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WlZ aZdhghf_jghklv [m^_l aZdj_ie_gZ \ lhf b lhevdh \ lhf kemqZ_ _keb ^_ckl\b_ db ijb\_^_l d lZdhc h[jZlghc Znn_j_glZpbb Res(db) hl j_amevlZlh\wlh]h^_ckl\bydhlhjZy\uah\_lj_amevlZlb, êydhlhjh]haZdhghf_jghklvb ⇒ d, h[gZjm`_ggZyg_cjhghfd[m^_lbf_lv[hevrmxhp_gdm mkeh\ghc\_jhylghklbq_faZdhgh f_jghklva ⇒ dhlij_û^ms_]hwlZigh]hj_amevlZlZ<wlhfkemqZ_\khhl\_lkl\bbkbgnhj fZpbhgghcl_hjb_cwfhpbc\hagbdrZyiheh`bl_evgZywfhpbyaZdj_ibl³aZimkd´^_ckl\bya ⇒ db Zdlb\Zpbx h[jZlghc Znn_j_glZpb_cRes(db) j_amevlZlZbihaZdhghf_jghklbRes(db) ⇒ b, ZlZd`_aZdhghf_jghklvb ⇒ d. Ihke_ihemq_gbymkeh\gh]hklbfmeZabaZimkdZ^_ckl \by db ke_^mxsbf imkdh\uf klbfmehf klZg_l m`_ klbfme b, aZimkdZxsbc ^_ckl\b_ dc Z wlZigufj_amevlZlhf[m^_lj_amevlZlc. Wlhlke_^mxsbcwlZi^_ckl\bcijb\_^_ld\ujZ[hld_ ZgZeh]bqguoaZdhghf_jghkl_cb ⇒ dc, Res(dc) ⇒ c bc ⇒ dbl^kf³AZimkd´^_ckl\by da hkms_kl\ey_lky kZfhc fhlb\Zpb_c F ihkdhevdm fhlb\Zpby y\ey_lky g_ lhevdh Zdlb\b jmxsbf\ha[m`^_gb_fghbklbfmehf³AZimkd´F⇒ da aZdj_iblkyihlhc`_ijbqbg_qlh b^jm]b_aZimkdbldijb\_^_ldwlZighfmj_amevlZlma, ij_^kdZau\Zxs_fmihaZdhghf_jgh klba ⇒ d ^hklb`bfhklvdhg_qgh]hj_amevlZlZk[hevr_c\_jhylghklvxq_fihaZdhghf_jgh klbF⇒ d. Ihemq_ggu_ihke_jZkkfhlj_gby\k_owlZih\^_ckl\byaZdhghf_jghklba ⇒ d, b ⇒ d bc ⇒ d[m^mlbf_lvihke_^h\Zl_evgh\hajZklZxsb_hp_gdbmkeh\guo\_jhylghkl_cLZdbfh[jZ ahf gZ g_cjhgghf mjh\g_ fu \f_klh ihke_^h\Zl_evghklb a ⇒ b ⇒ c ⇒ d [m^_fbf_lvke_ ^mxsmx ihke_^h\Zl_evghklv ]jZnbq_kdh_ ij_^klZ\e_gb_ wlhc ihke_^h\Zl_evghklb ijb\_^_ gh\ F⇒ da → Res(da) ⇒ a ⇒ db → Res(db) ⇒ b ⇒ dc → Res(dc) ⇒ c ⇒ dd → Res(dd) ⇒ d (1) ]^_a ⇒, b ⇒, c ⇒ -mkeh\gu_k\yab³aZimkdZ´hq_j_^gh]hwlZiZ^_ckl\bc\ujZ[hlZggu_g_c jhgZfb da,db,dc Klj_edZ → ihke_ ^_ckl\bc da,db,dc,dd hagZqZ_l kh\_jr_gb_ ^_ckl\bc \h \g_rg_ckj_^_Res(da), Res(db), Res(dc), Res(dd) - h[jZlgu_Znn_j_glZpbb ihklmiZxsb_gZ \ohû g_cjhgh\ a,b,c,d ba \g_rg_c \gmlj_gg_c kj_û b kb]gZebabjmxrb_ h ^hklb]gmlhf j_amevlZl_^_ckl\bc DZ`^h_ ^_ckl\b_ da, db,dc,dd \ khhl\_lkl\bb k jbk ih dheeZl_jZeyf i_j_^Z_l k\h_ \ha[m`^_gb_gZ³\oh^´fha]Zbke_^h\Zl_evghfh`ghkqblZlvqlh\ha[m`^_gb_hlfhlhjgh]h g_cjhgZ da h^gh\j_f_ggh k Zdlb\Zpb_c kZfh]h ^_ckl\by i_j_^Z_l k\h_ \ha[m`^_gb_ gZ \oh^ g_cjhgZ a ^_ckl\b_ db gZ \oh^ g_cjhgZ b ^_ckl\b_ dc gZ \oh^ g_cjhgZ c b ^_ckl\b_ dd gZ \oh^g_cjhgZ d. AgZqblgZ\ohûg_cjhgh\j_amevlZlh\a,b,c,d ihklmiblg_lhevdhh[jZlgZy Znn_j_glZpby Res(da), Res(db), Res(dc), Res(dd) hl j_amevlZlh\ hkms_kl\e_gguo ^_ckl\bc ihklmiZxsZy ih \g_rg_fm dhglmjm gh b \ha[m`^_gby hl kZfbo ^_ckl\bc da,db,dc,dd ih klmiZxsZyih\gmlj_gg_fmdhglmjmfha]Z Ihwlhfmko_fZmkeh\gh]hj_ne_dkZij_h[jZ am_lky\ko_fm 16 FH[kGDFH[kGEFH[kGFFH[kGG ⇓↓ ↓⇓ ↓⇓ ↓⇓ ↓⇓ da ⇒ a ⇒ db ⇒ b ⇒ dc ⇒ c ⇒ dd ⇒ d, ⇓⇑ ⇑ ⇓⇑ ⇑ ⇓⇑ ⇑ ⇓⇑ ⇑ Res(da) Res(db) Res(dc) Res(dd) <== Fha] (2) <== <g_rgbcFbj A^_kv F - fhlb\Zpby ³ba\e_dZxsZy ba iZfylb´ Zdlb\Zpb_c ↓ (kf ih^jh[g__ ^Ze__ \kx p_ ihqdm^_ckl\bcieZg^_ckl\bcih^hklb`_gbxp_ebH[klZgh\hqgZyZnn_j_glZpbyH[kGD, H[kGE, H[kGF, H[kGG ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc fgh`_kl\h \k_o g_h[oh^bfuo mkeh\bc mk i_rgh]hkh\_jr_gbydZ`^h]hhl^_evgh]h^_ckl\byb^hklb`_gby\blh]_dhg_qgh]hj_amevlZ lZ\^Zgghch[klZgh\d_ GbdZdh]h^jm]h]h^hihegbl_evgh]hkfukeZh[klZgh\hqgZyZnn_j_g lZpby g_ bf__l H[klZgh\hqgZy Znn_j_glZpby Z\lhfZlbq_kdb \dexqblky \ aZdhghf_jghklb FH[kGD⇒ da, DH[kGE⇒ db, EH[kGF ⇒ dc,FH[kGG ⇒ dddZd³kms_kl\_ggZy´ bgnhjfZpbyih\urZxsZymkeh\gmx\_jhylghklvijh]ghaZkfjbkhg_h[oh^bfuomkeh \byo \hafh`ghklb ³aZimkdZ´ hq_j_^gh]h ^_ckl\by b ihemq_gby khhl\_lkl\mxs_]h wlZigh]h j_amevlZlZ DZd\b^ghbako_fu^hklb`_gb_p_ebij_^klZ\ey_lkh[hcihke_^h\Zl_evghklv³[eh dh\´kfhl^_evguc[ehd\ko_f_dZ`ûcbadhlhjuogZqbgZ_lkybaZdZgqb\Z_lky^\mfy ihke_^h\Zl_evgufb wlZigufb j_amevlZlZfb JZkkfhljbf kgZqZeZ ijhp_kk h[mq_gby b kh\_j r_gkl\h\Zgby ^_ckl\bc \gmljb h^gh]h ³[ehdZ´ < ke_^mxsbo jZa^_eZo fu jZkkfhljbf dZd fh`_l[ulvkms_kl\_gghbaf_g_g\_kvieZg^_ckl\bc Ij_^klZ\bfko_fmq_j_aaZdhghf_jghklb\ha[m`^Zxsb_khhl\_lkl\mxsb_g_cjhgu Wlhke_^mxsb_aZdhghf_jghklb\ujZ[Zlu\Z_fu_ko_fhc\ijhp_kk_h[mq_gby FH[kGD⇒GDD0H[kGE⇒GEE0H[kGF⇒ GFF0H[kGG⇒ dd H[kGDGF⇒ c (3) H[kGDGG⇒ d H[kGDti)&datiH[kGEti)&dbtiH[kGFti)&dcti& Res(dati) ⇒ dati+1 Res(dbti)⇒ dbti+1 Res(dcti) ⇒ dcti+1 H[kGGti)&ddti& Res(ddti) ⇒ ddti+1 H[kGDGD⇒ a da&Res(da) ⇒ a H[kGEGE⇒ b db&Res(db) ⇒ b dc&Res(dc) ⇒ c dd&Res(dd) ⇒ d >Ze__\wlhfbke_^mxs_fjZa^_e_\k_wlbaZdhghf_jghklb[m^mlh[tykg_guHij_^_ebf kgZqZeZqlhlZdh_gZijbf_j^_ckl\b_dc. >eywlh]haZf_lbfqlh\kykh\hdmighklvh[jZlguo Znn_j_glZpbc hl j_amevlZlh\ ^_ckl\by dc dhlhjmx h[hagZqbf q_j_a GenRes(dc), ihklmiZ_l gZ³\oh^´fha]Zg_ij_ju\gh\h\j_f_gbgZqbgZykfhf_glZgZqZeZ^_ckl\bybdhgqZy^hk lb`_gb_f wlZigh]h j_amevlZlZ c KZfh ^_ckl\b_ dc \ \b^_ \ha[m`^_gby hl^_evgh]h g_cjhgZ beb ]jmiiu g_cjhgh\ lZd `_ g_ij_ju\gh \h \j_f_gb i_j_^Z_l k\hb \ha[m`^_gby wnn_dlhj guff_oZgbafZffurpZfhj]ZgZfbl^bh^gh\j_f_gghihdheeZl_jZeyfgZ³\oh^´fha]Z JZkkfhljbf ih^jh[g__ \aZbfh^_ckl\b_ h[jZlghc Znn_j_glZpbb GenRes(dc) b ^_ckl\by dc \ ijhp_kk_h[mq_gbyQlh[m^_li_j\uf\h\j_f_gbklbfmehfbaGenRes(dc)dhgljhebjmxsbf ijZ\bevghklv hkms_kl\e_gby ^_ckl\by dc" I_j\uf klbfmehf [m^_l kb]gZebaZpby h lZdhf i_j\hf j_amevlZl_ kh\_jr_ggh]h ^_ckl\by dhlhjuc g_ \k_]^Z ^hklb]Z_lky ijb kh\_jr_gbb wlh]h^_ckl\byl_wlhi_j\ucfhf_gl, \dhlhjhf^_ckl\b_fh`_lhldehgblvkyhlaZ^Zg 17 ghc p_eb b \ blh]_ g_ ^hklbqv j_amevlZlZ c ?keb h[jZlgZy Znn_j_glZpby ih^l\_j^bl ijZ \bevghklv kh\_jr_gby ^_ckl\bylh^_ckl\b_fh`_l[ulvijh^he`_ghKe_^mxs_c h[jZlghc Znn_j_glZpb_c ba GenRes(dc) dhgljhebjmxs_c ijZ\bevghklv kh\_jr_gby ^_ckl\by [m^_l h[jZlgZyZnn_j_glZpbyhllZdh]hke_^mxs_]hfhf_glZ^_ckl\bydh]^Zhghkgh\Z\ijbgpbi_ fh`_lhldehgblvkyhlaZ^Zgghcp_ebAZnbdkbjm_ffgh`_kl\hfhf_glh\\j_f_gbWWWN\ dhlhjuo^_ckl\b_ dcti, L N\ijbgpbi_fh`_lhldehgblvkyhlp_ebb\dhlhjuoihemqZ_ fmxh[jZlgmxZnn_j_glZpbxRes(dcti) ke_^m_ldhgljhebjh\ZlvJZah[v_f^_ckl\b_dc gZmqZ kldb dcti, L N I_j\uc mqZklhd ^_ckl\by aZimkdZ_lky dZd fu agZ_f aZdhghf_jghklvx EH[kGF ⇒ dct1. Ihke_ihemq_gbyh[jZlghcZnn_j_glZpbbRes(dct1) h[mki_rghfaZ\_jr_ gbbwlh]hi_j\h]hmqZkldZ^_ckl\bydct1, ^_ckl\b_dc fh`_l[ulvijh^he`_ghIjh^he`_gb_ ^_ckl\by ³aZimkdZ_lky´ aZdhghf_jghklvx Obc(dc t1)&dct1&Res(dct1) ⇒ dct2. WlZ aZdhghf_j ghklv [m^_l h[gZjm`_gZ Z\lhfZlbq_kdb ld \k_ mkeh\by ³kms_kl\_ggu´ m^Ze_gb_ dZdh]heb[hmkeh\bykljh]hmf_gvrZ_lmkeh\gmx\_jhylghklvijZ\beZ\g_cêyijh^he`_gby^_c kl\by >Ze__ ^_ckl\b_ ijh^he`Z_lky ih j_dmj_glguf aZdhghf_jghklyf Obc(dcti)&dcti&Res(dcti) ⇒ dcti+1, i = 1,...,k-\dhlhjuo^_ckl\bydcti bdcti+1 fh]mlkh\iZ^Zlv ?keb êy g_dhlhjuo ihke_^h\Zl_evguo mqZkldh\ ^_ckl\by dcti,..., dcti+l, i+l ≤ N kh\_jrZ_lky h^ghblh`_^_ckl\b_dctlhaZdhghf_jghklvijbf_l\bÔbc(dct)&dct& Res(dct) ⇒ dct, l_ ^_ckl\b_ dct aZimkdZ_l kZfh k_[y _keb lhevdh