275 УДК 630*443.3 Вера Александровна Сенашова, кандидат
реклама
630*443.3 ȼɟɪɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜɧɚ ɋɟɧɚɲɨɜɚ, , vera0612@mail.ru, ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɥɟɫɚ ɢɦ. ȼ.ɇ. ɋɭɤɚɱɟɜɚ ɋɈ ɊȺɇ ȻɈɅȿɁɇɂ ɏȼɈɂ, ȼɕɁȼȺɇɇɕȿ ɎɂɌɈɉȺɌɈȽȿɇɇɕɆɂ ȽɊɂȻȺɆɂ, ȼ ɋɊȿȾɇȿɃ ɋɂȻɂɊɂ Ȼɨɥɟɡɧɢ ɯɜɨɢ, ɮɢɬɨɩɚɬɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɝɪɢɛɵ. Needle diseases, phytopathogenic fungi. ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ. : , , , , - , , - , . . 135 ( . . 83 %) 162 [1]. , - , . . ( , . .) [2, 3], [4, 5]. [6–10]. - , . : , , - . ., . , ( , ) . , , , - . - , , . 275 Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ. 1999–2002 2007–2010 . , , 18 , , : , , , , , , , , ), , , , - , ( , , . ». « : (P. sibirica (Du Tour)), (Larix sibirica Ldb.), (Juniperus (Pinus sylvestris L.), (Picea obovata Ldb.), (Abies sibirica Ldb.), communis L.) (J. sabina L.). , [11]. –10 . 8,4- - , , . 420- -1000. [12–15]. , . , . . . . . Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ. : « ) Uredinales) ( ( - ( :9 »( . 1). , - . 2). 17 - . , . osum , L. pinastri), . 276 , L. pinastri . Lophodermium (L. sediti, - 1 Ɏɢɬɨɩɚɬɨɝɟɧɵ ɮɢɥɥɨɫɮɟɪɵ ɯɜɨɣɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɋɢɛɢɪɢ ɢ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɢɦɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ Ascomycota Lophodermium pinastri (Schrad.) Chevall. ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɲɸɬɬɟ ɫɨɫɧɵ* Lophodermium seditiosum Minter, Staley & Millar Phacidium infestans P. Karst. ɫɧɟɠɧɨɟ ɲɸɬɬɟ (ɮɚɰɢɞɢɨɡ) Lophodermium abietis Rostr ɧɢɡɢɧɧɨɟ ɲɸɬɬɟ ɟɥɢ Lophodermium macrosporum Hart. (=Lirula macrospora (R. Hartig) Darker) ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɲɸɬɬɟ ɟɥɢ Lophodermium juniperinum (Fr.) de Not. ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɲɸɬɬɟ ɦɨɠɠɟɜɟɥɶɧɢɤɚ Hypodermella laricis Tubeuf ɲɸɬɬɟ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɰɵ Cyclaneusma minus (Butin) Di Cosmo, Peredo & ɩɨɠɟɥɬɟɧɢɟ ɯɜɨɢ Minter (=Naemacyclus minor Butin) Herpotrichia nigra Hartig. (=Herpotrichia juniperi (Duby) Petr.) ɛɭɪɨɟ ɲɸɬɬɟ Deuteromycota Basidiomycota Hypoderma sulcigenum Rostr (= Lophodermella ɫɟɪɨɟ ɲɸɬɬɟ sulcigena (Link) Tubeuf Chrysomyxa ledi (Alb. & Schwein.) de Bary ɛɚɝɭɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɚɹ ɪɠɚɜɱɢɧɚ ɟɥɢ Chrysomyxa abietis (Wallr.) Unger ɡɨɥɨɬɢɫɬɚɹ ɪɠɚɜɱɢɧɚ ɟɥɢ Melampsorella caryophyllacearum (DC.) J. Schröt. ɪɠɚɜɱɢɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɤ ɩɢɯɬɵ Coleosporium sp. ɤɨɥɟɨɫɩɨɪɨɡ ɫɨɫɧɵ Melampsora laricis-populina Kleb. ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɱɧɚɹ ɪɠɚɜɱɢɧɚ ɬɨɩɨɥɹ Meria laricis Vuill. ɦɟɪɢɨɡ Sclerophoma pithyophila (Corda) Hohn. ( Sydowia polyspora (Bref. & Tavel) E. Müll.) ɫɤɥɟɪɨɮɨɦɨɡ Pestalotia hartigii Tubeuf (=Truncatella hartigii (Tubeuf) Steyaert) ɭɞɭɲɶɟ ɫɟɹɧɰɟɜ ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ. * – L. seditiosum , - . 277 , ditiosum, L. pinastri L. SeL. pinastri ( . 1). Leptostroma pinastri . L. pinastri. , , , Desm. . ɚ) ɛ) ɚ) Ɋɢɫ. 1. Lophodermium sp. L. seditiosum: (x2000); ɛ) Pinus sp. , L. pinastri. (x250) – . , . , 90–100 % Pinus sp. . , , , Cyclaneusma minus (Butin) Di Cosmo, Peredo & Minter (=Naemocyclus minor Butin). 