48 0,49 1,00 0,72 0,64 40o20o2 0,02 0,49 1,96 0,42 1,44 0,66 1,18 50o30o3 0,07 1,92 2,45 0,69 1,72 1,05 1,24 60o30o3 0,08 2,46 2,94 0,63 2,16 1,00 1,78 60o40o3 0,09 4,01 2,99 0,93 1,95 1,45 1,29 70o50o4 0,24 9,42 3,52 1,22 2,24 1,82 1,31 100o50o4 0,31 15,47 4,92 1,01 3,55 1,67 2,97 125o65o5 0,75 40,71 6,15 1,34 4,41 2,22 3,59 150o50o5 0,79 32,37 7,53 0,85 5,96 1,42 5,45 Ijbf_qZgb_. Ih kh]eZkh\Zgbx \hafh`gh ba]hlh\e_gb_ ihqlb \k_o 15o15o1,0 b fZdkbfZevguo, gZijbf_j 600o200o12,5. 1, ff·10 0,73 0,70 1,09 1,05 1,47 1,84 1,75 2,26 1,55 m]eh\uo b1, 1, b 2, ., ff·10 ff·10 ff·10 ]jZ^. 1,03 1,55 2,02 25,0 1,18 1,82 2,58 15,9 1,64 2,44 3,31 21,2 1,77 2,73 3,86 15,9 2,09 3,06 4,06 24,9 2,49 3,74 4,78 27,7 2,98 4,51 6,48 15,9 3,79 5,73 8,13 17,1 3,29 6,51 9,07 8,6 ijhnbe_c fbgbfZevguo jZaf_jh\ 103 LZ[ebpZ I.11 – JZ\gh[hdb_ m]eh\u_ ijhnbeb (]gmlu_) J:AF?JU G: KDE:>? 50 >ebgZ: 60000 AZsblZ ih\_joghkl_c: ð ke_]dZ kfZaZgu FZjdZ klZeb: Fe 37D SFS 200 : – iehsZ^v ihi_j_qgh]h k_q_gby; :b – iehsZ^v \g_rg_c ih\_joghklb; F – \_k; I – fhf_gl bg_jpbb k_q_gby; W – fhf_gl khijhlb\e_gby ijb ba]b[_; i – jZ^bmk bg_jpbb; Id – fhf_gl bg_jpbb djmq_gby; Ixy – p_gljh[_`guc fhf_gl bg_jpbb; ip – ijb\_^_gguc jZ^. bg_jpbb; – jZkklhygb_ f_`^m p_gljZfb djmq_gby b ly`_klb; L1 JZkq_lgZy iehlghklv = 7,85 d]/^f3; 1) m ^be_jh\ \ Nbgeyg^bb; 2) j_dhf_g^m_fZy k_jby 1-1 O O O F, d]/f 2 2 2 2 3 :g , 2/f 2), O 2 2 2 2 3 :, ff2·102 r, ff 15o15 20o20 25o25 30o30 t, ff hxb, 1), ff O-O = M-M 0,53 0,73 0,93 1,13 1,65 0,06 0,08 0,10 0,12 0,12 0,42 0,58 0,73 0,89 1,30 I, ff4·104 0,11 0,28 0,57 1,00 1,42 W, ff3·103 0,11 0,20 0,32 0,46 0,67 i, ff·10 0,46 0,62 0,78 0,94 0,93 I, ff4·104 0,18 0,46 0,92 1,63 2,32 W, ff3·103 0,17 0,32 0,52 0,77 1,09 2-2 i, ff·10 0,59 0,79 0,99 1,20 1,19 I, ff4·104 0,04 0,10 0,21 0,38 0,51 W, ff3·103 0,07 0,14 0,24 0,35 0,48 i, ff·10 0,27 0,37 0,47 0,58 0,56 104 Ijh^he`_gb_ lZ[ebpu I.11 35o35 2 3 40o40 2 3 50o50 3 4 60o60 3 70o70 5 75o75 4 80o80 5 2 3 2 3 3 4 3 7,5 4 7,5 O O O O O 1,33 1,95 1,53 2,25 2,85 3,74 3,45 6,53 5,74 7,53 0,14 0,14 0,16 0,16 0,20 0,20 0,24 0,27 0,29 0,31 1,05 1,53 1,20 1,77 2,24 2,93 2,71 5,13 4,50 5,91 1,62 2,31 2,45 3,51 7,04 9,06 12,39 31,35 32,07 47,59 0,64 0,93 0,84 1,23 1,95 2,54 2,84 6,27 5,89 8,27 1,10 1,09 1,26 1,25 1,57 1,56 1,89 2,19 2,36 2,51 2,62 3,77 3,96 5,71 11,42 14,76 20,03 51,29 51,90 77,63 1,06 1,52 1,40 2,02 3,23 4,18 4,72 10,36 9,79 13,72 1,40 1,39 1,61 1,59 2,00 1,99 2,41 2,80 3,01 3,21 0,61 0,85 0,94 1,31 2,67 3,36 4,74 11,40 12,23 17,56 0,49 0,68 0,66 0,92 1,50 1,88 2,22 4,61 4,58 6,20 0,68 0,66 0,78 0,76 0,97 0,95 1,17 1,32 1,46 1,53 hxbxt, ff I d, ff4·104 Ixy, ff4·104 ip, ff·10 _, ff·10 L1, ff·10 1, ff·10 b1, ff·10 b2, ff·10 15o15o2 20o20o2 25o25o2 30o30o23 0,01 0,01 0,01 0,02 0,05 0,02 0,06 0,07 0,18 0,36 0,63 0,90 1,00 1,46 0,81 1,10 1,40 1,69 1,66 1,98 1,95 0,47 0,59 0,72 0,84 0,89 0,97 1,02 0,49 0,68 0,86 1,04 1,01 1,21 1,19 0,50 0,67 0,85 1,03 1,01 120 1,19 0,54 0,72 0,89 1,07 1,07 1,25 1,25 1,06 1,41 1,77 2,12 2,12 2,47 2,47 35o35o23 105 KH>?J@:GB? <<?