. . , , 2013 . . , , 2013, 312 . ! " # $ . ISBN 978-5-89394-242-2 ISBN 978-5-89394-242-2 © % ! & '( ) ...........................................................................................4 ............................................................................................5 I. ! "# $% & ' ( ) " " , "# $% & -"-, -" # + # %-, / 0& & + # %-, / 0& ...........................................8 *&+ '! +....................................8 -"#!,"!#. ........................................15 ............................................................25 .......................................................37 II. ............................66 # 1 + * # 1 + " # ................................................66 -" # + " # : "# $% & -"-, ' # ............................68 # ", $ %' # "# * 2 $ %. ( " # ..............................87 # ( $-, 0& , 0# *-" (& . ( " # ....................91 " #-, 0& , ,& . $-"( ..................................122 I. ..........................................................................122 II. ...............................................126 * + ..........................................137 , * " " , ....................................140 III. , ...............................................150 IV. ....................................................................................232 V. .......................................................................237 VI. .................................................238 ..................................................................................248 ..............................................272 3 3 '% ' $* # 4 * ( ' ( 1990 &. 2003 &. . ( " , * , ( # $ " " / " , «" +*" " & 0 ». 1990–2007 &&. / +/ " , / ! / 1 , "" ( * / " / ! ,. 2007 &. – , & & , & . ' « » ( « -2 ,»). * *" , ,, . .« , » « , + & 3 4 , & ». 4 ( ( , 5 . ! " ! & 3 4 , & " , * ! ! / + . & +/ / / ! +/ 4 /, ! «% " & & & & , * " + # *, + 0 , $ 1 & 0 # , ,, " * / 2 +/ /.» * ' , *, " 6, , . . # « 4 * , +* , * * " $ 3 , % 3 2007 &. ( / . . ( / " ! 5 , & , + 4 " & +, ! , $ & , » " & *« , + , $ , / & / *« », $ ! +/ , +, " , , : (some knowledge) * ! " " , $# " / , # * / , & & & " / ,, & + # - * ». * 4 $ & , 0 , - * " # , , / «& ! +" . , / " * 4 *" , , 0 +/ * # , , " +/ * 1 1971 &. +* & , & *, , * ( $, . # , ». - , + + & , - ( ) ( ). . . 2 Samuel Barrett Miles. The Countries and Tribes of the Persian Gulf. London: Harrison and Sons, 1919. Vol. 2, . 419. 5 4 /& , & 0 , /, ! & , 0 & & ! " , 4 « -(! ». ' $ – 5 5 , . " / # +, # +, « » . , + + , 0 & * « & , " , / " , . * " , / * / " , " * … * * 5 , & * . " " , +,, , - , * * , 0 + XXI ». , , ! +* #– & / $ $ 3 . ' 5 * " . $ $ # , … * ' ' , ! +/ / 4 /. , , , ! + + . , , " ,+ . " * " , + , , * – , " * 7 , & " / ! / +/ « . +/ » " * /, *, " " ! +/ & & . , #+ ( , / ! & / / & ) " $ , 4 & & +/ " , – , % 3 ! ,% 3 , 5*,, ( , + , * . – * " , " " / ! $ +/ , * , 4 / & " ! & (5 ), – 0 , # " . ' / 5 " , ,: « " , 0 0 , +/ & , " " # , , * , *+ 0 , ( ;<= > ?@ 89: ). $ , " , /0 , *, $& +/ , +/ +/ $ * " , & +/ * / " , . + , , 0 , " , * 3 « , , (pedigree) , , , , .» (Samuel Barrett Miles. The Countries and Tribes of the Persian Gulf. Vol. 2, . 419). 6 , ! , , ( & * & « " # « $ # . / /« $ & A $ , 0 », + . 5 & # + », " , & & " + $ " , /» / " & ,, +, 0 , ». & " , * & , & , +/. & 0 . " " 7 , " $. / / ! , ! .» - «& . + " " + ! , , , – " , " . / ,, , , 5 « & +» , . , & «, » , & -"5 1 ' 2 % ! "# $% & ' 3 ( ) * , # , !" , +/ +/ " $ *. 5 % ! & *, " ,& & & " 4 +. & . " + ( . . +/ # 0 , # : 5 « + (! 4 0 4 ! ' " * * &+ " : «) + , ," * / 4 , / ! #+ ) " " , (! , + " ( '! # (flexible) , * " . , , & & & , " ! , " 5 $ + +/ & , " , , " , +* & $ " , % / +, ! & - " »( «+ $ , ». . : Sabour and Vikør. Ethnic encounter and culture change. Bergen/London, 1997). $ "( : –« ", * " , $ . (/ " - )» (Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World, vol 2. Editor in chief Richard C. Martin. New York: Macmillan, 2004, . 699). 5 0 / " " " $ / / " , " – / ". / " , " ". 8 , , " " , + 6 " , , # " , +/ -3 , $ " * " 4 $. / . & " ! / * 100 + & * . + & ," " , & " , , 4 . 4 */ * " – (! – , / 4 " * 4 */ , 6 " , .» & ! : « B / " 4 $ & & " , % 3 , " & & / [" , ]. 6 + " ! & 0 , " , ! " % 3 , , " $. " , + / . & [ 5 & " , ] 7 " , ». ! , . " , , . 8 2003 &. ! & «C -" » % & : « - " % & " # … + " " " / , & . + /, & / … B */ -3 ! , " " ! , " , & , ! +,, , " ! , . ' , « & 0 , " , +/ # *»… 4 , , « * , & " & " , – ! ,. & , 8 + # 5 & , & " ». , ,, " , " $. , */ ,+4 , & " -" ! , $ " , , ! & . , /" , +/ # * 4 , +/ ! * . " , +/ *. * ," , , , , / , +, ! XXI . " * , + * ! * *! " $ & & , , ,, $ 6 Saudi Gazette. Front Page: Tribal dispute ends amicably. Monday, 05 October 2009. 7 Jordan Times. 19.08.1992. 8 -1 . 09.12.2003. 9 , & & " , " $ 3 + " , / « $ " - 0 . +/ &, " + +, / 5 ,, & , , ! & / +/ , , ! +* 5" * : + & / , *& , – ,– * * " " ! , " / ! $, & " , 0 # " , " 5 /, ! +, , * , , , " , & ""+ +, & ! + 5 , + 9 [ 5 , ] 5, # ». " +/ " *# , ,+* 10 # 3 (1332–1406) , +* 0 # " / ! / " , , & , ! ,, " & , & , ! 5 11 & .' $ & " , * , * & # , # + , 5 , , + , . + 12 (!) 0 # . ! 5 * " # " ! " , , , " ! , ! * * $ ! & , , & : «% ! # # " . / / . , 0 , " # & 5 , & +! 9 4 , +/ + . # * $. * & + - " & , $ +, + + +* – , 4 & 0 " , , $. * " & , * " , / - , " " +/ . $ $ (2 ). 3 : Fuad Hamzah. Near East/ South Asia Report No. 2798 // Arab Tribes in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Joint Publications Research Service (JPRS) 84088. Washington, D.C. 11 August 1983, . 1. 10 0 – 4" 5 6 -6 . 11 Ibn Khaldun A.M. The Muqaddimah: An introduction to history, translated by F.Rosenthal. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1969. 12 3 : Yaphe, Judith. Tribalism in Iraq, the Old and the New // Middle East Policy, Vol. 7. Issue 3. June 1, 2000, . 51. " . & 10 , + " # 5 / 0 " & , / , , * " " # *, " 13 ». 0 * # 5 , 0 ,, * ! # , * , $ " $ , - +/ & - ,+ " " # * + / % ! & * 0 $ , * , " * ! . % & , 0 , 4 " , , , , , $. , 4 , , ,! , / * . ! ,, 5 . '"+ /! , " + , " , + + +/ 0 , / + $ $ " . / 5 . / , " , : -" , + " " ! , ( , $ 0 , # $ , # $ . ) $ # +, ,. , +/ / & / 5 ! 5 *, 5 * . " + " , , ,+ , " , " , ,+ 4 , , 4 + " , * , & $ " * & $ & +/ 0 & 0 , *, * 4 * " 4 / & . , ," " ! , « $# + + » , , % / * +2011 & " , 4 + * * . D5 " , , : «... * , & , , , " & , , " # + ! , " + " / 4 *. … & $ +/ 5 , / « +/ /» 4 *" *5 $# " 1989 &., , ,+ ! + / " + " # 13 Bassam Tibi. The Simultaneity of the Unsimultaneous: Old Tribes and Imposed Nation-states in the Modern Middle East // Tribes and State Formation in the Middle East / Ed. by Philip S. Khoury and Joseph Kostinor. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, 1990, . 128. 11 " , ture), , E " . # # , *" , 4 & 14 .» & " +* % $ «" & " * , «6 , E " ! , . , ,+ , & & & ! # , ! + (Arab tribal cul+ ! + # * * + " ! * », / " & . , «- ! . , " »" , + $ , 5 , " + +" - : +, . A # +/ & "" /, +/ / " # " /, / " , , ! ! " / " ,. 6 $ " / 0 # * 0 , +/ * +" 0 , ! . , & * $. ! & "" , , ,–5 4 , ," $. * $ 16 # # * & # .» : « , " ! – ! +* # * 0 # ! , & [ & ]. * E * +– + +, , , * + , " – " $ ! + 17 # + , ! , , ». , $ ,/ + + 5 & $ , – &-! * (! –" , 4 *, + : « * " ! (tribal identity) " * & & , " " , + & +… , & + * * " * " , & " " ! , " & ! , & 15 + 14 - . 6 «2 " » (Entering era of tribally based alliances) «Jordan Times» 14 1996 . 15 , 0 .–0 . . 16 Jill Crystal. Civil Society in the Arabian Gulf // Civil Societies in the Middle East / Edited by Augustus Richard Norton. Leyden – New York – Koln, 1996, . 266. 17 Jill Crystal. Op cit., . 269. 12 , " " % / * * 18 " , , * .» " , , $ " , , / / & , + & *& , " , , " , , B , , & + "+ " * $ , ! + * & ! * & & !( . .0 * $ * $ ) / ! *? ! -" , & 0 " 4 , , /, . " , + " " * & . , 23 , 2000 &., & ! , B + . 3& ,4 +* «F (! » 0 - * & * « " , – $ * , » $. : « , 4 *, # $ 7 ,, * $ 150 " , 5 * +, + " / * & " …' + , * +, , , … , " , – , +, #+ , " ! 4 * , / , – + + ! + , .» ' ! " $ # ! 4 & , , 4 */ % 3 ! , , -3 ! , / & , , # , : «% #+ $ ( " , /. – ,. ), $ 0 # $ " , , , #+ ! 5 & " , $ …» ( .- * # 4 0 , & $. & ( ! # $, / $: « & , , 4, $ +, , & +, [ , ,] , … & ! ,& $ " , /, , , " , $. , & ,.» 5 , , + " "+ , / +/ " , 5 & « 4, » " * * (!) * , ,/ + " , . , 0 & , 5 , " , , $ , ! & , & ,. , # ,, & . / & 18 , , ! , + Jill Crystal. Op cit., . 269. 13 « + B " +, * " 4 +: " * * & « $. & »: . : « . / * , " " # + . " , 0 # , , & * $ " 4 * (…) " B ! - (viability) " , 500 * & +…», : « , + " # " " , $ " # " , +/ , ? , , " " , / " # " * , + 5 / " # * " " , ,+ 4 [ +/ * *] (…) , " # " , . , " . " , ,, ,+ , , / # 19 * " .» " , & 4 " , , # * -" , & 0 % ! , , * 4, . ( & * " , & ( " , , ) , * , & & + «/ * $. / 7 » . +, , $. / ( . . ) # , " & " * 20 ( . . ) . E " ! , + ( , + ) " +. , , 5 " " " . 5 " +/ ,, $. / , * , , + $. ' " # ! * * # * (…) 19 Richard Taylor. Tribal Alliances: Ways, Means, and Ends to Successful Strategy. August 2005; $ : Dansereau, Paul T. (Major, US Army). Tribal Influence on Middle East Political Stability: Is there a relationship? A research report submitted to the faculty. Air University – Air Command and Staff College. Maxwell Airforce Base. Alabama. 10 April 2006. 20 + , ) 2. . «0 * % ( : » 1 .5. «% " " » ( «0 & 2 ». 5 , 2000), 5 7. . «0 * " XXI » * " . 14 0 4 , , ! «... $. / , & , " , + ! " , & . + " , * " " +0 , 0 , , " , , ! + " & ! , + " 4 , / +/ – " , ! D, 4 , 4 +, – " / : « & " $ « & » ! . " , ,, ! / * / * 5 , *! , " , + # , & . " " , * & - " & « , * / " , # +, , * *0 + 4 " # , . , * +/, " 5 , *», /: $ . . (...) " + / , * ! * , +/ , ...», * " $ * * 21 ,+ 22 +». 0 # , * , , , $ +/ "# $% & -"-, ! , & ! $ . *" / ! , $ " , , , , & & , +/ # $ ! , +/ « " / , / . , * - , , -"# !, "!# . / /, & " /» , ! $ * , +* , +/ !, + . -" +/, " $ " " # +* " , ! 4 / + VII–IX . " , " +, , $ , , 4 " ! , , -" + , & " 4 / , 21 , +/ Rosmarie Zahlan. The Creation of Qatar. Harper&Row publishers inc., 1979, . 136. 22 Ibid. 15 , 0 , & & ( # +/ ». 6 " $. / – 4 " – C.3 , ( ’); " , 0 & " " , , , $ " " +, " – " " +, " , –" " , , ; – $. / . & " , ; «" 4 +/» ( ) " " +/ , ! , /" , , , , , , , $ , , *4 $ $ ," / ! , * ," * / , , ! $ / ! " & $ & " , . ! , , + & / « & » ( + ! +/ " , / *) , & & $. / +, " * / . A , , " , , ' / 23 +: +/ , , & - , , * " " +/; * $. & " +/ & +/; +, " / " +, " * , 7 " * & " & , , / " , & & & $ " / + , ; , – – +/ " " , & +/ , !" , +/ . 4 4 XVI–XVIII . , 4 * / " , , , 4 " / / & , * , " ) & " , & ,, " * " +/ " , " , , . 4 " . « , +/ " $ ! & . , 23 ," * +, , , $ - , , # $ " , , - , - 5 - # $ * & + " +/ + " , , / +/ " & , + + +, Fuad Hamzah. Near East // South Asia Report, 8 2798. “Arab Tribes in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia”. Joint Publications Research Service (JPRS) 84088. Washington, D.C., 11 August 1983, . 2. 16 , & + ," 5 , , ! . * 5 " . + " # 0 " . * " + & , , ,+ & " , 4 , + * , ," , " " & ,– , + * , , 5 4 –5 , ! , . , + " & , , # - " /, * 0 ). ( " / 0 . * + , + & , , & " , . +, " ! .' + *" . 5 " , + + $ , ,+, ," / " , " . , / - , ! . + , , , , " ," ! , – , – $ " , . , . +" , $ " , + , " / ! « +/ ». 5 , " /& , ,, , * , " , , /% 0 , " , " / ! $ $ , " / . . 5 ! & * , , & " , ! . ! +* " +* % ! & * * # 0 5 *, «" / !(descent) , ! % ! , , , " & , " # $ . , *, , . , 4 ,5 , * , $" , . , # + , $ & + 0 # ,, , 24 " +/ # +/ # / .» / " , , # +/ & ( +/ , & + ) + +, , . " , +/ +/ & . , , « /» « ! /». 24 Rafael Patai. The structure of endogamous unilineal descent groups // Southwestern journal of anthropology. 1965, 8 21, . 335. 17 " , * # " " " +/ , & , , , " , , " +* 1980-/ &&. , 0 " . $. * ! + /. & " ,, " , / & ," , ! " & ! , + +,, " " / , / 5, , " , & , – 5 , , ! + + + " 0 & «" & ». , , , " , . . ,, ! + , & " : " 5 / & / " -" , # / ! /. , +4 , ! , ! ! " 4 / " " 4 /" . " , , ! /" , " ! «" 4 +, 5 , ,» " ! / *. " 5 , . , ! ! " " * # , & + . , 1939 &., 0 0 & , & " , , & +/ , & , " 40% & + , . , ,, ," , ,, + ( , ( / 6 * ! #+, *#+, " #+, + & / ! " , 0 , & .' + ! , & # , ! +, ( : ! ) ,, & – " ,. 5 , & 5 + * 0 , , ! ,0 ! * , / * E " " 100-" # * , ! " & ! , . . , « /». , , 4 /, 5 / 5, / 1930–40-/ &&., 5 " " , *4 # + , & ! & ! + # , + * / . , + ! + 0 + # , & " , +/ # * « ! » " 4 + +, " , , ,/ – +, ! " " + & ! . 4 / , ! , +, « ," * * *» / . +*, , " / & *, , $. * « /» « /», & 18 & ! & . … ! # " * A 25 & » . ! $ * « , " » % + , . ' -(! , * & . + & * , ? & , +4 , " , , , + [ ] ,, " , , * # , + ( . ), + $ . ). , –5 & +* « " " ( * * & :« & , * $ 10 + & * & - *& & , *»: » (, . . ), " * « » « », , " ! & +, . , & – / , , ( 5 , ! ). – « ! , / », & "" . – « » (, . . « »), . . . " , (« »), + $ $ & $. –« » (, . . « »), +, + , 4 , , " , . B – « » (, . . « ») – $. " , $. " / ! " « ». , – « » (, . . « »), , ! " « ». , – « » (, . . « »), 0 , & + . , " , & 5 . ( – « » (, . . « »), 4 , , . . , * . ( & – « » (, . . « »), " , 26 " / , «" " , , , ». " 5 , ! +& $. , ,: % 3 4 , ( , , « / ») , * 0 («0 +») (« 4 ») *4 («0 / ») % (« ») % 3 0 (« , ») (« ») («4 ») & ""+ /" , % 27 (« ! ,/ ») " , (« ! ,»). $ $ – « , 25 . 