2010 . ( , ) ( . . . . . , ) [16]. C. minus 2000. ( ) [17] ) [18]. 278 « ( . » . . . , ( ) , , ( . 2). , , . ɚ) ɛ) Ɋɢɫ. 2. Cyclaneusma minus (Butin): ; ɛ) ɚ) : (X500) , , , - , [14]. ( ) , - , . 12–15 . . , ( . 2). , . Melampsorella caryophyllacearum (DC.) J. Schröt. – , , , - . 279 2 ȼɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɥɟɫɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɦ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɋɢɛɢɪɢ .– « » - ( ) , Pestalotia sp. ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ. * – 280 - . * . . ( , , . .) - . , [19]. , , , Herpotrichia nigra - ( Hartig.). « ». , : , Pestalotia sp. , Sclerophoma pithyophila (Corda) Hohn, Evetria buoliana Schiff., [20], - , , . ȼɵɜɨɞɵ. , . : 9 . , 17 - . 13 19 . , - . ( . . . 11-05-00374 , 11-04-00246 ). . . . . . Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ 1. Ɇɢɧɤɟɜɢɱ, ɂ.ɂ. [ ]: . . . .– 2. ɉɚɜɥɨɜ, ɂ.ɇ. . / . . , . . .: , 2011. – 160 . – , [ . . ]/ . . ; , . . . . , 281 . . , . . , . . , . . , . . // . – 2009. – . XXVI, № 1. – . 33–41. 3. ɉɚɲɟɧɨɜɚ, ɇ.ȼ. [ ]/ . . , . . , . . // . – 2009. – . XXVI, № 1. – . 22–28. 4. Ƚɪɨɦɨɜɵɯ, Ɍ.ɂ. Fusarium [ ]/ . . // .– : , 1983. – . 56–59. 5. əɤɢɦɟɧɤɨ, ȿ.ȿ. [ ]/ . . , . . // , 1996. – . 30, . 2. – . 57–62. 6. Ʉɨɫɫɢɧɫɤɚɹ, ɂ.ɋ. [ ] / . . . – : , 1974. – 91 . 7. Ⱥɦɢɧɟɜ ɉ.ɂ. [ ]/ . . // , 1982. – . 6, . 5. – . 451– 457. 8. Ⱥɧɞɪɟɟɜɚ, Ɉ.ɇ. [ ]: . / . . .– , , 2004. – 37 . 9. Ɍɚɬɚɪɢɧɰɟɜ, Ⱥ.ɂ. . [ ]/ . . , . . // , 2009. – . XXVI, № 1. – . 42–47. 10. Ƚɪɨɞɧɢɰɤɚɹ, ɂ.Ⱦ. Pinus sylvestris L. P. sibirica Du Tour [ ]/ . . , . . // : . 3. , , 23–29 2011, . – : . – . 38–39. 11. ɋɟɦɟɧɤɨɜɚ, ɂ.Ƚ. [ ]: / . . , . . . – 2. – .: , 1992. – 345 . 12. ɒɟɜɱɟɧɤɨ, ɋ.ȼ. [ ]/ . . .– : , 1978. – 320 . 13. Smith, R.S. Deseases of Pacicfic coast conifers [Text] / R.S. Smith, R.F. Scharpf. – USDA Forest Service, 1993. – 133 p. 14. Singlair, Wayne A. Diseases of trees and shrubs [Text] / Wayne A. Singlair, H. Lyon Howard. – N. Y.: Cornell university Press, Sage House, 2005. – 660 p. 15. Barnet, H.L. Illustrated Genera of Imperfect Fungi, forth ed. [Text] / H.L. Barnet, Barry B. Hunter – Minnesota: American Phytopathological Society, 1999. 16. Ƚɪɨɞɧɢɰɤɚɹ, ɂ.Ⱦ. [ ]/ . . , . . // . – 2012. – № 2. – . 48–50. 17. ɀɭɤɨɜ, Ⱥ.Ɇ. – [ ]/ . . , . . // .– : , 2006. – . 42–59. 282 18. ɀɭɤɨɜ, Ⱥ.Ɇ. [ ]/ . . , . . .– : , 2011. – 104 . 19. Ʌɟɛɤɨɜɚ, Ƚ.ɇ. [ ]/ . . 1967. – . 73–77. 20. ɉɥɟɲɚɧɨɜ, Ⱥ.ɋ. [ ]/ . . 2009. – 115 . // , . . .– : ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ. . - , « », - , , Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ. 2007–2010 . 18 .: .– . 1999–2002 , « ». : Pinus sylvestris L., P. sibirica (Du Tour), Picea obovata Ldb., Larix sibirica Ldb., Abies sibirica Ldb., Juniperus communis L., J. sabina L.. , . -1000. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ. 