>?GB? ........................................................................................................................................3 1. HIJ?>?E?GBY, H;E:KLV J:KIJHKLJ:G?GBY, <U;HJ F:L?JB:E: B RI:PBB ...........................................................................................................................................4 1.1. Hij_^_e_gby b ihykg_gby ......................................................................................................4 1.2. H[eZklv jZkijhkljZg_gby.......................................................................................................5 1.3. FZl_jbZeu ...............................................................................................................................6 1.4. <u[hj lhesbg k\ya_c dhjimkZ ..............................................................................................9 1.5. <u[hj riZpbb.......................................................................................................................13 1.6. <u[hj kbkl_fu gZ[hjZ dhjimkZ ..........................................................................................14 1.7. K\Zjgu_ kh_^bg_gby .............................................................................................................17 2. H;S:Y IJH>HEVG:Y IJHQGHKLV IH >HIMKD:?FUF G:IJY@?GBYF B IH IJ?>?EVGHFM KHKLHYGBX...................................................................................................25 2.1. >hihegbl_evguc \hegh\hc ba]b[Zxsbc fhf_gl.........................................................26 2.2. Hij_^_e_gb_ ^hihegbl_evghc \hegh\hc i_j_j_au\Zxs_c kbeu ...............................27 2.3. Hij_^_e_gb_ ghjfZevguo b dZkZl_evguo gZijy`_gbc \ k_q_gbb wd\b\Ze_glgh]h [jmkZ 29 2.4. <u[hj ^himkdZ_fuo gZijy`_gbc...................................................................................30 2.5. H[sZy ijh^hevgZy ijhqghklv ih ij_^_evghfm khklhygbx.........................................31 3. J:AF?JU WE?F?GLH< DHGKLJMDPBB DHJIMK: ....................................................34 3.1. Dhgkljmdpby jZfguo [Zehd ............................................................................................34 3.2. Ih^dj_ie_gb_ kl_ghd jZfguo [Zehd..............................................................................35 3.3. Ijh_dlbjh\Zgb_ dgbqguo kh_^bg_gbc ..........................................................................36 4. G:;HJ >GBS?<UO I?J?DJULBC..................................................................................39 4.1. H[sb_ lj_[h\Zgby d ijh_dlbjh\Zgbx ^gbs_\uo i_j_djulbc...................................39 4.2. GZ]jmadb, ^_ckl\mxsb_ gZ ^gbs_ .................................................................................39 4.3. >gbs_\hc gZ[hj gZ km^Zo [_a ^\hcgh]h ^gZ ijb ihi_j_qghc kbkl_f_ gZ[hjZ .........41 4.4. >gbs_\hc gZ[hj gZ km^Zo [_a ^\hcgh]h ^gZ ijb ijh^hevghc kbkl_f_ gZ[hjZ .........44 4.5. >gbs_\hc gZ[hj \ hlk_dZo k ^\hcguf ^ghf ijb ihi_j_qghc.....................................45 kbkl_f_ gZ[hjZ .............................................................................................................................45 