49, 13. 3 . 1963). 26 Fuad Hamzah. Op. cit., . 3. 27 Ibid. ,.9. 19 (5.: ,2!, 6 4 , 0 # ! , " 4 - G ,+/ C – " , , , , ! " , 0 , , * " ( , " , +* 2000 $ " & " $ / ,+ +, . , , / " /’ /’ –5 ,5 , # ) , " , , , $ , , +* . , +. , , " : , , ’ +/ 5 , , , , , , , ! , … , , , 5 & * , ! + «% /, » ( . ., " ?), " " , /" , , " 7 $, ( ). " # +, 6–7 " , * $ – – + " $ & +, , 0 - 4-B ! , " " " , . , /, ( " # $ / G 0 ( & , 40–50 " *, . . # + . & 4 & 1400– ! % , ,). , , , # , , +, ,: * , * # " , », . . . " G# G 5 – & " *, , / G# G 4 + » + & » « /. , – + , * , * / , . & ,+, , , " G" , )G , * « " $ : " 4 *4 ,, , & ,+/ , $. , " +& + « & G! (" . , / " 20 & , & " 4 , * $ 5 + . F " , & (" +* & , , " , , & & " , . 5 , & , + " 4 «% », «% ». + . « »( ! ," « ») + , " 5 & " . . ,% 3 " 4 3 *4 " , C / “ *4” ( . ) " , % " $ « », , ! «" , , ,», , ,» « » , «% », & /" , /, ! *4, ,3 , ( & * " " , +/ , & ," , , # )–" ! , . " , 3 * G3 * ; ', ; . «% 1 " 4 - - ), , » 3 , , ! « , " . " , , «" , ! 3 * – , ,( : » " 5*, G 5*, . , % / !. ! 0 - ; / , : " ! G ! ;3 +/ # G , #, " " . " ! , . . +/ ! ,, 5, , 0 # ! ,3 ! 0 $, , G3 ) – , & . & " , , -( . * " ,3 , , " , 4 , ! , " – " . . ,- , 20 3 ,. + " 4 , …' & / ,, & + / " & & $ ( , 5 , ,. ; /G / . , ( 5 , ,+ + ,– * & ( ), ! , & 5 $ +/ . # +/ , * , % / * , , , 4 , " , , , , ', , , , " : , , . " . , , , +/ / , / : * & + – ,, , , , + , " , & " , $ , 4, 5 ( – , ), & , & " , «& / " , »). " 21 " , $ , . ! ! " , ,, . . . +. ' $ # ! " , / 5 , , ,+ «" 4 & 5 , », $ , , . " +, " , /" $ + , *+ $ +, , !" , + , ! + , $ , " 4 * & , " , , , ! $ / * " " ! * ! +. ! , " , $ « + 4 *, *», $. / + / +/ / # / , &+/ / " & ,( + , & . +,), ! + +, +, , $ +, +/ + + " , . + " , +" , & " /" . +, + + ! , , ! / 5" , *. , , *- " " , , ,+, +, , $ $, $" , $ .' ! / #+. " , & * " . " , 4 *– & +* " " , & & . ' 4 ,, . . & +,, 4 *" ! / " , , / « *, , ,+/ ! $». ! " + +/ * " +! $, , +/ " , ! , ( . . " , , ,+ " / " , / & " ) * # «4 */ , ». ' + ! & " , . , , 4 */ " , , + , , " + ! + " , , , " & + " , & / " , . ' " ( ) +/ " , ," , & *, + " " , , 4 4 /" " , " " , & . & " , . 5 , 4 */ , + $* ! +/. , * + ! & 0 , ! +, , , & & + $ « ». / + 4 */ – 5 4 */ 4 */ " % . 5 , & & , , 22 . + ,+, ! +/ 4 *. B */ " , 4 */ ! " $. +/ . , 4 */ + . , / " , , " 5 , " «" +, +/» – primus inter pares. $. * * ! *4 / " + . & 4 */ . , ,, " «5 0 +» , & " / + *, , +/ ( /, & /) " # * *" + & .' $ 0 , «4 */ $. & , * » ! «4 */ $. & », +* . " 28 +, «" . ,» 4 */ " & / 54 . , $" / ," 5 , , * + 4 */ , " " / , " " " + 0 -5 , " ! , , $ , " " , $. + " & +. ' , ,5 " # / 4 " , " , " . / , / / & , $ . -" , +/ * ! / 4 ! ,, " / & + + " + , +/ /, / /, ," ! *, " / ! . ! " , +– 0 + & & . " $ ! + + + + " . * . " , , & 4 , * + , * / , $ " 6" 16, $ $ + " + " , -, , +, (, (, 0 0 , # . – 9 21, $ ! & + ,, +, / +/ . ( & ++- $ – & , , $. , . , " , , / * " . 3 0 " $ $ ! $ 28 " " , " " , - - , " $ - " / " ". * " .- . 23 " / " ," , & 4 / * # 4 , ,-4 ,, 4 , + & ! , & ,, , & " *, , $. , * / $ / 4 * , . " $ + $ + +/ /4 + & " / ! , +, 3 0 / $. / *, , ! & , / , $ % / * « & » & " , ! « , » , ! . . ! 0 # … . , +/ . , $ , ( & –! " + , – " + ), +/, + " . + & +4 «& /», ! ! , , , ! + . * / * . , ! /" + , , ! " / " , * + ,+, & " , " . , , , # & . , # # +* " , ! . " 4 « » % ! & & + & #+ , ! +, " !+ , 4 + . & $ & $ $ , 4 , ( 5 + * / " , ). E , " 4 « 4 0 » " ! + * & , ! . XXI " +/ , & . " , , / ! + " 1970-/ &&., / , & #+ , , $ & # +* ! " + " " , +/ +,, + ! / & / " +/ ! . ! /. $ " & ! " + $" $ , +, , " , + " , $ + & " #+. , +/ " , , + . / " , * ! / # , " , $ " -" ! , , , & , " / ! ,. ' 5 ! ! : , ! , , , ! ,, 4 / * # /" . & +, " ,, – 5 7 +/ , " ! & & "" $ *, XVIII . " / ,. '" / 24 +/ " . + ! " $. ' " , . $ , & , . / & + , , & . & & . . . + $ / $ *, & , , $ , . / ! , / * & %+ , ! , , , + " " & " . 4 " , , . E , " & * , *, , " ! " +/» $ / , " / , , 3 , 20 . & . , " / , " +/ , $. , " + & " 4 , , / /" , 0 + " $ ! & " +, , – ( + , $ & , 4, 5 ( – , ). , , " + " . , E , % ! & –5 " " , +! «" " & + * – $, ! +* $. / E , , +, " # , " , / ,) + + - 29 -" # + # % -, / 0& / " " , , / , 1 30 # %. ( *# ( - # %. - à ( 29 31 ) ( # % '# ( - . à` (" /" # %. . # %. -à ) ) «0 » (5 , 2003). 30 Adnan Tarcici, The Queen of Sheba`s Land. Yemen (Arabia Felix), Beirut, Nowfel Publishers, 1974, . 19. 31 “ / , / ”. , , 6 / 25 * * 4 * 5 +* , .3 , , " ! , , . . , . 3 ! + " & – # , “, / ,5 " , * * / " " + , +/ *: 3 + « ," * . ! , * +» 4 $ 32 - 33 2 -2 -, " . . - - - ( – ( – " , 1984, . 22. " " , , "/ , ”. - / / ,+ . ! , , ! , (! *–5 , / , , * ,, & " , +* " +* / +/ " , /. ! – # * " , $ / ! " + : – 0 , ( / , $& – 5 -3 . $& * & " " ! , , +* " , " , “ ” (Arabia Felix – " " ! & , ," , + , Arabia Deserta, . . " + ). & , , , , +, , $, * . . +, " 4 4 + , , . , # " , 32 + " , + , , , ,, (! / , . +" , +, / " /" " " , ! . " , , , 4 , & 3 ! ( $ , $ H! $ $), " " " /. ! $, & , 33 , * & . % “" " ” 5" " " , & " $! * , * 3 , . & - , & " , , . . 3 " , ! ). & , 1937, . 30; . -- ). & " : 5 " " " . 26 - , *" # 3 , ! " , + * . + & & , " , +, +, . ,+, , & , / + B .' +, & " , " & . / " , " 3 , . 4 & B ! $, " , & . +4 & . + " 3 ,B , , & " * " + & ! -! ( & +* ,). & B & " , 4 " 5 & " & , ," / ,, ! , / , /. & " , 34 ( + , " " & , " 4 3 , , ). + $ , , , & , + , , ," ," . , “3 , ”, 35 “ , " 4 ”. , ,, " , +,, , $ ', & % / * ," & ,, ," ! $ & 4 -3 , , " 36 ! 2, , $ $ & & – , & + , $ ,. , " , , " # , & + - 0 (- 0 – , & + 37 , ) . *- , , , ! , +* 0 ," 4 * , . 38 & " , " . . / * +4 , " ! " , / ( +" ! , ! 0 , * , & , ) % (" , , " / 4 & " 34 $( & , 10:26). , 1987, . 111–112. – / % (. , "& " – 0 4 & " " " " & ( -6 ). 1 – 9 , * 6 : , – " -6 , * (Philip Hitti. History of the Arabs. London: Macmillan & Co. Ltd, 1951, . 14, 63, 207). 37 & , 10:22-23. 38 , . 31. 2 2 36 , 35 " .5. "% % –6 . 5.: , 27 , " & + ). , % $ $ , , ," $" 4 . +* " " * * -.6.0 - $, (1909–1972) ! : “ * , , + + + / +, , " , , , . & & " / #, + " * $ / *" " " + " & + " , . # , 5 / , & # /" " ," , , , " $ 39 $&, " .” , , " +/ +4 , , , ! + / , (, *# ), +/ & / , E . 4 / , " " , , * * , $, ! , , / " # , . , , 5 & & & 4 – " , (! ,, " 4 + , (! , " ! +/ / * / , ,3 ! , ! , ', , '0 . , / – + , ( . & ,) & / * *! +3 +( . ). A + " " , , / " ," 0 ( – B 5* ), & "0 ! * ( . ). ' + ! ," * , ," & " *4 , , , +, 5 + 4 " . , “ 4 ,” , " 4 & . , + + $ " , , / +/ * 5 & – / +/ +/ ( ! +* 5 / , 7 ! ). , ! " 5 , -` – . . +. , 5 $# “ ” – ," " , , , & , - , & , , , 5 & , .3 4 , , * , , ! 39 $ 5.: ) . 600–1258 ( ).(. , 1988, . 16. 28 –) ). “ & # & ” % / , . 40 & / ! / , +/ & " , & + ,) / " - 4 , (/ +,, , , , & , ! * 4 & & " , (! ,. , ( -)` ( " ` ) ! 4 / +/ " , / , .' , " 42 ` ( . . ` ), " +, " , " , , 4 && +, ,– +. , " “ ` ” ( " ) " 5 , “ +”, / , , & " +, , + , * +, + , , ,/ 5 / “& /”, 4 , / " . , , + 5 * . * & ` – . . ,. 5 , " , , " / ,, " % ! + " , " , & , 43 + ` – ! /, " +/. . ,, ,, + " # / " “ +” ( ) 5" / * * ," , " 4 $. * : , , + 5 & , 5 , , + " & , , 4 4 " 3 ! " “ - ` ” + / $. / " " + « ! & ! , “ à ” (! +/ " ). ( , , , 5 , -(! / , ! , “ +” " 4 " + . 5 ,, " (! / , 5 , & " / & & `à (/ " " , 6 4 * 40 41 42 43 0 , & , 10, 11, 25:13-18; 1- 0 1:29-31. , 2:19; 4:7; 6:1-6. , 0 , 97. . 0. .) “ -` )” “, . ” (5.: , 1984, . 122–131). 29 , ( * & 41 ), ! ,7- +& & , &». , - ! “ + “ `à ! 0 + ! , + - à ). , + ”, à 5 ” ( , +- * / 4 * " $ & ! , & " # , “, * , ” ( " " & & / 0 ', 3 ). , & * * , , & *, 4 & 4 $ $ " , , / & , " , # 5 / , . 5 ,, +* ,, , " +, + 4 , « , » – 5 *# , , " 4 , 4 , +, (+, /, +, , , ,3 .), + , , ! , , . & & ! * ": “ & " , ”. , ,! " " , " " , +/ + " , & ! " " 44 , , . ! , ,, , , " & , , , ,, ! * / $ ( $ , , ! + ) , $$ $( , / , – . . XIII . .5.), , " & +, , " & + 4 " , XI . .5. 3 5 – , +* . ' , 4 $ " + $ " / , * $ *, , ! *, & # " , , & & & + " + . & $ + " +/ / . , *" 5 # " +/, & +/ " # . H! * III-VI . +/ " , " 4 0 , 5 " * . " 5& * " & " , / , (" , VII-VIII . 5 . $ " /, 44 ( 5 –- 6 -- ). ;. 1, ). & -! . , 1956, . 13–14; " # , 1989, . 35. 30 6 - . ( – ( * + * * , $ # + + * H! $ " # ). $) " ! * 1 & / " - * . , , – ,& / , & - ,& , /, .' & # , $. & ," " # " +/ * , * & / .F & # $ " . 4 " , ! +, +, , ! . " + ! * & . -.6.0 - $,: “ $& ( ) + # & /, & * " " ! ,; + " " , , , & / & /. F ! " + +/ / &" , 4 $ , " * ! " * * . +, , & , " & & ,; & , , + 4 , . & +, , & * / , " , . , 5 , , +, , , & ! , +/ " . , & / & ," / , 4 * " , / * / & + " , / " , , & ! , , , " *. ' " / " , $ & # $. 4 " & +/ / " / ! " , , ! , , & " 45 ! $ , , " , .” ,+ +/ " /, " + . . " $ , & " , . . " , + " , ! +, " ! & / , & , , , * " (" , " ! " , , & 33 ). “ ! , +, " " , " , " 45 ) .' . ., . 14. 31 & , , ," . & – , " ! $, , " ! *, , , # 4 & * " ; & + +* * & ""+ " , , 4 ! , ! " , * " / & , & , ," +,, " 5 , , 4 / 46 + 5 & . , . 3 # * " , & " , " , * & ""+, ! . " +/ " $ / & , ! , / ! ," ! $. , ! " ! 47 +, & "" ,.” , ,, * # * * & . + . , + ! " +, ( & ), , , +/ & * + + & & . , , & * , : " + / & , & 4 , 4 + " . , ,, " , , " , , . “ " + * " + 7 $ * + . . 5 , " , ( )" * 4 4 $" $ # , , ( ) * , * # * " + . $ +/ / – / , & & & " , , " 4 / & – + + & "" ( ) " , ( ). , ,, $ *#+, + " 7 , 48 ”. 46 , 0 / "( $$ , , 47 48 ) -- , ., - $ " / , " . .' . ., . 15. .' . ., . 21. "“ 32 - $ , ) " " , "” " + “ , $ 0 - $ $. * : , , 4 ,, / 4 +* +4 " 4 * 5 , + - , , " * 500 *. , + ! " . , " +/ , ! * & "", + , " & & ,, + * +, , +, 0 , , ; " + / ! 0 # * & & , *" " + . " , , 49 & , + " $ +.” !" , + 4 , " , , $ + 0 ,+ " , +* " / . * / . « , + , +, +, " 4 $ & & ; $ + ! & + , " .“ 0 # ”, . +/ # VI , ! + $, " , , , ! & & / /! +/ & "". ' 4 ** , $ " + , 700 &.: « & ,+ " , 4 , " $, ,+ 4 , & , ,+ , +, & 50 & .» # " , , * , & & $& " +, , " * & , " &4 4 $ , 570 &. .5. , " ," " " ! / * H! * , , * , & , 4 *. 6 . ,+* " +, . ,, # VI . + " " * 4 + $& * & " . , * + # , * . , +* " – " ! ( , * . ), . * +4 $ * * * , . « + ,+, " / # / 49 50 ) ) .' .' . . ., . 15. ., . 17. 33 51 ». / , / $. * $ » * , +, " 4 & , # ,(/ 0 ) 4 * * . 0 , * * , . " +/ 0 , / & . «( * 4 * # / 0 , , & ! & *+" $ $ ," , . *. ! * ! " , " 4 , 4 */ , +, , + ,, , " /« " » , & . F! / -, , & % ! , , * 0 , " 4 & “ / / *”, +4 4 " , * + + , * . + " & , + $ / , " +/ , +/ / # *, + $ , . " 2, , , ," , , " , ! " " , « ! " » * ,+ 3 ( +/ # 4 & +, & , % /, " , *4), " " , " , “ +*” / – " $ , $ " " , , " # " . ,+ , 4 */ , $. , ! * " ! 4 $ " 52 *4 , 5 & + ! " . + * /, , 4 $ * & *" & . & * +, " " % ! , * 0 , & " , + , + , & + * +. 5 & 4 + +, & "" , , 4 , " . , -.6. 0 - $ ,, " , , & +/ . 0 # *" , , ,, , , 4 /. " , # +* " ! 4 / " " , , + 53 + 0 # , ( 0 , 0 , B ,, . 51 52 53 6 6 .' .' " " & * & & . . ., . 112. ., . 120. ) , % 34 :“ ( , - , , " *" , # & / “ " 0 * , " +, , ! , " , ,, ! . . , " " , " + # "# * & * ," $ .” 55 , & 4 , + & , , ! " ', * , !" , + " . / 0 " , + , , % . , ,5 ! 0 , ! +, $!54 , & "" , " , * , ! ,, , & , & " ! & "" * , & " , . 6 4 " , +/ , / $ / , , - , " , , *4 + ( $ " , , " ! " / ,, ' / / & "". & , ! " * " , , * * 0 # 3 , 7 - / *. ' 4 */ 0 – - / – , +, , 4 , ! . + * " / 0 " 56 “, 3 * ” . , " / 0 " 680 &. " & , * & / 0 " + $ , !" , 4 ), ( , ( & / " / $ " ) : / , $ , ( , *4, / 0+). $" # $ 0. % , , / " 685–687 &&. & , , $ ). ( , ! . ). - . ( . . , ) " .” (Dickson H.R.P. The Arab of the Desert. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1949, . 543). 54 0 " ( ) , – ( ). 55 ) .' . ., . 66. 56 6 " – " / , $ , / " " 1 . 35 % 4 & -E " " , 0 , 4 ,, 4 * 4 ', * * . 5 , & +, / ( * " 4 , " + ,. & & " + 4 + $ 57 # .” ! /) " , " - 0 / "" / , / ,. , & / 0 ! +! , 7 + / ', * , ! :“ - 0 " 5 * + , * . , + / + + / + " , +, " " +. % & , / . & “ & ” “ & ”, & * " , " , , " " $. / 4 / * , ! + $ * , , . + " ! 4 / , ! +, " , , , ! +: , " $ +/ " / , * *! . E ! " , , , # & / . " , & , / +/ " . / *, " , , +/ " , # +/ 5 / ! +/ & . ( , & / 5 ,+ , $ “ ”, " , + + " ! , +, / + +, " *" , 4 +/ , 5 & & , , ! & , +* / . ' $ ! *4 * 0 * / / *& & & +/ +/ & /" , / /. “ , . $ " # " " / ! . 6 – ! # " " , ( ) / " , & ( ). +, " + ( " , , , !" , +/ * , *" , ), 4 , , & & , , ( ). F +/ , $ ,# * 3 +, & & / " 57 ) .' . ., . 69. 36 ! " " ," # $ $ " 5 $. C / / ,, B / ( -& ), & & – " +/ , 4 / , $ 5" / . + " , + ! " , I . / ! +. A , , " ! $ / ,, -3 , +/ " , , ! , # 58 *& & .” * /" , " . / * . " . 7 ,, 0 , # + ! + $ # " , + " 4 . + +/ ,- " , ,. , + + ! + 5 " , 4 * " 4 , ! $ $ # $. , / ,+4 + 4 ! , 0 0 , +/ ! + , . + , , , ! $ $ & $ $ , $ $ «" / » # , , , , . + 5 , " / ! /" , . " , & -' " / $! +/ 3 , " , & , , & / + ! ,+ & & & . 59 # , / " , 5 ,. , 58 59 + $ + & -- . ' . 