h[klZgh\hqgZy b h[jZlgZy Znn_j_glZpbb kih kh[kl\mxlijh^he`_gbx^_ckl\by. ?keb`_^_ckl\b_gZdZdhf-lhmqZkld_hldehgblvkyhlp_eb beb[m^_l^hklb]gmldhg_p^_ckl\bydc, lhwlhkjZam`_hljZablkygZh[jZlghcZnn_j_glZpbb Res, dhlhjZyaZimklbl^jm]mxaZdhghf_jghklvLZdbfh[jZahfh[jZlgZyZnn_j_glZpby[m^_l kb]gZehf êy i_j_oh^Z eb[h d dhfi_gkZlhjguf ^_ckl\byf eb[h d aZimkdm gh\h]h mqZkldZ ^_ckl\by. AZdhghf_jghklb ihke_^h\Zl_evgh]h kh\_jr_gby mqZkldh\ ^_ckl\by h[hagZq_gu gZ ^\mfyjy^hfklhysbfbklj_edZfb⇓⇑<wlbaZdhghf_jghklbij_^klZ\e_gu\y\ghf\b ^_ Dh]^Z^_ckl\b_dc fh`ghkqblZlvaZ\_jr_ggufbqlhlZdh_hl^_evgh_^_ckl\b_"AZdh ghf_jghkl_c Obc(dcti)&dcti&Res(dcti) ⇒ dcti+1 ^hklZlhqgh êy i_j_oh^Z hl h^gh]h mqZkldZ ^_ckl\by d ^jm]hfm Gh dh]^Z lj_[m_lky i_j_clb hl h^gh]h wlZigh]h ^_ckl\by d ^jm]hfm lh gZ^hmq_klv\kxkh\hdmighklvihemq_gghch[jZlghcZnn_j_glZpbbbhij_^_eblvaZdhgq_gheb wlZigh_^_ckl\b_bebg_ll_^hklb]gmlg_dhlhjucwlZigucj_amevlZlbebg_l<\_jhylghkl guol_jfbgZojZa^_e_gb_^_ckl\bcda,db,dc,ddgZwlZiuhagZqZ_lqlhihke_dZ`^h]hbagbo \ijbgpbi_fh`_lkh\_jrZlvkyfgh`_kl\h^jm]bo^_ckl\bcbihwlhfmij_^kdZaZgb_gZijb f_j ^_ckl\by db dh]^Z _s_ hkms_kl\e_gh ^_ckl\b_ da \ ijbgpbi_ g_\hafh`gh >_ckl\by GDGEGFGG ihlhfmb jZa^_e_guqlhhgb g_ij_^kdZau\Zxl^jm]^jm]ZDZdlh]^Zfh`_l [ulv hkms_kl\e_g i_j_oh^ hl h^gh]h wlZigh]h ^_ckl\by d ^jm]hfm" Ihgylgh qlh h[jZlghc Znn_j_glZpbb hl ihke_^g_]h mqZkldZ ^_ckl\by Res(dctk) g_ ^hklZlhqgh êy hij_^_e_gby aZ \_jr_gghklb^_ckl\by dc>eygZ^_`gh]hij_^kdZaZgbyaZ\_jr_gghklb^_ckl\by\p_ehfg_ h[oh^bfh agZlv qlh \k_ mqZkldb ^_ckl\by mki_rgh ijhc^_gu l_ ^_ckl\b_ dc = dct1&dct2&...&dctk \uiheg_gh b h[jZlgZy Znn_j_glZpby Res(dc) = Res(dct1)&Res(dct2) &...&Res(dctk) hl\k_ofhf_glh\^_ckl\bcihemq_gZDZdfh`_lbkihevah\ZlvkywlZbgnhjfZ pbyêyi_j_oh^Zdke_^mxs_fm^_ckl\bxdd? Hlf_lbf ke_^mxsbc h[sbc ijbgpbi hj]ZgbaZpbb ij_^kdZaZgbc hkms_kl\ey_fuc fha]hf _keb g_\hafh`gh hkms_kl\blv ij_^kdZaZgb_ gZ gbadhf mjh\g_ g_ ^Ze_dh hl ³\oh^Z´ fha]Z ]^_ bgnhjfZpby ^hklZlhqgh ^_lZevgZ b ehdZevgZ), lh ij_^kdZaZgb_ hkms_ kl\ey_lky q_j_a [he__ \ukhdb_ kehb fha]Z jZkiheh`_ggu_ gb`_ gZ jbk 3) hljZ`Zxsb_ bgl_]jZevgu_ b [he__ bg\ZjbZglgu_ kf jZa^ oZjZdl_jbklbdb \g_rg_c kj_û Ijb wlhfaZf_lbfqlhlZdZykljmdlmjZij_^kdZaZgbchij_^_ey_lkyg_kljh_gb_ffha]ZZkljmdlm jhcij_^kdZaZgbc\g_rg_ckj_ûdhlhjmxmeZ\eb\Z_lfha]JZkkfhljbfgZijbf_j_^_c kl\bydcdZdwlhijhbkoh^bl<khhl\_lkl\bbkjbk³ex[hcj_p_ilhjbebdhf[bgZpbyj_p_i lhjh\fh]ml[ulvk\yaZgukex[ufwnn_dlhjhfbebdhf[bgZpb_cwnn_dlhjh\ÍhwlhfmgZ 18 f_kl_ex[h]h³i_j_dexq_gby´gZijbf_jkh³\oh^ZÓbc(dc)&dc&Res(dc)gZ\uohûdd bd (d -g_cjhgdhg_qgh]hj_amevlZlZ\k_]^Zkms_kl\mxlg_cjhg c,\ha[m`^Zxsbcky[_amkeh\gh hl\ha[m`^_gbcObc(dc)&dc&Res(dc) bi_j_^Zxsbcwlh\ha[m`^_gb_gZ\ohûg_cjhgh\dd b d. 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G_cjhgc kgZqZeZ[m^_l\ha[m`^Zlvkyk\hbf\oh^hfObc(dc)&dc&Res(dc)[_amkeh\ghghaZ l_f\ijhp_kk_\ujZ[hldbmkeh\ghck\yabc ⇒ dbihy\e_gbyiheh`bl_evguowfhpbcg_cjhg c gZqg_l ijbh[j_lZlv k\hckl\Z j_amevlZlZ b h[jZlgZy Znn_j_glZpby Res(dc) gZqg_l h[h]Z sZlvkymkbeb\Zy aZdhghf_jghklvObc(dc)&dc&Res(dc) ⇒ cdhlhjZyl_i_jvm`_[m^_l³kjZ [Zlu\Zlv´ g_ ijhklh [_amkeh\gh Z _s_ b k \_jhylghklvx [ebadhc d qlh fu lZd `_ [m^_f kqblZlv [_amkeh\guf ³kjZ[Zlu\Zgb_f´ g_cjhgZ AZdhghf_jghklv Obc(dc)&dc& Res(dc) ⇒ c, lZdbf h[jZahf Z\lhfZlbq_kdb \dexqbl \ k_[y \k_ \ha[m`^_gby gZb[he__ ihegh blhqghoZ jZdl_jbamxsb_ ^hklb`_gb_ wlZigh]h