17 , : Ascomycota, Basidiomycota ( Uredinales) Deuteromycota. : Lophodermium pinastri (Schrad.) Chevall., Lophodermium seditiosum Minter, Staley & Millar, Phacidium infestans P. Karst., Lophodermium abietis Rostr., Lophodermium macrosporum Hart. (=Lirula macrospora (R. Hartig) Darker), Lophodermium juniperinum (Fr.) de Not., Hypodermella laricis Tubeuf, Cyclaneusma minus (Butin) Di Cosmo, Peredo & Minter (=Naemacyclus minor Butin), Herpotrichia nigra Hartig., (= Herpotrichia juniperi (Duby) Petr.), Hypoderma sulcigenum Rostr (=Lophodermella sulcigena (Link) Tubeuf, Chrysomyxa ledi (Alb. & Schwein.) de Bary, Chrysomyxa abietis (Wallr.) Unger, Melampsorella caryophyllacearum (DC.) J. Schröt., Coleosporium sp., Melampsora laricis-populina Kleb., Meria laricis Vuill., Sclerophoma pithyophila (Corda) Hohn. ( Sydowia polyspora (Bref. & Tavel) E. Müll.), Pestalotia hartigii Tubeuf (=Truncatella hartigii (Tubeuf) Steyaert.). (P ) , Cyclaneusma minus. ȼɵɜɨɞɵ. . , :9 17 . 13 19 . , 7 . 283 *** Introduction. Our work is devoted to the study of the species diversity of fungal organisms that develop in the tissues of the needles and cause their defoliation in forest nurseries, plantations and natural forests in the Middle Siberia. Materials and methods. The needle disease researches were carried out in 1999–2002 and 2007–2010 in forest nurseries, plantations and natural forests in 18 forestries and forest reserve «Rock Pillars». The material for the investigation was the needles of the following plants: Pinus sylvestris L., P. sibirica (Du Tour), Picea obovata Ldb., Larix sibirica Ldb., Abies sibirica Ldb., Juniperus communis L., J. sabina L.Macroscopic, microscopic and mycological methods were used in the diagnosis of diseases. Photographs of sections of fruit bodies were obtained with an electron microscope TM-1000. Results and Discussion. In total, 17 different needle diseases were diagnosed. Pathogenic agents are the members of three groups: Ascomycota, Basidiomycota (order Uredinales) and Deuteromycota. The following micromycetes were identified: Lophodermium pinastri (Schrad.) Chevall., Lophodermium seditiosum Minter, Staley & Millar, Phacidium infestans P. Karst., Lophodermium abietis Rostr., Lophodermium macrosporum Hart. (= Lirula macrospora (R. Hartig) Darker), Lophodermium juniperinum (Fr.) de Not., Hypodermella laricis Tubeuf, Cyclaneusma minus (Butin) Di Cosmo, Peredo & Minter (= Naemacyclus minor Butin), Herpotrichia nigra Hartig., (= Herpotrichia juniperi (Duby) Petr.), Hypoderma sulcigenum Rostr (= Lophodermella sulcigena (Link) Tubeuf), Chrysomyxa ledi (Alb. & Schwein.) de Bary, Chrysomyxa abietis (Wallr.) Unger, Melampsorella caryophyllacearum (DC.) J. Schröt., Coleosporium sp., Melampsora laricis-populina Kleb., Meria laricis Vuill., Sclerophoma pithyophila (Corda) Hohn. (anamorph of Sydowia polyspora (Bref. & Tavel) E. Müll.), Pestalotia hartigii Tubeuf (= Truncatella hartigii (Tubeuf) Steyaert.). On the territory of Ozersk nursery (Republic Khakasia) a new disease of Scots pine seedlings caused by Cyclaneusma minus was for the first time found in four-year-old plants. Conclusions. The most diverse species composition of pathogenic fungi was found in the taiga and mountain-taiga zones. More common lesions were caused by Ascomycetes: 9 out of 17 identified cases. Lophodermium needle cast of Pinus sp. was registered in 13 forestries out of 19 studies. Of all the trees we studied Scots pine was the most striking. Seven species of pathogenic fungi were diagnosed on its needles. 284