6 " .! +/ , ," ! “ #+-" # ," " & , . 6 & + , , & ! +/ " $ / , " + & , # + # %-, / 0& , , / 4 & ., . 21–22. - # 37 ". $ / ” & 4 / , " & , , , , 1958, . 82. ,- & " - " " , + , / ,. / , , + " , .F" , & +, + + . , +, +* , / & E " , , 60 & , , ," . # " XX . .5., " " . , ( , " " à ). F / + 5 + *– , (! / ,, ', , (3 ) 3 , . ! +* / , # * & ""+ / " , , + ,+/ -à -à – / + +, . . + , + , + . ( & $. / 5 ,+ – à ( . .* , ) ($! + +). . ," * , * + ( *) – - % ( ) ( ) – " +, % , “ + ”, " + & , , , " +, / +, + ,. ! +, + " / / , , " ! $ ( & « -" »), " / & + *– , . F" , +* –" , , " & + , ( 4, 5 ), " 4 & , $ 3 ( , ) 3 ! 4 & , +4 * . , ,, + + , $ & & " / ! , " 4 " # # ( . . ` ), ! . * / , % , ," , +/ " , + , " , , , +* ! " & , & " ," +, ,, 20–40 " *. . " " ! , + , , & # / II (605–562 .5.). , $ + " # / " , . , % ( & « -! -$ ») ! , +" $ , + , , . 60 →, ( ( )→ , , $ ( $ / )→ ). .2 "4 , 38 (< )→7 & , 10:22-25. ( )→ & «( ») . , + +* , & ," 61 4 “ # ”– , / . " ! * * " , & & ,, " $ +, " *. 5 , " , & & , , –" / ! / , , " 4 , % ! , , $, +, " # " ," ! $. / " , “ /” “ ! /”. , , / * # , + " & 0+ , & " " " " / ! / +/ " , , , 0 # 5 0 , # $, , +, +, , , +/ & , ! & . " *" * , + “" / ” + ! " $ * " & / " , (" 5 , ,. ! ). , ! , " “ ” " / ! " , " " ! * " 0 +, " 5 & " , * / 4 " $ " , , $ , / , * “" , & & & ”. , , , , / *" " , " / / ! 0 , + + . , " + , ! , , +, & , ! * 0 , # ! *. & 4 * " , +/ +/ / /– + / 62 , / . , / " , / " & 0 3 ,( 61 3 : Naji Hasan. The Role of the Arab Tribes in the East During The Period of the Umayyads (660–749). Baghdad, 1978, . 27 ( – Naji Hasan). 62 5 -5 ( . 827 . .), , -2 ( . 844 ), 6 $ 6 " ( . 854), 1 -& ( . 892), 6 $ -( . 895), 1 -1 ( . 895), - $ 5 -+ ( . 923), 5 , - $ ( . . 926), & 5 -6 , - " ( . 933), 4 1 5 ( . 945), -6 -6 " -5 ( . 957), % 9 $ ( . 1071), 39 ,+ /" " 4 */ , ( " *). . . " 5 - / , 2 # -/ )* # %-, / 0& Kax" 63 - /&5- %& – 6) . # ( $-, 0& – -, 0& – 5+# "-, 0& & /&5 4-7 &5 – ( # . # ( $-, 0& – ' # ". – 0& *)* $, )!/ $ , &5%, & , -- , *) , ) % & $+, &5- !## , 7 1 * # 2 #, 1 # *#. % * # -* !# $4, !& $ , !" $#, $* , /#64, #%, ( ' , " $% &5 ' ' ( ( & , &5* & , % , # ", 8 * ), ".$+ -5 ( . 1167), < / . 1419), -= 5 " ( . 1831), 5 ( . 1883) . 63 Carl R.Raswan. The Black Tents of Arabia ( – Carl Raswan). London: Hurst & Blackett, 1936, . 232. 64 « », « », « » « » – « » « …», $ .0 , « », – « », " / « »/ « ». ( 40 & ( " & " , & " + , , / , . 4 4 & , , / + # / . 3 ,. $, , & ,. 4 *, , . $ 0 , * & " ' " “ + , " $ , $ 65 ' , . . ! , 3 , E , . " & , B / , (! ! , ', & , ,, 3 , $, & * + / , $ , 3 ! , + * , " & + " " , % . , " , " & , , +* / , – B / (! *" ! ( 4, 5 ). , (E , ,), , (! / ,, , ,, ! # , (! / ,, + * + +/, , ,, ! " ) " " Adnan Tarcici. Op. cit., . 19. Ibid. 41 , / , , - " ! , $ , - + 3 + B , ( B , 4 ! " . “ à ” (" ), " , " / " $ " & , 4 ! +, & +, " ,. & , +* # , * & & 66 $! * . . & " B , " ` % ” – *#+. ' * # # & , # # ( 5 ) % , " ! 4 , # + " 4 4 " & , , . *4 ,, & " + / ,, , " " 5 4 + +* 66 , " " . F 0 4 $ " ! + 12 + 65 & , $ ( & ) + 4 " " , " + ) # +, , , , 4 (! * * /* - - + + " & , " , , , . F + + – 3 , / . ' / " 4 + $! +/ (* , /) .3 , , " +* $ +, ! , (“ /, ” – " +*), " # # # , * + 4 * +. & " , , 67 3 , , & " , , 5+# . " 68 , , & –/ , , . , " , 3 , +4 " , !* . & – , 3 , ( . . " , 3 , 4 , " 69 ). ' ( & " , ) + $ & & $ $ , & " + * , " , , ! , , & 5" / , / * " ', * ! / $, , $ – #, -&+ , %# , % ,% ,% % , % % / , % (! ,, % E , /# ( ! /# ), % , ! % $*, % ,, % , % 3 , , % F , (! ,, ( ! ,, (! / * , &5%, &5- $ ( ! &5- $ ), , , -3 0 , 70 /, ,, /. 4 " 67 68 , , B , *#+ , & , , 70 , / " . 2: , “ ” ( ), / , . / ( -- , . 23–24). 69 * 5 6 – . . ( , 2 , . – . 49–50). & / * " , ( ) 5 .: Naji Hasan, . 28, 31; --- , . 23. , 6 " / – ( 42 - 4" . % - / " - .0 " , . 23). ", " " 5- - " / , 3 %* 7 - 5+# /&+ … 3 $* !* & , & , &5- &5 &5- +# %" # % !- 4*) % 1 % # # 3 $* , -&+ ** !## E * 5" / " “ ," *)à " , ”. -- " 71 - ). , 4 " E * , & -" ,% / , 3 3 , ! + , , -3 0 /, .' . . , , , , & /" , , + , & " +* " -3 0 , ) .' . ., . 17. Naji Hasan. Op. cit., . 33. 43 ! * , , & - , , , - $ $ +! / " , . , " , & ! 4 *5 + " , $ 4 " , % - , , , -3 0 * – * , & $ /*, (! / * ( * * !' $ , 3 *, " ! , / – 3 *, $ + " , # ") '# ( ! '# ). - 72 ( - 4 *,. $ -3 0 " % 71 " " ! * " + 5 " 502 &. .5. *! ( . . & " , , % - 0 , B / . -3 0 (79–81 &&. .5.) & $ " , " , 72 & + E * ). . &5- # " ( ! &50 & , + " 2 , , , $ " *, *), , +, * + F & " . , , 4 * , " 3 * " , , . " ! + " * (, ! 4 / * , , -3 0 )!/ $ . – " (! / * E * * ,. 5" / / ,, 5 + , " , , & / # +* " ! " . A & " ! * 0 E , – 3 * . , / * , & + (! / * + " $ & " . $ $ , -3 0 " , & - *, & % ,#. ' & + +–8 / , $ && " 7 $ && ". ' & & + – + – " / " , (% ). ' & + – , + – $ , !4 $ , 73 !" % , (% ) (! , . *, –" , !/, " 4 & , * $" + $ , ! &5- $ ( B * ). : " * , & " , 3 * ( ,. ), & " ! $ & . , / ," , , /. " 0 , , 4 . , / 4 /. 6 7 , " $ 5 " , " , " E / * " & , $ , * *" # , , -3 . , $ , +,, 74 " ! $! . " *4 , " , “ , * ” – ! &5%. . , + " 4 / . " ! ( , (! * , , " , " 4 / / ,+ /" , , & $ +% 0 . +, -3 , ( & «) ( »), , $ , , " " " 73 74 , Naji Hasan. Op. cit., . 32. .' . ., . 37–38; Naji Hasan. Op. cit., . 32. 44 3 , ,3 , 0 , / $& * $! & & , . -2 ( & «& -" ») " , , % , ! 75 5 & " , " / ( , ,, 3 , , % ,. " ! " ( / ! " & , * & / 0 * * (, / 0 2 I). +" , , % , , * , 0 , (! / , *,, E * . * + B , / ," 4 * $ , , + E * , " , & ( *, 3 , , / !) " 4 $. " , : *, 3 , , , / !), - 4 (, . . - 4 * ), '/ *) (% (% ), (% ), (! ,, , /,, &+% , , , , - /, , ,, (! , , , , , , , (% ), -3 *$ , 3 , -3 , ,% ! ,% / ,% ( ,% ( 4, (% ), % 4, % /,, % ,% 76 , /, % F ,% B * . $ – *4 " , , / 4 , & . " * . & – *, " , /4 ," ( * F E * 4 ! E * / ). ! $ , " " ( ,. ! ) , * + +/ " , " , " 3 ! , & " % . -3 " 4 , , / ! / *–& + * + ! , , 11 / " / C * " ; C ,6– 3 * , +. + ! , * " " & & 3 ( & 0 ). 5 & " , " / " ! " F * 3 , - ` , 0 , - ` +* " 5 , * 5" / E * -3 / / - ` . * – %/ ( ! %/ ) % ( & " / +* * IX . ! % ', , " 4 * & & $ *4 , “ ' ' ”), ! , & , + " , + , , , +, 75 76 Naji Hasan, Op. cit., . 33. -- . ' . ., . 23; 6 .' 45 . ., . 46. ., " , , " + " , , 77 3!# $, (3# $,). % * – F , ! !## / & * – !&+ (3 % , ), (! ,, 0 /, ( ,. ! ). * ( ! * ) – & ! " , & , ," / 4 3 , % –" , / , , " . 3 , + " , 3 4 78 % / . , * " / " , , +* " , , / + # ," ( F0 * F * -3 F E * 4! E * / 4 ! / ). E " / 4 # & " “ ” ( “ à à ”, . . « # », « + & +, # »). , +" , , ," , " 3 , . " , , & 3 ! , $, * (! 0 (, ! * ,). " 4 " , 79 4 , , *) %. ' 4 */ / ! / –3 , 3 ! , " / 4 * , , , " 5 , ` - * ( , . 540 &. .5.), & " , * 80 & ""+ ! ' #. & + *, +/ + # , ` - * 3 ! , , " , , ! $-, ! “ , * ”% : ! - *, % 81 ,% & . " , , " $ . " , " / " ! " , - * , ! +* , , * B /3à . , , & & " , " " , & , & , * . " " , & ( & % % ) + " , & * 7 # 77 Naji Hasan. Op. cit., . 37. + . 79 + , . 39. 80 – " . 78 81 " + 46 , " 2 . " %à , à -3 0 . E & , " H! $ $ , " 5 , % ( / ! )" . + % * & " –" * * + , ! , , , *, " 4 4 * 632 &. , * . / ,, " % & " ! , , , & + , 5 & " , . ,, " , /" / /. & " " , & , , * , 3 ! & ". , “, & ” " , , / 4 % , " ! $ . , * , ! , , & , !/ +, " , 6 -F *, . ' / $ $ " " , &5- '*, & E * / " ! , . " 82 " , – '* 7 ! , '* , + $ 26 , +/ . , !" , +/ 0 , & ', " " ! & ( * % / * ). " " ', . & , ! ,, " ', " 4 4 *" +, , , , " " , " ,, & # . , " " . “ / *” " 3 ! , " , , ' .' +(! / , *, 5 * $ " , , , ( ,. % *4 )" " , & & – 5, . 3 +4 # +* & / +/ * /" , , 83 (% ). – " , & "" ' ( ! ' ), *, , / " , & ,, -3 , (! 0 , % ( ! %) % * . + + *4 , " 0 # % 82 ) < 83 ). 0 . .' – & ,) . ., . 36. 47 ) 5 (& ( ,. * ,& " + 0 . ' " * " , + – " / " , ! - %, 84 " , - 0 (% - 0 ). . " , , &5- !&5- '# *), ! + 4 " ! 4 , ," & " * 2 ( , +). /" #+ – -3 ! , 3 , , . 2 , !, " , , " 4 0 – & * * -" , 4 / ! +, * " .) & " " / ,, , , & " ! , .E 5 , + , – ( à , . . " ! ). +* " /" , – / –" & 632 &. , , (! 0 , " . $ + , " , -( ! -- ), " H! $ $, " / , " / / " , ( ! , , & # * & % . 5 " , , (!à0 % (! 0 " -(! 0 " ! , . E , , & " ! , * / ,+ " , . ' $ " , " , , " +, 4 , $ $ , , " , / , ." , " . " *. & " * # (! - */ , " & 636 &., ! , , , * , / * * , , * " 2 , . ' , " / " , ' *) & . & , , " , B " * $& 0 , + + & # , ,– / , . -2 " , , ," *3 ,, & , , * " , % ! (! -% ! 4 " ,E -3 . 84 ! ). % & * Naji Hasan. Op. cit., . 34–36. 48 , ! , , +/ * , & / 4 & / . + " & , " , ,. 4 , *" (! -% ! 7 " , . % ! " / " , (! ,. . " , , *& $, – / . & " # – /, F * 3 F / . F /, + + (! ,à . ' " & " / /, # à (, ! , ) & 3 85 ( H! , ! ). 1 3 + / $ *, " 5 , , & , # , , +/ 529 &. .5. " " " ! . ' " , /, " 4 " , , *- # (" , & " , , +), , & 4 3 ( ), ! !##, 4 & " * $ . +/ # , % & " *" - , . ,, & / , +/ " , " , ) ' ( ! ) ' ). & , + /, " , (! , F * 3 F E * 4 ! * E * / / . (! , H! * ( , ! 2 *) " & , " & , , * * ," . " , , " , " 4 $ . (! , " / " +* , , *, ( ) * –C , - 0 -(! , , " +* , 6 &. / ! + (628 &.) " " " . " / * (! , " " * * . , $ 5" / . ! ,, ,, ,% (! ," / / , , .A +" ! # , , , / +* 4 */ " , ! % ! ,. + " 85 " ! " “ , ) , $ , ! , ) " ” 49 “ , ”, . . " - ( , . . à * 680–683 &&.) & . + F , * " , E * , + & , / / 4 ! " " , % + " , . $ * , & " 6 (25:12-16) * 5 * – +/ / -, " , ). E " / &5- 4 # )!1 , " ! 4 , * 0 , , – * % , * *, , . , * - / * 4, 5 ( , & " & (3 ! ), & , " & , " ,, ,& . , ! + 4 " , " ! * ! . " & *, , +/ – à ( 0), ( ), 4à ( 4, ), à,, ( , ), (3 ), à ( ), Cà ( 86 , ), * ,à ( , ) 4 ( ) . , * , (! / ,, , # * à ( ), ,), ,à/ (( 0 4), , (C 86 " à'/ *) – !, ! 4 & * +. , % E - , ! . & $ / ! * ( -E * ), , " , " . . * " 5 * 5" / / # % E * .C , E * " , , . . , / ! –" , , (! , (% + /" 3 ! . , , -2 ," ! , ! 3 % . (! " / * ( & / ! – " , & $ " / * , 4 " +. / ," +, * , * " , & $ 0 , & " $ + 4 * * " # / , 4 % / / . ), + I (" / ! 0 2 " . ' 1-" 0 . ., . 73. 2 , (1:29-31). 50 – & - , , (! / , & , . , * , * , . , 4 . , ," , , " " , & , * , / ,+, 87 3 ! ! . & +/ / " , , $. / , " # , , " , , $. / 88 & " ! , / & 4 / + * – * . " " * 7 $ , /" , – à .' $ 5 " ( ++) ( +). ! / & , $ “ ” ( + +), " / # +, , , + 3 ! ! , " $!+, * ,– , ', . & " , , & + 7 + *, " ! & " # + " & . + – * , , , , +/ * +/ ( /) . " *4 & "" “" , ” & + " , & + – * 6* . , & ! & , $ “ ” 89 ( * +). , +/, * $ , + 90 , + ( . . " , ) + (" , ) . A " " ! , " , , # $" /" , , ,, +* / ,, , , " / , , , " . 4 * + * , & ""+ " , ," 4 * & , ,– $+*. & + E / , (à , , ,à à , " , 5 * & ""+. ' & & + " 4 & "" " , * # ( * #). " 87 .' . ., . 35. & , .0 . 40. 89 -- . ' . ., . 23. 90 & / %.). 1961, . 15; .' . ., . 37. 88 , 51 « , . 35; 5 » « . » 64 . 5.: ,2!, " , " " " " , + % * . & + 91 + & " , . « », , , " " 92 . « à, » . / ! 4 // + * – , , . « / », F, * , / , 4 * * '# * # $+* , &5+- % $- 9$&+ (! / +* 3 *, F … ' + " , & ""+ : 1. ," + % : (% ), à (% ), *4, 3 ,3 *, , -( ` ; 2. , ,: , , ,( ,, % 2 , , ! 4 ,E ,% / ; 3. * 6* :0 , ( % & * 0 ), , % F , , % , ( , *,, , , (! (% (! ), , , 91 92 – ! " * – «6 , -6 $ " , . , 52 6 $». 2 # , , * . 0, , * (% 93 ) . !' &5 – + / , & / , * ), , ' 4 % .( & * + & " , . ( (% ), 3 4 . & " , " !' $ – (3 ! ! - 3 *, ) " / ! " " , 94 - *. & " / E * (! / 4. «( »% – (! , ( & + $ -3 ). * 3 *, , " , , & $ " / / ! " , 1 à#. * – " , &5- ! , & , , " ! / , . " , +: & + , + , ,– , " , –C / ," 4 * " " . « *4». , – C / 3 *, (...) – ," , *4, " 4 & & , , ( , , *4 ! ). " & + , " " . « / ». G / G F G G , ,. , , F + . + + : ,( , , 3 , * . , “, ,” # & , " +/ /" , , $ $ , , , " , " , " ( , , F / ). ' + * , , – E * , , 3à – " / + " , , , – " , % , % 3 , ( / , E 4-B . % 3 " / % !,, ! 4 95 /4 . " , , , " / 4 * ! / ! . 93 ., . 23. ( ,.9. (« : «5 ,.9. . 5.: 95 Naji Hasan. Op. cit., . 44. 94 0 , -- .' & . " ) ", 49 (« !»…). /0 , 1986, . 611. 6 53 , , »), 14 - " ! " , % .' " ! $ $ , ! 2, , *, – & ""+ " , . ,+ + , ( , ) 4 , % / * , ,. ' + - * , % & " , “ , * ” – ! , 96 , ,3 0 . %* &5- $- – + (! + . - "" 0 , " / / ,+ , E , % /* . A - * , & 0. + + & ""+ – (" , 0 + - * ), !/ # % ( ), ( ( / ), % E . - * ! , , " ! 2, , , ," , * (! " 97 . ," , & %% &5 ( ! & %), 98 " ! , ! , / , 3 ! , " , ," & (" , – & 3 0 ( , (! ). & " / + " 5 + , * 5" / / / % ( ,. . 531 &.) , , 99 ( ,. . 600 &.). / +* 4 */ % & " , * + *4 * / $ + $. , & , " , , & , , & 7 " , “ , * ” ( , , * ) ! , * , / " , , " 4 4 , " 100 / ! +. ' ! & , , * * + + -" , " ! 40 , ! +, & % ( ,. ! ) * $ #+. ' / , + ! “, & . * ”, " 4 ,+/ / +/ +/ " / $ *. , * , , ! + , +, 96 -- . ' . ., . 23. Naji Hasan. Op. cit., . 41–42. 98 2 + 97 7 $ , ). – Hitti). London: Macmillan & Co. " (99 Philip Hitti. History of the Arabs ( Ltd, 1951, . 90, 93. - 54 , 3 #( 3 % 100 &5 . " , + . " . $ ,, & #), - , & , (! & $ # ,# (" ), +4 &5- à# ", % $ " , -" . , " , +* –% ) 4 , 4 */ " ! 3 + , " , , % , &+% ,# % , % , & - 4 # +* & "" * ( ) % $ ,( / –" , + ( /), B * , B * ), 24 " , 3 0 . , , " / ,, 2, , , " ,, & " / & +* " ! , * 5" / – ! " *, . , / ,, + " , “ , * ” , , / 0 % " " / $5 " # $ & 3 , ,. *! " " , . * , " & * / 0 , * , . ' / 4 / % – 7 $%à ( 7 $% ) – , +, " , ,, , 4 , $ 2, ,+ % +. B * " / , , /, 3 , / & ( ) , . B * – *!