Методическое руководство по выявлению и количественной

ɉɊɈȽɊȺɆɆȺ ɈɈɇ
ɉɈ ɈɄɊɍɀȺɘɓȿɃ ɋɊȿȾȿ
Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ
ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ
ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ ɢ ɮɭɪɚɧɨɜ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɢ
2 ɜɵɩɭɫɤ
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝɨɞɚ
ɉɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɉɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɨɣ ɘɇȿɉ
ɩɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦ
ɀɟɧɟɜɚ, ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɢɹ
IOMC
ɆȿɀɈɊȽȺɇɂɁȺɐɂɈɇɇȺə ɉɊɈȽɊȺɆɆȺ ɉɈ ɈȻɈɋɇɈȼȺɇɇɈɆɍ
ɍɉɊȺȼɅȿɇɂɘ ɏɂɆɂɑȿɋɄɂɆɂ ȼȿɓȿɋɌȼȺɆɂ
ɋɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɟ ɘɇȿɉ, ɆɈɌ, ɎȺɈ, ȼɈɁ, ɘɇɂȾɈ, ɘɇɂɌȺɊ ɢ ɈɗɋɊ
ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɈɈɇ
ɩɨ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ
Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ
ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ
ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ ɢ ɮɭɪɚɧɨɜ
2 ȼɵɩɭɫɤ
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝɨɞɚ
ɉɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɉɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɨɣ ɘɇȿɉ
ɩɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦ
ɀɟɧɟɜɚ, ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɢɹ
ɐɟɥɶɸ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɜ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɨɜ ɩɨɥɢɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɢɛɟɧɡɨɩ-ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ ɢ ɞɢɛɟɧɡɨɮɭɪɚɧɨɜ ɧɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ. ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɚɹɫɹ ɜ
ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɟ, ɛɵɥɚ ɜɡɹɬɚ ɢɡ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɢɡ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɱɟɬɨɜ, ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɡ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɂɇɌȿɊɇȿɌ ɢ ɢɡ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ. ɏɨɬɹ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɱɧɨɣ, ɘɇȿɉ ɧɟ ɧɟɫɟɬ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɧɟɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɯ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ. ɇɢ ɘɇȿɉ, ɧɢ ɤɚɤɨɟ-ɥɢɛɨ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɟ ɥɢɰɨ, ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɜɲɟɟ ɜ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ, ɧɟ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɡɚ ɤɚɤɢɟ-ɥɢɛɨ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɬɟɪɢ, ɭɳɟɪɛ ɢɥɢ ɜɪɟɞ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟɧɵ
ɥɸɛɵɦɢ ɥɢɰɚɦɢ, ɱɶɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣɫɹ ɜ
ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ.
ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɟ ɧɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ
ɦɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɢ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ, ɧɢ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɘɇȿɉ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɝɨ
ɫɬɚɬɭɫɚ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɢɡ ɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ,
ɢɥɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɯ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ɢɥɢ ɪɭɛɟɠɟɣ. Ɇɧɟɧɢɹ, ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɬɨɱɤɭ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɘɇȿɉ.
ɇɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ, ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɜɵɩɭɫɤ, ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɚɟɦ 2003 ɝɨɞɚ, ɛɵɥ
ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɞ-ɪɚ ɏɢɞɟɥɨɪɟ Ɏɢɞɥɟɪ ɉɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɨɣ ɘɇȿɉ ɩɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦ ɜ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɹɦɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɬ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɜ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɦ 7/5, ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɦ ɧɚ ɋɟɞɶɦɨɣ ɫɟɫɫɢɢ Ɇɟɠɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɢɬɟɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ
ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɋɬɨɤɝɨɥɶɦɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ.
ɇɚ
ɨɛɥɨɠɤɟ:
Ƚɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ
ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ
2,3,7,8-ɬɟɬɪɚɯɥɨɪɞɢɛɟɧɡɨ-ɩ-ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɚ
ɢ
ɬɟɬɪɚɯɥɨɪɞɢɛɟɧɡɨɮɭɪɚɧɚ, ɥɸɛɟɡɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɟɣ ȼɟɥɥɢɧɝɬɨɧ, Ƚɟɥɮ, Ɉɧɬɚɪɢɨ, Ʉɚɧɚɞɚ.
ɇɚɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ Ɇɟɠɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɨ
ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ (IOMC).
Ɇɟɠɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɩɨ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ (IOMC)
ɛɵɥɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɘɇȿɉ, ɆɈɌ, ɎȺɈ, ȼɈɁ, ɘɇɂȾɈ ɢ ɈɗɋɊ (ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦɢ-ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɰɚɦɢ) ɜ 1995
ɝɨɞɭ, ɫɥɟɞɭɹ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɹɦ ɩɨ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɸ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ, ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɧɚ Ʉɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɈɈɇ ɩɨ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɜ 1992
ɝɨɞɭ. ȼ ɹɧɜɚɪɟ 1998 ɝɨɞɚ ɘɇɂɌȺɊ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɥɫɹ ɤ IOMC ɤɚɤ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ-ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɰɚ.
ɐɟɥɶ IOMC – ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɢɥɢ
ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦɢ-ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɰɚɦɢ, ɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ
ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ.
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɰɢɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢɥɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ
ɩɪɢ ɭɜɟɞɨɦɥɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɫɨ ɫɫɵɥɤɨɣ ɧɚ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ. ɗɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ ɰɢɬɚɬɭ ɢɥɢ
ɪɟɩɪɢɧɬ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɜ ɉɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɈɈɇ ɩɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦ.
ɗɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɵ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɨɬɱɟɬɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ:
ɜ ɉɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɘɇȿɉ ɩɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦ:
UNEP Chemicals
International Environment House
11-13 ɋhemin des Anémones
CH-1219 Châtelaine (Geneva) Switzerland
Ɍɟɥ.: (4122) 917 8170
Ɏɚɤɫ: (4122) 797 3460
ɗɥ. ɩɨɱɬɚ: chemicals@unep.ch
ɉɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɘɇȿɉ ɩɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ Ɉɬɞɟɥɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ,
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɘɇȿɉ
ɉɈȾɉɊɈȽɊȺɆɆȺ ɘɇȿɉ
ɉɈ ɏɂɆɂɑȿɋɄɂɆ ȼȿɓȿɋɌȼȺɆ
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝɨɞɚ
ɉɪɟɞɢɫɥɨɜɢɟ
ɋɬɨɤɝɨɥɶɦɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɹ ɨ ɫɬɨɣɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɢɬɟɥɹɯ (ɋɈɁ) ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɨɬ ɋɬɨɪɨɧ
ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɋɈɁ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ
ɩɨɥɢɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɢɛɟɧɡɨ-ɩ-ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɵ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɢɛɟɧɡɨɮɭɪɚɧɵ (ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ), ɫ
ɰɟɥɶɸ ɧɟɭɤɥɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɤ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɭ ɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɷɬɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɢɯ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ.
ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɋɬɨɪɨɧɚɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɵɦɢ, ɞɥɹ
ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɩɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɢɛɤɢɦ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦ ɤɨ ɜɫɟɦ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ. ɋɬɪɚɧɵ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɧɢɤɚɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɫɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ.
ɋɬɪɚɧɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ, ɫɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɞɥɹ
ɩɟɪɟɫɦɨɬɪɚ ɢ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɭ ɧɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ
ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɪɹɞɚ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ ɜ
ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɧɨɜ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɋɬɨɤɝɨɥɶɦɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ. Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɨ ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɨɬ ɉɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɘɇȿɉ
ɩɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦ
ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɵɩɭɫɤ "Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ
ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ ɢ ɮɭɪɚɧɨɜ" (Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ
ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ, ɢɡɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɉɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɨɣ ɘɇȿɉ ɩɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦ ɜ ɦɚɟ 2003 ɝɨɞɚ.
ɇɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɜ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ INC-7/5 Ɇɟɠɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɤɨɦɢɬɟɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɋɈɁ (INC), ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɝɨ ɧɚ 7-ɨɣ ɫɟɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɢɸɥɟ 2003 ɝɨɞɚ. ȼ
ɫɜɨɟɦ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ INC ɨɛɪɚɬɢɥɫɹ ɜ «ɋɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɢɚɬ ɫ ɩɪɨɫɶɛɨɣ… ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɶ ɢ ɢɡɞɚɬɶ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ
ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɫɨɜɟɳɚɧɢɢ Ʉɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɋɬɨɪɨɧ».
ɇɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɟɜ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɢ
ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦɢ.
Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɥɸɛɚɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ, Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ, ɨɰɟɧɤɢ
ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ, ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɟɣ ɢ
ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ, ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɨɣ ɤ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ,
ɫɥɨɠɢɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɰɢɢ ɜ
ɉɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɘɇȿɉ ɩɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦ.
ɋɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɨɜ ɜ
ɉɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɘɇȿɉ ɩɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɨɛɧɨɜɢɬ ɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬ
Ɋɟɟɫɬɪ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ ɢ ɮɭɪɚɧɨɜ (ɘɇȿɉ, Ɉɬɱɟɬ, ɦɚɣ 1999 ɝɨɞɚ). ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɵ ɛɭɞɭɬ
ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɵ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɩɨ ɋɈɁ (http://www.chem.unep.ch/pops).
ɘɇȿɉ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɜɫɟɦ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɫɵɥɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɨɬɡɵɜɵ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦ
ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ, ɡɚɬɪɚɝɢɜɚɟɦɵɦ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ.
ɀɟɧɟɜɚ, ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝɨɞɚ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
i
Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɢ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ ɢ
ɮɭɪɚɧɨɜ
Ɉɝɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɋɬɪɚɧɢɰɚ
Ɉɝɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
i
ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɬɚɛɥɢɰ
v
ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɨɜ
ix
ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ
x
ɊȿɁɘɆȿ
1
1. ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ
5
2. ɐȿɅɂ ɂ ɈȽɊȺɇɂɑȿɇɂə
8
2.1 ɐɟɥɢ
2.2 Ɉɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ
2.3 Ⱦɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ
3. ɈȻɊȺɁɈȼȺɇɂȿ ɂ ȼɕȻɊɈɋɕ ɉɏȾȾ ɂ ɉɏȾɎ
8
10
11
14
3.1 Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ
3.2 ɉɪɹɦɵɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ
3.2.1 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ
3.2.2 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ
3.2.3 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ
3.2.4 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
3.2.5 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ
3.2.6 ɉɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ "ɝɨɪɹɱɢɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ"
4. ɉɊɈɌɈɄɈɅ ȾɅə ɋɈɋɌȺȼɅȿɇɂə ɊȿȿɋɌɊȺ
14
17
17
18
19
20
20
21
23
4.1 ɗɬɚɩ 1: Ɇɚɬɪɢɰɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ: ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ
4.2 ɗɬɚɩ 2: Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ
4.2.1 ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
4.2.2 ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɱɟɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ
4.2.3 ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ
4.2.4 ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɢɡ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ
4.2.5 ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ
4.2.6 ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɧɟɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ
4.2.7 ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ
4.2.8 ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ "Ɋɚɡɧɨɟ"
4.2.9 ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ "ɍɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ"
4.2.10 ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ "Ƚɨɪɹɱɢɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ"
4.3 ɗɬɚɩ 3: ɋɛɨɪ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ
ɘɇȿɉ
24
25
26
27
28
29
29
30
30
31
32
33
34
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
ii
4.4 ɗɬɚɩ 4: Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ 35
4.4.1 Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ
35
4.4.2 Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ
37
4.4.3 Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ
39
4.4.4 ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ
39
4.4.5 ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɹɦ
40
4.5 ɗɬɚɩ 5: ɋɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ Ɋɟɟɫɬɪɚ
41
5. ɉɊȿȾɋɌȺȼɅȿɇɂȿ ɊȿȿɋɌɊȺ
42
5.1 ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɚ
5.2 ɂɬɨɝɨɜɵɣ ɨɬɱɟɬ
6. ɍɋɌȺɇɈȼɈɑɇɕȿ ɎȺɄɌɈɊɕ ɗɆɂɋɋɂɂ
42
43
45
6.1 Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ 1 – ȼɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
45
Ɂɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ ɋɬɚɬɶɟɣ 5, ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɋ ɋɬɨɤɝɨɥɶɦɫɤɨɣ
ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ
46
6.1.1 ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
46
6.1.2 ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
50
6.1.3 ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
53
6.1.4. ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɥɟɝɤɨɣ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
57
6.1.5 ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ
59
6.1.6 ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɢ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ
61
6.1.7 ɍɧɢɱɬɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɬɚɧɤɨɜ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ
63
6.2 Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ 2 - ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɱɟɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ
66
Ɂɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ ɋɬɚɬɶɟɣ 5, ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɋ ɋɬɨɤɝɨɥɶɦɫɤɨɣ
ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ
69
6.2.1 Ⱥɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɨɣ ɪɭɞɵ
69
6.2.2 ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɤɫɚ
73
6.2.3 ɉɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɱɟɪɧɨɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɢ
74
6.2.4 ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɞɢ
82
6.2.5 ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ
87
6.2.6 ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ
90
6.2.7 ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɰɢɧɤɚ
92
6.2.8 ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɥɚɬɭɧɢ ɢ ɛɪɨɧɡɵ
94
6.2.9 ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ
96
6.2.10 ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɱɢɯ ɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ
98
6.2.11 ɂɡɦɟɥɶɱɢɬɟɥɢ
100
6.2.12 Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ
101
6.3 Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ 3 – ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ
104
Ɂɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ ɋɬɚɬɶɟɣ 5, ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɋ ɋɬɨɤɝɨɥɶɦɫɤɨɣ
ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ
105
6.3.1 ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɨɦ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ
105
6.3.2 ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɛɢɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ
108
6.3.3 ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢɡ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ/ɛɢɨɝɚɡɨɜ
111
6.3.4 Ɉɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɦɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɢɳɢ (ɧɚ ɛɢɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ)
112
6.3.5 Ɉɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɛɵɬɭ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɢɳɢ (ɧɚ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɨɦ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ)
114
6.4 Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ 4 – ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɢɡ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ
117
Ɂɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ ɋɬɚɬɶɟɣ 5 ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɋ ɋɬɨɤɝɨɥɶɦɫɤɨɣ
ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ
117
6.4.1 ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ
117
6.4.2 ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ
122
6.4.3 ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ
124
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
iii
6.4.4 ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ
126
6.4.5 ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ
127
6.4.6 ɉɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɫɮɚɥɶɬɨɜɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ
127
6.4.7 ɉɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɝɨɪɸɱɟɝɨ ɫɥɚɧɰɚ
128
6.5 Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ 5 – Ɍɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ
131
Ɂɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ ɋɬɚɬɶɟɣ 5 ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɋ ɋɬɨɤɝɨɥɶɦɫɤɨɣ
ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ
131
6.5.1 ɑɟɬɵɪɟɯɬɚɤɬɧɵɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ
132
6.5.2 Ⱦɜɭɯɬɚɤɬɧɵɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ
133
6.5.3 Ⱦɢɡɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ
133
6.5.4 Ⱦɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɹɠɟɥɨɦ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɦ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ (ɦɚɡɭɬɟ)
135
6.6 Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ 6 – ɇɟɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ
137
Ɂɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ ɋɬɚɬɶɟɣ 5, ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɋ ɋɬɨɤɝɨɥɶɦɫɤɨɣ
ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ
137
6.6.1 ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ
137
6.6.2 ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɟ ɩɨɠɚɪɵ
141
6.7 Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ 7 – ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ
146
Ɂɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ ɋɬɚɬɶɟɣ 5, ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɋ ɋɬɨɤɝɨɥɶɦɫɤɨɣ
ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ
146
6.7.1 ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ ɢ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ
147
6.7.2 ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
157
6.7.3 ɇɟɮɬɹɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
176
6.7.4 ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ
177
6.7.5 Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɤɨɠɢ
180
6.8 Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ 8 –Ɋɚɡɧɨɟ
180
Ɂɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ ɋɬɚɬɶɟɣ 5, ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɋ ɋɬɨɤɝɨɥɶɦɫɤɨɣ
ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ
181
6.8.1 ɋɭɲɤɚ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ
181
6.8.2 Ʉɪɟɦɚɬɨɪɢɢ
182
6.8.3 Ʉɨɩɬɢɥɶɧɢ
184
6.8.4 ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɱɢɫɬɤɚ
185
6.8.5 Ɍɚɛɚɤɨɤɭɪɟɧɢɟ
186
6.9 Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ 9 – ɍɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ/Ɂɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɟ
187
Ɂɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ ɋɬɚɬɶɟɣ 5, ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɋ ɋɬɨɤɝɨɥɶɦɫɤɨɣ
ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ
188
6.9.1 Ɂɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɜɚɥɤɢ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
188
6.9.2 Ʉɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ
190
6.9.3 ɋɛɪɨɫ ɜ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɵ
193
6.9.4 Ʉɨɦɩɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
194
6.9.5 ɍɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɥɚ (ɧɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ)
195
6.10 Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ 10 – "Ƚɨɪɹɱɢɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ"
197
6.10.1 Ɇɟɫɬɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ
197
6.10.2 Ɇɟɫɬɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɯɥɨɪɚ
197
6.10.3 Ɇɟɫɬɚ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ ɫ ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɮɟɧɨɥɚɦɢ 197
6.10.4 Ɇɟɫɬɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɟɧɨɥɨɜ
198
6.10.5 Ɇɟɫɬɚ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ
198
6.10.6 Ɍɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɵ ɢ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɵ, ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɉɏȻ
198
6.10.7 ɋɜɚɥɤɢ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ/Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɢɡ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ 1-9
199
6.10.8 Ɇɟɫɬɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɚɜɚɪɢɣ
200
6.10.9 ȼɵɟɦɤɚ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ, ɡɟɦɥɟɱɟɪɩɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
200
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
iv
6.10.10 Ɇɟɫɬɚ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ/ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɤɚɨɥɢɧɢɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɦɨɜɨɣ ɝɥɢɧɵ
7. ɂɋɌɈɑɇɂɄɂ ɂɇɎɈɊɆȺɐɂɂ
200
201
8. ɉɊɂɅɈɀȿɇɂȿ 1. ɋȼɈȾɇɕɃ ɉȿɊȿɑȿɇɖ ȼɋȿɏ ɍɋɌȺɇɈȼɈɑɇɕɏ ɎȺɄɌɈɊɈȼ
ɗɆɂɋɋɂɂ
216
9. ɉɊɂɅɈɀȿɇɂȿ 2. ȼɈɉɊɈɋɇɂɄɂ
226
10
241
ɉɊɂɅɈɀȿɇɂȿ 3: ɉɊȿȾɋɌȺȼɅȿɇɂȿ ɊȿȿɋɌɊɈȼ
10.1 ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɬɚɛɥɢɰ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɚ
10.2 ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɵ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ
11. ɌȿɏɇɂɑȿɋɄɂȿ ɉɊɂɅɈɀȿɇɂə
241
243
245
11.1 Ɍɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ (ɌɗɎ)
245
11.2 ȿɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ
247
11.3 Ɍɟɩɥɨɬɚ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ - ɞɥɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ 3
248
11.4 ɉɟɪɟɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ 3 ɢ 5
253
11.5 ɉɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ - ɞɥɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ 7
254
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
v
ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɬɚɛɥɢɰ
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ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɨɜ
ɋɬɪɚɧɢɰɚ
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1: 16
“ɀɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ“ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2: Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɵɣ ɩɹɬɢɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɪɟɟɫɬɪɚ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ.
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
vi
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ
2,4,5-Ɍ
ȼȺȽ
ȼɈɁ
ȼɏɆ
ȼɒɉ
ɝ
ɝɚ
ȽɗɎ
ȾɏȻ
ȿɋ
ȿɗɄ ɈɈɇ
ɀɋ
ɂɉ
Ʉ
ɄɁȼ
Ʉɉɚ
ɥ
ɦ
ɦ3
Ɇ-Ɍɗ
Ɇ-ɌɗɎ
ɇɦ3
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɉȼ
ɇ-Ɍɗ
ɨ
Ɉ
ɨɛ/ɦɢɧ
ɨ
ɋ
ɈɗɋɊ
ɩ
ɉȻɈ
ɉȼɏ
ɉɈ
ɉɊɈɈɇ
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
2,4,5-Ɍɪɢɯɥɨɪɮɟɧɨɤɫɢɭɤɫɭɫɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ
ȼɚɝɪɚɧɤɚ
ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɚɹ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ Ɂɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ
ȼɢɧɢɥɯɥɨɪɢɞ ɦɨɧɨɦɟɪ
ȼɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɲɚɯɬɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ
ɝɨɞ
ɝɟɤɬɚɪ
Ƚɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɮɨɧɞ
Ⱦɢɯɥɨɪɛɟɧɡɨɥ
ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɣ ɋɨɸɡ (15 ɫɬɪɚɧ-ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɰ ɞɨ 30 ɚɩɪɟɥɹ 2004ɝ.: Ⱥɜɫɬɪɢɹ,
Ȼɟɥɶɝɢɹ, ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɹ, Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ, Ƚɪɟɰɢɹ, Ⱦɚɧɢɹ, ɂɪɥɚɧɞɢɹ,
ɂɫɩɚɧɢɹ, ɂɬɚɥɢɹ, Ʌɸɤɫɟɦɛɭɪɝ, ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɵ, ɉɨɪɬɭɝɚɥɢɹ, Ɏɢɧɥɹɧɞɢɹ,
Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɹ, ɒɜɟɰɢɹ)
ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɚɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɦɢɫɫɢɹ ɈɈɇ
ɀɢɞɤɚɹ ɫɬɚɥɶ
ɂɧɞɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɟɱɶ
Ƚɪɚɞɭɫɵ Ʉɟɥɶɜɢɧɚ
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ
Ʉɢɥɨɉɚɫɤɚɥɶ (= 1 ɬɵɫɹɱɚ ɉɚɫɤɚɥɶ)
Ʌɢɬɪ
Ɇɟɬɪ
Ʉɭɛɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɟɬɪ (ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɛɟɡ
ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ,
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ, ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ)
Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬ
Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ
ɇɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ (ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɣ) ɤɭɛɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɟɬɪ; ɨɛɴɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɝɚɡ ɩɪɢ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ (1,013 ɦɛɚɪ) ɢ 273,15 Ʉ (0ɨɋ)
ɇɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɨ/ɧɟɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ (ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ: ɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ)
ɇɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɨ (ɧɟɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ-ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɱɢɤ)
ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɥɚɧ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ (ɩɨ ɋɬɨɤɝɨɥɶɦɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ ɨ
ɫɬɨɣɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɢɬɟɥɹɯ)
Ɍɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬ ɩɨ ɧɨɪɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ (ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ
ɜ ɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ)
ɨɪɬɨ
ɋɬɚɞɢɹ ɨɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ (ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɨ-ɛɭɦɚɠɧɨɟ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ)
Ɉɛɨɪɨɬɵ ɜ ɦɢɧɭɬɭ
Ƚɪɚɞɭɫɵ ɐɟɥɶɫɢɹ
Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
ɩɚɪɚ
ɉɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɛɟɡɯɥɨɪɧɨɟ ɨɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɧɢɟ
ɉɨɥɢɜɢɧɢɥɯɥɨɪɢɞ
ɉɪɟɞɟɥ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ
ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
ɉɏȻ
ɉɏȾȾ
ɉɏȾɎ
ɉɏɎ
ɉɏɎ-Na
ɊȼɉɁ
ɊɌȼ
ɫ.ɜ.
ɋɂ
ɋɄȼ
ɋɇȽ
ɋɈɁ
ɋɌȼ
ɬ
ɌȻɈ
ɌɆȼ
ɌɏȻ
Ɍɗ
ɌɗɎ
ɍɎ
ɏɌɆ
ɱ
ɗȾɏ
ɘɇȿɉ
ɘɇɂȾɈ
Adt
BAT
BEP
ɋ
CCMS
CNP
CORINAIR
D
ȿ
ECVM
EMEP
EPA
ɘɇȿɉ
vii
ɉɨɥɢɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɛɢɮɟɧɢɥɵ
ɉɨɥɢɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɢɛɟɧɡɨ-ɩɚɪɚ-ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɵ
ɉɨɥɢɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɢɛɟɧɡɨɮɭɪɚɧɵ
ɉɟɧɬɚɯɥɨɪɮɟɧɨɥ
ɉɟɧɬɚɯɥɨɪɮɟɧɨɥɹɬ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ
Ɋɟɝɢɫɬɪɵ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ
Ɋɟɟɫɬɪ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ
ɋɭɯɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ
Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰ
ɋɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɋɠɢɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɣ ɝɚɡ
ɋɬɨɣɤɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɢɬɟɥɢ
ɋɬɨɣɤɢɟ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ
Ɍɨɧɧɚ (ɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ)
Ɍɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ
Ɍɟɪɦɨ-ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɜɚɪɤɚ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ
Ɍɪɢɯɥɨɪɛɟɧɡɨɥ
Ɍɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬ
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ: ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɧɟ ɞɟɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ
Ɇ-Ɍɗ, ɇ-Ɍɗ ɢɥɢ ȼɈɁ-Ɍɗ (ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ).
Ɍɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ
ɍɥɶɬɪɚɮɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɵɣ
ɏɢɦɢɨ-ɬɟɪɦɨ-ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɜɚɪɤɚ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ
ɑɚɫ
ɗɬɢɥɟɧɞɢɯɥɨɪɢɞ = 1,2-ɞɢɯɥɨɪɷɬɚɧ
ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɈɈɇ ɩɨ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ
Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ
Ɍɨɧɧɚ (ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ) ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɣ ɫɭɲɤɟ
ɇɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ (Best Available Techniques)
ɇɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɨɯɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (Best Environmental
Practice)
ɋɬɚɞɢɹ ɯɥɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɯɥɨɪɚ,
ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ (ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɨ-ɛɭɦɚɠɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ)
Ʉɨɦɢɬɟɬ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ (Committee on
Challenges of Modern Society)
2,4,6-Ɍɪɢɯɥɨɪɮɟɧɢɥ-4’-ɧɢɬɪɨɮɟɧɢɥ ɷɮɢɪ
ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɚɹ ɛɚɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɦ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɹɦ (Core Inventory of
Air Emissions)
ɋɬɚɞɢɹ ɨɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞɚ
ɯɥɨɪɚ (ClO2) (Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ ɩɨ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɨ-ɛɭɦɚɠɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ)
ɋɬɚɞɢɹ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ
ɧɚɬɪɢɹ (NaOH)
ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɣ ɋɨɜɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɜɢɧɢɥɚ (European Council of Vinyl
Manufacturers)
ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɭ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ
ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ
(Co-operative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the LongRange Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe)
Ⱥɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɨɯɪɚɧɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ (ɋɒȺ)
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
viii
ESP
H2SO4
HW
IPCS
IPPC
ISO
LOI
LRTAP
Mg
NaOH
Na2S
NATO
NCASI
NFR
OSPAR
PARCOM
SNAP
UNCED
URL
WEC
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɫɚɞɢɬɟɥɶ
ɋɟɪɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ
Ɉɩɚɫɧɵɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ
Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɩɨ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ
(ȼɈɁ)
Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ – Integrated
Pollution Prevention and Control
Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ
Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɨɛɡɨɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ (ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ)
Ʉɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɨɦɭ ɬɪɚɧɫɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɸ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ (Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution)
Ɇɚɝɧɢɣ
ɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɦ.: ɦɟɝɚɝɪɚɦɦ
Ƚɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ
ɋɭɥɶɮɢɞ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ
Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɋɟɜɟɪɨɚɬɥɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ Ⱦɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ (ɇȺɌɈ (North Atlantic
Treaty Organization)
ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɋɨɜɟɬ (ɛɭɦɚɠɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ) ɩɨ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɸ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢ ɩɚɪɚ (National Council (of the Paper industry) for Air
and Steam Improvement, Inc.)
ɇɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɱɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ (Nomenclature for Reporting)
Ʉɨɦɢɫɫɢɹ ɩɨ ɡɚɳɢɬɟ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɋɟɜɟɪɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ Ⱥɬɥɚɧɬɢɤɢ
Ɉɫɥɨ-ɉɚɪɢɠɫɤɚɹ Ʉɨɦɢɫɫɢɹ
Ɉɬɨɛɪɚɧɧɚɹ ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɸ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ (Selected
Nomenclature for Air Pollution)
Ʉɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɈɈɇ
Ƚɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɞɪɟɫ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɜ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɟ
ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɵɣ ɗɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɋɨɜɟɬ (World Energy Council)
ȿɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɋɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɋɂ
ɝ
ɤɝ
ɬ
ɤɬ
Ƚɪɚɦɦ 100 ɝ
Ʉɢɥɨɝɪɚɦɦ 103 ɝ
Ɍɨɧɧɚ 106 ɝ (1000 ɤɝ) = Ɇɝ – Ɇɟɝɚɝɪɚɦɦ (1 ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧ ɝɪɚɦɦ)
Ʉɢɥɨɬɨɧɧɚ 1000 ɬ
ɝ
ɦɝ
ɦɤɝ
ɧɝ
ɩɝ
Ƚɪɚɦɦ 100 ɝ
Ɇɢɥɥɢɝɪɚɦɦ 10–3 ɝ
Ɇɢɤɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ 10-6 ɝ
ɇɚɧɨɝɪɚɦɦ 10-9 ɝ
ɉɢɤɨɝɪɚɦɦ 10-12 ɝ
ɤȾɠ
ɆȾɠ
ȽȾɠ
ɌȾɠ
ɤɢɥɨȾɠɨɭɥɶ 103 Ⱦɠ
ɦɟɝɚȾɠɨɭɥɶ 106 Ⱦɠ
ɝɢɝɚȾɠɨɭɥɶ 109 Ⱦɠ
ɬɟɪɚȾɠɨɭɥɶ 1012 Ⱦɠ
Ɇȼɬ
Ɇȼɬɱ
Ɇɟɝɚɜɚɬɬ
Ɇɟɝɚɜɚɬɬ ɱɚɫ
ɉɚ
ɉɚɫɤɚɥɶ
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
ɤɉɚ
ix
ɤɢɥɨɉɚɫɤɚɥɶ 103 ɉɚ
ɇɟɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ
Ƚɚɥɥɨɧ
Ɏɭɧɬ
Ⱦɸɣɦ
ɘɇȿɉ
= 0,1337 ɤɭɛ.ɮɭɧɬɨɜ = 0,0038 ɦ3
= 0,4536 ɤɝ
= 2,54 ɫɦ = 0,0254 ɦ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
1
ɊȿɁɘɆȿ
ɇɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɸ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɧɚ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ
ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ
ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɜ ɢɯ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɢ. ɐɟɥɶ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ – ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ
ɫɨɡɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɨɜ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤ, ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɚɩɨɜ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɚ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɫɜɟɳɚɟɬ ɩɭɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ.
ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɨɥɧɵɦ ɞɚɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ
ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɢ ɩɨ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɦ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ.
ȼ ɦɢɪɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɨɜ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɩɨɥɢɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ
ɞɢɛɟɧɡɨ-ɩ-ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɢɛɟɧɡɨɮɭɪɚɧɨɜ (ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ). ȼ ɨɛɡɨɪɟ
ɉɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɘɇȿɉ ɩɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦ 1999 ɝɨɞɚ (UNEP Chemicals, 1999)
ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɩɹɬɧɚɞɰɚɬɶ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɨɜ, ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɫɟ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɦɢ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ.
ɋɬɨɤɝɨɥɶɦɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɹ ɨ ɫɬɨɣɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɢɬɟɥɹɯ, ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɣ
ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɣ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ, ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɨɬ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɭ, ɚ ɝɞɟ ɷɬɨ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɤ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ
ɧɟɩɪɟɞɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɋɈɁ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɰɟɧɟɧɵ, ɚ
ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɢɯ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɛɵɥɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɜ
ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ.
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɵ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɧɟ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɷɬɢɦ ɰɟɥɹɦ. Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ
ɧɟɩɨɥɧɵ, ɭɫɬɚɪɟɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɭɧɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ. ɋɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ
ɪɟɟɫɬɪɨɜ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɟ ɭɱɬɟɧɵ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɟɯɜɚɬɤɢ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ,
ɨɲɢɛɨɱɧɨ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵ ɢ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɪ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɥɢɲɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬ
ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ, ɨɬɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɨɬ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɦɨɱɶ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ, ɜɵɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ ɢ ɮɭɪɚɧɨɜ ɢ
ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɦ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɢɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ, ɉɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɨɣ ɘɇȿɉ ɩɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦ
ɛɵɥɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɨ "Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ
ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ ɢ ɮɭɪɚɧɨɜ". ȼ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɨ ɧɚɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ
ɉɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɘɇȿɉ ɩɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɟ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɵ ɞɥɹ
ɫɬɪɚɧ ɩɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɨɩɵɬɚ, ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɨɜ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɨ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɹ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɜ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤ
ɛɚɡɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɵɟ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ
ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɵ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. Ȼɵɥɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɟɬ
ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɢɡ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ
ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɯɨɬɟɥɢ ɛɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ.
Ʉɨɦɩɢɥɹɰɢɹ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɨɜ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɨɫɬɶ, ɛɵɬɶ ɜɪɟɦɹ- ɢ
ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɫɛɟɪɟɝɚɸɳɟɣ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɚ ɧɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ.
ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɢɛɤɢɦ. ɉɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
2
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɛ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɹɯ, ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɛɚɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɩɟɪɟɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ, ɚ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ
ɞɥɹ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ.
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɦɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ:
ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ
ɧɟɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ
ɉɏȾȾ ɢ ɉɏȾɎ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ, ɜɨɞɭ, ɩɨɱɜɭ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɢ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɯ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɫɛɨɪɭ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ, ɱɬɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɧɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɫɨ ɫɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɹɦɢ.
ɉɨɞɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɛɚɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɵ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ.
ɗɬɚ ɛɚɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ, ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɨɜɵɟ
ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɹɦ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɚ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɚɤ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɥɸɛɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ,
ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɟ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢɬɨɝɨɜɵɯ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɨɜ.
ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɩɹɬɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɫɪɟɞɚɦ, ɜ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɢɥɢ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ
ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫ: ɜɨɡɞɭɯɭ, ɜɨɞɟ, ɩɨɱɜɟ, ɨɬɯɨɞɚɦ (ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɦ) ɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦ. ɉɪɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɦ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɟ ɢɡ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (ɯɨɬɹ ɢɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ,
ɱɬɨ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɜɨ ɜɫɟ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɪɚɜɧɨɰɟɧɧɵ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɦ).
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ - ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ “ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɭ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ”, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɬɨɧɧɵ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɜ ɝɨɞ) ɢ “ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ”,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ,
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɤɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɬ). ɉɟɪɟɦɧɨɠɟɧɢɟ
ɞɜɭɯ ɜɵɲɟɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɞɚɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɨɜɵɯ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɢ, ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɹɬɶɸ ɷɬɚɩɚɦɢ, ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚ Ɋɢɫ.2 (ɫɬɪ. 24),
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɟɫɬɪ. Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɚɹ ɦɚɬɪɢɱɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ (Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2, ɫɬɪ. 24)
ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɞɟɫɹɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ
ɧɟɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳɚ ɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ
ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧ
ɩɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ
ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ,
ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ. Ⱦɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ
ɟɝɨ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɢɥɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨ ɜɫɟ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɝɨ
ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɢɡ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɚ
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɢɥɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɢɡ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɧɢɤɚ.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɦ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ,
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɬɶ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ. ȼɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ
ɛɭɞɟɬ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ
ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ɚɧɤɟɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ
ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ;
ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ
ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɝɨ ɢ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɟɝɨ
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
3
ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɤɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɷɬɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɦɨɱɶ ɜ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ.
Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɵ ɛɵɥɢ
ɩɨɧɹɬɧɵ, ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵ ɢ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɵ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ
ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ. Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦɢ,
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ
ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɬɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɵ. ɋɬɚɧɭɬ ɜɢɞɢɦɵɦɢ
ɩɪɨɛɟɥɵ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɧɟɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜ
ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ
ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ.
ɂɬɨɝɨɜɵɟ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɵ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɹɫɧɨ ɩɨɤɚɠɭɬ, ɱɬɨ ɛɵɥɢ ɭɱɬɟɧɵ ɜɫɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ,
ɞɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɜ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɢɞ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬ, ɢɥɢ ɪɨɥɶ ɟɝɨ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɞɚɧɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ
ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɜɨ ɜɫɟ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɬɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɢ ɞɚɧɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ
ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɵɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɬɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɩɨɥɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɟɬ. Ɇɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɚ
ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ, ɬɚɤɚɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɥɚɧɵ ɩɨ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɢɸ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɨɦɨɠɟɬ
ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ.
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
4
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
5
1. ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ
Ⱦɢɨɤɫɢɧɵ ɢ ɮɭɪɚɧɵ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ - ɩɨɥɢɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɢɛɟɧɡɨ-ɩ-ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɵ
(ɉɏȾȾ) ɢ ɩɨɥɢɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɢɛɟɧɡɨɮɭɪɚɧɵ (ɉɏȾɎ) - ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɢɡ
ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢ "ɫɬɨɣɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ" (ɋɈɁ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɵ ɜ
ɋɬɨɤɝɨɥɶɦɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ ɨ ɫɬɨɣɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɢɬɟɥɹɯ (ɋɈɁ).
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɩɨɥɢɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɛɢɮɟɧɢɥɚɦɢ (ɉɏȻ) ɢ ɝɟɤɫɚɯɥɨɪɛɟɧɡɨɥɨɦ
(ȽɏȻ), ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɋ ɋɬɨɤɝɨɥɶɦɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ ɨ ɋɈɁ; ɨɧɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ
ɧɟɩɪɟɞɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ, ɢ ɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ "ɩɨɛɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦɢ". ȼɫɟ ɋɈɁ,
ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɋ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ "ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɭ ɢ, ɩɨ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ" (Stockholm Convention, 2001). ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ
ɩɚɪɚɝɪɚɮɨɦ (ɚ) ɋɬɚɬɶɢ 5 Ʉɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɚɧɨɜ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɞɥɹ "ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɦɟɪ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɋ", ɚ ɜ ɩɨɞɩɚɪɚɝɪɚɮɟ (i)
ɭɬɨɱɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɥɚɧ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ "ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɢ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɨɜ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ".
ȼ Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɢ 18/32 ɋɨɜɟɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɘɇȿɉ, ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɦ ɜ ɇɚɣɪɨɛɢ ɜ ɦɚɟ 1995 ɝɨɞɚ,
ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɦɟɪ ɩɨ
ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɢ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ ɋɈɁ.
ȼ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ 19/13ɋ ɨɬ 7 ɮɟɜɪɚɥɹ 1997 ɝɨɞɚ ɋɨɜɟɬ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɥɫɹ ɤ
ɘɇȿɉ ɫ ɩɪɨɫɶɛɨɣ ɫɨɛɪɚɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɬɟɦɚɦ:
ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɵ ɋɈɁ, ɪɟɟɫɬɪɵ ɉɏȻ ɢ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɟɧɢɸ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. ȼ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɬ ɡɚɩɪɨɫ ɘɇȿɉ
ɩɪɨɜɟɥɚ ɪɹɞ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɭɛɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ
ɨɫɜɟɞɨɦɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɨ ɋɈɁ ɢ ɨ ɋɬɨɤɝɨɥɶɦɫɤɨɣ
ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ. ɑɚɫɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɫɶɛɨɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɥɚɫɶ ɩɪɨɫɶɛɚ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ
ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɜ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɉɏȾȾ ɢ ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɨɜ.
ɍɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɥɢ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɛɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ, ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ.
ȼ 1999 ɝɨɞɭ ɉɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɘɇȿɉ ɩɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦ ɩɪɨɜɟɥɚ ɨɛɡɨɪ ɬɟɯ
ɧɟɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɨɜ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ
(UNEP, 1999). Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɷɬɢ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɟ ɜ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ.
Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɥ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ (ɜɫɟ ɟɳɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɸɬ
ɧɨɜɵɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ, ɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ), ɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ
ɨɛ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɵ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɧɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɝɥɨ
ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɧɟɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɦɭ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɸ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɧɟɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵ.
ɇɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ 1999 ɝɨɞɚ ɢ ɜɟɫɶ 2000 ɝɨɞ ɉɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɘɇȿɉ ɩɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɥɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɩɨ ɧɚɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɚ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɟ
ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɵ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɦɨɱɶ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɜ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ ɤ Ʉɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɋɈɁ. ȼ ɹɧɜɚɪɟ
2001 ɝɨɞɚ ɉɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɘɇȿɉ ɩɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ IOMC
(Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɨ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ) ɢɡɞɚɥɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ “Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɢ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ ɢ ɮɭɪɚɧɨɜ”. Ɉɧ ɛɵɥ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɞɟɧ ɧɚ
ɢɫɩɚɧɫɤɢɣ, ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤɢ. ȼ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɘɇȿɉ, ɜ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫ
ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦɢ, ɢɧɢɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɥɚ ɪɹɞ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɨɜ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ ɢ ɮɭɪɚɧɨɜ,
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɭ, ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɜ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ.
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
6
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
ȼ ɢɸɧɟ 2002 ɝɨɞɚ Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟɦ 6/4 ɒɟɫɬɨɣ ɫɟɫɫɢɢ Ɇɟɠɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɢɬɟɬɚ ɞɥɹ
ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ ɋɬɨɤɝɨɥɶɦɫɤɨɣ Ʉɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ ɛɵɥɨ:
1. "Ɉɬɦɟɱɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ “Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ
ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ ɢ ɮɭɪɚɧɨɜ” (Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ) ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɈɈɇ ɩɨ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ
ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜ ɩɨ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɯ ɢ
ɩɥɚɧɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɋ
ɋɬɨɤɝɨɥɶɦɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ ɨ ɫɬɨɣɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɢɬɟɥɹɯ;
2. Ɉɬɦɟɱɟɧɨ ɞɚɥɟɟ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɨɛɧɨɜɢɬɶ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢ
ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ
ɞɟɬɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ;
3. ɉɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɥɢɰɚɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɜ
ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɢɚɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɸ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ
ɞɨ 31 ɞɟɤɚɛɪɹ 2002 ɝɨɞɚ;
4. ȼɵɪɚɠɟɧɨ ɩɨɠɟɥɚɧɢɟ ɤ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɢɚɬɭ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɧɵɣ
ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɹ ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɩɵɬ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɟ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɟɫɫɢɢ Ɇɟɠɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɢɬɟɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ".
ɉɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɹ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɤ ɦɚɸ 2003 ɝɨɞɚ ɨɬ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɢ
ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ, ɨɩɵɬ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ,
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ Ⱥɡɢɢ ɢ Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ
ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɪɨɛ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ Ɍɚɢɥɚɧɞɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɟ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɛɵɥ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧ ɜ ɦɚɟ 2003 ɝɨɞɚ ɢ ɛɵɥ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɞɟɧ ɧɚ ɜɫɟ ɲɟɫɬɶ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɈɈɇ.
ȼ ɢɸɥɟ 2003 ɝɨɞɚ ɫɟɞɶɦɚɹ ɫɟɫɫɢɹ ɦɟɠɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɢɬɟɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ
ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ «ɨɛɪɚɬɢɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɋɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɢɚɬ ɫ ɩɪɨɫɶɛɨɣ … ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɶ ɢ ɜɵɩɭɫɬɢɬɶ
ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɡɚɫɟɞɚɧɢɢ
Ʉɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɋɬɨɪɨɧ». ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɢ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɹ ɢ
ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɬ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɚ ɘɇȿɉ, ɢɥɢ
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɢɡ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ. ɂ, ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɛɵɥɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨ ɫɨɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɚ ɢ
ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɚɹɫɹ ɜ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɜ «ɉɪɨɟɤɬɟ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ
ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɩɨ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɦ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɣ ɩɨ
ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɦ ɜɢɞɚɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɨɯɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ», ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɦ Ƚɪɭɩɩɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ
ɩɨ BAT/BEP (SC BAT/BEP 2004).
ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɟ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ
ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɥɢɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɢɛɟɧɡɨ-ɩ-ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ
ɞɢɛɟɧɡɨɮɭɪɚɧɨɜ. ȼ ɧɟɦ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɞɜɭɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɧɟɩɪɟɞɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɋɈɁ, ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɋ ɋɬɨɤɝɨɥɶɦɫɤɨɣ
ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ - ɩɨɥɢɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɛɢɮɟɧɢɥɨɜ (ɉɏȻ) ɢ ɝɟɤɫɚɯɥɨɪɛɟɧɡɨɥɚ (ȽɏȻ)
ɤɚɤ ɩɨɛɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ.
ɇɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɨ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ, ɤɚɤ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ, ɨɯɜɚɬɢɬɶ ɜɫɟ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɋ, ɑɚɫɬɹɯ II ɢ III
ɋɬɨɤɝɨɥɶɦɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɤɚɤ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɦ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ ɤɚɤɢɟ-ɥɢɛɨ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ
ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɟ, ɨɧɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɹɯ.
ɇɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ, ɢɥɢ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɭɠɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ.
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
7
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɰɟɥɹɦɢ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ:
x
ɉɨɥɧɵɣ ɨɯɜɚɬ, ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɚ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ;
x
Ʌɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɚɝɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɭ;
x
ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɚɹ ɢ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ;
x
ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɵɯ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɨɜ.
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
8
2. ɐȿɅɂ ɂ ɈȽɊȺɇɂɑȿɇɂə
2.1 ɐɟɥɢ
ɗɬɨ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɦɨɱɶ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ,
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɦ ɫɜɨɢ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɢɬɶ
ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɨɜ. ɐɟɥɶɸ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɲɚɬɶ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɚ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ
ɫɬɚɞɢɣɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɚ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ. Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɩɭɬɢ
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ. ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ
ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɦɵ ɩɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚɦ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ.
ȼ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ
ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɰɟɥɟɧɨ ɧɚ
ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜɨ ɜɫɟ ɫɪɟɞɵ (ɜɨɡɞɭɯ, ɜɨɞɚ, ɩɨɱɜɚ, ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ). ɐɟɥɶɸ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ ɢ
ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɟɟ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɵɯ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ
ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɨɜ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. ȼ ɧɟɝɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɚ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɘɇȿɉ
ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚ ɩɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɨɜ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. Ʌɢɲɶ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ
ɞɚɸɬ ɹɫɧɭɸ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɭ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ
ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɵɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɩɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ. ɐɟɥɶɸ ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɟ.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɨɜ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɫɛɟɪɟɝɚɸɳɢɦ (ɬ.ɟ. ɧɟ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɬɶ
ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ) ɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨ ɜɵɹɜɥɹɬɶ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɟɥɵ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. Ɋɟɟɫɬɪɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɜ
ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɚ ɧɟ
ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɡɚɦɟɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ.
Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ. Ȼɚɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɭɥɭɱɲɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɧɨɜɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɛ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɹɯ ɢɥɢ ɨ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ. ɗɬɨ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ
ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɜɟɪɫɢɹ, ɚ ɧɟ ɢɫɱɟɪɩɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɪɟɟɫɬɪ, ɢ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɨɧ ɞɥɹ
ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ. Ɇɵ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦ, ɱɬɨ
ɛɵɫɬɪɨɬɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ,
ɱɟɦ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɢɠɢɦɚɹ ɰɟɥɶ 100%-ɨɣ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ:
x
ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ
ɧɟɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɉɏȾȾ ɢ
ɉɏȾɎ, ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɯ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɯ.
x
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɫɛɨɪɭ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨɛ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɞɥɹ
ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ
ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɹɦɢ.
x
ɉɨɞɪɨɛɧɭɸ ɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɧɭɸ ɛɚɡɭ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɫɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ.
x
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɫ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɚɤ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɥɸɛɵɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
9
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɟ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɨɫɬɶ
ɢɬɨɝɨɜɵɯ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɨɜ. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɹɜɢɬ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɪɨɛɟɥɵ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
ɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɢɠɢɦɚ ɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ. ȼ ɧɟɝɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɧɨɫɢɬɶɫɹ
ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɨ-ɪɚɡɧɨɦɭ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɜ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ.
ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɤɨɝɞɚ-ɥɢɛɨ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ
ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɩɨ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ.
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ
ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɩɨɦɨɠɟɬ ɭɬɨɱɧɢɬɶ ɢ ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɜ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ.
ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ
ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɢ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɋɬɨɪɨɧɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɶ
ɩɟɪɜɨɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ Ʉɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ. ȼ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɱɢɫɥɨɜɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢ ɷɬɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ
ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɨɣ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɫɩɢɫɤɚ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ, ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 1. ȼ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ
ɪɚɧɠɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɲɟɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɚ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ
ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɦɢ (ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ). ȼ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ
ɤɨɥɨɧɤɟ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ ɩɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɤ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɹɦ ɜ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯ, ɷɬɨ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɦ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɨɬ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ ɜ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ
ɨɞɢɧ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɣ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ (ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ 6b1 = ɩɨɠɚɪɵ ɧɚ ɫɜɚɥɤɚɯ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ ɜ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɟ. ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ – ɷɬɨ
ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ. ȼ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɜɫɟ ɩɪɨɱɢɟ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ. ɗɬɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɩɟɪɜɵɦ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɥɚɧɚ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɯ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ (BAT) ɢ
ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɨɯɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (BEP) ɞɥɹ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɢɡ
ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1:
ɗɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɩɨ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɦ (MoE Jordan 2003)
ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ
ɉɨɠɚɪɵ ɧɚ ɫɜɚɥɤɚɯ
ȼɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ (ɝ Ɍɗ/ɝɨɞ)
%
49,5
77
ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
8,77
ɑɟɬɵɪɟɯɬɚɤɬɧɵɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ
ɧɚ ɷɬɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ
2,16
3,4
ɋɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɟ ɩɨɠɚɪɵ (ɞɨɦɚ, ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ)
0,922
1,4
ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɨɫɬɚɧɤɨɜ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ
0,593
0,9
ɇɟɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ
ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
0,470
0,7
ɘɇȿɉ
14
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
10
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
2.2 Ɉɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ
Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɡ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɨɜ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ. ȼ ɨɛɡɨɪɟ (UNEP, 1999) ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɨ 15 ɬɚɤɢɯ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɨɜ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɧɢ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɧɟ ɭɧɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ, ɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɢ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɝɨɞɭ. ɋ
ɬɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɨ ɟɳɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɨɜ (Fiedler,
2003 ɢ ɫɫɵɥɤɢ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ).
ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ). ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɛɵɥɢ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɢɡ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ, ɧɨ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɫɟ ɨɧɢ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ. ɋɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɦɚɥɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɯ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ,
ɨɛ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɹɯ ɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɯ ɢɡ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ, ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɤ ɩɟɱɢ, ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɨɜ ɫɵɪɶɟɜɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɯ ɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɯ.
Ɋɟɟɫɬɪ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɰɟɧɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɜ
ɤɚɠɞɭɸ ɢɡ ɫɪɟɞ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ. Ɉɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɥɢɲɶ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɨɧ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɬɨɱɧɵɦ
ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɧɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɫɭɞɶɛɚ
ɉɏȾȾ ɢ ɉɏȾɎ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚ.
Ɋɟɟɫɬɪɵ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ
ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɣ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɢ
ɪɟɟɫɬɪɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɧɟ ɩɨ
ɋɬɨɤɝɨɥɶɦɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ
ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɨ SNAP/CORINAIR
(Selected Nomenclature for Air Pollution/ Core Inventory of Air Emissions – Ɉɬɨɛɪɚɧɧɚɹ
ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɸ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ / ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɚɹ ɛɚɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɦ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɹɦ) ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ Ɉɪɯɭɫɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɨɦ ɩɨ ɋɈɁ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɈɈɇ ɢɥɢ ɩɨ Ʉɨɞɟɤɫɭ NFR (Nomenclature for Reporting –
ɇɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɱɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ). Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɧɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɷɬɢɦ ɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɤɚɦ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ,
ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɢɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɋɬɨɤɝɨɥɶɦɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ ɢ
ɪɟɟɫɬɪɨɜ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɦ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ Ʉɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɟɣ. ɋɬɨɤɝɨɥɶɦɫɤɚɹ
ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɛɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɢɡ
ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɜ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɟ.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦ ɢ ɜɨɜɥɟɤɚɟɬ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ
ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɢɬɶ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɞɚɬɶ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɵ
ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ ɢ ɮɭɪɚɧɨɜ, ɘɇȿɉ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɥɚ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɟ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɵ ɧɚ ɫɭɛɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ
ɭɪɨɜɧɟ. ɘɇȿɉ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɱɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɩɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ ɢ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɚɟɬ ɫ
ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ȽɗɎ (ɉɊɈɈɇ, ɘɇɂȾɈ, ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɵɣ ɛɚɧɤ), ɜ ɬɨ
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɜɧɟɞɪɹɸɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɥɚɧɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ
ɋɬɨɤɝɨɥɶɦɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɟɣ ɨ ɋɈɁ. Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɝɨ
ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɢ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɨɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
ɨɛɳɭɸ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɭ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɤ ɧɢɦ.
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɵ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɩɨɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɜ ɢɯ
ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɢɥɢɹɯ ɩɨ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɨɜ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɪ ɩɨ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɭ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ.
Ɋɟɟɫɬɪɵ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ ɢ
ɮɭɪɚɧɨɜ ɜ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ.
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
11
ɏɨɬɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɚ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɦ, ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɦɟɧɟɟ
ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɢ ɯɭɠɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɫɬɚɪɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɧɵɯ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ ɞɪ. ɉɪɢ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɩɨɥɹɰɢɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ "ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ" ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ
ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɩɥɨɯɢɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɟɝɨ
ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɥɫɹ ɨɩɵɬ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɈɗɋɊ ɧɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. ɗɬɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ – ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɤɥɚɫɫ 1 ɢɥɢ ɤɥɚɫɫ 2 ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ
ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɢɡ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ – ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɢɡ
ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɘɇȿɉ/GTZ/PCD ɩɨ ɨɬɛɨɪɭ ɩɪɨɛ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɜ Ɍɚɢɥɚɧɞɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ
ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ,
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɧɢɡɤɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ (UNEP, 2001).
ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɵ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɢɥɢ ɜɢɞɵ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɩɨɞɨɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ
ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. Ɉɱɟɧɶ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɩɨɞɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɩɨɞ ɨɞɧɭ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ
ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɪɵɲɟɤ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɨ ɤ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ
ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɝɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ, ɢɥɢ ɷɬɨɬ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧ, ɤɚɤ ɟɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɫɝɨɪɟɥ ɞɨɦ.
ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɭ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨɝɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ, ɫɠɢɝɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨ, ɨɛɳɢɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ
ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɝɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶɫɹ.
2.3 Ⱦɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ
ɇɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɚ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɩɨ
ɩɨɥɢɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ
ɞɢɛɟɧɡɨ-ɩ-ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɚɦ
(ɉɏȾȾ)
ɢ
ɩɨɥɢɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ
ɞɢɛɟɧɡɨɮɭɪɚɧɚɦ (ɉɏȾɎ), ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɨɞɩɚɪɚɝɪɚɮɨɦ (ɚ) ɋɬɚɬɶɢ
5 ɋɬɨɤɝɨɥɶɦɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ ɨ ɫɬɨɣɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɢɬɟɥɹɯ. Ɉɧɚ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɫɟ
ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ (ɜɨɡɞɭɯ, ɜɨɞɚ, ɩɨɱɜɚ, ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ,
ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ) ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜ ɛɵɬɭ ɱɟɪɟɡ
ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ
ɧɟɩɪɟɞɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɋɈɁ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɧɨ ɨɧɢ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɵ ɩɨ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɨɞɧɭ ɫɪɟɞɭ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɢɥɢ ɧɚɰɟɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɇɧɨɝɨ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɵɯ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɱɟɪɩɧɭɬɶ ɢɡ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ
ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɨɣ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦɢ, ɯɨɬɹ ɷɬɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵ ɩɨ
ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɨɯɜɚɬɭ ɢ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ. Ʉ ɧɢɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɩɪɨɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ
ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɯ, ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɧɢɠɟ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ
ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɚɞɪɟɫɨɜ ɜ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ.
x
Ɉɪɯɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɦɢɫɫɢɢ (ȿɗɄ) ɈɈɇ ɩɨ
ɫɬɨɣɤɢɦ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɢɬɟɥɹɦ (1998) ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ Ʉɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɟɣ ȿɗɄ
ɈɈɇ ɩɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɨɦɭ ɬɪɚɧɫɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɸ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ 1979 ɝɨɞɚ
(LRTAP): ɷɬɚ Ʉɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɟɣ ɩɨ ɛɨɪɶɛɟ ɫ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ.
ɉɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɨ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɭɱɟɬɭ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ EMEP/CORINAIR ɤɚɤ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ
ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɨɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ.
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
12
Ⱥɞɪɟɫ ɉɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɚ: http://www.unece.org/env/lrtap/pops_h1.htm
Ⱥɞɪɟɫ EMEP: http://www.EMEP.int
Ⱥɞɪɟɫ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ: http://reports.eea.eu.int/EMEPCORINAIR3/en
x
Ƚɚɪɦɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ ɨɬɱɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ
ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ (HARP-HAZ): ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɱɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɩɹɬɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɦɭ ɦɨɪɸ ɜ Ȼɟɪɝɟɧɟ
(2002 ɝɨɞ) ɛɵɥɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ HARP-HAZ. Ƚɚɪɦɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ ɨɬɱɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ (HARPHAZ) ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɇɨɪɜɟɝɢɟɣ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɦɢ
ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɣ, ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɨɣ
ɨɬɱɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɰɟɥɟɣ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ.
HARP-HAZ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɩɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɢ ɨɬɱɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɦ/ɷɦɢɫɫɢɹɦ/ɭɬɟɱɤɚɦ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ, ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɧɵɣ
ɧɚ:
Ⱥɞɪɟɫ: http://www.sft.no/english/harphaz/
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Ɋɟɝɢɫɬɪɵ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ (ɊȼɉɁ): Ɉɧɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɵ ɜ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɹɦɢ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɜ Ƚɥɚɜɟ 19 ɉɨɜɟɫɬɤɟ ɞɧɹ ɧɚ 21ɣ ɜɟɤ, ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɣ ɧɚ Ʉɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɈɈɇ ɩɨ ɨɯɪɚɧɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ. ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ
ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ (ɩɨɦɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɱɟɝɨ)
"ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɵɦ
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ…". ɇɚ
ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɦ ɧɢɠɟ ɫɚɣɬɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɰɟɧɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɵɦ
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ, ɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɫɫɵɥɤɢ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ-ɫɚɣɬɵ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɊȼɉɁ.
Ⱥɞɪɟɫ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ: http://www.chem.unep.ch/prtr/Default.htm
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Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɚ IPPC – Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ
ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ: ɗɬɚ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɭ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ,
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦɭ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɦɭ ɋɨɸɡɭ. ȼɫɟ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ, ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɤ Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɟ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɢɦɟɬɶ
ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ȿɋ. ɗɬɢ Ɋɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ
ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɯ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ (BAT). Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɥɢɰɚɦ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ
ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ IPPC. ȼ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɨɣ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɧ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ (EPER) ɞɥɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛ ɨɛɴɟɦɚɯ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ,
ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟɫɭɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ.
Ⱥɞɪɟɫ Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɵ IPPC: http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/ippc/
Ⱥɞɪɟɫ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ȼȺɌ: http://eippcb.jrc.es/
Ⱥɞɪɟɫ EPER: http:// europa.eu.int/comm/environment/ippc/eper/index.htm
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Ʉɨɦɢɫɫɢɹ OSPAR (Ɉɫɥɨ-ɉɚɪɢɠ) ɩɨ ɨɯɪɚɧɟ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ: Ʉɨɦɢɫɫɢɹ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɢ ɦɟɪɵ ɩɨ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɨɜ,
ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɭ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ (ɬ.ɟ. ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɢ/ɢɥɢ
ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ) ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ, ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɸɬ
ɢɥɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ Ⱥɬɥɚɧɬɢɤɢ.
Ⱥɞɪɟɫ: http://www.ospar.org/eng/html/welcome.html
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Ʉɨɦɢɫɫɢɹ ɩɨ ɨɯɪɚɧɟ Ȼɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ (ɏɟɥɶɫɢɧɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɦɢɫɫɢɹ – ɏȿɅɄɈɆ):
Ⱦɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɨɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɯɪɚɧɟ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ Ȼɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
13
ɦɨɪɹ ɨɬ ɜɫɟɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɟɠɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ
ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɰ.
Ⱥɞɪɟɫ: http://www.helcom.fi/helcom.html
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ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɟɟɫɬɪ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɚɥɢɢ: Ⱥɜɫɬɪɚɥɢɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɥɚ ɛɚɡɭ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɝɞɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɢ ɞɥɹ
ɞɢɮɮɭɡɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ.
Ⱥɞɪɟɫ: http://www.npi.gov.au/
ɉɨ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɚɦ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɣ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Fiedler, 2003), ɜ ɨɬɱɟɬɟ ɉɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɘɇȿɉ ɩɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦ (1999) ɢ ɧɚ ɜɟɛ-ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɚɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ
ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɦɢɫɫɢɢ (EC – http://europa.eu.int/comm./environment/dioxin/), Ʉɨɦɢɫɫɢɢ
ɩɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ (CEC – http://www.cec.org/home/) ɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɚɣɬɚɯ ɪɹɞɚ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ.
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
14
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
3. ɈȻɊȺɁɈȼȺɇɂȿ ɂ ȼɕȻɊɈɋɕ ɉɏȾȾ ɂ ɉɏȾɎ
3.1 Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɢ ɜɢɞɚɯ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɚɤɢɯ, ɤɚɤ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɋ
ɋɬɨɤɝɨɥɶɦɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ. ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɛɨɱɧɵɟ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ, ɧɟɩɪɟɞɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɢɥɢ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɢ,
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɫ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɵɪɶɟɦ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ,
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɬɢɬɶ ɞɚɠɟ ɬɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɧɟ
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ. ɉɭɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ: (ɚ) ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɢ (ɛ) ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ (ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɦ. SC BAT/BEP 2004,
UNEP 2003a, NATO/CCMS 1992a, Hutzinger and Fiedler 1988).
(ɚ) Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɜ
ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ, ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ, ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɯɥɨɪɚ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɨɬ 200ɨɋ
ɞɨ 650ɨɋ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɦɢ:
1. Ɍɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɫɢɧɬɟɡ de novɨ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɢɡ
ɧɟɷɤɫɬɪɚɝɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɵɯ (ɋ) ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɬɥɢɱɧɚ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ (ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ); ɢ
2. Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ/ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɚɪɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ,
ɩɨɥɭɱɢɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɥɢɛɨ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɦ ɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɢ, ɥɢɛɨ ɩɪɢ ɰɢɤɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɨɜ.
Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɨɦ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɝɨɦɨɝɟɧɧɵɦ (ɜɫɟ
ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɬ ɜ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɮɚɡɟ ɥɢɛɨ ɜɫɟ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɬ ɜ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɣ ɮɚɡɟ) ɢɥɢ
ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɵɦ (ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɦɢ ɜ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɮɚɡɟ ɢ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ).
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɯ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɭɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɡɨɧɟ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ.
Ɉɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ «3-ɯ Ɍ» ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɬɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɭɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ (time of residence). ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ
ɪɟɡɤɨɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɡɨɧɵ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ
ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɡɨɧɟ, ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɡɚ ɡɨɧɨɣ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ.
ɉɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɩɪɢ
ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ (SC BAT/BEP 2004):
Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ: Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɥɢɛɨ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɦ
ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɢ, ɥɢɛɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɥɨɯɨɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɤɚɦɟɪɚɦɢ, ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɡɚ
ɤɚɦɟɪɨɣ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ, ɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ.
Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɸɬ ɨɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɥɨɯɢɯ, ɬɚɤɢɯ
ɤɚɤ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ, ɞɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ
ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɯ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ;
Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ: Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɡɨɧɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɜ
ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɯ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ
ɨɬ 200ɨɋ ɞɨ 650 ɨɋ; ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
15
ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɨɬ 200ɨɋ ɞɨ 450 ɨɋ, ɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɢ
300 ɨɋ;
Ɇɟɬɚɥɥɵ:
ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɟɞɶ, ɠɟɥɟɡɨ, ɰɢɧɤ, ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɣ, ɯɪɨɦ ɢ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɟɰ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ;
ɋɟɪɚ ɢ ɚɡɨɬ: ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɫɟɪɭ ɢɥɢ ɚɡɨɬ, ɢɧɝɢɛɢɪɭɸɬ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɧɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɢɧɵɯ
ɩɨɛɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ;
ɏɥɨɪ:
ɏɥɨɪ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ, ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɥɢ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɜ
ɥɟɬɭɱɟɣ ɡɨɥɟ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɜ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɮɚɡɟ.
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɚɠɧɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ Gullett ɢ ɞɪ. (2003), ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨ
ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɸ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ. ȼɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ
ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɦ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ “ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ” ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ.
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɥɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ-ɥɢɛɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɯɥɨɪɚ (ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ
ɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ – ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ), ɥɢɛɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɥɚ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ, ɥɢɛɨ
ɪɨɫɥɚ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ, ɥɢɛɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ-ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɵ.
(ɛ) ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ
Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ, ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ,
ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɯɥɨɪɚ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɢɡ ɧɢɠɟɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ
(NATO/CCMS 1992 b, Hutzinger and Fiedler 1988):
ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ (> 150 ɨɋ);
ɓɟɥɨɱɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ (ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ);
Ɇɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ;
ɍɥɶɬɪɚɮɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɨɟ (ɍɎ) ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ, ɥɢɛɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɵ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ.
ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɯɥɨɪɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɛɵɥɢ
ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɉɏȾȾ ɢ ɉɏȾɎ. Ɉɧɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ
ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. ɗɬɨ – ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ:
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
ɏɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɟɧɨɥɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɯ,
ɏɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɯ,
ɏɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɥɢɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ,
ɏɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ.
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɨɣɤɢɦɢ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɫɪɟɞɚɦɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜɵɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ,
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɢɳɢ/ɤɨɪɦɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɥɸɞɶɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɦɢ, ɷɪɨɡɢɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ
ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɢɡ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɜ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ, ɢ ɬ.ɞ.). ɉɨɞɨɛɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɝɪɚɬɶ
ɡɧɚɱɢɦɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ
ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ. Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɢ ɧɟ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɞɜɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɋɈɁ ɢɡ
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɋ – ɩɨɥɢɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɛɢɮɟɧɢɥɵ ɢ ɝɟɤɫɚɯɥɨɪɛɟɧɡɨɥ.
ȼ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɩɪɹɦɵɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɨɬ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ,
ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɹɬɶ ɫɪɟɞ
ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɨɜ (Ɋɢɫ.1):
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
16
x
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ;
x
ȼɨɞɚ (ɩɪɟɫɧɚɹ, ɨɤɟɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɷɫɬɭɚɪɢɣɧɚɹ; ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ
ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ);
x
ɉɨɱɜɚ;
x
Ɉɬɯɨɞɵ (ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɠɢɞɤɢɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ, ɢɥɨɜ ɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ, ɫ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɫ ɨɬɯɨɞɚɦɢ, ɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɬɚɤɨɜɵɯ,
ɢɥɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ);
x
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ (ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɵ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɛɭɦɚɝɚ, ɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɶ ɢ ɞɪ.).
Ɇɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ
ɂɦɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ
ɋɵɪɶɟ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ
ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ/
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ
ɂɦɩɨɪɬ
ɗɤɫɩɨɪɬ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ
ɍɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1:
ȼɵɛɪɨɫɵ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɟɪɟɧɨɫ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
Ɉɬɞɟɥɵ/ɫɪɟɞɵ
“ɀɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ“ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ
ɋɟɪɵɦ ɰɜɟɬɨɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɨɬɞɟɥɵ/ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ
ɪɟɟɫɬɪɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ;
Ɋɚɦɤɢ, ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɠɢɪɧɵɦɢ ɥɢɧɢɹɦɢ, ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ, ɧɚ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ;
ɉɭɧɤɬɢɪɧɚɹ ɥɢɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɯɜɚɬ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɚ, ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ
ɛɭɞɭɬ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ;
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ: ȼɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ-ɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳɚ ɧɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɵ ɧɚ
ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ, ɧɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɭ “ɩɨɱɜɚ”.
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
17
ȼ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ, ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɜ ɥɸɛɵɟ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɨɜ
ɢɥɢ ɫɪɟɞ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. ɋɢɥɶɧɨɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɟ
ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ-ɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳɚ,
ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ
ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ
ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɦɢ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ,
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ (Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ 10 – Ƚɨɪɹɱɢɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ).
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ, ɤɚɤ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ, ɜɫɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɢ ɜɢɞɵ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɑɚɫɬɢ II ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɋ, ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɯ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ (ɇɂɆ) ɞɥɹ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɧɨɜɵɯ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɑɚɫɬɢ III ɷɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɱɟɦ ɬɨ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɨ ɜ
ɑɚɫɬɢ III ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɋ.
ȼɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɉɏȾȾ ɢ ɉɏȾɎ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɢɡ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ. Ɍɪɢ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ
ɫ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ:
x
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ
ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɟɧɨɥɨɜ ɢ ɨɤɫɢɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ
ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ ɢ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɣ ɯɥɨɪ ɞɥɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɨɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ.
x
Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ,
ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ.
x
Ȼɢɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɟɧɬɚɯɥɨɪɮɟɧɨɥ.
ɑɟɬɜɟɪɬɵɣ ɬɢɩ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ – ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ:
x
ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ-ɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳɚ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɡɚɛɪɨɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɚɥɤɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ, ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ
ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ.
ɋɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɭ ɢɥɢ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ ɋɬɨɤɝɨɥɶɦɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɟɣ ɨ ɋɈɁ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ
ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɯ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ (Best Available Techniques - BAT) ɢ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɯ
ɜɢɞɨɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɨɯɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (Best Environmental Practice - BEP).
ɗɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɩɨ BAT ɢ BEP ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɬ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ. ɂɬɨɝɨɜɨɟ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵ
Ʉɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɟɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ.
3.2 ɉɪɹɦɵɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ
3.2.1 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɤɚɤ ɢɡ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ,
ɬɚɤ ɢ ɢɡ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɧɵɯ, ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ. ɋɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ, ɜ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɬɚɤɨɣ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢ
ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ, ɚ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. ɉɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɟ ɢɡ
ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
18
ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɬɶ ɜ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ, ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɵɛɪɨɫ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ,
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ:
x
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ;
x
Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɰɢɹ, ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɞɪ.;
x
ɋɭɲɤɚ ɢ ɨɛɠɢɝ, ɤɨɩɬɢɥɶɧɢ ɢ ɞɪ.;
x
ɉɪɨɱɢɟ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɢɪɨɥɢɡ, ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɹ
ɲɥɚɤɚ, ɤɪɟɤɢɧɝ ɢ ɞɪ.
Ɏɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɜɵɛɪɨɫ ɛɭɞɭɬ
ɡɚɜɢɫɟɬɶ ɨɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɦɟɪ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɢ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ ɤ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɭ.
3.2.2 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɫɛɪɨɫɟ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ, ɫɬɨɤɟ ɫ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ, ɜɵɳɟɥɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɨ ɫɜɚɥɨɤ, ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɢ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ,
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧ-ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ
ɩɟɫɬɢɰɢɞɨɜ) ɢ ɞɪ. ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɬɨɤɚɯ, ɟɫɥɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɥɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫ
ɫɵɪɶɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɳɟɥɨɱɟɧɵ ɢɡ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ-ɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳɚ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɚɦɢ
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ:
x
ɋɛɪɨɫ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɨ-ɛɭɦɚɠɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɬɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɣ ɯɥɨɪ;
x
ɋɛɪɨɫ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɬɚɦ, ɝɞɟ
ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɣ ɯɥɨɪ;
x
ɋɛɪɨɫ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɚɦɢ
ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɩɢɬɤɢ, ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɤɪɚɫɢɬɟɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɹ, ɤɨɠɢ, ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɢ
ɞɪ.;
x
ɉɪɨɱɢɟ ɫɛɪɨɫɵ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ, ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ, ɜ ɨɞɧɭ ɢɡ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɫɪɟɞ,
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɤɚɤ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ; ɥɢɛɨ
x
ɋɛɪɨɫ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɛɵɬɭ (ɫɬɢɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɦɚɲɢɧɵ, ɩɨɫɭɞɨɦɨɟɱɧɵɟ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ ɢ ɞɪ.), ɤɨɝɞɚ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ
ɨɞɟɠɞɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɟ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɦɨɸɳɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɯ.
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜɵɳɟɥɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ
ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɦ ɢɥɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɦ. ȼɵɳɟɥɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɞɨɠɞɟɜɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ, ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɪɨɫɬ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɬɢ, ɟɫɥɢ
ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɠɟ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɛɵɥɨ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɮɟɧɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɢ “ɨɛɵɱɧɨɦ” ɜɵɳɟɥɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɨ ɫɜɚɥɨɤ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɜɵɦɵɜɚɬɶ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɢɡ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ:
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
19
x
Ɍɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢɥɢ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɯɥɨɪɮɟɧɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɟɪɛɢɰɢɞɨɜ;
x
Ɇɟɫɬɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɥɟɫɧɨɣ ɢ ɞɟɪɟɜɨɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɝɞɟ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɧɬɚ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɫɹ
ɩɟɧɬɚɯɥɨɪɮɟɧɨɥ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɟɫɬɢɰɢɞɵ;
x
ɋɜɚɥɤɢ ɢ ɫɜɚɥɤɢ ɫɬɚɪɵɯ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɟɣ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɭɞɚɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɟ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɫɥɚ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ:
1. ɋɛɪɨɫ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɯɥɨɪ ɢ/ɢɥɢ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɱɢɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɨɤɪɵɯ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ;
2. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɫɬɢɰɢɞɨɜ, ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ (ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɟɧɬɚɯɥɨɪɮɟɧɨɥɚ ɢ
2,4,5-Ɍ), ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ (ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɥɢɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɛɢɮɟɧɢɥɨɜ);
3. ȼɵɳɟɥɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɦɟɫɬ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ.
3.2.3 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ
ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ
ɬɪɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ: ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ "ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ" ɧɚ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ, ɫɤɥɚɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɢɥɢ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɧɟɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɢɞɭɳɢɯ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ. ȼɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɩɨɱɜɚ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɞɥɹ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ "ɫɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɤɨɥɨɞɰɟɦ", ɨɬɤɭɞɚ ɨɧɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɩɨɩɚɫɬɶ ɜ ɩɢɳɟɜɭɸ ɰɟɩɶ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ:
x
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ, ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɢɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɩɟɫɬɢɰɢɞɵ, ɩɪɨɩɢɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɵ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ;
x
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɧɚ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɟɦɥɹɯ ɢɥɢ
ɤɨɦɩɨɫɬɚ ɜ ɫɚɞɚɯ;
x
ɉɪɹɦɨɟ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɫɤɥɚɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɟ;
ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɡɨɥɚ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɦ
ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɟ.
ɉɨɩɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ.
ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɡɨɥɚ, ɥɟɬɭɱɚɹ ɡɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɵɥɶ ɢɥɢ ɢɥɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ
ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɬɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɢ ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɢɬɶ ɩɨɱɜɭ, ɜɨɞɵ, ɞɪ., ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ
ɫɜɚɥɤɭ (ɨɛɵɱɧɚɹ ɫɜɚɥɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ) ɢɥɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɢɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ.
Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɨɥɵ ɜ ɞɨɪɨɠɧɨɦ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ
ɢɥɢ ɤɚɤ ɫɵɪɶɟ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ, ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɚ ɜ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɫɭɞɶɛɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɢɯ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
20
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ ɋɬɚɬɶɟɣ 6 ɋɬɨɤɝɨɥɶɦɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ, ɢɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ
ɨɫɨɛɨɝɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ.
3.2.4 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ
ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ
ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɯɥɨɪɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɨ-ɛɭɦɚɠɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ
ɮɟɧɨɥɚɯ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɯ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɟɧɬɚɯɥɨɪɮɟɧɨɥɟ (ɢ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɬɪɢɟɜɨɣ ɫɨɥɢ), 2,4,5ɬɪɢɯɥɨɪɮɟɧɨɤɫɢɭɤɫɭɫɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɟ (2,4,5-Ɍ) ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɢɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɛɢɮɟɧɢɥɚɯ (ɉɏȻ).
Ɉɬɯɨɞɵ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɵ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ (ɫɦ. ɫɪɟɞɚ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜɵɛɪɨɫ, “Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɢ”).
ɋɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɢɯ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ
(ɚ) Ɂɚɦɟɧɵ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɩɪɟɬɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ, ɤɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɜ ɯɨɞɟ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ.
(ɛ) Ɇɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢɥɢ
ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ ɫɵɪɶɟ, ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɟ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɥɢ, ɩɨ
ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ, ɫɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɤ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɭ.
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɣ ɜɵɲɟɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɦɭ, ɡɚɬɪɚɝɢɜɚɟɬ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɯ
ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ. ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɞɨ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦɭ
ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɸ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɯ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɚɯ.
3.2.5 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɜ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ (ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ)
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɛɟɫɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɛɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦɢ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ
ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɸ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ:
x
Ɇɭɫɨɪ, ɨɬɛɪɨɫɵ, ɨɬɯɨɞɵ (ɛɵɬɨɜɵɟ, ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ, ɨɩɚɫɧɵɟ, ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɞɪ.);
x
ɉɨɛɨɱɧɵɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ (ɥɟɬɭɱɢɣ ɡɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɡɨɥɚ,
ɫɚɠɚ ɢ ɞɪ.);
x
ɉɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ (ɢɥ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜ, ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɢɥ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ
ɜɨɞ, ɨɬɯɨɞɵ ɩɟɫɬɢɰɢɞɨɜ, ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɧɨɟ ɦɚɫɥɨ ɢ ɞɪ.).
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɬɨɤɚɯ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɥɟɬɭɱɚɹ ɡɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɵɥɶ, ɡɨɥɚ ɢ
ɩɪɨɱɚɹ ɩɵɥɶ. Ɍɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɢ
ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɧɟɫɝɨɪɟɜɲɟɝɨ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɚɞɫɨɪɛɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. Ɍɨɧɤɢɣ ɥɟɬɭɱɢɣ ɡɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɢ ɩɵɥɶ, ɫɨɛɢɪɚɟɦɵɟ ɜ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ, ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɨɛɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ, ɚ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɜɵɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯ.
ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɨɯɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ, ɚ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ
ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɚ, ɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɦ
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
21
ɨɫɬɚɬɤɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. ɉɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɨɣ ɪɭɞɵ. Ƚɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɨ; ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɥɟɬɭɱɟɣ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢɞɟɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ, ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ
ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɚɯ ɜɵɫɨɤɨ.
ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɠɢɞɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɟ
ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɜ ɱɟɪɧɨɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ.
Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɣ ɯɥɨɪ,
ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. Ȼɭɞɟɬ ɥɢ ɷɬɨ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɯɥɨɪɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɩɟɫɬɢɰɢɞɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɯɥɨɪɨɦ ɜ
ɛɭɦɚɠɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, - ɜɫɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɫ ɤɚɤɢɦɥɢɛɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɯɥɨɪɚ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ. ɗɬɢ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ,
ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɬɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. ȼ Ƚɥɚɜɟ 6.7 ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ
ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɚɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ.
ɋɬɨɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɨ-ɛɭɦɚɠɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɚɤ ɢ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɟ
ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɨɤɢ, ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ.
Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ (ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ,
ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ), ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɥ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦɭ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɸ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ; ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɵ.
ȼɚɠɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ, ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɨɬɨɤɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɩɨɬɨɤɚɯ ɢɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɢɡɤɢɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ
ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɯ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ
ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ (ɡɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɵɥɶ), ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɡɨɥɟ ɧɚ ɬɨɩɨɱɧɨɣ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɫɹ
ɧɢɡɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ (ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɫ ɩɨɥɧɵɦ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɟɦ). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ
ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɡɨɥɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ, ɨɧɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ.
ɉɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢɥɢ
ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɧɭɬɶɫɹ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫ ɨɬɯɨɞɚɦɢ, ɢ ɤɚɤ ɢɯ ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɜɫɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ,
ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ (ɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳɚ). Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɨɬɯɨɞɵ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ
ɤɚɤ ɫɵɪɶɟ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ, ɚ ɛɟɡ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɩɨɩɚɫɬɶ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ, ɜɨɞɭ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ
ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɯ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɚ, ɚ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ
ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɨɦɭ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɸ ɧɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ,
ɋɬɨɤɝɨɥɶɦɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɪɟɞ/ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ.
3.2.6 ɉɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ "ɝɨɪɹɱɢɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ"
ɉɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ "ɝɨɪɹɱɢɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ" ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ (ɫɦ. Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ 4.1).
ɗɬɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ 10 ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɞɟɜɹɬɢ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ "ɝɨɪɹɱɢɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ"
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɛɵɥɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ
ɫ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. Ƚɨɪɹɱɢɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ
ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ. ɏɨɬɹ "ɝɨɪɹɱɢɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ" ɧɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɜ Ɋɟɟɫɬɪ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ ɜ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ, ɢɯ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ.
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
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Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
"Ƚɨɪɹɱɢɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ" ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɜɲɢɯ ɢɥɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ, ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. Ɉɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɭɬɶ ɜ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ, ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ
ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ɏɨɬɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ "ɝɨɪɹɱɢɯ
ɬɨɱɤɚɯ" ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ, ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɢɯ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ, ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ
ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, "ɝɨɪɹɱɢɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ" ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɜɵɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɢ
ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ. ȼɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɛɭɞɭɱɢ ɨɞɧɚɠɞɵ ɭɱɬɟɧɧɵɦɢ, ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɧɟ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɧɟɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɪ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɭɝɪɨɡɵ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚ. ȼ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɪɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, "ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ
ɬɨɱɤɟ" ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɞɚɬɶ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɣ ɩɥɚɧ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ.
ȿɫɥɢ "ɝɨɪɹɱɚɹ ɬɨɱɤɚ" ɭɠɟ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɢɥɢ ɹɫɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɜɵɛɪɨɫ ɧɟɦɢɧɭɟɦ, ɟɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɜɧɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɪɟɟɫɬɪ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɫ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɶ ɦɟɪɵ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ. ȼ ɥɸɛɨɦ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ "ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ" ɫ
ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɢ ɦɟɫɬɚ.
Ɂɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɋɬɚɬɶɟ 6 ɋɬɨɤɝɨɥɶɦɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ ɨ ɋɈɁ ɢ,
ɯɨɬɹ Ʉɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɹ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ, ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ
ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɶ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ “ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ ɩɨ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ,
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ Ⱥ, ȼ ɢ ɋ. ȼ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɩɨ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɷɬɢɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ
ɜɟɫɬɢɫɶ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ“.
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
23
4. ɉɊɈɌɈɄɈɅ ȾɅə ɋɈɋɌȺȼɅȿɇɂə ɊȿȿɋɌɊȺ
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɵɯ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ ɜ
ɤɚɠɞɭɸ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɹɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ (ɜɨɡɞɭɯ, ɜɨɞɭ ɢ ɩɨɱɜɭ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɢ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ) ɞɥɹ
ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. ɗɬɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɫ
ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ:
ɂɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ (ɗɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ ɜ ɝɨɞ) =
= Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɯ "ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ"
(1)
ȿɠɟɝɨɞɧɵɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɵ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ
ɬɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚ (Ɍɗ) ɜ ɝɨɞ. Ƚɨɞɨɜɚɹ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ
ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɭɦɧɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ), ɧɚ
ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ
(ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɬɨɧɧ ɢɥɢ ɥɢɬɪɨɜ) - ɱɬɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ; ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ (ɬɨɧɧɵ ɢɥɢ ɥɢɬɪɵ
ɜ ɝɨɞ), ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ (ɜɨɡɞɭɯ, ɜɨɞɚ, ɩɨɱɜɚ, ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ, ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ) - ɷɬɨ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ. ɋɭɦɦɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɨɞɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɞɚɟɬ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɜɵɛɪɨɫ
ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ (=ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ) ɡɚ ɝɨɞ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ Ƚɥɚɜɭ 4.4.2)
ȼ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɜɟɞéɧɢɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɧɵɣ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ.
ȼ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɹɬɢɷɬɚɩɧɚɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ
ɫɨɝɥɚɫɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɢ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɵɯ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɨɜ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ (ɫɦ. Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2). ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɞɥɹ
ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ
ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚ ɝɪɭɛɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ. ɇɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ
ɞɟɬɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɦ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ.
ɇɚ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ
ɞɥɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ, ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɢ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ
ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɟ. ȼ
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ (Ƚɥɚɜɚ 8.2) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɧɢɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ.
ɇɚ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ (1) ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɯ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɷɬɚɩ - ɷɬɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɚ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ
ɧɚ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ 1-4.
ɉɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɮɨɪɦɚɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɭɱɟɬ ɜɫɟɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ (ɞɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ), ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɟɥɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɵ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɵɦɢ ɢ
ɩɨɧɹɬɧɵɦɢ.
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
24
1. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɟ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɭ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ
2.
ɉɪɨɜɟɪɶɬɟ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɜɢɞɨɜ
ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ.
3. ɋɨɛɟɪɢɬɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɣɬɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɜ
ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɧɢɤɚ.
4. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɨɰɟɧɢɬɟ
ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɯ/ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ.
ɫ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ
5. ɋɨɡɞɚɣɬɟ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɟɟɫɬɪ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɶɬɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɜ
ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɦ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɟ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2: Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɵɣ ɩɹɬɢɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɪɟɟɫɬɪɚ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ.
ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɢ Ɋɢɫɭɧɤɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɢɞ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ
ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ
ɨɛ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɟ. ɉɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ
ɨɛɧɨɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ, ɭɬɨɱɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɨɣ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ.
4.1 ɗɬɚɩ 1: Ɇɚɬɪɢɰɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ: ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ
ɉɟɪɜɵɦ ɷɬɚɩɨɦ ɜ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɚ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɞɥɹ
ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ. Ɇɚɬɪɢɰɚ ɝɪɭɛɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ (Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2) ɭɩɪɨɳɚɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ
ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɢɞɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ, ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɛɵɬɭ ɢ ɞɪ.), ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɨɞɧɭ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɪɟɞ (ɢɡ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɹɬɢ), ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɪɚɧɟɟ.
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
ʋ
ȼɨɞɚ
Ɇɚɬɪɢɰɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ - ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2:
1
ȼɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
ɏ
ɏ
2
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɱɟɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ
ɏ
ɏ
3
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢ
ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ
ɏ
4
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɢɡ
ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ
ɏ
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɏ
ɏ
ɏ
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
25
5
Ɍɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ
ɏ
6
ɇɟɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɝɨ
ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ
ɏ
ɏ
7
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ
ɏ
ɏ
8
Ɋɚɡɧɨɟ
ɏ
ɏ
ɏ
9
ɍɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ
ɏ
ɏ
ɏ
10
ȼɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ "ɝɨɪɹɱɢɯ
ɬɨɱɟɤ"
ɏ
ɏ
ɏ
ɏ
ɏ
ɏ
ɏ
ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ
ɨɰɟɧɤɨɣ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɢ
ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ
ɗɬɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɨɯɜɚɬɢɬɶ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɤɚɤ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɦ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. Ⱦɟɫɹɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɢɦɟɥɚ ɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɩɨɞɞɚɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ. Ʉɨɥɨɧɤɢ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ 2
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɩɹɬɶ ɨɬɞɟɥɨɜ/ɫɪɟɞ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ
ɤɨɥɨɧɤɚɯ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ «ɩɪɨɩɢɫɧɚɹ ɏ» ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɭɬɶ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚ ɞɥɹ
ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ; ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ «ɫɬɪɨɱɧɚɹ ɯ» ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ
ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ, ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ.
Ɇɚɬɪɢɰɚ ɝɪɭɛɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɚɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɦ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ, ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɵ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɫɛɨɪɚ
ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɯ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ.
Ɇɚɬɪɢɰɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɹɜɢɬɫɹ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ,
ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɫɛɨɪɭ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢ
ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ.
4.2 ɗɬɚɩ 2: Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ
Ⱦɚɥɟɟ, ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɜɵɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɢɥɢ
ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɢɡ ɞɟɫɹɬɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɹɞ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ (ɫɦ. Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɵ 4.2.1 - 4.2.10).
ɉɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɢɬɨɝɨɜɭɸ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɭ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ Ɋɟɟɫɬɪɚ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ (ɫɦ. Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ 5.2).
ɉɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ,
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɢɥɢ
ɪɟɝɢɨɧɟ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɰɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ
(ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɠɢɝɚɟɦɵɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ ɜ ɬɨɧɧɚɯ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ). ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ
ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ. Ɍɚ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ, ɤɚɤ
ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɧɟ ɢɡɭɱɚɬɶɫɹ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ,
ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧ ɜ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɟ.
ɉɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ
ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ (ɫɦ. Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ 5.1). Ⱦɚɠɟ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɚɹ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɣ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɧɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɧɭɠɧɨɦ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɞɥɹ
ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɞɥɹ
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
26
ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. ȼ ɤɨɥɨɧɤɚɯ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɩɹɬɶ ɨɬɞɟɥɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɫɪɟɞ, ɜ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɟɧ ɜɵɛɪɨɫ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. ɉɪɨɩɢɫɧɨɣ "ɏ"
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦɵɣ ɩɭɬɶ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚ, ɚ ɫɬɪɨɱɧɚɹ "ɯ" ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ
ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ.
4.2.1 ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
ȼ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɜ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɢɩɚ ɫɠɢɝɚɟɦɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ (Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3). ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɟɱɢ.
ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɦ ɨɝɧɟ ɢ ɛɵɬɨɜɨɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɛɨɱɤɚɯ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɟɣɧɟɪɚɯ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɜ
ɷɬɢ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ; ɨɧɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɜ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟ 4.2.6 – ɇɟɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ
ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3: ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɚ – Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ 1
ɉɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ
ʋ
ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ
1
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
ȼɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɟ
ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
ɏ
ɚ ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ
ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
ɏ
(ɯ)
ɯ
b ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
ɏ
(ɯ)
ɯ
c ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ
ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
ɏ
(ɯ)
ɯ
d ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɥɟɝɤɨɣ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɢ
ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
ɏ
e ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ
ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ
ɏ
f
ɏ
ɯ
ɏ
ɯ
ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɢ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ
g Ʌɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɹ ɨɫɬɚɧɤɨɜ
ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ
ɏ
ɯ
(ɯ)
ɯ
Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɚɦɚ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɰɟɥɭɸ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɶ. Ɉɬɯɨɞɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ
ɩɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ ɢ ɩɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɝɨɪɸɱɟɫɬɢ, ɚ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɢɞɭɬ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɜɵɫɲɢɟ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. ɗɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɭɸ
ɱɚɫɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɟɱɢ ɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ
ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɦɢ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɹɬɶ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɟ
ɰɟɩɨɱɤɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɨɝɞɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɦɨɤɪɵɟ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɢ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɳɢɣ ɡɨɥɶɧɵɣ
ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɬ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɟɟ ɫɛɪɨɫɨɦ. ɉɪɢ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
27
ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɫɬɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɢɡ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ (ɢɡ ɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ
ɜ ɬɜɟɪɞɭɸ ɮɚɡɭ).
4.2.2 ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɱɟɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɱɟɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ. ɗɬɨɬ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɞɨ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɜɚɥɫɹ, ɚ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɢ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɟɝɨ. ȼ ɷɬɨɣ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɣ
ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɟɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ.