4.6. >gbs_\hc gZ[hj \ hlk_dZo k ^\hcguf ^ghf ijb ijh^hevghc ....................................47 kbkl_f_ gZ[hjZ .............................................................................................................................47 4.7. Dhgkljmdpby ^\hcgh]h ^gZ ..................................................................................................50 5. G:;HJ ;HJLH<UO I?J?DJULBC ....................................................................................52 5.1. H[sb_ lj_[h\Zgby d ijh_dlbjh\Zgbx [hjlh\uo i_j_djulbc ....................................52 5.2. GZ]jmadZ gZ [hjlh\u_ i_j_djulby .................................................................................55 5.3. Dhgkljmdpby [hjlh\uo i_j_djulbc ijb ihi_j_qghc kbkl_f_....................................56 gZ[hjZ............................................................................................................................................56 5.4. Dhgkljmdpby [hjlh\uo i_j_djulbc ijb ijh^hevghc kbkl_f_ ..................................58 gZ[hjZ............................................................................................................................................58 5.5. GZ[hj [hjlh\uo i_j_djulbc k ^\hcguf [hjlhf..............................................................59 5.6. Dhgkljmdpby [hjlh\uo i_j_djulbc ijb h^ghjh^ghc kbkl_f_ [hjlh\h]h gZ[hjZ .........60 5.7. Ih^iZem[gu_ pbkl_jgu, nZevr[hjlu, ijb\Zevgu_ [jmkvy .............................................60 6. G:;HJ I:EM;GUO I?J?DJULBC ..............................................................................63 6.1. IZem[gu_ i_j_djulby. H[sb_ lj_[h\Zgby ...................................................................63 6.2. GZ]jmadZ gZ iZem[gu_ dhgkljmdpbb...............................................................................64 6.3. Ihi_j_qgZy kbkl_fZ gZ[hjZ iZem[guo i_j_djulbc.....................................................65 6.4. Ijh^hevgZy kbkl_fZ gZ[hjZ iZem[guo i_j_djulbc.....................................................70 6.5. Ih^[hj jZaf_jh\ k_q_gby dZjebg]kh\ ...........................................................................72 6.6. Kh_^bg_gb_ we_f_glh\ iZem[gh]h gZ[hjZ .....................................................................74 106 6.7. <uj_au \ iZem[Zo b dhfbg]ku exdh\............................................................................78 6.8. H]jZ`^_gby ]jmah\h]h [mgd_jZ ......................................................................................79 6.9. GZjm`gZy h[rb\dZ...........................................................................................................79 6.10. IZem[guc gZklbe .........................................................................................................81 EBL?J:LMJ:..................................................................................................................................85 IJBEH@?GB?................................................................................................................................86 107