- ( *!-). +4 " , ', " * $. *4 * , & . *4 * * * 0 # * ( ,. ," # “ + " , ”). & – " , " , " . " , " ! # * ! , , & , & + " ! ,3 ! , . ( ! *“ ” 0 " 0 # $, & ! *" * " , $ +/ " , % +/ : ! ,( / ( ), !## ( % ( $ . " & + 1 , 4 100 , / 2 " & . 55 & + " - . , – à , F , ( /à,4 , , à , $ " , ," / 4 # % &5' , +, , . F + + – +* , * 3 , , " 5 , +,, " +, ," , ".$+. % * " , – ( . ." , +). % 4 & " -" ! , ! ,3 ! ,, 4 – . # , % +* $ , +, " , ,. % +* + 101 ( ' , $. " ! & $& * ( * - / – + " # * ). % – $- ( ) " , , ! " " . 6* .' & " , " ! & 2 ( +) , , & . " * " , * / , +* + -F . *4 , * " 3 ! " ! , + +– * ! . +/ * * 6* , ! " , "1 , $ “" ” # +* +/ " , 1 * ," ! & 4*) , 8 ' # , %%5+ , + " ! 2 & . ( " /, , , , * " VI . * (" * -( -, ), " 4 $ , & " . 5 * * " " 5 B 102 ( . 525–615 &&.), & , $ , / ,. + * 6* , , " , / & (" ! 2, , ! ). ' & & & + –3 0 " / &+ , ! ( ' ( ! , +* 3 ! & !& $ , ), & $ , 1 ( * & 101 0 " ,6 6 + " " - ), 6 " . 6 " – –< . (Dickson. Op. cit., . 544, 606). 102 Hitti. Op. cit., . 90; , , " . " 56 6 " ( " , - , - ( + & # + %, % F ( ! ), !4 #, ) * % 3 ( ! ). , &5 " / + " , 0 (H ! +* ) 3 0 ! ( ). * + * – , – , " , *( C /,. " ! 0 , " , " , 0, & / , . +,, " , # +* & &+&5 + , & , , ! + , + " , – #, &+%, ! $# ( ! $#), ,, 3 . % 3 " / ! " / ,, *, -3 . # " , " " , & , * & / 0 2 . 4 / ! + % 3 ! " / " , 4 " & . $ & , & # " (" " + ) +& & " C , +, + ! ! / / & , , & / " *, " ! 4 / " " / 0 * ', * . 6 5" " , +, + , * , " " % 3 ! , , ! + & , , " , , , " # ," 4 " , , & +, ! , . 3 ! * $% 3 #% ( #%), 4 , $ , , +/ " , – % ,% /, % ,. % 3 " / +* " ! " / ,, E / * , , " & " , " " .. 6 " ." & , + " " +, , * , / 0 , * 12 + / , . ' " $. / 0+ & ! +* & & + , , " – ( & ) (! " 4 ). . " , & ""+ * 6* “ , * ” – & . , , , % , 3 0 * . % ," / “ +* , , ” , , , " 4 * ," % % . *4 ,, 5" / / *, % , + +/ " * " , – % 3 ( – ! 0 ) ). #% " & 57 3 /, % " 103 ,) , % ! ,, " , % / & ( ) % . & - ( , 13-, " * , " , , – ), 16-, – !# $4 . + / 0+ ( ), / ', * ," , " 4 * * " " . “ ”( . . 4 ) .' " , , , 3 *, ). , C / , ! " , % ," / " “ * +4 *” & " , * * C / . E 5 * " " . “ ” ( ). " *4 * " 5 (! , , , *4 , “ & ( ) , / " , , " / . C / ”. , +, " , ,, " , C / " , /" # ( ! + + + , % C / ), & " . – . 5 & " . . +4 C / , , . , + . *- , , +," . / / " &, C / / . $ + *. ' $& " , ! " & “ ”. *4 – *4 -% / ( “ ” – ), + " , , , *4 -E / ," ! 4 * /, 4 / *. , & , A +, , , ( + – & + , , ) / / " , 3 . , * , ! / +, 4 */ , 3 - 4 , -3 ," * " ,, - 4 /, +" & , " & $ +–/ , A +, , , – $ " / *. , ,, * , . ,5 & " / % , ', , ' , . C / " , % " (C / 103 2 & . " / ,, 0 -6 " , , " " 58 + " / " & " , " + -( . " " , *4 . 5" / " & / 25 " +/ : , " " “ *4 ” " , 1. % . * C / .E ! " , , C / " / " ,+, " , , , , , + " , , 13-, . , , " / % + , , * – “ ” *4 & " , 3 4 , , & " / * * ,. 2. % 3 4 ,. $ $ , 0 " " . “3à4 ,”, " , , 4 $. " , ,. F 3 4 , + + – .( " & C , +4 , ! + , $ / 0 . F 12 + *: # " / ,, , , , E * , , ( , 3 , , 3 ! , / , *,, - * ,3 . 4 , & +, " , % 3 4 , $ + * , " 5 * " , 3 4 , , ,. % 3 4 , + " " $ ! , , / * $# 1958 &., & / " & C * II. 4 0 ( & ! & ) 5 & 4 & " ! ! 3 ! . 5 & " / " +* 3. % *, . " ! " / ,, " +* / 0 % " " . , “" *4 *”. 4. % / ,. , +, " +/ ," *, ! * /! . , , , , , " 5 , 5" / " & & / 0 . % / , " / *4 / /" # 3 . 5 , ! " ! & +/ " " / ,, (! / . $% / , " , % 3 , $. , , 3 . 4 & 59 F 5. % +, " " ', + 6. % $. * F * & & , . +, “" , , , & -3 . 5 (!à, /. * - " , . ,” " , *" . + " ! " & & +4 , 0 - ," " " / +, 0 ', * 4 * & " . 7. % /,. , *" 5 # & 4 */ -3 * , . " # . ! + * , * F *, 3 3 0 . 8. % -( . – + " , -( ( ( ). F 4 */ 5 & , " , ,' , / , / , ( )" , $ & & , & . +. 9. % . , 5 & + " ! " 3 ! 3 * , " , E * ,( & *& E * " % *), + " 4 * " / 0 + / ,, 4 , ! 2 E , -F ," & 4 * 630 &. " 0 , , +" ," , 3 . 10. % à0. ( +* $ $ , 4 & + 0 , +* $ , / + *– B , ,3 4 , . + " & , ', * , , , & ( ,. ! % ', * ). ( & B , –3 , ', * , 0 , , . +* " , *4. 11. % ',é* . , / 0 ', * . – ', * B , 0 * * C / (« *4»). & + 0 + +, " ," & , , + " % . ', * + 0 " +, , * , " ,, + +/ / 0 . 5 & ! " / *" +* / 0' , 00 . 12. % ó0 . 13. % , *. , , C / . +/ # 5 & / " " " # , & " / 0 ' , . 60 *% . , C /& $ , + , +, , % , . 15. % /à C / . 16. % -3 C / . 5 & " / " ! " , $. * , , * , * , -(! / *4 " " . 104 « F * » . 17. % Eà/ . , 5 & + " / ,, " , * / 0 E / ,, " , , & – /, 0 . * ! & +" . 18. % à . , + % 3 4 , – 0, +* , " + *: -3 , 3 *, , , 3 4 , 2 . ' , " , + 4 0 * , , / ,, B 0 . 19. % *. – * C / .' ,, " +, , , + " " " +* . 5 , , , " " + , 2 , -(! ,7 ( “ ”– + , $ " # , & , , +" " " , , * , , ,). , B , , +* " / 20. % B , . + , 0 $ $ # , ', * , $ ', * . 21. % 3 . % *. 22. % Bé* . & " + ( ). 23. % ', . , " 4 * & & *4 & –% / ,. 24. % 3 4 , % - & . ! " / % / ,. 25. % ', * (! à . , *, , & +* ( & , & + , + # ). . / 104 6 « 14. % + " ' " » 14 . , " (20 636 .) . ' , 18 . (639 .). 61 , 1 , E 4 & , & * 0 # " , $. , , " ! " 7 / # & +/ " - ! / " , * * & + +/ 105 / " . $ " + +/. ( / " , . 4 & & & / . * 0 , # . / ! , , / " # " , +/ 4 */ " $ " , " $. , !" , +/ 0 / * /, / /, & 5 " / , ! , $ , " , . , " , , " , B * / & " , (! , ! + ,. & * ! + " / / " , 3 ! , " , " # " ! *4 ( +) 106 / ,, , 3 !. & / + – ! , 4 +4 & , " / ! , , " , " " / . / & $ $ " , ( , , " 5 * " + , " , % , " , $ & “" / ” / , ,). , +,, – " , & * * (* , *) ! +, " & ,, – " , 3 , . . $ ! ! , * , *“ ” + ! 5" / ', * , " / 0 , & " , + " " & "" * . ( 5 & ! " 5 " " , ! " / ! . A " , % ! , + * 0 , $ " / . , , ( . . , ), 4 , – / , . / ! # " , ,3 ,, & ,, & $ – $! +, ,. ( «& -( ») " % ! 3 , " " , & , * , , / "" +. F /, -2 ( « ») 105 106 Naji Hasan. Op. cit., . 29. Carl Raswan. Op. cit., . 27–28. 62 ! " "+ “" , ” 0 $. + ! ,, + , % ! 3 , + ! + * , /, , , , +/ * / " , , . % " 7 / ! ,, , " , , 3 , 0 " * " , $ 0 # $, $ , 4 107 +, / . " , , , & , $ $ / & " , , & / / , – , . 3 & + * % , +/ * – $ *. 0 , " 4 / $. $ / " # , – +/ " , , +/ *. , + / +/ / " , / 0 + +, , ,+ – F , 3 *, , ( . $ % / /" , .% , , " , % , (! , * – (! , . * , 4 " , * 6* - * / ! & . , " , 0 / / , . ( * ! , " , / + *,, , , * ( ; -(! / – *,, , , ( . & * + ! , . " 1 , & . & ! # ! , , ', $ " & ,H! 108 & 3 , " * , + ! *4, . . , & , , 107 , " & / " " , . / – Naji Hasan. Op. cit., . 29. $ $ W. Montgomery Watt. Muhammed at Medina. Oxford University Press, 1956, . 79–142. 108 63 & , ' 0 *! " * . ,, & , ( -" ,! " * . ,, 3 7 8 à % -3 - - 0à -( ` - (à, * ! 4 - C - F 3 7 ( -"5) 8 ; ! ; - % - % & ,: ! " * . ,, & , - ( #! " * . ,, ( -- ) 3 ( -"5) &5- , 3 &53 ` 3 3 ; , , - % à - 7 3 3 ; - % - % -% ; - (! 0 - E * / / - 4 - 3 , - % - (! 3( () % 3 4 , 3 E - -. - à & 3 ( 3 0: -" -" , - - - : !*# , ) ; / 7 64 I2 " " " , , , ,, +. 6 " – .E +/ , +/ + $& ," , $& # , . * 4 * ," ( 0 , : , ) /# (3 - '* ( * ', ) - %* &5- $- (% / * ) 1 (2, , ) (, ! 2, , * -3 *) ,# % &5 ( * -3 +) % " , 7 $% & %% &5 ( * -3 +). 65 . , , ! / $. & - -"5 2 # 1 + * # 1 + "# +* –" , " ! +* ! & , ! 34,5° 36,3° .4. – 11,437 + . . ,. ! & * – 563 ,. , , # ( / " + & +–( / , F,,, 4-B , – " ! + " ! & . / " & # / $& , & & * *. ! & #+ – 60 ,. 0 +" *" ! $. , + " + " , +!! , # . $& " $ " + / ,+, ! / , + " – +4 ( * (178 ,. +4 ). – , +*, 5 / * /" , / ! * , " + , , ! " " " . . +* ! +* , * , " . / +/ " +/ , . / " / +/ " , + + .' +" , 125 ,, & . 5, # , 4 , . , + $ " 4 , : 1908 &.: 27 + . ! *, /6 + .– + & /, 425 / *; 1930: 35 + . ! *, /5 + . # ; 1939: 28 + . ( # ); 1949: 16 + . ! *( + / , ! , ! & " ,+ ); 1970: 111 113 ( & " " ), / +/ # 45 039, . . , & , 40%; 1977: 200 000 ( # ), / # 4 35%; , " 66 1986: 369 079 ( & " 1990: 371 863 (, , 1992: 484 387 (, , 1997: 522 023 2000: 744 483 2004: 840 290 2007: 1 207 229 109 2009: 1 409 423 2011: 1 707 756 " ) + + ), / ) # 70 + . 0+ , $ , , ! , $. * + + ! , & ! , " ! . , * ! , / * . ," + – + 4 , + – + / " + . , & 4 * " " $ " " ! + 4 & / * , " , 4 & , +/ " 95% . & 110 5, . F! 1986 &., & & ," " , 88% ! * & , , " , 84% " / , & " ( / / - * . ,! & + 13 259 , F,, – 6 094. % 4 # ( $ & ! /, , ," +/ 5, )–5 +. . , , , 1971 &. , & $ " , ! 4 / 111 / " , / 0 / , ! #+ ! . , , , " " . 6 & , 109 , 0 ( 28 139 110 ( $ (Gulf Times, 12 - . " 0 2009). « 1,41 / . - ) , , (city-states) - , $ / / » (Jill Crystal. Oil and politics in the Gulf. Rulers and merchants in Kuwait and Qatar. Cambridge University, 1990, . 3). 111 $ 1952 . 67 " $. ! * 5, – + . 1986 &. +/ + 80%, / 35% " 4 *# , " # , & # ,0 "" # *# , 25% – & / , 16% – # , 4% – " *# . ( + " & , & 6. , 1996 &. $. $ : 25% – + #+, 15% – & +, 18% – *#+ ( , , & # , *# , ), 18% – " #+, 10% – #+, 14% – & & . ( 112 , B , ,H + " *#+). ' -" # + ' " ! " " / ( " " # : "# $% & -"-, * * / * , & ! , + ! ! , ) ' , ! +, $& - " ! " # , - / +, " ! + , , + 4* " & + +. " +" 6-& + .5. , -3 ,% E + * + , , + $. 4 , * # # * 113 . , F * " , (5500–4000 .5.). V . .5., " , , * II . .5. " , * E + , " ," ! ,& 114 , & ," , à . & 0+ ! $ , 630 &. ! " " , " " & & - , , ( , & , , # * *- & + 4 * *" # * ). $ 5" / (750–1258) " *, . 4 / , " " " , " & & , , $! E + " , & C/ */ . + 112 Anthony Cordesman. Bahrain, Oman, Qatar, and the UAE: Challenges of Security. Colorado: Boulder, 1997, . 13. 113 Tamra Orr. Qatar. NY: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark, 2008, . 17. 114 Pearls and Petrodollars in Emerging Qatar by Oxford Business Group, 2004, . 161. 68 , & " ! . ! #+ " , " & +& + + 3 - , " , , , 4 +, " 4 , / , , , , % / , " * " * " *#+ " - , ., " , , 3, * " , % . , /" . , 628 &. / ! + ( . . XIII . " " * , $) ! + " ! * C */ E +. , ," , $ , 5 " 4 1530 &., " , + 115 . , " " & *5 " & " , +, " ,, , , ! & % . ' , , ,+ 1555 &., ! " , $ , " ,, + /& & & +* " 3 * . $ , , " " & / " * ! * - " * " ! 4 7 " +* +* " , +, E ( * ! ). , $ , 1524 &. * -F * ( + , +/ & # * ) & " ! & " + (% – B ,, ), 1543 &. – +% 3 ,, (3, * * (! ,). E ,, & , % 3 ,, , 4 , * &, " 1690 &. / , / . A " , ', , !, -3 *, , $ ! , – 4 */ ' * 3, + 3, – 116 +* &E . ' 1615 &. +/ +/ , * * - 0 ! -3 ! , 7 115 0 116 ( / - - / 1538 . " , 5 0 % - " $ - /-< ). ( 0 2 6 ., " , 1997. . 4 69 ! . ( . . . -6 , " - ). - # : +* $ (" % 117 ), 4 " + , % ‘ / . ( & , % F , + 4 /, -E * , -,, -% , - , , -3 0 , , -(! /, , - *0 ., & +4 " ! & , " ,& & & " 4 */ / ,, , " * + 4 *E +( - " ," ! ). A , , ! , % F +4 0 +" «" +/» &" $, +*, 4 , " , +,, " , " " # , " & ,, " " " , " . , % F " ! * E +, 118 . + $ # 0 40–50 , / & , + " + $ * * % F + # , XVII . & – , XVIII . +, / & 0 ," 1750 &. & "" ! , * " . + , * . 5 ,& - " 1766 &. *" ! * * - " & " % F – 3 0 -(! /, . ! , , , , , 4 , & & , *% " * , , , , $" 4 , . « , 1766 &., & &, + % F * – 3 0 -(! /, – & * E " ," ! , 4 F ! , F , 117 / / . . 2 " 1896–1915 0 2 – 5 118 ./ " 5 - « , -6 , 6 , - " " , – ., , – / 70 , " " . 0 , & . $ . " 1613 ., " » " $ ' - & " . 5 & , (obscure). E 4 + * + , , +/ " *, 4 & " +, " , , . +, " , , + . , , " + % F , + 4 + 4 + , + , " + , / +" , , 4 /5 4 . 5 + 50 , +. E $ /" ! +, " 4 / , +/ ! . , !" , +/ , " 5 , & , & , / + , * " " ! 119 $ / " + $ , .» 1783 &. " +, 4 " 4 / E 3 0 , + " / , & % / * , & 5 , * " * " . * *. 5 , / " +, " ! , # & / . " , 3 0 ( % / * ) +* " E ! +, # , + & ! , & ,. 1787 &. % / * " & , 4 3 0 .( * / & + ! , ," 5 , /" " , / * / *, F0 * 1787 1791 & /. 1795 &. 6 " E , 3 * , (! * . *" XIX . & " , & . " , * . 6 " " " 0 , ! , $. , « # , E +» " , % / * . F # / 4 ," , , 4 / * . 1867 &. 4 */ / ,, ! $ & , & 4 , . " ! * , 3 0 . 5 , & , 0 , & $ * – ' , $ ," $. " & # * + ," 4 * *, * * +. # XVIII . 4 " +/ " ( + & + $ & , ) " & , " 119 Jill Crystal. Oil and politics in the Gulf. Rulers and merchants in Kuwait and Qatar. Cambridge University, 1990, . 26–27. 71 . 6 – C * , 3 * % . C , + , % , 3 * – ,. « -3 * " ! , " ! " " , ! ( / * $" . & , 2, & , , , # +* # , .( & , " ! 120 E ( / ,& +, & , + 3 * .» XIX , ! " ! , $! , , # 5, – ( / . ! –" , +/ +/ +, " ," , +/ , +/ " , * 0 . " 0 , & ( ) & ( ) ," . + , + – + " + " ! . « / / 4 */ E ,: & + " +/ " * * ; & + " ! , / , $ + * ! , & , + 121 , , / ,.» ! , & , " , & * + 10–20 , ! , / , ( . . ) " " , #+ ! +* " & ! " 50 4–5 , , + + " # +, « ! ,». / % / * * ! , ! , " ,+ + 18–25% , +/ 122 + 48% (!) . ( XIX . " , ! " , " –" + , ! , $ $( , ) 4 */ . B */ + , . ," , , ! & * , & / + +/ " /–" # , , ," $ , * , " +" +" . , 4 / + + +, , ! " + 33 . ," # ! " * 120 Lorimer, John Gordon. Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Oman and Central Arabia. Gregg, 1970, . 754. 121 Rosmarie Zahlan. The Creation of Qatar. London, Croom Helm, 1979, . 13. 122 Pearls and Petrodollars in Emerging Qatar by Oxford Business Group, 2004, . 161–162. 72 & * ,/ , " * , ,+/ % / & * +/ , 4 /. 1924 &. , " ! " 123 ! " 80 " * & . / , / . , ! + . " & * * + . / ( «2 ,», & & 0 , + 4 # , " % , " + " , " , , 1765 &., & ! / $ & " 4 . , ( ! ). B */ , " , XVIII . , $. * : «% + " , , " ! " " , " , ( . / 0 , , " +, 0 , ; + " 4 , ,, 4 ! ! + + 124 " , % & 5 , & . + 4 , & ,: % + " , 1775–76 &&., 4 $ & / * E +, " , + " 125 / & # ». ' 1820 &. * , * $. " : «-% – & +* & , . . +* , +, " , , & & " * + . . , ! 4 & … & & 250 ! *. 123 - , - . http://www.catnaps.org/islamic/history.html; http://www.catnaps.org/islamic/population.html ( " ! ) 124 J.B.Kelly – " " «Eastern Arabian Frontiers» (London: Faber, 1964) «Arabia, the Gulf and the West: A Critical View of the Arabs and their Oil Policy» (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1980). 125 Al-Qasimi, Sultan Muhammed. The myth of Arab Piracy in the Gulf. 2 nd edition N.Y.: Routledge, 1988, . 4. 73 , 4 % / * , +/ , ! 900 1000, , " " , ( , & " / 126 , & , +/ + . ,– 600 800.» 1821 &. % 4 ' * ," « », " & " , , " & ! & " & " ! & ( + – ). , " & – +" & " % / * ' * ," * 1820 &., +* ! % +, & + " " + . & , , ," , ( . . * ), / " , % + . " & , " ,. +* 1681 &. « / - 4 » +" ! , + " *" , " " , 4 */ , / ,, * " " . « » , & * + 4 *( / ,& ," 4 4 *" & * -, * *. + " , " *# / / ! , , ! ,, $ " 4 " /. & " " , % . , ,, " , ! $ " , , . 3 0 E * 1766 &. " +, " ,, , ! , +, * , & "" , ! . $ , C * , + / , * % (" ). 3 0 ! " " $ + & " ! , + " . , , " " ( / & , . .' ! $ , & " , ," * , , +4 " + + . 3 , , & + $ # XVIII – XIX . , «( / » / , + 4 & * -(! (" & " + * ), ,, , , $ & + , . -(! . $. ,, , ! " " + $ « *» ( / , * * , +* , & 126 http://www.catnaps.org/islamic/history.html 74 ,, - & . 1841 &. 4 */ & ) " & $ (! 4 , /, " , , , + " 127 128 " * , $ 5 . ! & + +" 1846 &. , » / " " ", / ", 0 , . . 128 , * - . " ( 1841 . 0 / ) / .+ 127 6 0 , , ! ," % 0 .+ , / " " $ " » , " - % -, " 1820 . % -, * 2 . , % , / " «" ( & , 2 % * -( / " 4 */ , / ,, , + , ,& * / , , ! , ( / (( -) ). , / " % -( / , " , . " / ,, $ +, + , * % 1844 &. , ! 4 * , /, + .- .0 / , , $! , 3 ," , * *– – 4 */ C ,, " « 0 , # , , / " " , , ! . (! , . ( / , % * , # ( / * A ! #+ % ! , , . 75 & ", , % -, " " , ., - $ .0 - $ , . " , / " , . . - , , 4 ! , & ! . F , " , * + " , ! , , , 4 */ / ,, + 4 */ , , , * . 6 – 4 */ / ,, ! * , " / , /, * " & 4 */ " , 1866 &.). / , , , # / ,, – , – " ! 1850 &. 0 & * , ," ,. . / ,, , , +/ 0 # *" & # $ +/ " , & " ! ! + $ 1850 &., / " , ! , " , 5 & , , 0 4 & # . + $ , / * *" ! ( +* " ! % , & # , 129 , *( / ) , & , , ! 1850 &. & * ," C * % " 4 1847 &., , , ,, & & 0 , ! 3 0 % 0, 5 & / 4 / $ +/ 4 /. & , 5 , , / ,, ! + % , & " ! + , ! 3 0 % 0 . ," ! " , " , & 4 4 & / , & 4 */ % .' 4 * ! " 1847 &. " , # * % / * , , 4 */ / ,, " ,( / ( % +). +/ " + 4 */ / ,, + $ . ,, , " & . , +, 4, , & – % * ' , * ," *. & , $. , +,, 1856 &. " & +/ * / «5 , » * " – , * * , 5*,, - / ( # - +* ) – " " + " , & , , 130 & . , 0 , / ,, . C # " & & 4 */ +, , . * , ( ,. E / ,, , 129 130 http://www.catnaps.org/islamic/history.html + . 76 , ," ! ( " " , " ) " * + 4 / $ % 0 3 0 1847 &., & , ! 4 */ , /, , 3 0 & -0 , , % 4 */ , * 0 , +4 0 - ! " & " , , " ,+. , , . +* " , ! " ! 4 , % / * *% 0 , ! , * 3 0 * + " , , + 4 */ , / ,, , 3 0 & *. & 4 , ! 4 */ , * / ,, , " , ! + +. * % 0 4 " , % , + , % 3 ! , ! / * & 4 */ + 3 0 . & , & , + & $ C +, (! , / ,, – 4 * + 4 */ / ,, . E , $ + 4 * * " ! 4 */ , + , , 5 * * " , . , 5*, " ! / ,, 3 0 , +* & +4 & 0 " ,. 4 , ! , ! " # F,, (17 1847 &.) – " , # * .% 0 " " " ! " & $, / * #+ 4 % . & & & " 4 ( / . ' 1850 &. ( / " , & 4 */ , (! , / ,, , ,. , 5 + " . $ /! 3 0 " ! * # $ – " " , " 3 0 " ! . ," # ( / " , * ( */ , * ! , 4 , $ . " & , " 4 , . , " , " +, « & , 3 0 » + 4 " ( / " # +* * . 1850-/ & , " "+ , & " C * . ! % / * , ,, , +" " & ( / . , 4 & C * + + ! " * , $ , *, / , , " + / * # , & * . , 77 . " 4 " / * + C , $ . . 4 1859 &., , " / * # , + +( $ *( / ) & , , . 1863 &. " % / * " " / 4 */ / ,, . A " , 1867 &., 3 0 " , & 4 , +" ( ( / .& 4 ( + $ , ! , + + +), , – + 4 */ / ,, – " % / * . #+ +* , " * , , 4 . 0 + " . . , 4 */ / ,, " % / * , * 5, , " $ " , , " , + %/ * -" 0# ' "5 (& -"5 &5 (!). ( & 1868 &. , ! ( / * , +, " , " , ,, + 0 " , * " * # *, 131 , ,, + 0 , – & " , . & – 3 0 % / *, – . , " , , & " & * $ ! & " % / * ( / ,, 3 0 ), & , / # & , " & & – 3 0 . " / / ,, , / ,, & " , , / ,, , , ,, XIX . & , + / + , ,, , , $ + -" , * , / , + , * . $. % & + « » + & 4 / " + 4 */ , " & , « & + . ». 6 , +, * +, " , +/ " *, & *, – 5 & 131 , & % + , ! -2 . ., " 78 , - # 4 *" * 4 *( $ & ! , !" , + " +): «' , ! *4 / , +/ 5 , " * 5 $# E + " # " . ' " " + & + " " / " ! *. % – * , * & 4 * , * 0 # & "" C , – , * ,. , & " & (" .,. ) " / & . , ,5 & *. , 132 & , 5 # # & " ! .» F " , " "+ &, " " , , & " " , . 1872 &. ' , ," , ! " ,, +* * *, " 100 . / ,, & , , " ' , * ," ,. ,$ " & , " , / * " . 1878 &. , 4 */ / ,, , +, " , , & 4 * + ,. ( & " & 4 " , – 18 1878 &. – 7 # +, ,, " ! 5, 21 $ 2007 & . , , , # «" + », /* #+ $ +* , 5, ( , $+4 , . / . $ + " ( / " & & $. * 5 " 4 1888 &. " " , , 133 $" ( . 1892 &. 4 */ , , , +,, + " , *, : , /" * ( / , , 7 / , , ( ! ((!. , " & – * – " 4 , «5 * , & 15 , / ( / / 132 Zahlan, Rosmarie Said. The Making of the Modern Gulf States. Ithaca Press. Reading, MA. 1998, . 27. 133 Pearls and Petrodollars in Emerging Qatar by Oxford Business Group, 2004, . 162–163. 79 / , , & + " +/, A / ( " 4 $ , / + +, 400 , +/ 5 ' , # , * + ! , & ) , / * & + , " " , . , 4 */ * ," , , , $ « / 4 */ ," " , ! 4 " , #+, , . / , " , & , * * " 1913 &. " & . *. 4 ( . . " , . , & " * , , , " * . 1878 &. , + . ! ,» & , + " & * 4 */ , & ! +/ + », , & + " 4 */ +, ,« , ,». 0 + # " (1934 &.), +* " $ * ,( / ( . . ) 134 / */ (! 134 , + & .6 " " , , * E +, & 4 * % / *» / * /" * 3 0 * " E + " " & $ * " , 5*, 4 & *4 , « +! & +, , 5 & * , +* " ! 0 . + XIX XX // & , ! +/ // 1920- &&. $. * ,( " , ! + + ! " . " * 33 + $ *: # +* " " $ « , * & " // + + " * / ! , & , & / / ,+ + + " ,. , " ! 3 +* , , 4 ). ' # /" # , , 1893 &., 4 */ , " ( / ," * . , , ! 4 * ( / , , . / #+ " + – 100, 5 ! 4 " " # …» . 3 # ) + . + . & 4 *1937 &. Lorimer, John Gordon. Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Oman and Central Arabia. Gregg, 1970, . 1112. 80 * " " +* ( & " " * & 5*,, * 1934 &&. , ! 1916 $ ». , , 5 & , ( / & / , 5, , , , / , + " 4 " , * E 1916 1934 , " $ , $ , , / - (!), . . * * - & 1950- , (!) * 66 . . , " 135 , « & , +/ " 1958 &. " & & " , + " # 136 & . 135 2 .' & 2 1949 ., " " / , & . *" , " +* . * " (!). 2 " " . . .2 , " , " . (3 : Richard F. Nyrop. Area Handbook for the Persian Gulf States. American University (Wash.DC). Foreign Area Studies, 1977, . 255.) + * : 1963 . / " * 5 , * ! "( . . = – " " ), * .& "= %$ 5 , « * * , , 2 $ » (!). 3 : Miriam Joyce. Ruling Shaikhs and Her Majesty’s Government. 1960–1969, . 42. 136 Miriam Joyce. Ruling Shaikhs and Her Majesty’s Government. 1960–1969, . 42. 81 $ " " . , " & , , " . , * * " . ! , " 1971 &. * . * , ( , , $$ " 5, . +* & , + , , +, " ,, " 5 , & & , +/ & # ( " $ * /) ( / " ! . , * – ( 4 (( 4) – , , + " # , , ! , ! +, ,, * ! & , ( 0 $ 5" / ) " $. , 0 + 5 & + ( 4 . 4 & , " , " $ " /, " , . *, + 0 * ," « ,( ", ». 5 , " 1956 &., & / * /, , / +/ ! *& , * -( 4" &" $. , " 4 / « », " & & * , . «… " 0 + + 0 & & & . % 4 5, & & ! , ! & . & # " 0 , , " +/ & +/ , * … & " " 5 " * +/ , * , + , & , " ! , 4 * " 137 & .» 0 + & / " * , +, . , , " & , * ( , ! + 500) $ " , # +, ,, , $ , – , * , -(! * , , - +* . - $ , ,, # , ! 7 , & ( / , $ * , & , 1 / , , 137 ! , , *, 6 - Jill Crystal. Civil Society in the Arabian Gulf // Civil Societies in the Middle East. Leyden: Brill, 1994, . 262. 82 / # XVIII . * ,# , " , * " ! , -(! /, . 1766 &. $ " 3 0 , , & 4 * , 138 . +, % F ( -(! /, ! + / $) * " , . $ * + , / & +* * . -(! /, $ * , !, 3 0 ! . , & +/ , & # * " " ! $ & 3 0 & $ , / , E " ,, & 0 " * . + & . 1768 &. " ( ), 1769 &. + " + / , +* " , " , + & + , " . 1775–76 &&. E & " $ ! +* « ," »: " , % + " " , & / ,, / , 4 E . , , " 4 & # . / 3 0 +! ! , ! +, , , ( . . , ) , ! , / * , " ! , , . 4 & . , , & E . 1777 &. " + " " % / * , 1780 &. " "+ / E , , , , 139 " , , , , & # , +* 7 ! +. " . 3 0 4 & / * $ # , . 1782 – , 1783 &&. " + E " : #+, " ! + , " , , , * " ( " , , 5*,), ! +, * , , ! 4 /, 138 " , 1753 . ! +, E -6 $ - 139 &/ 1766 . , " % . 83 " , & , . - ! & , + " & , " , " & % / & & , " , " / * . 1783 &. " ,+ * * ! , . / " + 0 , , , 140 , . 3 /, 0 / 3 * * . 0 E / * , - + ,: /$ 5 , . , " 1783–1868» , " + * 0 ,+ « *», + ! «" / 4 / " +, " , , – 5*, . . * ,E 141 ( , 3 ». 5 ! " -(! /, , +* " / & -0 +/ , 3 0 , ! -3 * ( " " , ! E * * ,) , / " * « +» 3 0 # . / , 3 0 & " $ / & +/ , # * , " ," ! " / -(! /, . / 4 */ /, (! -(! /, " " # $& & « * » ! . / / & .' 4 $ , ! , 1787 1788 &&. + " & " , , *, F0 * " E , 142 + 3 0 ( , , ). ( /, -(! /,+ $ +/ , 4 */ " , , ( + 4 / ' 6) " , , " " ! " " +/ , ! +/ + 0 4 , , . & ! , , ! + 4 " . /, / + " ," ! 4 * , / , / * , 3 0 , " $. " " , 0 & ,. E 5 1809 &. " + " «500 " 140 Lorimer, John Gordon. Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Oman and Central Arabia. Gregg, 1970, . 1919. 141 International Court of Justice. Reports of Judgements, Advisory Opinions and Orders. 1998, . 253. 142 Kechichian, Joseph A. Power and Succession in Arab Monarchies. A reference Guide. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2008, . 182. 84 " " " ! . 1810 &. & E , /, ,, 4 " – +* " -(! /,+ $ +/ , ,. ' E " 4 $ +" , 5*,. ' 4 $ 3 0 , & & +, # , & + ! , & . 5 ,, , * * . . , *" / ,, 1830 &. * $ " $% / * /, 3 0 (1816–1843) , " , ,, " " ! 4 $ 0 , / * * " $ . , ,, #+ - " +/ * " * ," – 3 0 & . 1835 &. / * #+ + E , 4 , " C * 3 * $ , . " " , & 3 0 , 1839 &. , , 4 , " + +* 0 , , & 3 & , . ! , # / / 4 / , *0 , # ,, / 5 /" " /, " . 5 , ! 3 0 , & , , , + , " ! C * & " % 1840-/ & /. +* / * *" / ,, 3 0 + " " , ! / / " . , % / * , " " & & , ! , , 1850 &. " * " % * + . . 5 " # + " 1859 &., % / * . & * 5 . #+ « », / , " ! " 143 6 ,+ . *" XIX . #+ ( , 5*,) ! , . $ , , , * ,. 1878 &. * ! " 5 , " /* , " $ 3 0 ," & & ! " +/ # * " 5*,. , , 1874 &. " / * & " + " , , * «" » " , 3 3 / 143 2 , +* .5. , " 85 , . 179, 197. 3 0 * E + $ ,% 3 ! * % / * " 4 */ +. ' & " 5 . & / " $ * , " " , 5*,, + . %+ 5 / + * " , ( / ? , , " " / " 5 3 0 . , E / , «/ 1871 &. , / ,, . E $ * , ! , * " & & " 144 5 & ! + + / " » . 3 " * . + + . 1878 &. " ( / 4 */ , " ," $" " , 5*,, + / , . , , , + , E , 4 & . & ! " / * , " $ , 4 " , & 5*,. & 500 5 & " , + * " . 0 , + " % ! & – – & " & + ! +* , , ! 5*, ( , & ). 5 & " , " 4 */ , , , ( / , & – & * + . E #+, " 5 , " ! & & + 4 4 * , . , 5 & " / . 4 # " « , ,» . ' $ 4 E " , " , % , ! 4 & / * , 3 0 . % , " % / * " / , + 3 0 . 5 , , * , 4 , 3 0 , ,+, / " & , . E * " & " # " % / * , , 4 * " , ,, " % : + ! $ E 0 $. 5 & % / " , & & , ! , . 4 +,. 5 , & , " , , « ," # »" , & 144 " , Rosmarie Zahlan. The Creation of Qatar. London: Croom Helm, 1979, . 13. 86 , , " " $ % / *». ' , + . ,5 & * * / , , " $ " $ , 145 , " 3 0 . , , & " , 1936 &., / * #+ " " & "" * & " & " ! , " , , & " & +« 3 », 1937 &. ," , E ," & & , + 4 */ 5*,, , 4 / , * . #+, " ," 3 0 & . 4 */ , ! 4 " / " " ! , + " " $ , 4 +, " "+ 4 , , +* -" ( / . « , 4 . ( , * $ E , # ", $ %' # "# * 2 $ 145 " $ + ! Ibid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–4 . , 4 * # . 4 , ! + +& + +– + +, " / / + * + +. * 5 . ! , / " + + ! +/ /, " " " " , , $, + , & , " / , , # # ! & $. & / . ! , 4 , & " , + # , " # * , * , *. ,, " , $ # , ,5 + , " / & ! 4 " 5 ,, 4 +* . & , ! 5 + * ! " , , # / « " / *» 4 & " . $. , , ( # , $ & / ), – & " ,# . 6 # / , , , & +" , & $ , " # , * " +. + " +! . / *" " +, # , * 4 , " 88 ! $. , ! ," . +/, ! 4 , . . " , . . , +/ & / /5 , 0 # " $ . " " , +/ & *, +, , " & 4 /« & » ,# , * #+ $ & , " 4 " & ," & , . , & * " / : , ! " # +/ & +/ /, , ,+/ , ! . – ! * " . « , + , " » # # , ! " & 4 + #+. + , & * ! " " # +/ " 4 /, + " / & # & " + , & 5 & " $ + . / + / / E :, ! + $ & & " " , ! * . , & , " # ( . ,- , 5 + " # * . ,/ , *. & , " ) $ , (5 $ , " +/ " , ). " ! ! & " ," ,, * * # " 5 *# , / , , & , + +,. ! . , $ , , " & , " ! , $ , 5 * # $ ! « + » & , # " " " ! & " . # , " ! * – ! +* 5 , / + . " " 4 ! . / , , , " , /, " " " !+, " , + +/ " , . /. ( / , + + *, 4 / , , ( $ & " ), . , , . ! + + , , ! . , ! + # " # +, " +,( ). #+, #+ , & " " # ! & " + # , , 5 & . . ! # , / . , $ ! ,–! " , .E $ $ +/ /, * # " +,. & 5 " # " , . 30–50 , " 89 ," " , « /" 6 $ + " 0 , * 4 /, " , " # , " $ / ! $ , , ,», " 80%. , !" , +. ' ," # # + , . / +/ , ! , + , & + " & +/» , * 4 «" , # , »: " +, , 0 +, " 4 , ! , " , , , $ +, " +/. , , 4 / " / – " $. . + *" " " / * ! " , – / , +/ « » " + , & , & , ! " +/ +/ ( , ! !) ! +/ . , ! 0 , & ! " 14–16/ ,/ , , & 12/. " . & , , / , ! , , ,4 +, . – FE ( ) ! , & +. , ! / + . + +" « +,» , * +. 5 , + " * +, # , , , ! ! . . ' # * – " # +* # , +* # , 4 * & "" * (, ! + ! . +) # . #+ & , & – , " ! 