j_amevlZlZ dc b \hafh`ghklv i_j_oh^Z d ke_^mxs_fm ^_ckl\bxMkbeblkyg_lhevdhaZdhghf_jghklvObc(dc)&dc&Res(dc) ⇒ c,ghb\k_aZdhghf_j ghklb ³[ehdZ´ Obc(dc)&dcti&Res(dcti) ⇒ dcti+1, i = 1,...,k- Mkbe_gb_ wlbo aZdhghf_jghkl_c [m^_l mlhqgylv h[jZlgu_ Znn_j_glZpbb Res(dcti), i = 1,...,k- dhgljhebjmxsb_ j_amevlZlu \k_omqZkldh\^_ckl\byGZkZfhf^_e_bf__lf_klh[he__kbevgh_ml\_j`^_gb_ Fha]\k_]^Zklj_fblvky^h[blvkyihegh]hdhgljheygZ^\g_rgbffbjhfbkq_jiu\Zxs_dhgljhebjmy\gmlj_ggbfaZdhghf_jgufdhglmjhfjZ[hlufha]Zkh[ulby\g_r g_]h dhglmjZ Dh]^Z aZdhghf_jghklb Obc(dcti)&dcti&Res(dcti) ⇒ dcti+1, i = 1,...,k- ihke_ bo mkbe_gbyiheh`bl_evgufbwfhpbyfbgZqgmlk\_jhylghklvx[ebadhcdg_ij_ju\gh\h\j_ f_gbdhgljhebjh\Zlvh[jZlghcbh[klZgh\hqghcZnn_j_glZpbyfbObc(dcti),Res(dcti), i = 1,...,kkh[ulby\g_rg_ckj_ûlh\gmlj_ggbcdhglmjfha]Z[m^_lagZlv\k_qlh_fmg_h[oh^bfhk lhqdb aj_gby ij_^kdZaZgby b ^hklb`_gby p_eb h \g_rg_f dhglmj_ l_ h \g_rg_f fbj_ Bf_gghaZkq_lwlh]hbkha^Z_lkylhm^b\bl_evgh_hsms_gb_qlhfu`b\_f\h\g_rg_ffbj_ ohly_klvki_pbZevgu_wdki_jbf_glukgZ^_\Zgb_fbkdZ`ZxsboebgaihdZau\Zxsb_qlhwlh hsms_gb_y\ey_lkyj_amevlZlhflj_gbjh\db JZa[b_gb_^_ckl\bygZwlZiu\ijhp_kk_h[mq_gbyijhbkoh^blihkl_i_gghbihklhyggh DZdm`_]h\hjbehkvi_j\hgZqZevgufwlZihfnhjfbjh\ZgbynmgdpbhgZevguokbkl_fb\lhf qbke_ wlZiguo j_amevlZlh\ y\ey_lky f_lh^ ³ijh[ b hrb[hd´ b bkke_^h\Zl_evkdZy ^_yl_ev ghklv?keb\j_amevlZl_lZdhc^_yl_evghklbj_amevlZl[m^_l^hklb]gmllhgZc^_gguckihkh[ ^_ckl\byaZdj_iblky\\b^_ihke_^h\Zl_evghklb^_ckl\bcObc(dcti)&dcti&Res(dcti) ⇒ dcti+1, i = 1,...,k-\dhlhjhcg_[m^_lgbdZdbowlZih\H[klZgh\hqghcObc(dcti) bh[jZlghcRes(dcti) Zn n_j_glZpbyfb\k_oqZkl_c^_ckl\by[m^_l\kyh[klZgh\hqgZybh[jZlgZyZnn_j_glZpbbdhlh ju_ [ueb ihemq_gu \ khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ fhf_glu \j_f_gb Ijb ih\lhj_gbb wlh]h ^_ckl\by [m^_lf_gylvkyh[klZgh\dZbh[jZlgZyZnn_j_glZpbyhlmqZkldh\ ^_ckl\byihwlhfm\aZdhgh f_jghklbObc(dcti)&dcti&Res(dcti) ⇒ dcti+1, i = 1,...,k-gZqg_l\oh^blv[he__lhqgZybg\Zjb ZglgZy kf jZa^ h[klZgh\hqgZy b h[jZlgZy Znn_j_glZpbb <u^_e_gb_ wlZih\ ^_ckl\bc b aZdhghf_jghkl_cwlZih\lbiZObc(dc)&dc&Res(dc) ⇒ ck\b^_l_evkl\mxsbohaZ\_jr_gghklb wlZiZ ^_ckl\by \hafh`gh lhevdh lh]^Z dh]^Z \ j_amevlZl_ hkms_kl\e_gby jZaghh[jZaghc ^_yl_evghklbZg_lhevdh\mkeh\byogZijbf_jh^gh]hbgkljmf_glZevgh]hj_ne_dkZklZg_l ykghqlhaZ^_ckl\b_fdc fh`_lihke_^h\Zlvfgh`_kl\h^jm]bo^_ckl\bcbagZqblij_^kdZ 19 aZgb_ b Zdlb\Zpby ke_^mxs_]h aZ dc ^_ckl\by ih aZdhghf_jghklyf lbiZ Obc(dck)&dck&Res(dck) ⇒ ddt1]^_N-ihke_^gbcmqZklhd^_ckl\bydc, hdZ`_lkym`_ijhklh g_\hafh`gufihlhcijhklhcijbqbg_qlhg_ba\_klghdZdh_^he`gh[ulv^Zevr_^_ckl\b_ Ihwlhfm Zdlb\Zpby ke_^mxs_]h ^_ckl\by [m^_l \hafh`gZ m`_ lhevdh q_j_a aZdhghf_jghklb lbiZ Obc(dc)&dc& Res(dc) ⇒ kIhgylghqlh_keb\ijhp_kk_kh\_jr_gkl\h\Zgby^_ckl\bc\ b]jZobeb\ijhn_kkbhgZevghc^_yl_evghklb\uykgblvkyqlhbkZfh^_ckl\b_dc _klvdhf[b gZpbyg_kdhevdbo[he__we_f_glZjguo^_ckl\bcdhlhju_lZd`_ih-jZaghfmfh]mldhf[bgb jh\Zlvky ijb ^hklb`_gbb jZaguo p_e_c lh ^_ckl\b_ dc lZd `_ Z\lhfZlbq_kdb jZah[v_lky gZ [he__ f_edb_ wlZiu dc1,...,dclLZd`_dZdbêy^_ckl\bydc, êywlbowlZih\Z\lhfZlbq_kdb [m^mlgZc^_guaZdhghf_jghklbj_amevlZlh\lbiZObc(dcj)&dcj& Res(dcj) ⇒ cj, j = 1,...,l. 