ȼ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɶ
ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ, ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ, ɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ ɫ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɦɢ ɝɚɡɚɦɢ ɢ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ
ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɞɢ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4: ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɚ – Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ 2
ɉɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ
ʋ
ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
2
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɱɟɪɧɵɯ ɢ
ɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ
ɏ
ɏ
ɚ
Ⱥɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɨɣ
ɪɭɞɵ
ɏ
ɯ
b
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɤɫɚ
ɏ
c
ɉɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɱɟɪɧɨɣ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ
ɥɢɬɟɣɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ
ɏ
ɯ
d
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɞɢ
ɏ
ɯ
e
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ
ɏ
ɯ
f
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ
ɏ
ɯ
g
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɰɢɧɤɚ
ɏ
ɯ
h
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɥɚɬɭɧɢ ɢ
ɛɪɨɧɡɵ
ɏ
ɯ
i
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ
ɯ
x
x
j
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɱɢɯ
ɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ
x
x
x
k
ɂɡɦɟɥɶɱɢɬɟɥɢ
ɏ
l
Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɹ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ
ɏ
ɘɇȿɉ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɯ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
x
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
X
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
ɯ
x
(x)
x
x
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
28
4.2.3 ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ
ȼɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɝɨɪɸɱɢɯ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ. ɇɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɧɵɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ: ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɵɟ ɛɚɬɚɪɟɢ,
ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɢ ɜɟɬɪɨɜɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ, ɝɢɞɪɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ, ɝɟɨɬɟɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɚɬɨɦɧɵɟ
ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ/ɮɭɪɚɧɨɜ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ, ɧɟ
ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɨ. ȼ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 5 ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɵ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 5: ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɚ – Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ 3
ɉɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ
ʋ
ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ
3
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
(ɯ)
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢ
ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ
ɯ
ɏ
ɚ
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɧɚ
ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɨɦ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ
ɯ
ɯ
b
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɧɚ
ɛɢɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ
ɯ
ɯ
c
ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢɡ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɛɢɨɝɚɡɨɜ
ɯ
ɯ
d
Ɉɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɦɨɜ ɢ
ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɢɳɢ
(ɛɢɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ)
ɯ
(ɯ)
ɏ
e
Ɉɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɛɵɬɭ
(ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɨɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ)
ɯ
(ɯ)
ɏ
ɇɚ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ, ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɹɯ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɨɦ
ɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɚ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɚ, ɢ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ
ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɫɟɪɵ, ɱɟɦ ɯɥɨɪɚ, ɱɬɨ ɫɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ
ɩɨ ɦɚɫɫɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɴɟɦɵ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ
ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ. Ɍɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɦɟɧɟɟ
ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɡɚɜɨɞɵ, ɢɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɛɢɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ, ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɦ
ɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɫ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. Ɍɨ
ɠɟ ɫɚɦɨɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢɡ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɛɢɨɝɚɡɨɜ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɧɟɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɢ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ.
ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɦɨɜ/ɜ ɛɵɬɭ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɢɳɢ, ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ
ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɢɡɤɨɟ, ɚ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɚ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɚɥɚ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
29
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɨɤɢ ɢɯ ɢɞɭɬ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ (ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɫ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɦɢ
ɝɚɡɚɦɢ) ɢ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɜ ɡɨɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɵɥɶ ɢ ɡɨɥɭ.
4.2.4 ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɢɡ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ
ȼɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɫɬɟɤɥɚ, ɚɫɮɚɥɶɬɚ), ɨɛɠɢɝɚ
(ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ, ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ) ɢɥɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ (ɢɡɜɟɫɬɶ,
ɰɟɦɟɧɬ). ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɧɟɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɛɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɫɵɪɶɟɦ. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɯ
ɩɟɱɚɯ ɢ ɩɟɱɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɠɢɝɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ - ɤɪɭɩɧɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɜ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɤ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɭ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɞɟɲɟɜɨɝɨ (ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɛɟɫɩɥɚɬɧɨɝɨ) ɝɨɪɸɱɟɝɨ
ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɲɢɧ, ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɟɥ, ɢɥɨɜ ɢ ɞɪ. ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ. ȼ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 6 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɨɦ
ɜɢɞɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɢɡ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 6: ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɚ - Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ 4
ɉɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ
ʋ
ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ
4
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ
ɢɡ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ
ɏ
ɏ
ɚ
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ
ɏ
x
b
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ
ɏ
x
c
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ
ɏ
x
d
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ
ɏ
x
e
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ
ɏ
x
f
ɉɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɚɫɮɚɥɶɬɨɜɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ
ɏ
X
x
4.2.5 ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ
Ɍɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟɦ ɛɟɧɡɢɧɚ
(ɷɬɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɧɟɷɬɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ), ɤɟɪɨɫɢɧɚ, ɫɦɟɫɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɞɜɭɯɬɚɤɬɧɵɯ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ
(ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɦɨɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɢ ɛɟɧɡɢɧɚ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ 1:25-1:50), ɞɢɡɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ (ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɥɟɝɤɢɦ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɹɬɧɵɦ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨɦ) ɢ ɦɚɡɭɬɚ. ɗɬɢ
ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 7. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ
ɷɬɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɟɧɡɢɧɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ
ɝɚɥɨɝɟɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɧɚɝɚɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɫɚɞɨɤ. ɍɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ,
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɩɥɨɯɢɦ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ,
ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɢ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɨɣ ɟɝɨ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ.
ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯ. Ʌɢɲɶ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɩɪɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ ɞɢɡɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɬɹɠɟɥɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ
(ɦɚɡɭɬɚ) ɜ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹɯ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɨɣ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɚɠɚ ɢ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɣ
ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ.
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
30
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 7: ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɚ - Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ 5
ɉɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ
ʋ
ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ
5
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
Ɍɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ
ɏ
ɚ
ɑɟɬɵɪɟɯɬɚɤɬɧɵɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ
ɏ
b
Ⱦɜɭɯɬɚɤɬɧɵɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ
ɏ
c
Ⱦɢɡɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ
ɏ
(x)
d
Ⱦɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɬɹɠɟɥɨɦ
ɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ (ɦɚɡɭɬɟ ɢ ɞɪ.)
ɏ
(x)
4.2.6 ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɧɟɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ
ɇɟɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ
ɩɨɥɧɨɬɨɣ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ, ɢ ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. ȼ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 8 ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɞɜɟ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ. ɇɟɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ
ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɱɟɦ
ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɩɪɢ
ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɩɥɨɯɢɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ
ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɥɨɯɨ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ, ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ, ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢ
ɤɚɬɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ. ȼɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɢ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɢ ɩɨɱɜɭ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 8: ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɚ - Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ 6
ɉɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ
ʋ
ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ
6
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
ɇɟɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ
ɏ
ɚ
ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ
ɏ
(ɯ)
ɏ
(x)
b
ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ
ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɟ ɩɨɠɚɪɵ
ɏ
(ɯ)
ɏ
(ɏ)
ɢ
ɏ
4.2.7 ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ
ȼɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ ɢ ɮɭɪɚɧɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɫ ɫɵɪɶɟɦ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ (Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 9).
ɂɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɩɪɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ "ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ", "ɳɟɥɨɱɧɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ",
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
31
"ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɮɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ" ɢ
"ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɨɜ ɜ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ/ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ" (ɫɦ. Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ 3.1).
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 9: ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɚ - Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ 7
ɉɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ
ʋ
ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ
ɏ
ɏ
ɏ
ɏ
ɚ
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ
ɢ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ
x
ɏ
ɯ
ɏ
b
ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
x
ɯ
ɏ
ɏ
c
ɇɟɮɬɹɧɚɹ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
x
d
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɹ
ɯ
ɯ
e
Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɤɨɠɢ
ɯ
ɯ
7
ɉɨɱɜɚ
(ɯ)
x
ȼ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɫɟ
ɫɪɟɞɵ/ɨɬɞɟɥɵ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɯɥɨɪɚ ɞɥɹ
ɨɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɹɞɚ ɛɢɨɰɢɞɨɜ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɉɏɎ, ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɤɪɚɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ (ɧɚ
ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɯɥɨɪɚɧɢɥɚ) ɜɥɟɤɭɬ ɡɚ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ
ɜɨɞɭ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɷɬɢɯ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɭɸ
ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ.
4.2.8 ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ "Ɋɚɡɧɨɟ"
ȼ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 10 ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɵ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ, ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɜ "Ɋɚɡɧɨɟ". ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɫɭɲɤɢ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɹɦɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɟ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɫ ɜɵɫɭɲɢɜɚɟɦɵɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ.
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɨɟ
ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɫ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦɢ,
ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɫɭɲɤɟ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɫɭɲɤɢ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɩɱɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ
ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ/ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɚɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɚ,
ɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɶ, ɤɨɠɚ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ.
Ʉɪɟɦɚɬɨɪɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ,
ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɧɵɦ, ɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵ. Ƚɪɨɛɵ,
ɛɚɥɶɡɚɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ
ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɵ, ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɤɪɚɫɤɢ ɢ
ɧɟɝɨɪɸɱɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ.
Ɉɬɯɨɞɵ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧ ɜ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɸ "Ɋɚɡɧɨɟ". ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ (ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɉɏɎ ɢ ɤɪɚɫɢɬɟɥɢ)
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ. ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɛɢɨɰɢɞɵ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
32
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ ɢ ɤɪɚɫɢɬɟɥɢ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ. Ƚɪɹɡɶ ɢ ɩɨɬ, ɫɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɨɣ
ɨɞɟɠɞɟ, ɧɟ ɜɧɨɫɹɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɤɥɚɞɚ ɜ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 10: ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɚ - Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ 8
ɉɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ
ʋ
ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
Ɋɚɡɧɨɟ
ɏ
ɏ
ɏ
ɏ
ɏ
ɚ
ɋɭɲɤɚ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ
x
b
Ʉɪɟɦɚɬɨɪɢɢ
x
c
Ʉɨɩɬɢɥɶɧɢ
x
d
ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɱɢɫɬɤɚ
e
Ɍɚɛɚɤɨɤɭɪɟɧɢɟ
8
ɏ
ɏ
ɯ
ɏ
ɏ
ɏ
ɯ
ɯ
4.2.9 ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ "ɍɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ"
ȼ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 11 ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɵ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ, ɧɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɤ
ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɸ/ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɦ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ,
ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɢ ɩɨɱɜɭ. ɗɬɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ
ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɢɥɵ, ɫɛɪɨɫ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɟɥ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɛɪɨɫ ɜ
ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɵ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɢɥɨɜ.
ɋ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɭɞɚɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɭɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɦ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɢ
ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨɨɳɪɹɬɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ
ɢ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ, ɯɨɬɹ ɩɨ ɧɢɦ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɛɚɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 11: ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɚ - Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ 9
ɉɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ
ʋ
ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
ɍɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ
ɏ
ɏ
ɚ
Ɂɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɜɚɥɤɢ
ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
x
b
Ʉɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ/ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ
ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ
c
ɋɛɪɨɫ ɜ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɵ
d
Ʉɨɦɩɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɟ
ɍɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɦɚɫɥɚ (ɧɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ)
9
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
(ɯ)
ɯ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
ɏ
ɯ
ɏ
ɯ
ɏ
ɯ
ɯ
ɯ
ɯ
ɯ
ɯ
ɯ
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
33
4.2.10 ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ "Ƚɨɪɹɱɢɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ"
"Ƚɨɪɹɱɢɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ" ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ
ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ, ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɜ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟ 4.2.9, ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ. ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɭɠɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ, ɢɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɨɠɢɞɚɬɶ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɟɪɵ. ȼ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 12 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧ
ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɵɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɦɟɫɬ, ɝɞɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɭɬɶ "ɝɨɪɹɱɢɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ".
ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɚ-ɫ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ "Ƚɨɪɹɱɢɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ" ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɬɶ ɫ ɤɚɤɢɦ-ɥɢɛɨ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ. ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɭɠɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ
ɤɚɤ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɢɞɭɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ. ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ f-i ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɞɟɩɨɡɢɬɚɪɢɢ,
ɝɞɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ-ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɫɶ, ɡɚɯɨɪɚɧɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɢɥɢ
ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɥɟɬ. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɭɠɟ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ, ɜɫɤɨɪɟ ɧɚɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɢɥɢ ɥɢɲɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɭɝɪɨɡɭ ɜ
ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ. ȼɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 12: ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɚ – Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ 10
ɉɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ
ʋ
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɢ
ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
10
ȼɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ "ɝɨɪɹɱɢɯ
ɬɨɱɟɤ"
ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ
ɨɰɟɧɤɨɣ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ
ɚ
Ɇɟɫɬɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ
ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ
ɏ
b
Ɇɟɫɬɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɯɥɨɪɚ
ɏ
c
Ɇɟɫɬɚ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɟɧɨɥɨɜ
ɏ
d
Ɇɟɫɬɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ
ɪɟɰɟɩɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ ɫ
ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɮɟɧɨɥɚɦɢ
e
Ɇɟɫɬɚ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɢ
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ
f
Ɍɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɵ ɢ
ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɵ, ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɟ
ɉɏȻ
g
ɋɜɚɥɤɢ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ/Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɢɡ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ 1-9
h
Ɇɟɫɬɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ
ɚɜɚɪɢɣ
i
ȼɵɟɦɤɚ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ,
ɡɟɦɥɟɱɟɪɩɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
j
Ɇɟɫɬɚ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ/ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ
ɤɚɨɥɢɧɢɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɦɨɜɨɣ
ɘɇȿɉ
ɯ
ɯ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
ɏ
ɯ
ɏ
ɏ
ɏ
ɏ
ɯ
ɏ
ɯ
ɏ
ɏ
ɯ
ɏ
ɯ
ɯ
ɯ
ɯ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
34
ɝɥɢɧɵ
Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ "ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ" ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɟɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɟɟ
ɬɟɤɭɳɢɣ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ: ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɭɝɪɨɡɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ
ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ. ȼ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɟɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ.
4.3 ɗɬɚɩ 3: ɋɛɨɪ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ
ɋɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɷɬɚɩ - ɫɛɨɪ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ. Ɇɚɫɲɬɚɛɵ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ
(ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɬɨɧɧɵ ɫɨɠɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ, ɬɨɧɧɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɟɞɢ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ. ȼ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ
ɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ, ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ, ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢ ɞɪ., ɚ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ ɥɢɲɶ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ.
ȼɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɬɶɫɹ; ɨɧɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ
ɢ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ. Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦɢ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɹɦɢ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ
Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟ 6.
Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɜɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ
ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ.
ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɦɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ:
x
ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɪɭɞɟ ɢ ɧɚɥɨɝɚɯ;
x
Ɋɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɞɤɢ ɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɚ/ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɚ;
x
Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɭɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɚɸɳɢɟ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ;
x
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɯ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ;
x
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɟ.
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ
ɞɚɧɧɵɟ
ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɟ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ
ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɦ
ɦɟɫɬɨɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ
ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ.
ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɢɡ ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹ
ɫɛɨɪ ɢ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. ȿɫɥɢ ɨɛ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ
ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɟɬ, ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɹ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ.
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢ
ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ, ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɚ ɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɧɢɤɨɜ (ɫɦ. Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ 9). ɐɟɥɶ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɧɢɤɨɜ
- ɨɛɥɟɝɱɢɬɶ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ.
Ⱦɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɜɫɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɚɧɤɟɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɪɨɩɨɬɥɢɜɚɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɫ ɬɟɦ,
ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɧɢɤɨɜ. ɇɟɩɨɥɧɵɣ
ɫɛɨɪ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɜɫɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢ ɫɧɢɡɢɬ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɪɟɟɫɬɪɚ. ɇɚ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. ȼ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɚ ɩɨɥɧɚɹ ɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɛɚɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨɛɨ ɜɫɟɯ
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
35
ɜɢɞɚɯ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɦɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɩɨ
ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɦ ɦɟɫɬɚɦ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ.
ɇɟɩɨɥɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ - ɩɪɨɛɟɥɵ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ - ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɯ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɫɨɛɪɚɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ. ɉɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɛɭɞɭɬ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɬɶɫɹ, ɧɨ ɜɫɟ ɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɢɬɶ
ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɛɭɞɭɳɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɧɨɜɨɣ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɞɜɚ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ.
ɉɨɞɯɨɞ "ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɢɹ" ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɢ
ɧɢɡɤɢɦɢ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɹɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ).
"Ʉɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ" ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɥɭɱɲɟ
ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɫɚɦɵɣ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɛɚɡɟ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɢɥɢ ɫɚɦɵɣ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɜɲɢɯ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ. Ⱦɨɩɭɳɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɟɦ ɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɜɫɟɯ
ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. ɂɯ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫ
ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɥɢɰ. ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɡ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɯ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ, ɨɬ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɨɜ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ
ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ.
4.4 ɗɬɚɩ 4:
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ
ɢ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ
ɗɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɲɟ ɤɚɤ "ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ",
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɥɢ
ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ. ȼ Ƚɥɚɜɟ 6 ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ
ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ. ȼ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɭɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɤɚɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɢ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɬɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ.
Ɇɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɨɳɪɹɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ, ɟɫɥɢ ɬɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ, ɞɥɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ
ɫɪɚɜɧɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨɛ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɞɚɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ
ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɢɯ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ
ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɯ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɯ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɩɨɦɨɝɚɸɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ
ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ.
ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ-ɬɨ
ɫɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ (ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ) ɞɥɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɢɥɢ
ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ ɢ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɩɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɦɚɥɨɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɬɶ
ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ.
4.4.1 Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ
ȼ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟ 6 ɭɬɨɱɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ (Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɵ 6.1 - 6.10). ȼ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ
ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ (ɤɥɚɫɫ 1) ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɜ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ; ɨɛɳɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɥɨɯɢɦɢ, ɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ – ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ. ɋ
ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ (ɤɥɚɫɫ 2, 3 ɢ ɬ.ɞ.) ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɵ
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
36
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɫɧɢɠɚɸɬɫɹ; ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɧɢɡɤɢɦɢ.
ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɷɬɚɩɟ 3 ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɝɨ
ɜɨɩɪɨɫɧɢɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɩɭɬɹɦɢ, ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɫɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɩɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɦ ɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɦ ɜ
Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟ 6. ȼ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɞɚɫɬ ɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɢ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɟɬ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɰɵ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ
ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ 9 – ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 2: ȼɨɩɪɨɫɧɢɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɦɨɱɶ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɰɢɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. ȼ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ ɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɤɚɤ «ɩɥɨɯɨɝɨ»,
«ɯɨɪɨɲɟɝɨ» ɢɥɢ «ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɟɝɨ ɢɦɟɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ» ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ:
1.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢɥɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɢ,
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɧɚ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. «ɉɥɨɯɢɟ» ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ
(ɤɥɚɫɫ 1) ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ (ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ – ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɰɟɥɨɝɨ ɪɹɞɚ ɬɚɤɢɯ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ): ɭ ɧɢɯ ɦɚɥɵɟ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ, ɧɢɡɤɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɤɚɦɟɪɚɯ
ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ, ɤɚɦɟɪɚ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɧɚ, ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɬɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. ɉɪɢ
ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ, ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɬɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɞɨɠɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ
ɱɢɳɟ, ɥɭɱɲɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɚɧ ɢɥɢ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧ, ɨɛɳɚɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ
ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ (ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ 3 Ɍ). ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ.
ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɷɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɵɛɪɚɧ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɫ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɪɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ, ɩɟɱɢ ɫ
ɞɜɢɠɭɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɤɨɥɨɫɧɢɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɚɦɢ, ɫɨ ɫɠɢɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɥɨɟɦ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬɫɹ
ɥɭɱɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ. ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ
ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ. ɋɚɦɵɣ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ
ɧɨɦɟɪ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɦ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦ ȼȺɌ/BEP
(ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ/ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɨɯɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ)
ɢ
ɨɛɵɱɧɨ
ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ
ɤɪɭɩɧɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɦɢ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ,
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢ
ɤɪɭɝɥɵɣ
ɝɨɞ
ɩɪɢ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟ
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ/ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ.
2.
ɇɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ «ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɡɨɧɵ»; ɜ
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɷɬɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɨ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ.
ȼ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɢ ɬɢɩɨɦ
ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ʉɥɚɫɫ 1 ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ
ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɛɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɚɞɫɨɪɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ
ɚɛɫɨɪɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚɯ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɰɢɤɥɨɧɵ ɢ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɢɬɟɥɢ – ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ
ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫ 2. Ⱦɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ
ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɦɨɤɪɵɯ
ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɨɜ, ɪɭɤɚɜɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɞɥɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ
ɦɟɥɤɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ. Ⱦɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɵɛɪɚɧ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ. ȼɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ,
ɧɚɢɜɵɫɲɢɣ/ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɛɪɚɧ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɨɟ
ɞɥɹ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɭ/ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ – ɬɚɤɨɟ, ɤɚɤ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɫ
ɢɧɠɟɤɰɢɟɣ ɭɝɥɹ (ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɫ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɹɤɨɦ), ɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ ɫ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɭɝɥɟɦ
ɥɢɛɨ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɵ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ.
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
37
3.
Ɉɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɢɬɶ ɞɜɚ ɜɵɲɟɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɚ,
ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɧɟ
ɛɵɜɚɟɬ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ – ɦɚɥɚɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɛɟɡ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ
ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɦ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɨ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ
ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɚ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɣ ɡɚɜɨɞ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɟ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧ
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ.
4.
Ⱦɥɹ ɧɟɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɬɟɦ ɠɟ
ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟɦ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɯ ɢɥɢ ɩɥɨɯɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ (ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ) ɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɯ ɢɥɢ ɩɥɨɯɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ (ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ – ɷɬɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ,
ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜɵɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ).
ȼ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɹɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ), ɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ
ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɹɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɱɜɚ). Ⱦɥɹ
ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɢ
ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɢɣ.
ɑɬɨɛɵ ɭɛɟɞɢɬɶɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɭɱɬɟɧɵ ɜɫɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɭɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ
ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɨɤɚɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ
ɪɚɜɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɨɛɳɟɦɭ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ
ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ "ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ" ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ,
ɫɠɢɝɚɟɦɵɟ ɧɚ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ, ɫɭɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ,
ɫɠɢɝɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɧɚ ɩɥɨɯɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ ɢ ɞɪ., ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɜ ɢɬɨɝɨɜɨɣ ɫɭɦɦɟ
ɞɚɬɶ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɫɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɵ ɤ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɟɦɭ
ɤɥɚɫɫɭ, ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɯ. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɢ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ, ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɘɇȿɉ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ,
ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɧɢɤɨɜ (ɫɦ.
ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɜ Ƚɥɚɜɟ 9). ȼ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɧɢɤɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ,
ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟ 6.
4.4.2 Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ
ɋ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ
ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ,
ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ Ɍɗ ɉɏȾȾ ɢ ɉɏȾɎ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɜ
ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɯ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ (EU 76/2000), ɢ ɜ ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɒɬɚɬɚɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɆɌɗɎ (ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɇȺɌɈ (=Ɇ-ɌɗɎ), ɜɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ 1988 ɝɨɞɭ (NATO/CCMS,
1988). ɋɬɨɤɝɨɥɶɦɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɹ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ
ɬɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ
ȼɈɁ/ɆɉȻɏȼ ɜ 1998 ɝɨɞɭ (ȼɈɁ-ɌɗɎ) (van Leeuwen, Younes, 1998). Ʉɚɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ
ɜ Ƚɥɚɜɟ 11.1, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ Ɇ-ɌɗɎ ɢ ȼɈɁ-ɌɗɎ ɞɥɹ ɦɥɟɤɨɩɢɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ
ɢ ɧɟɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. Ʉɚɤ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɨ ɜ
Ƚɥɚɜɟ 1 ɢ ɜ Ƚɥɚɜɟ 2.2 ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤ
ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɦ ɉɏȾȾ ɢ ɉɏȾɎ, ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɉɏȻ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ,
ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ.
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
38
Ƚɨɞɨɜɵɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɟ ɜɨ ɜɫɟ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɹɳɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢɡ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɢɥɢ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
ɂɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ =
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɯ ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
(1)
(ɗɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ ɜ ɝɨɞ)
ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɷɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɭ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɩɹɬɶ
ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ:
ɂɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ
= Ȉ Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɯ ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
(ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɜɵɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɜ + Ȉ Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜɨɞɚ ɯ ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
ɝɨɞ)
+ Ȉ Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɩɨɱɜɚ ɯ ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
+ Ȉ Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɯ ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
+ Ȉ Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɯ ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
ɗɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ Ɍɗ ɜ ɝɨɞ. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟɦ
(1), ɝɨɞɨɜɚɹ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɭɦɧɨɠɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (=ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɢɥɢ ɬɨɧɧ/ɥɢɬɪɨɜ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ) ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ (Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ, Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜɨɞɚ, Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɩɨɱɜɚ, Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ, Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ). Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ (ɜ ɦɤɝ ɆɌɗ), ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɵɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɤɭɸ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ ɢɡ ɩɹɬɢ ɫɪɟɞ (ɜɨɡɞɭɯ, ɜɨɞɚ, ɩɨɱɜɚ, ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ
ɢɥɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ) ɜ ɩɟɪɟɫɱɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɬɨɧɧ ɢɥɢ ɥɢɬɪɨɜ).
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ 7 - ɉɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ
ɬɨɜɚɪɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ - ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɧɚ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ. ȼ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ
ɷɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɦ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ (ɫɛɪɨɫɚɦ/ɫɬɨɤɚɦ, ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɦɵɦ ɜ ɩɝ Ɍɗ/ɥɢɬɪ ɢɥɢ
ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɦ, ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɦɵɦ ɜ ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ). Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɠɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ
ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɱɟɦ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ
ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɭɦɧɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ/ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ/ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ,
ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ
ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɦ3), ɧɚ ɩɨɬɨɤ.
ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ 2 ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɢɞ:
ɂɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ = Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɯ ɉɨɬɨɤ
(2)
(ȼɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɝɨɞ)
Ƚɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɬɨɤ - ɨɛɴɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɝɚɡɚ, ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ,
ɜɵɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɦ3/ɝɨɞ ɢɥɢ ɬ/ɝɨɞ). Ɉɧ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɬɨɤ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɩɨ ɦɚɫɫɟ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɡɚ ɱɚɫ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦ3/ɱɚɫ ɢɥɢ ɬ/ɱɚɫ),
ɭɦɧɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɱɚɫɨɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ ɜ ɝɨɞ (ɱɚɫ/ɝɨɞ). ȼɚɠɧɨ
ɫɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ (ɩɨ ɦɚɫɫɟ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ), ɜɵɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɜ ɱɚɫ, ɩɨ
ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɩɨɬɨɤ (ɩɨ ɦɚɫɫɟ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ)
ɩɪɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ, ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɫɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
39
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɝɨɞɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɱɚɫɨɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ
ɡɚ ɝɨɞ.
ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ
ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɝ Ɍɗ/ɝɨɞ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ "ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ" ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɭ
ɟɞɢɧɢɰ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ.
ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɢɬɨɝɨɜɵɟ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɚɤ ɝɨɞɨɜɵɟ
ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɬɨɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ:
1. Ƚɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɬɨɤ (ɩɨ ɦɚɫɫɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ) ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ
ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ:
x
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɬɚɥɢ, ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɬɚ, ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ, ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ,
ɤɨɦɩɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɢɥɢ
x
ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ, ɭɝɥɹ, ɞɢɡɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ,
ɫɨɠɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɫɬɚɧɤɨɜ ɢ ɞɪ.), ɢɥɢ
x
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦ3 ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɥɢɬɪɨɜ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ,
ɤɢɥɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɢɥɢ ɬɨɧɧ ɧɚɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɢ ɞɪ.).
2. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɢɡ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ:
x
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ;
x
ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɦ3, ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɥɢɬɪ).
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ (1) ɢ (2), ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɲɟ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶɫɹ
ɩɨ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɢ ɷɬɚɩɚ 4, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ
ɝɨɞɨɜɵɯ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ.
4.4.3 Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɬɨɤ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɜɡɹɬɵ ɢɡ
ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɢɡ ɨɬɜɟɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɧɢɤ. ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ (Quality Assurance Programme) ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ, ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɩɨɬɨɤ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ,
ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵ, ɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɵ ɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɜ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ. ɗɬɢ ɠɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ
ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɜ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɧɢɤɟ.
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɬɨɤ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɵ:
x
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ
ɢɥɢ
ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ,
ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɬ/ɝɨɞ, ɦ3/ɝɨɞ ɢ ɞɪ.);
x
Ɇɚɫɫɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɦ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ, ɜɵɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɜɲɢɯ
ɦ3/ɱɚɫ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ ɯ ɱɚɫɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ (ɱɚɫ/ɝɨɞ) ɢ ɞɪ.).
4.4.4 ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ
ȼ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɩɭɬɟɦ
ɭɦɧɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɧɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ,
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
40
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɹɳɢɯ ɫɪɟɞ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɜɨɞɵ,
ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ (ɫɦ. Ƚɥɚɜɭ 6).
ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ, ɤɥɚɫɫɵ
ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɬɚɤ ɤɥɚɫɫ 1 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɧɚɢɯɭɞɲɢɣ
ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɫ ɩɥɨɯɢɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ, ɩɪɨɫɬɵɦ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ;
ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ (ɨɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 2 ɞɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 4) ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ/ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ/ɜɢɞɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɥɭɱɲɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. ɇɚɢɜɵɫɲɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ, ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ BAT ɢ BEP. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ
ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ «Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɦ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɦ ɩɨ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɦ
ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦ (ȼȺɌ) ɢ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹɦ ɩɨ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɦ ɜɢɞɚɦ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɨɯɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (ȼȿɊ)», ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɦ Ƚɪɭɩɩɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ ɩɨ
ȼȺɌ/ȼȿɊ (Stockholm Convention 2004). Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɭɸ ɨɰɟɧɨɱɧɭɸ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ (ɦɟɞɢɚɧɧɭɸ ɢɥɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɸɸ), ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ
ɧɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɯ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ
ɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ, ɫɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢ ɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ. ɏɨɬɹ ɷɬɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɟɣ
ɢɦɟɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢɡ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɨɱɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ
ɧɨɜɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɧɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɟɪɟɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ, ɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɬɶɫɹ.
ɉɨɞɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ,
ɜɡɹɬɵɯ ɢɡ ɨɰɟɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɱɟɬɨɜ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɢɥɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ,
ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɭɞɨɛɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɦɢ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ
ɛɵɥɨ ɫɜɟɫɬɢ ɷɬɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ
(ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ).
4.4.5 ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɹɦ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ, ɢɥɢ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ, ɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɵ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ. ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɩɨɥɹɰɢɸ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ
ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɜɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɬ ɜ ɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ. ȼɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ
ɞɥɹ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ.
ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɹɦ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ ɢ ɮɭɪɚɧɨɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɨ.
ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɢɯ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨɦ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ, ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼɚɠɧɨ ɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞ, ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ. ȿɫɥɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɡɚɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ
ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɟɬɚ-ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɱɭɸ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ.
ɉɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɚɦɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ
ɨɬɛɨɪɚ ɩɪɨɛ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ, ɩɪɨɜɟɪɟɧɧɚɹ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɚɹ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ. ȿɫɥɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɨɤ ɧɟɬ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ, ɚ ɧɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɫɩɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ. ɉɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɝɨɞɨɜɵɯ
ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɨɬɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ
ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɬɶ ɷɬɨ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɨɦɟɬɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɵ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ
ɤɨɥɨɧɤɢ ɬɚɛɥɢɰ Excel, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɫ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ.
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
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4.5 ɗɬɚɩ 5: ɋɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ Ɋɟɟɫɬɪɚ
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ, ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ
ɨɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɚɩɚ 4. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɦ ɜ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟ 5, ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɵɣ ɪɟɟɫɬɪ
ɫɬɪɨɢɬɫɹ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɢɡ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ.
Ⱦɚɥɟɟ, ɝɨɞɨɜɵɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɫɭɦɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɩɹɬɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɹɳɢɦ ɫɪɟɞɚɦ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɫɹɬɢ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ.
ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɫɭɦɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɞɟɫɹɬɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɢ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɨɛɳɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ
ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɢɡɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɰɟɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ. ɗɬɨɬ
ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɪɟɬɶɢɦ ɢ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ, ɞɚɧɧɵɟ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ.
Ɉɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɵ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɪɟɟɫɬɪɵ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ.
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
42
5. ɉɊȿȾɋɌȺȼɅȿɇɂȿ ɊȿȿɋɌɊȺ
ɉɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ, ɢ ɟɝɨ
ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɟ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ
ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ.
5.1 ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɚ
ȼ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɪɟɟɫɬɪ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ,
ɱɬɨɛɵ:
x
ɉɪɢɜɥɟɱɶ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɨɛɡɨɪ ɧɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɨ
ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɡɚɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɨ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ;
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ɉɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɰɟɧɧɭɸ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɞɥɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɧɚ
ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ, ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ;
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ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ; ɢ
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ɋɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɭɠɞɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɫɛɨɪɭ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ.
ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ, ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɧɢɯ,
ɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ.
ɉɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɪɟɟɫɬɪ ɧɭɠɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɨɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɣ
ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɜ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ, ɚ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɞɥɹ ɪɚɧɧɟɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ, ɤɚɤ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɩɨɩɚɞɟɬ ɢɬɨɝɨɜɵɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ
ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ. ɗɬɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ
ɰɟɧɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɩɪɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ.
ɉɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɪɟɟɫɬɪ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ:
x
ɉɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ;
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ɋɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɢ
ɤɪɚɬɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɨɧɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɢɥɢ ɨɰɟɧɟɧɵ;
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Ⱦɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɩɨ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ
ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ (ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɣ ɩɨɬɨɤ, ɭɦɧɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɢɣ ɢ
ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ);
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Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ (ɬɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ), ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ
ɨɬ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ, ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɟɦ, ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨɬ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɛɵɥ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧ;
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ɉɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɵ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɝɢɫɬɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɯ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ;
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ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɢɥɢ
ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɨɜ, ɧɚɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ.
ɉɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɨɬɱɟɬ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɬɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ. Ɉɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɞɥɹ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ
ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɚ.
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
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5.2 ɂɬɨɝɨɜɵɣ ɨɬɱɟɬ
ɂɬɨɝɨɜɨɣ ɪɟɟɫɬɪ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɩɨ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɦ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜɨ ɜɫɟ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɫɟɯ
ɜɢɞɨɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ, ɹɜɢɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ
ɜɫɟɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ.
ɂɬɨɝɨɜɵɣ ɨɬɱɟɬ ɜɵɹɜɢɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɤ
ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɦ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟ ɢ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ
ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɦɢ, ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬ ɬɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɟɥɵ ɜ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ. ȼ ɧɟɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ, ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɷɬɨ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ, ɜɨɞɭ
ɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ, ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɝɨ
ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɦ. ɋɥɭɱɚɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ
ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦ ɜɢɞɟ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ), ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɸ ɨɬɱɟɬɨɜ,
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɨɜ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɚɯ,
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɧɟɡɚɦɟɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɢɯ ɬɟɦɢ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɝɨ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ.
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɢɬɨɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɚ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ,
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ:
Ɋɟɡɸɦɟ: ȼɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɜɨ ɜɫɟ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɫɹɬɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɤɚɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɜ
ɦɚɬɪɢɰɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ. Ɋɟɡɸɦɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ
ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɟɥɵ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɵɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
ɞɥɹ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɢɯ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɹ.
ɂɬɨɝɨɜɵɣ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɟɟɫɬɪ: ȼɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɜɨ ɜɫɟ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ
ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ. ɉɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ; ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ (ɬ.ɟ. ɪɚɧɠɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ). Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ
ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɧɟɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚ, ɷɬɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɨ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ
ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ, ɷɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ. ȿɫɥɢ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ/ɜɢɞ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ
ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɬɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ “ɗɬɨɬ ɜɢɞ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ”. ɗɬɨ
ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɜɢɞ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɵɬɚɥɢɫɶ ɢɡɭɱɢɬɶ, ɧɨ
ɨɧ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɥ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧ ɜ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟ 10.1, ɚ ɢɬɨɝɨɜɵɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ
ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɨɜ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɜ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟ 10.2.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ: Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɨɬɱɟɬɨɜ
ɫɬɪɚɧ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬɶ ɢɡ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɨɜ, ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɢɡ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɢ
ɞɟɬɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɯ. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ
ɨɛ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ, ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚɯ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɯ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɢ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ.
ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɨɬɱɟɬɚ. ȼ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɚ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ.
ɉɨɞɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ: ȿɟ ɧɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɜ ɨɬɱɟɬ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɟ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɧɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɬɶ. ȼɚɠɧɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɚɹ
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
44
ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɥɚɫɶ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ
ɨɛɡɨɪɚ, ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɢ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɢɟ ɫɪɨɤɢ.
ɇɟɩɨɥɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ: ɉɪɨɛɟɥɵ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ - ɨɛɵɱɧɨɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ. Ɍɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ
ɧɟɩɨɥɧɚɹ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ. ȿɫɥɢ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ. ȿɫɥɢ ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɢɜɟɥɢ ɤ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɡɚɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɟ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ: ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɚ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ
ɪɚɛɨɬɚɥɢ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ, ɯɨɬɹ ɬɢɩ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
ɨɫɬɚɜɚɥɫɹ ɧɟɹɫɧɵɦ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɧɵɯ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ, ɢ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɫ
ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ
ɪɟɟɫɬɪɟ ɢ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɢɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ, ɝɞɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ.
Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ: ɇɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɪɚɡɞɟɥ, ɨɛɨɛɳɚɸɳɢɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ:
x
Ɉɛ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɯ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ;
x
Ɉ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɦɟɪɚɯ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɨɛ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɯ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ/ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ;
x
Ɉɛ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɟɥɚɯ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ;
x
Ɉ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ, ɨ ɧɚɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹɯ ɢɥɢ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɪɚɯ.
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
45
6. ɍɋɌȺɇɈȼɈɑɇɕȿ ɎȺɄɌɈɊɕ ɗɆɂɋɋɂɂ
ȼ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ, ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɋɬɨɤɝɨɥɶɦɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ. Ƚɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɤɚ
ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
x
Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɋ, ɑɚɫɬɢ II: ɷɬɨ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɦ
ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. ɑɚɫɬɶ II ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ.
x
Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɋ, ɑɚɫɬɢ III: ɷɬɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ,
ɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɢ ɜɵɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɸɬ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. ɑɚɫɬɶ III ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ 13 ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ.
ȼ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟ 6 ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɤɚɤ ɨɧɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ. ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ, ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɜ ɞɟɫɹɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɵ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬ 1 ɞɨ 10. ɇɢ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɧɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ, ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɭɸ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɧɟ
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɜ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɟ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ,
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ, ɜ ɧɢɠɟɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɯ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɨɜ ɧɟ
ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɟ
ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɥ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɬɶ
ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɜ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ.
Ʉɚɤ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɜ Ƚɥɚɜɟ 2 "ɐɟɥɢ ɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ", ɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɬɶ ɜ
ɘɇȿɉ ɞɥɹ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɢɯ ɩɪɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɤ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɸ (ɢɥɢ
ɨɬ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ) ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɞɧɹɦ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɡɞɟɫɶ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ.
Ɉɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ.
6.1 Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ 1 – ȼɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
ȼɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ - ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɪ ɩɨ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɢɥɢ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɤ
ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɭ ɢɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ. ȼ Ƚɥɚɜɟ 6.1 ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɩɟɱɢ. ȼɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ
ɨɬɯɨɞɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɠɢɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɦ ɨɝɧɟ, ɬ.ɟ. ɛɟɡ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ - ɷɬɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɜ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟ 6.6. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟ
ɧɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɧɟɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɢɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ) - ɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ 6.3.2.
ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ, ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ
ɧɢɠɟɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ (Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 13):
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 13: ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ 1 – ȼɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ
ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
ɉɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ
ʋ
1
ɘɇȿɉ
ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ
ȼɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɟ
ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ɏ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
ɏ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
46
ɚ ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ
ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
ɏ
(ɯ)
ɯ
b ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
ɏ
(ɯ)
ɯ
c ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ
ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
ɏ
(ɯ)
ɯ
d ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɥɟɝɤɨɣ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɢ
ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
ɏ
e ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ
ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ
ɏ
f
ɏ
ɯ
ɏ
ɯ
ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɢ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ
g Ʌɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɹ ɨɫɬɚɧɤɨɜ
ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ
ɯ
(ɯ)
ɯ
Ɂɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ ɋɬɚɬɶɟɣ 5, ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɋ
ɋɬɨɤɝɨɥɶɦɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ
ȼɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɨɞɩɚɪɚɝɪɚɮɟ (ɚ) ɑɚɫɬɢ II ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɋ, ɚ
ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɥɚɧɨɦ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɫ ɧɢɯ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɱɚɬɨ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ BAT ɢ BEP.
Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɋ ɑɚɫɬɢ II ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ:
(ɚ)
(ɚ)
Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ
ȼɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ
ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ (ɬɢɩ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɧ)
ȼɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ
ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ (ɬɢɩ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɧɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧ)
Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ ɜ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ
6.1.1; 6.1.2; 6.1.3; 6.1.5
6.1.4; 6.1.6
Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɋ ɑɚɫɬɢ III ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ:
(i)
Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ
ɍɧɢɱɬɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɬɚɧɤɨɜ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ
Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ ɜ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ
6.1.7
6.1.1 ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
Ɍɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɜɫɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɜ ɛɵɬɭ,
ɜ ɠɢɥɢɳɧɨɦ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟ, ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ, ɭɞɚɥɹɟɦɵɣ ɥɸɞɶɦɢ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ
ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ʉ ɧɢɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɩɨɯɨɠɢɟ ɧɚ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ,
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɣ, ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɏɨɬɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ, ɨɧɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɩɚɫɧɵɦɢ, ɚ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɦɢ ɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɛɭɦɚɝɚ ɢ
ɤɚɪɬɨɧ, ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɵ, ɩɢɳɟɜɵɟ ɢ ɤɭɯɨɧɧɵɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ, ɬɤɚɧɢ ɢ ɤɨɠɚ, ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɚ, ɫɬɟɤɥɨ,
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɝɪɹɡɶ, ɤɚɦɧɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɱɢɟ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ. ɑɚɫɬɨ ɧɟ ɭɞɚɟɬɫɹ
ɢɡɛɟɠɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɛɚɬɚɪɟɟɤ ɢ
ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɜ, ɤɪɚɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɥɟɤɚɪɫɬɜ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɛɵɬɨɜɨɣ ɯɢɦɢɢ.
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
47
Ɍɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ (ɌȻɈ) ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɠɢɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚ
ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ: ɨɬ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɚɪɬɢɹɦɢ ɦɭɮɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ ɞɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɤɨɥɨɫɧɢɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɚɦɢ,
ɤɨɬɥɚɦɢ-ɭɬɢɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɚɪɚ ɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɦɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ. ɌȻɈ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɦ ɨɝɧɟ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɧɟɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ - ɜ ɫɜɚɥɤɚɯ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɟ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɛɨɱɤɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɛɚɤɚɯ (200 ɥɢɬɪɨɜ);
ɷɬɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟ 6.6 "ɇɟɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ".
Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɌȻɈ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜ ɩɟɱɶ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɵɣ ɥɨɬɨɤ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɚɪɬɢɹɦɢ.
ɉɟɱɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɞɜɢɝɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɵɝɨɪɚɧɢɟ ɌȻɈ. ȼɨɡɞɭɯ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɧɢɡɭ
ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɛɨɤɭ. ȼ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɨ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɟ
ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɞɥɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɵ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɢ ɜɵɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɚ.
Ɉɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɡɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɫ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɤɨɥɨɫɧɢɤɚ ɜ ɡɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɭɧɤɟɪ, ɢɡ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɵɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɢ ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬ. ɋɚɦɚ ɤɚɦɟɪɚ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɥɢɛɨ ɨɛɥɢɰɨɜɚɧɚ
ɨɝɧɟɭɩɨɪɧɵɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ, ɥɢɛɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɨɩɨɱɧɵɣ ɷɤɪɚɧ. ȼ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɝɨɪɹɱɢɟ
ɬɨɩɨɱɧɵɟ ɝɚɡɵ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɨɧɟ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɢ
ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɟ ɝɚɡɵ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɬ ɜ
ɤɨɬɥɚɯ-ɭɬɢɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚɯ, ɬɭɲɚɬ ɜɩɭɫɤɨɦ ɜɨɞɵ, ɢɥɢ ɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ-ɡɚ
ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ. ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɞɥɹ ɌȻɈ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ
ɞɜɭɯɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɵɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ ɢɥɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɫ ɤɚɦɟɪɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɢɪɨɥɢɡɚ ɧɚ
ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɢ ɫ ɞɨɠɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ/ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ. Ɉɧɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ
ɞɜɭɯ ɤɚɦɟɪ: ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɢɪɨɥɢɡɭ, ɚ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ
ɜɵɝɨɪɚɧɢɟ ɬɨɩɨɱɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ.
ȼ ɯɭɞɲɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɟ ɝɚɡɵ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ, ɜɵɧɨɫɹ ɫ
ɫɨɛɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ. ɇɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ
ɤɨɬɟɥ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬɶ ɢɡ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ
ɞɥɹ ɭɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ, ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɤ ɰɢɤɥɨɧɧɵɣ ɭɥɨɜɢɬɟɥɶ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ
ɨɫɚɞɢɬɟɥɶ, ɪɭɤɚɜɧɵɣ ɢɥɢ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɤɪɵɣ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪ. ɇɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ
ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɚɞɫɨɪɛɟɪ ɫ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɭɝɥɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ ȾɟȾɢɨɤɫ/NOx. ɉɨ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ
ɱɢɫɥɚ ɫɬɚɞɢɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ
ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ.
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɬɶ ɫ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɨɬɯɨɞɚɦɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ
ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɱɚɳɟ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ
ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ. ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ
ɩɥɨɯɢɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ (ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɩɚɪɬɢɹɦɢ, ɜɵɫɨɤɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɋɈ ɢ ɞɪ.),
ɧɟɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɵɪɶɟɦ ɢ ɩɵɥɟɭɥɨɜɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɯ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ. Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɚɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ
(ɫɜɵɲɟ 200ɨɋ) ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɢ ɪɨɫɬɭ
ɢɯ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɥɟɬɭɱɟɣ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ. ȼɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɛɭɞɭɬ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɲɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɠɟ ɡɚɜɨɞɨɜ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ
ɢɥɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɫ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɨɫɚɞɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ.
ɉɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɩɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɸ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ
ɩɨ ɨɬɛɨɪɭ ɩɪɨɛ ɧɚ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɵ ɢ ɢɯ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ Ɍɚɢɥɚɧɞɟ (UNEP, 2001;
Fiedler ɢ ɞɪ., 2002). ɉɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɥɨ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ
250 ɬɨɧɧ ɜ ɞɟɧɶ. Ɉɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɨ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɧɨ-ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɨɣ, ɩɚɪɨɜɵɦ
ɤɨɬɥɨɦ-ɭɬɢɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɦ, ɝɚɫɹɳɢɦ ɨɯɥɚɞɢɬɟɥɟɦ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɜɞɭɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɢ
ɪɭɤɚɜɧɵɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɦ.
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
48
ɗɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ, ɢ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ.
Ɂɧɚɱɢɦɵɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ
ɦɨɤɪɵɟ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɵ, ɚ ɜɨɞɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ. ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɫɬɨɤɢ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɨɱɢɳɚɸɬ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɟ ɨɬɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɵɜɚɸɬ
ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɫ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɢɥɢ ɜɨɞɭ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɞɥɹ
ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ
ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɦɢ ɩɭɬɹɦɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɢ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɜ
ɥɟɬɭɱɟɦ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɲɥɚɤɟ
(ɩɟɱɧɨɣ ɡɨɥɟ), ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɵ ɲɥɚɤɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ. ȿɫɥɢ ɨɛɚ ɡɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɚɧɵ, ɬɨ
ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧ, ɱɟɦ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɲɥɚɤ. ȼ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɜ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɥɚɧ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɯɨɞɚɦɢ, ɥɟɬɭɱɢɣ ɡɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ
ɨɬɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɟ. ɑɚɫɬɨ ɲɥɚɤ (ɡɨɥɚ ɧɚ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɟ) ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɣ
ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɞɨɪɨɠɧɨɦ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɣ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧ ɧɚ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɫ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ,
ɤɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 14.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 14: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ
ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ - ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɫɨɠɠɟɧɧɵɯ
ɌȻɈ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
Ʌɟɬɭɱɢɣ ɡɨɥɶɧɵɣ
ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ
Ɂɨɥɚ,
ɲɥɚɤ
1. ɇɢɡɤɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ, ɛɟɡ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ
3500
-
75
2. Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ,
ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ
350
500
15
3. Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ, ɯɨɪɨɲɚɹ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ
30
200
7
4. ȼɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ,
ɫɥɨɠɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ
0,5
15
1,5
ɗɬɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ 1-2% ɥɟɬɭɱɟɝɨ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ ɢ 10-25% ɡɨɥɵ. ȼ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 14 ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɥɟɬɭɱɟɝɨ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ ɢ ɲɥɚɤɚ (ɡɨɥɵ). ȿɫɥɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ, ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɪɚɜɟɧ
ɫɭɦɦɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ. ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɫ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɞɥɹ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ Ʉɥɚɫɫɚ 1 ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ
ɜɵɛɢɪɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ (<500ɤɝ/ɱ) ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ
ɩɚɪɬɢɹɦɢ ɛɟɡ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ. Ʉɥɚɫɫ 4
ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɨɞɨɜ ɩɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɦɭ
ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɸ ɌȻɈ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɢ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ
ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɟ. Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɜ 0,1 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3
(ɩɪɢ 11% Ɉ2), ɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɟɬ ɷɬɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ Ʉɥɚɫɫ 4. ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɡɚɜɨɞɨɜ ɩɨ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɦɭ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɸ ɌȻɈ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ 2 ɢ 3.
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
49
6.1.1.1 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ
ɗɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ ɌȻɈ. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜ 3500 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ
ɫɨɠɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ, ɤɚɤ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ Ʉɥɚɫɫɚ 1, ɛɵɥ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧ ɞɥɹ
ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɨɤɨɥɨ 10000 ɇɦ3/ɬ ɌȻɈ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ 350
ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3 (ɩɪɢ 11% Ɉ2). ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɢɹ ɫɨɨɛɳɢɥɚ ɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɯ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ 3230 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ, ɚ
ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɵ - 5000 ɦɤɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɬ (LUA, 1997). Ʉɥɚɫɫ 2 ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɞɨ 7000 ɇɦ3/ɬ ɌȻɈ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɥɭɱɲɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ
ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɞɨ 50 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3 (ɩɪɢ 11% Ɉ2). Ɂɚɜɨɞɵ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɤ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɬɢɩɭ,
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɨɫɚɞɢɬɟɥɟɦ, ɦɭɥɶɬɢ-ɰɢɤɥɨɧɨɦ ɢ/ɢɥɢ
ɩɪɨɫɬɵɦ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɨɦ. ȼ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ 3 ɩɨɥɧɨɬɚ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ
ɨɫɚɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɵ, ɪɚɫɩɵɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɭɲɢɥɤɚ ɢ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ
ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɢ), ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɞɨ
ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 5 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3 (ɩɪɢ 11% Ɉ2). Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ
ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ - ɞɨ 6000 ɇɦ3/ɬ ɌȻɈ. Ʉɥɚɫɫ 4 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɸ ɌȻɈ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɫ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɭɝɥɟɦ
ɢɥɢ ɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ Ⱦɟ-Ⱦɢɨɤɫ). ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɧɨɪɦɨɣ
ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ 5000 ɇɦ3/ɬ ɌȻɈ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɦɟɧɟɟ 0,1 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3 (ɩɪɢ 11% Ɉ2)
(LUA, 1997; IFEU, 1998).
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɞɵɦɨɜɨɦ ɝɚɡɟ (ɩɪɢ 11% Ɉ2) ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ ɩɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɸ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ
ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɜ Ɍɚɢɥɚɧɞɟ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɨɬ 0,65 ɞɨ 3,10 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3, ɩɪɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ 1,71 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3 (ɩɪɢ 11% Ɉ2). Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɯ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ
(Cl4-Cl8) ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ 41,3 ɢ 239 ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ 122 ɧɝ/ɇɦ3 (ɩɪɢ 11% Ɉ2).
ɂɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ 122 ɧɝ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ/ɦ3 ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɧɨɪɦɭ,
ɩɪɢɧɹɬɭɸ ɜ Ɍɚɢɥɚɧɞɟ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɩɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɸ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ, ɜ 30
ɧɝ/ɦ3; ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ 1,7 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3 ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɣ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ 0,1
ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɦ3. ɂɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɚɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ - 6,1 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ
ɫɨɠɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ. Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬ ɞɚɧɧɭɸ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ ɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ 3 ɢ
ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ - 30 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ. ɉɪɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɨɝɨ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɚɫɶ
ɛɵ ɜ 5 ɪɚɡ ɜɵɲɟ, ɧɨ ɛɵɥɚ ɛɵ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ.
6.1.1.2 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ
ȼɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɢɥɢ
ɞɥɹ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɦɨɤɪɵɟ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɵ. Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɷɬɭ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɩɝ ɆɌɗ/ɥ, ɚ ɩɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹɦ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ ɢɡ
ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɛɵɥɢ ɧɢɠɟ 200 ɩɝ/ɥ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɦɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚɦɢ ɢ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɭɞɚɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ
ɫɬɨɤɨɜ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚ
ɡɚɜɨɞɚɯ ɩɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɸ ɌȻɈ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɛɟɡ ɧɚɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɠɢɞɤɢɯ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ. ȼ
ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɰɟɧɟɧɵ.
6.1.1.3 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ
ȼɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ, ɟɫɥɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɧɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɱɜɨɣ. Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ,
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
50
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɛɭɞɭɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɜ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟ 6.1.2.5 “ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ
ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ”.
6.1.1.4 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ.
6.1.1.5 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɥɟɬɭɱɟɣ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵ, ɯɨɬɹ ɟɟ ɜɵɯɨɞ ɧɚ
ɬɨɧɧɭ ɌȻɈ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɨɤɨɥɨ 1-2%. Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɲɥɚɤɟ
(ɡɨɥɟ) ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɧɢɡɤɢ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɲɥɚɤɚ, ɩɪɢɯɨɞɹɳɟɟɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɨɧɧɭ ɌȻɈ,
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 10-20%. ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɜ 1960-ɟ ɢ
1970-ɟ ɝɨɞɵ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɞɨɥɹ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɵɲɟ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɥɨɫɶ
300 ɤɝ ɲɥɚɤɚ ɧɚ ɬɨɧɧɭ ɫɠɢɝɚɟɦɵɯ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ (30%). Ʌɟɬɭɱɚɹ ɡɨɥɶɧɚɹ
ɩɵɥɶ ɢ ɲɥɚɤ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɨɬ 1% (ɤɥɚɫɫ 4) ɞɨ 30% (ɤɥɚɫɫ 1) ɧɟɫɝɨɪɟɜɲɟɝɨ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ.
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɧɟɫɝɨɪɟɜɲɢɣ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞ ɜ ɲɥɚɤɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɸ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɢɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ 1. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɨ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɲɥɚɤɚ ɜ 500 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ. Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɩɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ; ɨɧɚ
ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɜ 10 ɪɚɡ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɦɵɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ
ɡɚɜɨɞɨɜ ɜ 1980-ɟ ɝɝ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɬɢɩ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɥɟɬɭɱɟɣ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ, ɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɩɨ ɥɟɬɭɱɟɣ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɣ
ɩɵɥɢ ɧɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ. Ⱦɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 2 ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜ 30000 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɜ
ɥɟɬɭɱɟɣ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ ɢ 100 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɜ ɲɥɚɤɟ, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɥɭɱɲɟɣ
ɩɨɥɧɨɬɨɣ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ
ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɡɨɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɡɨɥɵ. ȼ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ 3 ɷɬɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɞɜɨɟ ɜ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ. Ʉɥɚɫɫ 4 ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɧɟ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɭ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ, ɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ
ɭɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɬɨɧɤɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɥɟɬɭɱɟɣ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ. ɗɬɢ ɦɟɥɤɢɟ
ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɚ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ
ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ,
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɥɟɬɭɱɟɣ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɜ 1000 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɤɝ, ɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ
ɞɥɹ ɲɥɚɤɚ ɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɞɨ 5 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ.
6.1.2 ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
Ɉɩɚɫɧɵɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɦ ɢ ɨɬɯɨɞɚɦ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɦ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɜɫɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɟ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ, ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɟɪ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ. Ʌɸɛɵɟ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɷɬɢɤɟɬɤɢ ɢ ɩɨɩɚɜɲɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɬɨɤ
ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ. Ɉɧɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɢ ɢ
ɩɪɨɱɢɟ ɥɟɬɭɱɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɵ, ɤɪɚɫɢɬɟɥɢ ɢ ɤɪɚɫɤɢ, ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ
ɩɟɫɬɢɰɢɞɵ, ɝɟɪɛɢɰɢɞɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɝɚɥɨɝɟɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɮɚɪɦɚɰɟɜɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɩɪɟɩɚɪɚɬɵ, ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɨɪɵ ɢ ɛɚɬɚɪɟɣɤɢ, ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ, ɦɚɫɥɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɦɚɡɨɱɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ,
ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɵ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɜɫɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɟ
ɷɬɢɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦɢ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɬɤɚɧɶ ɢɥɢ ɛɭɦɚɝɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɩɢɬɚɧɧɚɹ
ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɚ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɢ ɞɪ., ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɟ
ɨɬɯɨɞɵ.
Ʉ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɸ “ɨɩɚɫɧɵɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ” ɜ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɧɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ (ɫɦ.
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɪɚɡɞɟɥ 6.1.3), ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ
ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɢ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɞɥɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɚ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɜ
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
51
ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɧɚɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ
ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɢɫɤɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɢ ɬɢɩɚɯ
ɧɚɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɟɦɵɯ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɦɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ,
ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɱɚɫɬɨ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɜ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɟ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ
ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɨɥɶɧɢɰɚɯ, ɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ
ɦɭɫɨɪɨɫɠɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ.
Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɨɩɚɫɧɵɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ ɫɠɢɝɚɸɬ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɩɟɱɚɯ ɬɢɩɚ ɪɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɠɢɝɨɜɵɯ. ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɧɟɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ
ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ, ɩɟɱɢ ɫ ɤɨɥɨɫɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɨɣ ɢ ɦɭɮɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɷɬɭ
ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ
ɫɜɟɪɯɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɠɢɞɤɨɮɚɡɧɨɟ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɭɝɟ ɢ ɞɪ.,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ (ɯɨɬɹ ɷɬɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɧɟ
ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ “ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ”). ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ
ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɝɨ ɜ
ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɛɟɡɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɨ, ɧɢɠɟɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɫ ɪɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɛɠɢɝɨɜɵɦɢ ɩɟɱɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ ɞɥɹ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ, ɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ.
Ɍɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜ ɜɵɥɨɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɨɝɧɟɭɩɨɪɧɵɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ
ɪɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɩɟɱɶ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɵɣ ɥɨɬɨɤ. ɀɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ
ɬɟɩɥɨɬɜɨɪɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɥɵ ɬɨɧɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɵɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɦɟɪɟ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɟ,
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɱɢ. Ɉɬɯɨɞɵ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɝɨɪɹɬ
ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɪɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɱɢ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɲɟ
1000ɨɋ. ȼ ɨɛɵɱɧɨɣ ɪɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɱɢ, ɢɦɟɸɳɟɣ ɞɥɢɧɭ 10-20 ɦɟɬɪɨɜ, ɨɩɚɫɧɵɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ
ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɵɦɨɜɨɣ ɝɚɡ ɢ ɩɟɱɧɨɣ ɡɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ/ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɲɥɚɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɩɟɱɢ. ɋɩɟɤɲɚɹɫɹ ɡɨɥɚ ɬɭɲɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɣ ɛɚɧɟ, ɨɬɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ
ɭɞɚɥɹɟɬɫɹ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɧɚ
ɪɟɲɟɬɤɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɲɥɚɤɚ, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ
ɲɥɚɤɟ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɢɠɟ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɥɟɬɭɱɟɦ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɟ.
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɬɚɪɵɦ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɧɟ ɭɞɚɥɨɫɶ. ɇɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɪɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɩɟɱɢ ɞɵɦɨɜɨɣ ɝɚɡ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɭɸ ɬɨɩɨɱɧɭɸ ɤɚɦɟɪɭ, ɝɞɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɢ,
ɫɠɢɝɚɹ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɜɨɪɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɨɤɨɥɨ
1200ɨɋ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɷɬɭ ɜɬɨɪɭɸ ɤɚɦɟɪɭ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɸɬ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ
ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɜ. ɇɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ 2-ɯ ɷɬɚɩɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ
ɞɵɦɨɜɨɣ ɝɚɡ ɨɱɢɳɚɸɬ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɌȻɈ. ȼɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ
ɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɩɟɱɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ, ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ
ɨɩɚɫɧɵɦɢ ɨɬɯɨɞɚɦɢ ɢ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɜ ɩɟɱɶ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ
ɞɥɹ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ, ɱɟɦ
ɩɟɱɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɌȻɈ, ɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ. ȼ ɨɛɳɟɦ,
ɷɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɫɯɨɠɢɦ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɹɦ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ, ɤɚɤ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɛɨɥɶɲɟɦɭ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɜ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɚɯ ɝɚɥɨɝɟɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɢ ɧɟɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ
ɦɟɪɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɢɯ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ. ɋɪɟɞɵ, ɜ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ, ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɵ ɬɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɌȻɈ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 15 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ.
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
52
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 15: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ - ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɫɨɠɠɟɧɧɵɯ
ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ (ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɟɬɭɱɚɹ
ɡɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɵɥɶ)
35000
9000
2. Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ, ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ
350
900
3. Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ, ɯɨɪɨɲɚɹ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ
10
450
0,75
30
1. ɇɢɡɤɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ, ɛɟɡ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ
4. ȼɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ, ɫɥɨɠɧɚɹ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ
ɗɬɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɬɨɦ ɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ
ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɤɨɥɨ 3% ɥɟɬɭɱɟɣ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ, ɚ ɜɵɯɨɞ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɩɪɢ
ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɢ ɲɥɚɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ 3 ɢ 4 ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɟɧ. Ⱦɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ 1 ɢ 2 ɧɟɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɯ ɜ ɩɟɱɧɨɣ ɡɨɥɟ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ
ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɫ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ. Ʉɥɚɫɫ 4 ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɨɞɨɜ ɩɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɦɭ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɸ
ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɢ ɜ
ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɟ. Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɜ
0,1ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3 (ɩɪɢ 11% Ɉ2), ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɨ ɜ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ, ɚ
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɟɬ ɷɬɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ Ʉɥɚɫɫ
4.
ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ,
ɱɬɨ
ɩɨɞɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɟ
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ
ɜɫɟɯ
ɡɚɜɨɞɨɜ
ɩɨ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɦɭ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɸ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ 2 ɢ 3. Ʉɥɚɫɫ 1
ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ (<500 ɤɝ/ɱ) ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢ
ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ ɩɚɪɬɢɹɦɢ ɛɟɡ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɦɭɮɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ.
6.1.2.1 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɵɛɪɨɫɵ
ɜ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯ
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɦɢ
ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ
ɩɨ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɦɭ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɸ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ
ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 1 ɛɵɥ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧ ɞɥɹ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɜ 17500 ɇɦ3/ɬ
ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 2000 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3. Ʉɥɚɫɫ 2 ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ
ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɞɨ 15000 ɇɦ3/ɬ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɜ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɥɭɱɲɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ.
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɞɨ 20 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3 (ɩɪɢ 11% Ɉ2). ȼ
ɤɥɚɫɫɟ 3 ɩɨɥɧɨɬɚ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɟɳɟ ɜɵɲɟ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɚ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɞɨ
1 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3 (ɩɪɢ 11% Ɉ2). Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɞɨ 10000 ɇɦ3/ɬ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ. Ʉɥɚɫɫ 4 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɸ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɜ 7500 ɇɦ3/ɬ
ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɧɟɟ 0,1 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3 (ɩɪɢ 11% Ɉ2) (LUA,
1997; IFEU, 1998; Environment Canada, 1999).
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
53
6.1.2.2 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ, ɟɫɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ
ɦɨɤɪɵɟ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɵ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɷɬɭ ɫɪɟɞɭ
ɥɭɱɲɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ,
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ. Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ,
ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɫɬɨɤɚɯ ɦɨɤɪɨɝɨ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɚ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ ɦɟɧɟɟ 0,15 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ (LUA, 1997).
ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɷɬɭ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɧɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ.
6.1.2.3 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ
ȼɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ, ɟɫɥɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɧɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɱɜɨɣ. Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ,
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ 6.1.2.5 “ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ”.
6.1.2.4 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɧɟ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ.
6.1.2.5 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ
Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ɫɱɢɬɚɥɢ ɥɢɲɶ ɥɟɬɭɱɭɸ ɡɨɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɵɥɶ,
ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɯ 1 ɢ 2 ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɲɥɚɤɚ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ 3 ɢ 4, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ,
ɤɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶ, ɡɨɥɚ ɧɟ ɭɞɚɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɩɟɱɢ, ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɢɦɟɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɥɟɬɭɱɟɣ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ, ɢ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɧɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɥɟɬɭɱɟɣ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ
ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 3%. Ʌɟɬɭɱɚɹ ɡɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɵɥɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ
ɨɬ 0,5% (ɤɥɚɫɫ 4) ɞɨ 20% (ɤɥɚɫɫ 1) ɧɟɫɝɨɪɟɜɲɟɝɨ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɧɟɫɝɨɪɟɜɲɢɣ
ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞ ɜ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɸ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ,
ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɢɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ 1. ȼ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ 1 ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɟ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɨɤɨɥɨ 300000 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ. ȼ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ 2
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɞɨ 30000 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɥɭɱɲɟɣ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɨɣ
ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ
ɨɛɡɨɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɥɟɬɭɱɟɣ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ. ȼ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ 3 ɷɬɨɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ
15000 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ. Ʉɥɚɫɫ 4 ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɭ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ, ɧɨ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɬɨɧɤɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ
ɥɟɬɭɱɟɣ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ. ɗɬɢ ɦɟɥɤɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ
ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɞɨ
1000 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ ɧɢɤɚɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɥɟɬɭɱɟɣ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɣ
ɩɵɥɢ, ɧɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɯ ɢɡ ɬɪɭɛ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ,
ɱɬɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɦ ɢ, ɜ ɝɪɭɛɨɦ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɢ,
ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɩɨɪɨɜɧɭ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɜ ɷɬɨɦ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɯ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɬɨɱɧɚ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɥɟɬɭɱɟɣ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ
ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ.
6.1.3 ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɥɸɛɵɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɨɣ, ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɥɢ
ɨɧɚ ɜ ɥɟɱɟɛɧɨɦ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɜɟɞɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɦɟɞɢɤɨɦ, ɫɬɨɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɜɪɚɱɨɦ
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
54
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
ɥɸɛɨɣ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɬɯɨɞɵ, ɧɚɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɣ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɫɟɤɪɟɬɵ, ɤɪɨɜɶ,
ɮɚɪɦɚɰɟɜɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɟɩɚɪɚɬɵ ɢ ɭɩɚɤɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɵ,
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ. ɋ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨ ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɢɬɶ
ɜɢɪɭɫɵ, ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɢ ɩɚɬɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɵ, ɷɬɢ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ
(ɫɠɢɝɚɸɬ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬ ɩɢɪɨɥɢɡɭ). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ
ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɵɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɬɹɠɟɥɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɵ ɢ ɮɭɪɚɧɵ. ȼɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɨɬɯɨɞɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ, ɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ
ɜɫɟɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ, ɧɚɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɢ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɢɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ
ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɢ ɩɥɨɯɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɩɵɬ, ɹɜɥɹɥɨɫɶ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ (UNEP, 1999). ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ, ɷɬɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɛɵɥɢ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɜ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɸ. ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ,
ɨɛɴɟɦɚɯ ɧɚɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɢ ɫɨɠɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɜ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɚɯ
ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ, ɦɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɢɬɟɬɚɯ ɢ ɞɪ., ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɯ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɜɨɡɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ.
Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ ɩɚɪɬɢɹɦɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɧɢɰɟ ɢɥɢ ɜ
ɤɚɤɨɦ-ɥɢɛɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ. ȼɨ
ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɸ
ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨ ɜɨɫɟɦɶ ɱɚɫɨɜ ɜ ɫɭɬɤɢ ɢ ɩɹɬɶ ɞɧɟɣ ɜ ɧɟɞɟɥɸ.
Ʉɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ ɩɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɸ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɦ ɰɢɤɥɟ,
ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɪɟɞɤɨ ɢ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɢ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ
Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɟ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɪɟɞɤɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɬɥɵ-ɭɬɢɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɵ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɚɯ.
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɩɨ
ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɸ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɜ Ɍɚɢɥɚɧɞɟ; ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ/ɮɭɪɚɧɨɜ. ɉɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɥɨ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɯ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɥɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɤɚɠɞɨɟ ɭɬɪɨ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɥɢ ɞɨ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ, ɩɨɤɚ ɧɟ
ɫɠɢɝɚɥɢɫɶ ɜɫɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ. ɉɟɱɶ ɛɵɥɚ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɚ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɪɟɲɟɬɤɨɣ, ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɣ ɤɚɦɟɪɨɣ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɞɨɠɢɝɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɧɟ ɜɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɦ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ.
Ⱦɵɦɨɜɵɟ ɝɚɡɵ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɨɦ ɜ ɬɪɭɛɭ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɥɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɚɧɧɭ ɫɨ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ. ȼ
ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ ɩɥɨɯɨ ɫɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɢ ɩɥɨɯɨ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ
(UNEP, 2001; Fiedler ɢ ɞɪ., 2002).
Ⱦɥɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ ɩɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɸ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ (Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 16). ȼɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɩɪɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɪɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ ɩɚɪɬɢɹɦɢ,
ɱɬɨ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɮɚɡɚɦɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɱɢ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ
ɩɢɪɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɜ ɩɟɱɢ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ȼ
ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɨɣ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɧɢɯ
ɝɚɥɨɝɟɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫ, ɷɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦɭ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɭ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ
ɫɪɟɞɵ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɣɫɬɜɨ, - ɷɬɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ (ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɟɬɭɱɚɹ ɡɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɵɥɶ, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɲɥɚɤɚ).
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɦ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɟɫɥɢ ɬɚɤɨɜɨɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ, ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɧɚɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɠɢɞɤɢɟ ɫɬɨɤɢ.
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
55
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 16: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ - ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɫɨɠɠɟɧɧɵɯ
ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
1. ɇɟɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɫ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ
ɩɚɪɬɢɹɦɢ, ɛɟɡ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ
40000
200*
2. Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɫ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ
ɩɚɪɬɢɹɦɢ, ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢɥɢ ɟɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ
3000
20*
3. Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɫ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ
ɩɚɪɬɢɹɦɢ, ɯɨɪɨɲɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ
525
920**
4. ȼɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɟ
ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɣ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ,
ɫɥɨɠɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ
1
150**
* - ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤ ɲɥɚɤɭ, ɨɫɬɚɸɳɟɦɭɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɦɟɪɟ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ
** - ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɫɭɦɦɟ ɜ ɲɥɚɤɟ ɢ ɜ ɥɟɬɭɱɟɣ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ
ɗɬɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɬɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ
ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɤɨɥɨ 3% ɥɟɬɭɱɟɣ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ, ɚ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ
ɲɥɚɤɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɧɚ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ. Ʉɥɚɫɫ 1 ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɢ
ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɩɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɸ ɫ ɩɪɟɪɵɜɢɫɬɵɦ ɰɢɤɥɨɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ (ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ
ɩɨɞɠɢɝɚɸɬ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ) ɛɟɡ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɬɨɩɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ, ɛɟɡ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɢ ɛɟɡ
ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɥɚɫɫ 2 ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɞɥɹ
ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɫ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɦ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɧɵɯ
ɞɨɠɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɚɦɟɪɨɣ, ɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɟɳɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɩɚɪɬɢɹɦɢ. Ʉɥɚɫɫ
3 ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ
ɩɚɪɬɢɹɦɢ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ ɢɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɪɭɤɚɜɧɵɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ. Ʉɥɚɫɫ 4
ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɩɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɸ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ
ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ
ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɟ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɟɫɥɢ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ
ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ, ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɣ 0,1ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3 (ɩɪɢ 11% Ɉ2), ɚ
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɟɬ ɷɬɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ. ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ (ɩɚɪɬɢɹɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ) ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ
ɪɚɡɨɝɪɟɜɚɸɬ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɧɟɮɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɝɚɡ. Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɪɚɛɨɱɚɹ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɟɱɢ ɩɪɟɜɵɫɢɬ 900ɨɋ, ɜ ɧɟɟ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɚɸɬ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɩɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɸ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ
ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫ 2. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɵ ɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ 3.
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
56
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
6.1.3.1 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ
ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 1 ɛɵɥ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧ ɞɥɹ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɨɤɨɥɨ 20000 ɇɦ3/ɬ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ
ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 2000 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3 (ɩɪɢ 11% Ɉ2). Ʉɥɚɫɫ 2 ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɞɨ 15000 ɇɦ3/ɬ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ
ɥɭɱɲɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ. Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɞɨ 200 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3 (ɩɪɢ 11% Ɉ2). Ʉɥɚɫɫ 3 ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ
ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɜ 35 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3 (ɩɪɢ 11%
Ɉ2) ɫ 15000 ɇɦ3/ɬ. Ʉɥɚɫɫ 4 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ
ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɸ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ
ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɥɢɲɶ 10000 ɇɦ3/ɬ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ, ɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɚɹ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɦɟɧɟɟ 0,1 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3 (ɩɪɢ 11% Ɉ2) (LUA, 1997; IFEU, 1998;
Environment Canada, 1999).
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɜɵɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɬɪɭɛɭ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
ɩɟɱɢ ɩɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɸ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɜ Ɍɚɢɥɚɧɞɟ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɤ 11% Ɉ2, ɛɵɥɢ
ɦɟɠɞɭ 21,8 ɢ 43 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3 ɞɥɹ ɥɢɧɢɢ Ⱥ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ 10,7 ɢ 45,0 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3 ɞɥɹ ɥɢɧɢɢ
Ȼ; ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ 33,8 ɢ 28,6 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3. ɗɬɢ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ
ɞɚɥɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜ 1200 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɫɨɠɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
ɩɨɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ 2 (3000 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ) ɢ 3 (525 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ).
6.1.3.2 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ, ɟɫɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ
ɦɨɤɪɵɟ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɵ, ɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɝɚɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɨɣ.
Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɜɪɹɞ ɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ, ɪɚɡɜɟ ɱɬɨ ɜ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ, ɝɞɟ ɦɨɤɪɵɟ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɵ
ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɤɢɫɥɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ
4. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɛ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɯ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɫɬɨɤɚɯ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɩɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɸ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ. Ɍɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɵ ɦɨɤɪɵɟ
ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɵ ɢ ɝɚɲɟɧɢɟ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɬɶ ɨɛ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ ɜɨɞ.
6.1.3.3 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ
ȼɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɧɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɟ
ɫɤɥɚɞɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɱɜɨɣ. Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɟ
ɜ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ 6.1.3.5 “ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ”.
6.1.3.4 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɧɟ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ.
6.1.3.5 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɥɟɬɭɱɟɣ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵ. ɂɡ-ɡɚ ɧɟɯɜɚɬɤɢ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɦ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɲɥɚɤɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ,
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɤ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɦ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɫ
ɥɟɬɭɱɢɦ ɡɨɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ. Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɥɨɯɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ ɩɪɢ
ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ ɩɚɪɬɢɹɦɢ). ɇɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɤ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦ 1 ɢ 2, ɧɟ ɧɚɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɥɟɬɭɱɭɸ ɡɨɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɵɥɶ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ
ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɵɥɟɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɜɟɫɶ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ - ɷɬɨ ɲɥɚɤ, ɨɫɬɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ
ɤɚɦɟɪɟ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ. ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 1 ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɢɢ, ɱɬɨ
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
57
ɜ ɤɚɦɟɪɟ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ 200 ɤɝ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ ɧɚ ɬɨɧɧɭ ɫɠɢɝɚɟɦɵɯ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɫ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ 1000 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ. ȼ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ 2 ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɭɥɭɱɲɚɸɬɫɹ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ,
ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɲɥɚɤɚ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɥɢɲɶ 100 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ; ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ - ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 20 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ.
ȼ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɯ 3 ɢ 4 ɥɟɬɭɱɚɹ ɡɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɵɥɶ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨ ɲɥɚɤɨɦ ɧɚ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɟ;
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɥɟɬɭɱɟɣ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 3%. Ʉɥɚɫɫ 3 ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ 30000 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɜ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ ɢ 100 ɧɝ
Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɜ ɲɥɚɤɟ ɧɚ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɟ (ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 2). ȼɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ,
ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ 4, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɨɣ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ, ɜ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 1% ɜ ɜɢɞɟ
ɧɟɫɝɨɪɟɜɲɟɝɨ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ; ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɧɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɭɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɬɨɧɤɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɥɟɬɭɱɟɣ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ. Ɂɨɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɵɥɶ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɸɬ (30
ɤɝ/ɬ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ), ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 5000 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ, ɚ ɞɥɹ ɲɥɚɤɚ
ɧɚ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɟ - 10 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ. ɗɬɢ ɦɟɥɤɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ
ɞɥɹ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɚ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɧɟ
ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ.
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɟɱɢ ɩɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɸ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɜ Ɍɚɢɥɚɧɞɟ ɞɚɥɢ
ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɥɨɯɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɤɚɦɟɪɟ ɢ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɚ ɧɨɱɶ ɲɥɚɤ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɥɫɹ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ ɨɫɬɵɜɚɬɶ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɤ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɦ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. ɇɚɦɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɲɥɚɤɟ ɜ 1390 ɢ 1980 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɲɥɚɤɚ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜ 20 ɪɚɡ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ
ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ, ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦɭɸ ɞɥɹ ɲɥɚɤɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 2 (UNEP, 2001; Fiedler ɢ ɞɪ., 2002).
6.1.4. ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɥɟɝɤɨɣ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
ɂɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ ɥɟɝɤɨɣ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɧɢ ɡɞɟɫɶ
ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɬɫɹ (ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ "ɜɫɩɭɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ", ɢɥɢ ɥɟɝɤɢɣ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬ),
ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɥɟɝɤɨɣ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɢɢ. ȼɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ
ɤɪɭɩɧɨɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɵ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɫɬɚɪɵɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɵ
ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɢɯɨɞɚ, ɨɛɴɟɦɢɫɬɵɟ ɤɨɧɬɟɣɧɟɪɵ ɢ ɞɪ., ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɚɸɬ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ
ɨɛɴɟɦ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ, ɨɬ
ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɫɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ, ɩɪɨɫɟɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɞɪɨɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɩɨ ɜɟɫɭ ɢɥɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɱɟɪɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɞɥɹ
ɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɱɟɪɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ, ɰɜɟɬɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ,
ɫɬɟɤɥɨ, ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɟ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɢ ɥɟɝɤɢɟ ɩɨ ɜɟɫɭ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɢ. ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɥɟɝɤɚɹ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɹ ɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɚ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟɦ.
ɋɪɟɞɵ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɨɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, - ɷɬɨ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɟɫɥɢ ɬɚɤɨɜɨɟ
ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɟ ɧɚɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 17
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɬɪɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 17: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɥɟɝɤɨɣ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
1. ɇɟɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɫ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ
ɩɚɪɬɢɹɦɢ, ɛɟɡ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ - ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɫɨɠɠɟɧɧɨɣ
ɥɟɝɤɨɣ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
1000
ɇɈ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
58
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
2. Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɫ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ
ɩɚɪɬɢɹɦɢ, ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢɥɢ ɟɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ
50
ɇɈ
3. ȼɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɟ
ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɣ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ,
ɫɥɨɠɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ
1
150
ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɢɢ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ
ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ ɥɟɝɤɨɣ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɤɨɥɨ 1% ɥɟɬɭɱɟɣ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɣ
ɩɵɥɢ. Ʉɥɚɫɫ 1 ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɞɥɹ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ
ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ, ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɵ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ ɫɨ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɚɦɢ ɛɟɡ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɟ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ. ɉɟɱɢ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɫ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ ɩɚɪɬɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɛɟɡ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫ 1. Ʉɥɚɫɫ 2 ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɪɨɱɢɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ ɫ
ɤɚɤɢɦ-ɥɢɛɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɦ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ (ɬɚɤɢɦ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɞɚɱɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ ɢɥɢ ɫɧɢɡɭ ɡɨɧɵ
ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɫɥɨɟɜɨɣ ɬɨɩɤɢ, ɩɫɟɜɞɨɨɠɢɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɢ ɞɪ.), ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ,
ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɟɟ ɜɢɞɟ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ, ɪɭɤɚɜɧɵɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ ɢɥɢ ɦɨɤɪɵɟ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɵɥɢ). Ʉ
ɤɥɚɫɫɭ 2 ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɩɟɱɢ ɩɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɸ ɥɟɝɤɨɣ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɫ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɦ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɩɚɪɬɢɹɦɢ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ
ɩɨɞɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɩɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɸ ɥɟɝɤɨɣ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɧɵɯ
ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɩɨɩɚɞɟɬ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ 1 ɢ 2. Ʉɥɚɫɫ 3 ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ
ɡɚɜɨɞɨɜ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ ɢɡ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɟ ɢ
ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ. Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ
ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɜ 0,1 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3 (ɩɪɢ 11% Ɉ2), ɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɟɬ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɸ, ɟɝɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɤ
ɤɥɚɫɫɭ 3.
6.1.4.1 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ ɥɟɝɤɨɣ
ɮɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɟ ɬɚɤ ɦɧɨɝɨ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 1 ɛɵɥ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜ 1000 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ, ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ Ⱥɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɨ ɨɯɪɚɧɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ
ɫɪɟɞɵ ɋɒȺ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɚɦɟɪɟ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɸɱɢɯ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ
ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɛɥɢɡɨɤ ɤ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ ɜɫɩɭɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 2
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɛ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɹɯ ɪɹɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ ɢ
ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɢ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ ɢɡ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɹɩɨɧɫɤɢɯ ɤɚɦɟɪ
ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɨɠɢɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɥɨɟɦ, ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ - 50 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ.
Ʉɥɚɫɫ 3 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɸ ɥɟɝɤɨɣ
ɮɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ 10000 ɇɦ3/ɬ ɥɟɝɤɨɣ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɢ
ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɱɟɦ 0,1 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3 (ɩɪɢ 11% Ɉ2) (US EPA,
1999; LUA, 1997; IFEU, 1998; Environment Canada, 1999).
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
59
6.1.4.2 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɫɬɨɤɚɯ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɩɨ
ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɸ ɥɟɝɤɨɣ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɧɟ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ.
6.1.4.3 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ
ȼɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ, ɟɫɥɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɧɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɱɜɨɣ. Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ,
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ 6.1.4.5 “ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ”.
6.1.4.4 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɧɟ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ.
6.1.4.5 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ
ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɥɟɬɭɱɟɣ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ
ɜɵɫɨɤɢ. Ⱦɨɥɹ ɥɟɬɭɱɟɣ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ ɥɟɝɤɨɣ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɧɵɯ
ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 1%. Ʌɟɬɭɱɚɹ ɡɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɵɥɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɨɬ 5% (ɤɥɚɫɫ 3)
ɞɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ 30 % (ɤɥɚɫɫ 1) ɧɟɫɝɨɪɟɜɲɟɝɨ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ. ɇɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ,
ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫ 1, ɧɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɚ
ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɧɟ ɜɟɞɟɬɫɹ ɫɛɨɪ ɥɟɬɭɱɟɣ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ, ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ
ɜɵɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ ɫ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɦɢ ɝɚɡɚɦɢ. ɏɨɬɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɞɥɹ
ɫɛɨɪɚ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ ɧɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɜɵɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɬɪɭɛɭ,
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ ɨɫɟɞɚɟɬ ɜ ɩɟɱɢ, ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ, ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɟ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɧɟɫɝɨɪɟɜɲɢɣ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞ ɜ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɸ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɬɨ ɧɚɢɜɵɫɲɢɟ ɢɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɞɥɹ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 1. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 3 ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɭ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ
ɩɵɥɟɭɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɬɨɧɤɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ. ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɜɵɛɪɚɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɜ 15000 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ. ɗɬɢ ɦɟɥɤɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɚ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɯ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ
ɞɚɥɶɲɟ ɧɟ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ (US EPA, 1999; LUA, 1997; IFEU, 1998).
6.1.5 ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ
Ʉɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɢɥ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ ɜɧɟ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɛɵɬɭ, ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟ ɢɥɢ ɜ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ). ɋɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɤɚɤ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɧɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ, ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚɯ,
ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɚɯ. ȿɫɥɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɧɟ ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬ, ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɹɬ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɞɚɦɢ. ɗɬɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɵ
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɮɥɨɤɭɥɹɰɢɟɣ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɜ ɢɥɚɯ,
ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ. ɗɬɢ ɢɥɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɠɟɱɶ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɣ
ɩɟɱɢ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɬɶ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ ɤɚɤɢɦ-ɥɢɛɨ ɢɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ (ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɹɯ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ, ɦɨɤɪɨɟ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ, ɩɢɪɨɥɢɡ, ɝɚɡɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɢ
ɞɪ.) ɢɥɢ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɢɬɶ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ,
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɧɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɜɚ ɢɡ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ 9 (Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ 6.9.2). ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ - ɨɛɵɱɧɚɹ
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
60
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ. ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɢɥɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɨ-ɛɭɦɚɠɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɝɞɟ
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɢɥ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɨɣ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɢ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ 7 (Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ 6.7.1). ȿɳɟ ɨɞɧɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ
ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ - ɞɨɛɚɜɤɚ ɤ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɭ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɥɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ (ɫɦ. ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭɸ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɸ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ 3 - Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ 6.3.1), ɢɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ (ɫɦ. ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭɸ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɸ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ 4 - Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ 6.4.1).
Ʉɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɢɥ ɫɠɢɝɚɸɬ ɜ ɤɢɩɹɳɢɯ (ɛɚɪɛɨɬɚɠɧɵɯ) ɬɨɩɤɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ
ɬɨɩɤɚɯ ɫ ɤɢɩɹɳɢɦ ɫɥɨɟɦ, ɝɞɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ
ɯɨɪɨɲɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ
ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ, ɱɬɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɧɵɦ ɩɪɢ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɨɩɨɤ ɫ ɤɢɩɹɳɢɦ ɫɥɨɟɦ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ
ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɩɟɱɟɣ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɟɱɢ ɫ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶɸ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɟ
ɩɨɞɨɜɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɟɱɢ ɫ ɤɨɥɨɫɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɦɭɮɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ. ȼɫɟ ɬɢɩɵ
ɩɟɱɟɣ ɞɚɸɬ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɧɢɡɤɢɣ ɜɵɯɨɞ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɱɬɨ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ
ɫɠɢɝɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ. ɉɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ ɢɥɚ ɫ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ
ɝɚɥɨɝɟɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɬɹɠɟɥɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɟɞɢ, ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɢ.
ȼɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɣɫɬɜɨ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɢ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ. ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ
ɜɨɞɭ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɦɨɤɪɵɯ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɨɜ. ȼ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 18 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ
ɬɪɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 18: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ - ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɫɨɠɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
1. ɋɬɚɪɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ, ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɩɚɪɬɢɹɦɢ, ɛɟɡ
ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢɥɢ ɫ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɟɝɨ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ
50
23
2. Ɇɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ,
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ
4
0,5
0,4
0,5
3. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɣ
ɰɢɤɥ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ, ɩɨɥɧɚɹ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ
6.1.5.1 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ
ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 1 ɛɵɥ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧ,
ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɟ 4 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3 (ɩɪɢ 11% Ɉ2) ɢ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɦ
ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ 12500 ɇɦ3/ɬ ɫɨɠɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ, ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɜ ɛɟɥɶɝɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ,
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
61
ɩɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹɦ ɢɡ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ, ɞɥɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɩɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɩɟɱɢ, ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɧɨɣ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɦ, ɛɵɥɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɜ 77 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ. Ⱦɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 2 ɮɚɤɬɨɪ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɛɵɥ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧ ɜ ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɫ ɤɢɩɹɳɢɦ (ɩɫɟɜɞɨɨɠɢɠɟɧɧɵɦ)
ɫɥɨɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ. Ʉɥɚɫɫ 3 ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɤ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɦ ɫ
ɩɫɟɜɞɨɨɠɢɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɥɨɟɦ ɫ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɟɥ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ ɜ 0,1 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3 (ɩɪɢ 11% Ɉ2)
(ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ Ʉɚɧɚɞɟ, Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɢɢ) (LUA, 1997;
IFEU, 1998; Environment Canada, 1999).
6.1.5.2 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɫɬɨɤɚɯ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɩɨ
ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɸ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɫɬɨɤɢ ɦɨɤɪɵɯ
ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɨɜ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɱɢɳɚɸɬ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɩɨɞɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɨɱɢɫɬɧɭɸ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɸ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɩɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɸ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ.
ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɦɨɤɪɵɟ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɵ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɬɭɲɟɧɢɟ
ɨɬɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɢɯ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɝɚɲɟɧɢɟ ɲɥɚɤɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɧɚ
ɪɟɲɟɬɤɟ, ɷɬɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɨ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɩɨ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɭɞɶɛɟ. ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɣ ɪɟɟɫɬɪ (EU, 1999) ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ 1,2 ɢ 6,5 ɩɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɥ ɜ ɫɬɨɤɚɯ ɫɨ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɨɜ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɩɨ
ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɸ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ.
6.1.5.3 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ
ȼɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɧɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɟ
ɫɤɥɚɞɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɱɜɨɣ.
6.1.5.4 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɧɟ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ.
6.1.5.5 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɩɨɞɨɜɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ ɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ (Dyke ɢ ɞɪ., 1997) ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɲɥɚɤɟ ɧɚ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ 39 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ, ɚ ɜ ɥɟɬɭɱɟɣ
ɡɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ ɢɡ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ - 470 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɲɥɚɤɚ ɧɚ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɟ
ɦɧɨɝɨɩɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɨ 430 ɤɝ ɧɚ ɬɨɧɧɭ ɢ 13 ɤɝ ɧɚ ɬɨɧɧɭ ɞɥɹ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ
ɢɡ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ. ɍɪɨɜɧɢ ɜ ɡɨɥɟ (ɜɫɹ ɡɨɥɚ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɦ) ɩɪɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ ɜ
ɩɫɟɜɞɨɨɠɢɠɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɢɠɟ (<1 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ). ɉɪɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ ɨɞɧɨɣ
ɬɨɧɧɵ ɢɥɚ ɜ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɨɠɢɠɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɨ 373 ɤɝ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ.
ȼɵɛɪɨɫɵ (ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ) ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ 1 ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, 23 ɦɤɝ
Ɍɗ ɧɚ ɬɨɧɧɭ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ. ȼɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ 2 ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ 0,5 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ ɧɚ ɬɨɧɧɭ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ.
ȼɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ 3, ɩɨ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ 2.
6.1.6 ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɢ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ
ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɢ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ ɜ
ɩɟɱɚɯ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ
ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɢ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɩɪɨɩɢɬɤɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɵ ɫ
ɩɪɨɩɢɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɨɣ. ɗɬɢ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ ɫɠɢɝɚɸɬ
ɜ ɩɟɱɚɯ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ, ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɨɬ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɞɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɝɨ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ. ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟ 6.3.2. ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɟ ɥɸɛɨɣ "ɱɢɫɬɨɣ" ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ ɢɥɢ
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
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ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟ 6.6 "ɇɟɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ
ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ".
Ɂɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɚɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɚɹ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɞɟɪɟɜɨɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɪɨɣɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɦɟɛɟɥɢ,
ɭɩɚɤɨɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɢɝɪɭɲɟɤ, ɫɭɞɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ, ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɞɪ.). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜ
ɷɬɭ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɸ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɭɫɨɪɚ. Ɉɬɯɨɞɵ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ/ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɤɪɚɫɢɬɟɥɢ, ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ, ɩɟɫɬɢɰɢɞɵ, ɚɧɬɢɫɟɩɬɢɤɢ, ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ,
ɩɪɟɞɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɨɬ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ, ɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ. ɋɝɨɪɚɹ
ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɨɣ, ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɭɫɢɥɢɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ.
ȼɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɨɯɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɪɟɡɤɨɦɭ
ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɸ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ.
ɇɚ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɭ ɫɠɢɝɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ
ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ ɫ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɨɠɢɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɥɨɟɦ, ɝɞɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɧɚɜɟɪɧɹɤɚ
ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ
ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ, ɱɬɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɲɚɸɳɢɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ ɫ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɨɠɢɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɥɨɟɦ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɟɱɢ ɫ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶɸ ɢɥɢ
ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɩɨɞɨɜɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɟɱɢ ɫ ɤɨɥɨɫɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɦɭɮɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ.
Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɩɟɱɟɣ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɦɭ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ,
ɱɬɨ ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɫɠɢɝɚɟɦɨɣ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ. Ȼɢɨɦɚɫɫɚ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ
ɝɚɥɨɝɟɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɦɟɞɶ, ɫɜɢɧɟɰ, ɨɥɨɜɨ
ɢɥɢ ɤɚɞɦɢɣ, ɞɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɱɟɦ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɨɣ
ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ. Ɍɪɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 19.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 19: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ/ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ - ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɫɨɠɠɟɧɧɨɣ
ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ (ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɥɟɬɭɱɚɹ ɡɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɵɥɶ)
1. ɋɬɚɪɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ, ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɩɚɪɬɢɹɦɢ, ɛɟɡ
ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ
100
1000
2. Ɇɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ
ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ
10
10
3. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɣ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ, ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ,
ɜɫɟɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ
1
0,2
6.1.6.1 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɢ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɪɟɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɛɵɥɢ
ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɯ ɜ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɯ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ
130 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ (ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ Ȼɟɥɶɝɢɢ) ɢ 1 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ (ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ Ʉɚɧɚɞɟ ɢ ɜ
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
63
ɒɜɟɰɢɢ). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 1 ɛɵɥ ɜɵɛɪɚɧ ɜ 100 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɞɥɹ
ɫɬɚɪɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɫ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ. Ʉɥɚɫɫ 2 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦɢ ɫ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɛɵɥ ɩɪɢɧɹɬ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɣ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ - 10 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ. ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɤɥɚɫɫ 3 ɫ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɦ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ - 1 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜɫɟ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɸ
ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɢ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ (LUA, 1997; IFEU, 1998; Environment Canada, 1999).
6.1.6.2 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɷɬɭ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ.
6.1.6.3 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɧɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ
ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɱɜɨɣ.
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ 6.1.6.5
“ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ”.
6.1.6.4 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɧɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ.
6.1.6.5 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɡɨɥɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɡɨɥɚ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ,
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɟɫɝɨɪɟɜɲɟɝɨ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɞɥɹ
ɫɬɚɪɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɹɜɧɨ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɟ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ
ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɧɟɫɝɨɪɟɜɲɟɝɨ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɥɟɬɭɱɟɣ
ɡɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɠɢɞɚɬɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ
ɡɨɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɟ. Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɛɵɥɢ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɵ ɥɢɲɶ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɡ Ʉɚɧɚɞɵ ɢ
Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ, ɨɬ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ - 23000 ɧɝ
Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ ɞɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ 3,7 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ,
ɱɬɨ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɣ ɜɵɯɨɞ ɡɨɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɢ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ
ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɨɬ 3% ɞɨ 10%, ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ 5%. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ,
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 1 ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ 1000 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ, ɚ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 3 - 0,2
ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ. Ⱦɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 2 ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ (LUA,
1997; IFEU, 1998; Environment Canada, 1999). ȼ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ 1 ɧɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɩɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɚ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɥɟɬɭɱɟɣ
ɡɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ, ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɵɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ ɫ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɦɢ ɝɚɡɚɦɢ.
ɏɨɬɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɥɟɬɭɱɟɣ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ ɧɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɢ
ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɜɵɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɞɵɦɨɜɭɸ ɬɪɭɛɭ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ ɨɫɟɞɚɟɬ ɜ ɩɟɱɢ, ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ, ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɤ ɬɪɭɛɟ, ɢ
ɜ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɟ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɲɥɚɤɚ ɢ ɡɨɥɵ ɧɚ ɬɨɩɨɱɧɨɣ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɟ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ, ɜ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ
ɥɟɬɭɱɟɣ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ.
6.1.7 ɍɧɢɱɬɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɬɚɧɤɨɜ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ
Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɬɚɧɤɨɜ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɬɶ ɪɢɫɤɚ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɞɥɹ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɬɚɧɤɨɜ. ɗɬɨɬ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɥɨɯɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ, ɚ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ
ɧɨɪɦɨɣ, ɱɟɦ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ - ɷɬɨ ɞɟɡɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ
ɩɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɹɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ.
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
64
Ɉɫɬɚɧɤɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɸɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ, ɩɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɶ
ɬɢɩɢɱɧɭɸ ɩɟɱɶ ɞɥɹ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɨɫɬɚɧɤɨɜ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ. ɑɚɫɬɨ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ ɧɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɧɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ
ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ, ɧɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɞɥɹ
ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ.
ȼɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɢ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ. Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɟɫɥɢ
ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɟ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ
ɩɨɱɜɭ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɨ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ. ȼ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 20 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɬɪɢ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 20: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɨɫɬɚɧɤɨɜ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ - ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɫɨɠɠɟɧɧɵɯ
ɨɫɬɚɧɤɨɜ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
1. ɋɬɚɪɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ, ɪɟɠɢɦ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɩɚɪɬɢɹɦɢ,
ɛɟɡ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ
500
ɇɈ
2. Ɇɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ
ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ
50
ɇɈ
3. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɣ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ, ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ,
ɜɫɟɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɹɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ
5
ɇɈ
6.1.7.1 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ ɨɫɬɚɧɤɨɜ
ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɪɟɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɵ
ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɯ ɜ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 50 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/100
ɤɝ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɬɟɥ (ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ) ɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ 0,5 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/100 ɤɝ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɬɟɥ
(ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɢɢ ɢ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 1
ɛɵɥ ɜɵɛɪɚɧ ɜ 500 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɬɟɥ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɚɪɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɫ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ,
ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɝɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ. Ʉɥɚɫɫ 2 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦɢ ɫ
ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɛɵɥ ɜɵɛɪɚɧ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜ
5 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/100 ɤɝ (=50 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ) ɦɚɫɫɵ ɬɟɥ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɱɟɝɨ ɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɡ
ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɢɢ, Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ ɢ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ. ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɤɥɚɫɫ 3 ɫ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɦ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ 5 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɬɟɥ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜɫɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɸ ɨɫɬɚɧɤɨɜ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ. (LUA, 1997; IFEU, 1998).
6.1.7.2 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɷɬɭ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ.
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
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6.1.7.3 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɨɫɬɚɧɤɨɜ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɟ. ɗɬɨɬ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɧɟ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɚ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɜ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟ 6.6.2.
6.1.7.4 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɧɟ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ.
6.1.7.5 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɡɨɥɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɡɨɥɟ, ɤɚɤ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɟɫɝɨɪɟɜɲɟɝɨ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ. ɗɬɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɞɥɹ
ɫɬɚɪɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ ɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɝɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɹɜɧɨ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ
ɧɚ ɧɢɡɤɭɸ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɭ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ
ɧɟɫɝɨɪɟɜɲɟɝɨ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɥɟɬɭɱɟɣ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɠɢɞɚɬɶ
ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɡɨɥɟ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɯ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɧɟ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɨ.
ɘɇȿɉ
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66
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
6.2 Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ 2 - ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɱɟɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ
ɑɟɪɧɚɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɟɦɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɟɦɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ. Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɬɛɪɨɫɧɵɟ ɝɚɡɵ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ
ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ. Ɋɭɞɵ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɬɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ, ɩɨɦɢɦɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ, ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ ɩɪɨɱɢɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ,
ɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɶ ɱɢɫɬɵɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɩɭɬɧɨ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɱɢɟ ɰɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ. Ɉɧɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ,
ɫɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɫɵɪɶɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɨ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ. ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɩɵɥɶ, ɫɨɛɢɪɚɟɦɚɹ ɧɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɯ, ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɬɨɦ ɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɱɢɯ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ ɜ ɰɜɟɬɧɨɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɢ, ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ.
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɩɨɞ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ
ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɟ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ (ɠɟɥɟɡɨ, ɦɟɞɶ, ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɣ, ɫɜɢɧɟɰ, ɰɢɧɤ ɢ ɞɪ.)
ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɡ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɪɭɞɵ, ɫɭɥɶɮɢɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ
ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɣ, ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ, ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ,
ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɢ ɞɪ. ȼɨ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ
ɫɵɪɶɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɥɨɦ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɨɦ, ɤɪɚɫɤɨɣ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɨɪɵ
(ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ), ɦɚɫɥɚ ɢ ɞɪ., ɢɥɢ ɲɥɚɤɢ ɢ ɥɟɬɭɱɢɣ ɡɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ “ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɟ”
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɫɵɪɶɟ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ.
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ, ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɢɯ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɢɡ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ, ɱɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ ɢ
ɮɭɪɚɧɨɜ (LUA, 1997; LUA, 2000; UNEP, 1999). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɢɯ ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɞɨɥɨɦɢɬɚ (ɫɦ. Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ
6.2.9). ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɢɥɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɢɞɚɯ
ɫɵɪɶɹ ɢ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɢɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢɡ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɫ
ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɣ ɰɟɩɨɱɤɨɣ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ via de novo ɜ ɩɟɱɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ. ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɫɨɛɪɚɧɵ ɢ ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɢ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɵ ɫ ɩɵɥɶɸ, ɬɜɟɪɞɵɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɨɜ ɢ
ɭɞɟɪɠɚɧɧɵɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɦɢ ɥɟɬɭɱɢɦ ɡɨɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ (Fiedler, 1998; BREF, 2001ɚ).
ȼɬɨɪɢɱɧɚɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɨɤ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɢɡ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ ɫɛɨɪɚ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɥɨɦɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɱɢɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ. ɉɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ – ɞɚɠɟ ɜ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɥɨɦɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ – ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɩɪɢ
ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɦ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ de novo. Ɇɚɫɥɚ ɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɥɨɦɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ, ɬɚɤɢɟ
ɤɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɫɝɨɪɟɜɲɟɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ ɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɨɤɫ), ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɫ (ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ) ɯɥɨɪɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɦ ɯɥɨɪɨɦ ɜ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ 250-450ɨɋ (ɫɦ. Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ 3). ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ ɤɚɤ ɫɢɧɬɟɡ de novo, ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɝɨ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɦɟɞɶ,
ɠɟɥɟɡɨ ɢ ɞɪ. (NATO/CCMS, 1992a; Fiedler, 1998; BREF, 2001ɚ).
ɏɨɬɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ (ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɜɵɲɟ 850ɨɋ) ɜ
ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ de novo ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ
ɝɚɡɨɜ ɱɟɪɟɡ “ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɨɤɧɟ”. ɗɬɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɨɤɧɨ
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
67
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɦɢ ɝɚɡɚɦɢ ɢ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ
ɩɟɱɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɜɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɤ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɭ
ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɤɧɚ ɢ ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɭ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ de novo. ȼ ɝɨɪɹɱɢɯ ɝɚɡɚɯ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɯ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɜɩɭɫɤ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ
ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ
(NATO/CCMS, 1992a; Fiedler, 1998; BREF, 2001ɚ).
Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɱɟɪɧɨɣ ɢ ɰɜɟɬɧɨɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɟɣ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ. ɇɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɜɵɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. ɉɪɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɢɡ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ
ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɷɬɚɩ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ.
ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɩɟɱɟɣ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ, ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɫɬɚɬɶ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɬɚɩɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɢɠɟɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ:
ɍɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɣ ɢ ɨɛɟɡɠɢɪɢɜɚɧɢɟ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ
ɞɥɹ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɤɚ ɢ ɩɢɪɨɥɢɡ. ȼ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ
ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. ɍɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɫɟɥ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɣ
ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɱɢ, ɬɚɤɨɣ ɤɚɤ ɫɬɪɭɠɤɨɫɭɲɢɬɟɥɶ. ȼ
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɪɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɟɱɶ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɚɹ ɧɚ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɦɚɫɥɚ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɢ ɨɩɨɫɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ
ɧɚɝɪɟɜ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɵ ɞɨɠɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɦ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɦ ɩɪɢ
ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ (ɫɜɵɲɟ 850ɨɋ) ɞɥɹ ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ,
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɩɟɱɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ.
ȼɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɢɪɨɥɢɡ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɮɨɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɩɥɟɧɤɢ, ɦɭɫɨɪɚ, ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɱɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɰɟɧɧɵɯ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ. ɇɚ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɢɪɨɥɢɡɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɟ ɤɚɦɟɪɧɵɟ ɢ
ɪɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ.
Ɉɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ. ȿɝɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ
ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɢ ɨɧɨ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ. ɋɭɥɶɮɢɞɧɵɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶ ɩɥɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɟɱɢ, ɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɤɫɢɞ ɫɟɪɵ.
Ɉɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ ɢɡ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɜɵɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɢɡ ɩɥɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɟɱɢ, ɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɞɟɧ ɧɚ
ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɦ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɫɟɪɧɭɸ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɭ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ (BREF, 2001ɚ).
ɂɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɨɟ ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ Ⱥɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɧɨɜɵɦ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɦ, ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɟ ɢ
ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ (ENEA) ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɥɨ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɫ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɨɦ
ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɟɣ ɝ. Ȼɪɟɲɢɚ (AIB) ɩɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ
ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɱɟɪɧɨɣ ɢ ɰɜɟɬɧɨɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɢ (ENEA/AIB/MATT 2003). Ȼɵɥɢ
ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɵ ɢ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɵ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.
ȼ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɞɥɹ ɩɥɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ
ɨɛɵɱɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ, ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ. Ⱦɟɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬ ɩɨ ɨɯɪɚɧɟ
ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ Ʉɚɧɚɞɵ ɩɪɨɜɟɥ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ/ɮɭɪɚɧɨɜ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɢɯ
ɩɥɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ, ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ (Charles E. Napier, 2002).
ɏɨɬɹ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɦɚɥɨ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɦ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦɢ ɩɨ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɤɟ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ, ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɛɵɥ
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
68
ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɞɥɹ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɩɨ
ɜɵɩɥɚɜɤɟ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ. ɗɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɨ ɜ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɩɨ
ɜɵɩɥɚɜɤɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɩɨ ɇɂɆ ɢ ɇȼɉȾ (SC
BAT/BEP 2004).
Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɚɮɮɢɧɚɠɚ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ (ɦɟɞɢ, ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ, ɫɜɢɧɰɚ, ɧɢɤɟɥɹ, ɰɢɧɤɚ ɢ ɤɨɛɚɥɶɬɚ), ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ:
ɉɢɪɨɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɬɟɩɥɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɭɠɧɵɯ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɨɬ ɧɟɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ
ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚɦɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ, ɬɨɱɤɚɦɢ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ
ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ, ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɢ
ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ;
Ƚɢɞɪɨɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ,
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɟ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ
ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ
ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɤɚɤ ɧɭɠɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɧɟɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɜ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ; ɢ
ɉɚɪɨɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ «Inco Carbonyl Process», ɩɪɢ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɧɢɤɟɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɦ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɞɥɹ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɢɥɚ ɧɢɤɟɥɹ.
x
x
x
Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɩɨ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɤɟ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ
ɪɭɞɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɬ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɩɨ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɤɟ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ
ɢɦɟɸɬ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɬɧɨɟ
ɫɵɪɶɟ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɦɢ (ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɪɟɤɭɩɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ) ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦɢ. ɉɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɨ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɩɨ ɩɥɚɜɤɟ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɯ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦ,
ɬɚɤɢɦ ɤɚɤ ɪɟɤɭɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɢ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ, ɜɵɩɥɚɜɤɚ
ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɦ, ɯɨɬɹ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜɵɲɟ.
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ (ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɋɈɁ) ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ
ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɨɜ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ.
ȼ ɷɬɨɦ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɜ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ (Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 21):
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 21: ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ 2 – ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɱɟɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ
ɉɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ
ʋ
ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
2
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɱɟɪɧɵɯ ɢ
ɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ
ɏ
ɏ
ɚ
Ⱥɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɨɣ
ɪɭɞɵ
ɏ
ɯ
b
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɤɫɚ
ɏ
c
ɉɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɱɟɪɧɨɣ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ
ɏ
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ȼɨɞɚ
ɯ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
x
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
x
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
ɯ
ɯ
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
69
ɥɢɬɟɣɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ
d
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɞɢ
ɏ
ɯ
e
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ
ɏ
ɯ
f
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ
ɏ
ɯ
g
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɰɢɧɤɚ
ɏ
ɯ
h
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɥɚɬɭɧɢ ɢ
ɛɪɨɧɡɵ
ɏ
ɯ
i
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ
ɯ
x
x
j
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɱɢɯ
ɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ
x
x
x
k
ɂɡɦɟɥɶɱɢɬɟɥɢ
ɏ
l
Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɹ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ
ɏ
x
(x)
x
x
Ɂɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ ɋɬɚɬɶɟɣ 5, ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɋ
ɋɬɨɤɝɨɥɶɦɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ
ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɋɬɚɬɶɢ 5, ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɋ ɑɚɫɬɢ II ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ:
(d) (i)
(d) (ii)
(d) (iii)
(d) (iv)
Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ
ȼɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɞɢ
Ⱥɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɜ ɱɟɪɧɨɣ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɢ
ȼɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ
ȼɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɰɢɧɤɚ
Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ ɜ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ
6.2.4
6.2.1
6.2.5
6.2.7
Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɋ ɑɚɫɬɢ III ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ:
(b)
(k)
(l)
Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ
Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɢ, ɧɟ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵɟ ɜ ɑɚɫɬɢ II
ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɨɬɫɥɭɠɢɜɲɢɯ
ɫɜɨɣ ɫɪɨɤ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɟɣ
Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɦɟɞɧɵɯ ɤɚɛɟɥɟɣ ɬɥɟɸɳɢɦ ɨɝɧɟɦ
Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ ɜ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ
6.2.2; 6.2.6; 6.2.8; 6.2.9;
6.2.10
6.2.11
6.2.12
6.2.1 Ⱥɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɨɣ ɪɭɞɵ
Ⱥɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɮɚɛɪɢɤɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦɢ ɱɟɪɧɨɣ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɢ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɱɭɝɭɧɨɥɢɬɟɣɧɨɟ ɢ ɫɬɚɥɟɩɥɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɷɬɚɩ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ
ɠɟɥɟɡɚ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɬɨɧɤɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɭɞ ɭɤɪɭɩɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɟɦ.
Ⱥɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɪɭɞɧɵɯ
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
70
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɮɚɛɪɢɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɤɪɭɩɧɵɦɢ (ɞɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɫɨɬɟɧ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɪɨɜ) ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɪɟɲɟɬɨɤ,
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɨɣ ɪɭɞɵ (ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɚ) ɞɥɹ ɟɟ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɨɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɱɢ. Ʉ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɨɣ ɪɭɞɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ
ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ (ɱɚɫɬɨ ɤɨɤɫ) ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɹɤ. ȼ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɷɬɚɩɨɜ ɫɬɚɥɟɥɢɬɟɣɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ. ɉɪɢ ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɢ ɧɚɞ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ ɪɟɲɟɬɨɤ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɸɬ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɞɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ (1100-1200ɨɋ), ɱɬɨ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɝɨɪɚɧɢɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɜ
ɡɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ. Ɂɨɧɚ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɥɨɣ ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɬɚ ɩɨ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɟ,
ɜɵɡɵɜɚɹ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ. ɑɟɪɟɡ ɫɥɨɣ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ
ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɥɚɦɹ ɩɪɨɲɥɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɟɫɶ ɫɥɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɢ
ɜɫɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ ɜɵɝɨɪɟɥɨ. Ɉɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɬ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɹɬ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɯɨɬ, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɣ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɧɚ ɬɨɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɞɨɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɱɢ (4-10 ɦɦ ɢ 20-50 ɦɦ) ɢ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɰɢɢ (0-5 ɦɦ - ɤɚɤ
"ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɦɵɣ ɬɨɧɤɢɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ", 10-20 ɦɦ - ɤɚɤ "ɩɨɞɨɜɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ").
ɉɨɬɨɤ ɨɬɛɪɨɫɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɫ ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɮɚɛɪɢɤɢ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɟɬ ɨɬ 350000 ɞɨ 1600000
ɇɦ3/ɱɚɫ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ
ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɨɤ ɨɬɛɪɨɫɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɬ 1500 ɞɨ 2500 ɇɦ3/ɬ ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɬɚ (BREF,
2000c).
Ɉɬɛɪɨɫɧɵɟ ɝɚɡɵ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɱɢɳɚɸɬ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɵɥɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɰɢɤɥɨɧɧɨɝɨ
ɭɥɨɜɢɬɟɥɹ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɫɚɞɢɬɟɥɹ, ɦɨɤɪɨɝɨ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ.
ɇɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ, ɝɞɟ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɵ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɞɥɹ ɢɯ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɨɱɢɫɬɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵ
ɦɟɪɵ ɩɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɝɚɡɨɜ.
ɒɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɬɚ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɩɟɪɟɞ ɡɨɧɨɣ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ,
ɤɨɝɞɚ ɝɨɪɹɱɢɟ ɝɚɡɵ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɥɨɣ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ de novo ɜ ɝɚɡɨɫɛɨɪɧɢɤɚɯ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɬɨɧɤɢɯ
ɩɵɥɟɜɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɥɢɲɶ 10% ɨɬ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɢ ɱɬɨ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɦɟɪɵ ɩɨ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɹɬɵ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɜ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɡɨɧɵ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ, ɬ.ɟ. ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɹɦ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ (Nordsieck ɢ ɞɪ., 2001). ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ,
ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɤɚɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜ
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɫɥɨɹ ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɬɚ, ɟɝɨ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ,
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɚɬɶ ɝɟɪɦɟɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ
ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɭ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɱɬɨ ɫɧɢɡɢɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ ɢ ɮɭɪɚɧɨɜ.
ȼ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɩɨ 41 ɩɪɨɛɟ, ɜɡɹɬɨɣ ɧɚ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɯ, ɛɵɥɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ
ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɜ 1,0 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɰɚɯ
ȿɋ, ɝɞɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɠɟ ɢɥɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɧɢɡɤɢɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɧɟ
ɛɵɥɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɵ. ȼ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɞɚɜɚɥɢ 2-3 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3.
ɋɨɨɛɳɚɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ
ɦɟɠɞɭ 5 ɢ 6 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3 (BREF, 2000c). ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ 94 ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ
ɮɚɛɪɢɤ ɩɨ ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɨɣ ɪɭɞɵ ɛɵɥ ɫɞɟɥɚɧ ɜɵɜɨɞ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɯɥɨɪɚ ɜ
ɫɵɪɶɟɜɨɣ ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ
ɤɚɤ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɉɏȻ. Ⱥɜɬɨɪɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ
ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɟ ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɮɚɛɪɢɤɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɚ ɧɟ ɞɥɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɪɭɞ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
71
ɫɵɪɶɟɜɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɯɥɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɛɪɢɤɚɯ ɜɵɲɟ.
Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɮɚɛɪɢɤɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɨɣ
ɪɭɞɵ ɤ ɞɨɦɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɯɥɨɪɚ ɜ ɫɵɪɶɟɜɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ
ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɢɠɟ 250 ɦɝ/ɤɝ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɚɡɭɦɧɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɢɦɨɦɭ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ
ɭɪɨɜɧɸ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɯɥɨɪɚ ɜ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɨɣ ɪɭɞɟ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ
ɨɬ 50 ɞɨ 100 ɦɝ/ɤɝ. ɉɪɢ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɯ ɯɥɨɪɚ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ Ɍɗ ɞɥɹ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɢ ɉɏȻ (ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ȼɈɁ ɌɗɎ ɞɥɹ 29 ɤɨɧɝɟɧɟɪɨɜ) ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɠɢɞɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ
ɧɢɠɟ 1,5 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ ɇɦ3 (Fisher et al. 2004).
ȼ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 22 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɬɪɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 22: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɩɨ ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɨɣ ɪɭɞɵ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ - ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɬɚ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
1. ȼɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ,
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɫɥɚɦɢ
20
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
0,003
2. ɇɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ,
ɯɨɪɨɲɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ
5
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
0,003
0,3
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
0,003
3. ȼɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɫɦɚɡɨɱɧɨɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɢɬɟɥɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 1. Ʉɥɚɫɫ 2
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɫ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ,
ɦɚɥɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɦɚɡɨɱɧɨ-ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɦɚɫɥɚ. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 3 ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ
ɜɫɟɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɟ ɦɟɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ.
Ⱥɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɮɚɛɪɢɤɢ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɦ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɞɚɜɚɬɶ
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ. ȼɫɹɤɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧ ɫɥɚɛɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ
ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɬɶ
ɤɚɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɛɭɞɭɳɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ.
6.2.1.1 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɮɚɛɪɢɤɢ ɩɨ ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɪɭɞ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɵ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɦ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ. Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɨɠɢɞɚɸɬɫɹ
ɨɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɹɥɢ ɤɚɪɞɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɩɵɬɨɤ ɩɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɬɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ
ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɦɚɡɨɱɧɨ-ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɦɚɫɥɚ, ɩɵɥɶ ɢɡ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ ɢ ɞɪ.
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ - 20 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ - ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɨɜɵɯ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɝɚɡɨɜ 2000 ɇɦ3 ɧɚ ɬɨɧɧɭ ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɬɚ ɢ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ 10 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3 (HMIP, 1995; SCEP, 1994). ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ
ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɮɚɛɪɢɤ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ ɛɵɥ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜ 100 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ
ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɬɚ; ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɢɡ ɬɪɭɛɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ 43 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɦ3 (LUA, 1997).
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
72
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɦɚɥɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 2 5 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ Ȼɟɥɶɝɢɢ, ɒɜɟɰɢɢ,
ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɚɯ ɢ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɝɞɟ ɫɥɟɞɢɥɢ ɡɚ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɹɦɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɝɞɟ
ɛɵɥɢ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɵ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ
ɤɥɚɫɫ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ 3. ȼɧɟɞɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɦɟɪɵ ɩɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ
ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɭɸ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɭ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɨɜ. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ 0,3 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɬɨɤɟ ɝɚɡɚ 1500 ɇɦ3/ɬ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ 0,2 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ ɇɦ3 (Smit ɢ ɞɪ., 1999; HMIP, 1995).
ȼ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɱɬɨ,
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɦɚɡɨɱɧɨ-ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɦɚɫɟɥ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ.
Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɟ ɩɪɨɫɟɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɞɪɨɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ
ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ 1 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ ɧɚ ɬɨɧɧɭ ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɬɚ, ɚ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɢɡ ɫɥɨɹ ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɬɚ, ɢɞɭɳɢɟ
ɦɢɦɨ ɞɵɦɨɜɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɵ, ɟɳɟ 2 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ ɧɚ ɬɨɧɧɭ ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɬɚ (ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɡ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ) (LUA
1997).
6.2.1.2 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɬɢ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɦɨɤɪɨɝɨ
ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɭɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɬɶ ɨ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɫɛɪɨɫɟ ɠɢɞɤɢɯ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ,
ɜɚɠɧɵɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɛ ɢɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ.
6.2.1.3 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ
Ʉɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɧɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɬɶ ɨ ɜɫɹɤɨɦ ɫɛɪɨɫɟ
ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɸ.
6.2.1.4 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɦ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ
ɞɨɦɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɟɱɶ. ȼɫɹɤɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɬɟ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɹɬ ɜ
ɞɨɦɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɟɱɶ ɢ, ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɛɭɞɭɬ ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɟɧɵ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɧɟ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ.
6.2.1.5 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɵɥɶ, ɫɨɛɢɪɚɟɦɚɹ ɩɵɥɟɭɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɳɢɦɢ
ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɢ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɟɧɨ ɜ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɢɥɢ ɨɧɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɚ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɤɚɤ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɡ
ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɩɵɥɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɩɨ ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɨɬ 29 ɞɨ 90 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɤɝ. Ʌɢɲɶ ɦɚɥɚɹ
ɱɚɫɬɶ ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ ɭɞɚɥɹɟɬɫɹ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ: 700 ɬɨɧɧ ɜ ɝɨɞ
ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ 15,1 ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɨɜ ɬɨɧɧ ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɬɚ, ɬ.ɟ. ɨɤɨɥɨ 0,05 ɤɝ ɩɵɥɢ ɧɚ ɬɨɧɧɭ
ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɬɚ). Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɢɡ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ 1993/1994 ɝɨɞɨɜ ɥɨɠɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɨɬ
196 ɞɨ 488 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɤɝ (ȿɋ, 1999). Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜ 0,003 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ,
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ (Dyke ɢ ɞɪ., 1997), ɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ
ɟɝɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟɬ ɢɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ
ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɞɨ 2 ɤɝ ɩɵɥɢ ɧɚ ɬɨɧɧɭ ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɬɚ (BREF,
2000c).
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
73
6.2.2 ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɤɫɚ
Ʉɨɤɫ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɢɡ ɚɧɬɪɚɰɢɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɛɭɪɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɹ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ (ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɟ).
ȼ "ɤɨɤɫɨɜɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ" ɭɝɨɥɶ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɚɸɬ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɦɭ
ɧɚɝɪɟɜɭ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɩɟɱɢ ɞɨ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ 1000ɨɋ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ. Ʉɨɤɫ
ɜɵɝɪɭɠɚɸɬ ɢ ɬɭɲɚɬ ɜɨɞɨɣ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ, ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ, ɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɤɨɤɫ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɱɟɪɧɨɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɢ.
ȼɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɤɨɤɫɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɧɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ.
ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ,
ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɦɟɪɨɣ ɞɨɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɵɥɟɭɥɨɜɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ. ȿɫɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ
ɨɬ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɨɣ, ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɬɶ ɨɛ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɹɯ.
ɇɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɹ ɢɡ
ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ. ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ,
ɜɡɹɬɵɟ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ. Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ. ɉɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɹ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ (ɤɥɚɫɫ
1).
ȼ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 23 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɞɜɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 23: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɤɨɤɫɚ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
1. Ȼɟɡ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ
2. Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɫ
ɤɚɦɟɪɨɣ ɞɨɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ/ ɩɵɥɟɭɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ - ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɤɨɤɫɚ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
Ɉɫɬɚ
-ɬɨɤ
3
0,061
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
0,3
0,061
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
1 -ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɣɬɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ 0,006 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɜɨɞɵ
Ʉɥɚɫɫ 1 ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɝɞɟ ɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɵɥɟɭɥɨɜɢɬɟɥɢ, ɚ
ɤɥɚɫɫ 2 ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ.
6.2.2.1 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ/ɜɵɝɪɭɡɤɟ ɭɝɥɹ/ɤɨɤɫɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢ
ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɝɚɡɵ ɜ ɬɪɭɛɭ ɧɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɹɬ, ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ
ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 1 ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ
ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 2 ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɞɨɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɵɥɟɭɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ
(Bremmer ɢ ɞɪ., 1994). ɗɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɜɟɧ 0,23 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ
ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɹ.
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
74
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
6.2.2.2 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ, ɟɫɥɢ ɫɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɬɨɤɢ ɜɨɞ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ
ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɦɨɤɪɵɯ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɚɯ. ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɞɜɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ: 0,06 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ
ɞɥɹ ɧɟɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ ɢ 0,006 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɞɥɹ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɵɯ (ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ 90%
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ).
6.2.2.3 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɧɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ.
6.2.2.4 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɥɸɛɵɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɤɨɤɫɟ, ɩɟɪɟɣɞɭɬ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜ, ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɟ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ.
6.2.2.5 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɢɥɨɜ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ
ɜɢɞɟ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɯ ɧɟ
ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ.
6.2.3 ɉɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɱɟɪɧɨɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɢ
ɑɟɪɧɚɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɟɦɤɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɶɸ, ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɵɪɶɹ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɪɭɞɵ, ɨɤɚɬɵɲɢ, ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɥɨɦ, ɭɝɨɥɶ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɶ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɹɤ (ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɬɹɠɟɥɚɹ ɧɟɮɬɶ ɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɵ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ ɢ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ.
ɗɬɚ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɟɦɤɨɣ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ (ɩɨ
ɦɚɫɫɟ) ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɝɚɡɵ ɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɩɨɛɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɭ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɜ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ
(ɫɦ. Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ 6.2.1).
ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɢɞɭɳɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɢ
ɫɬɚɥɢ. ɋɬɚɥɶ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɱɟɬɵɪɶɦɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ: ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ
ɞɨɦɟɧɧɵɦ/ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɨ-ɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɟɪɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ, ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɤɨɣ ɢɡ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɥɨɦɚ (ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɭɝɨɜɚɹ ɩɟɱɶ), ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɜɤɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɹɦɵɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ
ɠɟɥɟɡɚ (BREF, 2000c). Ⱦɥɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ
ɩɨ ɜɢɞɚɦ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ: ɬɚɤ ɞɨɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɱɭɝɭɧɚ, ɢ ɫɵɪɶɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɵɟ ɪɭɞɵ ɫ ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ
ɮɚɛɪɢɤ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɨɤɚɬɵɲɟɣ. Ⱦɨɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ ɧɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɧɚ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɥɨɦɟ. Ɇɟɬɚɥɥɨɥɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɭɝɨɜɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ, ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ
ɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɟɪɚɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɥɢɬɟɣɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɨɞɚɯ, ɝɞɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɜɚɝɪɚɧɤɢ ɢ ɪɟɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ
ɩɟɱɢ.
Ƚɨɪɹɱɟɟ ɰɢɧɤɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɨ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɞɟɥ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧ
ɞɥɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɨɬ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ.
ɇɚ ɥɢɬɟɣɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɩɹɬɶ ɬɢɩɨɜ
ɩɟɱɟɣ: ɜɚɝɪɚɧɤɢ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɭɝɨɜɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ, ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ, ɪɟɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɬɢɝɟɥɶɧɵɟ.
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɜɚ ɬɢɩɚ ɩɟɱɟɣ ɱɚɳɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɰɜɟɬɧɨɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɢ, ɚ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ
ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ, ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɨɦ ɱɟɪɧɨɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɢ, ɧɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ. ɇɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɥɢɬɟɣɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɟɱɟɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ (US-EPA, 1998b).
ȼ ɧɢɠɟɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɝɪɚɮɚɯ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɩɟɱɟɣ ɢ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ.
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
75
ɇɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɨɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɞɨɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɟɱɶ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɟ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɭɞɵ ɢɡ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ
ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɞɨ ɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ, ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɱɭɝɭɧɚ. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɨɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ (ɲɢɯɬɵ). Ⱦɜɭɦɹ ɬɢɩɚɦɢ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɪɭɞɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɮɚɛɪɢɤɢ ɢ ɮɚɛɪɢɤɢ
ɨɤɨɦɤɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ⱥɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɬ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɧɚ ɱɭɝɭɧɨɩɥɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɨɞɚɯ ɢɡ
ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ ɬɨɧɤɨ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɭɞɵ, ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ.
Ⱦɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɞɨɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ
ɱɭɝɭɧɚ.
ȼ ɞɨɦɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɟɱɶ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɚɸɬ ɪɭɞɭ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɤɢɫɥɨɜ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɤɨɤɫ ɢ ɮɥɸɫɵ, ɢɡ ɱɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɨ, ɲɥɚɤɢ ɢ ɞɨɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɝɚɡ.
Ɋɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɨ (=ɱɭɝɭɧ) ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 4% ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɫɧɢɠɚɸɬ ɞɨ 1%. Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ ɞɨɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ - ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ
ɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɨɤɢɫɥɵ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɞɨ ɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ. Ⱦɨɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɟɱɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ
ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɩɟɱɶ ɛɚɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɫ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɲɚɯɬɨɣ ɧɚɞ ɝɨɪɧɨɦ ɬɢɝɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ.
Ⱦɨɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɟɱɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ, ɱɟɪɟɡ
ɡɚɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɨɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ, ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɭ ɞɨɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ, ɩɨɞɚɸɬ
ɠɟɥɟɡɨɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ (ɤɭɫɤɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɨɣ ɪɭɞɵ, ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɬ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɨɤɚɬɵɲɢ),
ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ (ɲɥɚɤɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɹɤ) ɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɚɝɟɧɬɵ (ɤɨɤɫ).
ȼ ɞɨɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɱɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɚɹ ɪɭɞɚ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɱɭɝɭɧɚ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɤɨɤɫ (ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɣ ɜ ɤɨɤɫɨɜɨɣ ɩɟɱɢ – ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɣ
ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɤɨɤɫɨɜɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɞɟɥ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ
ɱɟɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ) ɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ, ɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɨɤɫɢɞ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ II (ɋɈ)
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɟɦ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɨ ɫɵɪɶɟ, ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚɞ ɝɨɪɧɨɦ
ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɩɨɞ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ 900-1350ɨɋ ("ɝɨɪɹɱɟɟ
ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɟ ɞɭɬɶɟ"). Ƚɨɪɹɱɟɟ ɞɭɬɶɟ ɞɥɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɱɢ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ (ɢɥɢ «ɤɚɭɩɟɪɚɦɢ»). Ɍɚɤɢɟ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɦɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ
ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɞɭɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ. ɇɚ ɤɚɠɞɭɸ ɞɨɦɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɟɱɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ 3-4 ɞɨɦɟɧɧɵɯ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹ. ɀɢɞɤɢɣ ɱɭɝɭɧ ɢ ɲɥɚɤɢ ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɧɢɡɭ ɩɟɱɢ, ɨɬɤɭɞɚ ɨɧɢ
ɫɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ.
ɏɨɬɹ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ,
ɦɚɥɨɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɠɢɞɤɢɯ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ; ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɜɵɯɨɞ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɲɥɚɤɢ. Ɉɬɛɪɨɫɧɵɟ ɝɚɡɵ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɱɢɳɚɸɬ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ
ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɩɵɥɟɭɥɨɜɢɬɟɥɹ ɰɢɤɥɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɞɥɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɛɨɝɨ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɢ
ɞɜɭɯɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɚ ȼɟɧɬɭɪɢ ɞɥɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɧɤɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ.
ɒɥɚɤɢ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɟ ɢɡ ɞɨɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɱɢ, ɝɪɚɧɭɥɢɪɭɸɬ, ɨɤɨɦɤɨɜɵɜɚɸɬ ɢɥɢ ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬ ɜ
ɲɥɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɹɦɵ. Ƚɪɚɧɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɢɥɢ ɨɤɨɦɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɲɥɚɤ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɨɞɚɸɬ
ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɦ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɲɥɚɤ ɢɡ ɹɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɞɨɪɨɠɧɨɦ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ. ɀɢɞɤɨɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɨ ɢɡ ɞɨɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɱɢ (ɱɭɝɭɧ)
ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɟɪ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ
(ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ 4%) ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɱɟɦ 1%, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɫɬɚɥɢ.
Ʉɨɜɲɨɜɚɹ ɞɟɫɭɥɶɮɭɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɱɭɝɭɧɚ ɢ ɤɨɜɲɨɜɚɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɹ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ. ɇɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ
ɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɟɪɚ ɠɢɞɤɚɹ ɫɬɚɥɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɡɥɨɠɧɢɰɵ, ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɟ ɥɢɬɶɟ
ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɨɤ. ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɜɤɢ, ɛɭɞɶ ɬɨ ɫɥɢɬɤɢ, ɫɥɹɛɵ, ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɛɥɸɦɵ, ɜ
ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɤɚɬɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɚɯ ɢ ɥɢɧɢɹɯ ɱɢɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɤɚɬɤɢ ɞɥɹ
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
76
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɢɯ ɤ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɭ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɨɤ. ɍɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɟɫ ɲɥɚɤɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɨɬ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ, ɧɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ 210-310 ɤɝ/ɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɱɭɝɭɧɚ.
Ʉɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɟɪ ɫɬɚɥ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɵɦ ɜ 1950-ɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɫ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɵɝɨɞɧɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɟ ɡɚɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ.
ȼɫɟɝɞɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɟɪɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɤɨɜɲɨɜɭɸ ɩɟɱɶ ɢ ɦɟɲɚɥɤɭ ɫ ɚɪɝɨɧɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɤɨɟɧɢɛɭɞɶ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɞɥɹ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɟɪɧɚɹ ɫɬɚɥɶ
ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɭ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɧɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ
ɦɧɨɝɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ (BSE, 2002). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɛɵɥɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ
ɜɨɞɨɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɟɦɨɣ ɮɭɪɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɟɪ. ɋ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɵɣ
ɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɟɪ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɭɝɨɜɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ ɡɚɦɟɧɢɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɥɟɩɥɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɟ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɜɲɢɟ ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ Ɍɨɦɚɫɚ ɢ ɦɚɪɬɟɧɨɜɫɤɢɣ
(ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɣ ɩɨɞɨɜɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ Ȼɟɫɫɟɦɟɪɚ, ɋɢɦɟɧɫ-Ɇɚɪɬɟɧɚ). ɐɟɥɶ
ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ - ɫɠɟɱɶ (ɬ.ɟ. ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɶ) ɧɟɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɦ ɫɵɪɶɟ. Ʉɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɟɪ - ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. ɉɨɥɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɮɚɡ: ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɥɨɦɚ ɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ
ɱɭɝɭɧɚ, ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɨɟ ɞɭɬɶɟ, ɨɬɛɨɪ ɩɪɨɛ ɢ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɜɤɚ. ɇɚ
ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɬɚɥɟɥɢɬɟɣɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ ɡɚ 30-40-ɦɢɧɭɬɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ 300
ɬɨɧɧ ɫɬɚɥɢ.
ɇɚ ɥɢɬɟɣɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɥɨɦ; ɤɨɝɞɚ ɟɝɨ ɧɟɬ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ.
Ɏɥɸɫɵ - ɱɚɫɬɨ ɯɥɨɪ ɢɥɢ ɮɬɨɪɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɫɨɥɢ - ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɜ ɲɢɯɬɭ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɠɢɞɤɢɣ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥ ɞɥɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ. Ʉɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɟɪ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɩɪɢ
20%-ɣ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɥɨɦɨɦ (ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɭɝɨɜɚɹ ɩɟɱɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɥɨɦɟ ɧɚ 100%).
ȼɚɝɪɚɧɤɚ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɫɟɪɨɝɨ, ɤɨɜɤɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ
ɱɭɝɭɧɚ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢɞɟɬ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨ, ɤɨɤɫ ɢ ɫɵɪɶɟ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɚɸɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɛɨɤɨɜɨɟ
ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɤɫɚ ɢ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ. Ⱦɵɦɨɜɵɟ ɝɚɡɵ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ
ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɞɨɫɠɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɨɱɢɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɨɜ. ȼ
ɜɚɝɪɚɧɤɚɯ ɫ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɬɵɦ ɞɭɬɶɟɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɝɪɟɬɵɣ (500-600ɨɋ)
ɜɨɡɞɭɯ, ɚ ɜ ɜɚɝɪɚɧɤɚɯ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚ ɞɭɬɶɹ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɧɟ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɧɵɯ
ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɦɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɦɢ.
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɭɝɨɜɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ,
ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɥɨɦ, ɥɢɬɟɣɧɵɣ ɱɭɝɭɧ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɚɥɶ. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɭɝɨɜɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɬɨ
ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɱɢɫɬɨɬɵ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɫɵɪɶɟɦ ɞɥɹ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɭɝɨɜɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɥɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬɶ ɢɡ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
ɫɬɚɥɟɥɢɬɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɨɛɪɟɡɤɨɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜ
(ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ) ɢ ɛɵɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɥɨɦɚ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɨɬɫɥɭɠɢɜɲɢɯ ɫɜɨɣ ɫɪɨɤ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ). ȼɫɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɹɦɵɦ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ. ȼ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɩɪɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ
ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ, ɚ ɢɡ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɩɥɚɡɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ.
Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɟɪɟ, ɲɥɚɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɳɟɣɫɹ
ɞɥɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɧɟɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ. ɉɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɟ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɥɨɦɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɹɦ ɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɝɚɥɨɝɟɧɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɥɢɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɢɛɟɧɡɨɩ-ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɵ ɢ ɞɢɛɟɧɡɨɮɭɪɚɧɵ (ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ), ɯɥɨɪɛɟɧɡɨɥɵ, ɩɨɥɢɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ
ɛɢɮɟɧɢɥɵ (ɉɏȻ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɥɢɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɵ (ɉȺɍ) ɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɥɨɦɚ, ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɚɫɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɚɦɢ,
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
77
ɫɦɚɡɤɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ. ȼ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ
ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɛɵɥɢ ɞɨ 5-ɬɢ ɪɚɡ ɜɵɲɟ (LAI, 1997). Ɇɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɭɝɨɜɨɣ ɩɟɱɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɨɬ 60 ɞɨ 80 ɬɨɧɧ (ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ 25-400 ɬɨɧɧ),
ɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɭɫɤɚɦɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɬ 35 ɦɢɧɭɬ ɞɨ 2 ɱɚɫɨɜ. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɭɝɨɜɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ
ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɫ ɩɚɪɬɢɹɦɢ ɫɵɪɶɹ. Ɂɚɝɪɭɠɚɟɦɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɩɥɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ
1600 ɢ 1670ɨɋ (BSE, 2002). ɉɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɵɛɪɨɫ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜɧɟ
ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ ɬɪɭɛ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɯ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ.
Ɋɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ - ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɵ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɞɥɹ
ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɚ ɢ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɟ
ɧɚ ɦɚɡɭɬɟ. Ⱦɵɦɨɜɵɟ ɝɚɡɵ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɨɱɢɳɚɸɬ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ.
ɂɧɞɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɱɟɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ. ɂɦɟɟɬɫɹ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ, ɧɨ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɧɢɯ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɚɬɭɲɤɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɟ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɪɚɡɨɝɪɟɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɬɨɤɨɜ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɬɨɥɳɭ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɝɨ
ɡɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ. ɂɧɞɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɥɨɦɚ, ɧɟɠɟɥɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɭɝɨɜɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ. Ⱦɵɦɨɜɵɟ ɝɚɡɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɱɢɳɚɬɶ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ
ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ.
ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɵɥɶ ɢɡ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ ɢ ɲɥɚɤ ɫɬɚɥɟɥɢɬɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɱɚɫɬɨ
ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɹ ɜ ɫɬɚɥɟɥɢɬɟɣɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɧɚ ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ
ɮɚɛɪɢɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ
ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɰɜɟɬɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ.
ɉɟɱɢ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ
ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɟ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɨ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨɛ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɹɯ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ.
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɝɨ ɰɢɧɤɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɱɢɫɬɨɟ ɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɟ ɨɬ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɠɟɥɟɡɨ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɚɥɶ
ɩɨɝɪɭɠɚɸɬ ɜ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɰɢɧɤ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɰɢɧɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɰɢɧɤ
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ/ɫɬɚɥɢ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɹ
ɷɬɭ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ (Fabrellas et al. 2003). Ʉɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɚɡɨɣ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɝɨ
ɰɢɧɤɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɩɨɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɱɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ/ɫɬɚɥɢ ɜ ɰɢɧɤɨɜɭɸ ɜɚɧɧɭ; ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɩɪɢ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɨɤɨɥɨ 450 ɨɋ. ɉɟɪɟɞ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɝɚɥɶɜɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɭ
ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɚ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɭɞɚɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɪɹɡɶ,
ɠɢɪ, ɪɠɚɜɱɢɧɚ, ɨɤɚɥɢɧɚ ɢ ɩɪ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɛɟɡɠɢɪɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ
ɠɟɥɟɡɚ/ɫɬɚɥɢ ɜ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɵɣ ɨɛɟɡɠɢɪɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ
ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɥɹɧɭɸ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɭ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɞɥɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɚɥɢɧɵ ɢ ɪɠɚɜɱɢɧɵ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɤɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ
ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɟ ɮɥɸɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ 30% ɰɢɧɤ-ɚɦɦɨɧɢɣ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɨɤɨɥɨ 65-80 ɨɋ.
ɑɢɫɬɨɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɨ/ɫɬɚɥɶ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɰɢɧɤ (450 ɨɋ), ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɚ 4-5
ɦɢɧɭɬ. ɉɨɫɬ-ɝɚɥɶɜɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɢɥɢ
ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ.
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɝɨ ɰɢɧɤɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɬɶɫɹ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ: ɠɢɪ, ɝɪɹɡɶ, ɚɞɝɟɡɢɜɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ, ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ, ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ
ɢɥɢ ɢɯ ɫɨɥɢ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɯɥɨɪ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫ
ɮɥɸɫɨɦ (Cl2Zn-ClNH4), ɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ 450 ɨɋ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɤɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ (Fabrellas et al. 2003). ȿɳɟ ɜ
ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɦ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ 1997 ɝɨɞɚ (LUA 1997) ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɝɨ ɰɢɧɤɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɵɥ
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
78
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɰɟɧɟɧ ɜ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɚɯ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɢɢ, ɚ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɟ –
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɜ Ɋɟɟɫɬɪɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ Ⱦɚɧɢɢ (Hansen 2001).
ȼ ɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ (ENEA/AIB//MATT 2003) ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɢ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ, ɧɨ ɷɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ
ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɗɦɢɫɫɢɢɜɨɡɞɭɯ 4,8 ɝ Tɗ/ɬ ɀɋ (ɠɢɞɤɨɣ
ɫɬɚɥɢ) ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 2 (ɜɦɟɫɬɨ 3 ɝ Tɗ/ɬ ɀɋ) ɢ 0,26 ɝ Tɗ/ɬ ɀɋ (ɜɦɟɫɬɨ 0,1 ɝ Tɗ/ɬ ɀɋ) ɞɥɹ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 3. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɗɦɢɫɫɢɢɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ 24 ɝ Tɗ/ɬ ɀɋ ɢ 4,1 ɝ Tɗ/ɬ ɀɋ ɞɥɹ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ 2 ɢ 3, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ (ɜɦɟɫɬɨ 15 ɢ 1,5 ɝ Tɗ/ɬ ɀɋ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 24).
Ȼɵɥɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 24.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 24: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɱɟɪɧɨɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɢ ɢ ɥɢɬɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ - ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
1. Ɂɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɣ (ɫɦɚɡɨɱɧɨɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɦɚɫɥɚɦɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ) ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɥɨɦ,
ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɟ ɥɨɦɚ,
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ
10
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
15
2. ɇɟɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɣ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɥɨɦ/ɱɢɫɬɨɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɨ,
ɞɨɫɠɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ ɢ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ
3
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
15
3. ɇɟɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɣ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɥɨɦ/ɱɢɫɬɨɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɨ,
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɭɝɨɜɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ, ɞɚɸɳɢɟ
ɧɢɡɤɢɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ,
ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɟɪɵ
0,1
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
1,5
3. Ⱦɨɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ ɫ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ
0,01
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
1. ȼɚɝɪɚɧɤɢ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚ ɞɭɬɶɹ ɢɥɢ
ɪɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ ɛɟɡ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ
10
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
2. Ɋɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ
4,3
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
0,2
3. ȼɚɝɪɚɧɤɢ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚ ɞɭɬɶɹ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ
1
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
8
0,03
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
0,5
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɱɭɝɭɧɚ ɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ
Ʌɢɬɟɣɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ
4. ȼɚɝɪɚɧɤɢ ɫ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɨɦ ɞɭɬɶɹ ɢɥɢ
ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ - ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɣ
ɮɢɥɶɬɪ (ɥɢɬɟɣɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ)
Ɂɚɜɨɞɵ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɝɨ ɰɢɧɤɨɜɚɧɢɹ
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ - ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ
ɝɚɥɶɜɚɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ/ ɫɬɚɥɢ
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
79
1. ɉɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɛɟɡ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ
0,06
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
2. ɉɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɛɟɡ ɷɬɚɩɚ
ɨɛɟɡɠɢɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɦɢ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ (ɪɭɤɚɜɧɵɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ)
0,05
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
2000
ɉɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɫ ɷɬɚɩɨɦ
ɨɛɟɡɠɢɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɦɢ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ (ɪɭɤɚɜɧɵɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ)
0,02
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
1000
6.2.3.1 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɫ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɦɢ ɩɟɱɟɣ. ɋɥɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ
ɜɫɟ ɝɚɡɵ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ, ɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɹɯ, ɢɞɭɳɢɯ ɜɧɟ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ ɬɪɭɛ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɚ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɞɵɦɟ ɢɡ ɬɪɭɛ. ɉɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ,
ɱɬɨ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɬ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɥɨɯɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɥɨɦɚ,
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɦɚɡɨɱɧɨɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɦɚɫɥɚɦɢ. ɉɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɥɨɦɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɩɞ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ; ɛɵɥɢ
ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɞɨ 9,2 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3 (Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ, LAI, 1997). ȼ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ
ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɞɚɥɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ 0,07-9 ɦɤɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ ɧɚ ɬɨɧɧɭ
ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ; ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɛɵɥ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɧɨɣ
ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ 940 ɤɝ ɱɭɝɭɧɚ/ɬ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ.
Ɉɛɴɟɦɵ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɸɬ ɨɬ 100000 ɞɨ 600000 ɇɦ3/ɱɚɫ ɧɚ
ɞɨɦɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɟɱɶ. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ
ɜ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ-ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɰɚɯ ȿɋ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɨɬ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɱɟɦ 0,001 ɞɨ 0,004 ɦɤɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɬ
ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ. ȼ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 4 ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɞɥɹ
ɞɨɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ ɫ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ.
ȼ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɟɪɚɯ ɩɪɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɞɭɬɶɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɝɚɡɵ,
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. ɋɬɚɥɟɩɥɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ
ȿɜɪɨɩɵ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɟɪɵ, ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɢɡɤɢɦɢ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ, ɱɟɦ ɞɨɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ (ɤɚɤ
ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ, ɫ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɨɦ - 0,06 ɦɤɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɬ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ).
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɭɝɨɜɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ, ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɜɨɟɦ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɥɨɦ ɢ ɱɢɫɬɨɟ
ɠɟɥɟɡɨ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɞɨɫɠɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɢ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɟ
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɒɜɟɰɢɢ, Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ ɢ Ⱦɚɧɢɢ,
ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɨɬ 0,07 ɞɨ 9 ɦɤɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɬ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ. ȼ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ 3 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ (Bremmer ɢ ɞɪ., 1994; SCEP, 1994;
Charles Napier, 1998).
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɭɝɨɜɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ, ɝɞɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɥɨɦ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣ
ɫɦɚɡɨɱɧɨ-ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɟ
ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɥɨɦɚ ɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɫɥɚɛɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ, ɤɚɤ
ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɡ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ, ɢɦɟɸɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ
ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɚɯ (SCEP, 1994). ȼ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ 10 ɦɤɝ
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
80
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
Ɍɗ/ɬ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ (ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɟɳɟ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟ).
ɉɪɢ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɥɨɦɚ (ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɫɦɚɡɨɱɧɨɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɢ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɥɨɦ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ
ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ, ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ (ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɜ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɫ ɛɵɫɬɪɵɦ
ɬɭɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɞɨɣ) ɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɶ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ ɦɟɧɟɟ 0,1 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɢɯ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ 0,1 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ (ɤɥɚɫɫ 3). Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɠɟ
ɧɢɡɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɚɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɟɪɨɜ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɟɞɢɚɧɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ 0,028 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3 (LAI, 1997). Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫ 3.
Ⱦɥɹ ɥɢɬɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ
Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ (SCEP, 1994) ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɜɚɝɪɚɧɤɢ ɫ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɨɦ ɞɭɬɶɹ ɢ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ
ɩɟɱɢ, ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɦɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɦɢ, ɞɚɸɬ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ; ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ 0,03 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɜɚɝɪɚɧɨɤ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚ ɞɭɬɶɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɵ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɢ ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ 1 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ.
Ɉɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ,
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ, ɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ
ɞɥɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɝɚɡɚ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ 4,3 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ.
Ɍɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜɚɝɪɚɧɤɢ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚ ɞɭɬɶɹ ɢɥɢ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ ɛɟɡ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ
ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ - 10 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ.
ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɥɨɦ (ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ
ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ), ɢɥɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɟɱɢ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ, ɫ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɨɣ
ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɨɬɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɨɬ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɡɚɜɨɞɨɜ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɝɨ ɰɢɧɤɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɥɸɛɵɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜ,
ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ,
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ. ɇɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɡɚɜɨɞɚɯ ɧɟɬ
ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɪɭɤɚɜɧɵɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ. ȼ
Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɚɯ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɛɵɥɢ ɡɚɦɟɪɟɧɵ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɦɟɠɞɭ 0,007 ɢ 0, 132 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɇɦ³. ȼ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɟ Ⱦɚɧɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ
ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɡ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɜ 33000
ɇɦ³ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɵɯ ɧɚ ɬɨɧɧɭ ɝɚɥɶɜɚɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ/ɫɬɚɥɢ.
ȼ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɦ ɜ ɂɫɩɚɧɢɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ (Fabrellas et al. 2003) ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɡɚɜɨɞɵ
ɝɨɪɹɱɟɝɨ ɰɢɧɤɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɭɤɚɜɧɵɦɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɦɢ. Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ – 0,003-0,014
ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ ɇɦ³ - ɛɵɥɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɢɠɟ, ɱɟɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ (LUA
1997). ɗɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɯ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 24. Ɍɟɦ
ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɛɵɥɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ
ɛɥɢɡɤɢ: ɜ ɢɫɩɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ = 41-61 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɬ ɝɚɥɶɜɚɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɢ 7-27
ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɬ ɝɚɥɶɜɚɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɜɨɞɨɜ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ ɨɛɟɡɠɢɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫ
ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚɦɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ; ɚ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɝɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɜ 61 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɬ ɝɚɥɶɜɚɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ.
6.2.3.2. ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɬɢ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɤɪɵɯ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɨɜ ɢɥɢ
ɬɭɲɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ.
ɋɥɭɱɚɢ ɫɛɪɨɫɚ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɬɶ, ɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɧɢɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɬɶ.
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
81
6.2.3.3 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɧɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ.
6.2.3.4 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
ɇɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɣ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɫ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɫɬɚɥɶɸ, ɨɧɚ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ,
ɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɜɵɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɬɫɹ.
6.2.3.5 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɲɥɚɤ ɢ ɩɵɥɶ, ɫɨɛɢɪɚɟɦɚɹ ɜ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ. Ɉɫɟɞɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɵɥɶ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɹɯ ɜɧɟ
ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ ɬɪɭɛ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ.
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɞɨɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ ɞɚɸɬ 9-15 ɤɝ ɩɵɥɢ ɢ ɢɥɨɜ ɧɚ ɬɨɧɧɭ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ
ɫɬɚɥɢ, ɚ ɲɥɚɤɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ 280 ɤɝ ɧɚ ɬɨɧɧɭ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ.
ȼ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɟɪɨɜ
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ 12-27 ɤɝ ɩɵɥɢ ɢ ɲɥɚɤɚ ɧɚ ɬɨɧɧɭ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ. ɒɥɚɤ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɟɪɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
99 ɤɝ ɧɚ ɬɨɧɧɭ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɭɝɨɜɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɲɥɚɤɚ; ɩɪɢ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ - 129 ɤɝ/ɬɨɧɧɭ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɧɟɪɠɚɜɟɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ - 161 ɤɝ/ɬ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ.
ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɭɝɨɜɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ: ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ (ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ), ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 15 ɦɤɝ
Ɍɗ/ɬ (Dyke ɢ ɞɪ., 1997). ɗɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɝɨ
ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɞɥɹ ɢɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ. ɗɬɨɬ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɫ ɩɥɨɯɢɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɦ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ.
Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɢɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ - 0,15 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ - ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɥɭɱɲɢɯ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ (Bremmer ɢ ɞɪ., 1994). ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɭɞɶɛɭ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ
ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ (ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɨɣɬɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɟɫɥɢ ɷɬɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ
ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ).
ɗɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɧɚ
ɥɢɬɟɣɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ, ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɜɚɝɪɚɧɨɤ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɭɝɨɜɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ. ɂɧɞɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ
ɩɟɱɢ ɜɵɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɸɬ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɡ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ (SCEP, 1994)
ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 24. Ɇɨɠɟɬ ɧɚɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ
ɲɥɚɤ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɵ ɩɟɫɤɚ (ɩɪɢ ɥɢɬɶɟ ɜ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
ɥɢɛɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ, ɥɢɛɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ (US-EPA, 1998b).
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɥɟɬɭɱɟɣ ɡɨɥɟ ɡɚɜɨɞɨɜ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɝɨ ɰɢɧɤɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ
ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ 2.15-9,6 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɡɨɥɵ, ɩɪɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɜ 3,9 ɧɝ
Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɥɟɬɭɱɟɣ ɡɨɥɵ (ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ ɜ LUA 1997); ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɧɚ
ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɜɟɫɬɢ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɂɫɩɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɢ ɜɵɜɟɫɬɢ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ 487-8,075 ɦɤɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɬ ɝɚɥɶɜɚɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ
ɫɬɚɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɛɟɡ ɷɬɚɩɚ ɨɛɟɡɠɢɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɢ 127-1,804 ɦɤɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɬ
ɝɚɥɶɜɚɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɫ ɷɬɚɩɨɦ ɨɛɟɡɠɢɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
(Fabrellas et al. 2003).
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
82
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
6.2.4 ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɞɢ
Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɞɢ ɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɨɫɨɛɵɣ
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɦɟɞɶ (Cu) ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɦ,
ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ.
ɉɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɦɟɞɟɩɥɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜɚɠɧɨ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɬɶ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɟ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɞɢ.
ɉɟɪɜɢɱɧɚɹ ɦɟɞɶ
ɉɟɪɜɢɱɧɚɹ ɦɟɞɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɞɜɭɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɦ, ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ
ɨɬ ɬɢɩɚ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ, ɫɭɥɶɮɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɨɤɫɢɞɧɨɝɨ, ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɡɜɥɟɤɚɬɶɫɹ ɢɡ
ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɬɨɜ ɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɩɢɪɨɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢɥɢ
ɝɢɞɪɨɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ (BREF, 2001; CONAMA, 2003).
Ƚɢɞɪɨɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ, ɤ
ɧɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɜɵɳɟɥɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ, ɷɤɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɸ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ
ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ. ȼɫɟ ɷɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɜɟɞɭɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɧɢɠɟ 50ɨɋ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟ
ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ.
Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɫɭɥɶɮɢɞɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɩɢɪɨɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɸ.
ɋɭɥɶɮɢɞɧɵɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ ɜɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɨɛɨɝɚɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɚɛɪɢɤɟ ɩɪɢ
ɤɨɦɧɚɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɬ ɩɢɪɨɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɨɱɢɳɚɸɬ ɜ ɩɥɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɦɟɞɢ. ɉɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɣ ɧɚ
ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɢɡ ɫɭɥɶɮɢɞɨɜ ɦɟɞɢ ɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ, ɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ
ɯɥɨɪɚ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɨ (ɱɚɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧ). ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɨɛɠɢɝɚ, ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ,
ɩɪɨɞɭɜɤɢ ɜ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɟɪɟ, ɪɚɮɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɪɚɮɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɢɞɟɬ ɜ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ 1200ɨɋ ɢ 1300ɨɋ.
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɜɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ: ɩɥɚɜɤɚ ɜ ɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɱɢ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ
ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɞɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɨɝɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ, ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɢ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɥɚɜɤɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɛɨɝɚɳɟɧɢɟ
ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ.
ȼɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ: ɨɬɪɚɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɩɟɱɢ SIA Smelt, Noranda,
Mitsubishi, Teniente, Bayin, Vanyukov. ȼɫɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɨɛɠɢɝɟ ɢ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɜɚɧɧɟ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɫɨ ɲɥɚɤɨɦ ɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɲɬɟɣɧɚ,
ɜɵɩɭɫɤ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨ-ɪɚɡɧɨɦɭ.
ȼɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɥɚɜɤɚ ɜɟɞɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɟɱɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɜɨ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ
Outokumpu ɢɥɢ Inco ɢɥɢ ɜ ɰɢɤɥɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɱɢ (Contop). ȼɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɥɚɜɤɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ
ɨɛɠɢɝɟ ɢ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɬɚ ɜɨ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚɯ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɜɚ ɜɢɞɚ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ: ɨɛɵɱɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɩɪɢ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ
ɩɚɪɬɢɹɦɢ (ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɣ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɟɪ Pierce-Smith,
ɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɟɪ ɬɢɩɚ Hoboken), ɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɟɪɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɟɱɶ Kennecott/Outukumpu, ɩɟɱɶ Mitsubishi, ɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɟɪ Noranda). ȼ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ
ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɚɪɬɢɹɦɢ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɦɟɞɢ ɜ ɱɟɪɧɨɜɭɸ ɦɟɞɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɪɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ
ɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɟɪɵ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɞɭɬɶɹ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ.
ɋɬɚɞɢɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɤ ɱɟɪɧɨɜɨɦɭ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭ (ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ "ɱɟɪɧɨɜɚɹ ɦɟɞɶ")
ɩɨɫɥɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ; ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɢ
ɜɜɨɞɹɬ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶ ɞɥɹ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ.
Ɋɚɮɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɨɝɧɟɦ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ.
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
83
ȼɬɨɪɢɱɧɚɹ ɦɟɞɶ
ȼɬɨɪɢɱɧɚɹ ɦɟɞɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɢɪɨɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ, ɫɵɪɶɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɟ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɥɨɦ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɦɟɞɶ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɲɥɚɤɢ ɢ ɡɨɥɚ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ
ɭɠɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɦɟɞɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɟ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɞɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɶɸ. Ɉɛɡɨɪ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɞɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɜ ɋɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɨɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɟ ȼȺɌ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ
(BREF) ɩɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ (BREF, 2001ɚ). ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɟ ɫɵɪɶɟ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɛɟɡɠɢɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ
ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɧɚ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɞɢ. ɋɬɚɞɢɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɩɪɢ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɦ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɦɟɞɢ, ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵ ɬɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ
ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɦ ɟɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ, ɧɨ ɫɵɪɶɟ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɨɤɫɢɞɵ ɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ, ɚ
ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɢɞɟɬ ɜ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ.
ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɟɞɟɩɥɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɦɟɞɢ,
ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɬ ɫ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɤɟ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɣ ɦɟɞɢ, ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ, ɢɥɢ
ɩɵɥɢ ɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɰɢɧɤɚ ɢɡ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɬɨɜ ɢ ɞɪ. (BREF, 2001ɚ).
Ɋɚɮɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɦɟɞɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɧɚ
ɦɟɞɟɨɱɢɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɨɞɚɯ; ɨɧɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɤɚɬɨɞɧɭɸ ɦɟɞɶ. Ɉɧɚ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ
ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ, ɢɞɟɬ ɧɚ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ, ɢɡ ɧɟɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɛɪɭɫ, ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶ, ɩɪɨɜɨɥɨɤɭ,
ɥɢɫɬ, ɩɨɥɨɫɭ, ɬɪɭɛɵ ɢ ɞɪ. ɗɬɚ ɫɬɚɞɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɨɜɦɟɳɟɧɚ ɫ ɪɚɮɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ, ɧɨ
ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ.
ɉɟɱɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɰɟɥɹɦɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɨɛɠɢɝɚ ɢɥɢ
ɤɚɥɶɰɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɵɪɶɹ, ɜɵɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɢ ɪɚɮɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɭɞ ɢ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɬɨɜ. ȼ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɦɟɞɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɟɱɢ, ɱɬɨ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɜɢɞɚ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɢ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ (BREF, 2001ɚ):
ɉɟɱɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɠɢɝɚ, ɤɚɥɶɰɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɪ.: ɪɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ;
ɉɟɱɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ: ɦɟɞɟɩɥɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ, ɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɩɟɱɢ [(ɚ) ɞɥɹ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɥɶɰɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɬɚ, (ɛ) ɞɥɹ
ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɮɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ], ɞɨɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɟɱɢ, ɰɢɤɥɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɥɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɟ
ɩɟɱɢ;
Ʉɨɧɜɟɪɬɟɪɵ: (ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ ɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɦɟɞɢ ɜ ɦɟɞɶ): ɪɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɟɪɵ;
ɉɟɱɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɮɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ: ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ, ɲɚɯɬɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ,
ɪɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ.
ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɦɨɤɪɵɟ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɵ ɢ ɦɨɤɪɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ
ɞɥɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɫɟɪɵ ɧɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ (BREF, 2001ɚ).
Ⱦɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢɦɟɥɨɫɶ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɦɚɥɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɯ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɨɬ
ɦɟɞɟɩɥɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɨɞɨɜ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɥɨ ɨ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɦ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɦɟɞɢ, ɝɞɟ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɥɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ
ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɚɯ.
ɉɪɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɥɨɫɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɹɦ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɦ ɦɟɞɟɩɥɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ
ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɭɸ ɦɟɞɶ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ. ȼ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɑɢɥɢ, ɦɟɞɟɩɥɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɚɜɨɞɵ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ
ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɦɟɞɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɭɞɵ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɬɵ, ɢ ɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɟ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ. ȼ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ, ɒɜɟɰɢɹ ɢ Ʉɚɧɚɞɚ, ɡɚɜɨɞɵ ɩɨ
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
84
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɦɟɞɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɫɵɪɶɟ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɟɦ ɥɨɦ ɢ ɩɪɨɱɢɟ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɵɪɶɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɱɟɣ ɩɨ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɤɟ
«ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ» ɦɟɞɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɢ ɨɬ 15% ɞɨ 40% (COCHILCO 2004). ȼɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɢɡ ɩɟɱɟɣ
ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɦɟɞɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɟ ɫɵɪɶɟ, ɬɚɤɨɟ ɤɚɤ ɥɨɦ
ɢ ɩɪɨɱɢɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 6
(Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 25).
ɑɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɱɟɣ ɩɨ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɤɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɦɟɞɢ, ɬɨ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɱɢɥɢɣɫɤɢɦ ɦɟɞɟɩɥɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɚɜɨɞɚɦ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɦɟɞɢ ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ
ɥɢɛɨ ɧɭɥɟɜɨɣ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɡɚɜɨɞɵ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɦɟɞɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɱɢɫɬɨɟ
ɫɵɪɶɟ ɢ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɩɥɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ (ɫ ɩɟɱɚɦɢ ɬɢɩɚ Teniente ɢɥɢ Noranda), ɥɢɛɨ
ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɥɚɜɤɭ (ɫ ɩɟɱɚɦɢ Outokumpu). Ȼɟɥɚɹ ɦɟɞɶ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɬ ɢɡ ɩɟɱɟɣ
ɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɱɟɪɧɨɜɭɸ ɦɟɞɶ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ
ɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɟɪɟ ɉɢɪɫɚ-ɋɦɢɬɚ (Peirce-Smith Converter). Ɍɢɩɢɱɧɵɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ
ɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɲɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ: ɜ ɩɟɱɢ Teniente ɝɚɡɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ
1260 °C ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ, ɛɨɝɚɬɨɣ ɞɜɭɨɤɢɫɶɸ ɫɟɪɵ (25 %), ɠɢɞɤɚɹ ɛɟɥɚɹ ɦɟɞɶ ɢɦɟɟɬ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ 1240 °C, ɚ ɠɢɞɤɢɟ ɲɥɚɤɢ - 1240 °C. ȼ ɩɟɱɢ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɜɤɢ Outokumpu
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 1260 °C, ɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ 1300 °C-1350 °C. ȼ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɟɪɟ ɉɢɪɫɚ-ɋɦɢɬɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ
1150 °C-1250 °C. Ɋɚɮɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɱɟɪɧɨɜɨɣ ɦɟɞɢ – ɞɥɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɪɵ ɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ –
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɪɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɨɤɨɥɨ 1200 °C. ɒɥɚɤɢ ɜɫɟ
ɟɳɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɞɢ (4%-10%) ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɟɱɚɯ Teniente,
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɭɝɨɜɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɮɥɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɜɵɲɟ
1250 °C. Ɉɱɢɫɬɤɚ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɨɬɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɢɡ ɩɥɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ ɢ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɟɪɨɜ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ
ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɧɢɟɦ ɱɟɪɟɡ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɢɬɟɥɢ, ɝɚɡɨɨɱɢɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɵ ɢ ɦɨɤɪɵɟ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɵ. ɇɚ
ɡɚɜɨɞɚɯ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ (H2SO4) ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɟɪɵ (COCHILCO
2004).
ɋ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɉɪɨɟɤɬɚ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɩɨ
BAT ɢ BEP ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɋɬɨɤɝɨɥɶɦɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ, ɝɞɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ
ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɜɨɞɨɜ ɩɨ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɤɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɯ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ, ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɢ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɥɚɫɫ 6. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ
ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ, ɧɢɤɚɤɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɧɟ
ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 25: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɞɢ
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ - ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɦɟɞɢ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
1. ȼɬɨɪɢɱɧɚɹ ɋu - Ȼɚɡɨɜɚɹ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ
800
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
630
2. ȼɬɨɪɢɱɧɚɹ ɋu - ɏɨɪɨɲɨ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ
50
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
630
3. ȼɬɨɪɢɱɧɚɹ ɋu - Ɉɩɬɢɦɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ
ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ
5
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
300
0,03
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
4. ɉɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɜɤɚ ɋu /
ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɋu
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
85
5. ɉɟɪɜɢɱɧɚɹ ɋu - ɏɨɪɨɲɨ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɱɚɫɬɶ
ɫɵɪɶɹ - ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɟ
0,01
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
6. ɉɟɱɢ ɩɨ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɤɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɋu, ɛɟɡ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
6.2.4.1 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɞɢ, ɩɨɯɨɠɟ,
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɟɬ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɜɢɞɚ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ. ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ,
ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɦɟɞɢ.
ɋɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦ ɩɨ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɦɟɞɢ.
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɟ ɜ ɋɒȺ ɧɚ ɡɚɜɨɞɟ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɟɦ ɦɟɞɶ, ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ
ɞɨɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɞɨɫɠɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ, ɞɚɥɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ
779 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɥɨɦɚ.
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɨɬ 0,032 ɞɨ 30 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3 (LUA, 1997).
Ⱦɥɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɩɨ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɜɤɟ ɦɟɞɢ ɢ ɟɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɥɚɬɭɧɢ,
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ 0,003 ɢ 1,22 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3 ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ - 0,11 ɧɝ
Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3 (ɧɟɦɟɰɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, LUA, 1997). ɉɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɩɨ
ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹɦ Ȼɸɪɨ IPPC, ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ 0,1 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3 (BREF, 2001ɚ). ɂɡ
ɷɬɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɛɵɥ ɜɵɜɟɞɟɧ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ 0,03 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɦɟɞɢ/ɦɟɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ.
ɂɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɭɸ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɰɢɸ ɩɨ ɜɢɞɚɦ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ.
ȼ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɚɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɩɨ
ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹɦ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɢ 0,01- 0,001 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ ɇɦ3 (BREF 2001a). Ɍɟ ɠɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ
ɫɨɨɛɳɚɸɬ (ɛɟɡ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɞɟɬɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ), ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɩɨɥɭɮɚɛɪɢɤɚɬɨɜ ɧɚ
ɩɥɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɨɞɚɯ (ɬɚɤɢɯ, ɤɚɤ ɛɨɥɜɚɧɤɢ, ɮɨɥɶɝɚ, ɥɢɫɬɵ, ɩɨɥɨɫɵ) ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɟɱɟɣ ɛɵɥɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ 5 ɦɤɝ, ɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɲɚɯɬɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ – ɦɟɧɟɟ 10 ɦɤɝ
Ɍɗ/ɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ.
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ 1-3 ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɦɟɞɢ. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 1 ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɤ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɯ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɟɱɢ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɵ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɦɢ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɦɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 2 ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɥɨɦɚ ɦɟɞɶɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ, ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɧɵɯ
ɞɨɫɠɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɤɚɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɢ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɦɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɦɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɭ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɥɨɦ ɞɨ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ
ɫɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɭ ɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ.
Ʉɥɚɫɫ 3 ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɪɵ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ
ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɞɥɹ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɝɨ
ɬɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɨɣ, ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ ɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ
ɝɚɡɨɜ.
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 4 ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦ ɤ ɩɥɚɜɤɟ ɢ ɥɢɬɶɸ ɦɟɞɢ ɢ ɦɟɞɧɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ.
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
86
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ 5 ɢ 6 ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɤ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɦ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɦ
ɦɟɞɟɩɥɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɚɜɨɞɚɦ. ɂɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɢɡ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ
(Meyer-Wulf C. 1996) ɢ ɒɜɟɰɢɢ (LUA 1997). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɢ ɡɚɜɨɞɵ,
ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɤɚɤ ɢ ɡɚɜɨɞɵ ɜ Ʉɚɧɚɞɟ, ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɞɟɩɥɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɡɚɜɨɞɚɦɢ «ɜ
ɱɢɫɬɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ», ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɫɵɪɶɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɯ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ (Copper Smelters 2004). Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɢɡ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ
«ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɝɨ» ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɞɢ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɜ ɜɬɨɪɫɵɪɶɹ
(ɞɨ 40%) ɩɪɢ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɜɤɟ ɢ ɜ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɟɪɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɜɤɢ ɦɟɞɧɵɯ ɲɬɟɣɧɨɜ ɞɚɥɢ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ 0,0001 ɢ 0,007 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɟɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɭɡɤɢɣ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɨɬ 0,002 ɞɨ 0,02 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɦɟɞɢ (LUA 1997). Meyer-Wulf (1996)
ɫɨɨɛɳɚɥ ɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɯ ɧɟɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ
ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɨɬ 0,004 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3 ɞɨ 0,3 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɉȼɏ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɫɵɪɶɟ. ȼ ɨɬɱɟɬɟ Ɋɟɟɫɬɪɚ
ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ ȿɋ 1997 ɝɨɞɚ (LUA, 1997) ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɯ 0,005-0,015 ɧɝ ɆɌɗ/ɦ3 ɜ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɝɚɡɚɯ ɨɛɠɢɝɨɜɨɣ ɩɟɱɢ ɩɨ ɞɟɫɭɥɶɮɭɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɭɞɵ. Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ
ɝɚɡɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ 5000 ɇɦ3 ɧɚ ɬɨɧɧɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɟɞɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɫɨɨɛɳɚɥɨɫɶ ɨ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ 11 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɦ3 ɜ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɝɚɡɚɯ ɲɜɟɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɩɨ
ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɦɟɞɢ ɫ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɟɣ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɜ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ
ɫɵɪɶɹ; ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɪɚɜɧɹɥɫɹ 2000 ɇɦ3/ɬ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɲɟ, ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɵ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɨɬ 0,25
ɦɤɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɬ (ɧɟɦɟɰɤɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ) ɞɨ 22 ɦɤɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɬ (ɩɨ ɲɜɟɞɫɤɢɦ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ). ȼ
ɢɬɨɝɟ, ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ ɜ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɟ Ȼɟɥɶɝɢɢ ɛɵɥ ɩɪɢɧɹɬ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜ 10 ɦɤɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɬ (LUA, 1997). Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɜ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ 2 ɢ 3. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 5 ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɫ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ. Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 6 –
ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɞɟɩɥɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɨɞɨɜ «ɜ ɱɢɫɬɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ» - ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ.
6.2.4.2 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ. ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ
ɩɪɢ ɫɛɪɨɫɟ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ, ɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɡɚɜɢɫɟɬɶ ɨɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɜɨɞɵ.
ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɬɶ ɜɫɹɤɢɣ ɫɛɪɨɫ ɠɢɞɤɢɯ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ ɫ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɨɣ
ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ.
6.2.4.3 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɧɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ.
6.2.4.4 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɧɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ.
6.2.4.5 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɯ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ.
Ɉɫɨɛɨɟ ɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ, ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɥɹ
ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ. ɉɵɥɶ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ, ɫɨɛɢɪɚɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. ɋɨɨɛɳɚɥɨɫɶ ɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɯ ɞɨ 20000 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ
(SCEP, 1994).
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɡ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ (Dyke ɢ ɞɪ.) ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ 46000 ɬɨɧɧ
ɦɟɞɢ ɜ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ 2000 ɬɨɧɧ ɩɵɥɢ. ɋ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɩɵɥɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 14400 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ (SCEP, 1994),
ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɜɧɹɬɶɫɹ 630 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ. ɗɬɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɨɱɟɧɶ
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
87
ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɚ. Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɧɨ ɜ
ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɢɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ 300 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ.
ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɦɟɞɢ, ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɨɦ ɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɪɟɤɭɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ. ȼ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ, ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ.
6.2.5 ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ
Ⱥɥɸɦɢɧɢɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɢɡ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɟɜɨɣ ɪɭɞɵ, ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɛɨɤɫɢɬɨɜ, ɢɥɢ ɢɡ
ɥɨɦɚ. ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ, ɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ –
ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ.
ɉɪɢ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ, ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɟɜɭɸ ɪɭɞɭ (ɧɚɩɪ., ɛɨɤɫɢɬ) ɨɱɢɳɚɸɬ
ɞɨ ɬɪɢɝɢɞɪɚɬɚ ɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ (ɝɥɢɧɨɡɟɦɚ) ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ Ȼɚɣɟɪɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ (Bayer
Process). Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɝɥɢɧɨɡɟɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɞɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ Hall-Héroult, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɛɨ
ɫɚɦɨɫɩɟɤɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɚɧɨɞɵ, ɚɧɨɞɵ Söderberg, ɥɢɛɨ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɚɧɨɞɵ.
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɚɧɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ
ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɭɸ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɸ (ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɫɦ. SC BAT/BEP 2004). ɉɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɟ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɋɈɁ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ ɢɡ-ɡɚ
ɝɪɚɮɢɬɨɜɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɜ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɥɚɜɤɢ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɜ
ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɦ ɜ 2001 ɝ. ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɢ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɧɚ Ʉɪɚɫɧɨɹɪɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɜɨɞɟ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɝɨ
ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ (Kucherenko et al. 2001).
ɉɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ, ɝɞɟ
ɜ ɢɡɨɛɢɥɢɢ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɞɟɲɟɜɚɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ, ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɚɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɚ
ɝɢɞɪɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɹɯ. ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɚɧɨɞɨɜ,
ɧɨ ɤɚɤ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ, ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɢɯ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɧɢɡɤɢɟ, ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɥɨɦɚ.
ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɜɟɫɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɚɧ ɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɣ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɣ. ȼɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɣ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɣ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɩɭɬɟɦ
ɩɟɪɟɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɥɨɦɚ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ, ɫɬɪɭɠɤɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɣ.
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɟɫɬɢɫɶ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ
ɩɟɱɟɣ, ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɚ ɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɥɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɤɪɢɨɥɢɬɚ (ɞɜɨɣɧɚɹ ɫɨɥɶ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ, ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ ɢ ɮɬɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, Na3AlF6).
Ⱦɥɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɩɟɱɟɣ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɪɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɧɵɯ, ɩɨɞɨɜɵɯ ɢɥɢ
ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ. ɂɧɞɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ
ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɥɢɬɟɣɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ: ɜ ɧɢɯ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɚɸɬ ɥɨɦ, ɧɟ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣ ɨɤɢɫɥɨɜ. Ⱥɥɸɦɢɧɢɣ, ɜɵɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɩɟɱɚɯ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɧɚ
ɪɚɮɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɬɟɩɥɵɦ ɜ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɟɪɚɯ. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɣ ɜ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɥɨɦɚ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧ ɦɚɫɥɚɦɢ, ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɚɦɢ, ɤɪɚɫɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ. ȼɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɥɨɦɚ,
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɢɬɟɥɢ ɢ ɯɥɨɪ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɮɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ (ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɝɟɤɫɚɯɥɨɪɷɬɚɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɯɥɨɪɚ) ɢ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɥɨɦɚ. Ɂɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɩɥɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
ɨɬ 0,5 ɞɨ 0,7 ɬɨɧɧ.
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
88
Ɉɱɟɧɶ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɬɪɭɠɤɭ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɫɭɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɦɚɫɥɹɧɢɫɬɵɯ
ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ
(ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɦɚɫɟɥ,
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɫɜɟɪɥɟɧɢɢ), ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɠɤɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɨɟ ɜɵɫɭɲɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɭɲɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ,
ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɝɚɡɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɮɬɢ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɢɬɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢɥɢ
ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɯɥɨɪ (IFEU, 1998; LAI, 1997).
Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜ
ɉɪɨɟɤɬɟ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ (Toolkit 2001) ɢ ɜ 1-ɦ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɟ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ (Toolkit 2003) ɛɵɥɚ
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɪɟɜɲɟɣ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɫ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ
ɫɜɟɬɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɟɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɡ
ɂɬɚɥɢɢ (ENEA/AIB/MATT 2003).
Ȼɵɥɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ
26.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 26: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɟɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ - ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
1. Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɥɨɦɚ
ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ, ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɚ
ɫɵɪɶɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɟ ɩɵɥɟɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ
100
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
200
2. Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ
ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ, ɨɱɢɫɬɤɚ ɥɨɦɚ,
ɯɨɪɨɲɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ, ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɟ
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ ɫ ɜɞɭɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ
35
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
400
3. Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ
ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ, ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɥɨɦɚ,
ɯɨɪɨɲɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ, ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɟ
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ ɫ ɜɩɭɫɤɨɦ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ
3,5
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
100
4. Ɉɩɬɢɦɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ - ɞɨɫɠɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ,
ɜɞɭɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ, ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɟ
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ ɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ
ɭɝɨɥɶ
0,5
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
100
5
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
6. Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɟɡɠɢɪɢɜɚɧɢɟ
ɫɬɪɭɠɤɢ, ɪɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ,
ɞɨɫɠɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ, ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ
0,3
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
7. ɂɫɬɢɧɧɨɟ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɟ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
5. ɋɭɲɤɚ ɫɬɪɭɠɤɢ/ɨɛɪɟɡɤɨɜ
(ɩɪɨɫɬɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ)
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 1 ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɦ
ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɵɥɟɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɫ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɬɚɤɨɜɨɝɨ. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 2
ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɵ ɞɨɫɠɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
89
ɤɚɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɢ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɦɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɦɢ. Ʉɥɚɫɫ 4 ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɬɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɭ ɥɨɦɚ, ɞɨɫɠɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ,
ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ, ɜɞɭɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɹ. Ʉɥɚɫɫɵ 5 ɢ 6 ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɫɬɪɭɠɤɢ/ɨɛɪɟɡɤɨɜ. Ʉɥɚɫɫ 7 ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ
ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɡɚ.
6.2.5.1 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɥɨɦɚ
ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ. Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɚɟɦɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ,
ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɥɨɦɚ ɢ ɪɚɮɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɯɥɨɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɝɟɤɫɚɯɥɨɪɷɬɚɧɚ
(ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɞɟɝɚɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ) - ɜɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɦ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ
ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ.
ɗɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɸɬ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɥɨɦɚ,
ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɩɟɱɟɣ ɢ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ.
ɉɟɱɢ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɨ ɫɬɚɪɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɦɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɦɢ, ɞɚɸɬ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɨɬ 146 ɞɨ 233 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ. Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɵ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ; ɫɨɨɛɳɚɥɨɫɶ ɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɯ ɞɨ 10 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɦ3 (SCEP, 1994).
Ȼɚɪɚɛɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɟɜɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɠɤɟ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɞɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ. ȼ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ, ɝɞɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɥɨɦ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɥɨɦ ɫɨ ɫɦɚɡɨɱɧɨɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɦɚɫɥɚɦɢ, ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɚɦɢ) ɫ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɦ ɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɨɣ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɫ
ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɰɢɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ 100 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫ ɥɭɱɲɢɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɦ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɠɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ,
ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɥɨɦɚ ɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɚ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɦɢ ɢ ɜɞɭɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ,
ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 2, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɣ 35 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ
(LUA, 1997). Ⱦɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 3 ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɞɜɭɯ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɫ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɦ, ɫ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ
ɥɨɦɚ, ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɦɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɦɢ ɢ ɜɩɭɫɤɨɦ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ 3,5 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ
(ȿAȺ, 2003). Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɡ ɂɬɚɥɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ 5,2 ɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ Al. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 4
ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦ, ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ
ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ.
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ 5 ɢ 6 ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦ ɩɨ ɨɛɟɡɠɢɪɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɫɭɲɤɟ
ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɟɜɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɠɤɢ: ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 5, ɪɚɜɧɵɣ 5 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɤ
ɫɭɲɤɟ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɟɜɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɠɤɢ ɢ ɨɛɪɟɡɤɨɜ ɜɨ ɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɫ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ȿAȺ, 2003), ɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 6
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɨɛɟɡɠɢɪɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɨɛɪɟɡɤɨɜ ɜ ɪɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ ɫ
ɞɨɫɠɢɝɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɢ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɦɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɦɢ(ENEA/AIB/MATT 2003).
6.2.5.2 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɨɤɪɵɯ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɨɜ ɢɥɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ, ɧɚɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɠɢɞɤɢɟ ɫɬɨɤɢ. ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɬɶ ɜɫɹɤɢɣ ɫɛɪɨɫ ɠɢɞɤɢɯ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ ɫ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ
ɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ.
6.2.5.3 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɧɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ.
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
90
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
6.2.5.4 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɧɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ.
6.2.5.5 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɤɚɤ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɛɭɞɭɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. ɋɚɦɨɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫ ɩɵɥɶɸ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɦ,
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ
ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɚ ɥɸɛɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɭ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ.
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ 300-500 ɤɝ ɲɥɚɤɚ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɧɚ ɬɨɧɧɭ
ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ, ɚ ɜ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɯ - 10-35 ɤɝ ɩɵɥɢ ɧɚ ɬɨɧɧɭ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ. Ⱥɥɸɦɢɧɢɟɜɵɣ ɞɪɨɫɫ,
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɤɨɥɨ 25 ɤɝ ɧɚ ɬɨɧɧɭ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ (UBAVIE, 2000).
ȼ ɩɵɥɢ, ɭɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɦɢ, ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɨɬ 3 ɞɨ
18000 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ (SCEP, 1994; Bremmer ɢ ɞɪ., 1994). ɉɵɥɢ ɜ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ
ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ 8% ɨɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ (Dyke ɢ ɞɪ., 1997).
ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ 5000 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɜɟɫɬɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɪɚɜɧɵɣ 400 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 2 (ɬɨɧɤɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ). ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ
ɢɡ ɂɬɚɥɢɢ ɛɵɥ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ 183 ɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɛɵɥ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 200 ɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ
(ENEA/AIB/MATT 2003). Ⱦɥɹ
ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɤ 1 ɢ 2-ɦɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ
ɨɞɢɧ ɢ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ; ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɬɶɫɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 3 - ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ - ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ 100 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ.
6.2.6 ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ
ɂɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɞɜɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɭɬɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ ɢɡ ɫɭɥɶɮɢɞɧɵɯ ɪɭɞ ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɰɢɹ/ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɹɦɚɹ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɤɚ. ɗɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɤɟ ɦɚɥɵ
(SCEP, 1994), ɢ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ. ɉɨ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɦ ɩɪɢ
ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɰɢɢ/ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ.
Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɢɡ ɥɨɦɚ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ
ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɛɚɬɚɪɟɣ ɚɜɬɨɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɢɞɨɜ
ɩɟɱɟɣ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɪɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ, ɪɟɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ, ɬɢɝɟɥɶɧɵɟ, ɲɚɯɬɧɵɟ, ɞɨɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ. Ɇɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɹɦɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
ɗɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɜ ɥɨɦɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɯɥɨɪɚ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɛɵɥɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɉȼɏ ɜ ɫɟɩɚɪɚɬɨɪɚɯ ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɜ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɢ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɹɦɢ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ (EPA, 1998).
ɗɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɞɥɹ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɣ ɩɟɱɢ ɩɨ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɤɟ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ ɜ
Ɍɚɢɥɚɧɞɟ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɩɨ ɨɬɛɨɪɭ ɩɪɨɛ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ (UNEP, 2001;
Fiedler ɢ ɞɪ., 2002). ɇɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɞɜɟ ɪɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɢ ɩɨ
ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ. Ɇɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɟɱɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɚ 3,5-5 ɬ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɭɸ
ɩɚɪɬɢɸ, ɜɵɩɥɚɜɤɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɚɪɬɢɢ ɞɥɢɥɚɫɶ 2-3 ɱɚɫɚ. ɇɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɪɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɱɢ ɢɦɟɥɚɫɶ ɞɨɫɠɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɚɦɟɪɚ, ɫɬɨɹɤ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɝɨ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ,
ɰɢɤɥɨɧɧɵɣ ɫɟɩɚɪɚɬɨɪ ɢ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ. ɇɚ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɥɢɧɢɣ ɩɨɬɨɤ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢɡ
ɩɟɱɢ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɥɫɹ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɳɢɦɢ ɝɚɡɚɦɢ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɚɦɢ
ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢɡ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɨɬɜɨɞ
ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ ɩɟɱɢ, ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɨɬɜɨɞ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ ɲɥɚɤɚ, ɨɱɢɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɬɥɵ ɞɥɹ
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
91
ɪɨɡɥɢɜɚ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ, ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɨɬɜɨɞ ɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɥɨɦɚ ɫɵɪɶɹ,
ɩɥɚɜɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɟɱɶ ɢ ɩɟɱɶ ɩɨ ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɲɥɚɤɚ, ɤɨɬɟɥ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɲɥɚɤɚ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 27: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ - ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
1. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ ɢɡ ɥɨɦɚ,
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɉȼɏ
80
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
2. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ ɢɡ ɥɨɦɚ, ɧɟ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɉȼɏ/Cl2,
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ
8
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
50
3. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ ɢɡ ɥɨɦɚ, ɧɟ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɉȼɏ/Cl2 ɜ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ,
ɫ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɦ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɵ
0,5
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
4. ɂɫɬɢɧɧɨɟ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɟ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
6.2.6.1 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ ɢɡ ɥɨɦɚ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ (SCEP, 1994;
LUA, 1997), ɒɜɟɰɢɢ, Ȼɟɥɶɝɢɢ, ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɚɯ (LUA, 1997) ɢ ɋɒȺ (US-ȿɊȺ, 2000). ȼ
ɷɬɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɉȼɏ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɨɬ ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɜ, ɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɵ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɦɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɦɢ, ɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɚɦɢ.
ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɋɒȺ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɚ ɫɧɢɠɚɥɚ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ
ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚ 90% (US-EPA 2000).
ȼ ɋɒȺ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɩɟɱɟɣ
ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ (US-ȿɊȺ, 2000): ɞɨɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ = 0,63-8,81 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ
ɫɜɢɧɰɚ; ɨɬɪɚɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɜɦɟɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ ɩɟɱɢ = 0,05-0,41 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ;
ɪɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ = 0,24-0,66 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ. ɗɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɜ 10 ɪɚɡ ɜɵɲɟ
ɞɨ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɚ/ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ.
ɋɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ 8,31 ɢ 0,63 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɦ3 ɞɥɹ ɞɨɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ ɞɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ; 0,41 ɢ 0,05 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɦ3 ɞɥɹ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɨɜɦɟɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɫ
ɧɢɦɢ ɩɟɱɟɣ ɞɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɨɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ; ɢ 0,24 ɢ 0,66 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɦ3 ɞɥɹ
ɪɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ ɞɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɨɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ (US-ȿɊȺ, 2000).
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ 5 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ ɜ Ȼɟɥɶɝɢɢ
ɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɱɢ ɩɨ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɤɟ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ ɜ ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɚɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɥɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɣ
ɥɨɦ, ɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɥɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɩɭɫɤɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɚ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɦ (ɛɵɥɚ
ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜ 1,3 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɦ3). ɂɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ, ɞɚɥɢ
0,14-0,27 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3 ɧɚ ɪɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ, 0,59 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3 ɧɚ ɲɚɯɬɧɨɣ ɩɟɱɢ, 0,09-0,18
ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3 ɧɚ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɯ ɪɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ ɢ 0,14-0,27 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3 ɧɚ ɪɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ
ɩɟɱɚɯ. ɉɥɚɜɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɟɱɶ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ ɢɡ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɯ
ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɜ ɞɚɥɚ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ 0,2 ɢ 0,3 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3. ȼ ɨɬɱɟɬɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɯ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ
(LUA, 1997). ȼ ɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜ 5,0 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
92
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
ɫɜɢɧɰɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ ɢɡ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɟɦɵɯ
ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɪɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ, ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɤɪɵɦɢ
ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɚɦɢ. Ɂɚɜɨɞ ɫ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɹɦɢ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ 2 ɢ,
ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɭɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ,
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɦ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 27.
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ, ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɥɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɟɱɢ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ ɜ
Ɍɚɢɥɚɧɞɟ (ɪɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ ɫ ɞɨɫɠɢɝɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɰɢɤɥɨɧɨɦ ɢ ɪɭɤɚɜɧɵɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɦ),
ɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɨɬ 0,021 ɞɨ 0,032 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɦ3 ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ 0,027 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɦ3 ɞɥɹ
ɥɢɧɢɢ ɫ ɫɨɜɦɟɳɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɬɨɤɚɦɢ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɢ ɨɬ 0,06 ɞɨ 0,11 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɦ3 ɫɨ
ɫɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ 0,089 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɦ3 ɞɥɹ ɥɢɧɢɢ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɪɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɟɱɶ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ 19%. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɹɹ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɭ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ 10 ɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ ɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ,
ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫ 2 ( ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ = 8 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ), ɤɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 27 (UNEP, 2001; Fiedler ɢ ɞɪ., 2002).
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ 8 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ
ɩɟɱɟɣ, ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɦɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɦɢ, ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɉȼɏ ɜ ɫɟɩɚɪɚɬɨɪɚɯ
ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɜ. Ɉɰɟɧɨɱɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ 80 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ
ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɉȼɏ, ɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ 0,5 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ
ɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɵ
(ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɢɠɟ 0,1 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɦ3).
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɩɨɤɚ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ.
6.2.6.2 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɛɪɨɫɚ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ
ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɬɶ ɜɫɹɤɢɣ ɠɢɞɤɢɣ ɫɬɨɤ, ɚ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ.
6.2.6.3 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɧɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ.
6.2.6.4 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
ȼ ɪɚɮɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɜɢɧɰɟ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɧɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ.
6.2.6.5 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɯ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ
ɝɚɡɨɜ. ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ (SCEP, 1994), ɜ ɩɵɥɢ ɲɚɯɬɧɨɣ ɩɟɱɢ
ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɬ 2600 ɞɨ 3100 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ. Ʌɸɛɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɭ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. ɂɡ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ENEA ɛɵɥ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜ 50 ɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ
(ENEA/AIB/MATT 2003).
6.2.7 ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɰɢɧɤɚ
ɐɢɧɤ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧ ɢɡ ɪɭɞɵ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ.
Ɋɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɫɜɢɧɰɨɜɨ-ɰɢɧɤɨɜɵɯ ɪɭɞ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɷɬɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ, ɬɟɫɧɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ. ɇɟɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɵɣ
ɰɢɧɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɫ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɤɨɣ ɜ ɞɨɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɱɢ ɫɜɢɧɰɨɜɵɯ ɪɭɞ (HMIP,
1994), ɢɥɢ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɪɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɠɢɝɨɜɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ ɢɡ ɲɥɚɤɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ
ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ (LUA, 1997). Ⱦɥɹ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɰɢɧɤɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɥɨɦ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɟ ɫɵɪɶɟ, ɬɚɤɨɟ ɤɚɤ ɩɵɥɶ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ,
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
93
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɦɟɞɧɵɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ, ɫɬɚɥɟɩɥɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɭɝɨɜɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɭɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɦɢ ɩɵɥɶ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ), ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ,
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɥɨɦɚ, ɥɨɦ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ
ɨɰɢɧɤɨɜɵɜɚɧɢɹ. ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɰɢɧɤɚ ɢɡ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɟɫɬɢɫɶ ɜ
ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɰɢɧɤ ɪɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɠɢɝɨɜɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ (ɩɟɱɶ ȼɷɥɶɰɚ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɸɬ ɜ ɞɥɢɧɭ 95 ɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɨɤɨɥɨ 4,5 ɦɟɬɪɨɜ, ɨɧɢ
ɜɵɫɬɥɚɧɵ ɨɝɧɟɭɩɨɪɧɵɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ. Ƚɪɚɧɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɲɥɚɤ ɞɨɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ
ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɰɢɧɤɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɩɵɥɶɸ ɫɬɚɥɟɩɥɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜ. ɋɦɟɫɶ ɞɜɢɠɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɨɛɠɢɝɨɜɨɣ ɩɟɱɢ ɢ
ɪɚɡɨɝɪɟɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɤɚɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɝɚɡɚɦɢ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɤɭ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɭɸ
ɧɚ ɪɚɡɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɩɟɱɢ, ɞɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɲɥɚɤɨɞɵɦɥɟɧɢɹ
ɫɦɟɫɶ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ ɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɸɬ ɜ ɠɢɞɤɢɣ ɞɨɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɲɥɚɤ ɩɪɢ 1150-1250ɨɋ ɜ
ɩɟɱɢ ɫ ɜɨɞɹɧɵɦ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ. ɒɥɚɤ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɞɨɦɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɟɱɶ.
ɉɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɥɨɦɚ, ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɹ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɜ
ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɢɬɟɥɹɯ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ.
Ɋɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɸ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ ɢ ɰɢɧɤɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ (340 ɢ
440ɨɋ). ɉɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɰɢɧɤɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɫ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɮɥɸɫɨɜ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɵ ɰɢɧɤɚ
ɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ.
ɗɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɰɢɧɤɚ ɞɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɧɟ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɵ, ɧɨ
ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɦɢ (LUA, 1997).
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 28: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɰɢɧɤɚ
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ - ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɰɢɧɤɚ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
1. Ɉɛɠɢɝɨɜɚɹ ɩɟɱɶ ɛɟɡ
ɩɵɥɟɭɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ
1000
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
2. Ƚɨɪɹɱɟɟ ɛɪɢɤɟɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ/
ɪɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ, ɛɚɡɨɜɨɟ
ɩɵɥɟɭɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɟ; ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ,
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ
100
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
5
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
4. ȼɵɩɥɚɜɤɚ ɰɢɧɤɚ
0,3
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
5. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɧɤɚ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
3. ȼɫɟɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɟ
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ ɫ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ
ɭɝɥɟɦ/ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ DeDiox
6.2.7.1 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ
ɗɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɥɨɦɚ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɜɨɞɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɫɧɚɳɚɬɶɫɹ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ (HMIP, 1994; LUA, 1997).
ȼ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɝɨ ɛɪɢɤɟɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ (63-379
ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɰɢɧɤɚ ɫ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ 89 - 953 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɦ3, ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ = 521 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɦ3),
ɪɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɟɱɢ (62,3 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɫ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ 10 - 335 ɧɝ
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
94
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
Ɍɗ/ɦ3; ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ = 175 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɦ3) ɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɰɢɧɤɚ (ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɦɟɧɟɟ 0,1 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɦ3)
(LUA, 1997).
ɏɨɬɹ ɷɬɨɬ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧ, ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ 100 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɧɤɚ, ɛɭɞɶ ɬɨ
ɝɨɪɹɱɟɟ ɛɪɢɤɟɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɪɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɰɢɧɤɚ
ɜ ɩɟɱɶ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɚɥɢ ɥɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɭɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɦɢ ɡɨɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɵɥɶ ɢɡ ɫɬɚɥɟɥɢɬɟɣɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ (ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɡ əɩɨɧɢɢ), ɚ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɵɥɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧ ɨɰɟɧɨɱɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ, ɪɚɜɧɵɣ 1000 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ. Ⱦɥɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɯ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɫɟɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ, ɜɞɭɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɹ, ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧ ɨɰɟɧɨɱɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ 5 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ.
6.2.7.2 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɛɪɨɫɚ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ. ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɜɫɹɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɫ
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɤɚɡɚɧ.
6.2.7.3 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɧɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ.
6.2.7.4 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
ɍɪɨɜɧɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɪɚɮɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɰɢɧɤɟ ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵ.
6.2.7.5 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ
Ɉɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ.
6.2.8 ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɥɚɬɭɧɢ ɢ ɛɪɨɧɡɵ
Ʌɚɬɭɧɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɣ ɠɟɥɬɵɣ ɛɥɟɫɬɹɳɢɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɫɩɥɚɜɨɦ ɦɟɞɢ (55-90%) ɢ ɰɢɧɤɚ (10-45%). ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɥɚɬɭɧɢ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɸɬ ɜ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɞɢ ɢ ɰɢɧɤɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɣ, ɫɜɢɧɟɰ, ɨɥɨɜɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɢɤɟɥɶ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ,
ɢɡ ɥɚɬɭɧɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɤɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ, ɩɪɨɤɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɟɟ ɢ ɞɪ. Ʌɚɬɭɧɶ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ, ɩɟɪɟɩɥɚɜɥɹɹ ɥɨɦ ɥɚɬɭɧɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɥɹɹ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɞɢ ɢ ɰɢɧɤɚ. ȼ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ, ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧ
ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɦ ɢɥɢ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ.
Ȼɪɨɧɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɣ ɠɟɥɬɨɜɚɬɨ-ɤɨɪɢɱɧɟɜɵɣ ɫɩɥɚɜ ɦɟɞɢ ɢ ɨɥɨɜɚ,
ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ ɢ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ. Ȼɪɨɧɡɚ ɬɜɟɪɠɟ ɦɟɞɢ ɢ
ɥɚɬɭɧɢ. Ȼɪɨɧɡɭ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɬɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɨɜ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɛɪɨɧɡɵ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɞɢ ɫ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɠɟɥɚɟɦɵɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜ ɨɥɨɜɚ, ɰɢɧɤɚ ɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. Ʉɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ.
Ʌɚɬɭɧɶ ɢ ɛɪɨɧɡɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ, ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɬɢɝɥɹɯ ɢɥɢ ɫ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ,
ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ.
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɥɚɬɭɧɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɨ ɨɬɛɨɪɭ ɩɪɨɛ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ Ɍɚɢɥɚɧɞɟ (UNEP, 2001;
Fiedler ɢ ɞɪ., 2002). ɉɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɥɨ ɢɡ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɥɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɟɱɢ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɣ ɥɚɬɭɧɢ. ɂɡ ɥɚɬɭɧɢ,
ɜɵɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɢɡ ɩɟɱɢ, ɜɪɭɱɧɭɸ ɨɬɥɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɫɥɢɬɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɪɨɤɚɬɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ
ɥɢɫɬɵ, ɫɦɚɬɵɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɤɚɬɭɲɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ. ɉɟɱɶ ɬɨɩɢɥɢ
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
95
ɧɢɡɤɨ-ɫɟɪɧɢɫɬɵɦ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɦ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɦ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨɦ ɫ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɟɝɨ 30 ɥ/ɱɚɫ. ɉɟɱɶ
ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɞɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɧɵ ɩɪɢ 250 ɤɝ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɭ
ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ. Ⱦɵɦɨɜɵɟ ɝɚɡɵ ɢɡ ɩɟɱɢ ɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɛɥɢɡɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ
ɦɨɤɪɵɣ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɜɵɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɬɪɭɛɭ ɧɚ ɤɪɵɲɟ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɬɶ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ
ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɞɢ ɢ ɰɢɧɤɚ. ȼɵɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ (Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ
29).
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 29: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɥɚɬɭɧɢ ɢ ɛɪɨɧɡɵ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ - ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɥɚɬɭɧɢ/ɛɪɨɧɡɵ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
1. Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɟɡɠɢɪɢɜɚɧɢɟ
ɨɛɪɟɡɤɨɜ, ɞɨɫɠɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ, ɦɨɤɪɵɣ
ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪ
2,5
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
2. ɉɪɨɫɬɵɟ ɩɥɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ
10
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
3. ɋɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɣ ɥɨɦ, ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ
ɩɟɱɢ, ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ
3,5
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
125
4. ɋɥɨɠɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ ɫ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ
0,1
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
6.2.8.1 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ
ɗɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɥɨɦɚ. Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɬɪɭɛɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɩɨ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɤɟ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɣ ɥɚɬɭɧɢ ɜ Ɍɚɢɥɚɧɞɟ
ɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ 0,13 ɢ 0,21 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɦ3 ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ 0,15 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɦ3 ɩɪɢ
ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ 19%. ɗɬɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɭ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ 11 ɦɤɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɬ ɥɚɬɭɧɢ (11 ɦɤɝ ȼɈɁ-Ɍɗ/ɬ).
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 1 ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɩɥɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ,
ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɨ ɭɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɦɢ. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 2 ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ
ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɧɭɬɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ
ɩɟɱɚɦɢ, ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɪɭɤɚɜɧɵɦɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɦɢ ɢ ɦɨɤɪɵɦɢ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɚɦɢ.
6.2.8.2 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ
ȼɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɛɪɨɫɚ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɬɶ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɤɚɤɢɯɥɢɛɨ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ.
6.2.8.3 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ
ɇɢɤɚɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɧɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ.
6.2.8.4 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
ɍɪɨɜɧɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɪɚɮɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɥɚɬɭɧɢ ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵ.
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
96
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
6.2.8.5 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ
Ɉɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɜ
ɨɫɚɞɤɟ ɦɨɤɪɵɯ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɨɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɬɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ.
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ, ɜɡɹɬɵɯ ɢɡ ɨɫɜɟɬɥɢɬɟɥɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɜɨɞ ɦɨɤɪɨɝɨ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɚ, ɛɵɥɢ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ, 8683 ɢ 8567 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ ɤɝ
ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ; ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɫ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɛɵ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɵ ɤ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɦ ɨɬɯɨɞɚɦ. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ
ɢɥɨɜɵɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. Ʉɚɤ ɢ
ɨɠɢɞɚɥɨɫɶ, ɩɪɨɛɚ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ ɢɡ ɩɟɱɢ ɞɚɥɚ ɧɢɡɤɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ 13,6 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɤɝ (UNEP,
2001; Fiedler ɢ ɞɪ., 2002). Ⱦɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɟɳɟ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ.
6.2.9 ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɪɭɞɵ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɥɢɛɨ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɡɚ
ɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ (MgCl2), ɥɢɛɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ
ɦɚɝɧɢɹ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɥɨɦɢɬ, ɦɚɝɧɟɡɢɬ,
ɤɚɪɧɚɥɥɢɬ, ɪɚɫɫɨɥɵ ɢɥɢ ɦɨɪɫɤɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ. Ɇɚɝɧɢɣ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ ɢ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɝɧɢɣɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ.
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɡ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ. Ɉɧ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɦ ɫ
ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ.
ȼɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ.
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɞɨɥɨɦɢɬ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɜ ɩɟɱɢ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɪɟɬɨɪɬɟ ɫ ɮɟɪɪɨ-ɤɪɟɦɧɢɟɦ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɟɦ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ
ɤɚɥɶɰɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɞɟɤɚɪɛɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɟɝɢɞɪɚɰɢɢ ɞɨɥɨɦɢɬɧɨɝɨ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɹɤɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɪɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɢɥɢ
ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɟɱɶ.
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ ɜ ɇɨɪɜɟɝɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɥɨ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɚɝɧɢɣ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɞɨɥɨɦɢɬ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɨɥ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ
ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɟɱɢ ɜ ɩɚɪɚɯ ɋl2 ɩɪɢ 700-800ɨɋ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɵ
MgO ɢ ɤɨɤɫ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ MgCl2 (Oehme ɢ ɞɪ., 1989). ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɚ MgO ɫ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ Hɋl ɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɨɜɵɯ ɥɨɩɚɫɬɟɣ (“ɯɥɨɪɢɞɢɡɚɰɢɹ”) ɢɥɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɡ MgCl2 ɫ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɨɜɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɜ (Bramley, 1998). ɏɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɵ
ɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɥɢ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɢɡ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ
ɩɪɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɡɟ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ. ɗɬɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɢɬɟɥɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɞɚɥɹɬɶ ɢɡ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɱɬɨ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɦɨɤɪɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ, ɷɬɨ
ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ
ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ (BREF, 2001ɚ).
Ʌɸɛɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɟɧ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢɥɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ, ɜɨɞɭ ɢɥɢ
ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ. ɂɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɡɚɜɢɫɟɬɶ ɨɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɱɟɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ
ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. Ɍɚɤ ɭɝɨɥɶ
ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɱɟɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɤɨɤɫɚ
(Musdalslien ɢ ɞɪ. 1998).
ɇɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ ɜ ɇɨɪɜɟɝɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɢɡ ɩɟɱɢ ɝɚɡɵ
ɨɱɢɳɚɥɢɫɶ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɚɦɢ ɜ ɬɪɢ ɷɬɚɩɚ, ɩɵɥɶ ɭɞɚɥɹɥɚɫɶ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɦɨɤɪɨɝɨ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ. ɋɛɪɨɫɵ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɨɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
97
ɨɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ ɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ/ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ. ɋ
ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ, ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɵɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɧɨɪɜɟɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɰɟɧɟɧɵ ɜ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɱɟɦ 2 ɝ
ɇɨɪɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ Ɍɗ (ɇ-Ɍɗ), ɚ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ - 1 ɝ ɇ-Ɍɗ (Musdalslien ɢ ɞɪ., 1998).
Ⱦɨ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ, ɫɬɨɤɢ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɨɜ
ɫɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ. ȼɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 500 ɝ ɇ-Ɍɗ (Oehme,
1989).
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 30: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ - ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
1. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ MgO/C ɜ Cl2 - ɛɟɡ
ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɚɹ
ɨɱɢɫɬɤɚ ɝɚɡɨɜ
250
9000
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
0
2. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ MgO/C ɜ Cl2 ɜɫɟɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ
50
30
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
9000
3. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ
3
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
6.2.9.1 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ
ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ-ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɡɚ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵ. ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɢ
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɢɡ ɯɥɨɪɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɟɱɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɤɫɢɞ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɯɥɨɪɢɞ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ.
ȼ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɟ EU BREF ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ: ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ 0,8 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɦ3 ɜ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɝɚɡɚɯ ɩɪɢ ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ (ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ=12
ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ); ɞɥɹ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɛɵɥ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜ 28 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ, ɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɰɟɯɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɚɥɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜ 13 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ (BREF, 2001ɚ).
Ⱦɥɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɠɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ, ɧɨ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɦɨɤɪɵɟ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɵ, ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɰɟɧɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ
250 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɵɟ
ɦɨɤɪɵɟ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɵ ɢ ɞɨɫɠɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ, ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 50 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ 3 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ (BREF, 2001ɚ).
ɗɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢɥɢ
ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ, ɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ.
6.2.9.2 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɡɚɜɢɫɟɬɶ ɨɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɢɡ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ
ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɨɬ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ.
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
98
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ, ɨɬɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɬ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ MgO/ɤɨɤɫ ɜ Cl2, ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɫɟɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɸɸ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɭ ɜɨɞɵ (ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ), ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ
ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɯ ɫ ɧɨɪɜɟɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ 90-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ, ɢɥɢ
ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 1 ɝ Ɍɗ ɜ ɝɨɞ. Ⱦɨ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ
ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ 500 ɝ Ɍɗ ɜ ɝɨɞ, ɢ ɷɬɚ ɠɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɧɟ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ.
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜ 9000 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ
ɫɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɸɬ ɛɟɡ ɜɫɹɤɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ. ɉɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ
ɫɨɨɛɳɚɥɨɫɶ ɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ 33 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ (BREF, 2001ɚ).
6.2.9.3 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɬɢ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ
ɜɵɩɭɫɤ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ ɜ ɨɬɫɬɨɣɧɵɣ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧ. Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɯ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɜ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟ
6.2.9.5.
6.2.9.4 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
Ɉɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɦ ɦɚɝɧɢɢ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ.
6.2.9.5 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ, ɤɚɤ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ.
Ɉɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɫɬɚɞɢɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɨɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɬɫɬɨɣɧɨɦ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɟ,
ɱɬɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɸ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ
ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɡɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɩɨ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬ 0,01 ɬɨɧɧɭ ɢɥɨɜ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ (BREF, 2001ɚ).
ɂɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɦɚɥɨ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɯ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɯ,
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɢɥɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ.
Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɥɢɲɶ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɭɸ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ.
ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɚ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ, ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɯ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ
ɧɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɸɬ (ɯɨɬɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɭɬɶ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɫɬɚɞɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ). ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɪɚɜɟɧ ɧɭɥɸ. Ɍɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ
ɜɫɟɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɸɸ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɭ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ
ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɭɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɚ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɨɧɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ
ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɯ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ 9000
ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ.
6.2.10 ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɱɢɯ ɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ
ɐɜɟɬɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɢ ɪɚɮɢɧɢɪɭɸɬ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ.
Ʉɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɢɯ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɫɥɨɠɧɵ, ɢ ɜ ɞɟɬɚɥɹɯ ɧɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɵ.
Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɇɨɪɜɟɝɢɢ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɚ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɣ ɞɥɹ
ɪɚɮɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɧɢɤɟɥɹ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ NiCl2 ɜ NiO ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɫɹ
ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪ ɫ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɨɠɢɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɥɨɟɦ ɩɪɢ 800ɨɋ, ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɹɟɬ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ (Oehme ɢ ɞɪ., 1989).
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
99
Ɍɟɫɬɵ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ, ɜɵɹɜɢɥɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɥɨɜɚ (ɞɨ
113 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ), ɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɨɥɨɜɚ,
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ (Bröker ɢ ɞɪ., 1999).
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ, ɚ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɨɦɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ
ɨɱɢɫɬɤɨɣ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ. Ɇɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɨɠɢɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɫɵɪɶɟ ɧɟ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɨ, ɚ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɚ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɜɫɟɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɹɹ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɩɵɥɟɭɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɦɢ
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɦɢ, ɜɞɭɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɢ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɹ, ɚ ɜ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɞɨɫɠɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ.
ȼɚɠɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɬɢɬɶ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ
ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ.
ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ
ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ. ȼɵɛɪɨɫɵ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ, ɜɨɞɭ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ. ɉɪɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɢɩ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɬɶ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ Cl2 ɢɥɢ
ɝɟɤɫɚɯɥɨɪɷɬɚɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɮɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɜ ɫɵɪɶɟ ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ.
ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɧɢɤ ɩɨɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɢ ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɷɬɢ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɢ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 31: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɰɜɟɬɧɨɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɢ
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ - ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
1. Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɜ
ɰɜɟɬɧɨɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɢ –
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɥɨɦ, ɩɪɨɫɬɨɟ
ɩɵɥɟɭɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɟɝɨ
ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ
2. Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɜ
ɰɜɟɬɧɨɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɢ – ɱɢɫɬɵɣ
ɥɨɦ, ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ/ɜɞɭɜɚɧɢɟ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ/ɞɨɫɠɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
100
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
2
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
6.2.10.1 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ
ɗɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɫɨ ɫɥɚɛɵɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɦ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɚɟɦɵɯ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɦ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. Ⱦɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ
ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɬɢ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ
ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɛɪɵɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɬ ɦɟɧɟɟ 1 ɧɝ/ɦ3 (ɤɥɚɫɫ 2) ɞɨ
ɞɟɫɹɬɤɨɜ ɧɝ/ɦ3 (ɤɥɚɫɫ 1).
6.2.10.2 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɬɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɛɪɨɫ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ.
ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɬɶ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ.
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
100
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
6.2.10.3 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɢɪɭɸɬ ɧɚ
ɡɟɦɥɟ.
6.2.10.4 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
ȼ ɪɚɮɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹɯ ɧɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ.
6.2.10.5 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. Ⱦɥɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɸ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ.
6.2.11 ɂɡɦɟɥɶɱɢɬɟɥɢ
Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɫɹ ɨɛ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɢɬɟɥɹɯ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɢɬɟɥɢ ɞɥɹ
ɨɬɫɥɭɠɢɜɲɢɯ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɟɣ. ɗɬɢ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɡɚɝɥɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɢ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɟ, ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɫ ɤɭɥɚɤ, ɤɭɫɨɱɤɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ, ɧɨ ɨɧɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɢ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦɢ. ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɜ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɢɬɟɥɹɯ
ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɚɸɬ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɥɟɝɤɢɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɜɟɥɨɫɢɩɟɞɵ, ɨɮɢɫɧɭɸ ɦɟɛɟɥɶ, ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɟ
ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɵ, ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɭɸ «ɛɟɥɭɸ» ɬɟɯɧɢɤɭ (ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɢɤɢ, ɩɥɢɬɵ, ɫɬɢɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɦɚɲɢɧɵ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɢ «ɬɟɦɧɭɸ» ɬɟɯɧɢɤɭ (ɬɟɥɟɜɢɡɨɪɵ, ɪɚɞɢɨ ɢ ɞɪ.) (Nijkerk and Dalmijn
2001). ɂɡɦɟɥɶɱɢɬɟɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɵɟ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ, ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɨɞɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɚɤɨɜɚɥɟɧ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɛɢɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɵɫɬɥɚɧɵ ɢɡɧɭɬɪɢ
ɥɢɫɬɚɦɢ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚɟɬ ɪɨɬɨɪ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ
ɤɚɱɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɦɨɥɨɬɚɦɢ ɢɡ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ. ɉɨɞ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ
ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɞɨɧ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ.
Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɬɨɤ ɢɡ ɱɟɪɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɱɢɫɬ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ (50 ɦɦ) ɤɭɫɨɱɤɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɢ "ɜɫɩɭɲɟɧɧɵɣ"
ɩɨɬɨɤ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɢɡ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɱɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɩɨɩɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ
ɜ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɢɬɟɥɶ (ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɨɛɥɟɧɢɹ).
ɉɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɜ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟ 6.1.4.
ɇɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɜ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɢɬɟɥɶ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɵɣ ɥɨɬɨɤ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɞɨɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ
ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɜ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɢɬɟɥɶ. ɇɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ
ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɩɵɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɵɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬɶ ɢɡ ɰɢɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɢɥɢ
ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɨɜ ȼɟɧɬɭɪɢ, ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ
ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɩɨ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ, ɪɚɡɦɟɪɭ ɢ ɩɪ. (Nijkerk and Dalmijn
2001).
ɂɡɦɟɥɶɱɢɬɟɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɜɲɢɯ ɫɜɨɣ ɫɪɨɤ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɟɣ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɋ
Ʉɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ
ɋɈɁ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ
ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɢɥɢ ɉɏȻ.
ɂɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɢ ɉɏȻ, ɜɵɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɢɡ
ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɩɪɨɢɫɬɟɤɚɸɬ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ/ɩɪɟɞɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɉɏȻ
ɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɢɜɧɟɫɟɧɵ ɫ ɦɚɫɥɚɦɢ, ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɢ ɩɪ., ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɜ
ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɹɯ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɚɯ. ɂɡɦɟɥɶɱɢɬɟɥɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ
ɜɵɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɚɸɬ ɷɬɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ (SC BAT/BEP 2004).
ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɹ ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɵɲɟ ɪɚɡɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ, ɢ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ
ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɛɵɥ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ
ɞɥɹ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɢɹ (Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 32).
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
101
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 32: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɢɬɟɥɟɣ.
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ - ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɫɬɚɥɢ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
ɉɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɩɨ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɢɸ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
0,2
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
6.2.11.1 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ
ɗɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɉɏȻ ɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ,
ɡɚɝɪɭɠɚɟɦɨɦ ɜ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɢɹ (ɬɚɤɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ,
ɛɵɬɨɜɨɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɢɛɨɪɵ), ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ
ɜɵɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ SCEP (1994), ɛɵɥ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ 0,2 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ
(ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ 0,04-0,4 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɦ3). ɇɟɞɚɜɧɟɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɪɟɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɩɨ
ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɢɸ ɜɨ Ɏɥɚɧɞɟɪɟ (Ȼɟɥɶɝɢɹ), ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɰɢɤɥɨɧɚɦɢ,
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɧɢɠɟ 0,1 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3 (ɩɨ 9 ɢɡ 10
ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ) (Francois et al. 2004).
6.2.11.2 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɬɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɛɪɨɫ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɬɶ ɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɥɸɛɵɯ
ɠɢɞɤɢɯ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ, ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɤɚɤɭɸ-ɥɢɛɨ ɢɯ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɭ.
6.2.11.3 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɧɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ.
6.2.11.4 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
ɉɨɯɨɠɟ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɤɚɤ-ɬɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɵ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ
ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ.
6.2.11.5 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɚɦɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɡɚɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɵɥɟɭɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɢ, ɢɥɢ
ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɢɹ (ɧɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ). ȼ ɧɢɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ
ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɟ
ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ. Ɋɟɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɩɚɫɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɬɢ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ.
6.2.12 Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ
ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɛɟɥɹ – ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɦɟɞɶ ɢ ɫɜɢɧɟɰ
ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ. ȼ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɦ, ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ, ɷɬɨɬ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɧɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ ɥɨɦɚ
ɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɟɤ. ȼɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɛɵ
ɪɚɫɰɟɧɟɧɚ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɧɚɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɫɥɨɠɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɱɶ ɫ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɢɡ ɞɨɫɠɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɚɦɟɪ ɢ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɨɜ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜɫɟ ɢɧɝɪɟɞɢɟɧɬɵ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ:
ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞ (ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ), ɯɥɨɪ (ɉȼɏ ɢɥɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫ ɩɥɟɫɟɧɶɸ) ɢ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ
(ɦɟɞɶ).
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
102
Ɇɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɠɢɝɚɟɦɵɯ ɜɧɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ,
ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɦɚɥɨɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ. Ɇɟɫɬɚ,
ɝɞɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɦ.
Ȼɵɥɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ (Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 33). ɗɬɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɫɠɢɝɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɦɟɞɧɨɝɨ
ɤɚɛɟɥɹ ɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɟɤ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 33: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ - ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
5000
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
2. ɉɪɨɫɬɚɹ ɩɟɱɶ ɫ ɞɨɫɠɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɢ
ɦɨɤɪɵɦ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɨɦ
40
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
3. ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɨɬɨɪɨɜ,
ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɨɞɨɤ, ɢ ɞɪ. ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɞɨɫɠɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ
3,3
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
1. Ɉɬɤɪɵɬɨɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɛɟɥɹ
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 1 ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɦ, ɜɧɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ, ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ, ɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ
ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 2 ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɨ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɟɱɢ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ.
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 3 ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɱɟɣ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɨɛɦɨɬɤɢ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɨɬɨɪɨɜ, ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɨɞɤɢ ɢ ɩɪ., ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɵ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ
ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ.
6.2.12.1 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ
ɇɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚɦ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɝɨ
ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɛɟɥɹ, ɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɚɥɨ ɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɥɨ ɨɬ ɥɢɰ, ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɛɟɥɹ ɧɚ
ɡɚɤɨɧɧɨɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ. ɋɚɦɵɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ, ɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɥɨɫɶ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɢ
254 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɦ3 ɞɥɹ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ (ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɡ Ƚɨɥɥɚɧɞɢɢ), ɚ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɞɨɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɞɨ 500 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ, ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɝɨɥɥɚɧɞɫɤɨɦ ɢ
ɚɜɫɬɪɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɚɯ (LUA, 2000); ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɛɵɥɢ 3,3 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ. ȼ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɟ
ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɢɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ 2340 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ (LUA, 2003). Ⱦɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ
ɩɪɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɦ ɛɟɫɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ ɛɵɥ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜ 5000 ɦɤɝ
Ɍɗ/ɬ (ɤɥɚɫɫ 1).
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 2 ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɛɟɥɹ ɜ ɩɟɱɚɯ,
ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɫɠɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɤɚɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɢ ɦɨɤɪɵɦɢ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɚɦɢ. Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜ 40
ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɞɥɹ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɚ Bremmer ɢ ɞɪ. (1994).
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɟɱɟɣ, ɫɠɢɝɚɸɳɢɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɨɬɨɪɵ, ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɨɞɤɢ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ,
ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɫɠɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɚɦɟɪɨɣ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ 3,3 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ
(Bremmer ɢ ɞɪ., 1994).
ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɜɫɹɤɭɸ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɭɸ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ ɩɨ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɬɶ
ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɢ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ.
6.2.12.2 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ
ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɱɶ ɢ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɤɪɵɣ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɠɢɞɚɬɶ
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
103
ɦɨɤɪɵɯ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɨɜ, ɩɪɨɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɭɞɶɛɭ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ ɢ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɬɶ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɜɢɞ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ
ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ.
6.2.12.3 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɦ ɨɝɧɟ, ɜ ɷɬɨɦ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɟ. ȼ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɧɟɥɟɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɥɢɫɶ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɞɨ 98000 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬɫɹ,
ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɜ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟ, ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɨɦ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɦ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɛɟɥɹ ɜɧɟ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɬɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɢ ɬɚɤɢɟ
ɦɟɫɬɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɜɵɹɜɥɹɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ "ɝɨɪɹɱɢɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ".
6.2.12.4 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
Ʉɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɭɸ ɦɟɞɶ ɧɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ.
6.2.12.5 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ, ɤɚɤ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɛɭɞɭɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɢ
ɢɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɥɨɫɶ.
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
104
6.3 Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ 3 – ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ
Ɋɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ, ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ (ɩɟɱɢ) ɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ
ɬɟɩɥɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɨɦ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ
(ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɩɨɩɭɬɧɨɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ - ɞɨ 1/3 ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɩɟɱɢ), ɛɢɨɝɚɡɟ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɝɚɡ ɢɡ
ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɢ ɛɢɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ. ȼ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 34 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɩɹɬɶ
ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ
ɫɪɟɞɚɦɢ, ɤɭɞɚ ɢɞɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɛɵɬɭ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɢɳɢ ɫ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɥɢɛɨ ɛɢɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ (ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ), ɥɢɛɨ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ.
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɢɪɭɸɬ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɟ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 34: ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ 3 – ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ
ʋ
Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɢ
ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
3
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢ
ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ
ɏ
ɚ
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɧɚ
ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɨɦ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ
(ɭɝɨɥɶ, ɧɟɮɬɶ, ɝɚɡ, ɝɨɪɸɱɢɣ
ɫɥɚɧɟɰ ɢ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɟ
ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɫ ɨɬɯɨɞɚɦɢ)
ɯ
ɯ
b
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɧɚ
ɛɢɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ (ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɚ,
ɫɨɥɨɦɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɱɟɟ
ɛɢɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ)
ɯ
ɯ
c
ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢɡ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɛɢɨɝɚɡɨɜ
ɯ
ɯ
d
Ɉɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɦɨɜ ɢ
ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɢɳɢ
(ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ
ɛɢɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ)
ɯ
(ɯ)
ɏ
e
Ɉɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɦɨɜ ɢ
ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɢɳɢ ɫ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ
(ɭɝɥɹ, ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ ɝɚɡɚ)
ɯ
(ɯ)
ɏ
(ɏ)
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
ɏ
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɢɥɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ,
ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɛɢɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɧɟ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɦɚɫɫɟ (ɜ ɬɨɧɧɚɯ) ɫɨɠɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ. ɉɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ
ɞɥɹ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɛɵɥɚ ɛɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɚ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
105
"ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɦ", ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɜ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟ 6.3,
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɟ ɬɟɩɥɨ ɢɥɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ, ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ
ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɫɨɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɨɣ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜɦɟɫɬɨ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɦɤɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɬ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ, ɨɧɢ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɦɤɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɌȾɠ ɩɪɢɜɧɟɫɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɩɥɚ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ
ɥɟɝɤɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɦɵ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɨɦ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ,
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ. Ⱦɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ
ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɭɝɥɟɣ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɫɜɟɬɚ, ɪɚɫɬɹɧɭɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɧɚ
ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɫɱɟɬɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ, ɜ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟ 11.3,
ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ.
Ɂɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ ɋɬɚɬɶɟɣ 5, ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɋ
ɋɬɨɤɝɨɥɶɦɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ
ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɋɬɚɬɶɢ 5, ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɋ ɑɚɫɬɢ II ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ:
(ɚ)
Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ
ɉɨɩɭɬɧɨɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ ɜ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ
6.3 (ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ)
Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɋ ɑɚɫɬɢ III ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ:
(ɫ)
(d)
(e)
Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ
ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ
ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɯ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚɯ
ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɜ
ɤɨɬɥɚɯ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɜ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɬɥɚɯ
ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɢɡ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ
Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ ɜ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ
6.3.4; 6.3.5
ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɩɪɢ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, 6.3.1; 6.3.5
6.3.2
6.3.1 ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɨɦ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ
Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɹɯ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɨɦ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ. ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ
ɞɨɥɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɹɯ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɨɦ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ,
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 50-70% ɨɬ ɜɫɟɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ. ȼɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɧɚ
ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɨɦ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ 90% ɨɬ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɜ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚɯ.
Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɩɨ ɬɢɩɭ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ, ɭɝɨɥɶ, ɬɹɠɟɥɨɟ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ (ɦɚɡɭɬ), ɥɟɝɤɢɟ
ɮɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɝɚɡ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɬɢɩ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɨɝɨ
ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɜ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɫ ɥɸɛɵɦ ɜɢɞɨɦ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɢɥɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
106
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɢ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɩɚɪɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɵ. ȼɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɞɜɟ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ – ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ.
ɂɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɨɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɸɬ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɨɬ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ ɫ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɨɩɤɨɣ ɞɨ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɵɯ ɨɱɟɧɶ
ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫ ɤɨɬɥɨɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɨɦ/ɤɚɦɟɪɨɣ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɦ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ. ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɭɝɥɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ, ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɬɥɨɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɭ
ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɲɥɚɤɚ ɢɡ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ȼ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɤɨɬɥɚɯ ɫ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɦ ɲɥɚɤɨɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟɦ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɟɱɢ ɫ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɨɩɤɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɵɥɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɫɨ
ɜɫɬɪɟɱɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɝɨɪɟɥɨɤ ɜ ɫɬɟɧɤɚɯ ɤɨɬɥɚ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɯ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ
ɢɥɢ ɭɝɥɨɜɵɦ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ (ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɬɢɩ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɬɥɨɦ ɫ
ɬɚɧɝɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɨɩɤɨɣ). ȼɫɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɠɢɝɚɸɬ ɭɝɨɥɶ ɨɱɟɧɶ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ, ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɲɥɚɤɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ ɧɚ ɞɧɟ ɤɨɬɥɚ. ȼ ɬɚɤ
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɤɨɬɥɚɯ ɫ ɠɢɞɤɢɦ ɲɥɚɤɨɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ
ɩɵɥɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɟɥɨɤ ɜ ɰɢɤɥɨɧɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ U-ɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɬɨɩɤɟ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ
ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ, ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɲɥɚɤɚ ɢ
ɟɝɨ ɫɬɟɤɚɧɢɸ ɧɚ ɞɧɨ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɲɥɚɤɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɩɭɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ,
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɢɥɨɜ, ɱɚɳɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɤɨɬɥɵ ɫ ɠɢɞɤɢɦ
ɲɥɚɤɨɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟɦ. Ɋɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɲɥɚɤ ɧɚ ɞɧɟ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ,
ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ, ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ
ɜ ɨɬɯɨɞɚɯ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜɫɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɢɬɟɥɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜ ɞɵɦɨɜɨɣ ɝɚɡ.
Ɍɹɠɟɥɨɟ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ (ɦɚɡɭɬ) ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɸɬ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ.
Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɟɝɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɸɬ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɝɨɪɟɥɨɤ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ, ɜɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ
ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɤɨɬɥɚ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɨɩɭɬɧɨɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɠɢɞɤɢɯ
ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɢɥɨɜ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɟ ɦɚɫɥɨ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɢ.
Ʌɟɝɤɢɟ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɝɚɡ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɫɠɢɝɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ
ɫɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ, ɢ ɦɚɥɨɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɢɞɚ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɨɣ
ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɧɵɦ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɦɚɥɵɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɣɫɹ
ɡɨɥɵ, ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ ɟɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ. Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɦ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ ɫ ɠɢɞɤɢɦɢ ɨɬɯɨɞɚɦɢ
ɢɥɢ ɢɥɚɦɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɠɢɞɚɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ.
ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɚɥɢɹ, Ȼɪɚɡɢɥɢɹ, Ʉɚɧɚɞɚ, Ʉɢɬɚɣ, ɗɫɬɨɧɢɹ,
Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɹ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ, ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɹ (ɒɨɬɥɚɧɞɢɹ), ɘɠɧɚɹ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɚ, ɂɫɩɚɧɢɹ, ɒɜɟɰɢɹ ɢ
ɋɒȺ, ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɝɨɪɸɱɢɯ ɫɥɚɧɰɟɜ (ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɦ. ɜ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟ 6.4.7
– ɉɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɝɨɪɸɱɢɯ ɫɥɚɧɰɟɜ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɚɧɰɟɜɨɟ ɦɚɫɥɨ –
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɟ ɧɟɮɬɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɗɫɬɨɧɢɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ 90% ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɫɥɚɧɰɟɜɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɥɚ (Schleicher 2004a).
Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ, ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɫɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɵɦɨɜɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ. Ɉɫɬɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɢ
ɯɥɨɪ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɭɝɥɟ, ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ-ɯɥɨɪɢɞɧɵɯ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɜ
ɪɟɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ, ɩɨɱɜɭ ɢ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɦɢ ɩɭɬɹɦɢ
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɥɟɬɭɱɭɸ ɡɨɥɶɧɭɸ
ɩɵɥɶ. ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ, ɝɞɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ
ɦɨɤɪɵɟ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɵ ɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɧɢɯ. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ
ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ. Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɢ (ɢɥɵ) ɢɡ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɨɜ, ɜ ɬɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɧɢ
ɨɬɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ, ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ "Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɢ". ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ,
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
107
ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ Ȼɟɥɶɝɢɢ, Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɢɢ, ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɩɹɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ. Ɉɧɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 35.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 35: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ
ɬɟɩɥɚ/ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ (ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ)
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ - ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɌȾɠ
ɫɨɠɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɨɞɚ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
1. ɗɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɬɥɵ ɧɚ
ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɨɦ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ/ɩɨɩɭɬɧɨ
ɫɠɢɝɚɟɦɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɚɯ
35
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
2. ɗɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɬɥɵ ɧɚ ɭɝɥɟ
10
ɇɈ
14
3. ɗɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɬɥɵ ɧɚ
ɬɹɠɟɥɨɦ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɦ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ
(ɦɚɡɭɬɟ)
2,5
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
4. ɗɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɬɥɵ ɧɚ
ɫɥɚɧɰɟɜɨɦ ɦɚɫɥɟ
1,5
ɇɈ
*
5. ɗɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɬɥɵ ɧɚ
ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɹɯ
ɧɟɮɬɢ/ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɝɚɡɟ
0,5
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
* ȼɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɫ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɦɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɦɚɫɫɵ (ɫɦ. Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ 6.3.1.5).
ɗɬɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ
ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɸ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɦ ɫ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɥɟɬɭɱɟɣ
ɡɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ. ɗɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɲɥɚɤ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ. ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ
ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ.
6.3.1.1 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ
ɉɪɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ. Ʉɚɤ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ 0,1 ɧɝ
Ɍɗ/ɦ3. ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɧɚ ɨɞɢɧ-ɞɜɚ
ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ. ȼ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ Ƚɨɥɥɚɧɞɢɢ,
ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɭɝɥɟ, ɞɚɥɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ 0,35 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ, ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɡ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ
ɤɨɥɟɛɚɥɢɫɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ 0,004 ɢ 0,2 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ (0,09 ɢ 7,1 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɌȾɠ), ɚ ɦɟɞɢɚɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɡ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɨ 0,14 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ (ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ: 0,06-0,32 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ).
ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ 230 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɌȾɠ. ɉɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɢɡ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɥɨɜ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɝɚɡɟ, ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɬ 0,02 ɞɨ 0,03 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɌȾɠ (LUA, 1997).
ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 1 ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ
ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɨɬ 0,4 ɞɨ 118 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɌȾɠ. ȼ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɚ ɦɟɞɢɚɧɚ - 35 ɦɤɝ
Ɍɗ/ɌȾɠ. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 2 ɛɵɥ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧ ɤɚɤ ɦɟɞɢɚɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ
ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɨɬ 230 (ɲɜɟɣɰɚɪɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ LUA, 1997) ɞɨ 7
ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɌȾɠ. Ʉɥɚɫɫ 3 ɛɵɥ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧ ɢɡ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ 1
ɢ 4 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɌȾɠ. Ⱦɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 4 ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ ɧɚ ɞɜɭɯ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɹɯ ɜ ɗɫɬɨɧɢɢ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɫɥɚɧɰɟɜɨɦ ɦɚɫɥɟ; ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɜ
ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ 2,3-24 ɩɤɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3 (ɩɪɢ 10% Ɉ2). Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ
400 ɩɤɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3 (ɩɪɢ 10% Ɉ2) ɧɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɥɢɫɶ ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
108
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ (Schleicher et al. 2004).
Ⱦɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 5 ɜɵɛɪɚɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ
0,5-1,5 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɌȾɠ (LUA, 1997; IFEU, 1998; Environment Canada, 1999).
6.3.1.2 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɧɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɤɪɵɯ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɨɜ
ɢ ɧɚɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ, ɷɬɭ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɧɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ.
6.3.1.3 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɧɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ
ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɱɜɨɣ.
6.3.1.4 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɧɟ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ.
6.3.1.5 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɯ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɥɟɬɭɱɟɣ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ, ɫɤɭɞɧɵ,
ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ
ɥɟɬɭɱɟɣ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɫɝɨɪɟɜɲɟɝɨ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɢ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɟɦɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ.
ȼ ɗɫɬɨɧɢɢ, ɝɞɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɫɥɚɧɰɟɜɨɦ ɦɚɫɥɟ, ɛɵɥ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɥɟɬɭɱɟɣ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ, ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɧɵɯ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɨɫɚɞɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ. ɗɬɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɥɟɬɭɱɟɣ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ
ɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɨɬ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɵɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɞɨ 1,66 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɡɨɥɵ (ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ
Ɍɗ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɥɫɹ LOQ) (Schleicher et al. 2004ɚ, Roots 2001). ɗɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ, ɠɟɥɚɸɳɢɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɫɥɚɧɰɟɜɨɦ ɦɚɫɥɟ ɢ
ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɨɫɚɞɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɭɦɧɨɠɢɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ
ɜɵɲɟɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ (= 1,2 ɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɥɟɬɭɱɟɣ ɡɨɥɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɨɫɚɞɢɬɟɥɹ) ɧɚ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɥɟɬɭɱɟɣ ɡɨɥɵ, ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɡ
ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɯ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ
ɭɝɥɹ (Dyke ɢ ɞɪ., 1997; ȿɋ, 1999). Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɥɟɬɭɱɟɣ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɢ
0,23-8,7 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɩɵɥɢ, ɚ ɜ ɡɨɥɟ ɫ ɤɨɥɨɫɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ – 0,02-13,5 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ.
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɚɠɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɲɟ (ɞɨ 53 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ). ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɹ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɜɵɯɨɞ ɡɨɥɵ
10% ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ 4 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɡɨɥɵ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ 0,4
ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɹ (ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ 14 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɌȾɠ).
6.3.2 ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɛɢɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ
Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɵ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɚ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ,
ɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɛɢɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ, ɛɭɞɶ ɬɨ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɜɟɬɤɢ, ɤɨɪɭ, ɨɩɢɥɤɢ,
ɫɬɪɭɠɤɭ ɢ ɞɪ., ɬɨɪɮ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɫɨɥɨɦɚ, ɤɨɠɭɪɚ ɰɢɬɪɭɫɨɜɵɯ, ɫɤɨɪɥɭɩɚ ɤɨɤɨɫɚ, ɩɨɦɟɬ ɩɬɢɰ, ɷɤɫɤɪɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɜɟɪɛɥɸɞɨɜ ɢ
ɞɪ.). ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɛɢɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɟɡ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ
ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɜ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ, ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɚɪɨɜɵɯ
ɤɨɬɥɚɯ. ȼ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɞɜɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɩɨ ɬɢɩɭ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɛɢɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɤɨɬɥɵ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɟ, ɢ ɤɨɬɥɵ,
ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɢɞɚɯ ɛɢɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɟɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ,
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
109
ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɢ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɩɚɪɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɵ. ȼɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ
ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɪɟɞɚɦɢ, ɤɭɞɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɞɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ
ɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɧɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɝɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ,
ɨɧ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧ ɜ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟ 6.1.6.
Ȼɢɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɸɬ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɨɬ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ ɫ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɨɩɤɨɣ ɞɨ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɵɯ ɨɱɟɧɶ
ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫ ɤɨɬɥɨɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɨɦ/ɤɚɦɟɪɨɣ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɦ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ. ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɛɢɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ, ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɬɥɨɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɭ
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ.
ȼ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ ɫ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɨɩɤɨɣ (ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɡɚɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɬɟɥɟɦ)
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɚɹ, ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɞɜɢɝɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɤɨɥɨɫɧɢɤɨɜɚɹ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɚ, ɧɚ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɛɢɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ ɩɪɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɩɟɱɢ. ɋɧɢɡɭ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ
ɛɢɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ. ȼɫɟ ɷɬɢ ɬɨɩɨɱɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɫɠɢɝɚɸɬ
ɛɢɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ, ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɡɨɥɵ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ ɧɚ
ɞɧɟ ɤɨɬɥɚ. Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ
ɥɟɬɭɱɟɣ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ.
ȼ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɤɨɬɥɚɯ ɫ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɨɠɢɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɥɨɟɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɣ ɫ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɦ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɟɫɤɨɦ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɡɨɥɨɣ) ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɪɚɡɠɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɜɚɧɢɢ
ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ. Ȼɢɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɚɸɬ ɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɜ ɪɚɡɠɢɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ, ɝɞɟ
ɨɧɨ ɢ ɫɝɨɪɚɟɬ. ɉɫɟɜɞɨɨɠɢɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɡɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ ɫ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɦɢ
ɝɚɡɚɦɢ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɜ (ɦɭɥɶɬɢ)ɰɢɤɥɨɧɧɭɸ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɢɥɢ ɪɭɤɚɜɧɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɡɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɨɩɹɬɶ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ
ɤɨɬɟɥ. ȼɵɯɨɞ ɲɥɚɤɚ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɟɧ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɨɜɫɟ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜɫɟ
ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɥɢɛɨ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɨɠɢɠɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ, ɥɢɛɨ ɨɫɟɞɚɸɬ ɧɚ
ɰɢɤɥɨɧɧɨɦ ɫɟɩɚɪɚɬɨɪɟ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɟɫɶ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ
ɥɟɬɭɱɟɣ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɟ ɢɥɢ ɪɭɤɚɜɧɨɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɟ.
ɉɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦɢ ɠɟ
ɨɛɳɢɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦɢ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɨɦ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ. ɇɚ
ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡ Ȼɟɥɶɝɢɢ, Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ ɢ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ, ɛɵɥɢ
ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɞɜɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ. Ɉɧɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 36. ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ
ɜɨɞɭ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ, ɝɞɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɦɨɤɪɵɟ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɵ, ɢ
ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɧɢɯ. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ. Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɢ (ɢɥɵ) ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɨɜ, ɜ ɬɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɧɢ
ɨɬɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ, ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ "Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɢ".
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 36: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɧɚ ɛɢɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ - ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɌȾɠ ɫɨɠɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɛɢɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɨɞɚ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
1. ɗɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɬɥɵ
ɧɚ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɦ
ɛɢɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ
500
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
2. ɗɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɬɥɵ
ɧɚ ɧɟɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɨɣ
ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɟ
50
ɇɈ
15
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
110
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɷɬɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ
ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɫɭɞɶɛɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ
ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɡɨɥɵ. ɗɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɲɥɚɤ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ
ɜ ɛɢɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɬ 0,5% (ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɚ) ɞɨ 1% (ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɛɢɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ).
ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ
ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɧɚ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ.
ɋ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɠɢɝɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɛɢɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɛɚɝɚɫɫɵ: 3 ɤɝ ɛɚɝɚɫɫɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ 1 ɤɝ ɫɚɯɚɪɚ (Choong Kwet Yive 2004). ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ
ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɛɚɝɚɫɫɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɜ
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ (ɌȾɠ). ȼ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟ 11.3 – Ɍɟɩɥɨɬɚ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ - ɞɥɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ 3
– ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ 8 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ ɢ 10 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ ɛɚɝɚɫɫɵ.
6.3.2.1 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ
ɉɪɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ ɛɢɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɣ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 1 ɛɵɥ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɞɥɹ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ
ɫɨɥɨɦɵ (ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɡ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ), ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ ɨɬ 17 ɞɨ 54 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ.
ɉɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹɦ ɢɡ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɢɢ, ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɸɬ ɨɬ 2 ɞɨ 500 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɌȾɠ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɹɫɶ
ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɜ 8-11 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ, ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɛɵɥ
ɜɵɛɪɚɧ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ 500 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɌȾɠ, ɯɨɬɹ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨ
5000 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɌȾɠ. Ʉɥɚɫɫ 2 ɛɵɥ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧ ɩɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚɦ ɨɬ 4,7 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ
ɫɨɠɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ (ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ Ȼɟɥɶɝɢɢ) ɞɨ 5,4 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɫɨɠɠɟɧɧɨɣ
ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ (ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ). Ɉɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɜ 12-15 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 350 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ȽȾɠ (LUA, 1997; IFEU, 1998; Environment Canada, 1999).
6.3.2.2 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɧɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɤɪɵɯ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɨɜ
ɢ ɧɚɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ, ɷɬɭ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɧɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ.
6.3.2.3 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɧɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ
ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɱɜɨɣ.
ɧɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ
6.3.2.4 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɧɟ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ.
6.3.2.5 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ
Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɟ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɱɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ
ɢɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɦ ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ, ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɣ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
ɨɬ 30 ɞɨ 3000 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɞɥɹ ɡɨɥɵ (ɲɥɚɤɚ) ɢ 30-23300 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɞɥɹ ɥɟɬɭɱɟɣ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ.
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɲɥɚɤɭ ɢ ɥɟɬɭɱɟɣ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɜ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ, ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɚɹ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɚɫɶ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ. ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ - 3000 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɡɨɥɵ 0,5%.
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
111
ɉɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɜɢɞɚɦ ɛɢɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɨ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ,
ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
6.3.3 ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢɡ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ/ɛɢɨɝɚɡɨɜ
Ƚɚɡ ɢɡ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ/ɛɢɨɝɚɡ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɚɧɚɷɪɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ. ɉɨɥɭɱɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɝɚɡ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɦɨɧɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ (ɋɈ), ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ (ɋɈ2), ɦɟɬɚɧɚ
(ɋɇ4) ɢ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ (NH4) ɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜ ɝɨɪɸɱɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɞɵ (H2O). Ⱦɨɥɹ ɝɨɪɸɱɟɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 50%, ɚ ɟɝɨ
ɬɟɩɥɨɬɚ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ - 15-25 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ. ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɨɜ
ɢɡ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ/ɛɢɨɝɚɡɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɮɚɤɟɥɚɯ, ɜ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ
ɦɨɬɨɪɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɚɯ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ.
ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜ ɤɨɬɥɚɯ,
ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɝɚɡɟ, ɢɥɢ ɜ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ/ɝɚɡɨɬɭɪɛɢɧɧɵɯ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹɯ. Ɉɛɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɱɟɧɶ
ɫɯɨɠɢ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɚɦɢ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɝɚɡɟ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ. ȿɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ,
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ, ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɚɯ ɢ
ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 37.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 37: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ ɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɮɚɤɟɥɚɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ
ɢɡ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ/ɛɢɨɝɚɡɨɜ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
Ʉɨɬɥɵ, ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ/ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ, ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɜ
ɮɚɤɟɥɚɯ
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ - ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɌȾɠ
ɫɨɠɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
8
6.3.3.1 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ
ɉɪɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ ɝɚɡɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɢɡ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ/ɛɢɨɝɚɡɚ,
ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ, ɤɭɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɛɵɥ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧ ɢɡ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɦɟɠɞɭ 7,6 ɢ 8,4 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɌȾɠ ɫɨɠɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɛɢɨɝɚɡɚ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɢɢ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɜ
ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ (LUA, 1997; IFEU, 1998; Environment Canada, 1999).
ɉɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɨɬ 0,001 ɞɨ 0,28 ɧɝ ɆɌɗ/ɦ3, ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɜ Ƚɨɥɥɚɧɞɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ 0,07 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/3 (LUA, 1997). ɉɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ
ɧɟɞɚɜɧɟɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ Ȼɟɥɶɝɢɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɛɵɥɢ ɧɢɠɟ 0,1 ɝ ɆɌɗ/ɇɦ3 (ɩɪɢ 5% Ɉ2) ɩɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹɦ ɫɠɢɝɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɜ ɮɚɤɟɥɚɯ ɛɢɨɝɚɡɚ ɧɚ ɩɹɬɢ ɦɨɝɢɥɶɧɢɤɚɯ
(Idczak et al. 2004).
6.3.3.2 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɧɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ.
6.3.3.3 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɧɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɝɚɡ ɢɡ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ/ɛɢɨɝɚɡ ɫɝɨɪɚɟɬ, ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ.
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
112
6.3.3.4 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɧɟ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ.
6.3.3.5 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɧɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɝɚɡ ɢɡ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ/ɛɢɨɝɚɡ ɫɝɨɪɚɟɬ, ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ.
6.3.4 Ɉɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɦɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɢɳɢ (ɧɚ ɛɢɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ)
Ɉɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɢɳɢ ɜ ɠɢɥɵɯ ɞɨɦɚɯ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɛɢɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ –
ɨɛɵɱɧɚɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ. ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ
ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɚ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɛɢɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ,
ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɥɨɦɚ, ɬɨɪɮ ɢ ɞɪ. ȼ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɞɜɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ – ɷɬɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɱɢɫɬɨɬɵ
ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚɯ
ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɱɟɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɝɞɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɛɢɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ, ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɤɚɤ ɭɬɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ. Ɍɚɤ
ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɢɞɟɬ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɱɢɫɬɵɦ ɛɢɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɨɦ ɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɛɢɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɨɦ,
ɬɚɤɢɦ ɤɚɤ, ɩɪɨɩɢɬɚɧɧɚɹ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɨɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɚ, ɫɨɥɨɦɚ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ
ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɫɬɢɰɢɞɨɜ. ȼɨɡɞɭɯ, ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɢ, ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɩɨɱɜɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɫɪɟɞɚɦɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ.
Ȼɢɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɥɢɳɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɢɳɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɸɬ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ
ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ, ɨɬ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɩɟɱɧɵɯ ɤɚɦɟɪ ɢ ɨɱɚɝɨɜ ɞɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ
ɩɟɱɟɣ ɢ ɬɨɩɨɤ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɟ. ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɛɢɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ
ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɢɳɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɯ, ɜɫɟ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɵ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ, ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɬɨɝɨ
ɤɚɤ ɪɚɫɬɟɬ ɜɚɥɨɜɨɣ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɢ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ.
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ
ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɫ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɦ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɛɟɡ ɧɟɝɨ. ȼɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɜ
ɜɨɞɭ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ. ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɬɢ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɟɫɥɢ
ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɟ – ɷɬɨɬ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟ
6,6 «ɇɟɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ» – ɢɥɢ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ.
ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɦɢ ɩɭɬɹɦɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ, ɩɨɱɜɚ ɢ
ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɢɢ, Ȼɟɥɶɝɢɢ, Ⱦɚɧɢɢ,
Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ, ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɚɯ, ɒɜɟɰɢɢ, ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɢɢ ɢ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ, ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɞɜɟ
ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ. Ɉɧɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 38.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 38: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɦɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɢɳɢ ɫ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɛɢɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɌȾɠ ɫɨɠɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɛɢɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɡɨɥɵ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
1. ɉɟɱɢ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɨɦ
ɛɢɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ
1500
ɇɈ
1000
2. ɉɟɱɢ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɱɢɫɬɨɦ
ɛɢɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ
100
ɇɈ
10
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
113
ɂɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ
ɢɧɨɦɭ, ɱɟɦ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɚ, ɛɢɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɭ. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɫ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ ɨɛ
ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɯ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ, ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɡɨɥɟ (ɢ ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ
ɬɟɩɥɨɬɨɣ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ). ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ
EXCEL ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɩɨ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ 3, ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ
ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ.
6.3.4.1 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɩɪɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ ɛɢɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ.
ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 1 ɛɵɥ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɜɲɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ – ɨɬ 2 ɞɨ 50 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɫɨɠɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ. ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ
2,4 - 4,7 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ, ɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɚɜɫɬɪɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɧɟɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ. ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ 0,2 - 0,7 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ, ɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɦ ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ, ɫɭɞɹ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦɭ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɧɢɠɧɸɸ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɭ
ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ. Ɍɨ ɠɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɲɜɟɣɰɚɪɫɤɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ 24 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ȽȾɠ. ȼɚɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ,
ɱɬɨ, ɩɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹɦ, ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɱɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɛɢɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɧɚ ɨɞɢɧ
ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɢɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ, ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɤ
ɩɪɨɩɢɬɚɧɧɚɹ/ɢɥɢ ɨɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɚ. ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɞɥɹ ɱɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɛɢɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ
ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ 1,5 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ, ɚ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ - ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ 25
ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɟ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ 12-15 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ,
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɱɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɛɢɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ - 100 ɦɤɝ
Ɍɗ/ɌȾɠ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ - 1500 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɌȾɠ (LUA, 1997; IFEU, 1998). LUA (1997)
ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ 50 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɞɥɹ ɫɥɟɝɤɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɢɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɢ 500 ɦɤɝ
Ɍɗ/ɬ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ, ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɩɢɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɉɏɎ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ 3300
ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɌȾɠ ɢ 50000 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɌȾɠ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ.
6.3.4.2 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɧɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ.
6.3.4.3 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɧɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɟ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ, ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧ.
6.3.4.4 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɧɟ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ.
6.3.4.5 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ
ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɟ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɟɬ ɨɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɧɚɧɨɝɪɚɦɦɨɜ ɞɨ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɬɵɫɹɱ ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ (ɢɥɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ). ɉɪɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ
ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɡɨɥɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɩɢɬɚɧɧɨɣ
ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɦ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. ɋɪɟɞɧɢɟ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ Wunderli ɢ ɞɪ.(1996), ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɤɚɤ
ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ: ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ, 1000 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɡɨɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɢ 10
ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɞɥɹ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ. ɉɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɬɨɪɮɚ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɝɨɪɸɱɟɝɨ ɧɟ
ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɫ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ Ɍɗ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɜ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ Mehrag and
Killkam (2003) ɛɵɥɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɨ 60,6 ɧɝ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ (ɬɟɬɪɚ-ɨɤɬɚɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ
ɝɨɦɨɥɨɝɨɜ) ɧɚ ɤɝ ɬɨɪɮɹɧɨɣ ɡɨɥɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɛɟ 19 ɜɟɤɚ. ɉɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
114
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 2 ɞɥɹ ɬɨɪɮɹɧɨɣ ɡɨɥɵ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ
ɡɚɧɢɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ.
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɵ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɡɨɥɵ,
ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɨɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ ɡɨɥɵ.
6.3.5 Ɉɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɛɵɬɭ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɢɳɢ (ɧɚ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɨɦ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ)
ɂɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɨɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɛɵɬɭ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɢ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ. ɍɝɨɥɶ, ɧɟɮɬɶ (ɥɟɝɤɢɟ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɢ) ɢ
(ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɣ) ɝɚɡ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ,
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɛɵɬɭ, ɨɧɢ ɠɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɬɪɢ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɪɟɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ
ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɜɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ. ȼɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɭɝɥɹ ɜ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ.
ɂɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɨɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɸɬ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɯ - ɨɬ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ ɫ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɨɩɤɨɣ ɞɨ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫ ɤɨɬɥɨɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɨɦ/ɤɚɦɟɪɨɣ
ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɧɵɯ
ɠɢɥɵɯ ɞɨɦɚɯ.
ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɛɵɬɭ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɬɢɩɚɯ ɤɨɬɥɨɜ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɨ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɭ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɭ. ȼ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ
ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɧɟɮɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɝɚɡ,
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɩɟɱɶ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚ ɜɨɞɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɨ
ɡɞɚɧɢɸ, ɜɵɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɚɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɬɟɩɥɨ ɜ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ
ɛɚɬɚɪɟɹɯ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ. ɗɬɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵ, ɨɧɢ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɧɵɦ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ,
ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɸ (ɢɥɢ ɜɨɜɫɟ ɛɟɡ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ). ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɬɢɩ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɦ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ (ɭɝɥɟ) ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɬɨɩɨɤ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɟ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɫɬɟɧ ɞɥɹ
ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɧɚɬ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ. ɗɬɢ ɬɨɩɤɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ, ɧɨ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ
ɬɨɩɤɢ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɩɟɱɢ. ɗɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɬɚɪɵɟ, ɦɟɧɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɢ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɨɣ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ
ɜ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɡɨɥɚ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɚɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɧɟɮɬɢ.
ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɢɢ, Ȼɟɥɶɝɢɢ,
ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ, Ⱦɚɧɢɢ, Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ, ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɚɯ, ɉɨɥɶɲɟ, ɒɜɟɰɢɢ ɢ ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɢɢ,
ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ. Ɉɧɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 39.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 39: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɛɵɬɭ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɨɝɨ
ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
1. Ɍɨɩɤɢ ɧɚ ɭɝɥɟ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɯɥɨɪɚ
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɌȾɠ ɫɨɠɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɡɨɥɵ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
15000
30000
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
115
2. Ɍɨɩɤɢ ɧɚ ɭɝɥɟ
100
5000
3. Ɍɨɩɤɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɦ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ
10
ɇɉ
4. Ɍɨɩɤɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɝɚɡɟ
1,5
ɇɉ
ɗɬɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɭɝɥɹ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɜ
ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɡɨɥɵ.
6.3.5.1 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɦ ɩɪɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɭɝɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɨ 2 ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ 2
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 2 ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɩɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹɦ ɢɡ
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɢ ɨɬ 1,6 ɞɨ 50 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɫɨɠɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɹ.
ȼɚɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɸ ɭɝɥɹ ɜ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ
ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ 1-7 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɫɨɠɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɹ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɞɥɹ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɜ 3 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɭɝɥɹ ɜ 30 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɣ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɨɤɨɥɨ 100 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɌȾɠ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ 0,91 ɦɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ, ɨ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɚɜɫɬɪɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ. ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɢɟɣ, 230 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ȽȾɠ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɛɥɢɠɟ ɤ
ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɚ (LUA 1997). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɜ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɟɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɢɫɶ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɠɟ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɩɪɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ ɭɝɥɹ ɢɡ ɉɨɥɶɲɢ ɜ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɛɵɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ. Kubica et al. (2004) ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɨɬ 108,5
ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɞɨ 663,9 ɦɤɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɬ ɫɨɠɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɹ. ɗɬɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɯɥɨɪɚ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɭɝɥɟ, ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɸɳɟɦ ɨɬ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɵɯ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɞɨ 0,4% ɩɪɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟ ɜ 1,5% ɯɥɨɪɚ. ɉɪɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɯ 400 ɦɤɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɬ ɫɨɠɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɹ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɟ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ 25 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ
ɛɢɬɭɦɢɧɨɡɧɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɹ ɢɡ ɉɨɥɶɲɢ (ɢ ɭɝɥɟɣ ɢɡ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɨɜ ɫ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɦɢ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ) ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 1 ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 15000 ɝ Ɍɗ/ɌȾɠ.
ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 3 ɛɵɥ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ
ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ, ɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɨɬ 0,04 ɞɨ 2 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ. ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ 0,04 ɦɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ, ɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ
ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɚɜɫɬɪɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ, ɜ ɬɨ
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ 0,5 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ȽȾɠ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɲɜɟɣɰɚɪɫɤɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɤɪɚɣɧɟ
ɧɢɡɤɨɣ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɞɥɹ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ - 0,5 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ.
ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɭ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ 44-46 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ, ɛɵɥ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɪɚɜɧɵɣ 10 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɌȾɠ.
ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 4 ɛɵɥ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧ ɩɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ
ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚɦ ɨɬ 0,04 ɞɨ 0,07 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɦ3. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ
ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ 0,05 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɦ3. ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɭ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɚ 32-35 ɆȾɠ/ɦ3, ɛɵɥ
ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɪɚɜɧɵɣ 1,5 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɌȾɠ (LUA, 1997; IFEU, 1998;
Environment Canada, 1999).
6.3.5.2 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɧɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ.
6.3.5.3 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɧɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ.
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
116
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
6.3.5.4 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɧɟ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ.
6.3.5.5 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ
Ȼɵɥɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɵ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɥɟɬɭɱɟɣ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ
ɭɝɥɹ, ɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɬ 4 ɞɨ 42000 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ (Dumler ɢ ɞɪ.,
1995). ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ
5000 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɯɥɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɹ ɢɡ ɉɨɥɶɲɢ ɧɟ ɛɵɥ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɵɫɲɢɟ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɡ Dumler et al. (1995) ɞɥɹ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 1.
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
117
6.4 Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ 4 – ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɢɡ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɫɵɪɶɹ
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɨɛɨɛɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɢɡ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ. Ʉ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɢɥɢ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɝɨ
ɯɥɨɪɢɞɵ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɚ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɡɨɧɟ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜ ɩɟɱɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɠɢɝɚ ɢ ɫɭɲɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɟɜɵɫɨɤɢ. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɦ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ
ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 40 ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɜ ɪɟɟɫɬɪ
ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ ɢ ɮɭɪɚɧɨɜ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 40: ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ 4 – ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɢɡ
ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ
ɉɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ
ʋ
ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ
4
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ
ɢɡ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ
ɏ
ɏ
ɚ
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ
ɏ
x
b
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ
ɏ
x
c
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ
ɏ
x
d
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ
ɏ
x
e
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ
ɏ
x
f
ɉɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɚɫɮɚɥɶɬɨɜɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ
ɏ
g
ɉɢɪɨɥɢɡ ɝɨɪɸɱɟɝɨ ɫɥɚɧɰɚ
ɏ
x
X
ɯ
Ɂɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ ɋɬɚɬɶɟɣ 5 ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɋ
ɋɬɨɤɝɨɥɶɦɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ
ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɋɬɚɬɶɢ 5, ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɋ ɑɚɫɬɢ II ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ:
(b)
Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ
ɐɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ
ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ ɜ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ
6.4.1
6.4.1 ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɫɵɪɶɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɝɥɢɧɚ ɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɹɤ.
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɬ.ɟ. ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɚ
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
118
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ (CaCO3) ɩɪɢ 900ɨɋ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ (CaO, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɶ) ɢ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞɚ
ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ (ɋɈ2). Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 1400-1500ɨɋ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɶ
ɜɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɫ ɤɪɟɦɧɟɡɟɦɨɦ, ɝɥɢɧɨɡɟɦɨɦ ɢ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɦ ɞɜɭɯɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɫ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɢɥɢɤɚɬɨɜ, ɚɥɸɦɢɧɚɬɨɜ ɢ ɮɟɪɪɢɬɨɜ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ (=ɤɥɢɧɤɟɪɚ). Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɤɥɢɧɤɟɪ
ɩɟɪɟɦɚɥɵɜɚɸɬ ɢɥɢ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɚɸɬ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɝɢɩɫɨɦ (CaSO4) ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ (BREF, 2001b).
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ:
ɫɭɯɨɣ, ɩɨɥɭɫɭɯɨɣ, ɩɨɥɭɦɨɤɪɵɣ ɢ ɦɨɤɪɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ. ɉɪɢ ɫɭɯɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɫɵɪɶɟ
ɩɟɪɟɦɚɥɵɜɚɸɬ ɢ ɜɵɫɭɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɞɨ ɫɵɪɶɟɜɨɣ ɦɭɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ,
ɢɥɢ ɩɟɱɶ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɠɢɝɚ (ɢɥɢ ɪɟɠɟ ɜ ɞɥɢɧɧɭɸ ɫɭɯɭɸ ɨɛɠɢɝɨɜɭɸ ɩɟɱɶ).
ɋɭɯɨɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɯ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɡɚɬɪɚɬ, ɱɟɦ ɦɨɤɪɵɣ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɤɥɢɧɤɟɪɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ (WBCD 2004). ȼ ɦɨɤɪɨɦ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ, ɫɵɪɶɟ (ɨɱɟɧɶ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜɥɚɝɢ) ɩɟɪɟɦɚɥɵɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɫɬɚ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɡɚɤɚɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɨɛɠɢɝɨɜɭɸ ɩɟɱɶ ɢɥɢ ɜɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɜ ɫɭɲɢɥɶɧɭɸ
ɩɟɱɶ. Ⱦɥɹ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɦɨɤɪɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɧɚ ɬɨɧɧɭ ɤɥɢɧɤɟɪɚ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ. ȼɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɫɵɪɶɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɧɚ
ɦɟɫɬɨ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ, ɩɟɪɟɦɚɥɵɜɚɸɬ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɚɸɬ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɵɪɶɟɜɨɣ
ɦɭɤɢ ɫ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɢ ɫ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ. ɗɬɭ
ɫɵɪɶɟɜɭɸ ɦɭɤɭ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɸɬ ɜ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɤɥɢɧɤɟɪ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɢɪɨɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜ
ɪɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ (50 ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɜ ɞɥɢɧɭ ɢ ɫɜɵɲɟ 5 ɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɜ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɟ). Ɉɧɢ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɜɵɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɝɧɟɭɩɨɪɧɵɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ, ɫɥɟɝɤɚ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɬ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɢ ɢ ɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɫɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ 1-3
ɨɛ./ɦɢɧ. Ⱦɥɢɧɧɵɟ ɪɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ ɭɫɬɚɪɟɜɲɟɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ 200 ɦ
ɞɥɢɧɨɣ (BREF, 2001b). ɋɵɪɶɟ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɬɫɹ
ɜɧɢɡ ɤ ɧɢɠɧɟɦɭ ɤɨɧɰɭ ɧɚɜɫɬɪɟɱɭ ɩɨɬɨɤɭ ɪɚɫɤɚɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ. Ɋɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ,
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ, ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɵɪɶɟ ɢ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɝɚɡɵ ɞɜɢɠɭɬɫɹ ɜ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɬɨɤɟ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɸ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ (ɫɜɵɲɟ 1400ɨɋ ɧɚ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɦ ɤɨɧɰɟ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɥɢɧɤɟɪɚ) ɢ
ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɜ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ (5-7 ɫɟɤɭɧɞ). ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɜɫɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɢɬɟɥɢ, ɩɪɢɧɟɫɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ
ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨɦ, ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɬɨɩɤɟ.
ȼ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɫɵɪɶɟɜɨɣ ɦɭɤɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɬ ɜ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ
ɦɭɥɶɬɢɰɢɤɥɨɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹɯ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜɜɟɪɯ ɪɚɫɤɚɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɝɚɡɵ,
ɜɵɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɢɡ ɩɟɱɢ, ɫɨɩɪɢɤɚɫɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɢɞɭɳɢɦ ɜɧɢɡ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɦ ɫɵɪɶɹ. ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɭɯɢɯ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɞɨ ɬɨɝɨ ɤɚɤ ɫɵɪɶɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɬ ɜ ɨɛɠɢɝɨɜɭɸ ɩɟɱɶ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɨɧɨ
ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɟɱɶ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɠɢɝɚ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɤɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ
ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɵɪɶɟɜɚɹ ɦɭɤɚ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɨɛɠɢɝɨɜɭɸ ɩɟɱɶ ɜ
ɜɢɞɟ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɫɬɚ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɡɚɬɪɚɬɚɦ, ɧɚ 40% ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɳɢɦ
ɷɧɟɪɝɨɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. ȼ ɩɨɥɭɫɭɯɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɦɨɤɪɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ
ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɫ ɤɨɥɨɫɧɢɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɚɦɢ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɤɚɤ ɩɟɱɢ Lepol.
ɇɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɤɥɢɧɤɟɪ ɨɫɬɭɠɚɸɬ. Ʉɚɤ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɝɨɪɹɱɢɣ ɤɥɢɧɤɟɪ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡ
ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɩɟɱɢ, ɟɝɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɨɫɬɭɠɚɸɬ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ ɜ ɤɥɢɧɤɟɪɧɨɦ
ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɢɤɟ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɚ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɟɣɫɹ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɟ ɫ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɞ ɧɟɣ
ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɩɪɨɞɭɜɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɥɢɧɤɟɪ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ (ȿɆȿɊ, 1999).
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
119
ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɥɢɧɤɟɪ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɫ ɝɢɩɫɨɦ, ɚ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬɧɵɯ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫ
ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦɢ, ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɤɚɤ ɲɥɚɤ ɞɨɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ, ɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɚɥɵɜɚɸɬ ɞɥɹ
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɨɪɨɲɨɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɯɪɚɧɢɬɫɹ ɜ
ɛɭɧɤɟɪɚɯ ɞɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɪɨɫɫɵɩɶɸ ɢɥɢ ɭɩɚɤɨɜɤɢ ɜ ɦɟɲɤɢ.
Ɉɛɵɱɧɵɦɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɭɝɨɥɶ, ɧɟɮɬɶ, ɝɚɡ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɣ ɤɨɤɫ. ȼɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ
ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɸɱɢɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ
ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɵɦ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨɦ. ɗɬɢ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ: ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɟ
ɦɚɫɥɚ, ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɢ, ɦɭɤɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ
ɨɬɯɨɞɵ ɢ, ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɨɩɚɫɧɵɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɠɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ
ɬɨɩɨɱɧɨɦ (ɝɨɪɹɱɟɦ) ɤɨɧɰɟ ɩɟɱɢ. ɑɚɫɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɲɢɧɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɟɱɶ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɬ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɝɨ ɟɟ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɢɥɢ
ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ.
Ɍɟɫɬɵ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɋɒȺ, ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ 1990ɝɝ., ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ, ɝɞɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɥɢ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ (EPA, 1998). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɢɟ ɢ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɦ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɢ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ, ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɦ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɵɥɟɭɥɨɜɢɬɟɥɹ ɜ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ.
ɇɟɞɚɜɧɨ Ɏɨɧɞ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ (SINTEF, Oslo, Norway)
ɡɚɜɟɪɲɢɥ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɢɡ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ. ȼ
ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɨɥɧɵɯ ɢɡ
ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɡ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɨɬɱɟɬɨɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ (WBCSD 2004).
ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ, ɞɥɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɭ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ ɜ 0,1 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3 (ɩɪɢ 10%
Ɉ2) ɧɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɪ (ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ). ɋɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɦɟɪɵ
ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɦɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ:
-
Ȼɵɫɬɪɨɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɢɡ ɩɟɱɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɞɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɢɠɟ 200 °C ɜ
ɩɟɱɚɯ ɦɨɤɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ (ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ ɜ ɩɟɱɚɯ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɫ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɟɦ/ɤɚɥɶɰɢɧɚɬɨɪɨɦ);
-
Ɉɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɤɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɵɪɶɟɜɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɜ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ;
-
ɇɟɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ;
-
Ɇɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ ɢ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ:
- ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɢ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ
- ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɚɹ ɞɨɡɢɪɨɜɤɚ
- ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ.
ɉɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɪ, ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ
ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɸ ɞɥɹ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ ɜ 0,1 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3 ɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɤɥɚɫɫ 3 ɜ
ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ. ɉɨɩɭɬɧɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɢɥɢ
ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ
ɫɵɪɶɹ,
ɡɚɝɪɭɠɚɟɦɨɝɨ
ɜ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭɸ
ɩɟɱɶ
ɢɥɢ
ɜ
ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ/ɤɚɥɶɰɢɧɚɬɨɪ, ɧɟ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɢ ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɢɯ
ɭɪɨɜɧɹ (BREF 2001b, WBCSD 2004). ȼ ɨɬɱɟɬɟ SINTEF ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
120
ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɸ 0,1
ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɦ3.
Ⱦɚɧɧɨɟ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ ɩɪɨɛ ɧɚ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɵ
ɢ ɢɯ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɜ Ɍɚɢɥɚɧɞɟ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɨɛɵ ɧɚ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɵ ɢ
ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɪɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɠɢɝɨɜɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ ɧɚ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɦ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɨɦ ɡɚɜɨɞɟ. ɉɪɨɛɵ ɨɬɛɢɪɚɥɢɫɶ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɨɛɠɢɝɨɜɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ ɩɪɢ
ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ (ɩɨɥɧɚɹ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ, ɫɦɟɫɶ ɥɢɝɧɢɬɨɜ ɢ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɣ ɤɨɤɫ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ
ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ) ɫ ɩɨɩɭɬɧɵɦ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟɦ (ɚ) ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ
ɩɨɤɪɵɲɟɤ ɢ (ɛ) ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɫɥɚ (UNEP, 2001;
Fiedler ɢ ɞɪ., 2002).
ȿɫɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ Ⱥɡɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɤɥɢɧɤɟɪɚ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɲɚɯɬɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ, ɫ ɫɭɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ 50 – 300 ɬ/ɫɭɬɤɢ (NEC 1999, van Oss
1997). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɦ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɨ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɤ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɚɪɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ ɦɨɤɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ (ɤɥɚɫɫ
2). ȿɫɬɶ ɧɚɞɟɠɞɚ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɤɨɪɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ.
Ȼɵɥɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɧɢɠɟɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ (Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 41). Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ
ɢɡ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ, ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ. ȼ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
ɩɵɥɶ, ɧɚɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɜ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɨɞɚɯ, ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɠɢɝɨɜɭɸ ɩɟɱɶ
ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɫɵɪɶɟɦ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 41: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ - ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
1. ɒɚɯɬɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ
5.0
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
2. ɋɬɚɪɵɟ ɨɛɠɢɝɨɜɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ,
ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɨ ɦɨɤɪɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ,
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
>300ɨɋ
5,0
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
3. Ɋɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ,
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ, ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ,
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ 200-300ɨɋ
0,6
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
4.Ɉɛɠɢɝɨɜɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɨ
ɦɨɤɪɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ,
ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
<200ɨɋ
0,05
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
Ɉɛɠɢɝɨɜɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɨ
ɫɭɯɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ, ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ/
ɤɚɥɶɰɢɧɚɬɨɪ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ <200ɨɋ
6.4.1.1 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ
ɗɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɫɨɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɛɭɞɭɬ ɡɚɜɢɫɟɬɶ
ɨɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɞɵɦɨɜɨɦ ɝɚɡɟ ɢ ɨɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɝɚɡɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɧɚ
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
121
ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ
ɩɟɱɚɯ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɨ ɦɨɤɪɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɩɟɱɚɯ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ
ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ 1500 - 2500 ɦ3 ɧɚ ɬɨɧɧɭ ɤɥɢɧɤɟɪɚ (BREF 2001b).
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ SINTEF (WBSCD 2004) ɨɩɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ, ɱɟɦ 1700 ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɫ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ 1990 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ
ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɨɬ ɩɟɱɟɣ ɦɨɤɪɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɨɬ ɡɚɜɨɞɨɜ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɨɦ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ ɢ «ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɦ» ɫɵɪɶɟ, ɢ ɡɚɜɨɞɨɜ,
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɫɵɪɶɟ ɢ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ
ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ ɢ ɫɵɪɶɟ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɥɨɫɶ ɫɨɩɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦɭ
ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɸ
ɜ
ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ
ɩɟɱɢ,
ɪɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɨɛɠɢɝɨɜɨɣ
ɩɟɱɢ
ɢɥɢ
ɜ
ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɟ/ɤɚɥɶɰɢɧɚɬɨɪɟ. ȼɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɷɬɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɟɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɨɣ.
ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɭ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɛɵɥɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɢɠɟ
0,1 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɦ3; ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɩɟɱɟɣ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɢɠɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɟɱɟɣ
ɦɨɤɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. ɗɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɧɢɠɟ
0,05 Ɍɗ/ɬ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɡɚɜɨɞɵ ɫɱɢɬɚɥɢɫɶ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɤ
ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɦ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦ (BAT), ɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɤɥɚɫɫ 4.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ SINTEF ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɬɚɪɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ (ɢɡ ɋɒȺ) ɫ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɹɦɢ ɞɨ 25,8 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɦ3, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɭ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ 16,7 ɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ.
Ɉɱɟɧɶ ɧɢɡɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ
ɩɪɨɛ ɜ Ɍɚɢɥɚɧɞɟ ɧɚ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɨɦ ɡɚɜɨɞɟ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɫɭɯɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ. ɉɪɢ
ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ (ɥɢɝɧɢɬ/ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɣ ɤɨɤɫ ɢ ɩɨɥɧɚɹ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ)
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɬɪɭɛɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ 0,02 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3 ɞɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɜ
0,0001 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3; ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɪɚɜɧɹɥɢɫɶ 0,0105 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɦ3 ɢ 0,0008 ɧɝ ɆɌɗ/ɦ3 ɩɪɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ 0,003 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3 ɢ 0,0002 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3
ɞɥɹ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɡɚɦɟɳɚɸɳɢɦ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɦ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨɦ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. ȼ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ, ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ 0,02 ɢ 0,001 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɤɥɢɧɤɟɪɚ ɩɪɢ
ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɢ 0,005 ɢ 0,003 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɤɥɢɧɤɟɪɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɩɭɬɧɨɦ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ
ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ/ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜɫɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɢɠɟ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɜ 0,1 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ,
ɱɬɨ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɲɟɤ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɠɢɞɤɢɯ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɥɢɹɥɨ ɧɚ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɣ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɧɚ
ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɠɢɝɨɜɨɣ ɩɟɱɢ ɜɟɥɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɦɢ, ɚ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɣ (UNEP, 2001; Fiedler ɢ
ɞɪ., 2002).
ɉɨɯɨɠɟ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɚɯ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
ɩɵɥɟɭɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ. ɇɢɡɤɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ (ɦɟɧɟɟ 200ɨɋ), ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ,
ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɧɢɠɟ 0,1 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3, ɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɫɜɵɲɟ 300ɨɋ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ; ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ
ɛɭɞɭɬ 0,3 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3 ɢ ɜɵɲɟ. ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɷɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɦɢ
ɩɵɥɟɫɛɨɪɧɢɤɚ, ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɫɵɪɶɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ.
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɪɚɜɧɵɣ 5 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ,
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɚɪɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɩɵɥɟɫɛɨɪɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɜɵɲɟ 300ɨɋ (ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ
ɩɪɨɲɥɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɡ ɋɒȺ) ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 2. ɋɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ 0,6 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦ ɬɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɵɥɟɫɛɨɪɧɢɤɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ 200 ɢ 300ɨɋ (ɤɥɚɫɫ 3).
Ⱥ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ 0,05 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɨɞɨɜ, ɝɞɟ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɵɥɟɫɛɨɪɧɢɤɚ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɢɠɟ 200ɨɋ (ɤɥɚɫɫ 4). ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɧɟ
ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɞɥɹ ɲɚɯɬɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ, ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɧɟ
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
122
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɥɚɫɫ 1, ɩɪɢ ɬɨɦ
ɠɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɚɪɵɯ ɨɛɠɢɝɨɜɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ ɦɨɤɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ.
6.4.1.2 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɧɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɫɬɨɤɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɵ, ɷɬɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ,
ɚ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɶ.
6.4.1.3 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ
ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɤɥɚɞɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɟ, ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɢɫɶ
ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɵɥɢ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɶ. ȼɫɹɤɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɵɥɢ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ
ɨɬɦɟɱɚɬɶ.
6.4.1.4 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɣ ɰɟɦɟɧɬ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ
ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ.
6.4.1.5 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ
ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɵɥɶ, ɫɨɛɢɪɚɟɦɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɤɚɤ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɨɫɚɞɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɰɢɤɥɨɧɚɦɢ, ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɢɡ
ɫɵɪɶɹ, ɩɨɞɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɠɢɝɨɜɭɸ ɩɟɱɶ (ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɣ ɬɨɩɤɢ). Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɩɵɥɢ
ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɛɠɢɝɨɜɨɣ ɩɟɱɢ, ɩɪɨɲɟɞɲɢɯ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɝɨɪɹɱɭɸ ɡɨɧɭ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ,
ɩɵɥɶ ɢɡ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɚɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ/ɰɢɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɟɱɶ.
ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 41 ɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ.
ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɣ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɧɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨ ɜ ɩɟɱɶ, ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɉɐɉ
ɛɟɪɟɬɫɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ 30 ɤɝ ɉɐɉ ɧɚ ɬɨɧɧɭ ɤɥɢɧɤɟɪɚ
(0,03% ɨɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɤɥɢɧɤɟɪɚ). ɗɬɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɜɵɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɨɬɱɟɬɚ,
ɫɨɨɛɳɚɜɲɟɝɨ ɨ 0,4 ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɚ ɬɨɧɧ ɉɐɉ ɧɚ 13,5 ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɨɜ ɬɨɧɧ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ
ɤɥɢɧɤɟɪɚ/ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ (Dyke ɢ ɞɪ., 1997),
Ɉɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɉɐɉ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ
ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ – 0,001-30 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ (Dyke ɢ ɞɪ., 1997) ɞɥɹ ɩɟɱɟɣ ɜ
ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ, 1 - 40 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ (SCEP,
1994).