0 . ( & * * " +* + * – # , " ,+* , ! , , /. ,+ 5 & # – " , , . * & ""+ ( , * , , " , ) , + 5, . . , , # $. / , " 5 , & $. * , ! , , # , $. * " 5 0 +, + ," $ # , +, " ,. . " +* # – 0, & +* 5 , , + & " ! & – 4 * . , ( " , + +* 5 & # * * *, , , * , " , – * * + " , . 6 , ! & ! " , + ,, + , & « & 90 ! ! " , ! 6 4 +* , 4 , , , , +, , . . $ ! #+. ' / – 3 ,, – +* 4 " $ + +, # , . 4 – / +, $. , , ,, + .( & / / # , $ , 44 . ! * # * * / +, , , 4 * " ,, ! " +, , ! ,. +/ " # $ $ , $ .3 4 " & " # +/ &. & 0 + ! / +/ $ *5 * # , " + #+ , $ + & + * +, $ $. 5 , / , ,, ! " * ! " & / *, , ,/ ,. . , , # , , & / *, / * & , $ $! & . , " $ $ $ $, & ! ,, , & #+ , $ +/ " +/ «& . », # +/ , ! " +4 100 + . , # ( $-, 0& *) (<= >?@A B @) 6 % 2,, , $ / " , – 3 , . , + + / 0 , 0# *-" (& " «/ 146 0 $ ». , /. / 3 , , $ 599 91 , + " 600 "# +,» / 3 , 146 (598–661 .5. ): , … 5 4 «" , , + , «. + . ( & + , . !, , : , " - % ( + «" !, & ' , ! 2, + ). !, $ ! , +,» % " , - / + , " , , $ +, " , + , & & * - ! ( XVIII - 1715 &.) . , +, 2, – (% ). # , % 2, (J> K @LM @NOPQ), " # , – % 2, (J> K @LM @RNQ). , & , !, * * ,. 1763 1764 &&. " + !, * . 1782 &., " , , / ,, , +/ # * " !, " " , * " , . XIX . + , * !, * ( ! & (! , & , , * - 6 & , 33 .). « !, – " , * - / +, , $. $ " F . *4 " , * ," $ $. ' , * 147 ," *.» !, +& $ , !" , +/ */ " / " # / * 1 * 3I3 33 . ,+, +, 4 */ , " , 3I3 . + 3 , +* " * & ," , +/ " * / , . " , " " , (/ * 3 1912 &. " // , ! $ ! , " 4 , " , 5 " $ " ! . " , 1930 &. " ! + " 4 ," & ! !, , * F * . & + , * 5 & " , " ! $ / / , / / & , " $ – * * " # * ( * - / ). ' * * !, & / (! ( " 6 ( ,, ,), , , * ! 0 (« !, »). & 147 Anscombe, Frederick F. The Ottoman Gulf: The Creation of Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997, . 179. 92 $. « » , / : -- 1 . & 4 */ – ; % $*; (( ! *,). & 4 */ – (! , -( , ; ' '( * )( ); -!* /1 !'( /0 3 ! ). & 4 */ – ; 1& /. & / 4-B ; ! ' – (- ,& ., (/ *+C ( #!00! ! '. 4 * % . $ / 0 , 4 */ – */ . ! 4 / 4 */ / !, – 3 , . * $ $ 4 */ 3 ; &5% ( ). !& $ ( *, 4 3 ! ! *,). & 4 */ – * 3 ! 0; * *) – (- ,& ., (/ *+C ( #!00! * *) % #'!, . * (3 % ). B */ – ,. $+ ; "&+ (3 4 3 ! ). B */ – % ; % $4 (3 *4 4 3 ! ! *,); !( $" # (3 * 3 ! ! *,); 7 ( !&+. / 0 /; - 4-7 # (B , ! *,). / / 3 , 4 */ – B , % E *0 , 4 */ – / + ; 7 / . , " +/ ! . , * / , / * !, 3 * $ " . ' !, ! $ + # 93 - ! + (! / , - /, $ 30 + . 50–55 + . , C/ *. . ' (DEFG@) –5 ," ! *, " *4 & 4 * " , , ! " , * 0 # *. $ $ . , ,, + +4 & " , . 5 , , , " " , ( , " , ,, + , " , ,, , ,# / II (605–562 .5.), ! IV III / .5.(!). 5 , ! + + *" , " . . , * ( / *, 4 -C , " , « + 0 + " / ! % » & + 3 / F * , 2 , ! + $" , II-III 4 * 5 +. . , «" , , »–% . $ , +/ " $ * : , $ 5" / – " * -3 ; , * " – + 3 /, 3 4-B * . + & , " " ( , & . , " + : $ * & # / ! $ 2, , , ! , , 4 $ % 3 . +, , " / + % 3 0 % , 4 , , , * 148 , & 6 . & (838–923) , 0 , $ % , +* " , +, " , ,, , / * « + + !». ! $ , ! + " + & & / 4 /" , . XVIII . , $ +, ! +, , , 6 - , ( 3 3 * ). A & ! ( ,), XVIII . & + ! & 6 .' +, " , + " " , B ,, , * + +, " . XVIII . " XX . 5 , ! " 148 0 – - $ 5 - 94 -+ . 0 , . / ,4 & *" ," , +/ + " " & # $ " 149 – #+ + ! , * +* , XVIII ., " + , , * & « + " /, , ,4 " 4 , / * ! , " , F , 0 , , , & / , , & " " , -3à " + 1 à ( à ), à 0 , " , + C B ,, 4 +/, - , à ,F 151 ! à ». ,« & , 4 / , ( / + , , & # $ 150 B ,, ». , +, +/ * , # XVIII . / , 5 1 * # 2 + ' -* % ' '# 152 * * &5 à /à% &5- *)& - ( & ( % 7 &+ ) à/& 1 &5* & ( % ! $*) , # " 4# ( 4#) # " '' &5) '! -&+ " ! ( % /à 4 ( % *)& -) &5 à%/ & 5, , ! , 4 */ , , 149 &5)à% &5 + " , 4 à% ( % !#4 *) % $* 8 * à ( % !/ $#) 5 * 0 5 ,, & & / - , ( . . ), « ». Military Report on Iraq. Area 2 (Upper Euphrates). Compiled by the General Staff, British Forces in Iraq, 1921 ( – Military Report), . 45–46. 151 Ibid. 152 5. , . 328; Dickson H.R.P. The Arab of the Desert. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1949, . 575. 150 95 , $ +/ .(!.(-" 4 ), , 4 * 1930– 50-/ &&. * , *, " $ ,, " «& * ». : “F" /, 153 F" , +* , *! – 5 3 ”. , , / , C / 3 à + , + $. / $ *, 4 */ , " , - , à ( 0 # ), 4 & , " , , 4 & * * *" + . , % ! , " *, * * +& +/ & # + . ,+* " " + * * ! , +, " 4 . $ , / +/ + , 4 + * ( ,, . / * ! ). , , " ! 5, * ( à/) % / * 154 ( 3 0 ). , * * / * *" . , – +/ #+ «" » –" , , . /– 155 , 3 0 – % ! * ( / ,4 . *) # (NS> T@UV M ) / / " / , $ 3 ! . & & . 5 , – ' / 153 154 , " / Glubb D. The Story, . 39. 6 . , . 96–97. 2 : " , , # ( " 2 - . & 155 5 " , - . & , ! , $, / « ,» – B 0 B 0 + , . . / . * / , & ., , 5 –& / 96 6 3 " . -6 " . & $ , 2 , , . . . + , " ,< ,5 $ , & " , < " ". «" " »" – , , & «4 » 4 . «% 3 ! – " , " ! F * ($! & # .– ,. * . A « + + » -" ' , 156 , & .» « » " , " + & " " 5, !, , ! * .' + % 3 ! : 1. - / *% ( ! !& $ ): (/ * -( * - (! / -E / ( -E / ) E * - , (- , / (! , ) 0 ( . . 00 ) /, , 0 * ( ) / - C/ * 3 , -3 3 * -B ( 4-B ) - B */ ( 4-B / ) 2. &5 !/ +* / - (! , 156 157 , *, & ) * ," - ! $ *- *: Anscombe. Op. cit., . 180. , * …4 - « . 97 , "» -5 " . , - (! -E 0 ( / / -E 0( -(! 0) *0 -', * - , / - * ( . . ) -C / -B , , ) / 4 3. &5# ’: - ,, - % 5* - - *, - (! , / 0 -3 * - B 5* 3 , , 4-B " , , 6 , , * / * , *0, - , 3, . 3 " -3 , – + ( , , 4-B 0 . " +/ & 5, & * , ! " ! % 3 ! : ( , E , , , / , * , 0 , * , C / , 3 * * ,, ( ! , 3 C ! & * (W: > X@UV M @) $ " , * 0 4 * * ( $ " 0. % 3 ! – 98 C % , ( C/ ! ) , , , , 4 / E ! % , 3 - B 0 . ! # *, ) 1 * . " " , $ # / & . & $ - 3 & , * , % & " & ! * 0 # *4 / / +* $ / , " , *4. 5 * , C + & ," / à % à . % 3 –" , 3 , +4 " " ! , 158 % (! , . % 3 , +, # 80-/ &&. * / /, 3 , " , $ *4 & % /,, , , , , " / ,, + * + - / 6 0. , , % 3 $ $ & "" * , " + -3 (! , -3 , 4 2 , 0 , -( , ! ( , 3 ) ( * 3 , ). % 3 , 4 + % + * , + ' 7 + 6, + ', 3 , . , ! 1557 1798 &&. * * & " . 5, % 3 , 0 , " 4 * # , . , , % 3 " ! & " "+ " 5 /, /" & # (XVII .) & ( + XVIII .). " , 5, " -" , , + % 3 " " " , % ! , . «% 3 – " , - / +. %+ / $. , - / , " , " ! // +. ' , * ," *. & , * " , 159 * .» 158 " 2 , 4 / %à , + " , , 4 */ & % 5 / & " . / – " " " . 159 Anscombe. Op. cit., . 180. 5 $ & 99 5 , % , * & " " " , " , " * * - , ; -% C / ; -(! - / 4 ,; */. */ - 4-B * - -E / * - * -C * / ; ; ; $. # , 0 +% 3 : * ; $. +: ; . - (H = IJKFL) % 2 – " " , / , $ + " ! / ,, % 2 " ! " ! & . « ( + XVIII … 1761 &. + * " % 2 , '% 2 , & " , , " , +/ * * " , % 2 , 5*, % ', & / E ,, ! / * " /, " , , , , ( / wars), % 2 1812 1814 & " "+ / , ) 4 */ , , , " / B / (1818–1833) & , & 160 II, - - , " , , – ! $! $ " , & – ,. * . / * & " , / $ ! " 160 , ». # XVIII – XIX ., . .( & & & . 1799 &. (8YO@ZV M ) " 4 "+ " ! ', & . * 4 , , // , / , the Qawasim-Omani / + * , # , & ( , . & // . * ( % 2 4 */ 3 0+ B / (1833–1846), + * + + , ! , Al-Qasimi, Sultan Muhammed. The myth of Arab Piracy in the Gulf, . 4. 100 ,B ! * ( ,. 1833 &. /% 2 , % C " , ( *, & & & 4 */ , % + , +, " ,. 1848 &. % 2 . , & " ( B ! " "+ & / " ( / * , 4 + * $. & " ( / " $ , !" , +/ & 161 *. % 2 / : - # $1 "( *0 *0, . . *0 ) ([> \ K N?). ' ," , % 3 (% 3 / C –" , , 14-, " ), " " , , ( ! $ " " , – * 6* ). - &5 ! (MN>GJOLJPQ ). - &5 ! (RNSB JOLJPQ ). - &5 ! / $# (TNUSJOLJPQ ). " " , , , * + 5, / -3 *, , F,, - * * , !, ,B ! (" -3 ), ( , ( .F ! , – +/ #+ " , % / / " – * , * 3 , . & * , / " / % 3 0 ! , *" + 5, ,% / * ( *% / * – * ). - &5 ! 8 & - ( . . -C ) (VWXYJOLJPQ ). / +. % / . / " / , * ,–" ( . - &5 ! 8 &+/ ( . . -C / ) (ZXYJOLJPQ ). /" / , * / * –" ( . ! / / , * , . + /" 5 + / ,, / ( E . - &5 ! 5+# ( . . -3 , ) (TN>[JOLJPQ ). , " , + 4 % 2 & ( ). - 3/ $& "( -E/ * ) ([]^ T_); ' ( - , - , , . . , ) (<B E>\A B ); - % $- " ( * ) (]= ^N_\A B ). / +. % 4 " , % 2 , " , * ( 161 Donald Hawley. The Trucial States. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1970, . 96, 105, 143–145. 101 . , " $ ( " ' 6 4 */ E / * . " + , , 4 , -', . * – , 0 , # ' 6 4 */ /, 3 , % + 3 ,, & , # " ( 4 */ / ,, % +. $- "( . . – * ) ([> `^ V O). '# ( , . . ) (`IaB E>A B ). +. / " # – & 3 ( , (! . – " " , , , $. " , , /, 4 % 2 ( *4 , -3, * , -3, * , -C ), # +* & / " , & / * , " , , % $& 0 (3 ! ) , ', . , , $. " # * E . " ! & & " , " ! , & – ' 6, , -( , ’ , , -6*,, -- * $& & -3 *, , & / / +, 4 */ , *0 4 , ! B ! ,& + % . , " " F -3 *, XIX ., & & «, & " , » 4 */ 3 , . # # ( ) (aT>A B ). , – « » % . / #% ( - / , . . / * ) (bLa= c>A B ). 4 ! , - / – " , % 162 , / / & " , (! , . / 4 */ – " 3 , - * . 4 ( - 4 & , . . 4 & ) (RNd= e>A B ). , 4 */ *0 - 4& -2 . $ , +, ,, / + $ / * .) -6* . $" "( - , * , . . - , * ) (]= fNSTA B ); % - ( , . . ) (g I= _^A B ). $ , +, ,, / + $ / * . " 162 + - * * . 102 ) - - ( , . . * ) (<B hO^A B @c@bWK Z`: a @). " " , . 3 , % / & " , 3 , . 4 , , 4 * " & & * & " , ! & : , * – % ( -F ) / & " , . * / (! 4 (, " 4 , 4 ), + , " , $. , +,, " / " , F C / & " , % . B ! ( + 4 */ (! 4 – / ,, (! 4 4 -(! 4 , # " ( ( ) 4 */ -(! 4 (% (! 4 ). " ! " 5 / ,, . - !&" ( , . . ). – ,. ! % C /. $# "( - , * ) ([a N^ de ). +/ #+ % . - 8 *&5 ( -C ) (fg\: a ). - 8 &+/ – ,. ! % C /. # ( -3 , ) (Rh> di: a ). * , / –3 , ( , % * " , % 3 , " , / . & *, – " " , - , " , ( ) , * / . , +–3 , , " ! / ,. - ( &5 ( -3 , , . . -3 , ) (iSB OUA B ). 6 " +* * , + , & " # + ! , $ " , ,. / % 2 . , , «" » – " , ( 4 % 2 * & $ . / & & , & * , $. * # " : (" # ) G * 6* G 0 G * G % */ G + G3 , . , " ! $ ' 6 * . $ – 5* (lK ZQ@ jk ), 3 * (L^ `m@ jk ) - *, (n^ V o@ jk ). " $ / , $ – 25, $ – 9. B */ 3 , – 4 3, * . ! " 5 , * 3 * -3 , . 3 , " + 4 , , , * . - &+&5 ( -3 , ) (V>A XcA B ). +, +,, " / " , % (8YO@ZV M ). - 7!,# (, . . % B ) ( bNpq). !* 103 1 (rs> KUV M ) % 20 – " , , / «" / »3 2700 .& % / 20 . , ,: & & +& + $. , j / j 24 ! j j3 , j -3, * j j *, j E / * j * j j3 * j -j j j B , j (! 4 , j j3 * j , j jE * « -(! ,/ » j / j2 ,« * »j jE * j -3 « * - & »jB / j j jE * j j 20 3 & 27 " *. , /" " ! H! , , ', , 4 4 & " , ! * * , ' 6, % / * + , % 20 " " 4 *! . * , " , , +/ # " +/ 5, . , « »: 1. 20 % (t: > Q@UVM@rs> K ) -3 , (UQNgi: a ); -% ( ! ’ ) (wZuv : @–@U`uv : a ); - -( (Uv g: a ); (;xyZd: a ); - 0 / (Ui<\d: a ); " 2. 20 % -2 - -2/ - - / % / * / ,, + 4 */ B */ % 20 / -2 / ,, " # - - * , , / % E , !, + 20 (Wz> {@UVM@rs> K ) (bWK |^ : a ); (bW<p: a ); (bWu`: a ); (bN}^ : a ); (UvX> V : a ). +, " ,% 20 -% . * % (! , " 0 , ' 6 – - 0 0 . & * * " 0 / -2 . % 20 – -% , -2 , -2/ , 4-B (4 */ ). , . 104 20 ’ . / & ! , ( - # (Nya ~W: a ) , ( ( -( )" , ,0 , ,, . . , / , . * ( - # – , ! * !- #, «, », , , + – 163 ! (" , , ) 12 + . , # 164 3 + , + " ( & , ), +* , . , , 5 " , . « », « » « », «& ». « & +*». " ! , , +& 4 , * & " # , . 3 , ,, « & +*» " , + + ( – E * & . 4 , , 4 * 821 &. / ! + (1418 &.), , « # " " & & »" : «( – + , ». « » E * . / – " , , $ " . + ! $ , " ( , " , % - ( + + – & & # * $! * *% ) , , / , +/ « »% . " , – ( , " ! , " & ! ( + 4 ). & 5 + , VII . / ! + " ! , E -E * ( ( ) " , « & " , ». ( ( , + , ! , " , / * +/ & *. 5 , " , ( " +/, . / 5, , + * -% . . XII / ! + (& & 1680–1786 &&.) ! + 4 5, *, * , 5, * " % *, XIII . / ! +, / ,, * " , , 163 6 . 341. 164 3 5 5 -5 & (2 # -6 ! IV. 105 ). - . -' , 2007 (4III ( ), 583–602), , - / + " , , C * (1785–1865, " 1834–38 1843–65), +* " / , $ $ " , + 4 , $ * I. ( & * " (! , ’ , ! , (! 0 + +, ,. , & 0 «6 # " / " , »" ( " $. : «[' ] ! * / " , , + $ " ! , / , / ! . + , ! ( -3 +, $! 6 . $ +/ , + ! /, , + $ / « *» – B *0 … ( – + % / * . / " / 4 & " ! & & * & . E $. ( & , , $ « »– ( & E .FE + + % , & + + – , / * . F , + + : –« » ; – « » - / ,; ! – « » ! . F / * + + *: (! (« » , % * , % E , ,), 3 ( & *–B , ,, C ! – ! " 4 + +), ». " ! $ , * « /» ( , / +, – / +, , $. $ / , : ,( " : 1. & % ! !- # % & %% &5 ( +) – " , «/ » *" + , , , . / / : - - # # (NK h> •d: a ); - 4 ( + (;K ~> €d: a ); - - " $1 "; !# (hZdu: a )( & ," $ */ , 3 ,+ ); - ,% 4-7 ! # (•> v 9i: a ); - $ &+"([]^ ^ ‚: a ). + / ( « $ /, 106 + , " * , % » - , ,, $ - + , : - ( - *); -.&5. 2. &5 3 + , & , « , E E )% - - - *( , ,– , +) – " , «/ , ,/ " » -E * . & & - / 4 & / " : (LK ha Wv : a ), ! , (L^ ?a ƒZ: a )–( . . / , (nK h> ‚d: a ) (+ ! (•> v SN: a ); ( . . * -3 , *, . ), , , , 3 *4, : ); ); ) / * % : (! / * % : % * (tK Nv : a ); („N?> `d: a ); E , , ( $ / " + ! -- * -([> … ^ ^ †: a ), 4-B 0 , -3 ! (L^ SN‚: a ). 3 / * % : 3 (4 */ * ); ,, (h> d?@ja )( ! - , , -C ! (•> SN\: a ); - 4-B („Np€: a ). ( ' » *" , «E » VII . / ! + 5, / , $ ( 3 , . % * ) (bNK W`: a ); 107 -, ! B +4 0 , - ,, ! , * / ,, , ( / ! % ! $. * 0 ! ( ! ) (! (3 -( " $ + , * 3 0, E 0 (Us> ‡@LM ), C / . ( & , ( ,, ,, 3 , - / , 6 ,% * ( % / * ). ( +,! , ( 4 5 /, " * ,% / * , . .( & +* ', . " . *4 : , *- ); :3 , , , 4 ( ! ). -% 4), -% 4 , * , E , E , & , / - " , " ! / + 4 * *" # . , * * – ( , ! * –3 /, / ,, * – + * , + C / ! , / , , 4 & /, $ 5 " " # , , , $ + 4 " + . ! ( + , 4 */ + /, -( , " & , # * ( / * /, /, /, + 3 -( , & 4 */ * ( ,, , ( % / * . ( /" ' . ) (•> xi{) *4 / +/ " « +/ # 4 , , , $ , & : *, , , # +* , «" , , / . # # , " " « " . , & & & / " , , " -" ! , , 5 " +& * / , " , ,5 , ! +& -3 , " , , ,, , , , , " " " " , , & & E * ,3 ( 7 5 *4 / " . .