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FuhibkZebdZdZ\lhfZlbq_kdbkljhblkyb_jZjoby^_ckl\bc\ijhp_kk_h[mq_gbyb dZdbfbaZdhghf_jghklyfbb\ha[m`^_gbyfbwlb^_ckl\by\uihegyxlkyGhgZkZfhf\_jog_f mjh\g_ hj]ZgbaZpbb ^_ckl\bc fu\k_jZ\ghg_agZ_fdZdbfbaZdhghf_jghklyfb^he`ghhkm s_kl\eylvkyi_j_dexq_gb_kh^gh]h^_ckl\bygZ^jm]h_ldjZagu_wlZiu^_ckl\byg_ij_^ kdZau\Zxl ^jm] ^jm]Z Hj]ZgbaZpby ^_ckl\bc gZ kZfhf \_jog_f mjh\g_ m`_ g_ fh`_l [ulvhj]Zgbah\ZgZaZdhghf_jghklyfb, ldaZ\bkblg_hlkljmdlmjuij_^kdZaZgbc\g_r g_ckj_ûZhlp_e_c^hklb]Z_fuohj]ZgbafhfLZddZdp_evklZ\blkyfhlb\Zpbhgguf\ha [m`^_gb_f><bly_\@lhhgZy\ey_lkykm]m[h\gmlj_gg_cihklZgh\dhcêyhj]ZgbafZp_eb H^gZdhihke_ihklZgh\dbp_ebhp_gdZ\_jhylghklb__^hklb`_gbyfh`_l[ulvhkms_kl\e_gZ ihh[gZjm`_ggufaZdhghf_jghklyfqlhbhkms_kl\ey_lkyi_j_dexqZxs_cnmgdpb_cwfh pbc gZklZ^bbijbgylbyj_r_gbcGZkZfhf\_jog_fmjh\g_hj]ZgbaZpbb^_ckl\bchgbhj ]ZgbamxlkygZklZ^bbijbgylbyj_r_gbc]^_hgbij_^klZ\eyxlkh[hcdZdijZ\behebg_cgmx ihke_^h\Zl_evghklvhl^_evguo³[ehdh\´^_ckl\bcLZddZd\wlhcihke_^h\Zl_evghklb^_ckl \bchp_gdZ\_jhylghklbij_^kdZaZgbydhg_qgh]hj_amevlZlZ\k_]^Zkljh]h\hajZklZ_llhijb gylb_ j_r_gbc ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc k\h_h[jZaguc k_fZglbq_kdbc ³[ehqguc´ \_jhylgh klguc\u\h^gZbemqr_]hieZgZ^_ckl\bykf[he__ih^jh[gh^Ze__<j_amevlZl_ihemqZ _lkylZihke_^h\Zl_evghklvbb_jZjobyj_amevlZlh\dhlhjZyhibkZgZ\L_hjbbnmgdpbhgZev guokbkl_fAZf_lbfqlhwlmihke_^h\Zl_evghklvbb_jZjobxj_amevlZlh\dhlhjZyZ\lhfZlb q_kdbmlhqgy_lkybkh\_jr_gkl\m_lky\ijhp_kk_^_yl_evghklbfu\u\_ebbaZgZebaZkljmd lmju ij_^kdZaZgbc kh[ulbc \h \g_rg_c kj_^_ dhlhju_ meZ\eb\Zxlky aZdhghf_jghklyfb ba {PRFJW`Ko_fulZdbfh[jZahf^ZxlgZfkljmdlmjmbijhp_kknmgdpbhgbjh \ZgbynhjfZevghcfh^_ebjZ[hlufha]Zhkgh\ZgghcgZijbgpbi_ij_^kdZaZgby H[tykgbfl_i_jvdZdfh`_lkh\_jr_gkl\h\Zlvky^_yl_evghklv\gmljbhl^_evgh]h³[ehdZ´ ^_ckl\bc <ijhp_kk_b]jbeb ijhn_kkbhgZevghc^_yl_evghklbihke_^h\Zl_evghklvmqZ kldh\^_ckl\bcbkhhl\_lkl\mxsb_h[jZlgu_Znn_j_glZpbbObc(dc)& dcti&Res(dcti) ⇒ dcti+1, i = 1,...,k-fh]ml\Zjvbjh\Zlvky?kebihke_lZdbo\ZjbZpbcj_amevlZlc g_[m^_l^hklb]gmllh 21 \hagbdg_lhjb_glbjh\hqgh-bkke_^h\Zl_evkdZyj_ZdpbybhljbpZl_evgu_wfhpbbdhlhju_ih gbaylhp_gdb\_jhylghklb\k_o³kjZ[hlZ\rboáZdhghf_jghkl_cb\ke_^mxsbcjZawlbaZdh ghf_jghklb\jyêb[m^mlZdlb\babjh\ZguDZdba\_klghhjb_glbjh\hqgh-bkke_^h\Zl_evkdZy j_Zdpby \hagbdZ_l \kydbc jZa dh]^Z h`b^Z_fuc Zdp_ilhjhf j_amevlZlh\ ^_ckl\by j_amevlZl g_ ^hklb]gml Ij_îheh`bf qlh \ ijhp_kk_ b]ju gZc^_gu lZdb_ \ZjbZpbb dc’ ^_ckl\by dc, dhlhju_ ih khhl\_lkl\mxsbf aZdhghf_jghklyf Obc(dc’ti)&dc’ti&Res(dc’ti) ⇒ dc’ti+1, i = 1,...,k’- [m^ml ijb\h^blv d ^hklb`_gbx lZdbo j_amevlZlh\ c’, qlh ihke_ hkms_kl\e_gby hk lZevguo ^_ckl\bc hgb lZd `_ [m^ml ijb\h^blv d dhg_qghfm j_amevlZlm < wlhf kemqZ_ wlb \ZjbZpbb[m^mlaZdj_ie_gu?kebihke_g_h^ghdjZlgh]hijbf_g_gby\ZjbZpbcdc’ bihemq_ gbydhg_qgh]hj_amevlZlZhdZ`_lkyqlh ihke_^hklb`_gbyj_amevlZlZc’ dhg_qgucj_amevlZl ^hklb]Z_lky k [hevr_c \_jhylghklvx ih aZdhghf_jghklb c’ ⇒ d, q_f ihke_ j_amevlZlZ c ih aZdhghf_jghklb c ⇒ d, lh \k_ aZdhghf_jghklb ³[ehdZ´ ijb\h^ysb_ d j_amevlZlm c’ klZgml bf_lv [hevrmx hp_gdm mkeh\ghc \_jhylghklb LZd dZd aZdhghf_jghklb bf_xsb_ [hevrmx hp_gdm mkeh\ghc \_jhylghklb kjZ[Zlu\Zxl [uklj__ lh aZimkd ^_ckl\by dc’ [m^_l kjZ[Zlu \Zlv[uklj__ih\j_f_gbq_faZimkd^_ckl\bydc. :dlb\babjh\Z\rbkv^_ckl\b_dc’ \ulhjfh abl lhjfhagufb aZdhghf_jghklyfb \k_ g_ kh\f_klbfu_ k gbf ^_ckl\by Lhjfhagu_ aZdhgh f_jghklbbf_xllhqghlZdmx`_ijbjh^mqlhb\ha[m`^Zxsb_ghêyijhklhlufubojZk kfZljb\Zlvg_[m^_fIhwlhfmfha]Z\lhfZlbq_kdbi_j_dexqblkygZaZimkd[he__wnn_d