6.4.2 ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ
ɂɡɜɟɫɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ. Ȼɵɫɬɪɚɹ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɶ (ɢɥɢ ɧɟɝɚɲɟɧɚɹ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɶ) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɤɫɢɞ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ (ɋɚɈ), ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɞɟɤɚɪɛɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɹɤɚ (ɋɚɋɈ3). Ƚɚɲɟɧɚɹ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɞɨɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɣ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɶɸ ɢ
ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ, ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɢɡ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ (ɋɚ(Ɉɇ)2). Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɚɥɟɥɢɬɟɣɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ,
ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɚɹ ɢ ɫɚɯɚɪɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɨɛɠɢɝɚ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɚ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɨɬ 900 ɞɨ 1500ɨɋ. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɛɠɢɝɨɜɨɣ ɩɟɱɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ (ɨɤɫɢɞ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ, ɋɚɈ), ɤɚɤ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɪɚɡɛɢɜɚɸɬ, ɩɟɪɟɦɚɥɵɜɚɸɬ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɫɟɢɜɚɸɬ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɜ
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
123
ɛɭɧɤɟɪ. Ɉɛɨɠɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɸ ɥɢɛɨ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɧɟɝɚɲɟɧɨɣ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ, ɥɢɛɨ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɝɚɲɟɧɨɣ, ɢɥɢ ɝɢɞɪɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɩɪɢ
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɧɟɝɚɲɟɧɨɣ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɧɚ ɡɚɜɨɞɟ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɟɦ ɝɢɞɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ.
ɉɪɢ ɨɛɠɢɝɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ – ɬɜɟɪɞɨɟ, ɠɢɞɤɨɟ ɢɥɢ
ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɟ. Ɍɨɩɥɢɜɨ ɞɚɟɬ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɭɸɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ, ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɫ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ. ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ
ɩɟɱɟɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɛɠɢɝɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɢɞɟɬ ɜ ɞɜɟ
ɫɬɚɞɢɢ (BREF, 2000d):
1. ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɫɜɵɲɟ 800ɨɋ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɹ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɹɤɚ ɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɞɟɤɚɪɛɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ;
2. ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɝɚɲɟɧɨɣ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ (ɨɤɨɥɨ
1200-1300ɨɋ) ɞɥɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɠɢɝɨɜɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɲɚɯɬɧɭɸ ɢɥɢ ɪɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɸ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟɧ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɬɨɤ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɜɫɬɪɟɬɢɬɶ ɨɛɠɢɝɨɜɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ ɫ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɨɠɢɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɥɨɟɦ ɢ ɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɩɨɞɨɦ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɚɹ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɱɟɣ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɟɬ ɨɬ 50 ɞɨ 500 ɬɨɧɧ ɜ ɞɟɧɶ (BREF, 2000d).
ɋɵɪɶɟ ɢɥɢ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɵ, ɩɪɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɨɛɠɢɝɨɜɨɣ ɩɟɱɢ ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. ɉɨ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɦ
ɞɚɧɧɵɦ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɦɢ ɩɟɱɟɣ, ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ
ɨɛɠɢɝɨɜɵɦɢ ɩɟɱɚɦɢ, ɚ ɬɪɢ ɲɚɯɬɧɵɦɢ, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ
0,1 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3. ȼɫɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɞɜɭɯ ɤɨɥɶɰɟɜɵɯ ɲɚɯɬɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ ɜ
Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ, ɞɚɥɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɦɟɧɟɟ 0,05 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɨ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɫɹ
ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɢɥɢ ɝɞɟ-ɥɢɛɨ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɭɸ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ (LUA,
1997).
ȼɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɛɵɥɢ ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɒɜɟɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɬɪɟɯ
ɨɛɠɢɝɨɜɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ, ɞɜɭɯ ɪɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɲɚɯɬɧɨɣ ɩɟɱɢ. ɂɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ,
ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1989-1993 ɝɨɞɨɜ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ 4,1 ɢ 42 ɧɝ ɇɌɗ/ɇɦ3. ȼɫɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɡɜɚɧɵ
ɥɢɛɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɨɦ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ, ɥɢɛɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɢɠɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ, ɱɬɨ
ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɜ ɩɟɱɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ
ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɟɱɢ (BREF, 2000d).
Ȼɵɥɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɫ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ (Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ
42):
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 42: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
1. Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɩɵɥɢ ɢɥɢ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɨɟ, ɧɟɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ
ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ
2. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɫ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
ɩɵɥɟɭɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ - ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
10
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
0,07
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
124
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 1 ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɫ ɯɭɞɲɢɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ
ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ (ɢɥɢ ɫ ɟɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ). Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 2
ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɤ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɤɩɞ, ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɧɵɦ
ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɦɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ.
6.4.2.1 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ
Ȼɵɥɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɪɹɞɚ ɨɛɠɢɝɨɜɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ (SCEP,
1994). ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɠɢɝɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ, ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɧɵɯ
ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɵɥɢ (ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɫɚɞɢɬɟɥɶ
ɢɥɢ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɨɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ), ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ 0,07 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ (3 ɨɛɠɢɝɨɜɵɯ ɩɟɱɢ, 2 ɪɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɢ
ɢ 1 ɲɚɯɬɧɚɹ ɩɟɱɶ ɜ ɒɜɟɰɢɢ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1989-1993 ɝɝ.) ɛɵɥɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɵ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ
ɦɟɠɞɭ 4,1 ɢ 42 ɧɝ ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɦ3. ȼɫɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ
ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɥɢɛɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɯ ɜ ɫɵɪɶɟ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɜ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ, ɥɢɛɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ
ɧɢɠɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ
ɜ ɩɟɱɶ, ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɟɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ (BREF, 2000d). Ⱦɥɹ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɬɟɫɬɨɜ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɥɨɫɶ ɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɹɯ (LUA, 1997).
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ 10 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ,
ɤɨɝɞɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɩɟɱɟɣ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧ, ɚ ɩɵɥɟɩɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ
ɛɚɡɨɜɵɦɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ (ɰɢɤɥɨɧ).
6.4.2.2 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɧɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ. ȼɫɹɤɢɣ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɛɪɨɫ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ.
6.4.2.3 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ, ɫɨɛɢɪɚɟɦɵɟ ɢɡ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɩɵɥɟɭɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ. ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨɛ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ
ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɚ ɛɵ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ.
6.4.2.4 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɯ (ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ) ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ.
Ɉɠɢɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɢɡɤɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ.
6.4.2.5 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɵɥɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ;
ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɢɥɢ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɭɸ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ.
ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ.
6.4.3 ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ
Ʉɢɪɩɢɱ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɡ ɝɥɢɧɵ ɫ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɹɞɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɞɥɹ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ. ȼ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɦ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɨɛɠɢɝɨɜɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ ɬɭɧɧɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɫ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦɢ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɦɢ ɨɤɨɥɨ 1000ɨɋ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ
ɧɟɮɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɝɚɡ, ɚ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɭɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɫ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟɦ
ɮɬɨɪɢɫɬɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ ɜɟɞɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ
ɨɛɠɢɝɨɜɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ ɢ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ. ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ
ɝɚɡɨɜ ɧɟ ɭɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ.
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
125
Ȼɵɥɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ (Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 43):
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 43: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ - ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
1. Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɩɵɥɢ ɢɥɢ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɨɟ, ɧɟɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ
ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ
0,2
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
2. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ ɫ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
ɩɵɥɟɭɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ
0,02
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 1 ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ, ɧɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɨɛɠɢɝɨɜɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ, ɧɟ ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɭ ɝɚɡɨɜ. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 2
ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ
ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɤɩɞ.
6.4.3.1 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ
ɗɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɟ ɨɬ ɩɟɱɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɠɢɝɚ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɢɩɚ ɩɟɱɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ
ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ. ɉɨ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɦ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɥɨ.
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɢɟ ɨɬ
0,002 ɞɨ 0,23 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ. ȼɫɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ.
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ 0,02 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɤ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɦɭ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ, ɫ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɦɢ ɢ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ. ɉɪɢ ɫɥɚɛɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟ ɢ ɩɥɨɯɨɦ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ; ɜ ɷɬɨɦ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɤɥɚɫɫ 1.
6.4.3.2 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɧɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ. ȼɫɹɤɢɣ ɫɛɪɨɫ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɬɶɫɹ, ɚ ɟɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ
ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ.
6.4.3.3 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɧɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ.
6.4.3.4 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɛ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɟ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ. Ɉɠɢɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɢɡɤɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ,
ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɤɢɪɩɢɱ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ.
6.4.3.5 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɯ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ.
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
126
6.4.4 ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ
ɉɟɱɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨ ɢɥɢ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ. Ɍɢɩɢɱɧɵɦ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɮɬɶ ɢ ɝɚɡ. ɋɵɪɶɟɦ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ,
ɩɟɫɨɤ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɹɤ, ɞɨɥɨɦɢɬ ɢ ɫɨɞɚ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɠɟɥɚɟɦɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ,
ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɰɜɟɬ, ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ
ɧɚɛɨɪ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ. Ɇɨɝɭɬ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɢ
ɮɬɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ (SCEP, 1994).
ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɜɚɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɚ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ
ɫɨɪɛɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɨɫɚɞɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɦɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɦɢ.
ɂɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɡ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ, ɝɞɟ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɨɱɟɧɶ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɣ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɬɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢ, ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɜɵɲɟ. Ɋɨɫɬɭ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ
ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ.
Ȼɵɥɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ (Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 44):
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 44: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
1. Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɩɵɥɢ ɢɥɢ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɨɟ, ɧɟɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ
ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ
2. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ ɫ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
ɩɵɥɟɭɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ - ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
0,2
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
0,015
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
6.4.4.1 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɬɪɟɯ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɜɚɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ
ɧɢɡɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ (SCEP, 1994). ɂɡɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢ ɫɭɯɭɸ ɫɨɪɛɰɢɸ, ɦɨɤɪɵɟ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɵ ɢɥɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɢɬɟɥɢ.
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ 0,005 ɢ 0,022 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ, ɧɚ
ɬɪɟɬɶɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɜ ɜɨɫɟɦɶ ɪɚɡ ɜɵɲɟ, ɧɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɝ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧ.
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ 0,015 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɤ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦ,
ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɦ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɩɟɱɶ.
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ 0,2 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ
ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɫɬɪɨɝɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ.
6.4.4.2 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɦɨɤɪɵɯ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɨɜ.
ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ.
ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ.
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
127
6.4.4.3 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɧɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ.
6.4.4.4 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɫɬɟɤɥɨ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ.
6.4.4.5 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɯ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ
ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɥɨɫɶ.
6.4.5 ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ
Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ ɤɚɤ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ, ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ
ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ. ɉɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ
ɜɵɲɟɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ.
6.4.6 ɉɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɫɮɚɥɶɬɨɜɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ
Ⱥɫɮɚɥɶɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɨɪɨɠɧɨɦ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ ɢ, ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɧɨɣ
ɝɨɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ, ɩɟɫɤɚ, ɧɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɛɢɬɭɦɨɦ. ɇɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɡɨɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɵɥɶ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɭɸɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ ɩɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɸ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɹɯ.
ɇɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɚɹ ɫɭɲɢɥɤɚ ɞɥɹ
ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ. Ƚɨɪɹɱɟɟ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɵɪɶɟ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ
ɚɫɮɚɥɶɬɚ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɫ ɛɢɬɭɦɨɦ.
Ɂɚɜɨɞɵ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɚɫɮɚɥɶɬɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɦɟɸɬ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɭɸ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ ɢɥɢ ɦɨɤɪɵɟ ɩɵɥɟɭɥɨɜɢɬɟɥɢ.
Ȼɵɥɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ (Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 45):
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 45: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɚɫɮɚɥɶɬɨɜɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ - ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɚɫɮɚɥɶɬɚ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
1. ɉɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ
ɚɫɮɚɥɶɬɚ ɛɟɡ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ,
ɧɟɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ
0,07
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
2. ɉɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ
ɚɫɮɚɥɶɬɚ ɫ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɦ
ɢɥɢ ɦɨɤɪɵɦ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɨɦ
0,007
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
0,06
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 1 ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɤ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɦ ɛɟɡ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɧɟɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɛɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 2
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɤ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɚɫɮɚɥɶɬɚ, ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɧɵɦ
ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɦɨɤɪɵɦ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ.
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
128
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
6.4.6.1 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɚɫɮɚɥɶɬɚ
(SCEP, 1994) ɢ ɜ ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɚɯ (Bremmer ɢ ɞɪ., 1994). ȼɫɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ
ɛɵɥɢ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɵ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɦɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɦɢ, ɚ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɫɟɩɚɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɵɥɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɰɢɤɥɨɧɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɫ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɬɢɩɨɦ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ
ɝɚɡɨɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ 0,007 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɛɟɡ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ 0,07 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ (ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ 90% ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ).
ɗɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɜ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɚɫɮɚɥɶɬɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɥɟɬɭɱɟɣ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ,
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɩɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɸ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ.
Ʌɸɛɨɣ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ.
6.4.6.2 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɧɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ. ȿɫɥɢ ɫɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɨɤɢ, ɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ
ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ.
6.4.6.3 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ
ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɚɫɮɚɥɶɬ ɤɥɚɞɭɬ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɸ, ɧɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɛ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ
ɩɨɱɜɟ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ.
6.4.6.4 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
ȼ ɚɫɮɚɥɶɬɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ.
Ɉɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧ ɞɥɹ ɭɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɸ ɜ ɞɨɪɨɠɧɨɦ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ.
6.4.6.5 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ.
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɯ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ. ɉɟɪɜɢɱɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɩɪɢ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɢɡ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɭɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ 90% ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɢ
ɧɟɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɝɚɡ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɠɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ, ɷɬɨ ɞɚɟɬ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ 0,06 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ.
6.4.7 ɉɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɝɨɪɸɱɟɝɨ ɫɥɚɧɰɚ
ɋɥɚɧɟɰ – ɷɬɨ ɬɨɧɤɨɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɫɚɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɝɨɪɧɚɹ ɩɨɪɨɞɚ, ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɦɢ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɝɥɢɧɵ ɢɥɢ ɝɪɹɡɢ. Ƚɨɪɸɱɢɣ (ɛɢɬɭɦɢɧɨɡɧɵɣ) ɫɥɚɧɟɰ – ɷɬɨ ɨɛɳɢɣ
ɬɟɪɦɢɧ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɣ ɤ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɫɥɚɧɰɟɜ ɨɬ ɱɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɞɨ ɬɟɦɧɨ-ɤɨɪɢɱɧɟɜɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ,
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɛɢɬɭɦɢɧɨɡɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ (ɤɟɪɨɝɟɧɚ) ɞɥɹ
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɢɪɨɥɢɡɚ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɢɪɨɥɢɡɚ ɝɨɪɸɱɢɣ ɫɥɚɧɟɰ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ
500 ɨɋ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɤɟɪɨɝɟɧ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɮɬɶ ɢ
ɫɟɩɚɪɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ; ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ «ɩɟɪɟɝɨɧɤɨɣ».
Ɍɟɪɦɢɧ «ɝɨɪɸɱɢɣ ɫɥɚɧɟɰ» (oil shale) ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɵɦ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɦ. ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɫɥɚɧɟɰ, ɢ ɯɨɬɹ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚ «oil» ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɧɟɮɬɶ,
ɧɟɮɬɢ ɜ ɝɨɪɸɱɟɦ ɫɥɚɧɰɟ ɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ. Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɤɟɪɨɝɟɧ, ɚ «ɫɥɚɧɟɰ» - ɷɬɨ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɬɜɟɪɞɚɹ ɩɨɪɨɞɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɪɝɟɥɶ. ɉɪɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɤɟɪɨɝɟɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧ ɜ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɳɟɟ ɧɟɮɬɶ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɝɨɪɸɱɢɣ ɫɥɚɧɟɰ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ
ɜ «ɧɟɮɬɶ» ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɝɨɪɸɱɢɣ ɫɥɚɧɟɰ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
129
ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɶ ɞɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɨɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ
(WEC 2004).
ɂɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɞɜɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɝɨɪɸɱɟɝɨ ɫɥɚɧɰɚ (WEC 2004):
ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɥɚɧɰɚ in-situ ɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ
ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ. ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɞɨɛɵɱɭ, ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɭ ɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɟ
ɫɥɚɧɰɚ ɞɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɨɤɨɥɨ 450 ɨɋ, ɫ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɤ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɦɭ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ ɢ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ.
Ƚɨɪɸɱɢɣ ɫɥɚɧɟɰ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɥɫɹ ɩɪɹɦɨɦɭ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɸ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɫɨɪɬɧɨɝɨ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɡɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɗɫɬɨɧɢɹ, ɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ
ɩɨɪ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɥɚɧɰɵ. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ
ɝɨɪɸɱɟɦ ɫɥɚɧɰɟ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟ 6.3.1.
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 46, ɜɡɹɬɵ ɢɡ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɜ
ɗɫɬɨɧɢɢ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ Schleicher et al. 2004b. ɉɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɣ ɝɨɪɸɱɢɣ ɫɥɚɧɟɰ
ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɨɪɹɱɢɦɢ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɦɢ ɝɚɡɚɦɢ, ɫɟɩɚɪɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɰɢɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ
ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɡɨɥɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɧɢɠɟ 480 ɨɋ. Ʉɟɪɨɝɟɧ
ɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɚɡ, ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɢɪɭɟɦɭɸ «ɧɟɮɬɶ» ɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɣ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ. Ɋɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ
ɤɟɪɨɝɟɧɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɨɤɨɥɨ 300 ɨɋ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɩɪɢ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ (480-520 ɨɋ). ɉɚɪɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɭɸ ɮɚɡɭ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɬ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɹ
ɧɟɮɬɹɧɭɸ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɸ ɢ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɭɸ ɮɚɡɭ. Ƚɚɡ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ, ɚ
ɧɟɮɬɹɧɚɹ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɹ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɹɠɟɥɭɸ ɧɟɮɬɶ, ɥɟɝɤɭɸ ɧɟɮɬɶ, ɞɢɡɟɥɶɧɨɟ
ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ ɢ ɛɟɧɡɢɧ. Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɝɨɪɸɱɟɝɨ ɧɚ
ɗɫɬɨɧɫɤɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ. Ɍɜɟɪɞɵɣ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɫɠɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɩɟɱɢ ɩɪɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 750-800 ɨɋ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 46: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɝɨɪɸɱɟɝɨ ɫɥɚɧɰɚ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
1. Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ
ɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ (ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 1)
2. ɉɢɪɨɥɢɡ ɝɨɪɸɱɟɝɨ ɫɥɚɧɰɚ
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ – ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɝɨɪɸɱɟɝɨ ɫɥɚɧɰɚ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ
ɡɨɥɵ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
0,003
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
0,07
2
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
130
6.4.7.1
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ
Ȼɵɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɞɜɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɹɦ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ ɜ ɗɫɬɨɧɢɢ – 0,40 4,8 ɩɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɦ3 (ɩɪɢ 6% Ɉ2) ɢ 0,23 – 4,2 ɩɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɦ3 (ɩɪɢ 6% Ɉ2). Ȼɵɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɵ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɜɲɢɟ 0,2 – 3,5 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɬ ɝɨɪɸɱɟɝɨ ɫɥɚɧɰɚ.
ȼ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɛɵɥ ɜɵɛɪɚɧ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ 0,003
ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɝɨɪɸɱɟɝɨ ɫɥɚɧɰɚ (Schleicher et al. 2004b).
6.4.7.2
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɧɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɢɫɶ. ȿɫɥɢ ɫɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɨɤɢ, ɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ
ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ.
6.4.7.3
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɧɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ. ȼɫɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ
6.4.7.5 – ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ.
6.4.7.4
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
ȼ ɗɫɬɨɧɢɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɜɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɝɨɪɸɱɟɝɨ ɫɥɚɧɰɚ, ɞɨɛɵɬɨɝɨ ɜ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɢ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɢɪɨɥɢɡɚ.
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ, ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚɯ ɝɨɪɸɱɟɝɨ ɫɥɚɧɰɚ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ 0,61 ɢ
0,75 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɝɨɪɸɱɟɝɨ ɫɥɚɧɰɚ (Roots 2001).
6.4.7.5
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ
Schleicher et al. 2004b ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬ ɨɛ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɦɟɠɞɭ 1,9 ɢ 2,9 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɤɝ
ɡɨɥɵ. ɇɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɬɨɧɧ ɞɨɛɵɬɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɸɱɟɝɨ
ɫɥɚɧɰɚ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɝɨɞɨɜɵɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ
ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɫɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɩɨɦɧɨɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɜ ɡɨɥɟ, ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɭɸ ɜ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 46.
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
131
6.5 Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ 5 – Ɍɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɟ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɛɟɧɡɢɧ,
ɞɢɡɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ ɢ ɫɠɢɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɣ ɝɚɡ (ɋɇȽ). ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 47, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɦɢ ɢɯ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɢɩ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɢ ɬɢɩ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ
ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ. ɂɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɬɭɳɢɣ ɪɵɧɨɤ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ
ɩɨɤɚ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɨɬ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ
ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ:
Ⱦɥɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɟɣ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɋɇȽ: ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ
ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯɬɚɤɬɧɵɯ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɫ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɦ (ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ 5ɚ3) (Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 48);
Ⱦɥɹ ɧɟɮɬɟɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɧɟɮɬɟ-ɛɟɧɡɢɧɨɜɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ: ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɢɡɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ (ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ 5ɫ) (Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 50).
Ⱦɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɥɨɫɶ ɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɨɬ
ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɨɜ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɛɢɨɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɜɨ Ɏɪɚɧɤɮɭɪɬɫɤɨɦ
ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɟ ɩɪɢ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɚ ɤɚɩɭɫɬɭ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ
ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ (ɬ.ɟ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɜɡɥɟɬɧɨ-ɩɨɫɚɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɵ ɢ ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɥɨɜ) ɧɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ
ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɢɥɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ.
ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɛɵɥɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɤɟɪɨɫɢɧɚ ɜ ɦɨɬɨɪɚɯ
ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɨɜ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɢ ɷɬɚ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɧɟ
ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɜ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ (Fiedler ɢ ɞɪ., 2000; Buckley-Golder ɢ ɞɪ., 1999).
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 47: ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ 5 - Ɍɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ
ɉɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ
ʋ
ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ
5
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
Ɍɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ
ɏ
ɚ
ɑɟɬɵɪɟɯɬɚɤɬɧɵɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ
ɏ
b
Ⱦɜɭɯɬɚɤɬɧɵɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ
ɏ
c
Ⱦɢɡɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ
ɏ
(x)
d
Ⱦɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɬɹɠɟɥɨɦ
ɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ (ɦɚɡɭɬɟ ɢ ɞɪ.)
ɏ
(x)
Ɂɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ ɋɬɚɬɶɟɣ 5 ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɋ
ɋɬɨɤɝɨɥɶɦɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ
ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɋɬɚɬɶɢ 5, ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɋ ɑɚɫɬɢ III ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ:
(h)
ɘɇȿɉ
Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ
Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ ɜ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ
Ɍɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ
ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɷɬɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɛɟɧɡɢɧɟ
6.5
ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɜ
6.5.1; 6.5.2
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
132
6.5.1 ɑɟɬɵɪɟɯɬɚɤɬɧɵɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ
Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɛɟɧɡɢɧɨɜɵɯ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɧɚ
ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɹɯ, ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɝɪɭɡɨɜɢɤɚɯ, ɦɨɬɨɰɢɤɥɚɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɯ,
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯɬɚɤɬɧɵɦɢ. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹɯ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ
ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ, ɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɧɵɣ ɇɢɤɨɥɚɭɫɨɦ Ɉɬɬɨ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɬɚɤɬɚ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ
ɬɚɤɬ ɜɩɭɫɤɚ, ɬɚɤɬ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ, ɬɚɤɬ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɚɤɬ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ. ɗɬɢ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ
ɬɚɤɬɚ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɨɥɧɵɯ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɚɯ ɤɨɥɟɧɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɜɚɥɚ. Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹɯ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɧɟɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɛɨɱɧɵɣ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ
ɷɬɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɛɟɧɡɢɧɟ ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɫɚɞɨɤ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ
ɧɟɷɬɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɟɧɡɢɧɚ ɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɜɲɢɯ
ɝɚɡɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɢɫɥɨɜ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɢ ɧɟɫɝɨɪɟɜɲɟɝɨ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ, ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ
ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ. ȿɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ. ȼɫɟ ɩɪɨɱɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɧɟ
ɡɚɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɵ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ (Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 48):
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 48: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯɬɚɤɬɧɵɯ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɫɤɢɯ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɟɣ)
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ - ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɫɨɠɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
1. ɗɬɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɛɟɧɡɢɧ*
2,2
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
2. ɇɟɷɬɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɛɟɧɡɢɧ ɛɟɡ
ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ*
0,1
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
0
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
3. ɇɟɷɬɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɛɟɧɡɢɧ ɫ
ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɦ*
* ȿɫɥɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɥɢɬɪɚɯ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɦɚɫɫɚ 1 ɥɢɬɪɚ
ɛɟɧɡɢɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 0,74 ɤɝ; ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ ɥɢɬɪɨɜ ɜ ɬɨɧɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ 0,00074.
ɇɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɚɡɚɯ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ.
6.5.1.1 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ
ɋɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɛɟɝ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɟɣ, ɢɯ ɬɢɩ ɢ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɟɧɡɢɧɚ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ,
əɩɨɧɢɢ ɢ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɟ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ
ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɟɪ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɨɧ ɜɫɟ ɟɳɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ.
Ɉɬɤɚɡ ɨɬ ɷɬɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɟɧɡɢɧɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ
ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɜɲɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ
ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ 94/12/EG ɢɥɢ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɋɒȺ ɢɥɢ əɩɨɧɢɢ,
ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯɬɚɤɬɧɵɟ ɛɟɧɡɢɧɨɜɵɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ ɫɬɚɧɭɬ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ.
ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ
Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ ɢ Ȼɟɥɶɝɢɢ. ȼ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɫɟɜɟɪɨɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɢɯ, ɩɨ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɦ
ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɵ.
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
133
6.5.2 Ⱦɜɭɯɬɚɤɬɧɵɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ
Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ
ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ
ɛɟɧɡɢɧɨɜɵɯ
ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ
ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ
ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ,
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɧɚ ɥɨɞɤɚɯ, ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɦɨɬɨɰɢɤɥɚɯ, ɦɨɩɟɞɚɯ, ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɦɨɬɨɰɢɤɥɚɯ, ɬɭɤɬɭɤɚɯ, ɝɚɡɨɧɨɤɨɫɢɥɤɚɯ, ɰɟɩɧɵɯ ɩɢɥɚɯ ɢ ɞɪ., ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɜɭɯɬɚɤɬɧɵɦɢ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ. ȼ
ɷɬɢɯ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹɯ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɜ
ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯɬɚɤɬɧɵɯ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɨɧ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɬɚɤɬɨɜ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɫɨɜɦɟɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɬɚɤɬɚ ɜɩɭɫɤɚ ɢ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ, ɢ ɬɚɤɬɚ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ, ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɨɬ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯɬɚɤɬɧɵɯ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɬɚɤɬɵ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɡɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɨɛɨɪɨɬ ɤɨɥɟɧɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɜɚɥɚ. ɋɦɚɡɤɚ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɭ ɦɚɫɥɚ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɜɵɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɚ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɨɣ, ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯɬɚɤɬɧɵɦɢ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɚ ɢ
ɧɢɡɤɚɹ ɫɟɛɟɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɞɜɭɯɬɚɤɬɧɵɯ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɦɨɬɨɪɚɦɢ,
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ. Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚ
ɞɜɭɯɬɚɤɬɧɵɯ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɩɨɛɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ. ȿɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ. ȼɫɟ ɩɪɨɱɢɟ
ɫɪɟɞɵ ɧɟ ɡɚɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɵ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ (Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 49):
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 49: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɜɭɯɬɚɤɬɧɵɯ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ
ɦɨɩɟɞɨɜ)
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ - ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɫɨɠɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
1. ɗɬɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɛɟɧɡɢɧ*
3,5
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
2. ɇɟɷɬɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɛɟɧɡɢɧ ɛɟɡ
ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ*
2,5
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
* ȿɫɥɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɥɢɬɪɚɯ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɦɚɫɫɚ 1 ɥɢɬɪɚ
ɛɟɧɡɢɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 0,74 ɤɝ; ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ ɥɢɬɪɨɜ ɜ ɬɨɧɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ 0,00074.
ɇɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɚɡɚɯ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ
ɞɜɭɯɬɚɤɬɧɵɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɞɥɹ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɦɨɬɨɪɨɜ,
ɤɚɬɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɵ ɜɪɹɞ ɥɢ ɝɞɟ-ɥɢɛɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ.
6.5.2.1 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ
ɋɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɛɟɝ ɦɚɲɢɧ, ɢɯ ɬɢɩ ɢ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵ
ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ. ȼɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ
ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɟ. ɗɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɦ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɢ ɫɪɨɤɚ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ
ɟɝɨ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ. ȼɫɟ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ.
6.5.3 Ⱦɢɡɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ
Ⱦɢɡɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɯ ɝɪɭɡɨɜɢɤɚɯ, ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɝɪɭɡɨɜɢɤɚɯ,
ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɫɤɢɯ ɚɜɬɨɛɭɫɚɯ, ɬɹɠɟɥɨɦ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɨɦ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ, ɫɭɞɚɯ,
ɜ ɞɢɡɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚɯ, ɧɚɫɨɫɚɯ ɢ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧɚɯ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɪɵ
ɢ ɞɪɭɝɭɸ ɤɪɭɩɧɭɸ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɭ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɜ ɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɞɢɡɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ (ɥɟɝɤɨɟ
ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ) ɢ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯɬɚɤɬɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ. Ⱦɥɹ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɧɟ ɢɫɤɪɚ, ɚ
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
134
ɫɠɚɬɢɟ. ȼɨɡɞɭɯ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɸɬ ɜ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪ ɢ ɫɠɢɦɚɸɬ, ɞɢɡɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ ɜɞɭɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ
ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ. Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ
ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɚɠɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɞɢɡɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ
ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɟ, ɩɪɨɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɫɦɟɧɟ
ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ. Ɉɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɚɠɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɸ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ,
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɢɡɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ
ɩɨɥɢɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ (ɉȺɍ). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɯ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɫɚɠɟ ɞɢɡɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɟɬ. Ⱦɥɹ ɞɢɡɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧ ɥɢɲɶ ɨɞɢɧ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 50: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɢɡɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɝɪɭɡɨɜɢɤɨɜ)
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
Ⱦɢɡɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ*
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ - ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɞɢɡɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
0,1
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
* ȿɫɥɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɥɢɬɪɚɯ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɦɚɫɫɚ 1 ɥɢɬɪɚ ɞɢɡɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 0,85 ɤɝ; ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ ɥɢɬɪɨɜ ɞɢɡɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɜ ɬɨɧɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ 0,00085
ɇɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɚɡɚɯ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ.
6.5.3.1 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ
ɂɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɥɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɨɬ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ,
ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɞɢɡɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ. Ⱦɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɫɤɢɯ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɟɣ ɢ ɝɪɭɡɨɜɢɤɨɜ; ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɜɧɟɞɨɪɨɠɧɨɦɭ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɞɢɡɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ (ɬ.ɟ. ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ,
ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ ɢ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ). ɂɡ ɋɒȺ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɥɢ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɞɜɭɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜɵɯɥɨɩɨɜ ɢɡ ɬɪɭɛ. Ʉɚɥɢɮɨɪɧɢɣɫɤɢɣ ɋɨɜɟɬ ɩɨ
ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɦ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦ ɫɨɨɛɳɢɥ ɨɛ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ 676 ɩɝ ɆɌɗ/ɤɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ 3,2 ɦɤɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɬ ɞɢɡɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ
ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ 1 ɥɢɬɪɚ ɞɢɡɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɧɚ 5,5 ɤɦ ɩɪɨɣɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɬɢ (CARB, 1987). ȼ
ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɹɠɟɥɨɝɨ ɝɪɭɡɨɜɢɤɚ (Gullett ɢ Ryan,
1997) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɨɬ 3,0 ɞɨ 96,8 ɩɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɤɦ (ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ 29,0
ɩɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɤɦ), ɱɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚɦ ɨɬ 0,014 ɞɨ 0,453 ɦɤɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɬ ɞɢɡɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ 0,14 ɦɤɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɬ ɞɢɡɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ.
Marklund ɢ ɞɪ. (1990) ɧɟ ɫɦɨɝ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɤɚɤɢɟ-ɥɢɛɨ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɨɦ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ 100 ɩɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɥ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɝɪɭɡɨɜɢɤɚ. Schwind ɢ ɞɪ.(1991) ɢ Hutzinger ɢ ɞɪ. (1992) ɫɨɨɛɳɚɥɢ ɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɯ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ
ɦɟɠɞɭ 32 ɢ 81 ɩɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɥ (ɢɥɢ 6-15 ɩɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɤɦ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɜ 5,5 ɤɦ/ɥ)
ɞɥɹ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɝɪɭɡɨɜɢɤɚ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɜɲɟɝɨ ɩɪɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ.
Hagenmaier (1994) ɫɨɨɛɳɚɥ ɨɛ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ ɨɬ ɚɜɬɨɛɭɫɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɟ
ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ 1 ɩɝ/ɥ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. Ⱦɥɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɟɣ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɞɢɡɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ, Hagenmaier ɢ ɞɪ.
(1990) ɫɨɨɛɳɢɥɢ ɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ 24 ɩɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɥ ɞɥɹ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɹ.
Kim et al. (2003) ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɢ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɞɢɡɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ US
D-13 ɩɪɢ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚɯ 25% - 75% ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ (2400 ɨɛɨɪɨɬɨɜ ɜ
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
135
ɦɢɧ.). Ɇɚɫɫɨɜɵɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɬɪɟɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ 14,4, 6,9 ɢ 6,4
ɩɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɦ3, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ: 2,0, 0,6 ɢ 0,5 ɩɝ ɆɌɗ/ɥ ɞɢɡɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ (ɱɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ 0,002 ɢ 0,001 ɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɞɢɡɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ);
ɷɬɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɧɢɠɟ, ɱɟɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ CARB, US-EPA ɢ
ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɨɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ (CARB 1987, Gullett and Ryan 1997, Schwind et al. 1991,
Hutzinger et al. 1992).
Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɨ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ əɩɨɧɢɢ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɥɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɛ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɹɯ
ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɟɣ ɢ ɝɪɭɡɨɜɢɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɞɢɡɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɨɬ 0,36 ɩɝ Ɍɗ/ɥ
ɞɨ 174 ɩɝ Ɍɗ/ɥ ɞɢɡɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɵɦ ɩɨ ɦɚɫɫɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɨɬ 0,004 ɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɞɨ 0,2 Ɍɗ/ɬ ɞɢɡɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ (MoE Japan 2003).
ɂɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɜɵɲɟɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɞɢɡɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ, ɜ 0,1 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɞɢɡɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ. ȿɫɥɢ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɭɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɚɠɢ, ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɢɡɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ.
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɋɒȺ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɣ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɯ ɞɢɡɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɝɪɭɡɨɜɢɤɨɜ, Ⱥɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɨɯɪɚɧɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɋɒȺ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɢɹ
ɜɫɟɝɨ ɬɹɠɟɥɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɭɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɫɧɢɠɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɹɦ, ɫɪɚɜɧɢɦɵɦ ɫ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɨɣ
ɤɚɬɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɜɲɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɧɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɹɯ ɫ ɛɟɧɡɢɧɨɜɵɦɢ
ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ.
6.5.3.2 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ
ɑɚɫɬɢɰɵ, ɜɵɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɞɢɡɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ.
ɂɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
6.5.4 Ⱦɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɹɠɟɥɨɦ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɦ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ (ɦɚɡɭɬɟ)
Ɍɹɠɟɥɨɟ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ (ɦɚɡɭɬ) ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɜ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹɯ ɧɚ ɫɭɞɚɯ, ɬɚɧɤɚɯ,
ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚɯ ɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɱɢɯ ɤɜɚɡɢ-ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɦɨɬɨɪɚɯ.
ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɯ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɚ, ɢ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɟ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɯɥɨɪɚ, ɬɢɩɚ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɞɪ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɛɵɥ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ.
ɑɚɫɬɨ ɜ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹɯ (ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɫɭɞɚɯ) ɫɠɢɝɚɸɬ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɟ
ɦɚɫɥɚ; ɨɧɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɷɬɭ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɸ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 51: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɬɹɠɟɥɨɦ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɦ
ɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ - ɦɚɡɭɬɟ ɢ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɥɚɯ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɭɞɨɜɵɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ)
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
ȼɫɟ ɬɢɩɵ
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ - ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɫɨɠɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
4
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
ɇɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɚɡɚɯ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ.
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
136
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
6.5.4.1 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ
Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɬɹɠɟɥɨɦ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɦ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ (ɦɚɡɭɬɟ), ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɹɦ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ. Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɟ
ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɢ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɟ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ
ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚɯ ɨɬ 3 ɞɨ 6 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ, ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɥɢ ɢɡ
Ʉɚɧɚɞɵ, ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɨɜ, ɒɜɟɰɢɢ ɢ ɋɒȺ.
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɦɚɫɥɚ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɥɢ ɢɡ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɢɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɩɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɸ ɞɚɥɢ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ 0,02 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɦ3 (ɩɪɢ 11% Ɉ2), ɱɬɨ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɭ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ 0,37 ɦɤɝ
Ɍɗ/ɬ ɫɨɠɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɥɚ (LUA, 1997). Ƚɨɥɥɚɧɞɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɬ ɞɜɭɯ
ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɫɠɢɝɚɸɳɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɢ ɩɚɪɨɦɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ 0,1 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɦ3 ɢ
ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦ 0,3 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɦ3, ɱɬɨ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɭ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ 2 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɢ 6,5 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. ɋɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɩɨ ɷɬɢɦ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹɦ ɪɚɜɧɹɥɨɫɶ 0,2 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɦ3 (=4,25 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ), ɚ
ɦɟɞɢɚɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ 0,17 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɦ3 (=2,9 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ) (LUA, 1997). Ɉɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɷɬɢɯ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɜ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ - 4 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɫɨɠɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ.
6.5.4.2 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɢ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɟ ɨɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɚ ɬɹɠɟɥɨɦ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɦ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ (ɦɚɡɭɬɟ),
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɫɚɠɚ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɷɬɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ
ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ, ɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ.
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
137
6.6 Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ 6 – ɇɟɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ
ɇɟɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ, ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ, ɷɬɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ
ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɭɪɨɠɚɹ, ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɢ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɢ ɩɟɱɶ, ɧɢ ɬɨɩɤɚ, ɧɢ ɤɨɬɟɥ. ȼ ɷɬɭ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɸ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ
ɧɟɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɟ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɛɨɱɤɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɠɚɪɵ ɧɚ
ɫɜɚɥɤɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɟ ɩɨɠɚɪɵ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹɯ, ɧɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɟ ɢ ɞɪ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɧɢ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ
ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɥɨɯɢɦ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɥɨɯɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɸɱɢɯ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ, ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɞɜɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ
(Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 52).
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 52: ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ 6 – ɇɟɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ
ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ
ɉɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ
ʋ
ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ
6
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
ɇɟɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ
ɏ
ɚ
ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ
ɏ
(ɯ)
ɏ
(x)
b
ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ
ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɟ ɩɨɠɚɪɵ
ɏ
(ɯ)
ɏ
(ɏ)
ɢ
ɏ
Ɂɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ ɋɬɚɬɶɟɣ 5, ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɋ
ɋɬɨɤɝɨɥɶɦɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ
ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɋɬɚɬɶɢ 5, ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɋ ɑɚɫɬɢ III ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ:
(ɚ)
Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ
Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ ɜ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ
Ɉɬɤɪɵɬɨɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ
ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɦɭɫɨɪɧɵɯ ɫɜɚɥɨɤ
6.6.2
6.6.1 ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ
ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɟ ɧɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɦ
ɨɝɧɟ (ɬ.ɟ. ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɢɣ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɬɨɩɤɢ, ɩɟɱɢ ɢ ɤɨɬɥɨɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɵ). Ʉ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ
ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɩɨɠɚɪɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɬɪɚɜɵ ɧɚ ɥɭɝɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɨɥɨɦɵ) ɜ ɩɨɥɟ. ɉɨɞɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɹ ɞɨ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɭɪɨɠɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɟɧɢɹ
ɭɛɨɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ – ɨɛɵɱɧɚɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ
ɫɚɯɚɪɧɵɣ ɬɪɨɫɬɧɢɤ. ɉɨɞɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɭɪɨɠɚɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɨɣ
ɞɥɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ, ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫ ɫɨɪɧɹɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɭɞɨɛɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɟɜɚ.
ɗɬɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɵɣ ɢ ɧɟɬɪɭɞɨɟɦɤɢɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɭɪɨɠɚɹ ɩɪɢ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɪɢɫɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɚɯɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɨɫɬɧɢɤɚ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɠɚɪɵ ɥɟɫɚ,
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
138
ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɬɪɚɜɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɦɢ.
ɉɪɟɞɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɠɚɪɵ – ɷɬɨ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɥɚɧɨɜɨɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɬɪɚɜɵ ɧɚ ɥɭɝɚɯ ɢɥɢ
ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɣ ɥɟɫɧɨɣ ɩɨɠɚɪ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɟ ɩɨɞɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ
ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɹɯ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɨɬ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ) ɥɢɛɨ ɞɥɹ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ (ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɧɭɬɪɢɟɧɬɨɜ), ɥɢɛɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ
ɩɨɠɚɪɚɦɢ. ȼɨɡɝɨɪɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɯ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɭɞɚɪɚ
ɦɨɥɧɢɢ, ɧɟɩɨɬɭɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɝɚɪɟɬ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɵ ɝɟɤɬɚɪɨɜ
ɥɭɝɨɜ/ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ ɩɨɞɫɟɱɧɨ-ɨɝɧɟɜɨɝɨ ɡɟɦɥɟɞɟɥɢɹ (ɧɚ
Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɢɧɚɯ – ɨɤɨɥɨ 11,4 ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɚ ɝɟɤɬɚɪɨɜ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɟɦ 17-18
ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɨɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ).
Ȼɵɥɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ (Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 53).
Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ ɩɨɠɚɪɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɭɯɭɞɲɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɥɨɯɨɣ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɢ, ɩɪɢ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɢ ɜ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɠɢɝɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ. ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ «ɫ
ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ» ɤɨɝɞɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɚ
ɩɟɫɬɢɰɢɞɚɦɢ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɢ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 53: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ - ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɫɨɠɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
1. Ʌɟɫɧɵɟ ɩɨɠɚɪɵ
5
ɇɈ
4
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɢ
5
ɇɈ
4
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
3. ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ
ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ
(ɜ ɩɨɥɟ), ɫ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ
ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ,
ɩɥɨɯɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ
30
ɇɈ
10
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
4. ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ
ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ
(ɜ ɩɨɥɟ), ɛɟɡ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ
ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ
0,5
ɇɈ
10
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
2. Ʌɭɝɨɩɚɫɬɛɢɳɧɵɟ ɩɨɠɚɪɵ
ɩɨɠɚɪɵ ɧɚ ɩɭɫɬɨɲɚɯ
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɬɨɧɧɭ ɫɨɠɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧ ɞɥɹ "ɩɨɱɜɵ", ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɡɨɥɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ, ɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɨ
ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɫɨɠɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɞɥɹ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ.
ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɦɭ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɭ, ɥɟɫɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɢ ɡɟɦɥɟɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɭ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɨɠɠɟɧɨ ɧɚ
ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɨɯɜɚɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɦ. ȼ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ:
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
139
x
ȼɟɪɟɫɤɨɜɚɹ ɩɭɫɬɨɲɶ – ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɚ, ɫɨɠɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɠɚɪɟ – 8 ɬɨɧɧ ɧɚ ɝɟɤɬɚɪ
x
Ʌɟɫ ɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ – ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɚ, ɫɨɠɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɠɚɪɟ – 23 ɬɨɧɧɵ ɧɚ ɝɟɤɬɚɪ
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɢɡ ɇɨɜɨɣ Ɂɟɥɚɧɞɢɢ (NZ, 2000) ɩɪɢ ɥɟɫɧɨɦ ɩɨɠɚɪɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ 10 ɬ/ɝɚ, ɩɪɢ ɩɨɠɚɪɟ ɜ ɡɚɪɨɫɥɹɯ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɚ – 20 ɬ/ɝɚ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɠɚɪɟ ɧɚ ɥɭɝɚɯ ɢ
ɩɚɫɬɛɢɳɚɯ – 2,5 ɬ/ɝɚ. Ⱥɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɨɯɪɚɧɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɋɒȺ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ
ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɥɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɠɚɪɚ – 23 ɬ/ɝɚ (ȿɊȺ, 1998).
ɉɪɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ, ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɟɡɟɧ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɞɥɹ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɤɟ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɵɯ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɢɯ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɨɦ
ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɟ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɥɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ (Beguier 2004):
x
x
x
Ʌɟɫɚ/ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɡɨɧɚɦ ɧɚ
ɡɨɧɭ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɢ ɡɨɧɭ ɋɪɟɞɢɡɟɦɧɨɦɨɪɶɹ (ɘɝ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ);
ȼ ɡɨɧɟ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɥɟɫɚ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɞɚɸɬ 20 ɤɝ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ ɧɚ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɵɣ
ɦɟɬɪ (20 ɤɝ/ɦ2), ɱɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ 200 ɬ/ɝɚ. ȼ ɡɨɧɟ ɋɪɟɞɢɡɟɦɧɨɦɨɪɶɹ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɚ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 4 ɤɝ/ɦ2 ɢɥɢ 40 ɬ/ɝɚ.
ȼ ɡɨɧɟ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ 20% ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɚɟɬɫɹ
ɩɨɠɚɪɚɦɢ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 40 ɬ/ɝɚ. ȼ ɡɨɧɟ ɋɪɟɞɢɡɟɦɧɨɦɨɪɶɹ ɩɨɠɚɪɵ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵ, ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɠɚɪɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 25%; ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ,
ɩɨɠɚɪɵ ɧɚ ɸɝɟ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɠɚɪɟ 10 ɬɨɧɧ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ ɧɚ ɝɟɤɬɚɪ.
ɗɬɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ, ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɢ ɩɭɫɬɨɲɟɣ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ. ɉɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɢɡ
Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɢɧ 43 ɬ/ɝɚ ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɥɟɫɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɦɢ. ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ, ɞɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ
ɜɵɝɨɪɚɟɬ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ.
ɉɪɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ ɫɚɯɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɨɫɬɧɢɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɫɛɨɪɨɦ ɭɪɨɠɚɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɫɠɢɝɚɟɦɨɣ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ: ɨɤɨɥɨ
300 ɤɝ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ ɫɠɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɭɸ ɬɨɧɧɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɫɚɯɚɪɚ (Choong Kwet Yive
2004).
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɸ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɭɪɨɠɚɹ, ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɘɝɨ-ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɫɨɠɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɢɫɨɜɨɣ
ɫɨɥɨɦɵ: ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɭɪɨɠɚɹ ɪɢɫɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ 25% (ɩɨ ɫɵɪɨɦɭ ɜɟɫɭ). Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦɢ
ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɧɚ ɨɞɧɭ ɬɨɧɧɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ (ɲɥɢɮɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ) ɪɢɫɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ 250 ɤɝ
ɪɢɫɨɜɨɣ ɫɨɥɨɦɵ.
ɉɪɢɡɧɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɨ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɦ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɢɞɨɜɨɝɨ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ, ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ, ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɷɬɢɯ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ, ɩɭɬɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɥɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɠɚɪɚ (ɢɥɢ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ
ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ) ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɤ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɧɚ
ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɧɟɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ ɜ
ɬɪɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ, ɢ ɢɯ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɜ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ
ɪɚɡɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɢɥɢ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ. Ɍɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ ɢ
ɧɚɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ.
ɇɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ
ɞɟɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬɵ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɛɨɪɶɛɨɣ ɫ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɦɢ. Ⱦɟɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬɵ ɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ
ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɵ ɩɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɥɭɱɲɢɦɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ
ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ, ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɟɣ ɜ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ.
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
140
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
6.6.1.1 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɧɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɦ ɨɝɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ (ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɞɪɨɜɹɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ).
ȼ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɯ ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɜɟɬɜɢ, ɥɢɫɬɶɹ,
ɠɢɜɚɹ ɢ ɦɟɪɬɜɚɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɚ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɬɟɫɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɩɢɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɜɵɫɭɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɛɪɟɜɧɚ – ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵ.
ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɚɯ, ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ 13-28,5 ɦɤɝ
Ɍɗ/ɬ (Bremmer ɢ ɞɪ., 1994), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɲɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɩɪɢ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɧɟɦɟɰɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ (0,7-1,2 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ). ȼ ɲɜɟɣɰɚɪɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɥɨɫɶ ɨ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ 0,77 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɨɜɹɧɨɣ ɩɟɱɢ ɫ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɞɜɟɪɶɸ, ɱɬɨ ɢɦɢɬɢɪɨɜɚɥɨ
ɝɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɦ ɨɝɧɟ (Schatowitz ɢ ɞɪ., 1994).
Mahnke ɢ Krauss (1996) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɬɟɫɬɨɜ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ ɲɥɟɣɮɨɜ,
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɦ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɢ ɥɢɫɬɶɟɜ ɫɚɯɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɨɫɬɧɢɤɚ ɜ Ȼɪɚɡɢɥɢɢ. Ɉɧɢ
ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɵ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɦɢ
ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɦɢ – ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ 5 ɦɤɝ
Ɍɗ/ɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɝɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɥɢɫɬɜɵ ɜ əɩɨɧɢɢ
(Ikeguchi ɢ ɞɪ., 1999).
ɇɚ ɩɨɥɹɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɠɢɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɢ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ.
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɫɠɢɝɚɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɬɟɩɥɚ), ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ
ɧɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ (ɫɦ. Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ 6.3). ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɩɪɢ
ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɦ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ, ɧɚ ɩɨɥɹɯ. Gullett ɢ ɞɪ. (2002) ɩɪɨɜɟɥɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ
ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ, ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ, ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɥɨɦɵ ɩɲɟɧɢɰɵ (ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ 0,8% ɯɥɨɪɚ (ɜɟɫɟɧɧɹɹ
ɫɨɥɨɦɚ) ɢ 0,08% (ɡɢɦɧɹɹ ɫɨɥɨɦɚ)), ɪɢɫɨɜɨɣ ɫɨɥɨɦɵ (ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ 0,33% ɯɥɨɪɚ) ɢ
ɠɧɢɜɶɹ (0,33% ɯɥɨɪɚ). Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɥɨɦɵ ɩɲɟɧɢɰɵ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɨɬ 0,337 ɢ
0,602 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɫɨɠɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɨɥɨɦɵ, ɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɢɫɨɜɨɣ ɫɨɥɨɦɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ
0,537 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɫɨɥɨɦɵ. Ⱦɟɫɹɬɢɤɪɚɬɧɚɹ ɪɚɡɧɢɰɚ ɜ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɯɥɨɪɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɥɢɹɥɚ ɧɚ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ. ɗɬɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɲɟ ɬɟɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ Ⱥɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɨ ɨɯɪɚɧɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɋɒȺ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɨɰɟɧɤɟ
ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ (US-EPA, 2000). Ƚɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ
ɜ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɜ əɩɨɧɢɢ (Ikeguchi ɢ ɞɪ., 1999), ɝɞɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ
ɩɪɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ ɥɢɫɬɜɵ, ɫɧɨɩɨɜ ɫɨɥɨɦɵ ɢ ɪɢɫɨɜɨɣ ɲɟɥɭɯɢ. ɗɬɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ 4,6; 20,2 ɢ 67,4 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ.
Ɉɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɢ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ
ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ ɢɥɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ), ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ
ɢɥɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ (ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɫɨɥɟɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɩɟɫɬɢɰɢɞɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ).
ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɜɵɲɟɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɟ, ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ,
ɝɞɟ ɤɥɚɫɫ 3 ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɱɢɫɬɵɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɭɪɨɠɚɹ
ɫɠɢɝɚɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ. Ʉɥɚɫɫ 4 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɫɛɨɪɚ ɭɪɨɠɚɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɟ ɩɪɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ
ɩɟɫɬɢɰɢɞɨɜ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɩɪɢ ɩɥɨɯɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ (ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɬɥɟɧɢɟ, ɱɟɦ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɣ ɨɝɨɧɶ),
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɵɪɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɞɥɹ
ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ 0,5 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ, ɚ
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
141
ɞɥɹ ɩɥɨɯɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ – ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ - 30 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ. Ɍɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɝɨ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɥɭɱɲɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɯ,
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɭɪɨɠɚɹ, ɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɬɪɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɬɚɤɢɯ
ɤɚɤ ɫɚɯɚɪɧɵɣ ɬɪɨɫɬɧɢɤ, ɪɢɫɨɜɚɹ ɲɟɥɭɯɚ ɢ ɞɪ.
6.6.1.2 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ
ɉɪɹɦɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɧɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɧɨ ɨɫɚɞɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɦɵɬɶ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɩɚɫɬɶ ɜ ɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ. ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ.
6.6.1.3 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ
Ɉɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɯ, ɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɟ ɢɥɢ
ɩɨɩɚɜɲɢɯ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɩɨɥɹ, ɱɬɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ.
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɤɚɤ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɡɨɥɟ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ. ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɷɬɚ ɡɨɥɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɰɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜ
ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɯ ɡɨɥɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɫɠɢɝɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ.
Ȼɵɥɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ (ɩɨ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɹɦ ɜ Ⱥɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɟ ɩɨ ɨɯɪɚɧɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɋɒȺ,
1998), ɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɵ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɯ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ
ɩɨɱɜɟ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɡɨɥɟ ɢ ɫɚɠɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɟ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɵ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ. Ɂɨɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɢɠɟ
ɡɨɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɭɝɥɹ. ɉɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ 4 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ
ɫɨɠɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɩɪɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɡɨɥɵ 2% ɨɬ ɫɨɠɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɢ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɡɨɥɟ 200 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ.
6.6.1.4 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɧɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ.
6.6.1.5 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɹɬ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɯ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɧɚ
ɦɟɫɬɚɯ.
6.6.2 ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɟ ɩɨɠɚɪɵ
ɗɬɨɬ ɪɚɡɞɟɥ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɲɢɪɨɤ ɢ ɩɥɨɯɨ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ
ɫɸɞɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɢɯ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ
ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɩɟɱɢ ɢɥɢ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɢɹ – ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɤɭɱ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ
ɢ ɩɪɨɱɢɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɦ ɨɝɧɟ, ɝɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɧɚ ɫɜɚɥɤɚɯ – ɤɚɤ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɟ,
ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨɟ - ɩɨɠɚɪɵ ɜ ɡɞɚɧɢɹɯ, ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɹɯ ɢ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɯ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 54.
Ⱦɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ 2 – 5 ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɥɢɛɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɨɞɛɢɪɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 54: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɯ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
1. ɉɨɠɚɪɵ ɧɚ ɫɜɚɥɤɚɯ
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ - ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɫɨɠɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
1000
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
600
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
142
2. ɋɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɟ ɩɨɠɚɪɵ ɜ
ɡɞɚɧɢɹɯ, ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ
400
ɇɈ
[400]
ɇɉ
400
3. ɇɟɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɟ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɟ
ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
300
ɇɈ
[600]
ɇɉ
600
94 (ɧɚ
ɇɈ
[18 (ɧɚ
ɇɉ
18 (ɧɚ
4. ɋɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɟ ɩɨɠɚɪɵ
ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ
5. Ɉɬɤɪɵɬɨɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ
ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ
(ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ/ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ
ɡɞɚɧɢɣ)
ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɟ
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ)
60
ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɟ
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ)
ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɟ
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ)]
ɇɈ
[10]
ɇɉ
10
ɇɟɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ
ɨɬɯɨɞɵ ɫɠɢɝɚɸɬ ɜ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ, ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɧɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ
ɧɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɦ ɨɝɧɟ ɜ ɤɭɱɚɯ, ɜ ɛɨɱɤɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɦɚ. ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɧɚ ɫɜɚɥɤɚɯ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɸ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɨɫɬɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɯ, ɢ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɟɟ ɜ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɧɚ
ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɫɨɠɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ.
ɋɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɟ ɩɨɠɚɪɵ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ, ɚ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ
ɡɚɜɢɫɟɬɶ ɨɬ ɜɢɞɚ ɫɝɨɪɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɩɨɠɚɪɚ. ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɹɦ
ɩɪɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɚ, ɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɚ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɚɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ
ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɯ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɯ. ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɛɭɞɭɬ
ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɭɞɚɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɢɥɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɟ.
ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɠɚɪɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɦ ɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ
ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ-ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ ɤɚɤ
ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ, ɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɜ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɸ,
ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɦ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɦ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ "ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ".
ɉɨɠɚɪɵ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ.
ɂɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ,
ɬɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɨɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ. Ɍɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɟɥ ɩɨɠɚɪ,
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ, ɢ, ɤɚɤ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɬɶɫɹ –
ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ.
ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɣ ɜ
ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɢ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ, ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɠɢɝɚɸɬ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ.
6.6.2.1 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ
ɗɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɩɪɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɜ
ɧɟɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɵ ɜ ɋɒȺ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɟ
ɨɬɯɨɞɵ ɫɠɢɝɚɥɢ ɜ ɛɨɱɤɟ (US-ȿɊȺ, 1997ɚ; Gullet ɢ ɞɪ., 1999; Lemieux ɢ ɞɪ., 2003).
ɗɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ, ɤɚɤ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ
ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ (ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ) ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɨɬ ɦɟɧɟɟ 9 ɦɤɝ ȼɈɁ-Ɍɗ/ɬ
ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɞɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ 6655 ɦɤɝ ȼɈɁ-Ɍɗ/ɬ. ɉɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɨ,
ɱɬɨ ɲɟɫɬɶ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɯɨɞɚ ɜ ɨɞɧɢɯ ɢ ɬɟɯ ɠɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɞɚɥɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɨɬ 9 ɦɤɝ ȼɈɁ-Ɍɗ/ɬ ɞɨ 148 ɦɤɝ ȼɈɁ-Ɍɗ/ɬ (ɪɚɡɧɢɰɚ ɜ 16 ɪɚɡ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ,
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
143
ɨɛɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɞɜɚɠɞɵ). ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ
ɩɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɯɥɨɪɚ (ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɉȼɏ ɞɨ 7,5% ɜ ɨɬɯɨɞɚɯ) – 3543 ɢ
6655 ɦɤɝ ȼɈɁ-Ɍɗ/ɬ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɦɟɞɢ (ɦɟɞɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɤɚɤ
ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ) – 2725 ɦɤɝ ȼɈɁ-Ɍɗ/ɬ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɩɥɨɯɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɜ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɭɞɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ, ɪɨɫɬ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɟɦɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ, ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
ɩɟɪɟɞ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟɦ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɥɨɪɚ (ɜ ɜɢɞɟ CuCl2)
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɹɦ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ – ɞɨ 992 ɦɤɝ ȼɈɁ-Ɍɗ/ɬ. ȼ ɨɞɧɨɦ
ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɢ 0% ɉȼɏ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢɡ
ɞɜɭɯ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɣ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɞɢ. ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɩɨ 25 ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɦ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ 706 ɦɤɝ ȼɈɁ-Ɍɗ/ɬ, ɚ ɦɟɞɢɚɧɚ – 148 ɦɤɝ ȼɈɁ-Ɍɗ/ɬ. ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨɥɹ ɜɫɟɝɨ
ȼɈɁ-Ɍɗ ɞɥɹ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɉɏȻ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ 5%. Ɂɞɟɫɶ, ɞɥɹ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ
ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɝɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ, ɝɞɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɝɨɪɟɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɟ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɟ
ɨɬɯɨɞɵ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ 300 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ.
ɋɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɚɥɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ ɧɚ
ɫɜɚɥɤɚɯ. ɋ ɧɢɦɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɥɨɯɢɦɢ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɨɦ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ 1000
ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ (ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɲɜɟɞɫɤɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɨɨɛɳɢɥɨ Ⱥɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ
ɨɯɪɚɧɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɋɒȺ (ȿɊȺ, 1998)).
ɋɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɟ ɩɨɠɚɪɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟɦ ɫɠɢɝɚɟɦɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ
ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ. ɉɨ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɹɦ ɫ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɵ. ɉɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɨ, ɢ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɩɪɨɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ
ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɬɶ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɜ ɫɚɠɟ ɢ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɯ, ɨɫɬɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ
ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɠɚɪɚ. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ –
ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ, ɚ ɞɥɹ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ. ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɢ ɉȼɏ, ɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɚɠɢ, ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɨɬ 40
ɞɨ 3500 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ (ɪɟɡɸɦɟ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ Carroll, 1996). ɗɬɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɯ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɛ ɫ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɠɚɪɚ. ȼ
ɧɢɯ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ 20% ɉȼɏ ɧɟ ɫɝɨɪɟɥɨ, ɢ ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ
ɨɫɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɫɚɠɭ. Merck ɢ ɞɪ. (1995) ɫɠɢɝɚɥɢ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɭ ɢ ɉȼɏ ɜ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɟ ɢ
ɢɡɦɟɪɹɥɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ/ɞɵɦɨɜɨɦ ɝɚɡɟ ɜ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɛɚɯ,
ɜɡɹɬɵɯ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɟɧ. ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜɟɫɶ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɜ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɟ ɛɵɥ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧ ɧɚ
ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ, ɛɵɥ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ 560 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɉȼɏ ɢɥɢ 51 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ
ɫɦɟɫɢ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ/ɉȼɏ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɩɪɢ ɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɚɠɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɭɸ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ, ɛɵɥ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ 2200 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɉȼɏ ɢɥɢ 200 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ
ɫɦɟɫɢ ɞɟɪɟɜɨ/ɉȼɏ. Ikeguchi ɢ ɞɪ. (1999) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ
ɧɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɦ ɨɝɧɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ (220 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɞɥɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɪɵɲɟɤ,
1000 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɢ 6600 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɞɥɹ
ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɚ (ɉȼɏ)). ɂɫɫɥɟɞɭɹ ɜ Ⱦɚɧɢɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɩɪɢ
ɝɨɪɟɧɢɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, Vikelsoe ɢ Johansen (2000) ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɛɪɨɫ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ (ɩɪɢ 500ɨɋ) ɨɬ 1 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɞɥɹ ɞɢɯɥɨɪɛɟɧɢɥɚ ɞɨ 740000 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɞɥɹ
ɩɟɧɬɚɯɥɨɪɮɟɧɨɥɚ (ɉɏɎ); ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɬɟɫɬɚɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɞɥɹ ɉȼɏ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ 100 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ. ɉɪɢ
900ɨɋ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɦɢ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɯ
ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ, ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɵ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ ɜ ɠɢɥɵɯ ɡɞɚɧɢɹɯ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ:
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ – 83 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɫɚɠɭ – 83 ɦɤɝ
Ɍɗ/ɬ; ɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ: ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ – 500 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɢ
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɫɚɠɭ – 500 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ (LUA, 1997).
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
144
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɫɩɟɤɬɪ ɝɨɪɹɳɢɯ ɩɪɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɯ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ
ɪɚɡɛɪɨɫ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ
ɞɥɹ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɯ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ 400 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ.
Ɉɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɯ
ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ. Ɍɟɫɬɵ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɬɭɧɧɟɥɟ ɫɨ ɫɬɚɪɵɦ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɟɦ (1974),
ɧɨɜɵɦ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɟɦ (1988), ɜɚɝɨɧɨɦ ɦɟɬɪɨ ɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɨɞɨɪɨɠɧɵɦ ɜɚɝɨɧɨɦ (Wichmann ɢ
ɞɪ., 1995). ɗɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɩɨ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ
ɬɭɧɧɟɥɹ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɧɟ ɨɬɥɨɠɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ
ɬɭɧɧɟɥɟ, ɫɞɟɥɚɧɨ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ. ɗɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ 32 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɚɪɨɝɨ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɹ, 44
ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ ɞɥɹ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ, 2000 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ ɞɥɹ ɜɚɝɨɧɚ ɦɟɬɪɨ ɢ 9200 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ ɞɥɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɨɞɨɪɨɠɧɨɝɨ
ɜɚɝɨɧɚ. ɋ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɛɵɥ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɨɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɢɢ, ɱɬɨ 49,5% ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɨɠɚɪɵ ɫ
ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɫɬɚɪɵɯ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɟɣ, 49,5% - ɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɟɣ ɢ ɩɨ 0,5%
ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɚɝɨɧɵ ɦɟɬɪɨ ɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɨɞɨɪɨɠɧɵɟ ɜɚɝɨɧɵ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɟɬ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɜ 94
ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɲɟɫɬɜɢɟ (NB: ɷɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɲɟɫɬɜɢɟ, ɚ ɧɟ ɧɚ
ɬɨɧɧɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ!).
Ⱦɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɨɠɚɪɵ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ ɢ
ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɢ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ - ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɜ ɧɢɯ ɫɠɢɝɚɸɬ ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ, ɧɨ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ. Ɉɩɹɬɶ ɠɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɢɦɟɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɟɦɵɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɦ ɢɥɢ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɹɦ, ɦɚɥɨ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ əɩɨɧɢɢ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ
ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɭɸ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɜ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ
ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ – 60 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ (Ikeguchi ɢ ɞɪ., 1999).
6.6.2.2 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ
ɂɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɥɨ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɸ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɬɢɩɚ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ. ȼɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɩɪɢ ɧɢɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɧɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ
ɨɧɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢ ɬɭɲɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɠɚɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɞɨɠɞɟ, ɩɨɩɚɞɚɸɳɟɦ
ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɨɠɚɪɚ ɢ ɫɦɵɜɚɸɳɟɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɜ ɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɷɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ
ɛɭɞɭɬ ɡɚɜɢɫɟɬɶ ɨɬ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ, ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɬɨɹɬɶ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɨ.
6.6.2.3 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ
ɉɪɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɯ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ,
ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɠɚɪɟ, ɛɭɞɭɬ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɟ. ȼ
ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɢɧ ɢ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢ ɞɥɹ
ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ; ɩɪɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ, ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ,
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ.
6.6.2.4 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ.
6.6.2.5 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ, ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ
Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɛɭɞɭɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. ɂɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɩɨɠɚɪɚ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ. Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɨɫɬɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɢɥɢ ɭɞɚɥɹɬɶɫɹ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɢɧ ɢ ɬɨɬ
ɠɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ; ɩɪɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ,
ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ.
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
145
Ɉɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ 600 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɫɨɠɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ
ɞɥɹ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɦ ɨɝɧɟ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ. Ɉɧ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɯ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɛɨɱɤɟ ɜ ɋɒȺ (Lemieux ɢ ɞɪ.,
1997).
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɯ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɛ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɯ ɦɚɥɨ.
ɉɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ, ɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɡɨɥɵ. ȼ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɚ ɨɞɧɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɯ (ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɚɠɭ) - 1000 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ
ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ ɢ 350 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ ɜ ɠɢɥɵɯ ɡɞɚɧɢɹɯ (LUA, 1997). ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ
ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ 400 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ,
ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɢ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ
ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ.
ɉɨ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɦ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ
Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ (Wichmann ɢ ɞɪ., 1995), ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɨɫɬɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ
ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɯ. ɋɨɫɬɚɜɧɨɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ, - 18 ɦɤɝ
Ɍɗ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɲɟɫɬɜɢɟ (ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɯ ɠɟ ɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɢɣ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɜɵɲɟ). ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ:
ɷɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɲɟɫɬɜɢɟ, ɚ ɧɟ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɦɚɫɫɵ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ,
ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ 10 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɫɨɠɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ (ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢɡ
ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɩɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, Dyke ɢ ɞɪ., 1997).
ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɩɢɬɚɧɧɚɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɚ, ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɟɦɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɢ
ɩɥɨɯɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɯ.
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
146
6.7 Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ 7 – ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟ 6.7 ɨɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ
ɩɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ. ȼ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟ
6.7 ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɚɧɨ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɥɭɱɲɟɝɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɜ
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ. Ɉɧɨ ɩɨɦɨɠɟɬ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɦɢ ɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ ɢ ɮɭɪɚɧɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɛɟɡ ɧɢɯ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ.
Ʉɚɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɢɡ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɵ 55, ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɩɹɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ
ɩɭɬɹɦɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɸ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɜɨɞɵ, ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ,
ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɵ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɮɭɪɚɧɚɦɢ. ȼɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɜ
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɧɟ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ, ɚ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ
ɫɪɟɞɵ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 55: ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ 7 - ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ
7
ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
ɯ
ɏ
ɏ
ɏ
ɚ
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ ɢ
ɛɭɦɚɝɢ
x
ɏ
b
ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
(ɯɥɨɪɮɟɧɨɥɵ,
ɝɚɥɨɝɟɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ,
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɯɥɨɪɚ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ
ɨɤɫɢɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ)
x
ɏ
c
ɇɟɮɬɹɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
(ɧɟɮɬɟɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ)
x
d
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɶɧɵɯ
ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ
ɯ
ɯ
e
Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɤɨɠɢ
ɯ
ɯ
(ɯ)
x
Ɂɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ ɋɬɚɬɶɟɣ 5, ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɋ
ɋɬɨɤɝɨɥɶɦɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ
ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɋɬɚɬɶɢ 5, ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɋ ɑɚɫɬɢ II ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ:
Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ ɜ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
(ɫ)
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɯɥɨɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɣ ɯɥɨɪ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɞɥɹ
ɨɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ
147
6.7.1
Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɋ ɑɚɫɬɢ III ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ:
Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ
Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ ɜ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ
(f)
Ʉɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɫ
ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɦ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ
ɫɬɨɣɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ,
ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɯɥɨɪɮɟɧɨɥɨɜ ɢ
ɯɥɨɪɚɧɢɥɚ
6.7.2
(j)
Ʉɪɚɲɟɧɢɟ (ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɯɥɨɪɚɧɢɥɚ) ɢ
ɨɬɞɟɥɤɚ (ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɳɟɥɨɱɶɸ) ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɤɨɠɟɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
6.7.4; 6.7.5
6.7.1 ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ ɢ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ
ȼ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɱɟɪɬɚɯ, ɛɭɦɚɝɚ – ɷɬɨ ɥɢɫɬ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɢɡ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɫ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɹɞɚ
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɥɢɫɬɚ. ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ ɢ
ɛɭɦɚɝɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ (ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɚɪɚ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ).
ɐɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɚ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢɥɢ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɢɡ ɱɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɜɚɪɤɢ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ ɢɡ
ɦɚɤɭɥɚɬɭɪɵ. Ȼɭɦɚɠɧɵɣ ɡɚɜɨɞ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɭ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɭɸ ɜ ɤɚɤɨɦɥɢɛɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ (=ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɵɟ ɡɚɜɨɞɵ ɫ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɵɦ ɰɢɤɥɨɦ), ɢɥɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɚɦ ɧɚ
ɦɟɫɬɟ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɚɪɤɢ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ (=ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɵɟ ɡɚɜɨɞɵ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ). Ɂɚɜɨɞɵ
ɩɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɤɪɚɮɬ-ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ, ɚ
ɡɚɜɨɞɵ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɫɭɥɶɮɢɬɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ, ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ
ɩɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɢ
ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ
ɛɭɦɚɝɢ, ɧɨ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ.
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ ɢ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶɸ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɟɣ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ
ɩɨ ɨɛɳɟɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɵɪɶɸ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. ɏɨɬɹ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɟɪɟɜɨ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɨɛɭɦɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɧɟɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɥɨɦɚ
ɡɟɪɧɨɜɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ ɢ ɬɪɨɫɬɧɢɤ. ɗɬɢ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ 6,5-11% ɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ. ȼ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɢɥɢ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫɨ ɫɤɭɞɧɵɦɢ ɥɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ ɧɟɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ 35%
ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ (Blanco et al. 2004). Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ
ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ/ɛɭɦɚɝɢ ɢɡ ɧɟɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ Ʉɢɬɚɣ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ
Zheng et al. Ɉɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɦɭ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɜɨɞɭ ɜ Ʉɢɬɚɟ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɟɦɭ ɧɚ
ɧɟɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɫɵɪɶɟ (Zheng et al. 2001, Zheng et al. 1997).
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
148
ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɧɟɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɦ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɦ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɚ, ɚ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɬɶɫɹ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɨɞɨɜ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ
ɧɟɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɫɵɪɶɟ, ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɚɥɵɟ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɪɟɤɭɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɠɢɡɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɦɢ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɧɟɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ
ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɦ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɜ ɰɢɤɥɚɯ ɜɚɪɤɢ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɯɭɞɲɚɟɬ
ɞɪɟɧɚɠ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ. ɗɬɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɜɨɪɧɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ
ɷɬɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ (Blanco et al. 2004).
ȼ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɨ-ɛɭɦɚɠɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ
ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ ɢ ɤɚɪɬɨɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɬɪɟɯ ɷɬɚɩɨɜ: ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ,
ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ/ɤɚɪɬɨɧɚ.
ȼɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɉɏȾȾ ɢ ɉɏȾɎ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɨ-ɛɭɦɚɠɧɵɦɢ ɡɚɜɨɞɚɦɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɭɬɹɦɢ:
x
ɗɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ (ɩɪɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ ɥɢɝɧɢɧɚ ɢ ɱɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɳɟɥɨɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ);
x
ɗɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɩɪɢ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɢ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ;
x
ɗɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɣ, ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ (ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɩɨ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ, ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹ ɧɢɤɚɤɢɯ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ);
x
ɗɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɹɯ, ɫɨɠɠɟɧ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧ;
x
ɗɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ (=ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɭ, ɛɭɦɚɝɭ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɹɬ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɨɤ ɤɚɤ
ɬɨɜɚɪɧɚɹ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ.
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ
ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɚɪɤɢ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ, ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɨɬ ɥɢɝɧɢɧɚ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ, ɱɬɨ
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɞɟɥɢɝɧɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɢ ɦɹɝɤɢɟ
ɫɨɪɬɚ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ
ɫɵɪɶɟ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɤɨɪɥɭɩɚ ɤɨɤɨɫɚ, ɛɚɦɛɭɤ, ɩɚɩɢɪɭɫ, ɫɨɥɨɦɚ ɢ ɞɪ. Ⱦɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɥɢɛɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɜɚɪɤɭ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ, ɥɢɛɨ
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɜɚɪɤɭ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ.
ɉɪɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɚɪɤɟ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɛɪɟɜɧɚ ɩɪɢɠɢɦɚɸɬ ɤ
ɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɟɦɭɫɹ ɞɪɨɛɢɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɤɚɦɧɸ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɚɩɭɫɤɨɦ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɭɸ
ɳɟɩɭ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ, ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɢɫɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɦɟɥɶɧɢɰɚɦɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɣ ɳɟɩɵ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɬɨ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɧɨɫɢɬ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɯɢɦɢɨɬɟɪɦɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɜɚɪɤɚ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ
ɛɭɦɚɝɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɞɟɥɢɝɧɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɛɟɥɢɬɶ. ɋ
ɷɬɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɞɜɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ:
ɚ) ɋɭɥɶɮɢɬɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ
ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɚɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ
ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɫɟɪɵ (SO2) ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ: ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ, ɧɚɬɪɢɹ, ɦɚɝɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ. ȿɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɫ
ɝɨɞɚɦɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɥɨɫɶ, ɢ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɥɢɲɶ 10% ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
149
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ
ɭɫɬɚɪɟɜɲɢɦ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ, ɯɨɬɹ ɷɬɨɬ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɞɟɲɟɜɥɟ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ
ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɚɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɸ ɜɚɪɨɱɧɨɝɨ
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ɋɭɥɶɮɢɬɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ, ɚ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɚɥɭɸ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɧ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɦɹɝɤɨɣ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ.
ɛ) Ʉɪɚɮɬɨɜɵɣ, ɢɥɢ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ
ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɚɪɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɳɟɥɨɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɦ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɜɚɪɤɢ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ (80% ɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ). Ɉɧ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦ
ɤɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɜɢɞɚɦ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ/ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɢ ɞɚɟɬ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɭ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɚ
ɪɚɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ. ȼ ɤɪɚɮɬ-ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɧɚɬɪɢɣ-ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣ ɜɚɪɨɱɧɵɣ ɳɟɥɨɤ,
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɢɡ ɫɭɥɶɮɢɞɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ (Na2S) ɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ (NaOH) ɜ 10% ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ. ɇɟ
ɜɫɬɭɩɢɜɲɢɟ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ (=ɱɟɪɧɵɣ ɳɟɥɨɤ) ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɫ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɛɟɥɨɝɨ ɳɟɥɨɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɜɚɪɤɢ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ.
Ɉɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɧɢɟ
Ⱦɥɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɰɜɟɬɚ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɝɧɢɧɚ, ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɭ
ɨɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɬɪɢ-ɩɹɬɶ ɷɬɚɩɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɱɟɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ.
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɦɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɯɥɨɪ, ɝɢɩɨɯɥɨɪɢɬ,
ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞ ɯɥɨɪɚ, ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ, ɨɡɨɧ ɢ ɩɟɪɨɤɫɢɞ. ȼɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɫɬɚɥɚ
ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɚ ɩɟɪɭɤɫɭɫɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ. ɋ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɡɚɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɯɥɨɪɚ
ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɯɨɞ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. ɉɪɢ ɨɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ:
1. Ɉɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɦ ɯɥɨɪɨɦ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɜɟɬɥɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɯɥɨɪ (Cl2) ɢ ɝɢɩɨɯɥɨɪɢɬ. ɉɪɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɯɥɨɪɚ ɢ
ɝɢɩɨɯɥɨɪɢɬɚ ɫ ɥɢɝɧɢɧɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. ȼ 2000 ɝɨɞɭ ɧɚ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɦ ɪɵɧɤɟ ɨɤɨɥɨ 25% ɨɬɛɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɚ, ɨɬɛɟɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɯɥɨɪɨɦ ɢ ɝɢɩɨɯɥɨɪɢɬɨɦ.
2. Ɉɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɟɡ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɯɥɨɪɚ. Ɉɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɟɡ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɯɥɨɪɚ
ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɯɥɨɪɚ (ClO2). ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɣ
ɯɥɨɪ (ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɣ ɯɥɨɪ, Cl2, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɝɢɩɨɯɥɨɪɢɬ) ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. ȼ 2000
ɝɨɞɭ ɧɚ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɦ ɪɵɧɤɟ 67% ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɚ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɚ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɷɬɢɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ
ɨɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ.
3. ɉɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɛɟɫɯɥɨɪɧɨɟ ɨɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɧɢɟ (ɉȻɈ). ɇɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ
ɨɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ; ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ (Ɉ2),
ɩɟɪɨɤɫɢɞ (ɇ2Ɉ2) ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɭɤɫɭɫɧɭɸ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɭ. ȼ ɫɬɨɤɚɯ ɯɥɨɪ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ.
ȼ 2000 ɝɨɞɭ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ 7% ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ,
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɜɲɟɣ ɧɚ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɪɵɧɨɤ.
4. Ɉɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ. Ɉɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɜ ɤɨɪɧɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ
ɨɬ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɥɟɠɚɬ ɥɢɝɧɢɧ-ɫɛɟɪɟɝɚɸɳɢɟ, ɚ
ɧɟ ɥɢɝɧɢɧ-ɭɞɚɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ. ɗɮɮɟɤɬ ɧɟɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɟɧ, ɢ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɛɭɦɚɝɚ ɠɟɥɬɟɟɬ.
Ʌɢɝɧɢɧ-ɫɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ 1-2 ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɢɬɢɨɧɢɬɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ
(Na2S2O3), ɩɟɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ (ɇ2Ɉ2) ɢɥɢ ɢɯ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ.
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
150
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
ȼ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɨɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɣ
ɜɵɲɟɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɨɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ ɜ ɑɢɥɢ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɯɥɨɪɚ (Cl2, ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɣ ɯɥɨɪ) ɧɚ
ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɨɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɛɟɡɯɥɨɪɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ ɩɪɢ ɦɚɥɨɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ
ɥɢɝɧɢɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜɚɪɤɢ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɦɚɥɵɟ ɤɪɚɬɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ Cl2
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɨɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ (d0.1 % Cl2). Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɜɢɞ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧ ɜ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɤɚɤ ɤɥɚɫɫ 3 (ɫɦ. Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɭ 57 ɢ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɭ 58) (CORMA 2004).
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ
ȼɨɥɨɤɧɢɫɬɚɹ ɛɭɦɚɝɚ-ɨɫɧɨɜɚ. Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɛɭɦɚɝɨɞɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɚɪɬɨɧɨɞɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɦɚɲɢɧ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢ ɬɨɦ ɠɟ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ 99% ɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ
ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɛɟɡɜɨɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɪɟɫɫɚ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ
ɩɪɨɤɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɪɹɞ ɜɚɥɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ 100ɨɋ. ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɛɭɦɚɝɭ
ɪɚɡɝɥɚɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɝɨɪɹɱɢɯ ɩɚɪ ɜɚɥɢɤɨɜ (ɤɚɥɚɧɞɪɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɦɹɝɤɢɯ ɤɚɥɚɧɞɪɨɜ) ɢ ɜ
ɤɨɧɰɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɛɭɦɚɝɭ ɧɚɦɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɪɭɥɨɧ.
ɉɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɦɚɤɭɥɚɬɭɪɵ. ȼɚɪɤɚ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ ɢɡ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
ɫɨɛɨɣ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ,
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɜɚɪɤɟ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, NaOH. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ
ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ – ɷɬɨ ɥɢɛɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɫ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɨɣ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɛɟɡ
ɨɛɟɫɰɜɟɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɥɢɛɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɫ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɨɣ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɰɜɟɱɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ.
Ɇɚɤɭɥɚɬɭɪɭ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɜ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɜɨɞɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɛɢɜɚɬɟɥɟ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ, ɨɬɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɨɬ
ɧɟɜɨɥɨɤɧɢɫɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɱɢɳɚɸɬ ɞɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɪɬɟɠɧɨɣ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ, ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɭ
ɨɛɟɫɰɜɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɞɚɧɢɹ ɟɣ ɛɟɥɢɡɧɵ ɢ ɱɢɫɬɨɬɵ.
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ
Ʉɪɚɮɬ-ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɫ 1884 ɝɨɞɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɧɟ
ɩɪɟɬɟɪɩɟɥ. Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɱɟɪɧɵɣ ɳɟɥɨɤ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɜɵɩɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɨ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɱɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɳɟɥɨɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɝɨɪɚɟɬ ɜ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɤɨɬɥɟ
(ɤɨɬɥɟ-ɭɬɢɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɟ) ɫ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɚ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɜɲɢɟ ɜ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ, ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ
ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɬɥɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɵ ɤɨɬɥɚɦɢ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɧɚ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɨɦ
ɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɯɨɞɚɯ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ (ɞɪɨɛɥɟɧɨɦ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ). ɗɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ
ɤɨɬɥɨɜ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɉɏȾȾ ɢ ɉɏȾɎ. Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɵ 56, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɡɨɥɚ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɥɨɜ ɱɟɪɧɨɝɨ
ɳɟɥɨɤɚ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɦɵ ɩɪɢɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɦɫɹ ɨɛɳɟɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɦ
ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ ɜ ɬɨɧɧɚɯ ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɣ ɫɭɲɤɟ (Air Dry tons, ADt), ɱɬɨ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɨɧɧɟ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ 90% ɫɭɯɨɫɬɢ ɢ 900 ɤɝ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɫɭɯɨɣ
ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɚɹ ɛɭɦɚɝɚ ɩɪɢ ɫɭɯɨɫɬɢ, ɤɚɤ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, 94-96%.
ɇɨɜɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɧɟɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɦ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɢɡ Ʉɢɬɚɹ, ɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ
ɜɨɞɚɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ADt. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɜ
ɫɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ
ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ, ɫɩɭɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɠɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ (Zheng et al. 2001).
Ⱦɥɹ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɨ-ɛɭɦɚɠɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɬɶ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɫ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚɦɢ 56 ɢ 58.
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
151
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 56: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɨ-ɛɭɦɚɠɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ: ɤɨɬɥɵ
(ɤɭɛɵ)
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ADt
ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɡɨɥɵ
1. Ʉɨɬɥɵ ɧɚ ɱɟɪɧɨɦ
ɳɟɥɨɤɟ
0,07
ɇɉ
2. Ʉɨɬɥɵ, ɫɠɢɝɚɸɳɢɟ ɢɥ ɢ
ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɭ/ɤɨɪɭ
0,2
50
Ƚɨɞɨɜɵɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɞɚɦɢ ɢ ɢɥɚɦɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɨɛɭɦɚɠɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ (=ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ) ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɭɦɧɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ
ɫɬɨɤɟ (ɜ ɩɝ Ɍɗ/ɥ) ɢɥɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɢɥɟ (ɜ ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ) ɧɚ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ
ɫɛɪɨɫ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɧɚɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɜ
ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɯ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɫɬɨɤɚɯ ɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ
ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɯ ɞɚɧɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɜ ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ADt – ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ, ɟɫɥɢ
ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ. Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɞɥɹ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 57. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɦ ɧɚ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɟ ɡɚɜɨɞɚɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɦɢ ɢɥ ɢ ɫɬɨɤɢ, ɫ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ
ɧɟɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɟ, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɫɬɨɤɚɦ ɞɨ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 57: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ ɢ ɢɥɨɜ ɜ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɨ-ɛɭɦɚɠɧɨɣ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ = ɢɥ
ȼɨɞɚ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ADt
ɩɝ Ɍɗ/ɥ
ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ADt
ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɜ ɢɥɟ
1. Ʉɪɚɮɬ-ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ,
ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɣ Cl2,
ɧɟɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɨ,
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɟ ɉɏɎ
ɇɈ
300
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
2. Ʉɪɚɮɬ-ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɫɬɚɪɚɹ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ (Cl2)
4,5
70
4,5
100
3. ɋɦɟɲɚɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ
(ɉȻɈ, ɧɨ Cl2 ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ
ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ)
1,0
15
1,5
30
0,06
2
0,2
10
4. ɋɭɥɶɮɢɬɧɚɹ
ɛɭɦɚɝɚ,
ɫɬɚɪɚɹ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ
(ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɣ ɯɥɨɪ)
5. Ʉɪɚɮɬ-ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ,
ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ (ClO2)
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
152
6. ɋɭɥɶɮɢɬɧɚɹ
ɛɭɦɚɝɚ,
ɧɨɜɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ (ClO2,
ɉȻɈ)
7. ɐɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɚ
ɬɟɪɦɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɜɚɪɤɢ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
30
8. Ɋɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ
ɛɭɦɚɝɚ ɢɡ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɨɣ
ɦɚɤɭɥɚɬɭɪɵ*
9. Ɋɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ
ɛɭɦɚɝɚ ɢɡ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ
ɛɭɦɚɝɢ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
* ɋɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɡ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɛɟɫɰɜɟɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 58: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɨ-ɛɭɦɚɠɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
1. Ʉɪɚɮɬ-ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɚ ɢɡ ɧɟɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɝɨ
ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ, ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɉɏɎ, ɨɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɯɥɨɪɨɦ
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ – ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ
30
2. Ʉɪɚɮɬ-ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɚ ɢ ɛɭɦɚɝɚ ɢɡ
ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ, ɨɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɧɢɟ
ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɦ ɯɥɨɪɨɦ
8
3. ɋɦɟɲɚɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ (ɉȻɈ, ɧɨ Cl2
ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ)
3
4. ɋɭɥɶɮɢɬɧɚɹ ɛɭɦɚɝɚ, ɫɬɚɪɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ
(ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɣ ɯɥɨɪ)
1
5. Ʉɪɚɮɬ-ɛɭɦɚɝɚ, ɧɨɜɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ (ClO2,
ɉȻɈ), ɧɟɛɟɥɟɧɚɹ ɛɭɦɚɝɚ
0,5
6. ɋɭɥɶɮɢɬɧɚɹ ɛɭɦɚɝɚ, ɧɨɜɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ
(ClO2, ɉȻɈ)
0,1
7. ɐɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɚ ɬɟɪɦɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɚɪɤɢ
1
8. Ɋɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɛɭɦɚɝɚ ɢɡ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɚɤɭɥɚɬɭɪɵ
10
9. Ɋɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɛɭɦɚɝɚ ɢɡ
ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ
3
6.7.1.1 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ ɢ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɚ ɧɟ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ.
ɐɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɨ-ɛɭɦɚɠɧɵɟ ɡɚɜɨɞɵ ɫɠɢɝɚɸɬ ɥɢɝɧɢɧ (ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɜɚɪɤɢ
ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ) ɞɥɹ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɣ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɢɯ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜ ɤɨɬɥɚɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɠɢɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ, ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɚɹ ɳɟɩɚ, ɤɨɪɚ ɢ
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
153
ɞɪ. Ʉɚɤ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɫɭɥɶɮɢɬɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɤɪɚɮɬ-ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɭ, ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ 6000-9000
ɦ3/ɬ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ, ɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɤɨɥɨ 0,41 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɦ3 (ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ 0,036-1,4 ɧɝ ɆɌɗ/ɦ3) (ɋȿɊȺ-FPAC, 1999). ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹɯ,
ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɩɪɢɛɪɟɠɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ Ȼɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɨɣ Ʉɨɥɭɦɛɢɢ, ɝɞɟ ɧɚ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɵɟ
ɡɚɜɨɞɵ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɩɢɬɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɨɥɶɸ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɚ. ɑɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɬɥɨɜ ɧɚ ɱɟɪɧɨɦ ɳɟɥɨɤɟ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɩɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ ɢɡ ɧɟɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ, ɬɨ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɯ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɨ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɵ ɬɟ ɠɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ,
ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɫɵɪɶɟ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɜɨɞɵ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɟ
ɧɚ ɧɟɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɟ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɪɟɤɭɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɬɥɨɜ.
Ʉɨɬɥɵ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɤɪɚɮɬ-ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɨɦ ɳɟɥɨɤɟ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɨɛɭɦɚɠɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɱɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɳɟɥɨɤɚ.
Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɦɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɰɢɤɥɨɧɚɦɢ, ɦɨɤɪɵɦɢ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɨɫɚɞɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ. ɋɪɟɞɧɢɟ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɬɪɭɛɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɨɬ 0,004 ɞɨ 0,008 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɦ3 (ɋȿɊȺ-FPAC, 1999). ȼ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɵɣ NCASI ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɣ ɜ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɟ Ⱥɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɨɯɪɚɧɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɋɒȺ (US-EPA Reassessment) –
0,007 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɱɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɳɟɥɨɤɚ (US-EPA, 2000, Ɍɨɦ 2, 5-26).
ɉɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹɦ US-EPA (1998), ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɨɞɨɜ, ɫɠɢɝɚɸɳɢɯ ɢɥ ɢ
ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ ɜ ɞɪɨɜɹɧɵɯ ɤɨɬɥɚɯ (ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɨɩɤɚ ɫ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ
ɨɫɚɞɢɬɟɥɟɦ), ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɨɬ 0,0004 ɞɨ 0,118 ɦɤɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɬ ɢɥɚ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ,
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɨɞɨɜ, ɫɠɢɝɚɸɳɢɯ
ɢɥ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ ɪɚɜɧɵɦ 0,06 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɫɵɪɶɹ (ɬ.ɟ. ɢɥɚ ɢɥɢ
ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ). Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹɯ ɜ
ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ) ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ.
ȼ Ʉɚɧɚɞɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɩɪɢɛɪɟɠɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɡɚɜɨɞɚɯ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɤɨɬɥɵ ɧɚ ɨɬɯɨɞɚɯ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ, ɩɪɨɩɢɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɥɶɸ. Ɍɢɩɢɱɧɵɣ ɤɨɬɥɨɜɵɣ
ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ, ɩɚɪɨɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ,
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɚɣɡɟɪɚ, ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹ, ɦɭɥɶɬɢɰɢɤɥɨɧɨɜ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɚɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ
ɢɥɢ ɦɨɤɪɵɯ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɨɜ, ɢ ɬɪɭɛɵ. Ɍɨɩɥɢɜɨ ɢɡ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɢɦɟɟɬ 0,06% - 2,2%
NaCl ɢ 49%-66% ɜɥɚɝɢ. ɗɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɢɡ ɬɪɭɛɵ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɸɬ ɨɬ 0,01 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɦ3 ɞɨ 2,8 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɦ3
(ɩɪɢ 11% Ɉ2) (Duo and Leclerc 2004). ɂɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɬɥɟ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ
ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɫ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɨɠɢɠɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɟɦ, ɞɚɥɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ
0,295 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3 (ɩɪɢ 11% Ɉ2). ɉɪɢ ɫɨɩɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ 5% ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ
ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɪɵɲɟɤ (ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɝɨ 1,6% ɫɟɪɵ) ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɵ ɞɨ
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ 0,119 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3 (ɩɪɢ 11% Ɉ2). ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɚɹ ɜ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹɯ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ ɢɡ
ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɢɦɟɥɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɯɥɨɪɚ 0,072-0,585% (Duo et al. 2002, Duo et al.
2003).
Ɂɚɜɨɞɵ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɤɪɚɮɬ-ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɵ ɩɟɱɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɠɢɝɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ,
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɠɢɝɚ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ
ɩɨɞɳɟɥɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɋɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɟɱɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɨɬ 800ɨɋ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɨ 1000-1100ɨɋ ɜ ɟɟ ɤɨɧɰɟ. ɉɨɬɨɤ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɩɟɱɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɠɢɝɚ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 1000 ɇɦ3/ɬ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ
ɞɥɹ ɩɟɱɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɠɢɝɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ, ɫɦ. Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ 6.4.2.
ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɧɚ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɨɞɚɯ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɬɚɤɢɦ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ, ɫɦ. Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ 6.3. CORMA (2004) ɫɨɨɛɳɢɥɨ ɨ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɯ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɨɬ 0,16 ɞɨ 0,4 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɤɨɬɥɨɜ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɟ (ɤɥɚɫɫ
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
154
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
2); ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ 0,2 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ.
6.7.1.2 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ
ɐɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɨ-ɛɭɦɚɠɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ
ɜɨɞɵ. ɉɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɭɥɶɮɢɬɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ,
ɫɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ,
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɤɪɚɮɬ-ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɸɳɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɫɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɟɬ 1520 ɦ3 ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɬɨɧɧɭ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨ-ɫɭɯɨɣ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ (15-20 ɦ3/ɬADt).
ȼ 1988 ɝɨɞɭ ɜ ɋɒȺ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɣ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɨ-ɛɭɦɚɠɧɵɣ ɡɚɜɨɞ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥ 16000-17000
ɝɚɥɥɨɧɨɜ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɬɨɧɧɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ (60-64 ɦ3 ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɬɨɧɧɭ
ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ); ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 15-100 ɦ3/ɬ.
ȼɨɞɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɯ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɬɨɤɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ 20-40 ɦ3 ɧɚ ɬɨɧɧɭ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ. ȼ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ
ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɜ 30 ɦ3 ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɬɨɧɧɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ.
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɬɨɤɚɯ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɸɬ ɨɬ 3 ɩɝ Ɍɗ/ɥ ɞɨ 210 ɩɝ Ɍɗ/ɥ ɫ ɦɟɞɢɚɧɨɣ ɜ 73 ɩɝ Ɍɗ/ɥ
(US-EPA, 1998a). ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɛɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɪɚɮɬ-ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ ɩɪɢ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɫɬɚɪɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɨɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 4,5 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ. Ʉɚɤ
ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ, ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɬɨɤɚɯ, ɩɟɪɟɦɧɨɠɢɜ ɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɛɪɨɫɚ
ɫɬɨɤɨɜ.
Ɂɚɦɟɧɚ Cl2 ɧɚ ClO2 ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɨɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ
2,3,7,8-Cl4ȾȾ ɢ 2,3,7,8-Cl4ȾɎ (ɧɢɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ 0,3-0,9 ɩɝ/ɥ).
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ NCASI (ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɋɨɜɟɬ (ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɨɛɭɦɚɠɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ) ɩɨ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɸ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢ ɩɚɪɚ) (1998) ɜ ɋɒȺ ɩɨ 20
ɥɢɧɢɹɦ ɨɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ 14 ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɤɪɚɮɬ-ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ,
ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɡɚɦɟɧɢɜɲɢɯ ɯɥɨɪ ɧɚ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞ ɯɥɨɪɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ 119 ɩɚɪ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ 2,3,7,8Cl4ȾȾ ɢ 2,3,7,8-Cl4ȾɎ ɜ ɫɬɨɤɚɯ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɨɞɨɜ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ
2,3,7,8-Cl4ȾȾ ɧɟ ɛɵɥ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧ ɧɢ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɟ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɯ ɜɵɲɟ
ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ 10 ɩɝ/ɥ. 2,3,7,8-Cl4ȾɎ ɛɵɥ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧ ɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɪɨɛɚɯ
ɧɚ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ 15-18 ɩɝ/ɥ, ɚ ɧɚ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɜ
ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ 11-18 ɩɝ/ɥ.
ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɨɞɨɜ,
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞ ɯɥɨɪɚɬ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ ɪɚɜɧɵɦ
60 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɨɬɛɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ. ɗɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ
ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɩɪɹɦɨɝɨ ɫɛɪɨɫɚ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɢɥɚ,
ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɵ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɢ ɫɬɨɤɢ, ɜɵɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɢɡ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɩɨ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ
ɫɬɨɤɨɜ, ɛɭɞɭɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɧɟɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ.
ɋɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɛɵɥ ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɜ ɫɬɨɤɚɯ
ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɨɞɨɜ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɩɪɢɛɪɟɠɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ Ȼɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɨɣ Ʉɨɥɭɦɛɢɢ,
Ʉɚɧɚɞɚ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɥɢɫɶ ɨɫɨɛɵɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɫɠɢɝɚɥɚɫɶ
ɡɚɫɨɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɪɨɛɥɟɧɚɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɚ, ɚ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɨɥɵ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɥɨ ɧɚ ɨɱɢɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ. Ɉ
ɜɫɹɤɨɦ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɬɶ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɨɞɨɜ ɧɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ.
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ ɢɡ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɧɬɚɯɥɨɪɮɟɧɨɥɨɦ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɪɨɫɬɭ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɫɬɨɤɚɯ, ɯɨɬɹ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɫɥɭɱɚɹ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ. Ɉ ɜɫɹɤɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɉɏɎ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɩɢɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɉɏɎ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɜ
ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɨ-ɛɭɦɚɠɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɬɶ.
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
155
Ƚɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ ɧɚ
ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɢɥɢ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɨɞɚɯ, ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ
ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɨ-ɛɭɦɚɠɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɨɞɨɜ Ʉɢɬɚɹ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɜɲɢɯ ɨɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ
ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ (Zheng et al. 2000). Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɚɯ ɡɚɜɨɞɚ ɩɨ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ ɜ Ʉɢɬɚɟ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɭ ɨɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɋ-ȿ-ɇ,
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ 316 ɩɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɥ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ 2,3,7,8-Cl4ȾȾ – 230 ɩɝ/ɥ ɢ 2,3,7,8-Cl4ȾɎ – 122
ɩɝ/ɥ.
ɇɚ
ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɨ-ɛɭɦɚɠɧɵɯ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ
(ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚɯ),
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɬɟɪɦɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɜɚɪɤɭ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ,
ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɟ, ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ.
ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɵ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ ɦɚɥɵ – 5-10 ɦ3/ADt. ɇɢɤɚɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɧɟ
ɛɵɥɨ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɨ.
6.7.1.3 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ, ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɚɹ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɨ-ɛɭɦɚɠɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɚ ɉɏȾȾ ɢ ɉɏȾɎ. ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ,
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɧɢɢ. ɋɨɨɛɳɚɥɨɫɶ ɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɯ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɨɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɦ ɯɥɨɪɨɦ.
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɦ ɜ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ. Ɂɚɦɟɧɚ Cl2 ɧɚ ClO2 ɩɪɢɜɟɥɚ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ 2,3,7,8-Cl4ȾȾ ɢ
2,3,7,8-Cl4ȾɎ ɞɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ, ɧɢɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɫɬɨɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɛɟɡ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɯɥɨɪɚ, ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɤɚɩɩɚ-ɧɨɦɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɱɢɫɬɨɬɵ ClO2. ɉɪɢ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɤɚɩɩɚ-ɧɨɦɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ClO2 (ɬ.ɟ. ɜɵɫɨɤɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɯɥɨɪɚ) ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ.
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɨɬ 0,6 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ ɞɨ 200
ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɨɬɛɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ (US-EPA, 1998a, Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 8-1). Ɇɟɞɢɚɧɧɚɹ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ, ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɚɹ ɞɥɹ "ɫɬɚɪɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ", ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ 9 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɨɬɛɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ
ɤɪɚɮɬ-ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɪɚɜɟɧ 10 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɨɬɛɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɪɚɮɬɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ.
ɉɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɢɡ Ʉɢɬɚɹ ɨɬɛɟɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɚ ɢɦɟɥɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ
(Zheng et al. 1997, Zheng et al. 2000). Zheng et al. (2000) ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬ ɨ 24,7 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɤɝ
ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɨɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɋ-ȿ-ɇ ɫ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ «ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɦ» ɩɨɬɬɟɪɧɨɦ
ɯɥɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ (2,3,7,8-Cl4ȾɎ = 13,6 ɧɝ/ɤɝ ɢ 2,3,7,8-Cl4ȾȾ = 2,0 ɧɝ/ɤɝ, ɧɨ
ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ 1,2,3,7,8-Cl5ȾȾ = 29,8 ɧɝ/ɤɝ ɢ Cl6ȾȾ = 35,8 ɧɝ/ɤɝ). Zheng et al.
(1997) ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɥɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɩɹɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚɯ ɨɬɛɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ
ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ ɢɡ ɧɟɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ – ɨɬ 33,5 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɞɨ 43,9 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɤɝ. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ
ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚɯ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ 2,3,7,8-Cl4ȾȾ, 1,2,3,7,8-Cl5ȾȾ ɢ 1,2,3,4,7,8Cl6ȾȾ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɵɯ 2,3,7,8-ɡɚɦɟɳɟɧɧɵɯ Cl4ȾɎ ɢ
Cl5ȾɎ.
ȼ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɟ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɬɟɪɦɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɚɪɤɢ, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɨɤɨɥɨ 1 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ (de Wit, 1989) ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ 0,17 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɢ 1,65
Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɤɝ (Santl et al. 1994a). Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ ɪɚɜɟɧ 1 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ
ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ.
ȼ ɧɟɨɬɛɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɭɥɶɮɢɬɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɛɵɥɢ ɧɢɠɟ.
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɨɬɛɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɭɥɶɮɢɬɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 0,1 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ
ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ.
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
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Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɦɚɤɭɥɚɬɭɪɵ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 3 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ,
ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ CORMA (2004), ɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ/ɛɭɦɚɝɢ ɢɡ
ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɫɵɪɶɹ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɚɤɭɥɚɬɭɪɵ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ) ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ 10 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ,
ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ Santl et al. (1994a, 1994b).
Ɂɚɦɟɧɚ Cl2 ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɨɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ClO2 ɪɟɡɤɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ 2,3,7,8Cl4ȾȾ ɢ 2,3,7,8-Cl4ȾɎ ɞɨ 0,1-0,3 ɩɝ/ɝ ɨɬɛɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ 0,1-0,3
ɦɤɝ/ɬ ɨɬɛɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ.
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɨɬɛɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɪɚɮɬ-ɛɭɦɚɝɟ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɫ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɥɨɪɚ (ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɯɥɨɪɚ), ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ 5 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɫɦɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɚɥɮɟɬɨɤ,
ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɭɦɨɤ ɢ ɩɪɨɱɟɣ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ 2 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɞɥɹ
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɝɚɡɟɬɧɨɣ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ. ȿɫɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ
ɨɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞɨɦ ɯɥɨɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɛɟɫɯɥɨɪɧɨɟ ɨɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɧɢɟ, ɬɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬ 0,5 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ, ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɫɭɥɶɮɢɬɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ ɩɨ ɫɬɚɪɵɦ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɦ, ɮɚɤɬɨɪ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɪɚɜɟɧ 1 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɫɧɢɡɢɬ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɨ 0,1 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ.
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɨɬɛɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 0,5 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ.
Ȼɭɦɚɝɚ, ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɢɡ ɦɚɤɭɥɚɬɭɪɵ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɥɢɛɨ 10 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ
ɞɥɹ ɦɚɤɭɥɚɬɭɪɵ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɩɨ ɫɬɚɪɨɦɭ ɤɪɚɮɬ-ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ,
ɥɢɛɨ 3 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɤɭɥɚɬɭɪɵ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨ
ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɨɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ.
6.7.1.4 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɦɢ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɟ ɫ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɨɛɭɦɚɠɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɷɬɨ ɢɥɵ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ. ȼɵɯɨɞ ɢɥɚ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɬ 14 ɞɨ 140 ɤɝ ɧɚ ɬɨɧɧɭ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ (US-EPA, 1998a). ɉɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ
ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ, ɧɚ ɬɨɧɧɭ ɨɬɛɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɪɚɮɬ-ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ 30-60 ɤɝ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ 40-70 ɤɝ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɧɚ ɬɨɧɧɭ
ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ. ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɧɟɨɬɛɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ 20-60 ɤɝ ɫɭɯɢɯ
ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɬɨɧɧɭ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ,
ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɨɧɧɵ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ 50 ɤɝ ɢɥɚ (ɫɭɯɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ).
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɬɭ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɢɥɨɜ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɢ
ɫɤɥɚɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɢɝɨɧɟ, ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ, ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
(ɤɨɦɩɨɫɬ, ɩɨɞɫɬɢɥɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ) ɢɥɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ.
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɢɥɚɯ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɚɪɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ
ɨɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɸɬ ɨɬ 2 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɨ 370 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ
ɫ ɦɟɞɢɚɧɨɣ ɜ 93 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɢɥɚ. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɢɥɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɨɬɛɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ
ɤɪɚɮɬ-ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 4,5 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɨɬɛɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɪɚɮɬ-ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ
ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɜ ɢɥɟ 100 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɢɥɚ, ɩɟɪɟɦɧɨɠɢɜ ɟɟ ɧɚ ɨɛɳɭɸ ɦɚɫɫɭ
ɢɥɚ, ɭɞɚɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ.
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɢɥɚɯ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ,
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɨɛɵɱɧɭɸ ɞɟɥɢɝɧɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɞɟɥɢɝɧɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ, ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
157
ɧɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɥɢɫɶ. ɂɥɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ 2,3,7,8-ɡɚɦɟɳɟɧɧɵɯ Cl4ȾȾ ɢ Cl4ȾɎ, ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɫɟɯ 17-ɬɢ 2,3,7,8-ɡɚɦɟɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɉɏȾȾ ɢ ɉɏȾɎ. Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ
ɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɨɬ 3,8 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɨ 5,2 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ
ɨɛɵɱɧɨɣ ɞɟɥɢɝɧɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɬ 1,8 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɨ 4,5 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɥɢɝɧɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɚɞɢɣ ED ɢɥɢ ED/OD (ɫɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ
6.9.3).
ɉɪɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ 4 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɢɥɨɜ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ ɩɨ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ,
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬ 0,2 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ.
ɇɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ, ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɦ ɦɚɤɭɥɚɬɭɪɭ, Santl ɢ ɞɪ. (1994b) ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɥɢ ɜ ɢɥɟ,
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɟɦɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɟɫɰɜɟɱɢɜɚɧɢɢ, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ 24,9 ɢ 44,37 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ. ɉɪɢ
ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɢɥɟ ɫɧɢɠɚɥɨɫɶ ɞɨ 11,01 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɤɝ.
Ɉɬɯɨɞɵ ɫ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɬɯɨɞɵ
ɛɭɦɚɝɢ, ɢɥ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɟɫɰɜɟɱɢɜɚɧɢɢ, ɛɢɨ-ɢɥ). ɗɬɢ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɵ ɢɥɢ
ɫɨɠɠɟɧɵ. ȼ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɬ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɞɥɹ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɚɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɩɭɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɨɜ ɧɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ.
ɗɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɩɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɸ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɥɨɫɶ ɜɞɭɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɹ ɢɥɢ ɰɟɨɥɢɬɚ, ɧɟɜɵɫɨɤɢ, ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 0,1 ɧɝ ɆɌɗ/ɦ3. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɩɭɬɧɨɦ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ ɢɥɨɜ ɫ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ,
ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɹɯ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɨɦ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ,
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ 0,1 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɦ3 (BREF, 2000a). ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɪɢ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ ɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɨɜ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟ 6.1.5 ɢɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɩɭɬɧɨɝɨ
ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɨɜ ɧɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɹɯ – Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ 6.3.1.
ȼ ɤɚɧɚɞɫɤɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɡɚɫɨɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɡɨɥɟ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ 3,80 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɡɨɥɵ ɩɪɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɢ 2,63 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ
ɫɨɩɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɪɵɲɟɤ (Duo et al. 2003, Duo et al. 2002).
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɤ ɤɨɬɥɚɦ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɟɦ ɧɚ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɟ/ɤɨɪɟ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɬ
ɠɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ (ɫɦ. Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ 6.3). ɉɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ
CORMA (2004) ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɥɨɜ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɟ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ 48 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ
ɡɨɥɵ.
ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ ɡɚ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɡɨɥɵ, ɚ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɜ
ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶɫɹ (ɧɟɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ, ɪɚɫɫɵɩɚɧɢɟ ɩɨ
ɩɨɱɜɟ) ɢɥɢ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɬɶɫɹ (ɫɜɚɥɤɢ).
6.7.2 ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
Ɍɚɤ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɥɨɠɢɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɚɦɢ ɢ
ɮɭɪɚɧɚɦɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɟɧɨɥɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɯ.
ȼ
ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɛɵɥɨ
ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ,
ɱɬɨ
ɩɟɫɬɢɰɢɞɵ,
ɬɚɤɢɟ
ɤɚɤ
2,4,5ɬɪɢɯɥɨɪɮɟɧɨɤɫɢɭɤɫɭɫɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ (2,4,5-Ɍ) ɢ ɩɟɧɬɚɯɥɨɪɮɟɧɨɥ (ɉɏɎ), ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɵ
ɉɏȾȾ ɢ ɉɏȾɎ. ȼɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾɎ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɜ
ɩɨɥɢɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɛɢɮɟɧɢɥɚɯ (ɉɏȻ).
ɉɏȾȾ ɢ ɉɏȾɎ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ, ɝɞɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɯɥɨɪ. ɇɢɠɟ
ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɵ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ ɢ ɉɏȾɎ, ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɜ
ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɭɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ:
x
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɟɧɨɥɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɯ;
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
158
x
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɯ;
x
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɥɢɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ;
x
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ.
ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ
ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɜ
ɢ
ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɩɪɟɞɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɫɚɦɢɦ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɮɟɧɨɥɨɜ
ɩɪɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɹɰɢɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɯɥɨɪɮɟɧɚɬɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɟɣ.
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɯɥɨɪɚ ɢɡ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɥɹɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɧɵɯ ɚɧɨɞɨɜ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ
ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ, ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɉɏȾɎ, ɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɢɦɢ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɉɏȾȾ. ɋɨɨɛɳɚɥɨɫɶ ɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ ɧɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚɯ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ
ɦɢɤɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɨɜ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ.
ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ
ɦɨɤɪɵɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ, ɨɬɥɢɱɧɵ ɨɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ. ȼ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɯ ɯɥɨɪ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɉɏȾȾ ɢ ɉɏȾɎ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɞɧɨ ɢɥɢ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɡ ɧɢɠɟ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ (ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɯ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ - ɫɦ. UNEP Chemicals, 2003; NATO/CCMS, 1992b):
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ȼɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ (>150ɨɋ);
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ɓɟɥɨɱɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ (ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ);
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ɍɥɶɬɪɚɮɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɚɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ.
ȼ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɚɯ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɵ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɤɚɤ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ,
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɉɏȾȾ ɢ ɉɏȾɎ, ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɵ ɫɩɢɫɤɢ
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɩɟɪɟɞ
ɜɵɩɭɫɤɨɦ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɨɤ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɫɩɢɫɤɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɞɨɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɯ,
ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɧɢɠɟ ɩɨɪɨɝɨɜɵɯ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ; ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ
ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɥɢɛɨ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ
(ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɤɪɚɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɯɥɨɪɚɧɢɥɚ, ɫɬɚɪɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ), ɥɢɛɨ
ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ (ɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɦɢ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɨɤɫɢɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ).
ȼɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɵ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ,
ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɧɢɠɟɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɚɯ, ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɭ
ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ ɫɵɪɶɟɜɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɬɶ
ɷɬɚɩɵ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɢ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɬɢɩ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ
ɧɚɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ – ɤɭɞɚ ɢɯ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɬ). ɉɪɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɩɨɥɟɡɧɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨɛ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɚɯ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ, ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɥɸɛɵɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɛ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɯ, ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɯ ɢ
ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɯ.
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɦɢ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɬɨɥɶ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɜ
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
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ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟ. ȼ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ
ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɤ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢ, ɝɞɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɯ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɯ. ɉɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ – ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ,
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ, ɧɚɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɛɨɱɧɵɯ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɡɧɚɬɶ ɫɭɞɶɛɭ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ (ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɟ, ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɛɨɱɧɵɯ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ, ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɞɪ.). ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɜɵɹɜɥɹɬɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ
ɪɟɰɟɩɬɭɪɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ. Ȼɵɜɚɟɬ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɞɚɬɶ ɨɛɳɭɸ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɦ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɣ ɜɫɹɤɚɹ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨɛ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ.
ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ,
ɚ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɪɟɰɟɩɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɫɦɟɫɢ) ɢɥɢ
ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ. ȼ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ,
ɩɪɨɲɟɞɲɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɚ,
ɩɪɨɩɢɬɚɧɧɚɹ ɉɏɎ). Ⱦɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨɛ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɟ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ, ɟɫɥɢ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɜɢɞɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɜ
ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ,
ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟ, ɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɥɹ
ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɚ. ȼ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɢ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɚɡɟ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ-ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ,
ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɷɬɢɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɨɣ.
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ
Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ,
ɱɬɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ.
ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɦ
ɭɪɨɜɧɟ. ɗɬɨ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ/ɝɢɝɢɟɧɵ ɬɪɭɞɚ,
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɨɣ ɨɞɟɠɞɵ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦ,
ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɞɩɚɞɚɸɳɢɦ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ (ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɝɚɡɚ).
ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɡɜɚɧɵ ɭɠɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɧɨ ɢɦ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɞɚɬɶ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ, ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɡɚɜɢɫɟɬɶ ɨɬ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ
ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ. ɂɯ,
ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɜ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟ 6.1.2.
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɢ ɜ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɬɢ
ɬɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɫɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɨɤɢ, ɧɟ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɤɚɤ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɫ ɦɚɫɥɹɧɢɫɬɨɣ ɮɚɡɨɣ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ.
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
160
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɡɚɜɢɫɟɬɶ ɨɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɟ.
ɇɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɧɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ
ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɫɬɨɤɢ, ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɤɚɤɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɧɢ
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɦɟɪɵ ɢɯ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɤɭɞɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧ ɫɬɨɤ
(ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪ, ɪɟɤɚ, ɨɬɫɬɨɣɧɢɤ ɢ ɞɪ.). ȿɫɥɢ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ ɢ ɨɛ ɢɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ, ɬɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ.
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜ
ɜɨɞɭ, ɚ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. ȼ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɜɚɠɧɨ
ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ.
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɦ ɫɛɪɨɫɨɦ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɸ.
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ, ɨ ɜɫɹɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ
ɫɨɨɛɳɚɬɶ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ, ɩɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ ɢ
ɟɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɟ.
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɫɬɢɰɢɞɨɜ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɯɨɪɨɲɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ,
ɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ. ȼ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɣɬɟ ɧɚ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɟ ɫɛɨɪ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɜɢɞɚɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ.
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ
ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ
Ⱦɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɢɠɟ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ
ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɯ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɯ (ɬɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɨɧɢ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ). Ⱦɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ
ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɵɯ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ ɨɛ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɟ/ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɟ.
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɡɚɜɢɫɟɬɶ ɨɬ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɷɬɢɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɦ. Ɍɚɦ, ɝɞɟ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɛ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɚɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɜɢɞɚɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ
ɛɵɬɭ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦɢ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ.
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. ɂɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ
ɡɚɜɢɫɟɬɶ ɨɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ. ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɨɛɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
(ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɝɭɫɬɵɟ ɦɚɫɥɹɧɢɫɬɵɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ), ɢɥɵ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɪɢ
ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ, ɢ ɞɪ. Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɬ ɧɝ
Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɞɨ ɦɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ. Ɉɛɨɛɳɚɸɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ.
ȼɚɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɫɛɨɪ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɯ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɦ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɢ
ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬ.
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
161
Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ.
ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜ
ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ.
6.7.2.1 ɉɟɧɬɚɯɥɨɪɮɟɧɨɥ (ɉɏɎ) ɢ ɩɟɧɬɚɯɥɨɪɮɟɧɨɥɹɬ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ (ɉɏɎ-Na)
ɉɟɧɬɚɯɥɨɪɮɟɧɨɥ (ɉɏɎ) ɢ ɩɟɧɬɚɯɥɨɪɮɟɧɨɥɹɬ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ (ɉɏɎ-Na) ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɟɫɬɢɰɢɞɚɦɢ
ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɧɬɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ (ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ
ɢ ɫɧɚɪɭɠɢ), ɤɨɠɢ, ɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɹ (ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɯɥɨɩɨɤ ɢ ɲɟɪɫɬɶ). ɉɟɧɬɚɯɥɨɪɮɟɧɨɥ (ɉɏɎ)
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɢɧɫɟɤɬɢɰɢɞɨɦ ɢ ɮɭɧɝɢɰɢɞɨɦ. Ɉɧ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɞɥɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɨɬ ɝɪɢɛɤɨɜɨɣ ɝɧɢɥɢ ɢ ɧɚɫɟɤɨɦɵɯɜɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ. ɉɏɎ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɨɧɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ
ɞɟɮɨɥɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɫɛɨɪɨɦ ɭɪɨɠɚɹ ɢ ɝɟɪɛɢɰɢɞɨɜ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɦɟɫɢ,
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɉɏɎ ɢɥɢ ɉɏɎ-Na, ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɨɤ ɩɨɞ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ
ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɦɢ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ.
ɉɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ, ɞɨ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɵ 80-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɦ ɜɢɞɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɉɏɎ
ɛɵɥɨ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɩɢɬɤɢ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ. ȼ ɋɒȺ 95-98% ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɉɏɎ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɥɨɫɶ, ɩɪɹɦɨ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨ, ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɩɢɬɤɢ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ.
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɡ Ʉɚɧɚɞɵ (95%) ɢ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ (61%) ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɉɏɎ
ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɩɢɬɤɢ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ ɜ 1983 ɝɨɞɭ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ
ɉɏɎ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɶɧɨɣ (13%), ɤɨɠɟɜɟɧɧɨɣ (5%) ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɢ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɟɥ (6%) ɢ ɤɥɟɹ (6%) (WHO, 1987).
ɇɚɬɪɢɟɜɚɹ ɫɨɥɶ ɩɟɧɬɚɯɥɨɪɮɟɧɨɥɚ (ɉɏɎ-Na) ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ. Ɉɧ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɚɧɬɢɝɪɢɛɤɨɜɨɟ ɢ ɚɧɬɢɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɜ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ:
x
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɩɢɬɤɢ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ (ɮɭɧɝɢɰɢɞ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɩɨɫɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ);
x
Ɋɟɚɝɟɧɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɩɢɬɤɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɹ (ɮɭɧɝɢɰɢɞ);
x
Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɰɢɞ ɩɪɢ ɞɭɛɥɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɨ-ɛɭɦɚɠɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ;
x
Ɇɨɥɥɸɫɤɨɰɢɞ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɯɥɚɞɢɬɟɥɹ;
ɂ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ
x
ɋɬɟɪɢɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ.
ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɉɏɎ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɥɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɜɢɞɚɦ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ ɜ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɬɪɢɞɰɚɬɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ.
ɉɟɧɬɚɯɥɨɪɮɟɧɨɥ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ
ɨɩɚɫɧɵɟ
ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ,
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ
0,1%
ɩɨɥɢɯɥɨɪɞɢɛɟɧɡɨɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ/ɩɨɥɢɯɥɨɪɞɢɛɟɧɡɨɮɭɪɚɧɨɜ ɢ 1-5% ɩɨɥɢɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ
ɮɟɧɨɤɫɢɮɟɧɨɥɨɜ. ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ,
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɉɏɎ, ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɟ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ, ɢ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɢɯ ɫɠɢɝɚɸɬ ɛɟɡ
ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɫɪɨɤɚ ɢɯ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ. ɉɏɎ ɜ
ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɢɥɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ (ȿɋ, 1996).
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɟɧɬɚɯɥɨɪɮɟɧɨɥɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɬɪɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ (NATO/CCMS, 1992ɚ):
(1) ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɳɟɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɹɦɨɟ ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɮɟɧɨɥɚ
ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɯɥɨɪɨɦ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ
ɩɨɛɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞ, ɯɥɨɪɢɫɬɵɣ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞ ɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ.
(2) Ƚɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ ɝɟɤɫɚɯɥɨɪɛɟɧɡɨɥɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɨɦ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ. ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ
ɧɟɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɛɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɥɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ.
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
162
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
(3) ȼ Ʉɢɬɚɟ ɉɏɎ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɬɟɪɦɨɥɢɡɨɦ ɝɟɤɫɚɯɥɨɪɰɢɤɥɨɝɟɤɫɚɧɚ (ȽɏɐȽ) (Wu, 1999).
ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɞɜɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɉɏɎ-Na:
(1) Ƚɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ ɝɟɤɫɚɯɥɨɪɛɟɧɡɨɥɚ (ȽɏȻ) ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɨɦ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɥɫɹ ɜ
Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ ɞɨ 1984 ɝɨɞɚ (ɡɚɬɟɦ ɫɬɚɥ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞ (2) ɫ ɉɏɎ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɵɪɶɹ).
(2) Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɉɏɎ ɜ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɟ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɉɏɎ-Na
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɭɸɬ.
Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɉɏɎ-Na ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɉɏɎ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɶ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ.
Ɂɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɉɏɎ ɢ ɉɏɎ-Na ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɟɬ ɨɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɦɤɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɞɨ 12 ɦɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ.
ɋɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɡɚɩɪɟɬɢɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɟɧɬɚɯɥɨɪɮɟɧɨɥɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɬɪɢɟɜɨɣ
ɫɨɥɢ. ȼ ȿɋ Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɨɣ 91/173/ȿȿɋ ɡɚɩɪɟɳɟɧɵ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ
ɩɟɧɬɚɯɥɨɪɮɟɧɨɥɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɢ ɷɮɢɪɨɜ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɯ, ɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɳɢɯ
0,1% ɩɨ ɦɚɫɫɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɩɚɪɚɬɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ.
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɟɧɬɚɯɥɨɪɮɟɧɨɥɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ
ɪɚɡɪɟɲɚɟɬɫɹ:
(ɚ) ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ;
(ɛ) ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɩɢɬɤɢ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɹ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ;
(ɜ) ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ;
(ɝ) ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ (ɩɨɞɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɩɨɞ ɸɪɢɫɞɢɤɰɢɸ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ-ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɰɵ).
ȼ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɉɏɎ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɣ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɩɪɟɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ,
ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ Cl6ȾȾ (ɝɟɤɫɚɯɥɨɪɞɢɛɟɧɡɨ-ɩɚɪɚ-ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɚ) ɦɟɧɟɟ
ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɧɚ ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧ (4 ppm). Ɉɫɬɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɨɞ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ (ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɵɯ) ɫɬɨɥɛɨɜ,
ɠɟɥɟɡɧɨɞɨɪɨɠɧɵɯ ɲɩɚɥ ɢ ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɪɨɜ (ɫɦ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɭɸ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɸ 10, Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ
6.10).
Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɨɤ ɉɏɎ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɭ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɞɬɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɚ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɉɏȻ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ
(ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɦɟɛɟɥɶ), ɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɹ ɢ ɤɨɠɢ. Ɉɬɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɷɬɢ ɩɨɬɨɤɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ
ɫɥɨɠɧɨ.
ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɉɏɎ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ
(1) ɢɥɢ (2), ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 2000000 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ (200 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ). ɇɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɜ
Ʉɢɬɚɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ 800000 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ.
ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɉɏɎ-Na ɪɚɜɟɧ 500 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ. ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ: ȼ 1992
ɝɨɞɭ Santl ɢ ɞɪ. (1994) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɛɟ ɉɏɎ-Na ɢɡ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ 3400 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ.
ɗɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɢɡ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɉɏɎ, ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ.
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɩɪɢ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɢ ɉɏɎ-ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟɦ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɢɯ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɹɦ, ɡɞɟɫɶ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɨ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ
ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ, ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɉɏɎ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɜ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟ 6.3.4, ɢ ɷɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ
ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɪɨɫɬɭ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ (ɫɦ. Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ
6.6.2).
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
163
6.7.2.2 ɉɨɥɢɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɛɢɮɟɧɢɥɵ (ɉɏȻ)
ɉɨɥɢɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɛɢɮɟɧɢɥɵ (ɉɏȻ) ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ
(ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɵ, ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɵ), ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɝɟɪɦɟɬɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ
ɤɨɩɢɪɨɜɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ ɫ ɛɟɡɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɥɨɟɦ. ɋ 1995 ɝɨɞɚ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɉɏȻ,
ɤɚɤ ɧɚɦ ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ, ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɨ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɉɏȻɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɢ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɉɏȻ, ɥɢɛɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ, ɥɢɛɨ ɨɠɢɞɚɸɬ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɏȻ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɛɢɮɟɧɢɥɚ ɜ
ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɥɚɫɶ ɨɬ 21% ɞɨ 68% (ɜɟɫ ɫɵɪɨɝɨ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ). ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɢɡɨɦɟɪɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɥɚɫɶ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
ɢɥɢ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɹɰɢɟɣ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɏȻ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɥɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ,
ɩɨɥɢɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɢɛɟɧɡɨɮɭɪɚɧɵ (ɉɏȾɎ) ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɨɬ ɦɤɝ/ɤɝ ɞɨ
ɦɝ/ɤɝ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɢɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɢɛɟɧɡɨ-ɩ-ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɵ (ɉɏȾȾ). ɏɨɬɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ 209 ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɉɏȻ, ɜ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɦɟɫɹɯ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ
ɥɢɲɶ ɨɤɨɥɨ 130 ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ (EHC, 1993; Fiedler, 1998).
ɉɏȻ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɉɏȾɎ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. ɉɪɢ
ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ (ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ) ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɉɏȻ
ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɬ. ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ: ɉɏȾȾ ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ
ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɟɬ ɨɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɞɨ
ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɦɤɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɤɝ.
ɇɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɘɇȿɉ, ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɉɏȻ ɧɢɝɞɟ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ,
ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɧɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ.
ȼɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɉɏȾɎ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɉɏȻ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ
ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɉɏȻ ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɯɪɚɧɹɬɫɹ ɢɥɢ ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬɫɹ.
Ɇɟɫɬɚ, ɝɞɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɉɏȻ, ɝɞɟ ɯɪɚɧɹɬ ɉɏȻ-ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɝɞɟ ɟɝɨ
ɞɟɦɨɧɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɢɥɢ ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ
ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ "ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɬɨɱɤɨɣ" (ɫɦ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɭɸ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɸ 9, Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ 6.9.5 ɢ 10, Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ
6.10.6).
ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɲɚɝɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɉɏȾɎ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ
ɉɏȻ-ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɪɟɟɫɬɪ ɉɏȻ-ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ,
ɢɦɟɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ. ȼɨɩɪɨɫ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɚ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɦ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɟ ɘɇȿɉ (ɘɇȿɉ, 2000) ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ ɡɚ ɪɚɦɤɢ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ.
ɇɚɯɨɞɹɫɶ ɜ ɮɚɡɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɉɏȻ-ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɞɬɟɤɚɬɶ, ɚ ɫɬɚɪɨɟ, ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɯɪɚɧɢɬɫɹ ɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɥɭɱɲɢɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɉɏȻ ɢ ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ, ɜɨɞɭ ɢ ɩɨɱɜɭ.
ɉɏȻ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɢɡ ɉɏȻ-ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ
ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɢɡ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɉɏȻ-ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɉɛɳɚɹ
ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɭɬɟɱɟɤ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɜ ɋɒȺ. Ɋɟɟɫɬɪ ɉɏȻ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɭɬɨɱɧɢɬɶ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ
ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɬɟɱɟɤ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɡɚɜɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ.
ɉɏȻ, ɜɵɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɢɡ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɩɚɪɹɬɶɫɹ (ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ),
ɫɨɛɢɪɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɭɸ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɭ ɢ ɭɞɚɥɹɬɶɫɹ, ɢɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ. ȼ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɉɏȾɎ ɱɟɪɟɡ
ɭɬɟɱɤɢ, ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɨɰɟɧɟɧɧɵɟ. Ʉɨɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɫɭɞɶɛɚ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɧɧɵɯ ɉɏȻ ɢ ɉɏȾɎ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
164
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦɢ (ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ, ɜɨɞɭ, ɩɨɱɜɭ ɢɥɢ
ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ/ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɟɧɢɟ).
ɀɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɉɏȻ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɬɶ ɫ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɥɨɦɨɦ ɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɸ. ȼɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɢ ɫ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɥɨɦɚ, ɫ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɹɦɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɜ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɭɬɟɱɟɤ ɢɡ ɦɟɫɬ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ. Ɉɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɣ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɢ
ɫɞɟɥɚɧɵ.
ɉɏȻ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɦ 2,3,7,8-ɡɚɦɟɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɉɏȾɎ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɉɏȻ,
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɫɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ
ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ (ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ).
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɉɏȻ-ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɯ ɫɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɩɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɯɥɨɪɚ ɢ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 59.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 59: Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɉɏȻ-ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɯ
ɇɨɜɵɟ ɉɏȻ
(ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ)
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɉɏȻ (ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ)
ɇɢɡɤɨɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
Ʉɥɨɮɟɧ Ⱥ30, Ⱥɪɨɤɥɨɪ 1242
15000
ɋɪɟɞɧɟɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
Ʉɥɨɮɟɧ Ⱥ40, Ⱥɪɨɤɥɨɪ 1248
70000
ɑɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ,
ɧɨ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ
ɜ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɯ
ɋɪɟɞɧɟɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
Ʉɥɨɮɟɧ Ⱥ50, Ⱥɪɨɤɥɨɪ 1254
300000
ȼɵɫɨɤɨɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
Ʉɥɨɮɟɧ Ⱥ60, Ⱥɪɨɤɥɨɪ 1260
1500000
Ɍɢɩ ɉɏȻ
Annema ɢ ɞɪ. (1995) ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɋɒȺ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɧɢɠɟɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɜ
ɭɬɟɱɟɤ ɢɡ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɉɏȻ (Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 60).
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 60: ɋɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɩɨ ɭɬɟɱɤɚɦ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɉɏȻ
ɑɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɭɬɟɱɟɤ
(% ɨɬ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ)
ɋɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɵɬɟɤɲɟɟ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ (ɧɚ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ, ɜ ɝɨɞ)
ɋɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ
ɱɟɪɟɡ ɭɬɟɱɤɢ
ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɟɣ
ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɝɨɞ
Ɍɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɵ
2%
30 ɤɝ
0,06%
Ʉɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɵ
3%
8 ɤɝ
1,6%
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɉɏȻ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ, ɜ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɟ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɛ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɹɯ ɢɡ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɨɰɟɧɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɉɏȻ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɤɚɤ
ɷɬɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɜɵɲɟ. ȼɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɢ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɉɏȻ-ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɉɧɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɰɟɧɟɧɵ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ, ɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɧɟ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ. ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɉɏȾɎ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɭɬɟɱɤɚɦɢ ɢɡ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ,
ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɢ ɩɨɞɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɩɨɞ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ
ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɵɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ.
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
6.7.2.3
165
2,4,5-Ɍɪɢɯɥɨɪɮɟɧɨɤɫɢɭɤɫɭɫɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ (2,4,5-Ɍ),
2,4,5-Ɍɪɢɯɥɨɪɮɟɧɨɥ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɯɥɨɪɮɟɧɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɟ
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɯɥɨɪɮɟɧɨɥɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɵ ɉɏȾȾ ɢ ɉɏȾɎ,
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ:
x
2,4-Ⱦ=2,4-ɞɢɯɥɨɪɮɟɧɨɤɫɢɭɤɫɭɫɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ ɢ 2,4-ȾȻ=2,4-ɞɢɯɥɨɪɮɟɧɨɤɫɢɦɚɫɥɹɧɚɹ
ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ;
x
ɋɟɫɨɧ=2-(2,4-ɞɢɯɥɨɪɮɟɧɨɤɫɢ)ɷɬɢɥɫɭɥɶɮɚɬ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ;
x
ȾɆɎȺ=0-(2,4-ɞɢɯɥɨɪɮɟɧɢɥ) 0-ɦɟɬɢɥ ɢɡɨɩɪɨɩɢɥɮɨɫɮɨɪɚɦɢɞɨɬɢɨɥɚɬ;
x
2,4,5-Ɍ=ɬɪɢɯɥɨɪɮɟɧɨɤɫɢɭɤɫɭɫɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ;
x
ɋɢɥɜɟɤɫ
(ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ)=2-(2,4,5-ɬɪɢɯɥɨɪɮɟɧɨɤɫɢ)ɩɪɨɩɢɨɧɨɜɚɹ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚɹ ɤɚɤ Ɏɟɧɨɩɪɨɩ, 2,4,5-Ɍɉ; 2,4,5-ɌɏɎɉɄ);
x
ɗɪɛɨɧ=2,2-ɞɢɯɥɨɪɩɪɨɩɚɧɨɢɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ 2-(2,4,5-ɬɪɢɯɥɨɪɮɟɧɨɤɫɢ)ɷɬɢɥɨɜɵɣ ɷɮɢɪ;
x
Ɋɨɧɧɟɥɶ=0,0-ɞɢɦɟɬɢɥ 0-(2,4,5-ɬɪɢɯɥɨɪɮɟɧɢɥ)ɮɨɫɮɨɪɨɚɬ (ɬɚɤɠɟ Ɏɟɧɯɥɨɪɮɨɫ).
ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ
(ɬɚɤɠɟ
2,4,5-Ɍɪɢɯɥɨɪɮɟɧɨɤɫɢɭɤɫɭɫɧɚɹ
ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ
(2,4,5-Ɍ)
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɝɟɪɛɢɰɢɞɨɦ
ɫ
ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɞɟɮɨɥɢɚɧɬɚ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ
ɛɭɬɢɥɨɜɵɯ ɷɮɢɪɨɜ 50:50 ɫɦɟɫɢ 2,4,5-Ɍ ɢ 2,4-Ⱦ (2,4-ɞɢɯɥɨɪɮɟɧɨɤɫɢɭɤɫɭɫɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ) ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɤɚɤ Ⱥɝɟɧɬ Ɉɪɚɧɠ - ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɫɩɵɥɟɧɵ ɧɚɞ ȼɶɟɬɧɚɦɨɦ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ȼɶɟɬɧɚɦɫɤɨɣ
ɜɨɣɧɵ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɟɫɬ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ 2,4,5-Ɍ.
Ȼɵɥɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ 2,4,5-Ɍ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɚ 2,4,7,8-Cl4ȾȾ; ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɪɹɞɚ ɉɏȾȾ ɢ ɉɏȾɎ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɨ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ. ɇɚɢɜɵɫɲɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ – 7000 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɤɝ 2,4,5-Ɍ (ɜ ɜɢɞɟ 2,3,7,8Cl4ȾȾ). 2,4,5-ɬɪɢɯɥɨɪɮɟɧɨɥ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɥɫɹ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ 2,4,5-ɬɪɢɯɥɨɪɮɟɧɨɤɫɢɭɤɫɭɫɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɝɟɤɫɚɯɥɨɪɮɟɧɚ.
ȿɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɥɨ 680000 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɤɝ.
2,4,5-Ɍ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɦ 2,4,5-ɬɪɢɯɥɨɪɮɟɧɨɥɚ (2,4,5-ɌɏɎ).
Ʉɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ 2,4,5-ɬɪɢɯɥɨɪɮɟɧɨɥɚ ɫ
ɯɥɨɪɭɤɫɭɫɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɜ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ
ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ 2,4,5-Ɍ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɩɢɪɬɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ
ɚɦɢɧɚɦɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɷɮɢɪɵ 2,4,5-Ɍ ɢ ɫɨɥɢ ɚɦɢɧɚ. ɏɨɬɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ 2,4,5-Ɍ ɢ ɧɟ ɬɚɤ
ɭɠ ɦɧɨɝɨ, ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ, ɬɨɪɝɭɸɳɢɯ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ 400 ɪɟɰɟɩɬɭɪɧɵɦɢ
ɫɦɟɫɹɦɢ ɩɟɫɬɢɰɢɞɨɜ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɦɢ 2,4,5-Ɍ (Esposito ɢ ɞɪ., 1980).
"Ƚɨɪɹɱɢɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ" ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɛɵɜɲɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ 2,4,5-Ɍ ɢ
ɬɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ.
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ (ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ) ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ 2,4,5-Ɍ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 7000
ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ.
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ 2,4,6-ɬɪɢɯɥɨɪɮɟɧɨɥɚ ɪɚɜɟɧ 700 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ.
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɢɯɥɨɪɩɪɨɩɚ – 1000 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ.
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ 2,4-Ⱦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ 700 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ (US-EPA, 1998a, ɫɬɪ.8-74).
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ: ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚɯ
ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɨɧɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ 3 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ, ɚ ɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ –
ɨɤɨɥɨ 200 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ (US-EPA, 1998a, ɫɬɪ.8-77). Ʉɨɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɫɭɞɶɛɚ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɯ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɢɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ.
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
166
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
6.7.2.4 ɏɥɨɪɚɧɢɥ
2,3,5,6-Ɍɟɬɪɚɯɥɨɪ-2,5-ɰɢɤɥɨɝɟɤɫɚɞɢɟɧ-1,4-ɞɢɨɧ (ɩ-ɯɥɨɪɚɧɢɥ) - ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɞɢɨɤɫɚɡɢɧɨɜɵɯ ɤɪɚɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ (ɞɥɹ ɯɥɨɩɤɚ, ɤɨɠɢ ɢ ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ) ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɨɬɪɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɟɦɹɧ ɢ
ɮɭɧɝɢɰɢɞɨɜ). ɋɢɧɬɟɡ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɯɥɨɪɚɧɢɥɚ (ɢɥɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɝɚɥɨɝɟɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɛɟɧɡɨɯɢɧɨɧɨɜ) ɫ ɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɚɦɢɧɚɦɢ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
ɞɢɚɪɢɥɚɦɢɧɨɯɥɨɪɯɢɧɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɰɢɤɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɤɢɩɹɳɢɯ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹɯ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨ-ɞɢɯɥɨɪɛɟɧɡɨɥɟ, ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɚɰɢɥɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ
ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ. ɩ-ɏɥɨɪɚɧɢɥ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ.
ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɞɜɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ:
(1) ɋɬɚɪɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɏɟɯɫɬ ȺȽ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɮɟɧɨɥɚ (ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɞɨ 1990 ɝɨɞɚ
ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ). ɉɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩ-ɯɥɨɪɚɧɢɥ ɛɵɥ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ (ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɉɏȾɎ) ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɯ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɫɨɬɟɧ ɦɤɝ ɆɌɗ/ɤɝ. Ɂɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɪɬɨ-ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɨ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɧɢɠɟ (ɨɤɨɥɨ 60 ɦɤɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɤɝ).
(2) ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɟɣ Ɋɨɧ-ɉɭɥɟɧɤ ɒɢɦɢ (Rhone-Poulenc Chimie) ɢ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɣ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɟɣ Ʉɥɚɪɢɚɧɬ (Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ), ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ
ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɯɢɧɨɧɚ (ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ HCl). ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ
ɦɟɧɟɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ (ɩ-ɯɥɨɪɚɧɢɥ: ɨɤɨɥɨ 7 ɦɤɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɤɝ); ɬɚɤɨɟ ɠɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɜ Tokoyama Soda (əɩɨɧɢɹ).
ȼ ɋɒȺ ɯɥɨɪɚɧɢɥ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɮɭɧɝɢɰɢɞɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɪɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɫɟɦɹɧ ɫ 1937
ɞɨ 1977 ɝɨɞɚ. ɉɨɫɥɟ 1977 ɝɨɞɚ ɜɫɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɯɥɨɪɚɧɢɥɚ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟ
ɛɵɥɢ ɡɚɩɪɟɳɟɧɵ. ȼ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɯɥɨɪɚɧɢɥ ɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɧɢ ɤɚɤ ɮɭɧɝɢɰɢɞ, ɧɢ ɤɚɤ
ɩɪɨɬɪɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɫɟɦɹɧ. ȼ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ ɯɥɨɪɚɧɢɥ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɮɭɧɝɢɰɢɞɚ ɢ ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɨɬɪɚɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɟɦɹɧ, ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ, ɞɨ 1984 ɝɨɞɚ.
ɂɡ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ 400 ɬɨɧɧ ɯɥɨɪɚɧɢɥɚ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɨ ɞɨ 1989 ɝɨɞɚ, 300
ɬɨɧɧ/ɝɨɞ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɵ ɢ 100 ɬ/ɝɨɞ ɜ ɤɪɚɫɢɬɟɥɢ (BUA, 1992). ȼ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɝɨɞ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ (1990 ɝɨɞ) ɏɟɯɫɬ ȺȽ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɥ 300 ɬɨɧɧ/ɝɨɞ. Ⱦɨ 1989 ɝɨɞɚ
150-200 ɬ/ɝɨɞ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ, ɚ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ 50-100 ɬ/ɝɨɞ ɏɟɯɫɬ ȺȽ
ɢɦɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɥɚ ɢɡ ɂɧɞɢɢ. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɂɧɞɢɢ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ
ɯɥɨɪɚɧɢɥɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɞɨ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɵ 90-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɢɦɩɨɪɬ ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɸ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥ, ɩɨ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦ, ɨɤɨɥɨ 50-100 ɬ/ɝɨɞ (BUA, 1992). ɋ 1990 ɝɨɞɚ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ
ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɢ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɦ
ɯɥɨɪɚɧɢɥɚ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹ Ɋɨɧ-ɉɭɥɟɧɤ ɒɢɦɢ, Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɹ. Ɇɟɧɶɲɢɟ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɯɥɨɪɚɧɢɥɚ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɂɧɞɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɫɟ ɟɳɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɮɟɧɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ. ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɜ
ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɢ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ
Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɯɥɨɪɚɧɢɥ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ. ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɯɥɨɪɚɧɢɥɚ ɜ ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɒɬɚɬɚɯ ɧɟɬ (BUA, 1992).
Ɂɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡ ɯɥɨɪɚɧɢɥɚ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ
ɤɪɚɫɢɬɟɥɢ ɢ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɵ, ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɤɨɧɰɨɜ, ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ/ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɨɜ,
ɬɤɚɧɟɣ ɢ ɭɩɚɤɨɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ (ɛɭɦɚɝɭ, ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɧɵɟ ɛɚɧɤɢ ɢ ɞɪ.), ɭɞɚɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɤɚɤ
ɛɵɬɨɜɵɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ ɢɥɢ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɦɚɤɭɥɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɨɤɪɚɲɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ, ɢ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɢɥɚɯ.
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɞɢɨɤɫɚɡɢɧɨɜɵɦ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬ Ɏɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɵɣ 23
(C.I.Pigment Violet 23, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɏɟɯɫɬ ȺȽ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɥɚɤɚɯ,
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
167
ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚɯ ɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɧɵɯ ɤɪɚɫɤɚɯ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɨɟ ɠɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬ Ɏɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɵɣ
37 (C.I.Pigment Violet 37, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ Ciba Geigy AG).
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɩ-ɯɥɨɪɚɧɢɥɚ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨ ɫɬɚɪɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ ɏɟɯɫɬ Ɏɚɪɛɟɧ,
ɪɚɜɟɧ 400000 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɨ-ɯɥɨɪɚɧɢɥɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 60000 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ.
Ʉɪɚɫɢɬɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɯɥɨɪɚɧɢɥɚ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɪɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ, ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ 1200 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ.
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɯɢɧɨɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɯɥɨɪɚɧɢɥɚ – 100 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ.
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɞɢɨɤɫɚɡɢɧɨɜɵɯ ɤɪɚɫɢɬɟɥɹɯ ɢ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɚɯ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɫɬɚɪɨɦ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɨɬ 20000 ɞɨ 57000 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ (ɞɥɹ Ƚɨɥɭɛɨɝɨ 106) ɢ ɨɬ 1000 ɞɨ 19000
ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ (ɞɥɹ Ɏɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɨɝɨ 23) (Williams, 1992). ȼ ɋɒȺ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɯɥɨɪɚɧɢɥɟ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɨɬ 263000 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɞɨ 3065000 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ. Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɤɚɪɛɚɡɨɥɟ
ɮɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɨɦ (ɤɪɚɫɢɬɟɥɟ-ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɟ) ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɚ 211000 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ.
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɦ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɧɟ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɯ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ.
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɮɟɪɭ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɰɢɤɥɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɤɪɚɫɢɬɟɥɢ, ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɤɪɚɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ ɜ ɜɚɧɧɚɯ ɫ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɦɢ ɤɪɚɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ,
ɢ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɦɚɤɭɥɚɬɭɪɭ (BUA, 1992). ɋɨɨɛɳɚɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɏɟɯɫɬ ɧɚ ɬɨɧɧɭ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ 20 ɦ3 ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɯ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɫɬɨɤɚɯ ɧɟ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɵ. ɋɢɧɬɟɡ ɞɢɨɤɫɚɡɢɧɨɜɵɯ
ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ, ɬ.ɨ. ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɬɨɤɢ ɧɟ ɫɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ.
Ɂɚɝɪɹɡɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɟ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɞɢɯɥɨɪɛɟɧɡɨɥɟ, ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɯ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɹɰɢɢ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɬɶ ɨ
ɫɭɞɶɛɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɵ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɠɠɟɧɵ).
Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɭɝɨɥɶ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɤɪɚɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ,
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ (ȼ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ, ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɚɤ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɯɨɞɚ
ɜ ɪɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ) (BUA, 1992).
6.7.2.5
2,4,6-Ɍɪɢɯɥɨɪɮɟɧɢɥ-4'-ɧɢɬɪɨɮɟɧɢɥɨɜɵɣ ɷɮɢɪ (ɏɇɎ)
2,4,6-Ɍɪɢɯɥɨɪɮɟɧɢɥ-4'-ɧɢɬɪɨɮɟɧɢɥɨɜɵɣ
ɷɮɢɪ
(ɏɇɎ),
ɢɥɢ
ɯɥɨɪɧɢɬɪɨɮɟɧ,
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɚ ɩɟɧɬɚɯɥɨɪɮɟɧɨɥɭ ɩɪɢ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɧɚ
ɪɢɫɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɥɹɯ əɩɨɧɢɢ. Ȼɵɥɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɏɇɎ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ
ɉɏȾȾ ɢ ɉɏȾɎ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɚɪɬɢɢ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ 70-ɯ ɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ
80-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ, ɫ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɨɦ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ 240 ɞɨ 540 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ; ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɣ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɛɵɥ ɧɢɠɟ, ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 400 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ (Masunaga ɢ ɞɪ.,
2001). Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɟ ɢ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ
ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɢɯ ɩɚɪɬɢɹɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ.
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɏɇɎ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 300000 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɬɚɪɵɯ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ 400 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ.
6.7.2.6
ɏɥɨɪɛɟɧɡɨɥɵ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫ ɬɪɢɯɥɨɪɛɟɧɡɨɥɨɦ, ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɟɝɨ ɫ
ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ (ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ:
EUROCHLOR). Ɇɨɧɨ- ɢ ɞɢɯɥɨɪɛɟɧɡɨɥɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɹɦɵɦ
ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɛɟɧɡɨɥɚ ɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɮɚɡɟ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ Ʌɶɸɢɫɚ, ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɤ
ɯɥɨɪɢɞ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ (FeCl3) ɢɥɢ ɨɤɫɢɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɛɟɧɡɨɥɚ ɫɨɥɹɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɜ
ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ (NATO/CCMS, 1990; EHC, 1991). 1,4-ɞɢɯɥɨɪɛɟɧɡɨɥ (ɩ-ȾɏȻ) –
ɷɬɨ ɨɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɲɚɪɢɤɨɜ ɨɬ ɦɨɥɢ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
168
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ «ɩɚɪɚɦɨɥɶ» (paramoth). Ɉɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɟɩɚɪɚɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ
ɞɟɡɨɞɨɪɚɧɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɬɭɚɥɟɬɨɜ ɢ ɦɭɫɨɪɧɵɯ ɛɚɤɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɧɫɟɤɬɢɰɢɞɚ ɞɥɹ
ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫ ɦɭɪɚɜɶɹɦɢ ɢ ɩɥɨɞɨɜɵɦɢ ɱɟɪɜɹɦɢ. Ɉɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ
ɩɨɫɟɜɨɜ ɬɚɛɚɤɚ ɨɬ ɝɨɥɭɛɨɣ ɩɥɟɫɟɧɢ, ɞɥɹ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫɨ ɫɜɟɪɥɢɥɶɳɢɤɚɦɢ ɩɟɪɫɢɤɨɜɵɯ
ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ, ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɤɨɠɢ ɢ ɬɤɚɧɢ ɨɬ ɩɥɟɫɟɧɢ ɢ ɦɭɱɧɢɫɬɨɣ ɪɨɫɵ (HSDB 2004).
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɦɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ,
ɧɨ ɨɧɨ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɵɟ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ.
ȼ ɞɚɜɧɢɯ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɯ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɜ 1980 ɝɝ., ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɧɝɟɧɟɪ-ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ 2,3,7,8-ɡɚɦɟɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɝɟɧɟɪɨɜ
ɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɨɬɱɟɬɟ NAT/CCMS 1990 ɝɨɞɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ
ɝɨɦɨɥɨɝɚɦ, ɧɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɜɲɢɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜ Ɍɗ. ɇɟɞɚɜɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ
ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ Ɍɗ ɜ ɯɥɨɪɛɟɧɡɨɥɚɯ
(Liu et al. 2004; Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 61). Ȼɵɥɨ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɨ ɲɟɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɛ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ
ɞɢɯɥɨɪɛɟɧɡɨɥɨɜ (ɨ-ȾɏȻ ɢ ɩ-ȾɏȻ) ɢ ɬɪɢɯɥɨɪɛɟɧɡɨɥɚ (124-ɌɏȻ); ɩɪɨɛɵ S4, S5 ɢ S6
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɢ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɭɬɟɦ
ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɟɧɡɨɥɚ ɢ ɯɥɨɪɛɟɧɡɨɥɚ ɫ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɦ Friedel-Crafts (FeCl3) (Yanzh
Pesticide Co., Ltd.).
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 61: Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɯɥɨɪɛɟɧɡɨɥɚɯ (Liu et al. 2004)
ɉɪɨɛɚ
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
Ʉɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɢ
ɉɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɚɹ: ɫɦɟɫɶ ȾɏȻ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɹɰɢɢ ɢ
ɫɟɩɚɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɬ ɦɨɧɨɯɥɨɪɛɟɧɡɨɥɚ
ɉɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɚɹ: ɫɦɟɫɶ ȾɏȻ ɢ ɌɏȻ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɢɹ S6
ɩ-ȾɏȻ: ɩɨɫɥɟ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɹɰɢɢ ɢ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
(98.1 %)
o-ȾɏȻ: ɩɨɫɥɟ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɹɰɢɢ ɢ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
Ɉɱɢɳɟɧɧɵɣ 1,2,4-ɬɪɢɯɥɨɪɛɟɧɡɨɥ (124-ɌɏȻ)
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ
(ɧɝ ȼɈɁ-Ɍɗ/ɤɝ)
620
1850
3370
39
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɲɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɜɵɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 62. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜ
ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɯ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɫ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ, ɧɚɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɞɢ- ɢ
ɬɪɢɯɥɨɪɛɟɧɡɨɥɚ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ
ɬɹɠɟɥɵɯ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɹɯ (ɩɪɨɛɚ S3). Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ, ɟɫɥɢ
ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɢɡɵɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɞɥɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɱɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ, ɷɬɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ
ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 62: Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɯɥɨɪɛɟɧɡɨɥɚɯ (Liu et al. 2004)
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ (ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɢɥɢ
ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ)
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
1. ɩ-Ⱦɢɯɥɨɪɛɟɧɡɨɥ (ɩ-ȾɏȻ)
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
39
ɇɈ
2. o- Ⱦɢɯɥɨɪɛɟɧɡɨɥ (o- ȾɏȻ)
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
0
ɇɈ
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
3. 1,2,4-Ɍɪɢɯɥɨɪɛɟɧɡɨɥ (124-ɌɏȻ)
6.7.2.7
169
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
0
3000
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɯɥɨɪɚ
Ƚɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɣ ɯɥɨɪ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ, ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɬɨɤ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɪɚɫɫɨɥɵ (ɨɛɵɱɧɨ
ɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɫɨɥɟɣ). ȼɚɠɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɛɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɭɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɨɞɚ
(ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ, NaOH) ɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞ (ɇ2). ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟ
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɚɜɨɞɵ ɫ ɯɥɨɪ-ɳɟɥɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɬɪɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ: ɪɬɭɬɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢ
ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ. ɉɏȾɎ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɡɟɪɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ
ɯɥɨɪɚ; ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɢɡɤɢ.
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ ɢ ɉɏȾɎ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɬɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɨɜɵɟ ɚɧɨɞɵ.
Ɋɚɧɶɲɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɨɜɵɟ ɚɧɨɞɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɢ ɪɬɭɬɧɨɦ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɡɟɪɚɯ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ,
ɦɚɥɨɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ
ɝɪɚɮɢɬɨɜɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɵ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɚɧɨɞɨɜ. Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɜ
ɧɚɱɚɥɟ 70-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɜɟɥɢ ɡɚɦɟɧɭ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɨɜɵɯ ɚɧɨɞɨɜ; ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɬɚɪɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɜ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɨɜɵɟ ɚɧɨɞɵ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. ɂɡ-ɡɚ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɨɜɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɵ
ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ Ʉɢɬɚɟ, ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ
ɯɥɨɪɚ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ (Wu, 2000). ȼ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ
ɦɟɬɨɞɭ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ "ɝɨɪɹɱɢɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ" (ɫɦ. Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ 6.10.2 – Ɇɟɫɬɚ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɯɥɨɪɚ). Ɉɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɉɏȾɎ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɬɢɬɚɧɨɜɵɟ ɚɧɨɞɵ. ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɟɡɢɧɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɤɥɚɞɨɱɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɶɰɚ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ.
ȼ ɉɪɨɟɤɬɟ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɩɨ ɇɂɆ/ɇȼɉȾ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɝɪɚɮɢɬɨɜɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɜ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɦ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ (SC BAT/BEP
2004). ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɚɧɨɞɵ ɫ ɬɢɬɚɧɨɜɵɦ
ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟɦ (BREF 2001ɫ).
ȼ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ (Kannan ɢ ɞɪ., 1997) ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɦɚɡɤɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɜ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɥɚɫɶ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɦɟɫɶ Ⱥɪɨɤɥɨɪ 1268. ɍɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɸ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ.
ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɯ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɯɥɨɪɚ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɨɜɵɟ ɚɧɨɞɵ. Ȼɭɞɟɬ ɨɞɢɧ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɩɪɢɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɦ; ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɧɟɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ, ɯɨɬɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ, ɧɚ ɫɜɚɥɤɟ ɛɵɜɲɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɩɨ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɯɥɨɪɚ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɨɜɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɵ, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɥɢ 319 ɦɤɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɤɝ (She and Hagenmaier 1994). ȼ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɯ ɢɡ
Ʉɢɬɚɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɞɨ 420 ɦɤɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ (Xu et al.
2000). ɋɬɨɢɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɞɜɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ: ɨɞɢɧ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ
ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɧɚɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ (= ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ), ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɨɧɧɵ
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɯɥɨɪ-ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ. ɇɟɬ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɤ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɯɥɨɪɚ (ɝɚɡɚ) (Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 63).
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 63: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɯɥɨɪɚ ɫ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɨɜɵɦɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚɦɢ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
170
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ ȼɨɞɚ
ɏɥɨɪ/ɯɥɨɪ-ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɟ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɫ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ
ɝɪɚɮɢɬɨɜɵɯ ɚɧɨɞɨɜ
ɉɨɱɜɚ ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
20 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɢɥɚ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
1000 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɯɥɨɪɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ
6.7.2.7.1 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɧɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ.
6.7.2.7.2.ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɡɚɜɢɫɟɬɶ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ.
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɦɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚɦɢ, ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɯ
ɭɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ, ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ. Ɉɛɳɟɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɫɛɨɪ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨɛ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɯ, ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɯ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ.
6.7.2.7.3 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
Ƚɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɣ ɯɥɨɪ ɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ
ɯɥɨɪɚ ɪɚɜɟɧ ɧɭɥɸ.
6.7.2.7.4 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ
ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɯ. ɂɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɡ
Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ (Hagenmaier and She 1994), ɒɜɟɰɢɢ (Rappe et al. 1991), ɢ Ʉɢɬɚɹ (Xu et al.
2000, Wu 2000). Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɨɜɨɦ ɢɥɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ: ɞɨ 3985 ɦɤɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɜ
ɩɪɨɛɟ ɢɡ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ, ɨɬ 13 ɞɨ 28 ɦɤɝ ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɜ ɬɪɟɯ ɩɪɨɛɚɯ ɢɡ ɒɜɟɰɢɢ (Rappe et al.
1991), ɢ 21,65 ɦɤɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɟ ɢɡ Ʉɢɬɚɹ (Xu et al. 2000). ɉɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ
ɪɟɟɫɬɪɭ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ Ʉɢɬɚɹ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɧɚ ɬɨɧɧɭ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɳɟɥɨɱɢ ɧɚɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ 50 ɤɝ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ. ɉɪɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɨɣ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ 20 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ 1000 ɦɤɝ
Ɍɗ/ɬ ɯɥɨɪ-ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ.
6.7.2.8
ɗɬɢɥɟɧɞɢɯɥɨɪɢɞ, ɢɥɢ 1,2-ɞɢɯɥɨɪɷɬɚɧ (ɗȾɏ)
ɗɬɢɥɟɧɞɢɯɥɨɪɢɞ (ɗȾɏ) ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɦ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ
ɉȼɏ. ȼ ɋɒȺ ɛɨɥɟɟ 90% ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɗȾɏ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ
ɦɨɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɜɢɧɢɥɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɉȼɏ, ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ, ɢɞɟɬ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ
ɞɟɝɢɞɪɨɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɤɪɟɤɢɧɝɚ) ɷɬɢɥɟɧɞɢɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ (ɗȾɏ).
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɗȾɏ (ɞɜɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ)
ɚ) ɉɪɹɦɨɟ ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɥɟɧɚ ɯɥɨɪɨɦ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ (ɯɥɨɪɢɞɨɜ
ɠɟɥɟɡɚ, ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ, ɦɟɞɢ, ɫɭɪɶɦɵ). ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɚ.
Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɪɹɦɨɟ ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɞɟɬ ɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɮɚɡɧɨɦ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɟ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɨɬ
50ɨɋ ɞɨ 70ɨɋ ɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɤɨɥɨ 400-500 ɤɉɚ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ HCl ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɤɫɢɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ɛ) Ɉɤɫɢɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɥɟɧɚ ɯɥɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ (HCl), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ
ɢɥɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ (ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɦɟɞɢ) ɜ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɟ ɫ
ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɦ ɫɥɨɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɟ ɫ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɨɠɢɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɥɨɟɦ. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɟ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɬɶ 325ɨɋ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɵɡɨɜɭɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɩɨɛɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ (ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ C1 ɢ ɋ2-ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ). ɉɟɪɜɵɦ ɷɬɚɩɨɦ
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
171
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɗȾɏ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɭɲɟɧɢɟ (ɛɵɫɬɪɨɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ) ɜɨɞɨɣ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ
ɤɚɭɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɨɣ. ȼɨɞɚ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢɥɢ ɨɱɢɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
ɩɟɪɟɞ ɫɛɪɨɫɨɦ (ɫɦ. ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ).
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɜɢɧɢɥɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ (ȼɏɆ)
Ɇɨɧɨɦɟɪ ɜɢɧɢɥɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɢɡ ɗȾɏ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɟɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤ
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɤɪɟɤɢɧɝ-ɩɟɱɶ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɤɨɥɨ 2000 ɤɉɚ ɢ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɨɬ 450ɨɋ ɞɨ 650ɨɋ. ɇɟɩɪɨɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ
ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ. Ɇɨɧɨɦɟɪ ɜɢɧɢɥɯɥɨɪɢɞ (ɬɨɱɤɚ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ : -13ɨɋ) ɨɬɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ
ɩɨɛɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɹɰɢɟɣ. ȼɵɫɨɤɨɤɢɩɹɳɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. ɗɬɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ
ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɚɡɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ; ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ HCl ɢɡ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɪɟɝɟɧɢɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɢ
ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɸɬ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ.
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɉȼɏ
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚ ɉȼɏ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ:
x
ɋɭɫɩɟɧɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ;
x
Ⱦɢɫɩɟɪɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ (ɷɦɭɥɶɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ);
x
ɇɚɫɵɩɚɧɢɟ (ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɟ);
x
Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ.
ȼ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɗȾɏ/ȼɏɆ/ɉȼɏ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɧɵɦ ɷɬɚɩɨɦ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɗȾɏ ɨɤɫɢɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɷɬɢɥɟɧɚ.
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɢɪɨɥɢɡɚ ȼɏɆ ɦɚɥɨɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ
ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ. ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ
ɩɪɢ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɉȼɏ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ.
ɉɨɬɨɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɥɸɛɵɟ ɩɨɬɨɤɢ,
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɩɨɬɨɤɢ ɤɚɦɟɪ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɦ,
ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɦ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɚɯ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɚɫɬɶ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɨɫɟɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚɯ. ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ
ɜɢɞɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ.
Ʉɚɬɚɥɢɡ ɜ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɨɠɢɠɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ ɩɨ
ɪɚɡɦɟɪɭ ɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ. ɇɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɢ
ɜɵɦɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɩɪɢ ɬɭɲɟɧɢɢ. Ɂɚɦɟɧɚ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɫ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɦ ɫɥɨɟɦ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɨ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɫ ɠɢɞɤɢɦ ɫɥɨɟɦ
ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ ɩɪɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ
ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɦ ɫɥɨɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɹɜɧɵɣ
ɩɨɬɨɤ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ.
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɯ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɩɨ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɬɱɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ
Ɋɟɟɫɬɪɚ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ Ⱥɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɨɯɪɚɧɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɋɒȺ (EPA TRI).
ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ Ɋɟɟɫɬɪɚ, ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɟ, ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɢɥɢ
ɢɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɨɬɱɟɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɹɯ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ, ɜɨɞɭ ɢ ɩɨɱɜɭ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɬ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɪɨɝɨɜɵɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ,
ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɢ ɜ Ɋɟɟɫɬɪ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɦ ɢɦɢ ɦɟɪɚɦ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ. Ⱥɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɨɯɪɚɧɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ
ɫɪɟɞɵ ɋɒȺ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ Ɋɟɟɫɬɪ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɨ, ɩɭɛɥɢɤɭɟɬ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɨɬɱɟɬ
ɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
172
(http://trifacts.org/). ȼ ɨɤɬɹɛɪɟ 1999 ɝɨɞɚ Ⱥɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɢɥɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ Ɋɟɟɫɬɪ,
ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ 2000 ɨɬɱɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɦ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɚɣɬɟ
http://www.trifacts.org/dioxin_data/index.html (Carroll 2004).
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɗȾɏ/ȼɏɆ ɢ ɉȼɏ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 64. ȼɵɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɬɪɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɚɪɵɯ ɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ. Ⱥɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɉȼɏ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ
ɤɥɚɫɫ – ɤɥɚɫɫ 3. Ʉɚɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɞɥɹ ɫɬɚɪɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɟ
ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɢ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 64: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɗȾɏ/ȼɏɆ/ɉȼɏ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
1. ɋɬɚɪɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ,
ɗȾɏ/ȼɏɆ, ɉȼɏ
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ - ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ (ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ)
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ [1]
ɇɈ
1
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
0,4 [2]
0,5[2]
0,03
10
2. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ:
ɗȾɏ/ȼɏɆ ɢ ɗȾɏ/ȼɏɆ/ɉȼɏ
3. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ:
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɉȼɏ (ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ
0,0003 [3]
0,03
0,1 [3]
ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ)
[1] ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɢɥɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ
0,02
[2] ɧɚ ɬɨɧɧɭ ɗȾɏ
[3] ɧɚ ɬɨɧɧɭ ɉȼɏ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ
6.7.2.8.1 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɩɪɢ
ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ. ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɜɵɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɩɟɱɟɣ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɢ,
ɪɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɫ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɧɵɦ ɜɩɪɵɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɩɟɱɢ ɫ
ɩɫɟɜɞɨɨɠɢɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɥɨɟɦ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɜ ɜɵɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɝɚɡɚɯ HCl, ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ,
ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ HCl ɜɫɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɵ, ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ,
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɚɭɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɬɭɲɟɧɢɟɦ.
ȼ ɨɛɡɨɪɟ, ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɋɒȺ ɩɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɦ ɗȾɏ/ȼɏɆ ɢ ɉȼɏ
(US-EPA, 2000; Vinyl Institute, 1998), ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ,
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɞɥɹ 22 ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɩɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɸ. ɗɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵ
ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɩɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɸ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ,
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɉȼɏ (ɩɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ: ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɠɢɞɤɢɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ).
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢ ɠɢɞɤɢɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ/ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ, ɢɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɩɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɸ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɢ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ. ȼ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɗȾɏ ɩɪɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢ
ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɡɹɬɵ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 64.
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 64 ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɗȾɏ ɢ ɉȼɏ ɜ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɋɒȺ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ Ɋɟɟɫɬɪɚ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ Ⱥɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɚ
ɩɨ ɨɯɪɚɧɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɋɒȺ ɩɨ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɦ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ 22
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɜɵɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɨɬ 0,0 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɗȾɏ ɞɨ 3 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɗȾɏ, ɩɪɢ
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ 0,4 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɗȾɏ (US-EPA 2004, Carroll 2004, Dyke et al. 2004). Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
173
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɉȼɏ, ɛɵɥɢ ɜɡɹɬɵ ɢɡ US-EPA, 2000;
Vinyl Institute, 1998.
Ⱥɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɚɟɦɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɩɨ
ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɸ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɠɢɞɤɢɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ/ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɡɚɜɨɞɨɜ,
ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɗȾɏ ɢ ȼɏɆ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɟɫɹ
ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɨɬ 1,3 ɞɨ 14 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɚɟɦɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ.
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɩɨ
ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɟɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɠɠɟɧɧɵɯ
ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɷɬɨɬ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɤɚɤ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ – ɫɦ. Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ 6.1.2.
1.
6.7.2.8.2 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɗȾɏ/ȼɏɆ ɢ ɉȼɏ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɥɢɛɨ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɥɢɛɨ ɩɨ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ
ɗȾɏ/ȼɏɆ/ɉȼɏ. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ,
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ
ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɫɧɢɠɚɸɬɫɹ ȻɉɄ (ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ
ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɟ) ɢ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɇ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɞɵ.
ɇɚ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ ɋɒȺ, ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɉȼɏ,
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɚɯ ɛɵɥɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɢ ɤ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɭ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ.
Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ 0,88 ɩɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɥ (ɇɈ=0) ɢ 4,7 ɩɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɥ
(ɇɈ=1/2 ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ). Ⱦɥɹ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ,
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɉȼɏ, ɛɵɥ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ 0,03 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɉȼɏ (US-EPA,
2000; Vinyl Institute, 1998).
ɇɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɗȾɏ/ȼɏɆ, ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɪɨɛɚɯ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɦɵɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ 0,42 ɩɝ Ɍɗ/ɥ (ɇɈ=0) ɢ
4,4 ɩɝ Ɍɗ/ɥ (ɇɈ=1/2 ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ) (US-EPA, 2000; Vinyl Institute, 1998).
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɗȾɏ/ȼɏɆ ɢ ɗȾɏ/ȼɏɆ/ɉȼɏ,
ɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɨɬ 0 ɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɗȾɏ/ȼɏɆ/ɉȼɏ ɞɨ 2,5 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ 0,5 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɗȾɏ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ,
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɗȾɏ/ȼɏɆ, ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɨ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ
ɞɥɹ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ (US-EPA 2004, Carroll 2004, Dyke et al. 2004).
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɗȾɏ/ȼɏɆ ɢ ɗȾɏ/ȼɏɆ/ɉȼɏ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ
ɨɛɴɟɦɵ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɞɚɦɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɜ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɬ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ, ɜ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɞɚɥɹɬɶ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ, ɱɟɦ ɨɬ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ.
ȼ ɫɬɚɪɵɯ ɢ ɩɥɨɯɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɦ, ɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɲɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɥɨɯɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ
ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɜɵɜɟɞɟɧ.
6.7.2.8.3 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɯ ɧɢɡɤɢ; ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɨɛ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɛɵɥɢ ɧɢɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ. ȼ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɡɹɬɚ
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
174
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
ɨɛɳɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜ 0,3 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɤɝ. ȼ ɗȾɏ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɟ ɛɵɥɚ
ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ 0,03 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɤɝ (ɇɈ=0). Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɚɪɵɯ ɉȼɏ
ɢ ɗȾɏ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɨɞɥɢɧɧɵɯ
ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ.
6.7.2.8.4 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɦɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ: ɬɹɠɟɥɵɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɗȾɏ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ (ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɯ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɫ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɦ ɫɥɨɟɦ) ɢ ɢɥɵ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ.
Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɭɞɚɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɹɞɚ
ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɗȾɏ ɢ ȼɏɆ, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɢɥɚɯ,
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ, ɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɨɬ 100 ɞɨ 5900 ɦɤɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɬ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ (VI, 1998). ɇɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚɯ, ɝɞɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɫ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɦ
ɫɥɨɟɦ, ɨɧɢ ɛɵɥɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɢɠɟ, ɧɨ ɧɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ ɜ
ɜɢɞɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ (ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɫ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɨɠɢɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɥɨɟɦ ɨɧ
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɢ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɥɟ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɦɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ).
Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ 2 ɦɤɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɬ
(ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɗȾɏ). Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ,
ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɤɚɤ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ
ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɦ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɢɥɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɉȼɏ, ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
0,02 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɉȼɏ. Ɍɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ ɢ
ɬɜɟɪɞɵɣ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɣ ɩɪɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ, ɜɡɹɬɵɟ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ,
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɗȾɏ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɗȾɏ ɢ ɉȼɏ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 2,0 ɦɤɝ
Ɍɗ/ɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ (US-EPA, 2000; Vinyl Institute, 1998).
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɲɟ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɚɯ
ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɗȾɏ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Stringer ɢ ɞɪ.
(1995) ɫɨɨɛɳɚɥɢ ɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɯ ɜ ɨɬɯɨɞɚɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɉȼɏ ɨɬ 3000 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɞɨ
5000000 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ. əɫɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɫ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦɢ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɢɯ ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ. ȼɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ
ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɩɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɸ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ; ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɦ. Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ 6.1.2.1 – "ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ
ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ". ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬ ɜ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɟ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɹ (Dyke ɢ
ɞɪ.1997), ɚ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɫɵɪɶɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɟɣ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɫɵɪɶɟ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ, ɷɬɨ
ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɡ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɝɚɥɨɝɟɧ-ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɥɢ 100 ɦɤɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɬ (ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɗȾɏ). ɗɬɨɬ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ
ɩɨɬɨɤɚɯ – ɫɭɞɶɛɚ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɚ.
6.7.2.9 ɏɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɚɥɢɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ
ȼɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɚɥɢɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ,
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɢɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ
ɜɨɜɫɟ (ɧɟɞɚɜɧɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɯɥɨɪɷɬɢɥɟɧɚ ɞɚɥɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɧɢɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚ
ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɢɡ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɗȾɏ (ɫɦ. ɜɵɲɟ) ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ, ɬɨ
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
175
ɷɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ
ɫɪɟɞɭ.
Ɉɞɧɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɗȾɏ ɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɥɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɵɪɶɹ
ɜ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ ɩɨ ɨɤɫɢɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɟɪ- ɢ ɬɪɢɯɥɨɪɷɬɢɥɟɧɚ
(ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɟɣ). ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜ ɩɨɬɨɤɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ (350-630 ɝ Ɍɗ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ 130000 ɬɨɧɧ ɬɪɢ- ɢ
ɩɟɪɯɥɨɪɷɬɢɥɟɧɚ, ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ 4000 ɦɤɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ – Dyke ɢ ɞɪ., 1997).
Ɉɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɭɞɶɛɚ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ
ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ. ɉɪɢ
ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɢɯ
ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɤɫɢɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ) ɨɧɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ
ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɨɤɫɢɯɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
6.7.2.10 ɏɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ
ɏɥɨɪ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɟ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɝɞɟ ɨɧ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɟ (NaOCl, ClO2, FeCl3, AlCl3, ZnCl2, ɢ ɞɪ.), ɥɢɛɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ
(TiO2, Si) (SC BAT/BEP 2004). ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ
ɛɟɡɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ (MgCl2), ɹɜɥɹɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɪɢ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ, ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧ ɜ Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ 2,
Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟ 6.2.9. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɦ ɯɥɨɪ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞɚ
ɬɢɬɚɧɚ (TiO2).
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɞɜɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ TiO2: ɯɥɨɪɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ.
ɉɪɢ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɯɥɨɪɧɨɦ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ, ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɧ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɠɟ. Ɂɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɬɪɢɞɰɚɬɶ ɥɟɬ ɯɥɨɪɧɵɦ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɧ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɤɨɦɩɚɤɬɟɧ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɸ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɥɭɱɲɢɟ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ. TiO2 ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɢɡ
ɪɭɞɵ, ɬɚɤɨɣ ɤɚɤ ɪɭɬɢɥ ɢɥɢ ɢɥɶɦɟɧɢɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɯɥɨɪɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ
ɞɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɬɪɚɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ ɬɢɬɚɧɚ (TiCl4) – ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ.
TiCl4 ɨɱɢɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ ɫ ɜɵɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɯɥɨɪɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ. Ɉɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 600 °C (SC
BAT/BEP 2004).
ɉɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɨɤɫɚ, ɯɥɨɪɚ, ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɦɭ ɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɩɪɢ ɨɤɫɢɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ. ȼ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ (ɫɬɨɤɢ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ
ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɤɨɤɫ).
6.7.2.11 Ɋɟɡɸɦɟ
ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɨɞɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ
ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɤɫɢɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ
ɷɬɢɥɟɧɞɢɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ (ɗȾɏ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ.
ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɭɸɬ HCl ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ ɜ Cl2. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɞɨɪɨɠɟ ɩɨ
ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɡɨɦ KCl, NaCl ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɨɥɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɵ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɢ ɢɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ.
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
176
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɜ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɨɤɫɢɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɥɟɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɗȾɏ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɜɧɢɡ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɰɟɩɨɱɤɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɤɚɤɢɯ-ɥɢɛɨ ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɯ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ.
ȼ 1995 ɝɨɞɭ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɣ ɋɨɜɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɜɢɧɢɥɚ (European Council of Vinyl
Manufacturers, ECVM) ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɰɟɥɟɜɵɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɜ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɢ ɫ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ.
ɏɚɪɬɢɹ ECVM, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɫɚɦɨɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɹɦ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɟɣ ɢɡ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ECVM ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɞɥɹ
ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ 0,1 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3 (ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ (ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɦɢ)
ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ: 11% Ɉ2; 273,15 Ʉ ɢɥɢ 0ɨɋ; 101,3 ɤɉɚ) ɢ 1 ɦɤɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɬ ɗȾɏ
ɞɥɹ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ. ɗɬɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɡɹɬɵ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɝɪɭɛɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ
ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɗȾɏ/ȼɏɆ.
6.7.3 ɇɟɮɬɹɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
ɋɵɪɚɹ ɧɟɮɬɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɦɟɫɶɸ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ. ɋɨɫɬɚɜ ɫɵɪɨɣ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɟɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ. ɇɟɮɬɟɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɡɚɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ
ɫɥɨɠɧɭɸ ɦɧɨɝɨɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ, ɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦ
ɧɟɮɬɟɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ, ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ
ɠɟɥɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ.
Ⱦɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɥɨɫɶ ɥɢɲɶ ɨɛ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɟ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɧɟɮɬɟɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ: ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ,
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ
ɞɨ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ, ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ (Beard ɢ ɞɪ., 1993).
ɋɵɪɶɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɢɧɝɚ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɧɢɡɤɨɨɤɬɚɧɨɜɚɹ
ɧɚɮɬɚ. ȼ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɝɢɞɪɨɪɟɮɨɪɦɢɧɝɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɵ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɬɢɧɨɜɨɣ
ɨɫɧɨɜɟ. ɉɪɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɫɬɚɪɵɣ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬ ɫɨ ɞɧɚ
ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɜ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪ, ɝɞɟ ɢɡ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ ɪɚɫɤɚɥɟɧɧɵɦ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ/ɩɚɪɨɦ ɜɵɠɢɝɚɸɬ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ
ɧɟɦɭ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɪɨɦɨɬɟɪ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɯɥɨɪɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɬɪɢ- ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɯɥɨɪɷɬɢɥɟɧ. ȼɥɚɝɭ ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬ, ɢ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ
ɜ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɢɧɝ-ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ. ȼ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɭ-ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ.
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɢɥɢ ɭɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɢ
ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɜ ɫɬɨɤɢ. Ʉɨɧɟɱɧɵɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɡɚɜɢɫɟɬɶ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɯ ɦɟɪ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɬ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɦɢ. ɂɡ-ɡɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɧɟ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɫɪɨɱɧɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ.
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ,
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɮɚɤɟɥɚɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɵɯ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɦɢ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦɢ. Ȼɭɞɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ
Ƚɥɚɜɟ 6.3.3 – ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢɡ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ/ɛɢɨɝɚɡɨɜ.
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 65, ɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɌȾɠ ɢ
ɤɭɛɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɟɬɪ.
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
177
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 65: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɜ ɮɚɤɟɥɚɯ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
Ɏɚɤɟɥɵ
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ - ɦɤɝ
Ɍɗ/ɌȾɠ ɫɨɠɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
8
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ - ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɦ3
ɫɨɠɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
0,0003
6.7.3.1 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɰɟɧɟɧɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ
ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ (ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɮɚɤɟɥɚɯ) ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɛɢɨɝɚɡɚ. ɗɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ
ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ ɩɨɤɚ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ.
6.7.3.2 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɢɧɝɚ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
ɨɤɨɥɨ 190 ɤɝ/ɬ ɫɵɪɶɹ. ɋɬɨɤɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ
ɱɚɫɬɢɰ. ɗɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɫɛɪɨɫɟ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ. ȼɫɹɤɢɣ ɫɛɪɨɫ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɬɶ.
6.7.3.3 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ
Ɇɟɥɤɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ
ɬɨɧɤɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ. ȼ ɝɨɞ ɧɚ ɧɟɮɬɟɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ 5
ɦɥɧ. ɬɨɧɧ/ɝɨɞ ɧɚɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɤɨɥɨ 20-25 ɬɨɧɧ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ
ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɣ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɪɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢɥɵ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɜ ɧɢɯ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ; ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɢɪɟɧɚ ɢ
ɛɟɧɡɨ(ɚ)ɩɢɪɟɧɚ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɦɝ/ɤɝ (BREF, 2000b).
6.7.4 ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ
Ɍɟɤɫɬɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜ,
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɤ ɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ, ɩɪɹɠɭ, ɬɤɚɧɢ, ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɟ
ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ. Ɉɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɬ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ "ɧɚ ɡɚɞɜɨɪɤɚɯ" ɫ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɞɨ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜ
ɫ ɜɫɟɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɦ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɫɵɪɶɟɜɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɜ
ɝɨɬɨɜɵɟ ɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɥɨɠɟɧ; ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ
ɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɚɛɪɢɤ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦɢ (US-ȿɊȺ, 1997b).
Ɍɟɤɫɬɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɩɨ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ:
x
ɉɟɫɬɢɰɢɞɵ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɩɟɧɬɚɯɥɨɪɮɟɧɨɥ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɵ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɩɚɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɫ ɫɵɪɶɟɦ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɯɥɨɩɤɨɦ,
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɦ ɉɏɎ.
x
Ʉɪɚɫɢɬɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɯɥɨɪɚɧɢɥɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɤɪɚɲɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɹ.
x
ȼ ɨɬɞɟɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɤɢ ɜ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɬɞɟɥɤɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɶɧɵɯ
ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ.
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
178
x
Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɵ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ.
ɉɥɟɬɟɧɨɟ ɢ ɬɪɢɤɨɬɚɠɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɬɧɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɨ ɜ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɛɟɡ
ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɨɬɧɨɦ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɦɨɤɪɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ (ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɚɤ
ɨɬɞɟɥɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ), ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɞɵ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ
ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ, ɤɪɚɲɟɧɢɟ, ɧɚɛɢɜɤɚ ɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɤɚ. ȿɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ
ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɫɬɚɞɢɣ, ɱɟɦ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɵ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɨ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚ ɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɚɧɧ
ɞɥɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢ ɫɭɲɤɢ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɢ ɩɪɹɠɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ.
ɉɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɬɤɚɧɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɪɚɫɲɥɢɯɬɨɜɤɢ (ɞɥɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɚɩɩɪɟɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ
ɩɟɪɟɞ ɬɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ), ɩɪɨɦɵɜɤɢ (ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ, ɭɞɚɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ ɢɡ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ,
ɩɪɹɠɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɨɬɧɚ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɵɟ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ) ɢ ɨɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɩɚɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ (ɞɥɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɨɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɨɜ ɢɡ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ, ɩɪɹɠɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɨɬɧɚ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ
ɨɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɤɢɫɶ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ, ɝɢɩɨɯɥɨɪɢɬ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ, ɯɥɨɪɢɬ
ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɢ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɣ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞ ɫɟɪɵ. ɉɟɪɟɤɢɫɶ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ - ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɨɟ
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɨɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɯɥɨɩɤɚ ɢ ɯɥɨɩɤɨɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ) ɢ ɦɟɪɫɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ
(ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧ ɞɥɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɩɭɬɟɦ
ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ 15-20% ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɤɚɭɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɨɞɵ). Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɤɪɚɲɟɧɢɹ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɰɜɟɬ ɢ
ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹɦ, ɞɥɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ.
Ʉɪɚɫɢɬɟɥɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɜɨɟɦ,
ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ. Ɉɬɞɟɥɤɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ.
Ⱦɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɚɦɵɣ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɨɬɨɤ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɢɡ ɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɶɧɨɣ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɯɨɞɢɥ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɞɚɦɢ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɵ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ
ɩɪɨɦɵɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɚɲɟɧɢɹ, ɳɟɥɨɱɧɵɟ
ɨɬɯɨɞɵ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɩɚɪɬɢɢ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɤɪɚɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ
ɫɨɥɢ, ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢɥɢ ɳɟɥɨɱɢ.
ɂɡ 635000 ɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɨɧɧ ɤɪɚɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɦɢɪɟ, ɨɤɨɥɨ
10-15% ɭɞɚɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɨɤɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɤɪɚɲɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɤɪɚɫɢɬɟɥɢ ɜ ɫɬɨɤɚɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɦɢ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ. ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɧɚɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɝɨ
ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɜ ɋɒȺ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ 3,8 ɞɨ 7,5
ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɨɜ ɥɢɬɪɨɜ ɜ ɞɟɧɶ (ɨɞɢɧ ɢ ɞɜɚ ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɚ ɝɚɥɥɨɧɨɜ ɜ ɞɟɧɶ). ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɤɪɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɢ
ɨɩɨɥɚɫɤɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨɦ ɤɪɚɲɟɧɢɢ ɞɚɸɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 100-140 ɥɢɬɪɨɜ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɤɝ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ (12-17 ɝɚɥɥɨɧɨɜ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɧɚ ɮɭɧɬ). ɋɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɩɪɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɢ ɩɪɹɦɨɦ ɨɤɪɚɲɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜ
ɫɬɨɤɨɜ, ɨɤɨɥɨ 125-170 ɥ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɤɝ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ (15-20 ɝɚɥɥɨɧɨɜ ɧɚ ɮɭɧɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ) (USȿɊȺ, 1997b).
Ɉɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ 16 ɩɪɨɛ ɢɡ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ, ɛɵɥɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɨ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟ
ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ: ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɝɨɬɨɜɨɦ ɯɥɨɩɤɟ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ
0,21+0,10 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɫ ɦɟɞɢɚɧɨɣ 0,20 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɤɝ (Horstmann, 1994). ɗɬɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ
ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɵ ɩɪɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɩɪɨɛ ɯɥɨɩɤɚ-ɫɵɪɰɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɯɥɨɩɤɚ, ɩɪɢɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɝɚɜɚɧɶ Ƚɚɦɛɭɪɝɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɥ 0,03-0,2 ɧɝ
Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ (Hutzinger ɢ ɞɪ., 1995; FHH, 1995).
ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɬɶ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ:
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
x
179
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɉɏɎ, ɞɥɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ
ɫɵɪɶɹ (ɯɥɨɩɤɚ, ɲɟɪɫɬɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ, ɤɨɠɢ ɢ ɞɪ.);
x
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɚɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɚɦɢ;
x
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ.
ȼ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɦ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɯ
ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹɯ (ɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɶɧɵɯ), ɧɟɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɦ ɢ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɜɨɞɚɦ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ,
ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɚɤ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɟ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɞɥɹ
ɝɨɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 66: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ - ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
1. ȼɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɟɥ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
100
ɇɈ
2. ɇɢɠɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɟɥ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
0,1
ɇɈ
6.7.4.1 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ
ɇɟɬ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ; ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɧɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ.
ɗɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɩɚɪɚ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɜ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɨɦ 6.3.
6.7.4.2 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ, ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɵ. ɉɪɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ
ɨɬɞɟɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ, ɩɨɞɞɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ, ɧɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ.
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɡɚɜɢɫɟɬɶ ɨɬ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ
ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɧɨɫɢɦɵɯ ɧɚ ɫɵɪɶɟɜɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɟɣɫɹ
ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ. Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɬɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɩɥɨɯɨ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɨɤɢ, ɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ.
6.7.4.3 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
ȼɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɚɦɢ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ, ɲɟɪɫɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɫ
ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ. ȼ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɜ
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɧɟɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ
ɧɢɠɟ 1 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɤɝ (ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɨɥɨ 0,2 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɤɝ), ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɨɛɪɚɡɰɵ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ 244 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɤɝ
ɛɵɥɚ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɚ ɜ ɨɬɛɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɢɷɫɬɟɪɟ, 370 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɤɝ - ɜ ɩɨɞɫɢɧɟɧɧɨɦ ɯɥɨɩɤɟ
(Horstmann, 1994) ɢ 86 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɤɝ - ɜ ɲɟɪɫɬɢ (Mayer, 1997). ȼ ɝɨɦɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹɯ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ
ɉɏȾȾ ɢ ɉɏȾɎ (Cl7 ɢ Cl8). Ɉɧɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɛɢɨɰɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɧɬɚɯɥɨɪɮɟɧɨɥɚ
ɢɥɢ ɤɪɚɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɯɥɨɪɚɧɢɥɚ, ɤɚɤ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɤɚɤ
ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɜ, ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɉɏɎ ɢ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹɯ ɧɟɬ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɹ
ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɉɏɎ ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ. ɗɬɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ
ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɦɵ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɟɧɬɚɯɥɨɪɮɟɧɨɥ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɦ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
180
ɭɞɚɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɤɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɤɢ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ
ɚɞɫɨɪɛɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹɯ (Horstmann ɢ McLachan,
1995b; Klasmeier ɢ McLachan, 1998).
6.7.4.4 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ
ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɲɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɢɥɵ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ
ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ.
6.7.5 Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɤɨɠɢ
Ⱦɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɧɚ ɤɨɠɟɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ ɢɥɢ
ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɧɢɯ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɥɨ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɥɨɫɶ ɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɠɚɧɵɯ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ, ɢ, ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɉɏɎ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ
ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬ ɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɡɚɩɪɟɬɚ ɉɏɎ ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ ɜ 1989 ɝɨɞɭ,
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɜɲɟɝɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɟ 5 ɦɝ ɉɏɎ/ɤɝ
ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɬɨɜɚɪɚɯ ɢɡ ɤɨɠɢ ɫɧɢɡɢɥɢɫɶ.
ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ, ɉɏɎ, ɨɞɧɚɠɞɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɠɢ, ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɭɞɚɥɟɧ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɤɢ. ȼ ɤɨɠɚɧɵɯ ɧɚɝɪɭɞɧɵɯ ɤɨɲɟɥɶɤɚɯ
ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɢɫɶ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɞɨ 430 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɤɝ, ɜ ɤɨɠɚɧɵɯ ɛɨɬɢɧɤɚɯ ɞɨ
6400 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɤɝ (Malisch, 1994). ɏɨɬɹ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɉɏɎ ɫɧɢɡɢɥɨɫɶ,
ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ, ɜ ɨɛɭɜɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɧɟ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɥɢɫɶ: ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ ɜ
ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ 2100 ɢ 3000 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɤɝ,
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɜ ɤɨɠɚɧɵɯ ɬɭɮɥɹɯ, ɤɭɩɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ 1991 ɝɨɞɭ. ȼ 1996 ɝɨɞɭ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɥɢ
ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ (Klasmeier ɢ McLachan, 1997).
Ⱦɥɹ ɤɨɠɚɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏɎ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɫ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɦɢ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ, ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. Ƚɨɦɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɢ
ɢ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɢ ɹɜɧɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɉɏɎ.
ȼ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ
ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɫɬɨɤɚɦ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɯɨɞɚɦ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ. Ɉɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ. ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɢ ɫ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɦɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 67: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɠɟɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
ȼɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɟɥ
ɇɢɠɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɟɥ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ – ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
1000
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
10
ɇɈ
6.8 Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ 8 –Ɋɚɡɧɨɟ
ɗɬɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜɨɫɟɦɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɵ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ
68.
ȼ ɷɬɨɬ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɞɜɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ (ɫɭɲɤɚ ɡɟɥɟɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɦɚ ɢ ɤɨɩɬɢɥɶɧɢ),
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
181
ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ – Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ 6.1.6 ɢɥɢ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɥɢɳɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɢɳɢ – Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ 6.3.4.
Ɉɧɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɫɭɲɤɚ ɡɟɥɟɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɦɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɤɨɪɦɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɯ
ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɨ
ɩɪɨɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɧɟ
ɢɡɭɱɟɧ, ɤɨɩɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɹɫɚ ɢ ɪɵɛɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɦ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɯ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɢɯ
ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 68: ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ 8 - Ɋɚɡɧɨɟ
ʋ
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɢ
ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
8
Ɋɚɡɧɨɟ
ɏ
ɏ
ɏ
ɏ
ɏ
ɚ
ɋɭɲɤɚ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ (ɡɟɥɟɧɵɣ
ɤɨɪɦ, ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɚɹ ɳɟɩɚ)
x
b
Ʉɪɟɦɚɬɨɪɢɢ
x
c
Ʉɨɩɬɢɥɶɧɢ
x
d
ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɱɢɫɬɤɚ
e
Ɍɚɛɚɤɨɤɭɪɟɧɢɟ
ɯ
ɏ
ɯ
ɯ
ɏ
x
ɯ
ɯ
Ɂɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ ɋɬɚɬɶɟɣ 5, ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɋ
ɋɬɨɤɝɨɥɶɦɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ
ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɋɬɚɬɶɢ 5, ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɋ ɑɚɫɬɢ III ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ:
Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ
Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ ɜ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ
Ʉɪɟɦɚɬɨɪɢɢ
6.8.2
(g)
6.8.1 ɋɭɲɤɚ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ
ɋɭɲɤɚ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɣ ɳɟɩɵ ɢɥɢ ɡɟɥɟɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɦɚ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ
ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ. ȼ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɤɨɩɪɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɱɚɹ
ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɚ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɚɹ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨ, ɨɱɟɧɶ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɚ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɚ ɜ ɷɬɭ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɸ ɜ ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɸ ɚ.
ȼ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɱɢɫɬɨɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɚ. ȼ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɩɪɨɢɫɲɟɞɲɟɦ ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɥɚɫɶ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɚ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɡɟɥɟɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɦɨɜɨɣ ɦɭɤɟ. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɬɪɢ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ, ɤɚɤ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 69.
ɋɭɲɤɚ ɡɟɥɟɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɦɚ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɧɟɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɩɪɨɩɢɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ, ɤɨɜɪɨɜ ɢ ɞɪ., ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɩɟɪɟɣɞɟɬ ɜ
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
182
ɤɨɪɦɚ ɢ ɜ ɩɢɳɟɜɭɸ ɰɟɩɨɱɤɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. Ɂɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɧɟɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 69: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɭɲɤɢ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ - ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ*
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
0,007
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
0,1
ɇɈ
2. Ɂɟɥɟɧɵɣ ɤɨɪɦ
0,1
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
0,1
ɇɈ
3. Ȼɢɨɦɚɫɫɚ, ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɚɹ
ɉɏɎ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ
10
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
0,5
ɇɈ
1. ɇɟɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɚ
*- ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɭɲɤɢ
6.8.1.1 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ
ɂɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɨɬ 0,005 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3 ɞɨ
3,51 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3 ɫ ɦɟɞɢɚɧɨɣ 0,16 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3 (LUA, 1997). Ɉɱɟɧɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɭɲɤɢ ɡɟɥɟɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɦɚ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɩɪɨɩɢɬɚɧɧɚɹ ɉɏɎ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɚ.
6.8.1.2 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɟ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɟ, ɛɥɢɡɤɢ ɤ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɭ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ
(ɨɤɨɥɨ 0,1 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɤɝ), ɢ ɷɬɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɜɚɥɥɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɩɥɟɜɟɥɟ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɤɨɪɦɚɯ. Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɜɵɫɭɲɟɧɧɨɦ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɟ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɢ
ɨɬ 0,3 ɞɨ 0,8 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ 0,5 ɦɤɝ
Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɬ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɥɚɫɶ ɩɪɨɩɢɬɚɧɧɚɹ ɉɏɎ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɚ, ɢ 0,1 ɦɤɝ
Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɬ, ɟɫɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɟɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɨɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ.
6.8.2 Ʉɪɟɦɚɬɨɪɢɢ
Ʉɪɟɦɚɰɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɨɣ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɨɩɲɢɯ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟɦ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɪɟɦɚɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ
ɝɪɨɛɚ (ɢ ɬɟɥɚ), ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɤɚɦɟɪɚ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɞɨɫɠɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɚɦɟɪɚ, ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɩɵɥɟɭɥɨɜɢɬɟɥɶ ɢɥɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ. ȼ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɱɟɬɟ,
ɝɚɡɵ ɜɵɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɬɪɭɛɭ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɩɟɱɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢɥɢ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɝɚɡɟ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ. Ʉɪɟɦɚɬɨɪɢɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ
ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ ɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɨ ɤ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɦ, ɚ ɬɪɭɛɵ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ,
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɢɡɤɢ. Ɉɛɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɦɭ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɧɚ
ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ.
ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɵɟ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɟ ɞɨɫɠɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɝɨ
ɜɵɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɩɵɥɟɭɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ (ɰɢɤɥɨɧɚɦɢ,
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɨɫɚɞɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ). ȼ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɪɟɦɚɬɨɪɢɹɯ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɟ
ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɞɭɜɚɧɢɟ
ɚɞɫɨɪɛɟɧɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. ɋ ɬɚɤɢɦ
ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ ɜ 0,1 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3
(ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ, 27th BImSchV).
ɗɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɤɪɟɦɚɬɨɪɢɟɜ ɛɟɡ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɨ 50
ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3 (11%Ɉ2). ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɟɬ ɨɬ 2 ɞɨ 70 ɤɪɟɦɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɞɟɧɶ. ȼ
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
183
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ, ɞɥɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɪɟɦɚɰɢɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ 70 ɦɢɧɭɬ. Ɉɛɴɟɦɵ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ
ɤɨɥɟɛɥɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬ 2000 ɦ3/ɱ ɞɨ 10000 ɦ3/ɱ. ɋɨɨɛɳɚɥɨɫɶ ɨ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɯ ɜ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ ɦɭɥɶɬɢɰɢɤɥɨɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɵɥɢ, ɭɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɦɢ, ɜ
ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɨɬ 1000 ɞɨ 2500 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɤɝ (LUA, 1997; ɛɟɥɶɝɢɣɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ). ɉɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɢɡ
Ƚɨɥɥɚɧɞɢɢ, ɡɚ ɨɞɧɭ ɤɪɟɦɚɰɢɸ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ 75 ɝ ɥɟɬɭɱɟɣ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ ɫ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ
35000 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ.
ȼ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɩɨ ɨɬɛɨɪɭ ɩɪɨɛ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɜ Ɍɚɢɥɚɧɞɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɵ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɚɯ ɢ ɡɨɥɟ ɤɪɟɦɚɬɨɪɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɥ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ
ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɫ ɨɝɧɟɭɩɨɪɧɨɣ ɮɭɬɟɪɨɜɤɨɣ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɣ ɤɚɦɟɪɨɣ ɫ ɞɨɫɠɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɦ. Ɉɛɟ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ
ɪɚɛɨɬɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɥɟɝɤɨɦ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɦ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ. Ƚɚɡɵ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɜɵɫɬɥɚɧɧɵɣ ɨɝɧɟɭɩɨɪɧɵɦ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ ɝɚɡɨɯɨɞ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɲɟɥ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɣ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɧɵɣ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ ɢ
ɜɵɯɨɞɢɥ ɜ ɮɭɬɟɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɨɦ ɬɪɭɛɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɚɫɶ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜ
ɩɹɬɧɚɞɰɚɬɢ ɦɟɬɪɚɯ ɨɬ ɩɟɱɢ (UNEP, 2001; Fiedler ɢ ɞɪ., 2002).
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 70: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɪɟɦɚɬɨɪɢɟɜ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ - ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ ɧɚ ɤɪɟɦɚɰɢɸ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
1. Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ
90
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
2. Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ
10
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
2,5
3. Ɉɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ
0,4
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
2,5
6.8.2.1 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ
ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɬɶ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 1, ɟɫɥɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɨɯɢɟ
(ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɢɠɟ 850ɨɋ, ɧɟɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɣ ɩɨɬɨɤ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ
ɞɪ.), ɟɫɥɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɵ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɫɠɢɝɚɸɬ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɝɪɨɛɨɦ,
ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɚ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɞɟɥɚɧ ɝɪɨɛ, ɩɪɨɩɢɬɚɧɚ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɦɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɢɥɢ ɟɫɥɢ ɧɚ
ɦɟɫɬɟ ɧɟɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 2 ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ, ɟɫɥɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɥɭɱɲɟ – ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨ ɜɵɲɟ 850ɨɋ, ɩɨɬɨɤ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ, ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɵɟ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤɚɤɨɟ-ɥɢɛɨ ɩɵɥɟɭɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɟ. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 3 ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ.
Kim ɢ ɞɪ. (2003) ɫɨɨɛɳɚɥ ɨɛ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɹɯ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɤɪɟɦɚɬɨɪɢɟɜ Ʉɨɪɟɢ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ 0,46 – 2,1
ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɇɦ3, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɭ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ 8,4 ɝ Ɍɗ/ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɤɪɟɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ
ɨɫɬɚɧɤɨɜ.
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɬɪɭɛɟ ɤɪɟɦɚɬɨɪɢɹ ɜ Ɍɚɢɥɚɧɞɟ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɨɬ 10,5 ɞɨ
28,6 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɦ3 ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɜ 17,6 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɦ3 (ɩɪɢ 11% Ɉ2). ɗɬɢ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɞɚɥɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ 18 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɤɪɟɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɫɬɚɧɤɨɜ.
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɤɪɟɦɚɬɨɪɢɣ ɛɵɥ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧ ɞɨɫɠɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɦ, ɨɧ ɛɵɥ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧ ɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ 2 ɫ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜ 10 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɤɪɟɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɫɬɚɧɤɨɜ; ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɨɧ
ɩɨɩɚɞɚɥ ɜ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ. Ɏɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ
ɛɵɥ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɨɠɢɞɚɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɢɧɧɵɣ
ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɣ ɝɚɡɨɯɨɞ ɤɪɟɦɚɬɨɪɢɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ
ɜ "ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɨɤɧɟ", ɱɬɨ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɥɨ ɤ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɞɵɦɨɜɨɦ ɝɚɡɟ (UNEP, 2001; Fiedler ɢ ɞɪ., 2002).
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
184
6.8.2.2 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ
Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɜ ɤɪɟɦɚɬɨɪɢɹɯ ɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɦɨɤɪɵɟ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɵ ɢɥɢ ɬɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɨɣ, ɚ
ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɫɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ. ȿɫɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɦɨɤɪɵɟ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɵ,
ɬɨ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɩɚɫɬɶ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢɥɢ ɛɵɬɶ
ɫɛɪɨɲɟɧɵ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɛɨɪɚ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɢɡ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ,
ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɡ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ, ɜ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ.
6.8.2.3 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ.
6.8.2.4 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ.
6.8.2.5 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ
ɉɥɨɯɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɦɭ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɤ
ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɦ ɜ ɥɟɬɭɱɟɣ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ ɢ ɩɟɱɧɨɣ ɡɨɥɟ. Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɩɟɱɧɨɣ ɡɨɥɟ, ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɤɪɟɦɚɬɨɪɢɢ ɜ Ɍɚɢɥɚɧɞɟ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ 44 ɢ 48 ɧɝ
Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɡɨɥɵ (UNEP, 2001; Fiedler ɢ ɞɪ., 2002). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɟ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ.
6.8.3 Ʉɨɩɬɢɥɶɧɢ
Ʉɨɩɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɹɫɚ ɢ ɪɵɛɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɨɣ
ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɤɨɩɬɢɥɶɧɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ, ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɧɟ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ, ɚ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ – ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɚ – ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 71: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɩɬɢɥɟɧ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
ɦɤɝ/ɬ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ
ɦɤɝ
Ɍɗ/ɬ
ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ
1. ɉɪɨɩɢɬɚɧɧɚɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɚ ɜ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ
50
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
2000
2. ɑɢɫɬɨɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ, ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ
ɞɨɫɠɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ
6
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
20
0,6
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
20
3. ɑɢɫɬɨɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ, ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ
ɞɨɫɠɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ
6.8.3.1 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɯ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɝɚɡɚɯ ɤɨɩɬɢɥɟɧ ɛɵɥɢ
ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ (LAI, 1993). Ɉɛɵɱɧɚɹ ɤɚɦɟɪɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɞɵɦɨɦ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 300 ɦ3/ɱɚɫ, ɚ ɟɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 50 ɤɝ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɜ ɱɚɫ. Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 6000 ɦ3/ɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ. ɋ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ
ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ 1,02 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɦ3 ɞɥɹ ɤɨɩɬɢɥɶɧɢ ɛɟɡ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɢ 0,1 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɦ3
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
185
ɞɥɹ ɤɨɩɬɢɥɶɧɢ ɫ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɞɨɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟɦ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ 2 ɢ 3. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 1 ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɩɢɬɚɧɧɚɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɚ. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 2 ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ,
ɟɫɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɱɢɫɬɚɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɚ.
6.8.3.2 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ
Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɜ ɤɨɩɬɢɥɶɧɹɯ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɨɤɪɵɟ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɵ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɫɛɪɨɫɨɜ
ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ.
6.8.3.3 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ.
6.8.3.4 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
ɉɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɜ ɤɨɩɱɟɧɨɦ ɦɹɫɟ ɢ ɤɨɩɱɟɧɨɣ ɪɵɛɟ. ȼ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ
ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɯ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɟ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ (ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɝɨɜɹɞɢɧɟ ɢ
ɛɚɪɚɧɢɧɟ, ɦɟɧɶɲɢɟ ɜ ɫɜɢɧɢɧɟ, ɨɱɟɧɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ, ɞɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ, ɜ ɪɵɛɟ).
6.8.3.5 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ (ɫɦ. Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 38).
6.8.4 ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɱɢɫɬɤɚ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɯ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɹɰɢɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɱɢɫɬɤɢ
(ɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɚ ɧɟ ɫɬɢɪɤɨɣ ɢɯ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ). ɉɪɢ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɨ
ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɉɏɎ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɛɢɨɰɢɞɚ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ
ɢɥɢ ɫɵɪɶɹ (ɲɟɪɫɬɢ, ɯɥɨɩɤɚ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɢɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɪɚɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ. ȼ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɧɢɤɚɤɢɯ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ. ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɭɞɚɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɢ
ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶ. Ⱦɥɹ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶ
ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɹɰɢɢ, ɚ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɯ
ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɹɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬ. ɉɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɯ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɹɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɜɢɞ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɜɵɛɨɪ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ
ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ; ɨɛɵɱɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɯɥɨɪɷɬɢɥɟɧ, ɛɟɧɡɢɧ ɢ
ɮɬɨɪɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɵ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 72: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɱɢɫɬɤɢ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ - ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ
ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɹɰɢɢ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
1. Ɍɹɠɟɥɵɟ ɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ,
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɉɏɎ, ɞɪ.
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
3000
2. Ɉɛɵɱɧɵɣ ɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɶ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
50
6.8.4.1 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɧɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ.
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
186
6.8.4.2 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɧɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ.
6.8.4.3 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ (ɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɹɰɢɢ).
6.8.4.4 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 1 ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ ɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ
ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɶ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɨɜɪɵ ɢɥɢ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɟ ɡɚɧɚɜɟɫɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɤɚɤ
ɩɨɞɨɡɪɟɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɉɏɎ (ɧɚ ɷɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ)
ɢɥɢ ɫɩɟɰɨɞɟɠɞɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɫ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɚɦɢ.
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 2 ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ, ɟɫɥɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɱɢɫɬɤɟ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ
ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɟ ɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ.
ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɬɶ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɭ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ.
6.8.5 Ɍɚɛɚɤɨɤɭɪɟɧɢɟ
Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, "ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ" ɫɢɝɚɪɟɬ ɢ ɫɢɝɚɪ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɟɫɹɬɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ
ɦɚɪɨɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ "ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ" ɜ 0,1 ɩɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ ɧɚ ɫɢɝɚɪɟɬɭ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɫɢɝɚɪɚɦ ɧɟ
ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ, ɜɫɟ ɩɪɨɱɢɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ
ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 73: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɬɚɛɚɤɨɤɭɪɟɧɢɹ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ - ɩɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ ɧɚ ɫɢɝɚɪɭ ɢɥɢ
ɫɢɝɚɪɟɬɭ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
1. ɋɢɝɚɪɚ
0,3
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
2. ɋɢɝɚɪɟɬɚ
0,1
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
6.8.5.1 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ ɫɚɦɢ ɡɚ ɫɟɛɹ. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɢɝɚɪ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɛóɥɶɲɢɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɵɤɭɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɚɛɚɤɚ. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɬɚɛɚɤɚ ɜ ɫɢɝɚɪɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜ 220 ɪɚɡ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɬɚɛɚɤɚ ɜ ɫɢɝɚɪɟɬɟ.
6.8.5.2 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ
ɇɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ.
6.8.5.3 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ
ɇɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ.
6.8.5.4 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ.
6.8.5.5 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ
ɇɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɦɭ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ.
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
187
6.9 Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ 9 – ɍɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ/Ɂɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɟ
Ɍɨ, ɤɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɨɬɯɨɞɚɦɢ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɢɯ ɡɚɯɨɪɚɧɢɜɚɸɬ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɨ
ɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. ȼ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɯ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɚɯ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɨ
ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. ɋɭɞɶɛɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɢɯ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɵɟ
ɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳɚ, ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɟɧɢɟ (ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɨɛɟɡɡɚɪɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ)
ɢɥɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɫɛɪɨɫ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ ɜ ɪɟɤɢ, ɨɡɟɪɚ ɢɥɢ
ɨɤɟɚɧɵ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɸ ɷɬɢɯ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɜ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɨɬ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ. ȼɫɹɤɨɟ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ. ȼ ɷɤɫɬɪɟɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɟ
ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɦɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ.
ɋɪɟɞɢ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɜ - ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɫ ɛɟɥɶɝɢɣɫɤɢɦɢ ɰɵɩɥɹɬɚɦɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɉɏȻ (ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɨɟ ɉɏȾɎ) ɛɵɥɨ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɞɥɹ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɠɢɪɚɯ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɤɨɪɦɨɜ, ɢɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɹɤɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɤɨɪɦɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ (EU SCAN, 2000).
ȼ ɷɬɨɦ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ, ɨɬɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɨɬ
ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ. ɉɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɵ ɢ ɮɭɪɚɧɵ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ, ɛɵɥɢ
ɫɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɵ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 74. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ, ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɪɚɧɟɟ,
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟ 6.7. ɉɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɜ
ɜɢɞɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɸɸ ɩɵɥɶ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ,
ɱɬɨ "ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ" ɛɵɬɨɜɵɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɯ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɚɯ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɥɨ: ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɸɬ ɨɬ
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ
ɫɜɵɲɟ 100 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɤɝ, ɫ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɟɳɟ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜ
ɜɵɲɟ (ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɵɥɟɜɚɹ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɹ). ȼ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ 90-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ
ɛɵɥɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ 50 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɤɝ, ɚ ɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ
90-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ 6 ɧɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɤɝ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ
ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɢ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɚ (ɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɥɟɬɨɦ), ɚ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ
ɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ȼɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ
ɩɪɟɬɟɪɩɟɜɚɸɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɥɚɧɨɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɦɚɤɭɥɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ
ɤɚɪɬɨɧɚ (ɝɚɡɟɬ, ɨɮɢɫɧɵɯ ɛɭɦɚɝ, ɭɩɚɤɨɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ) ɢɥɢ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ, ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɛɚɧɨɤ ɢ
ɞɪ., ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɫɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɣ ɢɡ
ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ, ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɸ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɧɚ ɫɜɚɥɤɭ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɫ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ
ɫɪɨɤɚ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ. ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ
ɨɬɛɨɪ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɵ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ.
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
188
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 74: ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ 9 – ɍɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ
ʋ
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɢ
ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ
9
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
ɍɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ
ɏ
ɏ
ɏ
ɚ
Ɂɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɜɚɥɤɢ
ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
x
b
Ʉɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ/ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ
ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ
ɯ
ɯ
ɫ
ɋɛɪɨɫ ɜ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɵ
d
Ʉɨɦɩɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
x
ɯ
e
Ɉɱɢɫɬɤɚ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɦɚɫɥɚ (ɧɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ)
ɯ
ɯ
(x)
ɯ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
ɯ
x
ɯ
ɯ
ɯ
Ɂɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ ɋɬɚɬɶɟɣ 5, ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɋ
ɋɬɨɤɝɨɥɶɦɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ
ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɋɬɚɬɶɢ 5, ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɋ ɑɚɫɬɢ III ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ:
(g)
Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ
Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ ɜ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ
ɉɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ
ɦɚɫɟɥ
6.9.4
6.9.1 Ɂɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɜɚɥɤɢ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
ȼ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɩɨɞ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɫɜɚɥɤɚɦɢ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɫɬɚ, ɝɞɟ
ɨɬɯɨɞɵ ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɡɟɦɥɸ ɢɥɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɩɨɞ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɣ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɧɵɣ
ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɭɱɟɬɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ/ɬɢɩɨɜ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ, ɦɟɫɬ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɫɛɨɪ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢ ɜɨɞ ɢ ɞɪ.), ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɜɚɥɤɚ,
ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɟ ɩɨɞɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɩɨɞ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɟ
ɨɬɯɨɞɵ, ɭɞɚɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ.
Ɋɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɧɚ ɫɜɚɥɤɟ, ɱɬɨ
ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɝɚɡɨɜ (ɫ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɦ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɦɟɬɚɧɚ). ɉɪɨɫɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ
ɜɨɞɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɧɟ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ, ɝɚɡɵ ɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬ ɛɟɫɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɯɨɞɹɬ ɫ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ
ɧɟ ɭɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɢɡ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɝɚɡɚɯ;
ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɤɚɤ ɇɉ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 75.
ɋɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɝɚɡɵ ɢɡ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɫɠɢɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟ
6.9.1. ȼ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɞɜɚ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɚ ɢɡ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ (ɦɟɬɚɧɚ,
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ): (1) Ƚɚɡ ɢɡ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ
ɝɨɪɟɥɤɚɯ, ɦɨɬɨɪɚɯ, ɮɚɤɟɥɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɯ; ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɚ ɢɡ
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
189
ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɜ ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɸ 6.3.3.
Ⱦɥɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɥɢ ɬɚɤɚɹ "ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ" ɢɥɢ ɧɟɬ. (2)
Ƚɚɡ ɢɡ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɨ (ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨ) ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɨɬɯɨɞɵ ɡɚɝɨɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɝɨɪɢɬ
ɫɜɚɥɤɚ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟ 6.6.2 Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ 6 –
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɧɟɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɱɚɥɫɹ
ɩɨɠɚɪ ɫɚɦɨɜɨɡɝɨɪɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɬɚɧɚ ɢ ɞɪ. (=ɫɚɦɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨɟ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ
ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɹ), ɢɥɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɞɨɠɠɟɧ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ. ɍɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ
ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɝɨɪɹɳɢɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 75: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɜɚɥɨɤ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ - ɩɝ Ɍɗ/ɥ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɢ ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɜ
ɭɞɚɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɯ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
1. Ɉɩɚɫɧɵɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ
ɇɉ
200
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
50
2. ɇɟɨɩɚɫɧɵɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ
ɇɉ
30
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
6
6.9.1.1 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ, ɨɞɧɚ ɬɨɧɧɚ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɧɚ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɢ ɞɚɟɬ 150 ɦ3 ɝɚɡɚ
(ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ) ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜ 10-20 ɥɟɬ (ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ). Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɜ
ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɦɚɯ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɥɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ
ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ. ɂɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢɡ ɦɟɫɬ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɣ ɧɟ ɞɚɥɢ ɤɚɤɢɯ-ɥɢɛɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ,
ɩɨɞɞɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ
ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɸ.
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɩɪɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɮɚɤɟɥɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ
ɦɨɬɨɪɨɜ (ɫɦ. Ƚɥɚɜɭ 6.3.3). ȼ ɧɟɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɦ ɝɚɡɟ ɢɡ ɦɟɫɬ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɣ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɥɢɫɶ. Ɉɬ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɦɵɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ.
6.9.1.2 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ
Ɏɢɥɶɬɪɚɬ ɢɥɢ ɜɨɞɵ, ɩɪɨɫɨɱɢɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɢɡ ɦɟɫɬ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɜɚɥɨɤ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. ɂɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɯ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɟ. ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɛɭɞɭɬ ɫɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɦɚɫɥɹɧɢɫɬɨɣ ɮɚɡɟ
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ; ɦɚɫɥɹɧɢɫɬɚɹ ɮɚɡɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ ɢɥɢ ɫɧɢɡɭ ɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ. Ⱦɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ ɩɪɨɫɨɱɢɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ ɤɚɤɢɯ-ɥɢɛɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɜɨɞɚɯ
ɧɢ ɢɡ ɦɟɫɬ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɣ, ɧɢ ɢɡ ɦɟɫɬ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ
ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ.
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɹɬɢ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɇɨɜɨɣ Ɂɟɥɚɧɞɢɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɨɬ 7,5 ɞɨ 221 ɩɝ
Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɥ. ȼ ɧɨɜɨɡɟɥɚɧɞɫɤɨɦ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɟ (NZ, 2000) ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɚ 14-48,3 ɩɝ ɆɌɗ/ɥ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɣ ɞɨ 7,5-221 ɩɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɥ ɞɥɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ
ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɣ. ɇɚɢɜɵɫɲɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɢ,
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɟ
ɨɬɯɨɞɵ.
ȼ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɞɜɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ: ɤɥɚɫɫ 1 ɫ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ 200 ɩɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɥ
ɞɥɹ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ, ɢ ɤɥɚɫɫ 2 ɫ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ 30 ɩɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɥ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɣ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɯ ɢɡ ɧɟɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ.
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
190
6.9.1.3 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ
Ɂɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ
ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɹɯ.
ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɬɢ
ɧɚ
ɩɥɨɯɨ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ
ɫɜɚɥɤɚɯ
ɢ
6.9.1.4 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ.
6.9.1.5 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ
ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ. ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɹɯ,
ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɤɚɤ ɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳɟ ɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɧɚ ɫɜɚɥɤɚɯ, ɛɭɞɭɬ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ. ɋɬɪɚɧɚɦ, ɧɚɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɦ ɦɚɥɨ
ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜ 6 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ,
ɭɞɚɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɧɚ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɟ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɦɢ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜ 50 ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ
ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ. ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɰɟɧɟɧɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ.
6.9.2 Ʉɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ
ȼ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɞɟɥ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɫɛɪɨɫɵ, ɫɨɛɢɪɚɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ.
Ɉɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɛɪɨɫ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɞɬɢ ɫ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɨɣ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɛɟɡ ɧɟɟ, ɫ ɧɚɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ
ɢɥɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɛɟɡ ɬɚɤɨɜɨɣ. ɉɪɹɦɨɣ ɫɛɪɨɫ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ
6.9.3.
Ʉɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɢɥ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɣ
ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ – ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɨɞ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɢ ɧɟɱɢɫɬɨɬ ɢ
ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ. ɋɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ
(ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ), ɜɨɞɭ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɭɸɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɦɵɬɶɟ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɢ ɫɬɢɪɤɟ ɛɟɥɶɹ, ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɩɚɜɨɞɤɨɜɵɟ ɫɬɨɤɢ ɢ ɫɬɨɤɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ
ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ, ɩɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɚ ɜɵɡɜɚɧɨ ɢɧɵɦɢ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦɢ1, ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɢɥɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ
ɨɬɫɬɨɣɧɢɤɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɜɲɢɯ ɢɡ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɢɥɚɦɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɦ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɢɥɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɢ ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɤɚɤ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ ɢ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɢɹ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ
ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɜ
ɧɟɦ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɥɵ ɛɵɬɨɜɨɣ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
ɂɥɵ
ɢɡ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɨ-ɛɭɦɚɠɧɨɣ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɯ (ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɜ
Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟ 6.7.1).
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɸ –
ɨɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɟɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ ɤ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɫɛɪɨɫɚ (ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɜ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɦ ɦɨɪɟ)
ɛɟɡ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ, ɞɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ (ɝɪɭɛɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɟɢɜɚɧɢɟ
ɢɥɢ ɨɬɫɬɨɣɧɵɟ ɩɪɭɞɵ) ɢ ɞɨ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɢ ɨɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ.
1
Ɇɵ ɡɧɚɟɦ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɥɢ ɨ ɛɢɨɝɟɧɧɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ
ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɢɥɟ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɨɥɹ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɚɥɚ ɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ
ɛɢɨɞɟɝɪɚɞɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ. ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɬɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɢɥ
ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɵɫɭɲɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ.
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
191
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɨɱɢɫɬɧɭɸ
ɫɬɚɧɰɢɸ, ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ. ɋɬɨɤɢ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ, ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɬɶɫɹ, ɚ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɤɚɤɢɟ-ɥɢɛɨ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɟɧɵ. ɋɚɦɵɟ ɧɢɡɤɢɟ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɠɢɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ, ɝɞɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɜ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɯ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ ɫ ɧɟɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɣ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ. ȼ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɫɬɨɤɟ ɦɚɥɵ (ɛɟɡ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɜɧɨɫɚ). ɇɢɡɤɢɟ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɠɢɞɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫɨ ɫɬɪɨɝɢɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɦ ɫɛɪɨɫɚ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɜ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɦ ɉɏɎ ɢ ɞɪ. ɜ
ɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɛɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɯɥɨɪɨɦ
ɬɭɚɥɟɬɧɨɣ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ. ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɠɢɞɚɬɶ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ ɫɨ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɣ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧ-ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ.
ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɹɦɵɟ ɫɛɪɨɫɵ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ (ɫɦ. Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ 6.7.2) ɛɟɡ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ
ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ
ɢɥɟ.
ɉɪɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɯ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɢɥɵ, ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɢɯ. ɇɚ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɫɬɨɤɚɯ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ,
ɨɫɬɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɨɤɚɯ.
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɢɥɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɤɨɧɰɚ 1980-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ,
ɤɨɝɞɚ Hagenmaier ɜɵɜɟɥ ɫɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɜ 200 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɫ.ɜ. ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɫ 43
ɧɟɦɟɰɤɢɯ ɡɚɜɨɞɨɜ, ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɢɥ (Hagenmaier, 1988). ȼ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɛɵɥɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɨ ɨɤɨɥɨ 300 ɡɚɜɨɞɨɜ; ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɩɨ ɧɢɦ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ 50-60 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɫ.ɜ. (Butzkamm-Erker ɢ Mach, 1990). Ⱦɥɹ 30-ɬɢ ɲɜɟɣɰɚɪɫɤɢɯ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɢɥ, Rappe ɢ ɞɪ. (1994) ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɥ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ 6 ɢ 4100 ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɫ.ɜ., ɚ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɩɪɨɛɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɥɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ 1000 ɧɝ
Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɫ.ɜ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɤ
ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɢɥɟ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ.
ɉɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɢɥɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ
ɦɢɤɪɨɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɥɢɜɧɟɜɵɟ ɫɬɨɤɢ ɫ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ,
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ
ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ, ɛɵɬɨɜɵɟ ɫɬɨɤɢ, ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɨɤɢ ɢ ɞɪ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɛɵɥɨ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɬɨɤɢ, ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɩɪɢ ɫɬɢɪɤɟ ɢ ɦɵɬɶɟ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɯ, ɡɚɜɨɞɨɜ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɥɨɜ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɭ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɡ ɦɟɫɬ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ (ɪɟɡɸɦɟ ɢ ɫɫɵɥɤɢ
ɫɦ. US-EPA, 2000).
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ ɫɬɨɤɚɯ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ 0,8 ɩɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɥ ɢ 15
ɩɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɥ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɢ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɫɬɨɤɢ ɫɬɢɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ, ɢɦɟɸɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ (17-25 ɩɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɥ); ɩɪɨɱɢɟ ɫɬɨɤɢ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɫɬɨɤɢ ɢɡ ɜɚɧɧ ɢ
ɞɭɲɟɜɵɯ ɤɚɛɢɧ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɥɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ (2-16 ɩɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɥ) (Horstmann ɢ
McLachlan, 1995; Horstmann ɢ ɞɪ., 1993c)
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 76: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ
(ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ: ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɥ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ ɢ ɜ
ɦɤɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ ɧɚ ɬɨɧɧɭ ɧɚɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ (ɫ.ɜ.=ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ))
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
192
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
5ɚ
ɇɉ
1000
ɇɉ
1000
1. ɋɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɟ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɟ ɢ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɨɤɢ (ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ
ɯɥɨɪɚ)
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
0,5
2. Ƚɨɪɨɞɫɤɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ
ɇɉ
2ɚ
3. Ɉɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɣɨɧɵ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ
(ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɟ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ)
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ = Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɩɝ ɆɌɗ/ɥ
ɛ
ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɫ.ɜ.
ɇɉ
100
ɇɉ
0,5
ɛ
ɇɉ
100
ɇɉ
0,1
ɇɉ
10
ɚ=ɛɟɡ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɚ; ɛ=ɫ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɥɚ
6.9.2.1 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɟɝɨ
ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɧɟɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ.
6.9.2.2 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ
ɋɬɨɤɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ, ɚ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɤ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɵ ɢ ɮɭɪɚɧɵ ɬɟɫɧɨ
ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɨɦ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɢɥɚ. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 1 ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɬɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɧɚɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢɥɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ, ɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ
ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 2 – ɬɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɜɟɞɟɬɫɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɚ.
6.9.2.3 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ
ɂɥ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɧɟɫɟɧ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɞɥɹ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɟɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɬɚɤ, ɬɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɟ.
6.9.2.4 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
ɂɥ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɬɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɨɧ ɜɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ
ɟɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ (ɫɦ. ɜɵɲɟ). ɂɥ,
ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ.
Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɢɥ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɦ, ɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ.
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 1 ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɨɦɢɦɨ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ
ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɬɟ ɠɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɵ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɨɤɢ ɫ
ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ ɢ ɮɭɪɚɧɨɜ, ɢɥɢ ɟɫɥɢ ɧɚ ɷɬɭ ɠɟ ɨɱɢɫɬɧɭɸ
ɫɬɚɧɰɢɸ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɫɬɨɤɢ ɫ ɤɪɵɲ ɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ
ɬɨɧɤɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 2 ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ,
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ, ɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 3 ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ
ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɫ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɨɛɥɢɡɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ
ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ (Rappe ɢ ɞɪ., 1996). Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 3 ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ
ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ/ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɝɞɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɵ, ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɸ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɱɢɫɬɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ (ɷɬɢɦ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨ, ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɜ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ
ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ ɜ ɢɥɚɯ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɢɡɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ).
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
193
6.9.2.5 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɢɥ (ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ
ɢɥɢ ɜ ɩɪɭɞɚɯ-ɨɬɫɬɨɣɧɢɤɚɯ) ɢ ɝɪɭɛɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɭɞɚɥɹɟɦɵɣ ɨɬɫɬɚɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ. Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɚ ɧɟ
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɢɥ ɜɧɨɫɹɬ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ, ɷɬɨ
ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ. ȿɫɥɢ ɢɥ ɫɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɦɨɪɟ, ɬɨ ɷɬɨ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ.
Ɉɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɩɪɨɜɟɥɚ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɢɥɵ, ɢɦɟɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ ɬɨ,
ɱɬɨ ɧɚɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɢɥɚ ɧɚ ɡɚɜɨɞɟ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 0,4%
ɫɵɪɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ. ɋɬɨɤɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ 3% ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɢɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ
ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ, ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɜ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ ɧɚ
ɡɚɜɨɞ (Asia Toolkit Workshop, 2002).
6.9.3 ɋɛɪɨɫ ɜ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɵ
ɋɛɪɨɫ ɜ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɨɬɯɨɞɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɨɤɚɦɢ ɢ
ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɟɣ ɪɹɞɚ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɬɨɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɱɢɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ,
ɫɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ. ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɫɛɪɨɫ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɬ.ɟ. ɪɟɤɢ, ɨɡɟɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɨɤɟɚɧɵ.
Ɍɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ 6.9.2, ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ 6.9.3 ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɨɤɢ
ɧɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɵ, ɨɧɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ.
ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɬɚ ɠɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɢ ɬɟ ɠɟ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 77.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 77: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɛɪɨɫɚ ɜ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɵ
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ - ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɦ3
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
1. ɋɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɟ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɟ ɢ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɨɤɢ
ɇɉ
0,005
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
2. Ƚɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɟ ɫɬɨɤɢ
ɇɉ
0,0002
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
3. ɍɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɬ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɢɥɢ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɢ
ɇɉ
0,0001
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
6.9.3.1 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ
ɇɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ.
6.9.3.2 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ
ɇɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ.
6.9.3.3 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ
ɇɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ.
6.9.3.4 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
ɇɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ.
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
194
6.9.3.5 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ
ɇɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ.
6.9.4 Ʉɨɦɩɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
Ʉɨɦɩɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ,
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɭɯɧɟ, ɜ ɫɚɞɭ, ɜ ɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ/ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ,
ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɥɟɫɧɨɦ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟ. ȼ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ, ɥɸɛɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɤɨɦɩɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧ, ɢ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɤɨɦɩɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɨɬɟɪɟ ɨɤɨɥɨ 50% ɜɟɫɚ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ.
ɋɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɨɫɬɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 30%.
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɡ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɫɬɚ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ, ɟɫɥɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɫɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɛɟɡ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ ɜɫɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɹ. Ɏɪɚɤɰɢɢ
ɤɨɦɩɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɤɚɤ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ ɩɵɥɟɫɨɫɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɥɸɛɵɟ ɬɨɧɤɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ
(ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɨɦɚɲɧɸɸ ɩɵɥɶ), ɩɨɱɜɭ ɫ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ, ɜɧɨɫɢɦɭɸ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ
ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɦɢ ɨɜɨɳɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɥɢɫɬɜɭ ɫ ɚɥɥɟɣ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ
ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɷɬɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɛɟɧɡɢɧɟ, ɡɟɥɟɧɵɟ ɜɟɬɜɢ ɫ ɤɥɚɞɛɢɳ ɢɥɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɫɬɢɰɢɞɚɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ. ɗɬɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ
ɧɟɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɦɭ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ, ɧɟ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ
ɫɚɞɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ. ȼ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɫɬɚɯ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɜɵɲɟ 100 ɧɝ ɆɌɗ/ɤɝ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 78: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ – ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɨɞɚ ɉɨɱɜɚ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ = Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ
1. Ɏɪɚɤɰɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ,
ɧɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɯɫɹ ɨɬɛɨɪɭ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
100
2. Ʉɭɯɨɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ ɢ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ
ɫɚɞɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
15
3. Ɋɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɢɡ
ɧɟɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
5
6.9.4.1 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ
ɗɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɚɥɵ (ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɝ ɧɚ ɦ3) ɢ ɧɟɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵ.
6.9.4.2 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɞɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ
ɦɚɥɵ ɢ ɜɨɞɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɨɫɬ.
6.9.4.3 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ
Ɉɛɵɱɧɵɦ ɜɢɞɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɫɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ,
ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɟ.
6.9.4.4 ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɫɬɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɫ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ. Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 1 ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɤɨɦɩɨɫɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɜɫɸ, ɛɟɡ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɸ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ,
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
195
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ ɩɵɥɟɫɨɫɨɜ, ɤɨɩɨɬɶ ɢɡ ɬɪɭɛ ɢ ɩɟɱɧɭɸ ɡɨɥɭ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɨɥɭ,
ɨɫɬɚɸɳɭɸɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɲɚɲɥɵɤɚ/ɛɚɪɛɟɤɸ. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 2
ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ, ɟɫɥɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɫɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɤɭɯɨɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɚɞɨɜɵɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɥɢɫɬɜɨɣ
ɢɥɢ ɯɜɨɟɣ ɟɥɟɣ ɢɡ ɩɚɪɤɨɜ ɢ ɞɪ. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 3 ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɜ
ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ
ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɟɫɬɢɰɢɞɚɦɢ ɢ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɧɤɢɯ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ.
6.9.5 ɍɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɥɚ (ɧɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ)
Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɟɥ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɚ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɟɧɚ
ɩɨ ɪɹɞɭ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ. ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɱɟɬɤɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ "ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ" ɦɚɫɟɥ, ɢɥɢ
"ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ" ɦɚɫɟɥ, ɧɟɬ. ȼ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɟ
(ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ) ɦɚɫɥɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɥɸɛɵɟ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɧɚ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɣ, ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ,
ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ. Ɉɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ: ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ
ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɟ ɦɚɫɥɚ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɟɥ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɬɪɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ: ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɦɚɫɥɨ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɦɚɡɨɱɧɨɟ ɦɚɫɥɨ
ɞɥɹ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɦɚɲɢɧɧɨɟ ɫɦɚɡɨɱɧɨɟ ɦɚɫɥɨ, ɫɦɚɡɨɱɧɨ-ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɚɹ
ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɟɦ); ɝɚɪɚɠɧɨɟ ɦɚɫɥɨ ɢɥɢ ɦɚɫɥɨ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɫɬɟɪɫɤɢɯ; ɢ
ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɧɨɟ ɦɚɫɥɨ.
ɋɨɨɛɳɚɥɨɫɶ ɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɢ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɟɥ ɩɨɥɢɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɢɛɟɧɡɨ-ɩɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɚɦɢ
(ɉɏȾȾ),
ɩɨɥɢɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ
ɞɢɛɟɧɡɨɮɭɪɚɧɚɦɢ
(ɉɏȾɎ)
ɢ
ɩɨɥɢɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɛɢɮɟɧɢɥɚɦɢ (ɉɏȻ). Ɇɚɫɥɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɉɏȻ,
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ 10 (ɫɦ. Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ 6.10.6).
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɢɥɢ ɉɏȻ
ɧɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɟɥ. ɂɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ
ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɢ ɉɏȻ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦɢ ɩɨ
ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɸ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɟɥ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦɢ ɩɨ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ
ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɦɚɫɥɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɉɏȻ ɢɥɢ ɯɥɨɪɛɟɧɡɨɥɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɜ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɥɢɛɨ
ɩɭɬɟɦ ɢɯ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ (ɷɬɢɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ), ɥɢɛɨ ɜ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɮɚɡɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ (SC
BAT/BEP 2004).
ɇɟɬ ɟɞɢɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɟɥ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɢɦɟɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ,
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɦɚɫɥɚɦɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ: ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɢɥɢ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɸ; ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɪɟɤɢɧɝ; ɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ
ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ (ɧɚɩɪ., ɜ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ, ɧɚ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɨɞɚɯ ɢ ɞɪ.). ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ
ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɟɥ ɦɨɝɭɬ (ɫ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɛɟɡ) ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ
ɬɹɠɟɥɵɦ ɞɢɡɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨɦ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɦɨɬɨɪɚɯ (ɧɚɩɪ., ɧɚ ɤɨɪɚɛɥɹɯ).
ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɜɚɥɤɚɯ ɢ
ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ.
ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɫɨɛɢɪɚɟɦɨɟ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɟ ɦɚɫɥɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɢɬɨɝɟ
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɦ ɦɚɫɥɚɦ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɵ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ (Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɵ 6.1.1, 6.1.2), ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɧɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɹɯ (Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ 6.3.1), ɞɥɹ ɛɵɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ
ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɢɳɢ (Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ 6.3.5), ɜ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ (Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ 6.4.1), ɧɚ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɧɵɯ
ɡɚɜɨɞɚɯ (Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ 6.4.3), ɧɚ ɡɚɜɨɞɚɯ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɚɫɮɚɥɶɬɨɜɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ (Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ 6.4.6),
ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɟ (Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ 6.5.4).
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
196
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɦɚɫɟɥ, ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɉɏȾȾ, ɉɏȾɎ ɢɥɢ ɉɏȻ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ
ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɢɯ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɢɯ ɫɛɨɪɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɤɢɦɢ-ɥɢɛɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ
ɪɚɛɨɬɚɦɢ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ. ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɬɢ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɧɵɟ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ. Ɂɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɬɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɭɬɟɱɟɤ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɟɥ. Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. ɇɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɸ
ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢɥɢ ɜɨɞɵ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɦɟɫɬ ɢɯ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ.
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɤɨɣɥɢɛɨ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ.
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
197
6.10 Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ 10 – "Ƚɨɪɹɱɢɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ"
ȼ ɷɬɨɦ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟ 6.10 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɱɜ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. ȿɫɥɢ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɢɠɟ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɦɟɥ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɢɥɢ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ, ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ, ɧɨ ɜɨ
ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɬ ɮɨɧɨɜɵɟ. Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ɢɡ
ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ "ɝɨɪɹɱɢɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ" ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɨɰɟɧɤɢ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɫ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɦɟɥɢ
ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɜɟɞɭɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ. ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ
ɢɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɦɨɤ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (ɦɟɫɹɰɵ, ɝɨɞɵ,
ɞɟɤɚɞɵ).
6.10.1 Ɇɟɫɬɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ, ɝɞɟ ɜɟɞɟɬɫɹ
ɢɥɢ ɜɟɥɨɫɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ. ɋɚɦɵɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɤɚɤ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ
ɮɟɧɨɥɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɯ. ȿɫɥɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɥɫɹ ɫɬɨɤ ɜ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɵ, ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɢɠɟ
ɜɵɩɭɫɤɧɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɵ ɉɏȾȾ ɢ ɉɏȾɎ. ȿɫɥɢ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ
ɨɫɚɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɭɞɚɯ, ɢɯ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɢɥɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ.
6.10.2 Ɇɟɫɬɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɯɥɨɪɚ
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɯɥɨɪɚ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɡɟɪɨɜ ɜ ɪɬɭɬɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɢ
ɝɪɚɮɢɬɨɜɵɯ ɚɧɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɸ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ. ȼ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɟ ɢɥɚ
ɛɵɥɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɤɨɥɨ 4 ɦɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ; ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɚɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ
ɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɨɬ 0,15 ɦɤɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɞɨ 23,1 ɦɤɝ Ɇ-Ɍɗ/ɤɝ (She and Hagenmaier 1994).
Ƚɪɚɮɢɬɨɜɵɟ ɚɧɨɞɵ ɞɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɡɚɦɟɧɵ ɜ 70-ɯ ɝɨɞɚɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɚɧɨɞɚɦɢ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɯɥɨɪɚ. Ƚɪɚɮɢɬɨɜɵɟ ɚɧɨɞɵ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɥɢ ɢɡ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɤɨɤɫɚ, ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫ ɜɹɠɭɳɟɣ ɫɦɨɥɨɣ. ɇɚ ɚɧɨɞɚɯ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ
ɯɥɨɪɨɦ ɜɵɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɚɥɫɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɥ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɫ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɨɦ ɫ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɨɧɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ. ɗɬɨɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɢɡɧɨɫ ɛɵɥ
ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɨɥɨ 2 ɤɝ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ ɧɚ ɬɨɧɧɭ ɯɥɨɪɚ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ
ɧɚɬɪɢɹ, ɢ 3-4 ɤɝ ɧɚ ɬɨɧɧɭ ɯɥɨɪɚ ɩɪɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɢɡ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ
ɝɪɚɮɢɬɨɜɵɣ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɛɵɥ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɜ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɯɥɨɪɨɦ ɢ ɜɹɠɭɳɟɣ ɫɦɨɥɨɣ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ ɩɨɥɢɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɵ (ɉȺɍ) (Ullmann, 1996).
ɇɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɱɜɚ, ɚ ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɵɳɟɥɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ, ɬɨ
ɢ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɯ ɪɟɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɵ. ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɬɭɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɚɦɚ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ. Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ,
ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɪɬɭɬɢ ɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ.
6.10.3 Ɇɟɫɬɚ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ ɫ ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ
ɮɟɧɨɥɚɦɢ
Ɍɚɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɫɬɚ, ɝɞɟ ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɮɟɧɨɥɵ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ
ɪɟɰɟɩɬɭɪɚɦ ɫ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɟɫɬɢɰɢɞɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
198
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɞɚɧɢɹɯ, ɝɞɟ ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ
ɮɟɧɨɥɵ ɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɫɶ ɢɥɢ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɱɜɵ.
6.10.4 Ɇɟɫɬɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɟɧɨɥɨɜ
ɗɬɢ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɧɨɫɢɥɢɫɶ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɩɟɫɬɢɰɢɞɵ. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ ɫɯɟɦɨɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧ-ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɝɟɪɛɢɰɢɞɵ,
ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ 2,3,4-Ɍ, 2,4-Ⱦ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ (ɫɦ. ɪɚɡɞɟɥɵ 6.7.2.3, 6.7.2.5 ɢɥɢ 6.7.2.6) ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɜ
ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɨɫɚɯ ɨɬɜɨɞɚ. ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟ
6.10.5, ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɧɬɚɯɥɨɪɮɟɧɨɥɨɦ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɥɹɦɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɥɹɯ
ɢɥɢ ɩɚɯɨɬɧɵɯ ɡɟɦɥɹɯ, ɝɞɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɉɏɎ ɫɬɨɥɛɵ ɞɥɹ
ɨɝɨɪɚɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɥɹ ɡɚɛɨɪɨɜ, ɢɥɢ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɥɛɨɜ ɢ ɞɪ.
6.10.5 Ɇɟɫɬɚ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ
Ʌɟɫɨɩɢɥɤɢ ɢ ɞɟɪɟɜɨɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ
ɩɟɧɬɚɯɥɨɪɮɟɧɨɥɚ. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɢ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɵ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ
ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɵ, ɢ ɨɧɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɟɤɚɯ.
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɉɏɎ ɢ ɉɏɎ-Na ɢɦɟɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɣ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɨɥɭɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɬɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɉɏɎ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɞɚɬɶ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɹ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɉɏɎ ɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɚ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ
ɷɬɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ, ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ,
ɢ ɫɭɞɶɛɚ ɢɯ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɚ.
6.10.6 Ɍɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɵ ɢ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɵ, ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɉɏȻ
Ƚɞɟ ɛɵ ɧɢ ɛɵɥ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪ, ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɉɏȻ, ɬɚɦ
ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɉɏȾɎ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɉɏȾɎ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ
ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɉɏȻ (ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɢɮɟɧɢɥɚ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɯɥɨɪɨɦ ɜ
ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ). ɋ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɪɨɤɚ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ
ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɚ, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɬɶ. ɉɨɤɚ
ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɵ ɢ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ – ɛɟɡ ɩɪɨɬɟɱɟɤ –
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɉɏȾɎ (ɢ ɉɏȻ) ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ. Ʉɚɤ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɭɬɟɱɤɚ, ɉɏȾɎ, ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɉɏȻ, ɛɭɞɭɬ ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɜ
ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ, ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ. ɉɏȻ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɦ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɉɏȻ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɫɟɛɹ ɜ
ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ 2,3,4,7,8-ɡɚɦɟɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɉɏȾɎ (ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ, ɷɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ
ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɢ).
ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɚ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ/ɮɭɪɚɧɨɜ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɨɰɟɧɟɧɵ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɉɏȾɎ
(ɜ ɜɢɞɟ Ɍɗ). ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɟ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɉɏȻ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɵɛɪɨɫ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɉɏȻ ɢ ɧɟɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɉɏȻ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɜɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɋɈɁ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ (ɫɦ. Ƚɥɚɜɭ 1
– ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ). Ɂɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ ɨ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɉɏȻ ɜ
ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɦɟɫɹɯ ɉɏȻ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ Schmitz ɢ ɞɪ., 1996.
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɉɏȻ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɫɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɩɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɜ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɯ ɯɥɨɪɚ, ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 79. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ
ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɉɏȻ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɉɏȾɎ, ɢ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɪɨɫɬ Ɍɗ.
Ʉɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɧɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɉɏȻ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉɏȾɎ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɉɏȻ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɫɟ ɉɏȻ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɤɚɤɨɦ-ɥɢɛɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬɫɹ
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
199
"ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ" ɉɏȻ, ɚ ɧɢɠɟɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶɫɹ
ɧɢɠɧɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɨɦ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 79: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɉɏȻ
Ɍɢɩ ɉɏȻ
ɇɨɜɵɟ ɉɏȻ
(ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ)
ɇɢɡɤɨɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Ʉɥɨɮɟɧ Ⱥ30, Ⱥɪɨɤɥɨɪ 1242
15000
ɋɪɟɞɧɟɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Ʉɥɨɮɟɧ Ⱥ40, Ⱥɪɨɤɥɨɪ 1248
70000
ɋɪɟɞɧɟɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Ʉɥɨɮɟɧ Ⱥ50, Ⱥɪɨɤɥɨɪ 1254
300000
ȼɵɫɨɤɨɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Ʉɥɨɮɟɧ Ⱥ60, Ⱥɪɨɤɥɨɪ 1260
1500000
ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɵ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɉɏȻ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɉɏȻɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɧɭɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɢɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ (ɩɪɢ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɢ). ɉɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɨɦɨɝɭɬ
ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɉɏȻ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɨɜ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ "ɝɨɪɹɱɢɟ
ɬɨɱɤɢ", ɝɞɟ ɉɏȻ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɭɬɟɱɟɤ.
6.10.7 ɋɜɚɥɤɢ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ/Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɢɡ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ 1-9
Ƚɞɟ ɛɵ ɬɨ ɧɢ ɛɵɥɨ, ɩɪɢ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ,
ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɢɬɟɥɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɹɬ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ.
Ɇɟɫɬɨɦ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɜɚɥɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɟ. ɇɚ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ
ɫɜɚɥɤɚɯ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵ ɞɨ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ, ɩɨɤɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɞɟɬ
ɩɪɨɫɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɟ ɩɪɢɞɚɬɶ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ. ɉɨɫɬɭɩɢɜ ɨɞɧɚɠɞɵ
ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ, ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɚɫɥɹɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɹɯ
(ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɚɡɟ ɜ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɜɨɞɚ/ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɮɚɡɚ). Ⱦɥɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ
ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɧɚ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ. ȼɟɫɶ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ
ɨɩɵɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɮɚɡɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ.
Ɋɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨɛ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ (ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ) ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɜɚɥɤɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ:
x
Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɯɥɨɪɮɟɧɨɥɵ;
x
Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɥɟɬɭɱɚɹ ɡɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɵɥɶ;
x
ɉɏȻ-ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɵ, ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɵ ɢɥɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɵ);
x
ɂɥɵ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɨ-ɛɭɦɚɠɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ
ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɣ ɯɥɨɪ (ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɣ ɯɥɨɪ);
x
Ⱦɟɪɟɜɨɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɉɏɎ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ
ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɧɬɵ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɝɨɪɹɱɢɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɬɶ, ɤɨɝɞɚ
x
ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɸɬ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ ɦɟɞɧɵɟ ɤɚɛɟɥɢ;
x
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɵɟ ɩɨɠɚɪɵ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ.
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
200
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
6.10.8 Ɇɟɫɬɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɚɜɚɪɢɣ
ɉɪɨɢɫɲɟɫɬɜɢɹ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɠɚɪɵ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɹɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɫɚɠɢ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɫ
ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ 6.6.2). ɉɨɞɨɛɧɨɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ
ɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɯ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜɨɡɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɉɏȻ-ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɚɯ, ɩɨɠɚɪɵ ɜ
ɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳɚɯ, ɡɞɚɧɢɹɯ (ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɝɨɪɹɬ ɩɪɨɩɢɬɚɧɧɚɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɚ, ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɵ, ɤɨɜɪɵ
ɢɥɢ ɛɪɨɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɚɧɬɢɩɢɪɟɧɵ). Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧɨ ɤ
ɫɚɠɟ. ɋɚɠɭ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɬɶ ɢ ɭɞɚɥɹɬɶ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ.
6.10.9 ȼɵɟɦɤɚ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ, ɡɟɦɥɟɱɟɪɩɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
Ɉɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɝɚɜɚɧɟɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɟɦɤɟ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɩɨɞ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɢɡ
ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɲɟ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɵ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ. Ɉɱɟɧɶ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɫɭɞɨɯɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɷɬɢ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ
ɜɵɱɟɪɩɵɜɚɸɬ ɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɟ. ɗɬɨɬ ɜɢɞ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɢ ɱɬɨ ɢɧɨɟ, ɤɚɤ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɫ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɧɚ
ɞɪɭɝɨɟ, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɢɡ ɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɫ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ
ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ (ɧɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɦɟɫɬ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ
ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɟɦɥɢ). ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɢ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɥɭɱɲɟɦ ɩɭɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɪɢɫɤ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ.
6.10.10 Ɇɟɫɬɚ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ/ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɤɚɨɥɢɧɢɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɦɨɜɨɣ ɝɥɢɧɵ
ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ
ɦɨɝɥɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɟɳɟ ɞɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɯɥɨɪɧɨɣ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢ ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ, ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɉɏȾȾ, ɛɵɥɢ
ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɞɨɛɵɬɨɣ ɜ ɋɒȺ ɤɨɦɨɜɨɣ ɝɥɢɧɟ, ɜ ɤɚɨɥɢɧɢɬɟ ɢɡ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ, ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚɯ
ɩɨɱɜ, ɜɡɹɬɵɯ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ ɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ, ɜ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɤɟɪɧɟ ɦɨɪɫɤɢɯ
ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ Ʉɜɢɧɫɥɟɧɞɚ/Ⱥɜɫɬɪɚɥɢɹ ɢ ɜ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɡɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɢɡ
Ɇɢɫɫɢɫɢɩɢ/ɋɒȺ. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɉɏȾɎ ɢ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ/ɢɡɨɦɟɪɨɜ ɉɏȾȾ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ
ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ. ȼɫɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɹɫɧɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ
ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ. ɗɬɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɞɚɬɶ ɬɨɥɱɨɤ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ
ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɲɢɪɨɬɵ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɝ ɛɵ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɟɬ
ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɬɶ ɨ ɥɸɛɵɯ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɯ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ.
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
201
7. ɂɋɌɈɑɇɂɄɂ ɂɇɎɈɊɆȺɐɂɂ
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ɩɨ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɦ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦ ɜ ɰɜɟɬɧɨɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɢ, ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɟ Ȼɸɪɨ IPPC,
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ɋɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɩɨ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɦ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɢ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ, ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɟ Ȼɸɪɨ IPPC, ɂɫɩɚɧɢɹ)
BREF (2001c): Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) Reference Document on
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European Commission, Technologies for Sustainable Development, European IPPC Bureau,
Seville, Spain (Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ, ɋɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɵɣ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɩɨ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɦ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦ ɜ ɯɥɨɪ-ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ,
ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɟ Ȼɸɪɨ IPPC, ɂɫɩɚɧɢɹ)
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Best Available Techniques in the Pulp and Paper Industry. July 2000. European Commission,
Technologies for Sustainable Development, European IPPC Bureau, Seville, Spain
(Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ, ɋɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɩɨ
ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɦ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦ ɜ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɨ-ɛɭɦɚɠɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ,
ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɟ Ȼɸɪɨ IPPC, ɂɫɩɚɧɢɹ)
BREF (2000b): Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) - Reference Document on
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European Commission, Technologies for Sustainable Development, European IPPC Bureau,
Seville, Spain (Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ, ɋɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɵɣ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɩɨ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɦ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ
ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɟɥ ɢ ɝɚɡɚ, ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɟ Ȼɸɪɨ IPPC, ɂɫɩɚɧɢɹ)
BREF (2000c): Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) - Best Available
Techniques Reference Document on the Production of Iron and Steel. March 2000. European
Commission, Technologies for Sustainable Development, European IPPC Bureau, Seville,
Spain (Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ, ɋɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ
ɩɨ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɦ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ, ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɟ
Ȼɸɪɨ IPPC, ɂɫɩɚɧɢɹ)
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BSE (2002): personal communication by Dr. J. Apfel, Badische Stahlwerke Engineering
GmbH, Kehl, Germany (ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɞ-ɪɚ J. Apfel, Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ)
Buckley-Golder D., P. Coleman, M. Davies, K. King, A. Petersen, J. Watterson, M.
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ɩɨ
ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ ɜ ȿɋ ɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ)
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ɨɬɱɟɬɚ, ɋɨɜɟɬ ɩɨ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɦ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦ Ʉɚɥɢɮɨɪɧɢɢ)
Carroll W.F. (2004): information submitted to H. Fiedler, UNEP Chemicals by Chlorine
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Fiedler ɋɨɜɟɬɨɦ ɩɨ ɯɥɨɪɧɨɣ ɯɢɦɢɢ, ɋɒȺ )
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ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ?)
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ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɜ ɱɟɪɧɨɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɢ, Ʉɚɧɚɞɚ)
Choong Kwet Yive N.S. (2004): information submitted to H. Fiedler, UNEP Chemicals by
University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius (ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɝ-ɠɟ H. Fiedler
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ɜɡɹɬɚ, ɫɪɟɞɢ ɩɪɨɱɢɯ, ɢɡ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ: )
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ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ ɢ ɮɭɪɚɧɨɜ –
Ʉɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɢ)
DEH (2004): Inventory of Dioxin Emissions in Australia – National Dioxins Program,
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DEPR (2003): Department of Environment, Parks and Recreation of the Ministry of
Development, Brunei Darussalam, in: UNEP 2003b (Ⱦɟɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ,
ɩɚɪɤɨɜ ɢ ɪɟɤɪɟɚɰɢɢ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ Ȼɪɭɧɟɹ Ⱦɚɪɭɫɫɚɥɚɦɚ)
DINAMA (2002): Inventario nacional de liberaciones de dioxinas y furanos – Uruguay 2000.
UNEP and DINAMA, Uruguay, Marzo, 2002. Dirección Nacional de Medio Ambiente of
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ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ/ɮɭɪɚɧɨɜ ɜ ɫɚɠɟ ɬɪɭɛ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɦɨɜ ɜ Ȼɚɜɚɪɢɢ)
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ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɤɨɬɥɚɦɢ, ɫɠɢɝɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɡɚɫɨɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɟ
ɨɬɯɨɞɵ)
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Performance of a Hog Fuel Fluidized Bed Boiler with Addition of Tire Derived Fuel.
FBC2003-016 - Proceedings of FBC2003 – 17th International Fluidized Bed Combustion
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ɤɨɬɥɨɜ ɫ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɨɠɢɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɥɨɟɦ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɣ ɳɟɩɟ ɫ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ
ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɪɵɲɟɤ)
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Paprican Research Report PRR 1625, December 2002, Pointe-Claire, QC, Canada
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ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦɢ ɋɒȺ)
Dyke P.H., M.J. Wenbora, PJ. Coleman, M.J. Woodfield ɢ C.L. Rose (1997): A Review of
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EAA (2003): personal communication, European Aluminium Association, Brussels, Belgium
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ɢ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ, Ɉɬɱɟɬ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ ɨɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ Ʉɨɦɢɫɫɢɢ, Ȼɟɥɶɝɢɹ)
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Ⱦɚɧɢɢ; ɬɟɤɫɬ ɫ ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ȿȿȺ; ɫɢɥɭ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥ ɧɚ ɞɚɬɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ)
EMEP (2002): EMEP/CORINAIR Emission Inventory Guidebook – 3rd edition October 2002
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ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ Ʉɚɧɚɞɵ ɢ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ/ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɐɟɥɟɜɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ ɩɨ
ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɚɦ ɢ ɮɭɪɚɧɚɦ ɞɥɹ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ Ʉɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ
ɤɨɦɢɬɟɬɚ ɞɥɹ Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ ɩɨ ɨɯɪɚɧɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ Ʉɚɧɚɞɵ)
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ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/Ɏ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɦ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɛɨɱɤɚɯ, ɜ
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LUA (1997): Identification of Relevant Industrial Sources of Dioxins and Furans in Europe.
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ȿɜɪɨɩɟ, Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ)
Mahnke K. ɢ P. Krauss (1996): Burning of Biomass - An Important Source for Global
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ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɦɢɫɫɢɣ ɉɏȾȾ/Ɏ?)
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Marklund S., C. Rappe, M. Tysklind, and K.E. Egeback (1987): Identification of
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Chemosphere 16, 29-36 (ȼɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɢɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɢɛɟɧɡɨɮɭɪɚɧɨɜ ɢ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ ɜ
ɜɵɯɥɨɩɚɯ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɟɣ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɷɬɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɛɟɧɡɢɧɟ)
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
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in Some Japanese Agrochemical Formulations. Chemosphere 44, 873-885 (Ⱦɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜɵɟ ɢ
ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɉɏȻ-ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɩɨɧɫɤɢɯ ɚɝɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚɯ)
Mayer R. (1997): Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) in Wool
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ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɯ ɢɡ ɲɟɪɫɬɢ)
Mehrag A.A. and K. Killham (2003): A Pre-industrial Source of Dioxins and Furans. Nature
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Merk M., K.-W. Schramm, D. Lenoir, B. Henkelmann ɢ A. Kettrup (1995): Determination of
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ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ əɩɨɧɢɢ: Ɋɟɟɫɬɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ)
MoE Jordan (2003): Ministry of Environment, Jordan, in: UNEP 2003b (Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɨ
ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɂɨɪɞɚɧɢɢ, ɘɇȿɉ)
MoE Lebanon (2003): Ministry of Environment Lebanon, in: UNEP 2003b (Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɨ
ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ Ʌɢɜɚɧɚ, ɘɇȿɉ)
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ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɛɟɡɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ)
Napier C.E. ɢ Co, CC Doiron Associates (1998): PCDD and PCDF Emission Inventory,
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ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɢ, Ɉɯɪɚɧɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ Ʉɚɧɚɞɵ)
NATO/CCMS (1992a): Dioxin Perspectives – A Pilot Study on International Information
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ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɦɟɧɭ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ ɩɨ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɚɦ ɢ ɫɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɦ. Ƚɥɚɜɚ
3.1: Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ ɢ ɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ)
ɢ
Hutzinger O. and H. Fiedler (1988): Emissions of Dioxins and Related Compounds from
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ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɢɡ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ. ɉɢɥɨɬɧɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨ
ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɦɟɧɭ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ ɨ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɯ)
NATO/CCMS (1992b): Dioxin Perspectives – A Pilot Study on International Information
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ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɦɟɧɭ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ ɩɨ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɚɦ ɢ ɫɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɦ. Ƚɥɚɜɚ
3.3: Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ ɢ ɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ)
ɢ
Hutzinger O. and H. Fiedler (1988): Formation of Dioxins and Related Compounds in
Industrial Processes. Pilot Study on International Information Exchange on Dioxins and
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ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ. ɉɢɥɨɬɧɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɭ
ɨɛɦɟɧɭ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ ɩɨ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɚɦ ɢ ɫɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɦ)
NATO/CCMS (1988): International Toxicity Equivalency Factor (I-TEF) Method of Risk
Assessment for Complex Mixtures of Dioxins and Related Compounds. Pilot Study on
International Information Exchange on Dioxins and Related Compounds, Report Number
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ɪɢɫɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ ɢ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ; ɉɢɥɨɬɧɨɟ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ ɩɨ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɚɦ ɢ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ
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NEC (1999): Environmental Assessment of Exisitng Industries in Bhutan. Chapter 4.0 –
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ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɚ Ȼɭɬɚɧ)
Nijkerk A.A. and W.J. Dalmijn (2001): Handbook of Recycling Techniques. Chapter 11 –
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ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ, ɩɨɱɜɭ, ɜɨɞɭ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ, Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɨ
ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɇɨɜɚɹ Ɂɟɥɚɧɞɢɹ)
Oehme M., S. Mano ɢ B. Bjerke (1989): Formation of PCDF and PCDD by Production
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ɉɏȾȾ ɢ ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɮɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɢɤɟɥɹ)
Quass U., T. Pulles, and H. Kok (2004): The DG Environment Project “Dioxin Emissions in
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Rappe ɋ., R. Andersson, M. Bonner, K. Cooper, H. Fiedler, F. Howell ɢ C. Lau (1996):
PCDDs and PCDFs in Samples of Sewage Sludge and Effluent from the State of Mississippi.
Organohalogen Compd. 28, 105-110 (ɉɏȾȾ ɢ ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɩɪɨɛɚɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɢ ɜ
ɫɬɨɤɚɯ ɜ ɲɬɚɬɟ Ɇɢɫɫɢɫɢɩɢ)
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ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɢɢ)
Rappe C., L.-O. Kjeller, S.-E. Kulp, C. de Wit, I. Hasselsten, and O. Palm (1991): Levels,
Profile and Pattern of PCDDs and PCDFs in Samples Related to the Production and Use of
Chlorine. Chemosphere 23, 1629-1636 (ɍɪɨɜɧɢ, ɩɪɨɮɢɥɢ ɢ ɩɚɬɬɟɪɧɵ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ
ɩɪɨɛɚɯ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɯɥɨɪɚ)
Roots O. (2001): Persistent Organic Pollutants Control in Estonia, download CPS:
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ɫɭɞɶɛɵ ɩɨɥɢɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɢɛɟɧɡɨɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ ɢ ɞɢɛɟɧɡɨɮɭɪɚɧɨɜ ɜ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɨɛɭɦɚɠɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ)
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ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɟɣ ɧɚ ɦɭɤɭɥɚɬɭɪɟ)
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ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɩɨ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɦ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɦ ɜɢɞɚɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɨɯɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɋɬɚɬɶɟ
5 ɢ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɸ ɋ ɋɬɨɤɝɨɥɶɦɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ ɨ ɫɬɨɣɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɢɬɟɥɹɯ)
SCEP (1994): Determination of Requirements to Limit Emissions of Dioxins and Furans Report of the Working Group of the Subcommittee Air/Technology of the State Committee
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ɦɢɫɫɢɹɦ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ ɢ ɮɭɪɚɧɨɜ – Ɉɬɱɟɬ Ɋɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɉɨɞɤɨɦɢɬɟɬɚ ɩɨ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɭ/ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɦ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɢɬɟɬɚ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ (SCEP), Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ)
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ɩɚɬɬɟɪɧɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɛɚɯ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢ ɢɥɚ)
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ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɡɚɜɨɞɟ ɜ ɏɭɝɨɜɟɧɫɟ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ AIRFINE)
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ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ ɢ ɮɭɪɚɧɨɜ, ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɜɵɩɭɫɤ, ɦɚɣ 2003)
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ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ ɢ ɮɭɪɚɧɨɜ,
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ɫɬɨɣɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɚ 1990 ɝɨɞ, Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ)
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ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɯɢɦɢɢ ɍɥɶɦɚɧɚ, Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ)
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ɋɬɨɤɝɨɥɶɦɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ ɨ ɋɈɁ»)
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SADC (ɋɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɘɠɧɨɣ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɢ) ɩɨ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɨɜ ɉɏȻ ɢ
ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɩɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɥɚɧɨɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɉɏȻ, ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ ɢ ɮɭɪɚɧɨɜ)
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Ɉɬɱɟɬ, ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɢɚɬɨɦ ɋɬɨɤɝɨɥɶɦɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɋɈɁ
ɞɥɹ ɉɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɟɫɫɢɢ Ƚɪɭɩɩɵ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ ɩɨ ȼȺɌ ɢ ȼȿɊ)
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ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ Ȼɪɭɧɟɹ Ⱦɚɪɭɫɫɚɥɚɦɚ, ɂɨɪɞɚɧɢɢ, Ʌɢɜɚɧɚ, Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɢɧ ɢ ȼɶɟɬɧɚɦɚ,
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Wichayarangsaridh; ȼ: ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɥɚɧ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɚɦ ɩɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɢɥɢ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɸ
ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɩɨɛɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ
ɋɬɨɤɝɨɥɶɦɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɟɣ ɨ ɋɈɁ, Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ Ɋɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɚ, Ȼɚɧɝɤɨɤ,
Ɍɚɢɥɚɧɞ)
UNEP (2001): Thailand Dioxin Sampling and Analysis Program. UNEP Chemicals, Geneva,
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ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɜ Ɍɚɢɥɚɧɞɟ, ɉɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɘɇȿɉ ɩɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦ,
ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɤɚɱɚɧɨ ɫ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɣɬɚ ɉɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɘɇȿɉ ɩɨ
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦ)
UNEP (1999): Dioxin and Furan Inventories, National and Regional Emissions of PCDD/F,
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ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɉɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɘɇȿɉ ɩɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ
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US-EPA (2004): Dioxin Data. Reports of PCDD/PCDF releases under TRI (Toxics Release
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ɨ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɯ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ Ɋɟɟɫɬɪɚ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ)
US-EPA (2000): Exposure and Human Health Reassessment of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-pdioxin (TCDD) and Related Compounds. Part 1: Estimating Exposure to Dioxin-Like
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ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ – Ɍɨɦ 2: ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɒɬɚɬɚɯ, ɉɪɨɟɤɬ ɢɬɨɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɬɱɟɬɚ, ɋɒȺ)
US-EPA (1998a): The Inventory of Sources of Dioxin in the United States - REVIEW
DRAFT - EPA/600/P-98/002Aa, Washington, D.C., USA (Ɋɟɟɫɬɪ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ ɜ
ɋɒȺ, ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɨɛɡɨɪɚ, Ⱥɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɨɯɪɚɧɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɋɒȺ)
US-EPA (1998b): EPA Office of Compliance Sector Notebook Project: Profile of the Metal
Casting Industry. October 1998. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC,
USA (Ȼɸɪɨ Ⱥɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɨɯɪɚɧɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɋɒȺ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɭ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ
ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɞɥɹ ɥɢɬɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, Ⱥɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɨɯɪɚɧɟ
ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɋɒȺ)
US-EPA (1997ɚ): Evaluation of Emissions from the Open Burning of Household Waste in
Barrels - EPA/600/P-97/134a, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA (Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ ɩɪɢ
ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɦ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɛɨɱɤɚɯ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ, Ⱥɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɨɯɪɚɧɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ
ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɋɒȺ)
US-EPA (1997b): Sector Notebook Project Textile Industry. EPN3 10-R-97-009, EPA
Office of Compliance Sector Notebook Project, September 1997 (ɉɪɨɟɤɬ ɩɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɭ
ɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, Ȼɸɪɨ Ⱥɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɨɯɪɚɧɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɋɒȺ ɩɨ
ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɸ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ)
van Leeuwen F.X.R. ɢ M. Younes (1998): WHO Revises the Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) for
Dioxins. Organohalogen Compd. 38, 295-298 (ȼɈɁ ɩɟɪɟɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɢɦɨɟ ɫɭɬɨɱɧɨɟ
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ)
van Oss, H.G. (1997): Cement. (ɐɟɦɟɧɬ)
http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/cement/170497.pdf
Vikelsoe J ɢ E. Johansen (2000): Estimation of Dioxin Emissions from Fires in Chemicals.
Chemosphere 40, 165-175 (Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ)
WBCSD (2004): Draft - Formation and Release of POP's in the Cement Industry. World
Business Council for Sustainable Development. Cement Sustainable Initiative, Geneva,
Switzerland, 31 March 2004 (ɉɪɨɟɤɬ – ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɋɈɁ ɜ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɨɣ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ)
WEC (2004): World Energy Council, London. Information on oil shale accessed in
September 2004 at
http://www.worldenergy.org/wec-geis/publications/reports/ser/shale/shale.asp
(ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɵɣ ɗɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɋɨɜɟɬ:
(ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2004ɝ.)
ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨɛ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɝɨɪɸɱɢɯ ɫɥɚɧɰɟɜ
Wichmann, H., Lorenz, W ɢ Bahadir, M (1995): Release of PCDD/F and ɊȺɇ During
Vehicle Fires in Traffic Tunnels. Chemosphere 31, 2755-2766 (ȼɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɉɏȾȾ/Ɏ ɢ ɉȺɍ
ɩɪɢ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɜ ɬɭɧɧɟɥɹɯ)
Wong A.S., W.J. Luksemburg, M.M. Maier, H. Zhou, J. Gao, and Y. Xu (2004):
Environmental Assessment of Dioxins in China: Current Status, Difficulties and Future
Outlooks. Workshop on Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances,
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
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215
Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, 16 November 2004 (ɗɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ
ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ ɜ Ʉɢɬɚɟ: ɬɟɤɭɳɟɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɧɚ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ)
Wunderii S., M. Zennegg, I.S. Dolezal, D. Noger ɢ P. Hasler (1996): Levels and Congener
Pattern of PCDD/PCDF in Fly and Bottom Ash from Waste Wood and Natural Wood Burned
in Small to Medium Sized Wood Firing Facilities in Switzerland. Organohalogen Compd. 27,
231-236 (ɍɪɨɜɧɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɪɹɞɚ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɥɟɬɭɱɟɣ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ ɢ ɜ
ɡɨɥɟ ɩɪɢ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɢ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ (ɨɬ
ɦɚɥɵɯ ɞɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ), ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɟ)
Xu Y., Q. Zhanfg, W. Wu, and W. Li (2000): Patterns and Levels of PCDD/F in a Chinese
Graphite Electrode Sludge. Chinese Science Bulletin 45, 1471-1475 (ɉɚɬɬɟɪɧɵ ɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɢɥɚɯ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɨɜɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɜ ɜ Ʉɢɬɚɟ)
Zheng M.-H., Z.-C. Bao, B. Zhang, and X.-B. Xu (2001): Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins
and Dibenzofurans in Paper Making from a Pulp Mill in China. Chemosphere 44, 1335-1337
(ɉɨɥɢɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɢɛɟɧɡɨ-ɩ-ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɵ ɢ ɞɢɛɟɧɡɨɮɭɪɚɧɵ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ
ɫ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɨɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɬɚ ɜ Ʉɢɬɚɟ)
Zheng M.-H., Z.-C. Bao, K.-O. Wang, and X.-B. Xu (1997): Levels of PCDDs and PCDFs in
the Bleached Pulp from Chinese Pulp and Paper Industry. Bull. Environ. Contamin. Toxicol.
59, 90-93 (ɍɪɨɜɧɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɨɬɛɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɟ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɣ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɨɛɭɦɚɠɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ)
ɘɇȿɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
216
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
8. ɉɊɂɅɈɀȿɇɂȿ 1. ɋȼɈȾɇɕɃ ɉȿɊȿɑȿɇɖ ȼɋȿɏ
ɍɋɌȺɇɈȼɈɑɇɕɏ ɎȺɄɌɈɊɈȼ ɗɆɂɋɋɂɂ
ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜɫɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɫɹɬɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ. ɗɬɢ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɟ EXCEL, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɢɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɝɨɞɨɜɵɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɱɟɪɟɡ
ɜɫɟ ɫɪɟɞɵ.
ȼ ɧɢɠɟɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɯ (Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 80-89) ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ
ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ ɧɚ ɬɨɧɧɭ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ (ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ).
ȼ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹɯ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ
ɩɪɢ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɞɨɦɨɜ (ɩɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ 3ɟ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɜ Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ 9
ɝɨɞɨɜɵɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɱɢɯ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɨ-ɛɭɦɚɠɧɨɣ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɝɨɞɨɜɵɯ
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɜ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɢɥɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɯ,
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ.
ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɥɟɞɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɝɨɞɨɜɵɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɫɱɢɬɚɧɵ ɞɜɚɠɞɵ; ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɵɪɶɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢɥɢ ɜɢɞɚ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɲɥɚɤɢ ɰɜɟɬɧɨɣ ɢ ɱɟɪɧɨɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɢ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɫɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ, ɜ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɧɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ
ɦɟɫɬɭ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɜɲɢɯ ɜ
ɤɚɤɨɟ-ɥɢɛɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ (ɩɪɢ ɫɛɪɨɫɟ ɜ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɣ ɜɨɞɨɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɨɤɚɯ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɹɯ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ).
ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɤ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɸ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ (ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ 9)
ɧɚɞɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɨɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ.
ȼ ɧɢɠɟɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɯ:
"ɇɉ" ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɷɬɭ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɧɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ;
"ɇɈ" ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ.
ɗɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɚ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɚɠɧɚ, ɢ ɟɟ
ɧɭɠɧɨ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ, ɧɨ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɟɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɨ.
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
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217
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 80. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ 1 – ȼɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ
ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ
Ʉɚɬ. ɉɨɞɤɚɬ Ʉɥɚɫɫ
ȼɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ
1
ɉɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ (ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ)
Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɢ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ ȼɨɞɚ ɉɨɱɜɚ ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ Ɂɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɵɥɶ
ɒɥɚɤ
ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
a
1
2
3
4
b
1
2
3
ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɛɵɬ.ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
ɇɢɡɤɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝ.ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ, ɛɟɡ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɄɁȼ
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪ.ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ, ɦɢɧ.ɄɁȼ
Ʉɨɧɬ.ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ, ɯɨɪɨɲɢɣ ɄɁȼ
ȼɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ,
ɫɥɨɠɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɄɁȼ
ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
ɇɢɡɤɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝ.ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ, ɛɟɡ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɄɁȼ
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪ.ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ, ɦɢɧ.ɄɁȼ
Ʉɨɧɬ.ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ, ɯɨɪɨɲɢɣ ɄɁȼ
4
ȼɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ,
ɫɥɨɠɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɄɁȼ
1
ɇɟɤɨɧɬɪɨɥ.ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɬɢɹɦɢ,
ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɄɁȼ
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪ.ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɬɢɹɦɢ,
ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɄɁȼ
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪ.ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɬɢɹɦɢ,
ɯɨɪɨɲɢɣ ɄɁȼ
ȼɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɟ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧ.
ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ, ɫɥɨɠɧɵɣ ɄɁȼ
c
3 500
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
0
75
350
30
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
500
200
15
7
0,5
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
15
1,5
35 000
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
9 000
350
10
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
900
450
0,75
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
30
40 000
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
200
3 000
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
20
525
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
920 ɇɈ
1
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
150
ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
2
3
4
d
ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɥɟɝɤɨɣ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
1
2
3
e
ɇɟɤɨɧɬɪɨɥ.ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɬɢɹɦɢ,
ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɄɁȼ
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪ.ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɬɢɹɦɢ,
ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɄɁȼ
ȼɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɟ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧ.
ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ, ɫɥɨɠɧɵɣ ɄɁȼ
1 000
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
50
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
1
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
150
ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ
1
ɋɬɚɪɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ, ɩɚɪɬɢɹɦɢ, ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɥɢ
ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɄɁȼ
50
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
23
2
Ɇɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɢɪɨɜ.ɩɪɟɞɩɪ., ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜ. ɰɢɤɥ,
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɄɁȼ
4
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
0,5
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
100
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
1 000
10
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
10
1
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
0,2
500
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
50
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
5
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
0,4
3
ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪ., ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɄɁȼ
f
ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɢ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ
1
ɋɬɚɪɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ, ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɬɢɹɦɢ,
ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɄɁȼ
2
Ɇɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɢɪɨɜ.ɩɪɟɞɩɪ., ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜ. ɰɢɤɥ,
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɄɁȼ
3
g
ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪ., ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɄɁȼ
ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɨɫɬɚɧɤɨɜ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ
1
ɋɬɚɪɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ, ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɬɢɹɦɢ,
ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɄɁȼ
2
Ɇɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɢɪɨɜ.ɩɪɟɞɩɪ., ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜ. ɰɢɤɥ,
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɄɁȼ
3
ɘɇȿɉ
0,5
ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪ., ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɄɁȼ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
218
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 81. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ 2 – ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɱɟɪɧɵɯ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ
ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ
Ʉɚɬ ɉɨɞɤɚɬ Ʉɥɚɫɫ
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɱɟɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ
2
Ⱥɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɨɣ ɪɭɞɵ
a
1
2
ɉɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ (ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ)
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ ȼɨɞɚ ɉɨɱɜɚ ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɢ
Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ, ɜɤɥ. ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧ.