– / , / - / - , ! , , " * , *- , +/ " / " ! $! ," 5 , & " 5 " , / ! , , . ! / " (•> d^ <y@jk ) (! , (fdˆ: a @jk ). " , " ! », . . 5 , & " & , ! " , , , »" , - / « *» +4 4 , * , / " , , / . & /" , ,& " $ $ / :" , ( ) * " , % ' * , / " . / ,+, " # ,, " # + $. $ " : » G B , (" G … G ' * (% / G - / " $. 4 & , . % , /" –E * * ). 108 / ' 3 , % )G3 , * )G…G3 . 3 , & ! , G . + F , -3 *0 / , . . , -.# (N^ z> V d: a ) , , " " # " & $ , 4 & , +/ ' 6 ( , & , « " * & ', »). & 4 + +/ " , 5 * , –% 3 ,( , / , !, ... « + – " , , " ! $. ( . $ / & & , & . " $" 165 ,' , * ," .» 2 7 – + ( . . ), + . * $& & $ : 1) " * ,–" , " , , 3 0 * 6* 166 ; 2) " & *, – " , / " , E / 3 ', , , (" " . « ’ ’», . . ) 3 , - - * ; 3) " *, – " , B *0 ( – , , *– )" $. * # " : " , % % " , B *0 (! F * , , ,. , 7 & " -% *, " + 5 -3 . , / +/ 4 */ , + " + ! , , " ! $ ' 6, / +* 4 */ " , – 4 . «' 7 + » " - ! '# ( -% ), # & + $ ( * ( , $ " * / (! , * * / ,, ! / " $ + 167 . . * -% « . * 4 4 »: 165 Anscombe. Op. cit., . 180. 6 . 5 , 1979, . 27. 167 ,< " 5 -& . 109. 166 - $ -& 109 - -+ - % , . &" . . , 1999, ( / * ! 7 #). & + $ $« »– % , $ & $ $ % /, . 1. &5- ! ' #: ; - , ( 4 + 5, , 5, + , $ , ); -( // (4 */ ); /, ; (4 */ ); 4 (4 */ " , )( . . 4 ); ; ; -3 4 (% 3 4); -3 * ; - 4-B ; 2. &5 ! / : + ( / 4 */ – % / * ; ; ; - / , ; - - ! * ; , (4 */ * (4 */ - 0 ; *0; 5* . +/ #+ -C & ; - 4-B/ *, ; 3. &5 ! 4-7 -% & 4. " + – , !## ( " !, * 4 & % % % ( ); " , !, ; #: !## ) („‰ Nd: a ) $ «" $. ! ( XVIII % /, ); /, ); , % . / ,, 3 ! , .. / . * «" " , , +,» % 2,, " ! ). ' " !, . ' " , 110 » ! 4 & " , & - & # « , " – % + " -5 -3 . " , ," ! + $! !, $. $& " F . ' , 168 * ," *.» % +, , " + , ! " . « ,+/ ». ( ! , 5" / / *, 4 " 3000 , & . % * 5* & « : » ! , " , ( . . ) % " C # , 169 & 4 / . & , * +% , ! * & / & , « » " , " -" ! , / H& * . +, " , ( , % -5 -3 1970 &. 15 + 170 . * & « : + " + & » + / 5, , ( / +, 4 */ 4 B *, , «4 » / * & * 171 " # . " , +" , & $! & ! $! * # * * # , ! " " $ $ ! $ # $& $. % ," +, (. , +* " ! , " & , 7 , ! +* +/ $ / # +* : ; ; % ,; % * ; % * ; 168 $ , / ,) * / - Anscombe. Op. cit., . 180. Robert Lacey. The Kingdom: Arabia and the House of Saud. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1982. 170 Donald Powell Cole. Nomads of the nomads. Bedouins of the Empty Quarter. Chicago: Aldine Pub. Co., 1975, . 23. 171 Ibid, . 15. 169 111 % * ; -%/ */; - 0 ; - -( * ( . .( ); (! .( (! ; -(! ( . . (! - -E * ; -', ; C/ * . (! - ); " + , " , -%/ */ * . , 1904 &. , * " , & * ' , * ," + , + -%/ */ – , , $ * +, . . , & " , , " 5 , " $ & #+ ( & ) -3 +, " E " * & # . ! & $ , , ' , * ," " 5, % / * " $ 5 " # $ -%/ */ « », " # " * , /, " $. / ' , * ," , , ,, , , , " $ , & " . -%/ */ ! , , , $ , " /, & " "+ & 5 " / * , , . 1889 &. -%/ */ ! " ! - 4 0 # B ,, , / ,, / ! $ 4 * , * , / 4 / " , 4 . 2003 &. $ / , & * + 5 & " , $ 24% " +/ , , , , , , $ 6" # , . B */ , , $. * $& $ # $ , / +, 4 */ , % . %/ */, / & ! +, ! , / 5, 112 !" $# ' 4 ( 172 ( " $#) (TNkS) " *4 / " , ! , " G * 6* / G- . 0 " G +. , - 0 - * ), & -', , . 1320 &., * –" ! $. 3 ! . , 1407 &. $ * * " 4 0 " , + (! ,, , -3 * , & (! ,, + . XVII . * , 4 $ , & # $ , +* ! , + " , & *. ( ! + + ! + , / 1613 &. * $ + , % E 3 *, " & 20! " - , ( 6 ) * , % ,, -C , & . , , * + + " +, " , , ! ( , / , ( 0 C ) " ! , & * ! , , $. / " , . 1818 &. " ! % 3 & / / , +, 4 */ , * ,, & , & , % 3 , , " & 4 " ! & . ! , 1846 &. 5, * -3, * C * ( *4 " " , , / , & &. 33 * / + & + * , & # , * .( , " , , 3 F * (" " , ! H! & 3 ! " ! & +). « * – " , , " ! $. * / * ! . $ & , , " 172 + , 1920. / ,- ( «5 " « 2.!.& , « . 47), Mutair, . " .+.+ (1892–1937) ( !. !.127. )%.1. (.2. .18. *.35,35 .) », +.(.! " " » ( 1926 .) – Mteir. 2 $ " " » (1971 .) – " ( ., " Mtair. 113 - / , ' , * & * ," 4 . 173 *.» * , & , , 33 . 4 , , 4 # " , " / 0 . 5 , & 4 */ C *-( *4 " , , ! , , 1912 &. " " , +* " , ( . . ), & / « » // , , " . // & «% »–" « ». B */ C * +, « » " , . $ $ " ! , & " , , , + 11 + . * 1912 &. " * * " + ( / , & ! , $ & $ . , ! 4 $ " , / 4 $ & / " 5 , " . 1920 &. , 4 */ -( *4 " +« » * , " & " (! / , " & 5 5, , , , & ! " " 5 « +» * – #+. ' 1924 &. ! & " « » 3 ! " , & & 3 4 , " / , « , ». A , C * -( *4 & / " , +/ « - / » " , +* / , + " # , # # / /. 4 / " , ! , -( *4 " 4 + , & + & . & 4 */ C * + " ! $ , ,& , , , ! , . 33 . " , * . +,, 4 #+ " +* ! . 1937 &. " , + 8500 " , +/ F – 2060 " , % – 4000, % */ – 2430, " 4 / 174 " 50000 . +*, , ! ! 173 174 & , ! , , " Anscombe. Op. cit., . 181. Dickson H.R.P. The Arab of the Desert, . 795. 114 / * – , (4 ). ( ): : " #+ ( *4 (, . . ( 4 F" , + 1. &5- &5( . $ / - / ; -(! ( / 4 */ – -E ( / 4 */ – -C 2. ( !) %* && . $ ; *, ; - ( ); -% ; -3 *, ; - 4-B / ; 3. # $/ ( !# $/). / / ; + ; -3 , . & " +/ & " 6 . E " , 4-, 5-, *. 5 , 50 6 " (12%) " – , ); & , ); / 4 $ ! , , * " , ! " , !l$ (MN@FA B ) 5*, – " / 1 G à " # /, »( G…G " & 2 , B , G & ," -3 , + ) 115 - * , 16–17 + & * . * " , , ,. ' " / 5*,, +& $. , ', ', , (" " . « ’ ) 3 , - - * . 5*, – " " , $ +4 % / / +& : / 400 $ - ! & /, , & # * ! : " +/ : + , +- . , # 5 GE * G…G / , , + , ," 5 , " , ,: 5*, », . . - , / ,, «' -3 5*, ( , $ - -3 5*, ). , & & 175 ! 4 4 " + + ( 120 &. .5., ), + & / " , , , . . " ! ', .« #+» ! 5*, – " , 2 – + 4 * . F/ " * / 0 2 + , & / " ! " .% ! , ,, , 4 / ', . & + 5*, + 4 / ', , * , , 5, / !, -3 *, ! * * " + . 1783 &., & 3 0 % / * ,, , & 5*, , & & .E , + , . , / " / * , / ($! * -3 ), & , & /" ! ," 5*,. (!. , 1907 &. " / $. , ,: ', – 4500, ' 6 ( & , ( & + 6, +) – 10500, – 2000, % / * – 800 . & 17800. & 4 * 5*, & & (" & & 0 , " ) + E " + . + – ' 6 E / ', . E " + 5*, – 5 ,% / * " # (( ,, ,, 3 (! * ). , " " , " + – 3 * ( % -3 * 3 * ) (•> vKNXZv: a ) B , ( +/ / – B , B , ) (lQ>qZv: a ). + $ , 3 * B , + +, , " , . ' & / ,, , , 4 ," , +* " , «/ » (;MNX), , " . «3 * », . . – « / +». & ! " , # 3 * & , , / + + B , . ' $ – + 5*,: " , 3 * " , B , .FB , ! + , " / , ," 4 +, , B , . , 3 * 4 * -3 4 ( /, ), " 175 $ " # » « $ # - ». 116 «+ , - 4 4 , ( 4 (" . /, B 4 . , $ $ – -3 ," , , + 5*,, / . " + « ». -3 +, * , * , -% , % , % , , % 3 0 4, % 3, * , % 3, , % 3 *4 , % 3 * , -( 0 , , , 4 , , - / 40 , * , , -3 , -3 , - 5* . " # ! , 3 * $ « +, 5*,», B , – + / «" + » , . . " / " , 3 !, ,- 5 " + , , " $ ( ) 3 * 5*,. 3 * " / 5, , 5, !, (' 6), / ! , & 5, -3 *, . , " + 4 / 5*, ! , & (! 0 ( 4 & , " ! + & # / + 4 & & -3 *, ). & 5 , * , " 4 + 4 , " 4 , $, . " , ,, + 5*, " / , . . * / , ( ). 3 * / + , F * , 176 C * , -E/ * (E / * ), ( * ), $0 . & -3 *, 5*, " ! $ +B / , , * 4 /, , * - + /, * (! , /, , % E 0 ( / " / +* * " ! / ,, -E 0 ), . B */ 5*, / /– ,% / * * " # " / , * % (! ( (! ), & & +& $. , ,: (! " / /, , + $ – + , + " , , – % B *0 (! F * , , ,. % " / 5*, – +. , 176 – 44 )–( - $ / 5 -6 – 117 . 2 $ / . , !% $ ) (`N_W) , # * . / " # – , , % 3 * 6* ( . . – + , ! « » /% % , ). " , ! $ , $ $ & & $ $ * (! , – 5 ," / +,, + 21 " , (32 " ) , (40 " *). " , , ! , " 5 , 33 , " , ! +* ! . 5 , & " & ! , $ 6 ( ,, ,, , $ +* " # * . % + " * / , & # ! , " " " , 1 +* ! ( * 6 ) , +, " , , / . ' + + " , , , + & , . " , ! * + 4 & * # +, , . A " , " * . ' . , (" $ 33 .) , " , $ ,, " & " $ 0 , , « * », " , , * . + * : ! #. 7 *, + $ # & ; - '-3!,!#. 14 *, " *4 +/ % . $ " $ 23 ; #. 2-/ *: -3 . , 4 ; - &5 $#. 4 " +/ *: / , , - 0 / - 4 . - &5- # $ ". ! % , ,. / * " " , " & $ . % $ ( % $ , " * (! 350 , * . * * 118 + ' ( " 3 " " % & # , ' /" ( ,+/ 4 , , ) (n^ dŠ @UV M ) +/ *4 / " , . & /" , . +. / & * # , $ / ,. ! , , " , , , 4, 5 ) – + , , 3 & ). & & & $. , ,: , , F . + «& / , , . * & & *" / , *! + & ( +& / ! , ! , », – " , " *. ' + * , , E * , , 3à " / 4 + " , , , – " , % , (~Nd?), % (;<‹V m), % (Wuy) (Œ> M N: a ). & , / / + $ & /: ( / E 4-B .' / . , " , , " 4 / " , ! , . , , " , . +/ 3 /, +4 # & / $ *, $ , // & / ,, // . " % , ,, / 4 1 * , & " ! . E , « " » # +* & – 3 , +* + $ 3 % , , (n^dŠ @UV M@;•Zm). % , , (, & + )–5 " $ ( ) . " / / " . . , $ & + + , . 177 33 + * (! , . 178 " $% (b_NmG) +. & + $ 4 / " , 1 * . -" * * , . $, +/, ! , / $ 4 *, , & / * / + /. & +, " . 177 / , +/, " , & + " F * *, - Lorimer, John Gordon. Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Oman and Central Arabia. Gregg, 1970, . 1077. 178 , % " . 119 / ! 3 " " . + & /& 3 (, ! " ! / , % ,, F * " ! 3 ! XIX . F * " 4 , " ! $ ! , « * F - & . % »" 3 , 6* * , , * & */ ! * B – && *! « / », +/ // –F * + « +/ ! ,) $& . 0 . + / " »– . . 33 . + / (! 4 , 3 0 , ( 4 - ) % . 7 # (N‰ dq) B ,, – / " *4 / & 4 * /" , ( – ). ,5 ! # 0 # " , . . # 4,5 , . . / 2,5 , . * ( * 3 ), 1, ,1, , 100 + . * ( , -(! / ) . «B ,, – & , " , 0 # , $ – % & , $ * – (! B ,, , * &3 . H ! + B ,, " $ 5, , 179 4 .» 0 # B ,, " & +/ " , – , , E (E ). " , ,+ ! + / +/. & B ,, / " , * , , & " , * F E * 4 ! E * / . , ,, B ,, – , , / ,. / , " / " , 7$ 4 , *" +. , B ,, * 3 " % % , ,, 4 $, & " + , /, . " , B ,, / /" / XIV . / + & + (! B ,, * ! . 179 Anscombe. Op. cit., . 182. 120 B ,, – -(! / ,, -(! )– * $ " + $, + " , "" . ' XIX . " , ," 4 , & , , " , -' * . 5 ," 4 «& & 0 * + », ! B ,, * (! , B ,, ! * $" , . 1 +* " ! " ((! , C & ,E .), * ! /" * , . *« * »– XIX . – B ,, 4 $ 1 * * 6 , ! 4 + " - " , + «(! » « 0 (! ». B ,, " $ + : ) -(! ( +) ) (4 +). XIX . 3 " , B ,, – 4 ( $ / ). ' " , . B ,, – & . ! , ! , 0 1446 &. 1895 &. ," 5, / ,, 4 " ! + & 6 * . 1901 &. $. * & 3 5, ’ 4 ( , 4 ) " ! . & " * 4 */ & + & " 1907 &. " " "+ , $ ! .' 15 + B ,, 1921 &. / * (! B ,, . 180 + B ,, (" " , ,): 1. &5- %* : -(! 0 (4 */ * ); - * ( & / + B 0 , - *4 ,, E & , / ); -2/ ; ( " ! 180 + = -6 - XVII . % 0 4 / ,, , . (, ). & , 1937; ' . ' .& -. . 1800–1958 ( " ). ! :, 1999, . 47; Dickson. Op. cit., . 545–546; . -. ./ - # -. .& . 1958, . 153–160. 121 2. &5- -&+ : ( & / C , ); // ( & / - ( & / 4 */ B ,, ); ; -3 4, ; 3. 3 % : $ ; -3 ( -3 - ; -- 0 ; -E , ( & - -E , * ; , , * , -(! , /, / ,, , (! & " / , ); ); , - $ -C * & ); 4. ) #% ; 5. *) # ; 6. %/ ; 7. ! . " #-, 0& , ,& . - $-"( I. 5 & " " « : + + 4 * " ! , , % / * ). & / E & * # , # , + & 4 * +, (" , " ! +/ # , & , & , & , & $ +, , & 5, , , & /, , " , , # " + " 122 $ - " " // , # , ,+ . 4 * * # * . . &" , - / + 181 .» 1905 &. " # 182 : ' " ! '( , +, " 4 * ( - 400 / -3 , % -3 ' ) , - / -3, * -( - , , ( ( ) * +( + % , , 30 , * 1920 &. , ( / ( / ,C * , -3 , -( / ( / -E ( / ( / 400 350 125 2 / -E 200 ) , / , 1750 850 40 2500 250 150 *0 , ( / , F * , * , ,( / C * ( / -3 * , -C * , * , 3 + E 0 ( / 700 * . # ) ( ( "# 850 2500 2000 3250 - " (!. , / -& -"5 ( "# 0& * ! ( / . * 181 " , ( / * ( / ! # , - Tareq Ismael and Jacqueline Ismael. The Arab Gulf States // Politics and government in the Middle East and North Africa, by Tareq Y. Ismael and Jacqueline S. Ismael with contribution from Kamel Abu-Jaber… (er al). Miami: The Florida International University Press, 1991, . 471. 182 John Lorimer. Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Oman and Central Arabia. Vol 1: Historical. Gregg, 1970, c. 375. 123 « &5 ! ( & -, /: a tribe of them is…/" , ) & $%, / 4 */ (their headman) – B / ; , * % 4-7 $/, / 4 */ – / ,, . / * " ! -3 , / 4 */ – / ,, ; /! ( / , / 4 */ – - / . $* " " ! $ -3 , / 4 */ – / , / ,, , . $ *. ( )! * , / 4 */ – * * B , . ! # ! * / 4 */ – / ,, 3 0 . & $1 " ! , / 4 */ – / ! . &5 ! $ $ " ! $ , / 4 */ – 4 / ,, -3 . *) # &5 7 /( ! , / 4 */ – 3 . B */ *) # &5 $+# – *0 , -3 ! . # $/ " ! -% , / 4 */ – 4 . !- && ! ( / , / 4 */ – / ,, *0, / ! -, / 4 */ – (! / *0. !* ! ( / , / 4 */ – 183 / ,, – + .» , –5 , " + , . « 0 $ 5" / » " ! , , 4 4 +/ # , & / , " $ * 0 , , ! * / * ,& " * , * ". + , 4 ! " ! +/ * , $ + ! +* & +* ": , & / $ " , , +/ 0 . ! /" , ," 4 & , $ " +, , . " / * / * ,, . # – " , , # , , & # . ! + * + + , #+ ! , & , . / 4 , * ( + 4 & * * , , * ) 4 */ (0 +/ " * , +/ " , , . 4 / $ ), ! " 183 " !( # " = . ). 6 –( - ! $ + -E ’ ! :! ,5 (5 ., " . 1999, . 374. 124 , .& , , , ! +/ & , " 4 / , , & $ *, ,, * * 0 ! ! , ! +* " ,+ . , ! " + " , 184 % / & ! / / # . +, , 33 , $ & ! +, & , , " « », & / , * / # & " ! .C , * , & , 4 " (" 0 ): , -% , (! ,, , ( " , , & ), , ( " , , & ), , , , , - / , , * + (, & ), * , , - , , , , -C , -3 , , -3 *0 (, & ). ,5 –5 & . +/ #+ +/ " , & +* " & +* * . . " $ ,. " , XIX XX . " / / + *) #; 60 , * 4 & " , % ; !l$ , 4 & « » " , ', , " ! ( + 4 ' 6); !## - / +( + – " # ); &5-.# ( 5, ( ) +/ / &5- *) . & , " $ . / " . + ( ! + , + 0 # , 1952 &., / 4 / * / 60-/ & ). ! , & , , / , ,5 $ " " +/ & ! 5 / ! /, " " " " " 0 , * +, + ! " $ , +/, / $ & +, +, " # +, , « * ,». 5 , ! " , , * , $ , " « » ! + " , $" ! , , ! * * & ""+ . +, , , , +* – , .' / & /, +/ #+ +/ # 184 . , * + / " " $ *, Lorimer, John Gordon. Op.cit. 125 " 4 " , +/ " ! " " " , , $ & +/ # , , , & 4 * & /. A " ! +, / & " # $. /, , & , # , , # + 5 , * ,. - & . ! , , 4 + 4 / * 4 * 4 * " / 5 , + " , * & # . " +/ * . , « 0 * ! », " 4 * & & , # * +/ + , " $ *# , 5 & " * ! . $ " / , . 