lb\gh]h^_ckl\byGF¶ 5.3. H[tykg_gb_ p_e_gZijZ\e_gghc ^_yl_evghklb \ L_hjbb nmgdpbhgZevguo kbk l_fJZkkfhljbfbh[tykgbfgZhkgh\_ko_fihke_^h\Zl_evgh\k_klZ^bbhj]ZgbaZ pbbp_e_gZijZ\e_ggh]hih\_^_gby\khhl\_lkl\bbkL_hjb_cnmgdpbhgZevguokbkl_fbBg nhjfZpbhgghcl_hjb_cwfhpbcZlZd`_g_dhlhju_baijhpblbjh\Zgguo\ur_k\hckl\Zdp_i lhjZj_amevlZlh\^_ckl\by :nn_j_glguckbgl_a><bly_\@hkms_kl\ey_lkyZdlb\Zpb_c↓ fhlb\Zpb_cFjZaebq guoihke_^h\Zl_evghkl_c^_ckl\bcda,db,dc,ddba\e_dZ_fuofhlb\Zpb_cbaiZfylbDZd\b^ ghbako_fbijbwlhfZ\lhfZlbq_kdbmqblu\Z_lky\kyh[klZgh\hqgZyZnn_j_glZpbyb kZfZfhlb\ZpbydZdklbfme³Ba\e_q_gb_baiZfylb´wlhg_\ha[m`^_gb_^_ckl\bcZlZdZybo Zdlb\ZpbydhlhjZyijhba\h^blkylhevdhfhlb\Zpbhgguf\ha[m`^_gb_f\\b^m_]hobfbq_kdhc ki_pbnbqghklb b k\h_h[jZaghc ³iZqdhh[jZaghc´ Zdlb\ghklb ³>hfbgbjmxsZy fhlb\Zpby hljZ`Z_lky\oZjZdl_jghfjZkij_^_e_gbbf_`bfimevkguobgl_j\Zeh\\g_cjhgZojZaebqguo hl^_eh\ fha]Z JZkij_^_e_gb_ f_`bfimevkguo bgl_j\Zeh\ ghkbl oZjZdl_j ki_pbnbq_kdbc êy jZaebqgh]h [bheh]bq_kdh]h dZq_kl\Z fhlb\Zpbc´ >Km^Zdh\ K @ ³LZdbf h[jZahf iZqdhh[jZagZyjblfbdZp_gljZevguog_cjhgh\\mkeh\byo^hfbgbjmxs_]hibs_\h]hfhlb \Zpbhggh]h \ha[m`^_gby hljZ`Z_l ijhp_kku h`b^Zgby ibs_\h]h ih^dj_ie_gby´ >Km^Zdh\ k@ LZdZy Zdlb\ghklv _klv dZd [u ³\hh[jZ`_gb_´ iha\heyxs__ fhlb\Zpbb ih bf_x sbfky aZdhghf_jghklyf nhjfbjh\Zlv dhgdj_lgmx p_ev Zdp_ilhj j_amevlZlh\ ^_ckl\bc b ieZg ^_ckl\bc Ihemq_gb_ j_Zevguo, Z g_ \ “\hh[jZ`_gbb´ j_amevlZlh\ kjZam `_ kgbfZ_l ki_pbnbq_kdmx Zdlb\Zpbx ↓ fhlb\Zpb_c wlbo j_amevlZlh\ ³m^Zehkv h[t_dlb\ghaZnbdkbjh \Zlv ijhp_kkh`b^ZgbyiZjZf_ljh\ibs_\h]hih^dj_ie_gbybke_^h\Zl_evghijyfhhlg_klb bodZiiZjZlmZdp_ilhjZj_amevlZlh\^_ckl\byLZdbfbhdZaZebkvg_cjhgudhlhju_m]heh^ guo `b\hlguo ijhy\eyxl \ujZ`_ggmx iZqdhh[jZagmx Zdlb\ghklv ;ueh mklZgh\e_gh qlh ijZdlbq_kdb\k_g_cjhguklZdhcnhjfhc Zdlb\ghklbg_f_ê_gghi_j_oh^ylgZj_]meyjgmx jZajy^gmx^_yl_evghklvdZdlhevdh`b\hlgu_m^h\e_l\hjyxlk\hx^hfbgbjmxsmxibs_ \mxihlj_[ghklvIjbq_f[uehhlf_q_ghqlhdh]^Z]heh^gh_`b\hlgh_\b^blibsmiZqdh h[jZagZyZdlb\ghklvaZf_gy_lkygZj_]meyjgmxij_bfms_kl\_gghmg_cjhgh\ajbl_evghch[ eZklbdhjufha]Zijb\\_^_gbbibsb\jhlh\mxihehklv-mg_cjhgh\lZeZfbq_kdhch[eZklb ijbihklmie_gbbibsb\`_em^hd-mg_cjhgh\]bihlZeZfbq_kdhch[eZklbijb\\_^_gbb]ex dhau\djh\v-mg_cjhgh\kl\heZfha]Z´>Km^Zdh\k@Bako_f\b^ghqlh\k_ 22 wlZiu Znn_j_glgh]h kbgl_aZ - fhlb\Zpby iZfylv h[klZgh\hqgZy b imkdh\Zy Znn_j_glZpbb _kl_kl\_ggufh[jZahfkeb\Zxlky IeZg^_ckl\bcFhlb\Zpby³ba\e_dZ_lbaiZfylb´g_ijhklhihke_^h\Zl_evghklb^_ckl \bc da,db,dc,dd Z ieZgu ^_ckl\bc \uiheg_gb_ dhlhjuo ijb\h^beh jZgvr_ d ^hklb`_gbx p_eb >Ze__ gZ klZ^bb ijbgylby j_r_gbc ba \k_o ³ba\e_q_gguo ba iZfylb´ ieZgh\ ^_ckl\bc [m^_l\u[jZgh^bgieZgIhkdhevdmieZg^_ckl\bc³ba\e_dZ_lkybaiZfylb´^h\kydbo^_ckl \bc lh Zdlb\Zpby aZdhghf_jghkl_c ieZgZ fh`_l hkms_kl\eylvky lhevdh \ ³\hh[jZ`_gbb´ ;he__ lhqgh ieZg ^_ckl\bcij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc ihke_^h\Zl_evghklvaZdhghf_jghkl_c dh lhju_Zdlb\bjmxlky\³\hh[jZ`_gbbíh\gmlj_gg_fmdhglmjmjZ[hlufha]Zh[hagZq_gghfm gZklj_edhc→<wlZihke_^h\Zl_evghklvij_^klZ\e_gZkj_^g_cp_ihqdhcda ⇒ a ⇒ db ⇒ b ⇒ dc ⇒ c ⇒ dd ⇒ d. Ihwlhcp_ihqd_ijhbkoh^bl³hi_j_`_gb_oh^Zkh[ulbc\hlgh r_gbyof_`^mhj]Zgbafhfb\g_rgbffbjhf´WlZp_ihqdZij_^klZ\ey_lkh[hcihke_^h\Z l_evgh³kjZ[Zlu\Zxsb_´\³\hh[jZ`_gbbáZdhghf_jghklbkf (5) Obc(da)&da&Res(da) ⇒ a, Obc(db)&db& Res(db) ⇒ b, Obc(dc)&dc&Res(dc) ⇒ c, Obc(dd)&dd&Res(dd) ⇒ d. ³KjZ[Zlu\Zgb_´\³\hh[jZ`_gbb´hagZqZ_li_j_^ZqmwlbfbaZdhghf_jghklyfbiZqdhh[jZaghc Zdlb\ghklbghg_j_]meyjgh_\ha[m`^_gb_i_j_oh^gZdhlhjh_hkms_kl\ey_lkylhevdhihke_ ihemq_gby j_Zevguo j_amevlZlh\ b [_amkeh\gh]h bo kjZ[Zlu\Zgby Qlh agZqbl ³kjZ[Zlu\Zgb_´\³\hh[jZ`_gbb´gZijbf_jaZdhghf_jghklbObc(da)&da& Res(da) ⇒ aijbhlkmlkl\bb j_amevlZlZRes(da)"LZdh_³kjZ[Zlu\Zgb_´hkms_kl\ey_lkyih[he__keZ[ufaZdhghf_jghklyf kf (6) Obc(da)&da ⇒ a, Obc(db)&db ⇒ b, Obc(dc)&dc ⇒ c, Obc(dd)&dd ⇒ d, dhlhju_\khhl\_lkl\bbknhjfZevghcfh^_evxg_cjhgZbk_fZglbq_kdbf\_jhylghklguf\u \h^hfjbklZd`_h[gZjm`b\Zxlkyg_cjhgZfba, b, c, dGh³kjZ[Zlu\Zgb_´g_cjhgh\a, b, c, d ih aZdhghf_jghklyf g_ hagZqZ_l qlh g_ [m^ml h`b^Zlvky h[jZlgu_ Znn_j_glZpbb Res(da), Res(db), Res(dc), Res(dd) hl j_amevlZlh\ ^_ckl\bc \dexq_ggu_ \ [he__ ³lhqgu_´ aZdhghf_jghklbl_o`_kZfuog_cjhgh\a, b, c, d.;he__³lhqgZyáZdhghf_jghklv\dexqZ_l \k_[yf_g__³lhqgmx´dZdgZijbf_jaZdhghf_jghklvObc(da)&da& Res(da) ⇒ a \dexqZ_l\ k_[yaZdhghf_jghklvObc(da)&da ⇒ a;he__³lhqgZyáZdhghf_jghklvjZkiheh`_gZgZlhc`_ \_ld_ k_fZglbq_kdh]h ]jZnZ jbk qlh b f_g__ lhqgZy b agZqbl _keb g_cjhghf h[gZjm`_gZ [he__³lhqgZyáZdhghf_jghklvlh\k_]^Zh[gZjm`_gZbf_g__³lhqgZy´;he__³lhqgZyáZdh ghf_jghklv\k_]^Zbf__lkljh]h[hevrmxhp_gdmij_^kdZaZgbyb\wlhfkfuke_mlhqgy_l[h e__ keZ[mx aZdhghf_jghklv ³KjZ[Zlu\Zgb_´ f_g__ ³lhqghc´ aZdhghf_jghklb ijb gZebqbb [he__³lhqghc´\k_]^ZhagZqZ_lqlh\[hevrbgkl\_kemqZ_\\ijhrehfq_j_adZdhc-lhfhf_gl \j_f_gb ijboh^beZ gZ ³\oh^´ g_cjhgZ b ³mlhqgyxsZy´ bgnhjfZpby iha\heyxsZy ³kjZ[h lZlv´ b [he__ lhqghc aZdhghf_jghklb b l_f kZfuf k^_eZlv [he__ lhqgh_ ij_^kdZaZgb_ dZd wlZigh]h lZd b dhg_qgh]h j_amevlZlZ \ ijhlb\ghf kemqZ_ [he__ ³lhqgZy´ aZdhghf_jghklv g_ kfh]eZ[u[ulvh[gZjm`_gZgZhkgh\Zgbbijhreh]hhiulZIhwlhfmg_kfhljygZ³kjZ[Zlu \Zgb_´f_g__lhqghcaZdhghf_jghklbg_cjhgh`b^Z_lihklmie_gb_mlhqgyxs_cbgnhjfZpbb ?]hh`b^Zgb_khklhbl\lhfqlhhg]hlh\g_f_ê_gghkf_gvrbfeZl_glgufi_jbh^hfkjZ [Zlu\Zgbyg_cjhgZ\\b^m[he__\ukhdhc\_jhylghklbwlhcaZdhghf_jghklb³kjZ[hlZlv´m\_ ebqblvqZklhlmbfimevkZpbc\khhl\_lkl\bbkm\_ebq_gb_f\_jhylghklbij_^kdZaZgbyih[h e__³kbevghcáZdhghf_jghklbGhdZd[uehh[tykg_ghjZg__aZdhghf_jghklbg_ijhklh y\eyxlky[he__³lhqgufb´Zkb]gZebabjmxl[_amkeh\ghk\_jhylghklvx[ebadhcdbebih [_amkeh\ghfm klbfmem h nZdlbq_kdhf ^hklb`_gbb j_amevlZlZ qlh kgbfZ_l ³iZqdhh[jZagmx´Zdlb\ghklvbi_j_\h^blg_cjhggZj_]meyjgmxZdlb\ghklvl_fkZfufjZaebqZy “\hh[ jZ`_gb_” bnZdlIhdZ`_h[jZlgu_Znn_j_glZpbbhlj_amevlZlh\g_ihemq_gu³iZqdhh[jZagZy´Zdlb\ghklvfhlb\Zpbbi_j_\h^blg_cjhgua, b, c, d \khklhygb_h`b^Zgbywlboj_amevlZ lh\ldj_]meyjghcZdlb\ghklvx[_amkeh\ghcwlbg_cjhgu³kjZ[hlZlv´g_fh]mlihlhcijb 23 qbg_ qlh mkeh\by wlbo aZdhghf_jghkl_c g_ \uiheg_gu \ kbem lh]h qlh h^gh ba mkeh\bc Res(da), Res(db), Res(dc), Res(dd) g_\uiheg_ghIhwlhfmg_cjhgua, b, c, dkh^ghcklhjhgu i_j_^Zxl iZqdhh[jZagmx Zdlb\ghklv \ ³\hh[jZ`_gbb´ ih aZdhghf_jghklyf Z k ^jm]hc klhjhgu h`b^Zxl h[jZlgmx Znn_j_glZpbx Res(da), Res(db), Res(dc), Res(dd), lj_[m_fmx [he__kbevgufbaZdhghf_jghklyfbkjZ[Zlu\Zxsbfb[_amkeh\ghihke_q_]hhgbi_j_oh ^yl \ j_]meyjgmx Zdlb\ghklv:dlb\Zpby\ ³\hh[jZ`_gbb´j_amevlZlh\a, b, c, d, Zdlb\bjm_l ke_^mxsb_^_ckl\byihp_ihqd_aZdhghf_jghkl_c L_fkZfuf\³\hh[jZ`_gbb´Zdlb\bab jm_lky\_kvieZg^_ckl\bcwnn_dlb\ghklvdhlhjh]h\p_ehfhp_gb\Z_lkygZke_^mxs_fwlZ i_-wlZi_ijbgylbyj_r_gbc Ijbgylb_ j_r_gbc hkms_kl\ey_lky ijb jZkkfhlj_gbb ieZgZ ^_ckl\bc k mq_lhf i_j_ dexqZxs_c nmgdpbb wfhpbc l_ gZ hkgh\Zgbb dZq_kl\Z \hagbdr_c wfhpbb b \_jhylghklb ijh]ghaZ^hklb`_gbyp_ebih^ZgghfmieZgm<_jhylghklvijh]ghaZhp_gb\Z_lkyg_ihieZgm DZd [ueh kdZaZgh ijbgpbibZevgh g_ kms_kl\m_l ohjhrbo f_lh^h\ i_j_kq_lZ \_jhylgh kl_c ij_^kdZaZgby ³\^h]hgdm´ eh]bq_kdhfm \u\h^m dhlhjuc ij_^klZ\e_g a^_kv ieZghf 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dZq_kl\mfhlb\ZpbbbaZdhghf_jghklb^Zxs_c\_jhylghklgmxhp_gdmieZgZGhêyihe ghcj_ZebaZpbbi_j_dexqZxs_cnmgdpbbwfhpbc\ijhp_kk_ijbgylbyj_r_gbcg_h[oh^bfh ^himklblv \hafh`ghklvijhba\hevghc \ZjbZpbbieZgZ\ ³\hh[jZ`_gbb´ Wlhhkms_kl\ey_lky fha]hfdZdk\h_h[jZaguc³[ehqguc´k_fZglbq_kdbc\_jhylghklguc\u\h^ JZkkfhljbf[he__ih^jh[ghdZdfha]hkms_kl\ey_l³[ehqguc´k_fZglbq_kdbc\_jhylgh klguc\u\h^Wlhh^gh\j_f_gghh[tykgbldZdkh\_jr_gkl\m_lkyieZg^_ckl\bc (3) \ p_ehfiml_f_]hehdZevguobbeb]eh[Zevguobaf_g_gbcWlhijhbkoh^ylaZkq_lbaf_g_ gbc\u\h^Ziml_f\ZjbZpbbieZgZ^_ckl\bc\khhl\_lkl\bbki_j_dexqZxs_cnmgdpb _cwfhpbcIjbgylb_j_r_gbykhklhbl\lhfqlhijb^Zgghcfhlb\ZpbbFbkhijh\h`^Zx s_c__hljbpZl_evghcwfhpbbfha]klj_fblkygZclblZdhcieZg^_ckl\bcdhlhjuc^Z\Ze[u fZdkbfZevgmxiheh`bl_evgmxwfhpbx-ij_^\hkobs_gb_^hklb`_gbyj_amevlZlZhij_ ^_e_ggh]hdZq_kl\ZkfZdkbfZevghchp_gdhc\_jhylghklb^hklb`bfhklbwlh]hj_amevlZ lZ AZ kq_l Zdlb\bjmxs_]h ^_ckl\by fhlb\Zpbb F fha] \ ³\hh[jZ`_gbb´ fh`_l ³ijhb]ju \Zlv´jZaebqgu_\ZjbZglu^hklb`_gbyp_ebIjbwlhf\k_g_h[oh^bfu_êy^hklb`_gbydh g_qghcp_ebwlZigu_j_amevlZlukljh]hm\_ebqb\Zxsb_\_jhylghklv^hklb`_gbydhg_qgh]h j_amevlZlZ \dexqZxlky \ j_amevlbjmxsbc ieZg ^_ckl\bc Ihwlhfm ijbgylb_ j_r_gbc b _klv ijhp_kk hj]ZgbaZpbb k_fZglbq_kdh]h ³[ehqgh]h´ \_jhylghklgh]h \u\h^Z (2),(3), hkms_kl\ey_fh]h fha]hf ³Ijhb]ju\Zy´ jZaebqgu_ ieZgu ^_ckl\bc fha] ijhb]ju\Z_l l_f kZfuf jZaebqgu_ k_fZglbq_kdb_ \_jhylghklgu_ \u\hû iulZykv gZclb lZdhc dhlhjuc [u h[_ki_qbe dZd lj_[m_fh_ dZq_kl\h p_eb lZd b fZdkbfZevgmx hp_gdm \_jhylghklb ij_^kdZaZgbyLZdbfh[jZahfwfhpbbdZdbgl_]jZevgu_hp_gdbj_r_gbcy\eyxlky\lh`_\j_fy l_fb hp_gdZfb dhlhju_ hj]Zgbamxl k_fZglbq_kdbc \_jhylghklguc \u\h^ dZd hl^_ev 24 guo g_cjhgh\ iml_f ih^dj_ie_gby kf jbk lZd b fha]Z \ p_ehf gZoh^y gZbemqrbc ³[ehqguc´k_fZglbq_kdbc\_jhylghklguc\u\h^. 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Ih^dheh^guc GE Hl wdki_jlguo kbkl_fdkbkl_fZfkha^Zxsbfl_hjbbij_^f_lguoh[eZkl_cDhfivxl_jgucZgZebakljmd lmjunmgdpbbbw\hexpbb]_g_lbq_kdbofZdjhfhe_dmeGh\hkb[bjkdk- 282. >=b[khg >` @ =b[khg >` Wdheh]bq_kdbc ihôh^ d ajbl_evghfm \hkijbylbx F Ijh]j_kkK >?jrh\KZfho\Zeh\@?jrh\XEKZfho\Zeh\DNHgh\hfihôh^_dnbehkhnbb fZl_fZlbdb Kljmdlmjguc ZgZeba kbf\hevguo ihke_^h\Zl_evghkl_c Gh\hkb[bjkd k 141 - <ui<uqbkebl_evgu_kbkl_fu >GZck_j M @ GZck_j M IhagZgb_ b j_Zevghklv Kfuke b ijbgpbiu dh]gblb\ghc ikboheh]bbFIjh]j_kkk >Iheydh\=B@Iheydh\=BHijbgpbiZog_cjhgghchj]ZgbaZpbbfha]ZF=MF k >Kbfhgh\@Kbfhgh\I<WfhpbhgZevgucfha]FGZmdZk >Kbfhgh\ @ Kbfhgh\ I< <ukrZy g_j\gZy ^_yl_evghklv q_eh\_dZ fhlb\ZpbhgghwfhpbhgZevgu_Zki_dluFGZmdZk 31 >Km^Zdh\@Km^Zdh\D<Kbkl_fgu_f_oZgbafuwfhpbhgZevgh]hklj_kkZFF_^b pbgZk >Km^Zdh\ @ Km^Zdh\ D< H[sZy L_hjby NmgdpbhgZevguo kbkl_f F F_^bpb gZk >LNK@NmgdpbhgZevgu_kbkl_fuhj]ZgbafZIh^j_^D<Km^Zdh\ZFF_^bpb gZK >R\ujdh\ <; @ R\ujdh\ <; H kbkl_fguo hkgh\Zo ikbohnbabheh]bb // Kbkl_fgucihôh^dikbohnbabheh]bq_kdhcijh[e_f_GZmdZFk- 22. 26. 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