Ɇɚɫɥɚɦɢ
ɇɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪ. ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ
20 ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
0,003
5 ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
0,003
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
0,003
0,06 ɇɈ
0,06 ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
3
ȼɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬ., ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɤɫɚ
0,3 ɇɈ
1
2
Ȼɟɡ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ
Ⱦɨɫɠɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ/ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɵɥɢ
ɉɪɟɞɩɪ. ɱɟɪɧɨɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɣɧɨɟ ɩɪɜɨ
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɱɭɝɭɧɚ ɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ
Ɂɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧ. ɥɨɦ, ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬ. ɧɚɝɪɟɜ ɥɨɦɚ,
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ
3
0,3
b
c
1
10 ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɑɢɫɬɵɟ ɥɨɦ/ɠɟɥɟɡɨ, ɞɨɫɠɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ, ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ
ɑɢɫɬɵɟ ɥɨɦ/ɠɟɥɟɡɨ, ɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɨɪɵ
Ⱦɨɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ ɫ ɄɁȼ
Ʌɢɬɟɣɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ
ȼɚɝɪɚɧɤɢ ɫ ɯɨɥ.ɞɭɬɶɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɪɨɬɚɰɢɨɧ.ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɨɦ, ɛɟɡ
ɄɁȼ
Ɋɨɬɚɰɢɨɧ. Ȼɚɪɚɛɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ – ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ
ȼɚɝɪɚɧɤɢ ɫ ɯɨɥ.ɞɭɬɶɟɦ, ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ
3 ɇɈ
0,1 ɇɈ
0,01 ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
10 ɇɈ
4,3 ɇɈ
1 ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
0,03
1
ȼɚɝɪɚɧɤɢ ɫ ɝɨɪɹɱ.ɞɭɬɶɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ,
ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ
Ƚɨɪɹɱɟɟ ɰɢɧɤɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɉɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɛɟɡ ɄɁȼ
2
ɉɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɛɟɡ ɷɬɚɩɚ ɨɛɟɡɠɢɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɯɨɪ. ɄɁȼ
3
1
2
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
d
3
4
5
6
e
1
2
3
4
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
15
ɇɉ
15
1,5
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
0,2
8
ɇɉ
0,5
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
0,06 ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
0,05 ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
2 000
ɉɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɫ ɷɬɚɩɨɦ ɨɛɟɡɠɢɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɯɨɪ. ɄɁȼ
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɞɢ
0,02 ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
1 000
ȼɬɨɪɢɱɧɚɹ ɦɟɞɶ –Ȼɚɡɨɜɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ
ȼɬɨɪɢɱɧɚɹ ɦɟɞɶ –ɯɨɪɨɲɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ
ȼɬɨɪɢɱɧɚɹ ɦɟɞɶ –ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ, ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɞɥɹ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ
ɉɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɜɤɚ ɦɟɞɢ/ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɦɟɞɢ
ɉɟɪɜɢɱɧɚɹ ɦɟɞɶ, ɯɨɪ. ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ
ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɬɨɪ.ɫɵɪɶɹ
800 ɇɈ
50 ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
630
630
300
Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɚɹ ɦɟɞɶ, ɛɟɡ ɜɬɨɪ.ɫɵɪɶɹ
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ
ɉɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɥɨɦɚ Al, ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɚ ɫɵɪɶɹ,
ɩɪɨɫɬɨɟ ɩɵɥɟɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ
ɉɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɥɨɦɚ, ɯɨɪɨɲɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ, ɯɨɪɨɲɢɣ ɄɁȼ
ɉɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɥɨɦɚ, ɯɨɪɨɲɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ, ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɣ
ɮɢɥɶɬɪ, ɜɞɭɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ
Ɉɩɬɢɦɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɄɁȼ
5
ɇɈ
0,03 ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
0,01
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
200
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
400
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
100
100
ɇɈ
150
35
5
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
0,5
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
5,0 ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
5
ɋɭɲɤɚ ɫɬɪɭɠɤɢ/ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ (ɩɪɨɫɬɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ)
6
Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɟɡɠɢɪɢɜɚɧɢɟ, ɪɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ,
ɞɨɫɠɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ, ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ
0,3 ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
7
Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɚɹ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɤɚ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ
ɇɈ ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
219
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 81ɚ. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ 2 – ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɱɟɪɧɵɯ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ (ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ)
ɉɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ (ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ)
ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ
Ʉɚɬ ɉɨɞɤɚɬ Ʉɥɚɫɫ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ ȼɨɞɚ ɉɨɱɜɚ ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɢ
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɱɟɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ (ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ)
2
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ
f
1
2
3
4
g
1
2
3
4
5
h
80
8
ȼɬɨɪɢɱɧ.ɫɜɢɧɟɰ ɢɡ ɥɨɦɚ ɛɟɡ ɉȼɏ/Cl2, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɄɁȼ
ȼɬɨɪɢɱɧ.ɫɜɢɧɟɰ ɢɡ ɥɨɦɚ ɛɟɡ ɉȼɏ/Cl2 ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ
ɩɟɱɚɯ ɫɨ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɚɦɢ
Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɰɢɧɤɚ
Ɉɛɠɢɝɨɜɚɹ ɩɟɱɶ, ɛɟɡ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɩɵɥɢ
Ƚɨɪɹɱɟɟ ɛɪɢɤɟɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ/ɪɨɬɚɰ.ɩɟɱɶ, ɛɚɡɨɜɵɣ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ
ȼɫɟɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ
ȼɵɩɥɚɜɤɚ (ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ)
Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɰɢɧɤɚ
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɥɚɬɭɧɢ ɢ ɛɪɨɧɡɵ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
1 000 ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
5 ɇɈ
0,3 ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
2,5 ɇɉ
10
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
3
ɋɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɣ ɥɨɦ, ɢɧɞɭɤɰ. ɩɟɱɶ, ɪɭɤɚɜɧɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ
10 ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
0,1
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
1
2
3
ɋɥɨɠɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɱɢɫɬɨɟ ɫɵɪɶɟ, ɯɨɪɨɲɢɣ ɄɁȼ
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ
Ɍɟɪɦ.ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ MgO/C ɜ Cl2, ɛɟɡ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ,
ɩɥɨɯɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɄɁȼ
Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ MgO/C ɜ Cl2, ɜɫɟɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɣ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ
Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ
5
ɇɉ
Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɟɡɠɢɪɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɠɤɢ
ɉɪɨɫɬɵɟ ɩɥɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ
I
ɇɈ
0,5 ɇɈ
0,5 ɇɈ
100
ND
ɇɉ
1
2
4
ɇɈ
250
9 000 ɇɉ
50
24 ɇɉ
125
ɇɈ
0
ɇɈ
9 000
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
2 ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
0,2 ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
5 000 ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
40
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
3 ɇɈ
Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪ-ɜɨ ɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ (ɧɚɩɪ. Ni)
j
1
2
l
1
m
1
2
3
ɘɇȿɉ
ȼɬɨɪɢɱɧ.ɫɜɢɧɟɰ ɢɡ ɥɨɦɚ. ɉȼɏ ɫɟɩɚɪɚɬɨɪɵ ɜ
ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɨɪɚɯ
Ɂɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɥɨɦ, ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɄɁȼ ɢɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ
ɑɢɫɬɵɣ ɥɨɦ, ɯɨɪɨɲɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɄɁȼ
ɂɡɦɟɥɶɱɢɬɟɥɢ
ɉɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɩɨ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɢɸ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ
Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɢɡ ɤɚɛɟɥɹ
Ɉɬɤɪɵɬɨɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɛɟɥɹ
ɉɪɨɫɬɚɹ ɩɟɱɶ ɫ ɞɨɫɠɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɦ, ɦɨɤɪɵɦ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪɨɦ
ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɨɬɨɪɨɜ, ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɨɞɨɤ, ɞɪ., ɫ
ɞɨɫɠɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɦ
100
3,3
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
220
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 82: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ 3 – ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢ
ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ
ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ
Ʉɚɬ
ɉɨɞɤɚɬ
Ʉɥɚɫɫ
ɉɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ (ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɌȾɠ)
ȼɨɞɭɯ
ȼɨɞɚ ɉɨɱɜɚ ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɢ
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɨɦ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ
3
a
1
2
3
4
5
b
1
2
c
1
d
ɗɧɟɪɝɨɤɨɬɥɵ ɧɚ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɨɦ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ+ɨɬɯɨɞɚɯ
ɗɧɟɪɝɨɤɨɬɥɵ ɧɚ ɭɝɥɟ
ɗɧɟɪɝɨɤɨɬɥɵ ɧɚ ɬɹɠɟɥɨɦ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ (ɦɚɡɭɬɟ)
ɗɧɟɪɝɨɤɨɬɥɵ ɧɚ ɝɨɪɸɱɟɦ ɫɥɚɧɰɟ
ɗɧɟɪɝɨɤɨɬɥɵ ɧɚ ɥɟɝɤɨɦ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɦ
ɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ/ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɝɚɡɟ
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɛɢɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ
ɗɧɟɪɝɨɤɨɬɥɵ ɧɚ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɣ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɟ
ɗɧɟɪɝɨɤɨɬɥɵ ɧɚ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɟ
ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢɡ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱ.
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ
Ʉɨɬɥɵ ɧɚ ɛɢɨɝɚɡɟ, ɦɨɬɨɪɵ/ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ ɢ ɮɚɤɟɥɵ
Ɉɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɦɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɢɳɢ
(ɛɢɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ)
1
ɉɟɱɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɟ/ɛɢɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ
2
ɉɟɱɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɟ/ɛɢɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ
e
35
10
2,5
1,5
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
0,5 ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
500 ɇɈ
50 ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
8
ɇɈ
Ɍɨɩɤɢ ɧɚ ɭɝɥɟ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɯɥɨɪɚ
2
3
4
Ɍɨɩɤɢ ɧɚ ɭɝɥɟ
Ɍɨɩɤɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɦ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ
Ɍɨɩɤɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɝɚɡɟ
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
14
15
ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɡɨɥɵ
1 500 ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
1 000
100 ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
10
ɧɝ Ɍɗ/ɤɝ ɡɨɥɵ
Ɉɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɦɨɜ – ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɨɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ
1
ɇɈ
15 000
ɇɈ
100 ɇɈ
10 ɇɈ
1,5 ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
30 000
5 000
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
221
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 83: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ 4 – ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɢɡ
ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ
ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ
Ʉɚɬ ɉɨɞɤɚɬ ɤɥɚɫɫ
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɢɡ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ
4
ɐɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ
a
1
ɒɚɯɬɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ
Ɇɨɤɪɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ (ɭɫɬɚɪ.), ɬ-ɪɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ
2
300ɨɋ
Ɇɨɤɪɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɬ-ɪɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ/ɪɭɤɚɜɧ.ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ
3
200- 300ɨɋ
4
b
1
2
c
1
2
d
1
2
e
1
2
f
1
2
g
1
2
ɘɇȿɉ
ɉɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ (ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ)
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ ȼɨɞɚ ɉɨɱɜɚ ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɢ
5 ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
5 ɇɉ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
0,6 ɇɉ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
Ɍɨ ɠɟ, ɧɨ ɬɟɦ-ɪɚ ɦɟɧɟɟ 200ɨɋ +ɜɫɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɫɭɯɢɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ ɫ
0,05
ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɟɦ/ɤɚɥɶɰɢɧɚɬɨɪɨɦ, Ɍ-ɪɚ <200 ɋ
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ
ɐɢɤɥɨɧ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɩɵɥɢ, ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɨɟ
10
ɏɨɪɨɲɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɩɵɥɢ
0,07
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ
ɢɥɢ ɩɥɨɯɨɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ
0,2
ɏɨɪɨɲɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɩɵɥɢ
0,02
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ
ɢɥɢ ɩɥɨɯɨɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ
0,2
ɏɨɪɨɲɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɩɵɥɢ
0,015
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ
ɢɥɢ ɩɥɨɯɨɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ
0,2
ɏɨɪɨɲɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɩɵɥɢ
0,02
ɉɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɫɮɚɥɶɬɨɜɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ
ɉɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɛɟɡ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ
0,07
ɉɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ, ɦɨɤɪɵɣ
ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪ
0,007
ɉɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɝɨɪɸɱɟɝɨ ɫɥɚɧɰɚ
Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɇɈ
ɉɢɪɨɥɢɡ ɝɨɪɸɱɟɝɨ ɫɥɚɧɰɚ
0,003
0,06
ɇɈ
0,07
2
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
222
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 84: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ 5 – Ɍɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ
ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢ
Ʉɚɬ
ɉɨɞɤɚɬ Ʉɥɚɫɫ
5
ɉɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ (ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ)
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ ȼɨɞɚ ɉɨɱɜɚ ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɢ
1
Ɍɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ
ɑɟɬɵɪɟɯɬɚɤɬɧɵɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ
ɗɬɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ
2,2 ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
2
ɇɟɷɬɢɥɢɪɨɜ. ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ ɛɟɡ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ
0,1 ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
3
ɇɟɷɬɢɥɢɪɨɜ. ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ ɫ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɦ
Ⱦɜɭɯɬɚɤɬɧɵɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ
ɗɬɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ
0,00 ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
3,5 ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɟɷɬɢɥɢɪɨɜ. ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ ɛɟɡ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ
Ⱦɢɡɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ
Ⱦɢɡɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ
Ⱦɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɬɹɠɟɥɨɦ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɦ
ɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ
ȼɫɟ ɬɢɩɵ
2,5 ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
0,1 ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
4 ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
a
b
1
2
c
1
d
1
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 85: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ 6 – ɇɟɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ
ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ
ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ
Ʉɚɬ
ɉɨɞɤɚɬ Ʉɥɚɫɫ
6
a
1
2
3
4
b
1
2
3
4
5
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɇɟɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ
ɉɨɠɚɪɵ/ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ
Ʌɟɫɧɵɟ ɩɨɠɚɪɵ
Ʌɭɝɨɩɚɫɬɛɢɳɧɵɟ ɩɨɠɚɪɵ
ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɫ/ɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɜ ɩɨɥɟ, ɫ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ
ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɥɨɯɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ
ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ
ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɫ/ɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɜ ɩɨɥɟ,
ɛɟɡ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ
ɉɨɠɚɪɵ, ɝɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ, ɩɨɠɚɪɵ ɧɚ ɫɜɚɥɤɚɯ,
ɩɨɠɚɪɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɟ
ɩɨɠɚɪɵ
ɉɨɠɚɪɵ ɧɚ ɫɜɚɥɤɚɯ
ɋɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɟ ɩɨɠɚɪɵ ɜ ɡɞɚɧɢɹɯ, ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ
ɇɟɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɟ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɟ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
ɋɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɟ ɩɨɠɚɪɵ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɟ (ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ
ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ)
Ɉɬɤɪɵɬɨɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ
(ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ/ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ)
ɉɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ (ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ)
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ ȼɨɞɚ ɉɨɱɜɚ ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɢ
5 ɇɈ
5 ɇɈ
4 ɇɉ
4 ɇɉ
30
10
ɇɈ
0,5
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
10
ɇɈ
1 000 ɇɈ
400 ɇɈ
300 ɇɈ
94 ɇɈ
60
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
400 ɇɉ
600 ɇɉ
18
10
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
600
400
600
18
10
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
223
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 86: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ 7 – ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ
ɉɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ (ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ)
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ
Ʉɚɬ
ɉɨɞɤɚɬ Ʉɥɚɫɫ
7
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɢ
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ,ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ
a
ɐɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɨ-ɛɭɦɚɠɧɵɟ ɡɚɜɨɞɵ *
Ʉɨɬɥɵ (ɧɚ ɬɨɧɧɭ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ)
1
2
Ʉɨɬɥɵ ɧɚ ɱɟɪɧɨɦ ɳɟɥɨɤɟ, ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɢɥɚ, ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ
Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɨɬɥɵ, ɫɠɢɝɚɸɳɢɟ ɤɨɪɭ
ȼɨɞɧɵɟ ɫɛɪɨɫɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
1
Ʉɪɚɮɬ-ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɣ ɯɥɨɪ, ɧɟɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ,
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Ʉɪɚɮɬ-ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɫɬɚɪɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ (Cl2 )
Ʉɪɚɮɬ-ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ
ɋɭɥɶɮɢɬɧɚɹ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɚ/ɛɭɦɚɝɚ, ɫɬɚɪɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ
Ʉɪɚɮɬ-ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ (ClO2)
ɋɭɥɶɮɢɬɧɚɹ ɛɭɦɚɝɚ, ɧɨɜɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ (ClO2), ɉȻɈ
ɐɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɚ ɬɟɪɦɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɚɪɤɢ
9
Ɋɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ/ɛɭɦɚɝɢ ɢɡ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ
b
0,07
0,2
ɇɉ
50
30 ɇɈ
ɇɈ
4,5
1,0
8
3
1 ɇɈ
0,5
0,1 ɇɈ
1,0 ɇɈ
10
3 ɇɈ
ɇɈ
0,06
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
Ɋɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ ɢɡ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɚɤɭɥɚɬɭɪɵ
4,5
1,5
0,2
ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
ɉɏɎ
1
2
3
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ, Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɟ (ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɮɟɧɨɥɚ Cl2)
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɜ Ʉɢɬɚɟ (ɬɟɪɦɨɥɢɡ ȽɏɐȽ)
ɉɏɎ-Na
ɉɏȻ
1
ɇɢɡɤɨɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ, ɧɚɩɪ., Ʉɥɨɮɟɧ A30, Ⱥɪɨɤɥɨɪ 1242
2
3
1
2
3
4
ɑɢɫɬɚɹ 2,4,5-ɬɪɢɯɥɨɪɮɟɧɨɤɫɢɭɤɫɭɫɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ (2,4,5-T)
2,4,6-Ɍɪɢɯɥɨɪɮɟɧɨɥ (2,4,6-ɉɏɎ)
Ⱦɢɯɥɨɪɩɪɨɩ
2,4-ɞɢɯɥɨɪɮɟɧɨɤɫɢɭɤɫɭɫɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ (2,4-Ⱦ)
1
2
3
1
70 000
300 000
1 500 000
7 000
700
1 000
700
2,4,6-Ɍɪɢɯɥɨɪɮɟɧɢɥ-4’-ɧɢɬɪɨɮɟɧɢɥɨɜɵɣ ɷɮɢɪ (ɯɥɨɪɧɢɬɪɨɮɟɧ)
ɋɬɚɪɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ
ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ
ɏɥɨɪɚɧɢɥ
ɩ -ɯɥɨɪɚɧɢɥ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɮɟɧɨɥɚ
ɩ -ɯɥɨɪɚɧɢɥ ɢɡ ɝɢɞɪɨɯɢɧɨɧɚ
Ʉɪɚɫɢɬɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɯɥɨɪɚɧɢɥɚ (ɫɬɚɪɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɤɥɚɫɫ 1)
o -ɯɥɨɪɚɧɢɥ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɮɟɧɨɥɚ
ɏɥɨɪɛɟɧɡɨɥɵ
ɩ-ɞɢɯɥɨɪɛɟɧɡɨɥ
ɨ-ɞɢɯɥɨɪɛɟɧɡɨɥ
1,2,4-Ɍɪɢɯɥɨɪɛɟɧɡɨɥ
ɏɥɨɪ/ɯɥɨɪɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ
ɏɥɨɪɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɨɜɵɯ
ɚɧɨɞɨɜ
ɗȾɏ/ȼɏɆ/ɉȼɏ
ɋɬɚɪɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ, ɗȾɏ/ȼɏɆ, ɉȼɏ
300 000
400
400 000
100
1 200
60 000
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
39 ɇɈ
0 ɇɈ
0
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
1
ɇɉ
0,4
0,0003
0,5
0,03
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
8
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
0,03
0,1
ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɗȾɏ/ȼɏɆ ɢɥɢ ɗȾɏ/ȼɏɆ/ɉȼɏ
Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɉȼɏ
ɇɟɮɬɟɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ
1
ȼɫɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɮɚɤɟɥɵ (ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɌȾɠ) **
Ɍɟɤɫɬɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ
1
2
ȼɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɟɥ
ɇɢɠɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɟɥ
Ʉɨɠɟɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ
ɇɉ ɇɈ
ɇɉ ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
100 ɇɈ
0,1 ɇɈ
1
2
ȼɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɟɥ
ɇɢɠɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɟɥ
ɇɉ ɇɈ
ɇɉ ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
1 000 ɇɈ
10 ɇɈ
d
e
3 000
1 000
ɇɉ
2
3
c
ɘɇȿɉ
15 000
ɋɪɟɞɧɟɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ, ɧɚɩɪ., Ʉɥɨɮɟɧ A50, Ⱥɪɨɤɥɨɪ 1254
ȼɵɫɨɤɨɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ, ɧɚɩɪ., Ʉɥɨɮɟɧ A60, Ⱥɪɨɤɥɨɪ 1260
ɏɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɫɬɢɰɢɞɵ
1
2
3
4
800 000
500
ɋɪɟɞɧɟɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ, ɧɚɩɪ., Ʉɥɨɮɟɧ A40, Ⱥɪɨɤɥɨɪ 1248
4
5
2 000 000
10
0,2
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
224
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 87: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ 8 – Ɋɚɡɧɨɟ
ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ
Ʉɚɬ ɉɨɞɤɚɬ Ʉɥɚɫɫ
Ɋɚɡɧɨɟ
8
ɋɭɲɤɚ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ
a
1 ɑɢɫɬɚɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɚ
2 Ɂɟɥɟɧɵɣ ɤɨɪɦ
3
b
1
2
3
c
1
2
3
d
1
2
e
1
2
ɉɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ (ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ)
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɢ
0,007 ɇɉ
0,1 ɇɉ
ɇɉ
10
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
90 ɇɉ
10 ɇɉ
0,4 ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
50
ɉɪɨɩɢɬɚɧɧɚɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɚ, ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɟ
ɦɚɫɥɚ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɤɚɤ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ
ɑɢɫɬɨɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ, ɛɟɡ ɞɨɫɠɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ
6 ɇɉ
ɑɢɫɬɨɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ, ɫ ɞɨɫɠɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɦ
0,6 ɇɉ
ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɱɢɫɬɤɚ
Ɍɹɠɟɥɵɟ ɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ,
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɉɏɎ ɢ ɞɪ.
Ɉɛɵɱɧɵɣ ɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɶ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
Ɍɚɛɚɤɨɤɭɪɟɧɢɟ *
ɋɢɝɚɪɚ (ɧɚ ɨɞɧɭ ɲɬɭɤɭ)
0,3 ɇɉ
ɋɢɝɚɪɟɬɚ (ɧɚ ɨɞɧɭ ɲɬɭɤɭ)
0,1 ɇɉ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
Ȼɢɨɦɚɫɫɚ, ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɚɹ ɉɏɎ ɢɥɢ ɞɪ.
Ʉɪɟɦɚɬɨɪɢɢ
Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ
ɋɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ
Ɉɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ
Ʉɨɩɬɢɥɶɧɢ
0,1 ɇɈ
0,1 ɇɈ
ɇɈ
0,5
ɇɈ
2,5
2,5
2 000
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
20
20
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
3 000
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
50
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 88: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ 9 – ɍɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ/Ɂɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɟ
ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ
Ʉɚɬ
ɉɨɞɤɚɬ
Ʉɥɚɫɫ
9
a
1
2
b
1
2
3
c
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ɍɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ/Ɂɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɟ
Ɏɢɥɶɬɪɚɬ ɫɨ ɫɜɚɥɨɤ
Ɉɩɚɫɧɵɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ *
ɇɟɨɩɚɫɧɵɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ *
Ʉɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ/ɨɱɢɫɬɤɚ ɤɚɧɚɥɚɥɢɡɚɰ. ɫɬɨɤɨɜ
ɉɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ, ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɟ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɟ ɫ Cl
Ȼɟɡ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɚ
ɋ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɥɚ
Ƚɨɪɨɞɫɤɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ
Ȼɟɡ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɚ
ɋ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɥɚ
Ɉɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɠɢɥɵɟ ɪɚɣɨɧɵ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ
ɋɛɪɨɫ ɜ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɵ
1
2
3
d
1
2
3
e
1
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɋɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɟ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɨɤɢ
Ƚɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɟ ɫɬɨɤɢ
ɉɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ (ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ)
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɢ
µg TEQ/m?
µg TEQ/m?
0,2 ɇɉ
0,03 ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
50
6
0,005 ɇɉ
0,0005 ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
1 000
1 000
0,002 ɇɉ
0,0005 ɇɉ
ɇɉ
0,0001
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
100
100
ɇɉ
0,005 ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
0,0002 ɇɉ
0,0001 ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɍɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɣ ɫɛɪɨɫ
Ʉɨɦɩɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ȼɫɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ, ɛɟɡ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ
ɇɉ
Ʉɭɯɨɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ ɢ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ ɫɚɞɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
Ɋɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɢɡ ɧɟɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧ.ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ
ɍɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɟɥ
ȼɫɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
10
100 ɇɉ
15 ɇɉ
5 ɇɉ
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
225
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 89: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ 10 – ȼɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɪɹɱɢɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ
ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ
Ʉɚɬ
ɉɨɞɤɚɬ
10
a
1
2
b
1
2
c
d
e
1
2
f
1
2
g
h
g
ɘɇȿɉ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ)
Ʉɥɚɫɫ
ȼɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɪɹɱɢɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ
Ɇɟɫɬɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ
ɏɥɨɪɮɟɧɨɥɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɉɏɎ
Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ
Ɇɟɫɬɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɯɥɨɪɚ
ɋ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɨɜɵɦɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚɦɢ
Ȼɟɡ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɨɜɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɜ
ɉɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ
ɮɟɧɨɥɨɜ/ɩɟɫɬɢɰɢɞɨɜ
Ɇɟɫɬɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɫɬɢɰɢɞɨɜ, ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɚɦɢ
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ
ɋ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɉɏɎ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧ-ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ
ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɧɬɨɜ
Ȼɟɡ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɉɏɎ, ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɉɏȻ-ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɋ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɯɥɨɪɚ (ɧɚɩɪ. Ʉɥɨɮɟɧ Ⱥ30, Ⱥɪɨɤɥɨɪ
1242)
ɋɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɯɥɨɪɚ (ɧɚɩɪ. Ʉɥɨɮɟɧ Ⱥ40, Ⱥɪɨɤɥɨɪ
1248)
ɋɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɯɥɨɪɚ (ɧɚɩɪ. Ʉɥɨɮɟɧ Ⱥ50, Ⱥɪɨɤɥɨɪ
1254)
ɋ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɯɥɨɪɚ (ɧɚɩɪ. Ʉɥɨɮɟɧ Ⱥ60, Ⱥɪɨɤɥɨɪ
1260)
ȼɵɳɟɥɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ
Ȼɟɡ ɜɵɳɟɥɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ
ɋɜɚɥɤɢ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ/ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɜ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɯ 1-9
Ɇɟɫɬɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɚɜɚɪɢɣ
ȼɵɟɦɤɚ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ (ɡɟɦɥɟɱɟɪɩɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ)
15 000
70 000
300 000
1 500 000
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
226
9. ɉɊɂɅɈɀȿɇɂȿ 2. ȼɈɉɊɈɋɇɂɄɂ
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɭɸ ɝɥɚɜɭ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɧɢɤɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɸ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ
ɢɥɢ ɜɢɞɭ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɗɬɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɧɢɤɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɤɚɱɚɧɵ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ
ɮɨɪɦɟ ɫɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɘɇȿɉ. ɇɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɬɨ, ɤɚɤ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ,
ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ Ƚɥɚɜɚɯ 4.3 ɢ 4.4.
ȼɨɩɪɨɫɧɢɤɢ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɦ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɬɶ
ɩɢɫɶɦɨɦ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶ (ɫɨ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦɢ
ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɚɦɢ) ɢ ɫɨɩɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɝɨɞ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ
ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɞɚɬɚ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɧɢɤɚ).
ȼɨɩɪɨɫɧɢɤɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ (ɞɥɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɧɢɤɢ).
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɢɫɶɦɚ ɤ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɧɢɤɭ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧ ɧɢɠɟ.
Ɋɟɟɫɬɪ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ (ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ ɢ ɮɭɪɚɧɨɜ)
Ƚɨɞ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ 20___ (1 ɹɧɜɚɪɹ – 31 ɞɟɤɚɛɪɹ)
Ɂɚɩɪɨɫ ɫɞɟɥɚɧ:
[ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɫɞɟɥɚɜɲɟɣ ɡɚɩɪɨɫ, ɫ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟɦ ɟɟ
ɚɞɪɟɫɚ, ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɫ ɧɨɦɟɪɨɦ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɚ ɢ ɮɚɤɫɚ; ɚɞɪɟɫ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɱɬɵ]
Ⱥɞɪɟɫɚɬ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɚ:
[ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɚɞɪɟɫɨɦ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɚɦɢ]
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
ɉɨɠɚɥɭɣɫɬɚ, ɜɟɪɧɢɬɟ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɧɢɤ ɜɵɲɟɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ,
ɩɨɫɥɚɜɲɟɣ ɡɚɩɪɨɫ, ɧɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɟ ɱɟɦ ________________(ɞɚɬɚ).
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
ȼɨɩɪɨɫɧɢɤ 1:
227
Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ 1 – ȼɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
Ɍɢɩ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ
[
[
[
[
[
[
[
Ɍɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ
ɉɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ
Ɇɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ
ɂɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɥɟɝɤɚɹ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɹ
Ʉɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɢɥ
Ɉɬɯɨɞɵ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɢ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ
Ɉɫɬɚɧɤɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ
Ɇɟɫɬɨɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ
(ɝɨɪɨɞ/ɪɚɣɨɧ)
Ⱥɞɪɟɫ
Ʉɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɨɟ ɥɢɰɨ (ɎɂɈ,
ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧ ɢ ɮɚɤɫ,
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɱɬɚ)
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɟɱɟɣ
Ɍɢɩ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ
ɉɚɪɬɢɹɦɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, 100 ɤɝ ɜ ɩɚɪɬɢɢ)
ɉɪɟɪɵɜɢɫɬɵɣ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, 8 ɱɚɫɨɜ ɜ
ɫɭɬɤɢ)
ɇɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɣ (24 ɱɚɫɚ ɜ ɫɭɬɤɢ)
Ƚɨɞɨɜɚɹ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ
ɬ/ɱɚɫ (ɬɨɧɧ ɜ ɱɚɫ)
ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ/ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɱ/ɫɭɬ (ɱɚɫɨɜ ɜ ɫɭɬɤɢ)
ɞ/ɧɟɞɟɥɸ (ɞɧɟɣ ɜ ɧɟɞɟɥɸ)
(ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɭɸ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ)
ɬ/ɫɭɬ (ɬɨɧɧ ɜ ɫɭɬɤɢ)
ɞ/ɝɨɞ (ɞɧɟɣ ɜ ɝɨɞ)
ɱ/ɝɨɞ (ɱɚɫɨɜ ɜ ɝɨɞ)
ɬ/ɝɨɞ (ɬɨɧɧ ɜ ɝɨɞ)
Ƚɨɞɨɜɚɹ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ
ɬ/ɱɚɫ (ɬɨɧɧ ɜ ɱɚɫ)
ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ/ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɱ/ɫɭɬ (ɱɚɫɨɜ ɜ ɫɭɬɤɢ)
ɞ/ɧɟɞɟɥɸ (ɞɧɟɣ ɜ ɧɟɞɟɥɸ)
(ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɚɹ)
ɬ/ɫɭɬ (ɬɨɧɧ ɜ ɫɭɬɤɢ)
ɞ/ɝɨɞ (ɞɧɟɣ ɜ ɝɨɞ)
ɱ/ɝɨɞ (ɱɚɫɨɜ ɜ ɝɨɞ)
ɬ/ɝɨɞ (ɬɨɧɧ ɜ ɝɨɞ)
Ɍɢɩ ɩɟɱɢ
Ɇɚɫɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ/ȼɨɞɹɧɚɹ (ɪɟɲɟɬɤɚ)
ɉɫɟɜɞɨɨɠɢɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ
Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɨɩɤɚ
Ɋɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɟɱɶ
ɉɪɨɱɢɣ ɬɢɩ (ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɤɚɤɨɣ)
Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜ ɩɟɱɢ
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɩɟɱɶ (ɨɋ)
Ⱦɨɫɠɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ/ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɤɚɦɟɪɚ (ɨɋ)
Ɍɢɩ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɢɥɶɬɪ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ (ɄɁȼ)
ɐɢɤɥɨɧ
Ɋɭɤɚɜɧɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ
Ɇɨɤɪɵɣ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪ
ɋɭɯɨɣ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪ
ȼɞɭɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ
ȼɞɭɜɚɧɢɟ NaOH/ɳɟɥɨɱɢ
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[
[
[
[
[
[
[
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005
ɘɇȿɉ
ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
228
ȼɞɭɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɹ/ɤɨɤɫɚ
Ɏɢɥɶɬɪ ɫ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɭɝɥɟɦ
Ʉɚɬɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ
ɂɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ/ɩɪɢɧɭɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ
ɞɵɦɨɫɨɫ
ɉɪɨɱɢɣ (ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɤɚɤɨɣ)
Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
[
[
[
[
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɬɟɩɥɚ
Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɝɚɡɨɜ
Ⱦɚ [ ]
ɇɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɄɁȼ (ɨɋ)
ɉɨɬɨɤ ɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ
ɦ3/ɱɚɫ (ɫɭɯɨɣ ɝɚɡ)
ɇɟɬ [ ]
ɇɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ
ɢɡ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɄɁȼ (ɨɋ) [
]
Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɢ
Ɉɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɡɨɥɵ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɥɟɬɭɱɟɣ ɡɨɥɶɧɨɣ
ɩɵɥɢ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ (ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ)ɜɨɞ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɥɨɜ (ɩɨ ɫɭɯɨɦɭ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɭ)
]
]
]
]
[ ]
[ ]
ɬ/ɝɨɞ
ɬ/ɝɨɞ
[ ]
[ ]
ɍɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ
Ɋɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɹ [ ]
Ɂɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɟ [ ]
Ɋɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɹ [ ]
Ɂɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɟ [ ]
ɬ/ɝɨɞ
ɬ/ɝɨɞ
[ ]
[ ]
ɍɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ
Ɋɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɹ [ ]
Ɂɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɟ [ ]
ɂɬɨɝɨɜɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ (ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɰɨɦ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɦ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ)
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ (ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ)
Ʉɥɚɫɫ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɢ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɢ
Ƚɨɞɨɜɵɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ (ɝ Ɍɗ/ɝɨɞ)
Ƚɨɞɨɜɚɹ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
(ɬ/ɝɨɞ)
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
ȼɨɩɪɨɫɧɢɤ 2:
229
Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ 2 – ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɱɟɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ
Ɍɢɩ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ
Ⱥɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɬ
Ʉɨɤɫ
ɑɭɝɭɧ/ɫɬɚɥɶ
Ʌɢɬɶɟ
Ɇɟɞɶ
Ⱥɥɸɦɢɧɢɣ
ɋɜɢɧɟɰ
ɐɢɧɤ
Ʌɚɬɭɧɶ/ɛɪɨɧɡɚ
Ɇɚɝɧɢɣ
ɉɪɨɱɢɟ ɰɜɟɬɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ
ɂɡɦɟɥɶɱɢɬɟɥɶ
ɉɪɨɱɢɟ
[ ]
[ ]
ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɣ [
]
ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɣ [
]
ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɣ [
]
ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɣ [
]
ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɣ [
]
[ ]
ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɣ [
]
[ ]
ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɣ [
]
[ ]
ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɣ [
]
ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵ
ɣ[ ]
ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵ
ɣ[ ]
ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵ
ɣ[ ]
ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵ
ɣ[ ]
ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵ
ɣ[ ]
ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵ
ɣ[ ]
ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵ
ɣ[ ]
ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵ
ɣ[ ]
Ⱥɞɪɟɫ
Ʉɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɨɟ ɥɢɰɨ (ɎɂɈ,
ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧ ɢ ɮɚɤɫ,
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɱɬɚ)
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɟɱɟɣ
Ɍɢɩ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ
Ƚɨɞɨɜɚɹ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ
ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ/ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬ
ɶ (ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɭɸ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ)
Ƚɨɞɨɜɚɹ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ
ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ/ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬ
ɶ (ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɚɹ)
Ɍɢɩ ɩɟɱɢ
ɉɚɪɬɢɹɦɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, 100 ɤɝ ɜ
ɩɚɪɬɢɢ)
ɉɪɟɪɵɜɢɫɬɵɣ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, 8 ɱɚɫɨɜ
ɜ ɫɭɬɤɢ)
ɇɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɣ (24 ɱɚɫɚ ɜ ɫɭɬɤɢ)
ɬ/ɱɚɫ (ɬɨɧɧ ɜ ɱɚɫ)
ɱ/ɫɭɬ (ɱɚɫɨɜ ɜ ɫɭɬɤɢ)
ɞ/ɧɟɞɟɥɸ (ɞɧɟɣ ɜ ɧɟɞɟɥɸ)
ɬ/ɫɭɬ (ɬɨɧɧ ɜ ɫɭɬɤɢ)
ɞ/ɝɨɞ (ɞɧɟɣ ɜ ɝɨɞ)
ɱ/ɝɨɞ (ɱɚɫɨɜ ɜ ɝɨɞ)
ɬ/ɝɨɞ (ɬɨɧɧ ɜ ɝɨɞ)
ɬ/ɱɚɫ (ɬɨɧɧ ɜ ɱɚɫ)
ɱ/ɫɭɬ (ɱɚɫɨɜ ɜ ɫɭɬɤɢ)
ɞ/ɧɟɞɟɥɸ (ɞɧɟɣ ɜ ɧɟɞɟɥɸ)
ɬ/ɫɭɬ (ɬɨɧɧ ɜ ɫɭɬɤɢ)
ɞ/ɝɨɞ (ɞɧɟɣ ɜ ɝɨɞ)
ɱ/ɝɨɞ (ɱɚɫɨɜ ɜ ɝɨɞ)
ɬ/ɝɨɞ (ɬɨɧɧ ɜ ɝɨɞ)
Ⱦɨɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɟɱɶ
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005
ɘɇȿɉ
ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
230
ɂɧɞɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɟɱɶ
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɭɝɨɜɚɹ ɩɟɱɶ
Ʉɚɭɩɟɪ
Ɋɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɟɱɶ
Ɉɬɪɚɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɟɱɶ
ɉɪɨɱɢɣ ɬɢɩ (ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɤɚɤɨɣ)
Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜ ɩɟɱɢ
ɉɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ
ȼɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɟ/ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ
ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ
Ɍɢɩ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ (ɄɁȼ)
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɩɟɱɶ (ɨɋ)
ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɤɚɦɟɪɚ/ɞɨɫɠɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ (ɨɋ)
Ɍɢɩ
Ɍɢɩ
ɬ/ɝɨɞ
ɬ/ɝɨɞ ɢɥɢ %
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɢɥɶɬɪ
ɐɢɤɥɨɧ
Ɋɭɤɚɜɧɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ
Ɇɨɤɪɵɣ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪ
ɋɭɯɨɣ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪ
ȼɞɭɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ
ȼɞɭɜɚɧɢɟ NaOH/ɳɟɥɨɱɢ
ȼɞɭɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɭɝɥɹ/ɤɨɤɫɚ
Ɏɢɥɶɬɪ ɫ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɭɝɥɟɦ
Ʉɚɬɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ
ɂɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ/ɩɪɢɧɭɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ
ɣ ɞɵɦɨɫɨɫ
ɉɪɨɱɢɣ (ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɤɚɤɨɣ)
Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
[
[
[
[
[
[
[
[
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɬɟɩɥɚ
Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɝɚɡɨɜ
Ⱦɚ [ ]
ɇɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɄɁȼ (ɨɋ) [ ]
ɉɨɬɨɤ ɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ
ɦ3/ɱɚɫ (ɫɭɯɨɣ ɝɚɡ)
ɇɟɬ [ ]
ɇɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɄɁȼ (ɨɋ)
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
ɂɬɨɝɨɜɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ (ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɰɨɦ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɦ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ)
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ (ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ)
Ʉɥɚɫɫ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɢ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɢ
Ƚɨɞɨɜɵɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ (ɝ Ɍɗ/ɝɨɞ)
Ƚɨɞɨɜɚɹ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
(ɬ/ɝɨɞ)
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
ȼɨɩɪɨɫɧɢɤ 3:
231
Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ 3 – ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ
Ɍɢɩ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ
ɧɚ ɭɝɥɟ
[ ]
ɥɢɝɧɢɬɟ
[ ]
ɛɢɬɭɦɢɧɨɡɧɵɯ ɭɝɥɹɯ
[ ]
ɚɧɬɪɚɰɢɬɟ
[ ]
ɩɪɨɱɢɯ ɭɝɥɹɯ
ɇɚ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɟ
[ ]
ɇɚ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɦ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ
[ ]
ɇɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɝɚɡɟ
[ ]
ɇɚ ɝɚɡɟ ɢɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
[ ]
ɇɚ ɝɚɡɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɥɨɜ
[ ]
ɇɚ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɟ (ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ)
ɉɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ (ɦɚɥɵɟ) ɢɥɢ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɟ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɩɢɳɢ
ɇɚ ɭɝɥɟ (ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɤɚɤɨɦ)
[ ]
ɥɢɝɧɢɬɟ
[ ]
ɛɢɬɭɦɢɧɨɡɧɵɯ ɭɝɥɹɯ
[ ]
ɚɧɬɪɚɰɢɬɟ
[ ]
ɩɪɨɱɢɯ ɭɝɥɹɯ
ɇɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɟ
[ ]
ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ
[ ]
ɫɚɯɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɨɫɬɧɢɤɚ
[ ]
ɬɚɩɢɨɤɢ
[ ]
ɯɥɨɩɱɚɬɧɢɤɚ
[ ]
ɛɚɦɛɭɤɚ
[ ]
ɛɚɧɚɧɨɜ
[ ]
ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɭɪɨɠɚɹ
[ ]
ɩɪɨɱɟɝɨ (ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɱɟɝɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ)
[ ]
ɇɟɮɬɹɧɨɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ
[ ]
ɉɪɨɱɟɟ (ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ)
Ⱥɞɪɟɫ
Ʉɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɨɟ ɥɢɰɨ (ɎɂɈ,
ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧ ɢ ɮɚɤɫ,
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɱɬɚ)
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɟɱɟɣ/ɤɨɬɥɨɜ
Ɍɢɩ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ
Ƚɨɞɨɜɚɹ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ
ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ \
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ (ɧɚ
ɤɚɠɞɭɸ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ)
ɉɚɪɬɢɹɦɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, 100 ɤɝ ɜ ɩɚɪɬɢɢ)
ɉɪɟɪɵɜɢɫɬɵɣ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, 8 ɱɚɫɨɜ ɜ
ɫɭɬɤɢ)
ɇɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɣ (24 ɱɚɫɚ ɜ ɫɭɬɤɢ)
ɬ/ɱɚɫ (ɬɨɧɧ ɜ ɱɚɫ) ɢɥɢ ɌȾɠ/ɱɚɫ
(ɬɟɪɚɞɠɨɭɥɟɣ ɜ ɱɚɫ)
ɱ/ɫɭɬ (ɱɚɫɨɜ ɜ ɫɭɬɤɢ)
ɞ/ɧɟɞɟɥɸ (ɞɧɟɣ ɜ ɧɟɞɟɥɸ)
ɬ/ɫɭɬ (ɬɨɧɧ ɜ ɫɭɬɤɢ) ɢɥɢ ɌȾɠ/ɞɟɧɶ
(ɬɟɪɚɞɠɨɭɥɟɣ ɜ ɞɟɧɶ)
ɞ/ɝɨɞ (ɞɧɟɣ ɜ ɝɨɞ)
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005
ɘɇȿɉ
ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
232
Ƚɨɞɨɜɚɹ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ
ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ/
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
(ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɚɹ)
Ɍɢɩ ɩɟɱɢ/ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ
Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜ ɩɟɱɢ
Ɍɢɩ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ (ɋɁ)
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ
ɬɟɩɥɚ
Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɝɚɡɨɜ
ɉɨɬɨɤ ɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ
ɱ/ɝɨɞ (ɱɚɫɨɜ ɜ ɝɨɞ)
ɬ/ɝɨɞ (ɬɨɧɧ ɜ ɝɨɞ) ɢɥɢ ɌȾɠ/ɝɨɞ
(ɬɟɪɚɞɠɨɭɥɟɣ ɜ ɝɨɞ)
ɞ/ɝɨɞ (ɞɧɟɣ ɜ ɝɨɞ)
ɱ/ɝɨɞ (ɱɚɫɨɜ ɜ ɝɨɞ)
ɌȾɠ/ɝɨɞ (ɬɟɪɚɞɠɨɭɥɟɣ ɜ ɝɨɞ)
Ȼɨɣɥɟɪ
ɇɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ
Ɏɚɤɟɥ
Ɍɭɪɛɢɧɚ (ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɝɚɡ)
Ⱦɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ
ɉɪɨɱɢɣ ɬɢɩ (ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɤɚɤɨɣ)
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɩɟɱɶ (ɨɋ)
ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɤɚɦɟɪɚ/ɞɨɫɠɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ (ɨɋ)
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɢɥɶɬɪ
ɐɢɤɥɨɧ
Ɋɭɤɚɜɧɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ
Ɇɨɤɪɵɣ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪ
ɋɭɯɨɣ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪ
ȼɞɭɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ
ȼɞɭɜɚɧɢɟ NaOH/ɳɟɥɨɱɢ
ȼɞɭɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɹ/ɤɨɤɫɚ
Ɏɢɥɶɬɪ ɫ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɭɝɥɟɦ
Ʉɚɬɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ
ɉɪɨɱɢɣ (ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɤɚɤɨɣ)
Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
Ⱦɚ [ ]
ɇɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ (ɨɋ) [ ]
ɦ3/ɱɚɫ (ɫɭɯɨɣ ɝɚɡ)
[
[
[
[
[
[
[
[
[
[
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
[ ]
ɇɟɬ [ ]
ɇɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ (ɨɋ) [
]
ɂɬɨɝɨɜɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ (ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɰɨɦ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɦ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ)
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ (ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ)
Ʉɥɚɫɫ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɢ
Ƚɨɞɨɜɵɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ (ɝ Ɍɗ/ɝɨɞ)
Ƚɨɞɨɜɚɹ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
(ɬ/ɝɨɞ)
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɢ
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
ȼɨɩɪɨɫɧɢɤ 4:
233
Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ 4 – ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɢɡ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ
Ɍɢɩ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ
[
[
[
[
[
[
ɐɟɦɟɧɬ
ɂɡɜɟɫɬɶ
Ʉɢɪɩɢɱ
ɋɬɟɤɥɨ
Ʉɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ
ɉɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɫɮɚɥɶɬɨɜɵɯ
ɫɦɟɫɟɣ
]
]
]
]
]
]
Ⱥɞɪɟɫ
Ʉɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɨɟ ɥɢɰɨ (ɎɂɈ, ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧ ɢ
ɮɚɤɫ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɱɬɚ)
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɟɱɟɣ
ɋɵɪɶɟ (ɬɢɩ, ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɬ/ɝɨɞ)
ɉɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ (ɬɢɩ, ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜ
ɬ/ɝɨɞ)
ȼɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɟ/ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ (ɬɢɩ,
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɬ/ɝɨɞ)
Ɍɢɩ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ
Ɍɢɩ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ
Ƚɨɞɨɜɚɹ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ
ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ/ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ (ɧɚ
ɤɚɠɞɭɸ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ)
Ƚɨɞɨɜɚɹ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ
ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ/ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ(ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɚ
ɹ)
Ɍɢɩ ɩɟɱɢ
Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜ ɩɟɱɢ
Ɍɢɩ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ (ɄɁȼ)
ɋɭɯɨɣ [ ]
ɉɚɪɬɢɹɦɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, 100 ɤɝ ɜ
ɩɚɪɬɢɢ)
ɉɪɟɪɵɜɢɫɬɵɣ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, 8 ɱɚɫɨɜ
ɜ ɫɭɬɤɢ)
ɇɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɣ (24 ɱɚɫɚ ɜ ɫɭɬɤɢ)
ɬ/ɱɚɫ (ɬɨɧɧ ɜ ɱɚɫ)
ɱ/ɫɭɬ (ɱɚɫɨɜ ɜ ɫɭɬɤɢ)
ɞ/ɧɟɞɟɥɸ (ɞɧɟɣ ɜ ɧɟɞɟɥɸ)
ɬ/ɫɭɬ (ɬɨɧɧ ɜ ɫɭɬɤɢ)
ɞ/ɝɨɞ (ɞɧɟɣ ɜ ɝɨɞ)
ɱ/ɝɨɞ (ɱɚɫɨɜ ɜ ɝɨɞ)
ɬ/ɝɨɞ (ɬɨɧɧ ɜ ɝɨɞ)
ɬ/ɱɚɫ (ɬɨɧɧ ɜ ɱɚɫ)
ɱ/ɫɭɬ (ɱɚɫɨɜ ɜ ɫɭɬɤɢ)
ɞ/ɧɟɞɟɥɸ (ɞɧɟɣ ɜ ɧɟɞɟɥɸ)
ɬ/ɫɭɬ (ɬɨɧɧ ɜ ɫɭɬɤɢ)
ɞ/ɝɨɞ (ɞɧɟɣ ɜ ɝɨɞ)
ɱ/ɝɨɞ (ɱɚɫɨɜ ɜ ɝɨɞ)
ɬ/ɝɨɞ (ɬɨɧɧ ɜ ɝɨɞ)
Ɋɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɟɱɶ
ɒɚɯɬɧɚɹ ɩɟɱɶ
Ɍɭɧɧɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɟɱɶ
ɉɪɨɱɢɣ ɬɢɩ (ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɤɚɤɨɣ)
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɩɟɱɶ (ɨɋ)
Ⱦɨɫɠɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ/ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɤɚɦɟɪɚ (ɨɋ)
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɢɥɶɬɪ
ɐɢɤɥɨɧ
Ɋɭɤɚɜɧɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ
Ɇɨɤɪɵɣ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪ
Ɇɨɤɪɵ
ɣ []
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[
[
[
[
]
]
]
]
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005
ɘɇȿɉ
ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
234
ɋɭɯɨɣ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪ
ȼɞɭɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ
ȼɞɭɜɚɧɢɟ NaOH/ɳɟɥɨɱɢ
ȼɞɭɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɭɝɥɹ/ɤɨɤɫɚ
Ɏɢɥɶɬɪ ɫ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɭɝɥɟɦ
Ʉɚɬɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ
ɂɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ/ɩɪɢɧɭɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ
ɣ ɞɵɦɨɫɨɫ
ɉɪɨɱɢɣ (ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɤɚɤɨɣ)
Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
[
[
[
[
]
]
]
]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɬɟɩɥɚ
Ⱦɚ [ ]
ɇɟɬ [ ]
Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɝɚɡɨɜ
ɇɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɄɁȼ (ɨɋ) [ ɇɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɄɁȼ
]
(ɨɋ) [ ]
ɉɨɬɨɤ ɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ
ɦ3/ɱɚɫ (ɫɭɯɨɣ ɝɚɡ)
ɂɬɨɝɨɜɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ (ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɰɨɦ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɦ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ)
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ (ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ)
Ʉɥɚɫɫ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɢ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɢ
Ƚɨɞɨɜɵɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ (ɝ Ɍɗ/ɝɨɞ)
Ƚɨɞɨɜɚɹ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
(ɬ/ɝɨɞ)
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
ȼɨɩɪɨɫɧɢɤ 5:
235
Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ 5 – Ɍɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ
Ɋɟɝɢɨɧ/ɪɚɣɨɧ/ɫɬɪɚɧɚ
Ⱥɞɪɟɫ
Ʉɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɨɟ ɥɢɰɨ (ɎɂɈ, ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɶ,
ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧ ɢ ɮɚɤɫ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɱɬɚ)
Ɍɢɩ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ
ɗɬɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ
ɛɟɧɡɢɧ
ɇɟɷɬɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ
ɛɟɧɡɢɧ
Ⱦɢɡɟɥɶɧɨɟ
ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ/ɥɟɝɤɨɟ
ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɹɬɧɨɟ
ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ
Ƚɨɞɨɜɨɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɜ
ɫɬɪɚɧɟ (ɥɢɬɪɵ ɜ ɝɨɞ, ɥ/ɝɨɞ)
ɉɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɫɤɢɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɟɣ
Ƚɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɟɝ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɝɨ
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ (ɤɦ/ɝɨɞ)
ɉɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ (ɥ/ɤɦ, ɥ/ɝɨɞ)
Ƚɨɞɨɜɨɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ (ɥ/ɝɨɞ)
ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ APCS* (ɞɚ/ɧɟɬ)
Ⱥɜɬɨɛɭɫɵ
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɚɜɬɨɛɭɫɨɜ
Ƚɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɟɝ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɝɨ
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ (ɤɦ/ɝɨɞ)
ɉɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ (ɥ/ɤɦ, ɥ/ɝɨɞ)
Ɉɛɳɟɟ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ (ɥ/ɝɨɞ)
Ƚɨɞɨɜɨɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɨɧɧɚɯ ɩɨ
ɝɨɞɚɦ (ɬ/ɝɨɞ)
ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ APCS* (ɞɚ/ɧɟɬ)
Ⱥɜɬɨɛɭɫɵ ɢ ɝɪɭɡɨɜɢɤɢ
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɚɲɢɧ
Ƚɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɟɝ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɝɨ
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ (ɤɦ/ɝɨɞ)
ɉɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ (ɥ/ɤɦ, ɥ/ɝɨɞ)
Ɉɛɳɟɟ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ (ɥ/ɝɨɞ)
Ƚɨɞɨɜɨɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɨɧɧɚɯ ɩɨ
ɝɨɞɚɦ (ɬ/ɝɨɞ)
ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ APCS*
ɋɭɞɚ
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɭɞɨɜ
Ɋɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ, ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɦɨɟ
ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɦ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɜ ɝɨɞ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005
ɘɇȿɉ
ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
236
(ɤɦ/ɝɨɞ)
ɉɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ (ɥ/ɤɦ, ɥ/ɝɨɞ)
Ɉɛɳɟɟ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ (ɥ/ɝɨɞ)
Ɉɛɳɟɟ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɨɧɧɚɯ
ɡɚ ɝɨɞ (ɬ/ɝɨɞ)
ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ APCS* (ɞɚ/ɧɟɬ)
ɉɨɟɡɞɚ
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɟɡɞɨɜ (ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɥɸɛɨɣ
ɜɢɞ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ, ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɲɟ)
Ƚɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɟɝ ɩɨɟɡɞɚ ɩɨ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɨɣ ɞɨɪɨɝɟ
(ɤɦ/ɝɨɞ)
ɉɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ (ɥ/ɤɦ, ɥ/ɝɨɞ)
Ɉɛɳɟɟ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ (ɥ/ɝɨɞ)
Ƚɨɞɨɜɨɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɨɧɧɚɯ ɩɨ ɝɨɞɚɦ
(ɬ/ɝɨɞ)
ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ APCS* (ɞɚ/ɧɟɬ)
ɂɬɨɝɨɜɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ (ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɰɨɦ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɦ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ)
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ (ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ)
Ʉɥɚɫɫ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɢ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɢ
Ƚɨɞɨɜɵɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ (ɝ Ɍɗ/ɝɨɞ)
Ƚɨɞɨɜɚɹ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
(ɬ/ɝɨɞ)
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
*APCS – ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɢ
ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɢɡ ɜɵɯɥɨɩɨɜ ɞɢɡɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
ȼɨɩɪɨɫɧɢɤ 6:
237
Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ 6 – ɇɟɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ
Ɋɟɝɢɨɧ/ɪɚɣɨɧ/ɫɬɪɚɧɚ
Ⱥɞɪɟɫ
Ʉɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɨɟ ɥɢɰɨ (ɎɂɈ, ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɶ,
ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧ ɢ ɮɚɤɫ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɱɬɚ)
ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ
Ɍɢɩ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɨɫɧɚ,
ɫɚɯɚɪɧɵɣ ɬɪɨɫɬɧɢɤ, ɞɪ.
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɫɨɠɠɟɧɧɨɣ
ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ ɧɚ
ɝɟɤɬɚɪ (ɬ/ɝɚ)
ɉɥɨɳɚɞɢ, ɧɚ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ
ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɜ
ɝɟɤɬɚɪɚɯ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ
(ɝɚ/ɝɨɞ)
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɫɨɠɠɟɧɧɨɣ
ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ ɜ ɝɨɞ
(ɬ/ɝɨɞ)
ɇɚ ɞɭɲɭ
ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɭɬɤɢ
ɇɚ ɞɭɲɭ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ
ɜ ɝɨɞ
ɉɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɜ
ɝɨɞ (ɬ)
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɫɨɠɠɟɧɧɵɯ
ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɧɚ ɞɭɲɭ
ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ (ɬ/ɝɨɞ)
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ,
ɫɠɢɝɚɟɦɵɯ
ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɨ (ɬ/ɝɨɞ)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5
ȼɫɟɝɨ
Ɉɬɤɪɵɬɨɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɟ ɩɨɠɚɪɵ
Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɩɨ ɨɬɯɨɞɚɦ
ɇɚɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ (ɬɨɧɧɵ)
Ɍɢɩ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ
(%)
(ɬ/ɝɨɞ) (%)
(ɬ/ɝɨɞ)
(%)
(ɬ/ɝɨɞ
)
1.) ɉɨɠɚɪɵ ɧɚ ɫɜɚɥɤɚɯ
2.) ɇɟɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ
ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
3.) Ɉɬɤɪɵɬɨɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ
(ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ/ɫɧɨɫ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ)
Ɋɟɝɢɨɧ/ɪɚɣɨɧ/ɩɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɦɨɜ,
ɫɝɨɪɚɟɦɵɯ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ (ɤɨɥɜɨ/ɝɨɞ)
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ, ɫɝɨɪɚɟɦɵɯ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ
(ɤɨɥ-ɜɨ/ɝɨɞ)
4.) ɋɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɟ ɩɨɠɚɪɵ ɜ ɞɨɦɚɯ, ɧɚ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ
5.) ɋɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɟ ɩɨɠɚɪɵ ɧɚ
ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɯ
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005
ɘɇȿɉ
ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
238
ɂɬɨɝɨɜɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ (ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɰɨɦ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɦ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ)
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ (ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ)
Ʉɥɚɫɫ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɢ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɢ
Ƚɨɞɨɜɵɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ (ɝ Ɍɗ/ɝɨɞ)
Ƚɨɞɨɜɚɹ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
(ɬ/ɝɨɞ)
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
ȼɨɩɪɨɫɧɢɤ 7:
Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ 7 – ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ
ɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ (ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɢ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ)
ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ:
Ɍɢɩ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ
[ ]
[ ]
ɐɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɨ-ɛɭɦɚɠɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ:
ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɚ
ɐɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɨ-ɛɭɦɚɠɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ: ɛɭɦɚɝɚ
(ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɟ ɩɪ-ɜɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɪ-ɜɨ ɢɡ ɜɬɨɪɫɵɪɶɹ)
ɐɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɨ-ɛɭɦɚɠɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ: ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ
ɗɬɢɥɟɧɞɢɯɥɨɪɢɞ
ɉȼɏ
ɉɟɫɬɢɰɢɞɨɜ (ɉɏɎ; 2,4,5-Ɍ; 2,4Ⱦ)
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɯɥɨɪɚ
(ɝɪɚɮɢɬɨɜɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɵ)
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ
ɇɟɮɬɟɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ
[ ]
[
[
[
[
[ ]
Ⱥɞɪɟɫ
Ʉɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɨɟ ɥɢɰɨ (ɎɂɈ,
ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧ ɢ ɮɚɤɫ,
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɱɬɚ)
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ:
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɵɪɶɹ (ɬɢɩ,
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ, ɬ/ɝɨɞ)
Ɉɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɧɢɟ
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ:
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɢɡ ɫɵɪɶɹ (ɬɢɩ,
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ, ɬ/ɝɨɞ)
Ɍɢɩ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ (ɞɚ/ɧɟɬ)
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ
ȼ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ
ȼ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɨɠɢɠɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ
]
]
]
]
[ ]
[ ]
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
Ɍɢɩ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ
Ƚɨɞɨɜɚɹ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ/
ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ (ɧɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ)
Ƚɨɞɨɜɚɹ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ/
ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ (ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɚɹ)
Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɢ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ/ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ
ɋɛɪɨɫ ɜɨɞɵ (ɥ/ɱɚɫ, ɦ3/ɝɨɞ)
Ɉɱɢɫɬɤɚ ɜɨɞɵ
ɇɚɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɢɥɨɜ
ɍɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɨɜ
Ɍɢɩ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ (ɄɁȼ)
Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
ɝɚɡɨɜ
239
[
[
[
[
ɉɪɨɱɢɣ
ɉɚɪɬɢɹɦɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, 100 ɤɝ ɜ ɩɚɪɬɢɢ)
ɉɪɟɪɵɜɢɫɬɵɣ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, 8 ɱɚɫɨɜ ɜ ɫɭɬɤɢ)
ɇɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɣ (24 ɱɚɫɚ ɜ ɫɭɬɤɢ)
ɬ/ɱɚɫ (ɬɨɧɧ ɜ ɱɚɫ)
ɱ/ɫɭɬ (ɱɚɫɨɜ ɜ ɫɭɬɤɢ)
ɞ/ɧɟɞɟɥɸ (ɞɧɟɣ ɜ ɧɟɞɟɥɸ)
ɬ/ɫɭɬ (ɬɨɧɧ ɜ ɫɭɬɤɢ)
ɞ/ɝɨɞ (ɞɧɟɣ ɜ ɝɨɞ)
ɱ/ɝɨɞ (ɱɚɫɨɜ ɜ ɝɨɞ)
ɬ/ɝɨɞ (ɬɨɧɧ ɜ ɝɨɞ)
ɬ/ɱɚɫ (ɬɨɧɧ ɜ ɱɚɫ)
ɱ/ɫɭɬ (ɱɚɫɨɜ ɜ ɫɭɬɤɢ)
ɞ/ɧɟɞɟɥɸ (ɞɧɟɣ ɜ ɧɟɞɟɥɸ)
ɬ/ɫɭɬ (ɬɨɧɧ ɜ ɫɭɬɤɢ)
ɞ/ɝɨɞ (ɞɧɟɣ ɜ ɝɨɞ)
ɱ/ɝɨɞ (ɱɚɫɨɜ ɜ ɝɨɞ)
ɬ/ɝɨɞ (ɬɨɧɧ ɜ ɝɨɞ)
(ɨɋ)
ɉɪɭɞɵ-ɨɬɫɬɨɣɧɢɤɢ
Ȼɚɫɫɟɣɧɵ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ
ȼɬɨɪɢɱɧɚɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɚ
Ɍɪɟɬɢɱɧɚɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɚ
ɉɪɨɱɚɹ (ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɤɚɤɚɹ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ)
ɬ/ɝɨɞ (ɬɨɧɧɵ ɜ ɝɨɞ)
Ɂɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɟ (ɬ/ɝɨɞ)
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɹɯ (ɬ/ɝɨɞ)
ɇɚ ɦɟɫɬɟ (ɬ/ɝɨɞ)
ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ (ɬ/ɝɨɞ)
ɉɪɨɱɟɟ (ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɤɚɤɨɟ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ) (ɬ/ɝɨɞ)
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɢɥɶɬɪ
ɐɢɤɥɨɧ
Ɋɭɤɚɜɧɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ
Ɇɨɤɪɵɣ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪ
ɋɭɯɨɣ ɫɤɪɭɛɛɟɪ
ȼɞɭɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ
ȼɞɭɜɚɧɢɟ NaOH/ɳɟɥɨɱɢ
ȼɞɭɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɹ/ɤɨɤɫɚ
Ɏɢɥɶɬɪ ɫ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɭɝɥɟɦ
Ʉɚɬɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ
ɂɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ/ɩɪɢɧɭɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ
ɞɵɦɨɫɨɫ
ɉɪɨɱɢɣ (ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɤɚɤɨɣ)
Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɇɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɄɁȼ (ɨɋ) [ ]
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ɇɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɄɁȼ (ɨɋ) [
]
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005
ɘɇȿɉ
ɝ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ 2005 ɝ.
240
ɉɨɬɨɤ
ɦ3/ɱɚɫ (ɫɭɯɨɣ ɝɚɡ)
ɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ
ɂɬɨɝɨɜɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ (ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɰɨɦ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɦ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ)
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ (ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ)
Ʉɥɚɫɫ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɢ
Ƚɨɞɨɜɵɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ (ɝ Ɍɗ/ɝɨɞ)
Ƚɨɞɨɜɚɹ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
(ɬ/ɝɨɞ)
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɢ
ɘɇȿɉ
241
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɚɦ ɢ ɮɭɪɚɧɚɦ
10
ɉɊɂɅɈɀȿɇɂȿ 3: ɉɊȿȾɋɌȺȼɅȿɇɂȿ ɊȿȿɋɌɊɈȼ
10.1 ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɬɚɛɥɢɰ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɚ
ȼ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 90 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɫ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɜɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɥɢɫɬ EXCEL,
ɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɨ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɢ, ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɚɛɥɢɰ.
ɇɢɠɟɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɜɡɹɬ ɢɡ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɚ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɉɚɪɚɝɜɚɹ ɩɨ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ 6 (SEAM
2003). ɉɪɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɢɧɸɸ ɤɨɥɨɧɤɭ
«ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɝɨɞ», ɢ ɝɨɞɨɜɵɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɵ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 90. ɉɪɢɦɟɪ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ EXCEL, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɢɬɨɝɨɜɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɦ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ, ɜɨɞɭ, ɩɨɱɜɭ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ 6 (SEAM 2003)
ɉɨɞɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ
Ʉɚɬ ɉɨɞɤ
ɉɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ (ɦɤɝ Ɍɗ/ɬ)
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ
Ʉɥɚɫɫ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
6
a
1
2
3
ȼɨɞɚ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɢ
ɬ/ɝɨɞ
ɇɟɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ
ɉɨɠɚɪɵ/ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ
ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ
932748
3
4
5
6
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɨɞɚ
22,413
0
Ƚɨɞɨɜɵɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ
ɝ
Ɍɗ/ɝɨɞ
ɝ Ɍɗ/ɝɨɞ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
8,504
0
0
0
28,584
4
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
259440
1,297
1,038
Ʌɭɝɨɩɚɫɬɛɢɳɧɵɟ ɩɨɠɚɪɵ
5
ɇɈ
4
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
183233
0,916
0,733
0,000
0,000
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
20,199
6,733
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɫ/ɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɜ
ɩɨɥɟ, ɛɟɡ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ
ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ
0,5
10
ɋɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɫ/ɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɜ ɩɨɥɟ,
ɫ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ
ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ,
ɩɥɨɯɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ
30
10
ɇɈ
673308
14,879
0
0
ɉɨɠɚɪɵ, ɝɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ,
ɩɨɠɚɪɵ ɧɚ ɫɜɚɥɤɚɯ, ɩɨɠɚɪɵ
ɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ
ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɟ ɩɨɠɚɪɵ
ɉɨɠɚɪɵ ɧɚ ɫɜɚɥɤɚɯ
ɋɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɟ ɩɨɠɚɪɵ ɜ
ɡɞɚɧɢɹɯ, ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ
ɇɟɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɟ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɟ
ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
ɋɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɟ ɩɨɠɚɪɵ ɧɚ
ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɟ (ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ
ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ)
Ɉɬɤɪɵɬɨɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ
ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ (ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ/
ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ)
ɇɟɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ
1 000
400
ɇɈ
ɇɈ
300
ɇɈ
94
ɇɈ
ɇɉ
ɇɈ
1
0,001
400
2515
1,006
1,006
ɇɉ
600
45963
13,789
27,578
ɇɉ
18
0,083
0,016
0,000
0,000
ɇɉ
400
600
ɇɉ
18
60
10
ɇɈ
887
10
ɇɉ
37,291
0
8,504
0
Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɜɨ ɜɫɟ ɞɟɜɹɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɥɢɫɬɨɜ EXCEL ɩɨ 9 ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɦ ɫ ɢɫɱɢɫɥɹɟɦɵɦɢ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɵ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɜɢɞɚɦ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ
ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɭɸ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɭɸ ɜɫɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɩɨ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ 9
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɪɟɞ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ. ȼ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 91 ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ
ɞɥɹ ɉɚɪɚɝɜɚɹ (SEAM 2003).
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 91. ɉɪɢɦɟɪ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɚ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ (ɉɚɪɚɝɜɚɣ,
SEAM 2003)
Ʉɚɬ
ɝ Ɍɗ/ɝɨɞ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɢ
ɉɨɱɜɚ
ɇɈ
48478
2
ɝ
Ɍɗ/ɝɨɞ
5
b
1
ɝ
Ɍɗ/ɝɨɞ
Ʌɟɫɧɵɟ ɩɨɠɚɪɵ
ɇɈ
4
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ȼɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ
1 ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
2 ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɱɟɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ
3,5
1,52
Ƚɨɞɨɜɵɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ (ɝ Ɍɗ/ɝɨɞ)
ȼɨɞ
ɉɨɱɜ
ɚ
ɚ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɢ
0
0,03
0
0
ɉɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɘɇȿɉ ɩɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦ
0
0
0,023
0
28,584
242
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1-9
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɢ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɢɡ
ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ
Ɍɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ
ɇɟɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ
ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ
Ɋɚɡɧɨɟ
ɍɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ/Ɂɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɟ
ɂɬɨɝɨ:
ɈȻɓɂɃ ɂɌɈȽ:
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
3,1
0
0
0
0,6
1,07
0,37
0
0
0
0
0
0
0,06
0
61,1
0
8,5
0
76,2
0
0
0
0,0002
0,03
0
0
0,221
0
0
0,17
0
0
0
70,7
0,2
8,5
0,22
76,3
156
ɘɇȿɉ
243
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɚɦ ɢ ɮɭɪɚɧɚɦ
10.2 ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɵ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ,
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ
ɫ
ɋ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɹɧɜɚɪɟ 2001 ɝɨɞɚ (Toolkit 2001), ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ,
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɧɟɦ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɥɚɫɶ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɢ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɟɳɟ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ
ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɟɣ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɬɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɷɬɢ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɵ, ɉɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ
ɈɈɇ ɩɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɸ
ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɚɦ ɢ ɮɭɪɚɧɚɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ
ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɨɬɱɟɬɚ 1999ɝ «Ɋɟɟɫɬɪɵ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ ɢ ɮɭɪɚɧɨɜ, ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ
ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ» (UNEP 1999). ɇɢɠɟ ɦɵ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɢɥɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɨɜ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɫ
ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ. ȼ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ, ɬɚɤ ɢ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ. Ʉɪɚɬɤɢɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 92.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 92. Ɋɟɟɫɬɪɵ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ
ɋɬɪɚɧɚ
ɋɫɵɥɤɚ ɧɚ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ
Ⱥɪɝɟɧɬɢɧɚ
SAyDS 2004
Ⱥɜɫɬɪɚɥɢɹ
DEH 2004
Ȼɪɭɧɟɣ Ⱦɚɪɭɫɫɚɥɚɦ
DEPR 2003; in UNEP 2003b
Ʉɚɦɛɨɞɠɚ
In: UNEP 2004a
ɑɢɥɢ
In: UNEP/GTZ/CONAMA 2004
Ʉɭɛɚ
CITMA-CIGEA 2004
ɗɤɜɚɞɨɪ
In: UNEP/GTZ/CONAMA 2004
ɗɫɬɨɧɢɹ
Lassen et al. 2003
ɇɨɜɵɟ ɱɥɟɧɵ ȿɋ
Quass et al. 2004
ɂɨɪɞɚɧɢɹ
MoE Jordan 2003; in UNEP 2003b
Ʌɚɬɜɢɹ
Lassen et al. 2003
Ʌɢɜɚɧ
MoE 2003; in UNEP 2003b
Ʌɢɬɜɚ
Lassen et al. 2003
Ɇɚɜɪɢɤɢɣ
UNEP 2004b
ɉɚɪɚɝɜɚɣ
SEAM 2003
Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɢɧɵ
ITDI 2003; in UNEP 2003b
ɉɨɥɶɲɚ
Lassen et al. 2003
ɉɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɘɇȿɉ ɩɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦ
244
ɒɪɢ Ʌɚɧɤɚ
In: UNEP 2004a
Ɍɚɢɥɚɧɞ
PCD 2002; in UNEP/PCD/BMZ/BMU/UBA/GTZ (2002)
ɍɪɭɝɜɚɣ
DINAMA 2002
ȼɶɟɬɧɚɦ
NEA 2003; in UNEP 2003b
Ɂɚɦɛɢɹ
UNEP 2004b
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
245
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɚɦ ɢ ɮɭɪɚɧɚɦ
11. ɌȿɏɇɂɑȿɋɄɂȿ ɉɊɂɅɈɀȿɇɂə
11.1 Ɍɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ (ɌɗɎ)
Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɥɢ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ Ɍɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ
(ɌɗɎ). ɌɗɎ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚɯ ɨɫɬɪɨɣ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ
in vivo ɢ in vitro. ɗɬɨɬ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɬɨɦ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨɦ ɮɚɤɬɟ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ
ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɌɗɎ,
ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɹɞɚ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɣ. ɏɨɬɹ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɚɹ
ɧɚɭɱɧɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɚɹ, ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɫ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɌɗɎ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɵɣ Ɍɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬ (Ɍɗ). ɌɗɎ
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ
ɉɏȾȾ/ɉɏȾɎ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ Ɍɗ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɌɗɎ
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ
ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ. Ɉɧɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɢ ɢɯ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ
ɩɟɪɟɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ.
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɞɜɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ. ɉɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɬɚɪɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ, ɌɗɎ
ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ Ɋɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ ɇȺɌɈ/CCMS ɩɨ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɚɦ ɢ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɢɦ
ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (Ɇ-ɌɗɎ)
(NATO/CCMS, 1998; Kutz ɢ ɞɪ., 1990). Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɧɨɜɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɚ Ɋɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ
ȼɈɁ/ɆɉȻɏȼ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ, ɩɟɪɟɫɦɨɬɪɟɜ Ɇ-ɌɗɎ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥɚ ɧɨɜɭɸ ɫɯɟɦɭ. Ⱦɜɟ
ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 93. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɌɗɎ ɞɥɹ
ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɦɥɟɤɨɩɢɬɚɸɳɢɯ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ȼɈɁ/ɆɉȻɏȼ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɥɚ ɌɗɎ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɨɪɬɨ ɢ ɦɨɧɨɨɪɬɨ ɡɚɦɟɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ
ɛɢɮɟɧɢɥɨɜ (ɉɏȻ) ɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɌɗɎ ɞɥɹ ɪɵɛ ɢ ɩɬɢɰ (van Leeuwen ɢ Younes,
1998).
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 93: Ɍɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ (ɌɗɎ) - ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ
ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɫɯɟɦ
ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ
Ɇ-ɌɗɎ
ȼɈɁ-ɌɗɎ
2,3,7,8- Cl4ȾȾ
1
1
1,2,3,7,8-Cl5ȾȾ
0,5
1
1,2,3,4,7,8-Cl6ȾȾ
0,1
0,1
1,2,3,7,8,9-Cl6ȾȾ
0,1
0,1
1,2,3,6,7,8-Cl6ȾȾ
0,1
0,1
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-Cl7ȾȾ
0,01
0,01
Cl8ȾȾ
0,001
0,0001
2,3,7,8-Cl4ȾɎ
0,1
0,1
1,2,3,7,8-Cl5ȾɎ
0,05
0,05
2,3,4,7,8-Cl5ȾɎ
0,5
0,5
1,2,3,4,7,8-Cl6ȾɎ
0,1
0,1
ɉɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɘɇȿɉ ɩɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦ
246
1,2,3,7,8,9-Cl6ȾɎ
0,1
0,1
1,2,3,6,7,8-Cl6ȾɎ
0,1
0,1
2,3,4,6,7,8-Cl6ȾɎ
0,1
0,1
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-Cl7ȾɎ
0,01
0,01
1,2,3,4,7,8,9-Cl7ȾɎ
0,01
0,01
Cl8ȾɎ
0,001
0,0001
Ⱦɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ, ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ 2,3,7,8-ɡɚɦɟɳɟɧɧɵɦɢ, ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɌɗɎ ɧɟ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ.
ɑɢɫɥɚ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 93, ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɠɢɪɧɵɦ ɲɪɢɮɬɨɦ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɌɗɎ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ȼɈɁ ɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ Ɇ-ɌɗɎ.
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɚɦ ɢ ɮɭɪɚɧɚɦ
247
11.2 ȿɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ
ɉɪɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɦ
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚɦ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ:
ɦ3
Ʉɭɛɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɟɬɪ. ȿɞɢɧɢɰɚ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɋɂ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ
ɞɥɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ, ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ
ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ.
ɇɦ3
ɇɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɭɛɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɟɬɪ. Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ,
ɜɡɹɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 0ɨɋ ɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ 1 ɚɬɦ (101,325 ɤɉɚ)
ȼ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ (ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɩɭɬɧɨɝɨ
ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ), ɇɦ3 ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ:
101,325 ɤɉɚ (=1ɚɬɦ), 273,15 Ʉ, ɫɭɯɨɣ ɝɚɡ ɢ 11% ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ ɫɠɢɝɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɧɟɬ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɤ 11% ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ.
Rm3 ɜ Ʉɚɧɚɞɟ
ɗɬɚɥɨɧɧɵɣ (reference) ɤɭɛɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɟɬɪ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ: 25ɨɋ, 1 ɚɬɦ., ɫɭɯɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ. Ɍɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɧɚ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɷɬɨ
ɧɟ ɞɟɥɚɟɬɫɹ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ Ʉɚɧɚɞɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ
ɩɨɩɪɚɜɤɭ ɧɚ 11% ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɱɟɣ ɢ ɤɨɬɥɨɜ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɨ-ɛɭɦɚɠɧɵɯ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɫɨɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ. ȼ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ
ɧɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɤɭ ɧɚ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ.
Sm3 ɜ ɋɒȺ
ɋɭɯɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɣ ɤɭɛɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɟɬɪ (dry standard cubic meter - dscm)
ɩɪɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ 1 ɚɬɦ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 20 ɝɪɚɞɭɫɨɜ ɐɟɥɶɫɢɹ (68 ɝɪɚɞɭɫɨɜ
Ɏɚɪɟɧɝɟɣɬɚ). Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ
ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɭ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɢɥɢ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ
ɜ ɜɵɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɝɚɡɚɯ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ 7% ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ 12% ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ.
ɉɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɘɇȿɉ ɩɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦ
248
11.3 Ɍɟɩɥɨɬɚ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ - ɞɥɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ 3
ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ 3 ɛɚɡɨɜɵɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɫ ɌȾɠ (ɬɟɪɚɞɠɨɭɥɹɦɢ), ɚ ɧɟ ɫ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ ɧɚ 1 ɬɨɧɧɭ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɚɟɦɨɝɨ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɟ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ
ɧɢɠɟɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɬɚɛɥɢɰ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɨɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɦɚɫɫɭ (ɜ ɤɝ) ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɭɸ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ (ɆȾɠ).
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 94: Ɍɟɩɥɨɬɚ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɭɝɥɹ
Ɍɢɩ ɭɝɥɹ
Ɍɟɩɥɨɬɚ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ
Ⱥɧɬɪɚɰɢɬ, Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ
27-35 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ ɜ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɲɚɯɬɵ
Ȼɢɬɭɦɢɧɨɡɧɵɣ ɭɝɨɥɶ, Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɹ
32-34 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ
Ȼɢɬɭɦɢɧɨɡɧɵɣ ɭɝɨɥɶ, ɋɒȺ
31-32 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ
Ⱥɧɬɪɚɰɢɬ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ
30 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ
(Ⱦɨɧɟɰɤɢɣ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧ)
Ȼɢɬɭɦɢɧɨɡɧɵɣ ɭɝɨɥɶ, Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ
29-32 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ
Ȼɢɬɭɦɢɧɨɡɧɵɣ ɭɝɨɥɶ, Ʉɢɬɚɣ
25-27 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ
Ȼɢɬɭɦɢɧɨɡɧɵɣ ɭɝɨɥɶ, ɉɨɥɶɲɚ
20,5-30,5 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ
ɉɨɥɭɛɢɬɭɦɢɧɨɡɧɵɣ ɭɝɨɥɶ, ɂɫɩɚɧɢɹ
16-17 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ
ɉɨɥɭɛɢɬɭɦɢɧɨɡɧɵɣ ɭɝɨɥɶ, ɏɨɪɜɚɬɢɹ
13-15 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ
ɉɨɥɭɛɢɬɭɦɢɧɨɡɧɵɣ ɭɝɨɥɶ, Ɍɭɪɰɢɹ
12-14 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ
Ʌɢɝɧɢɬ/ɛɭɪɵɣ ɭɝɨɥɶ, ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ
Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ
10-12 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ
Ʌɢɝɧɢɬ/ɛɭɪɵɣ ɭɝɨɥɶ, ɑɟɲɫɤɚɹ
Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ
9-11 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ
Ʌɢɝɧɢɬ/ɛɭɪɵɣ ɭɝɨɥɶ, Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ
8-10 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ
Ʌɢɝɧɢɬ/ɛɭɪɵɣ ɭɝɨɥɶ, Ⱥɜɫɬɪɚɥɢɹ
8-9 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ
Ʌɢɝɧɢɬ/ɛɭɪɵɣ ɭɝɨɥɶ, ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ
Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ
7-9 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ
Ʌɢɝɧɢɬ/ɛɭɪɵɣ ɭɝɨɥɶ, Ƚɪɟɰɢɹ
4-6 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 95: Ɍɟɩɥɨɬɚ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɤɫɚ
Ɍɢɩ ɤɨɤɫɚ
Ɍɟɩɥɨɬɚ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ
Ʉɨɤɫ, ɑɟɲɫɤɚɹ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ
31-32 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ
Ⱥɧɬɪɚɰɢɬɧɵɣ ɤɨɤɫ, Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ
28-30 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ
Ʌɢɝɧɢɬɧɵɣ ɤɨɤɫ, Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ
27-28 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ
Ʉɨɤɫ, Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ
23-25 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɚɦ ɢ ɮɭɪɚɧɚɦ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 96: Ɍɟɩɥɨɬɚ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɮɬɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ
Ɍɢɩ ɧɟɮɬɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ
Ɍɟɩɥɨɬɚ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ
Ȼɟɧɡɢɧ
44-47 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ
Ʌɟɝɤɨɟ ɞɢɡɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ/Ⱦɢɡɟɥɶɧɨɟ
ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ
43-46 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ
Ɍɹɠɟɥɨɟ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ (ɦɚɡɭɬ)
40-43 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ
Ȼɭɪɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɦɨɥɚ
38-40 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ
Ⱥɧɬɪɚɰɢɬɨɜɚɹ ɫɦɨɥɚ
37-39 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ
Ɇɟɬɢɥɨɜɵɣ ɫɩɢɪɬ
20-23 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ
Ƚɨɪɸɱɢɣ ɫɥɚɧɟɰ (ɢɡ ɗɫɬɨɧɢɢ)
8-10 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 97: Ɍɟɩɥɨɬɚ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɚ
Ɍɢɩ ɝɚɡɚ
Ɍɟɩɥɨɬɚ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ
50-55 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ
Ɇɟɬɚɧ
ɦɨɪɟ,
48-53 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ
ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɝɚɡ, ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɟ ɦɨɪɟ, Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ
47-52 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ
ɉɪɨɩɚɧ
46-50 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ
ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɝɚɡ, ɤɥɚɫɫ H
44-49 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ
ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɝɚɡ, ɤɥɚɫɫ L
40-45 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ
ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɝɚɡ, ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɵ
38-44 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ
Ɇɟɬɚɧɨɥ
20-23 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ
Ɇɨɧɨɤɫɢɞ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ
10-11 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ
ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɣ
ɝɚɡ,
ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɹ
ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɟ
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ
ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ:
48 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ
ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɝɚɡ
ɋɠɢɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɣ
ɬɟɩɥɨɬɚ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ)
ɝɚɡ
(ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ
46 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ
ɉɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɘɇȿɉ ɩɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦ
249
250
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 98: Ɍɟɩɥɨɬɚ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ
ȼɢɞ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ
Ɍɟɩɥɨɬɚ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ
Ʌɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɰɚ, ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨ-ɫɭɯɚɹ
14-17 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ
Ɍɨɩɨɥɶ, ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨ-ɫɭɯɨɣ
15-16 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ
Ȼɭɤ, ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨ-ɫɭɯɨɣ
13-15 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ
Ȼɭɤ, ɡɟɥɟɧɵɣ
12-13 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ
Ʉɨɪɚ ɛɟɪɟɡɵ
11-13 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ
Ʉɨɪɚ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɰɵ
10-12 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 99: Ɍɟɩɥɨɬɚ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɛɢɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ
Ɍɢɩ ɛɢɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ
Ɍɟɩɥɨɬɚ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ
ɋɤɨɪɥɭɩɚ ɤɨɤɨɫɚ
17-19 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ
ɋɤɨɪɥɭɩɚ ɦɢɧɞɚɥɹ
17-19 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ
Ƚɪɚɧɭɥɵ ɬɨɪɮɚ
15-18 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ
Ɍɨɪɮ, Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ
15-17 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ
ɋɨɥɨɦɚ (ɩɲɟɧɢɰɵ)
15-17 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ
ȼɨɥɨɤɧɨ ɤɨɤɨɫɚ
14-16 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ
Ɋɢɫɨɜɚɹ ɲɟɥɭɯɚ
14-15 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɠɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɨɮɟ
9-11 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ
Ɍɨɪɮ, Ɏɢɧɥɹɧɞɢɹ
9-11 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ
Ȼɚɝɚɫɫɚ
8-10 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ
Ɍɨɪɮ, ɂɫɩɚɧɢɹ
1-3 ɆȾɠ/ɤɝ
ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚɦɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚɦɢ
ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ:
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɚɦ ɢ ɮɭɪɚɧɚɦ
251
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 100: ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚɦɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚɦɢ
ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ
ɗɧɟɪɝɢɹ
ȼɚɬɬ ɱɚɫ (Wh)
Ʉɢɥɨɜɚɬɬ ɱɚɫ (kWh)
Ƚɢɝɚɜɚɬ ɱɚɫ (GWh)
Ɍɟɪɚɞɠɨɭɥɶ (TJ)
Ɇɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ
ȼɚɬɬ (W)
Ɇɟɝɚɜɚɬɬ (MW)
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ
1
1
1
1
3600
3,6
0,0036
3600000
3600
3,6
3,6·10-6
3,6
277777,7778
Ⱦɠɨɭɥɶ (J)
Ʉɢɥɨɞɠɨɭɥɶ (kJ)
Ɇɟɝɚɞɠɨɭɥɶ (MJ)
Ⱦɠɨɭɥɶ (J)
Ʉɢɥɨɞɠɨɭɥɶ (kJ)
Ɇɟɝɚɞɠɨɭɥɶ (MJ)
Ɍɟɪɚɞɠɨɭɥɶ (TJ)
Ɍɟɪɚɞɠɨɭɥɶ (TJ)
Ʉɢɥɨɜɚɬɬ ɱɚɫ (kWh)
1
60
3600
1000000
Ⱦɠɨɭɥɶ ɜ ɫɟɤ. (J/s)
Ⱦɠɨɭɥɶ ɜ ɦɢɧ.(J/min)
Ⱦɠɨɭɥɶ ɜ ɱɚɫ (J/h)
Ⱦɠɨɭɥɶ ɜ ɫɟɤ. (J/s)
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 101: ɂɡɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɵ
ɞɥɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ 3
WEC* ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ
ɪɚɜɧɨ
1 ɬɨɧɧɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɫɱɺɬɟ ɧɚ
ɧɟɮɬɶ (toe) **
42 GJ (ɧɢɡɲɚɹ
ɬɟɩɥɨɬɜɨɪɧɚɹ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ)
1 ɬɨɧɧɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɫɱɺɬɟ ɧɚ ɭɝɨɥɶ
(tce)
29,3 GJ (ɧɢɡɲɚɹ
ɬɟɩɥɨɬɜɨɪɧɚɹ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ)
ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ
ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
1 ɬɨɧɧɚ ɝɚɡɨɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ
45 GJ (ɧɢɡɲɚɹ
ɬɟɩɥɨɬɜɨɪɧɚɹ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ)
1000 ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɤɭɛɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɬɪɨɜ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ
36 GJ (ɧɢɡɲɚɹ
ɬɟɩɥɨɬɜɨɪɧɚɹ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ)
1 ɬɨɧɧɚ ɬɨɪɮɚ
0,2275 toe
1 ɬɨɧɧɚ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɨɣ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ
0,3215 toe
1 kWh (ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬ)
9,36 MJ
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɉɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɘɇȿɉ ɩɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦ
252
1 kWh ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ
3,6 MJ
* ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɵɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɜɟɬ
** ɬɨɧɧɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɫɱɺɬɟ ɧɚ ɧɟɮɬɶ, ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɚɹ
Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɚɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɋɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɋɒȺ,
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ 107 ɤɢɥɨɤɚɥɨɪɢɣ ɩɨ ɧɢɡɲɟɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɜɨɪɧɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ (ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬ
41.868 GJ)
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɚɦ ɢ ɮɭɪɚɧɚɦ
253
11.4 ɉɟɪɟɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ
ɞɥɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ 3 ɢ 5
Ɉɱɟɧɶ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɛɟɧɡɢɧɚ ɢ ɞɢɡɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɵɪɨɣ
ɧɟɮɬɢ ɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɥɢɬɪɚɯ (ɥ). Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɤɭɛɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɬɪɚɯ (ɦ3). Ⱦɥɹ
ɡɚɞɚɱ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɷɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɨɧɧɵ ɢɥɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɭ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ;
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟ 11.2. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɢɬɶ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ, ɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ
ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ:
x
1 ɥ ɛɟɧɡɢɧɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɨɤɨɥɨ 0,74 ɤɝ; ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ ɥɢɬɪɨɜ
ɛɟɧɡɢɧɚ ɜ ɬɨɧɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ 0,00074;
x
1 ɥ (ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ) ɞɢɡɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ (ɞɥɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɟɣ, ɝɪɭɡɨɜɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɢ/ɢɥɢ
ɥɟɝɤɨɝɨ ɞɢɡɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ (ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ) ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɨɤɨɥɨ
0,85 ɤɝ; ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ ɥɢɬɪɨɜ ɞɢɡɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɥɟɝɤɨɝɨ ɞɢɡɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɜ ɬɨɧɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ 0,00085;
x
1 ɥ ɬɹɠɟɥɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ (ɦɚɡɭɬɚ) ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɨɤɨɥɨ 0,970 ɤɝ; ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɞɥɹ
ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ ɥɢɬɪɨɜ ɬɹɠɟɥɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɜ ɬɨɧɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ
0,00097;
x
1ɦ3 ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɨɬ 0,77 ɞɨ 0,85 ɤɝ; ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 0,8 ɤɝ;
ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ ɤɭɛɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɬɨɧɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ 0,0008; ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ ɥɢɬɪɨɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɬɨɧɧɵ
ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ 0,0000008;
x
1 ɦ3 ɫɠɢɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ (ɫɦɟɫɶ ɩɪɨɩɚɧɚ ɢ ɛɭɬɚɧɚ) ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɨɤɨɥɨ 2 ɤɝ;
ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ ɤɭɛɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɫɠɢɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ
ɬɨɧɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ 0,002, ɚ ɥɢɬɪɨɜ ɫɠɢɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɝɨ
ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɬɨɧɧɵ - ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ 0,000002.
ɉɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɘɇȿɉ ɩɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦ
254
11.5 ɉɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ - ɞɥɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ 7
Ʉɨɞɵ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɚɞɢɣ ɨɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 102.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 102: ɋɢɦɜɨɥɵ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɚɞɢɣ ɨɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ
(Ɉɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ) ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬ
Ƚɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ
ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ
Ȼɭɤɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɞ
NaOH
E
Eo, Ep
ɋɬɚɞɢɹ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ
ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ
ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɤɢɫɢ
ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɬɟɥɹ (ɭɫɢɥɢɬɟɥɟɣ)
ɢɥɢ E/O, E/P
Cl2
ɋ
ClO2
D
HɋlO, NaOCl,
Ca(OCl)2
H
O2
O
ɉɟɪɟɤɢɫɶ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ
H2O2
P
Ⱦɢɨɤɫɢɞ ɫɟɪɵ
SO2
S
ɋɟɪɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ
H2SO4
A
ɗɬɢɥɟɧɞɢɚɦɢɧɬɟɬɪɚɭɤɫɭɫɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ
(ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɚɹ ɫɬɚɞɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ)
EDTA
Q
ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɣ ɯɥɨɪ
Ⱦɢɨɤɫɢɞ ɯɥɨɪɚ
Ƚɢɩɨɯɥɨɪɢɬ
Ʉɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ
W
ɋɬɚɞɢɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɤɢ
O3
Ɉɡɨɧ
Z
ȼ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɭɥɶɮɢɬɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɚɹ:
EOP-Q-EP-EP (HC)
EOP-EP(HC)
EOP-Q-EP-EP
Ɉɛɳɟɩɪɢɧɹɬɚɹ ɜ ɋɒȺ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɪɚɮɬ-ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɜ 1991 ɝɨɞɭ
(=ɫɬɚɪɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ) ɛɵɥɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɦ ɯɥɨɪɟ ɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ (ȿɊȺ
1995):
C-E-D-E-D
C-E-H-D-E-D
C-E-H-E-D
C-E-H, C-E-H-P
Ɉɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɟɡ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɯɥɨɪɚ ɞɥɹ ɦɹɝɤɨɣ ɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɣ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ.
Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɛɟɥɢɡɧɵ ɬɜɟɪɞɚɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɱɟɦ ɦɹɝɤɚɹ, ɢ ɷɬɨ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ,
ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɚɞɢɣ ɨɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɟ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɨɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɟɡ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɯɥɨɪɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ (DZ)(EOP)D,
(DQ)(PO), D(EOP)D(PO), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɞɥɹ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɦɹɝɤɨɣ
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005 ɝ.
ɘɇȿɉ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɚɦ ɢ ɮɭɪɚɧɚɦ
255
ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɠɟɥɚɟɦɨɣ ɛɟɥɢɡɧɵ.
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɟɥɢɝɧɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ ɫ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɤɚɤ (ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ, ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɨɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɟɡ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɯɥɨɪɚ):
D-E-D-E-D
D-EOP-D-E-D
D-E-D-D
QP-DQ-PO
ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɫ
ɨɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɛɟɡ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɯɥɨɪɚ, ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɭ
ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɛɟɫɯɥɨɪɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ. ɗɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɥɢ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɤɚɤ:
Q-E/P-E-P
Q-Z-P-E-P
OP-ZQ-PO
OP-Q-PO
ɉɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɘɇȿɉ ɩɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