0 + , 0 +/ & +/ / . % & & +, 0 +, ," , ! , ! / & ! , " $. 4 +/ " , +/ , " + , . ! , $. , $ + " ! + ! / 4 * " * , & & " & " # /, +/ /, # +/ " +/ & # /, 0 ,+/ *. $ & , II. , « », . . , * ," / 4 */ , / ,, ( + +, 4 */ , 1825–1850 &&.) " , , , , , 5 * « , " », , ( 4, 5 ) – + , & . & " , " *. ! " , , " & $ , + , , & # / II (605–562 .5.), ! 2 600 & / , +/ " , – + 4 & 5, 4 */ 3 , % 3 0 . , 0 # $ & & $ 4 */ : / ,, , *0 / ,, 4 % " 126 , , * * * * / /4 E / / ,, ' , B E / * B / 3 F * " " & " . " , * , * # , " 185 9 $5 () + , » $" .0 – - ) // + 2008, 8 44. ", - , . % " 186 « . . , . , 5 & ! & , , * , * (! H! , ! ( , * * ). , " , +/ " + " 1750 &. & , 5 + # " , / ,, % , . /" * & + , , ! + " , & + , , " ! & ! ,/ + 4 * 0 # * 185 0 ! , & E . + , +* / ,, ,, , & + " , + ! & .' + ! & " , -C * , , * " & " & , ! E . , * + + $ « 2 1788 &.», " 5 , " , & , ! " . 1840-/ &&. / ,, , , * ," / ! % , , *( / . - + & / ,, " , +, , & " ! – 1850–1876. E & * , (1878) 4 */ / ,, " + " 186 4 , + , ( . 1242 &. / ! + 1827/28 &. & & , $ – ,. 17 $ 1913 &.). ( , & 43 " E * / - "0 " - , , 127 " .2 « - » * * " , ! " 18 1878 &. & 5 , 5, 21 $ 2007 &. 7 # +, , . , , , 4 */ / ,, + . 5 + *: /, (1853–1905), C / , , , (! ( . 1878). & * , " * & " * #+ , E / , , + , / ,, ( . . , ), / ,, , / + *: , , /, (! . ' 0 # & & " . * 5 $ & . ' , 33 . " * 187 , * ! + 4 , ," 5 , , + " +/ /, , 0 , + (, ! * , , , (! , / , E E E * " . * 3 4 , ): -% 3 , . , 3 , ( ,. 1946), " / ,, % " & + , +. + 4* 5, –3 , 3 0 3 , –" , 5 * . - % . , 5, (" 1949–60) – & + 5, +. - % 3 . , / ,, " , 3 ( . 1893), ! & & + / ,, – /, (" +, + , + , , 5, ,). / " " 0 $ , " ! 4 * # 5 " & " " , , 5, , (" 1876–1913). + 4 * & 5 * – 3 , , " , 5 , & 1970 188 " 1977 &&. , , / . $ . " + – % (! , . $ $ (! / ,, , % , – , / ,, .' " *" , $ . '0 # 187 « " 1979 . " " « 500» (Op cit., . 112). 188 Kechichian, Joseph. Op. cit., . 208. 2 * " 128 $». 4 + « » - $-"( !/ ( ,. 1825– 1913) ( XVIII-XIX ((. &5 * ( ,. 1788–1878) / * (1853– 1905) 8 /* * # (?–1999) C / (1895–1980) 3 0 (1851– 1931) (1896–1985) (1856– 1943) , (?–1868) /, (1871– 1930) (?–1976) (1876– 1957) (1893– 1972) (?–1978) ) %# (1878–1934) / ,, (1916– 1983) (! , (1910– 1999) / ,, (1881– 1971) , (1899– 1984) /, (?–1995) 0 # ( , .' # , 4 * , $ $ 4 */ , , $ 1913 &. , + . 1876), +* + & 4 4 +, " + , " ! « » , , ! , , " " , $ & " " ! , " " % / * . * +, & + & , # XIX – 33 . / , $ & , " . , , * . & *, ! #+ , , « 1949 &. , * , # , +" . * " 4 +, & , " , ( / , + " , & , + + " , +/ " * " , " $ , ," 189 " +/ % *». 189 Michael Herb. All in the Family: Absolutism, Revolution, and Democracy in the Middle Eastern Monarchies. Albany: State University of New York, 1999, . 109, , , : Persian Gulf Annual Report, 1949, . 61 (FO 371/82003, in PGAR) Williamson A.F. Notes on Qatar, January 14, 1934 (IOR R/15/2/411, in RF: Qatar, 404–405). 129 + , , & " + 4 *0 », *. 3 * ," " 4 60 , #+ $ " " 4$& , $, 4 , * $ + +, . & " 0 +/ &, " 4 4 / " 1949 &., " & +,, & * . 1949 &. & . , 4 */ « " + + 190 , " ,+ B */ + , 4 &». *, & 5 " +, , " & 5, 1949 &. " " + . 6, " " +/ 4 * , & . , , & +, 4 */ , . 1952 &. ! « , » 4 0 / , ," " «" » . +4 . 191 1958 &. " / ! 45% 5 / &. " + , ! . «B */ + / 4 ! + , " , & , +, / , & / # , 4 / 192 /.» , # & 5, 4 */ & + +, + , , , . 1957 &. + " /, " , 5, " * 0 * ," , & $ +* 3 0 /, & ( " , . 5 " . «" . & » – % % 3 , . + – 5, + , ; + – & – 4 */ 3 , + , , +* + $ ,# , & # , 5, +, , , " * " * + 1948 &. & "" % + " * " 5, , , % 3 , – +, 4 ,3 , +" & , " + & " # . « 190 + & " = 1949 . (FO 371/74944, in RF: Qatar, 523–24) – . 110. 191 Herb M. Op. cit., . 111. 192 Crystal, Jill. Oil and Politics, . 132. 130 . $ 16 Herb M. Op. cit., " , 5, ! . , , , / + / 5 ! , , * + " 193 . * 1960 &. + +/ " , # , , " * ,/ & . + & - " 4 « + » – * 0 * ," ( ) & +/ ! , + 4 . $ 12 , . ! 4 / / 4 , « 4 » ! , , " + /, " & , * & .' , " 4 .(! * , «% 3 , / & & – $ & /, 4 */ 3 194 0 3 , » . 6, 5 "+ , , " , 3 0+ . " , . " " 4 & ," ! / " * +. +/ 4 * / ( / " & « " », ! 3 0+ " ! /, " , «" " ». 3 , 195 " " « , + $# ». . * , * +* " 4 " ! " " 4 */ /, , 4 */ 3 0 – , " .3 0 , & 4 "+ ! " , + . , + , , , & & + , 1949 &. «F/ . * 5, » ! * *. & + + ! + , 4 , + + / , " , , * 4 $. " /, 4 */ 3 0 3 , «" # Ž 2», $ 4 ! & " # , 5, , ! / 0 " 193 Herb 5. Op. cit., . 113. Miriam Joyce. Ruling Shaikhs and Her Majesty’s Government. 1960–1969, . 39. 195 Foreign Office note by D.M.H. Riches, August 19, 1958, with record of discussions with the Ruler of Qatar, August 15–16, 1958 (FO 371/140064, in RF: Qatar, 676–84, quote h. 682) . : Herb 5. Op. cit., . 114. 194 131 5 , 5 -5, " ! 0 – 5, , 3 0 – », ! , 196 & " ,. , $ , /, «" +, +, " , $ $ », – $ – & + 0 # " " # $ & 3 0+ 3 , +. " & * * * ": « /, # – (" 1949–60) – " , , & , ! +, , " " $, & " , $ (by default) 5 , 1960-/ &&., $ +* /, 3 0 . 1971 &. 3 0 " , -, ,, ! & , " , + +/ , C 0 , 197 ' +, # * " .» , ,, * 0 " 3 0 3 , . / $ * $ + " +, & & # & . 6, 5 " " , & + 4 & . , ! & * , , ! +/ / , , $. , , ,. 3 5 * +/ 4 ! 0 , & 1970 & , .' $ , 4 */ +/ *. C , " & " , . .' , " « », ! % % 3 , , 5, & + 0 " & +4 . 1970-, & , 5, /, ," , 4 $ , " B *# . ' ! " / " & 4 , 1 1971 &., , , ,, + + ! 7 4 */ 3 0 . " « $. & " » ! , " & , , * +* 22 0 1972 &. ! /, , +* " -" ! , / & # *, +, " ,3 0 . 6 , , " , ! : 4 , " * + # +, " ,, / , , & , 196 197 « /, . Herb 5. Op. cit., . 289. + , . 256. 132 / +/ +/ * 5 " + " , # * * , +/ , * +/ , +/ &" +, 5 " , , ,+ . , +, " , , / * . ! ,« / » 4 " ! 0 # & " ( , 24 1960 &.) , «" 4 & » 5, . / ! , , 1952 &. " 4 , & 4 & + 3 * , ! " " , . ( 4 & " #+ " $. $ $ + *0 1972 &.: + , , & , " , 5, , /, , * / 0 +/ / ( 4 ,, , 12,5–17,5 , 0 & & ). ,! , +" " + /, ," & + . , * +* 4 */ 3 0 " + + ! + * . +* 5, & , . « , * " » / " .3 0 , " & , ! +/ 5 -5, 4 */ , " , & / * + 5 -5, . " + " + + , & " ,+ $ / *. 3 0 " 23 & . , , " ! , & " 4 : , " ! 27 $ 1995 &. " 4 « +* " », & " , " ( 4 * + 5, )3 , 3 0 . + 1995 &. ! + , " ,. , + 4 , * & ( & + ), , & +" . * 5 & "" # $ , 5, . " " "+ " ! & 5, , + + +, ( +/ – & 0 1996 &.). & ! + " 4 / , # 4 36 , + + + " ! + $ , « 3 , » (" $ " & ( / ), , , +" . + . " " , . 3 0+ * , / . 4 , , 4 ( / * " ! , . , . / " 133 +l # & 1. % * (1932–) & 1 % (1952– ) &5 (1896–1948) 3 , * (1952– ) * (! , (1977– ) (1959– ) / ,, (1965– ) 3 (! , C * C / / *, 3 , 3 3 4 3 0 (! C / 3 , 3 0 / ,, 0 , , 0 / ,, , (! 3 , / ,, C / 3 , / ,, 3 0 - , * 5, 3 , 3 0 1952 &. ( / . 1971 &. $ $ $ , $ / " " ! ! + +. 1972 &. + & , $. , , 1977 &. ," " ! , +. 1995 &. 4 */ 3 , –" 5, . , . # 4 5, 3 , " , " *. 1996 &. " . * , & . ( $ +* & " 4 */ 3 , (! , 3 , , , 4 *" +& +" # ( 1972–77 &&.) , 5 , & ( 1977–1986 &&.), " " " "+ ( ) " ! & 5, – 3 0 % 3 , .3 , + + ! + , 1999 &. + , " # ! , . , 2001 &. & " & « + 4 *, », 2008 &. " , +" . 1996 &. + " – * + 5, 3 , (! , " # & * " & + , * / . , / 1977 &., & + & 18 (4 */ 8 & 1959 &. " -3 ). & 5 + *: (! , (25 & 1978), , , (3 $ 1980), (! (1984), / ,, (18 " 1988) 3 0 ( 1991). ( & " & + 4 & 5, – & #+ " . & , * . 1970-/ & ! * $ * ,– 4 */ / ,, 3 , ( + , / ,, ) . , ,, ! " ! % 3 , . F + , *, $ / + *–" # 5, " # 4 ( . 2 $ 1972 &.) " # C / . 1980-/ & 5, ! * – & * $ * – , 4 */ 3 3 , + ( , " , / 1972–89 &&.). ' 4 */ + " + + – " #+ 3 (4 1986 &.), (9 0 1988 &.), . 5 & 2003 &. +, " # , , $. , ! +, , + " & 4 +* + 5, 4 */ , , 3 , . , , * , 135 + & (1876–1957) & (1895–1974) / * (1917– 1913) 3 , , C / 3 /, / ,, 3 C / 3 3 , 3 C * 0 - ,3 , 3 /, - / ,, (1945 – ) ! + ! – 4 */ (! / 3 , 3 , , / ,, , ,, ! % 3 , ), * ! 2005, 4 */ 3 3 ! ( / , 2009 &.). , , + / *: / + 3 , (2008 &. .). +* " # , ,, & #, +" , / , " , , * " ,. ' & # +* ," * * , , , « " /», & , / & ( / , ' . " , " . " , -, 1996 " " 2007 &&. , 5, 3 0 , , ! +" / . * " # +, , " . " 2007 &. & * , 3 , 198 , ! 4 * , (! , (! " 0 , +/ / 4 * 5 " " , " , . ! / *, ( , +, , « , , * , . * + + » & + $ /" - + , +" " , , , " , * +, & , , ,5 ! & /! + +! + " . $ $? +* +* " 4 */ / ,, / ,, + ! 4 */ – C / / ,, , 0 . ( & & " & * , /, * (" / * ! 4 */ " , , ). ' + 4 */ / ,, , 6 + * 2 *. & 5, (! , " + 198 199 , 0 / * / " * 0 " 6 + " "/ - / . 137 * . , . . $ ". , + * " , / ,, , 1865 &. +4 , ! & $ & (" , * ) 4 */ * , / + *– , / ,, , * . ( & / ,, ( + )" , / ,, +4 , ! " / * * " . * 4 */ /, / ,, 3 0 . . & – / ,, ( ! +) – +4 , ! - +* ( + 4 */ ', - +* " , ), " & , " & + # , +, 1892 &., +, , " & * 4 */ 3 0+ * , + / ,, + / *. ( & " 4 */ (! , / ,, – C +, (! ,– + + + , ! + / * & 4 */ + 3 0 – ( . 1848) ( . 1884). 4 * (! , ! * / ,, 3 -3 ( -3 * * ). + C / -3 ! ! " , # – (! , 4 */ . . + (! , / ,, /, ! + , 3 -3 . *" 4 */ (! , / ,, + ! " # / +/ / , * . 4 */ + - +* , 200 , 1936 &. ! , – 4 */ / ,, 3 0+ * / ,, 3 , ( ). $. * " – (1895–1974) – +, , , 1951 &. , 4 * * " & & # 4 */ * , - +* . +* ! & " # *" , + +,. /, (1917–1977), 4 * 1960 &., , + ! +: " + , , ( 1957 &.) – 4 */ ,– " + . & " ( 4 , 4 + 4 & * & 5, / ,, 4 . % 5, /, / ,, (1922–1970) ! ! : # , ,– ' 200 , 5 + + . 138 , . . – " 4 */ & " B ! 0 * / ,, , , " & * ,, + & * + 5, % 3 , & " ( " , " , 1957 &. " , . " . , 5, ' 6. (! , 3 , ( + ! 4 , 4 */ , ( # + 4 & " , – " * " & * / *, ( + , $ ), - + ) (1896–1948) & - +* / ,, 3 0+ * . / + *, $ 3 0 3 , ) / ,, ( # 4 */ $. & 5, 3 , ). ! , +/ ) . , 4 * /, 4 */ 3 0 3 , ( . 1932) / + / " +* * ! " # / . # 1940-/ & , 4 * , * *, – - +* , " – 4 */ * , * 3 * ( " , ). % 4 */ - +* – 3 , 3 , - +* +, 0 & , " 5, 3 0+. F 4 */ - +* ( , " / 1952 &.) + * – + 3 , 3 , , , . , ,, + 4 * 5, – - +* : " , * – " # *. $ & , * - +* 4 */ +* ! " / ,, " , / ,, . ' , , " / * $. , " $ – 5, (! , . . * * 5, 3 , 3 0 +, , ! " # , * * & ""+ / . & + " , , ! ( ! +, ,) " # " , % 3 ! .% , , " # (! 3 , " & 4 */ / – 4 */ , , . ( & * + 5, ," # , , . * " # * 4 */ * / * / ,, 3 , - +* . 4 * + 5, " # 4 , " , $. , ,, ! " # -2 " , % 20 . 4 * 5, 3 0 3 , ( + , + * )! : " +* – # 139 ! # ( 3 " ! , # , *– " , *4 * / ! - ), . * *– ( . . 0 - *& ! " & " $ +* 5, 4 */ 3 , (! , / ,, ) ( . 1949) +, ,! /, / ! -3 *0 (5 – / & " , % ' * ). ( & * $ +* 5, 4 */ 3 , 3 , ( . 1956), , $. * " ( " , # ,! , - +* . , -, 3 , (! , , +. – * (" , * ). , ,, &, 4 / 0 &, , / , * : - +* , , , * , -3 *0 , * , , -3 ! , -3 . ( !, !/ * % + 4 */ , / ,, ( & 16): C / , 3 0 ( . 1851), ( . 1856), «(! ’ », /, ( . 1871), ( . 1876), ,, / ,, (1881), « *» ( . 1893), C / ( . 1895), ( . 1896), , , ( . 1898), , ( . 1899) /, . + 4 */ /, / ,, ( & 12): , / ,, ( . 1877), ( . 1880), ( . 1883), /, ( . 1886), ( . 1892), 3 ( . 1893), ( . 1894), 3 0 ( . 1896), *0 ( . 1898), (! ( . 1899), /, ( . 1903). + 4 */ (! / ,, : ,, / , . F 4 */ , / ,, + +* + . # ( !, !/ * % : + 4 */ , ( C / ( . 1881), C * ( . 1896), ,( . 1915), 3 ,C * + 4 */ /, ( . 1894), ( . 1897), 3 ,,. 140 & 10): . / ,, ( , /, , . 1879), , (! - , ( & 7): , / ,, , 3 , + / *% & * * (1893–1972) !/ & * (1893–1977) - # (1910–1986) (?–1992) 3 , / ,, (! , (?–1989) / * (?–1980) 3 3 / ,, (( 1 C / (! 3 C 3 , / (! /, 3 C / / ,, 3 3 , (! 3 , /, , 3 3 0 /, 3 , , + + ,. + 4 */ / ,, , , ,,, . 4 */ , , 4 */ C / , ,C / + 4 */ ,, 3 0 , / ,, + 4 */ /, , 3 , , (! ,, /, , 3 + 4 */ 3 0 3 , . ,, ,3 + + / ,, + ,. + /, + /, + /, + 3 ,, / ,, , 3 , , + + 3 0+ + *0 3 , , , , + (! /, + /, 3 , . : , ( & 11): ,, //, , 3 ,3 0 , , , . /, /, /, ( , / ,, , + , : / ,, . / ,, , : : / ,, : /, / ,, : /, , 3 /, , ,. 0 , / ,, – /, . /, / ,, – /, . / ,, –C /. / ,, : , /, , . /, / ,, : /, . / ,, : /, , . / ,, : /, , , (! . / ,, – . / ,, : , / ,, , : + , ((! , ) (! (! ,C / ,3 , C /. + / ,, (! , , , /, , ,3 ,C * ,3 , , , + (! / ,, . + ,3 / ,, ( & 6): . 1961). , / ,, : 0 /, /, /, : /, / ,, / ,, 142 – / ,, , , : / ,, , . :H 0, : (! , 3 , /, , C / , 0. , (! ,3 , , + ) %# % & (? –1999) - # (! (! 3 , (?–1992) 3 , !/ !/ * (?–1934) * (? –1982) H /, /, ) %# 0 (! C / (? –1999) ) C / * (" 3 , -, C * ) 3 C / 0 , 0 # -0# ( !, 2 - !/ * % : + / ,, , / ,, & 8): 3 , /, , C / , ,, C * , , , ' * . + C * , / ,, – ,. + + , / ,, : , C / , ,3 , . + /, , / ,, : / ,, , / ,. + , / ,, : , 3 0 , / ,, , , C / . + (! , , / ,, ( & 24): 3 , ( . 1950 – ,. 1995), ( . 1953 – ,. 1996), 3 0 ,3 , , / ,, , /, ( ,. 1993), C / ( ,. 1985 21 & ), , , , , , , /, , , ,, ,, , C * , , , , C / « *», , (! 3 . + 3 , / ,, : , 3 , , C / . + C * , / ,, ( & 6): /, , , / ,, , ,, 3 . + %* &5 / , / ,, : /, , /, 3 , . + %* &5 / , / ,, ( & 7): / ,, , /, , 3 , , 4 , , C /. + %* &5 / , / ,, – . + / ,, %* &5 / , / ,, : ,, /, . + 3 %* &5 / , / ,, : , ,3 0 ,. + 3 %* &5 / , / ,, : / ,, , /, . + , %* &5 / , / ,, : /, , /, , . + , !/ * , / ,, ( & 7): C / , , ,3 , , /, , 3 0 . ( 144 + + !/ * , / ,, : ,C / ,3 ,3 0 . + /, & , / ,, ( & 9): 0 ( + – /, 3 ), , ( + – /, ), , , 3 , , C / , C /, 3 / , . + 3 & , / ,, : /, , (! . + (! , & , / ,, :C / , ,3 . + , 8 /* , / ,, : , 0 , /, , / ,, . + 8 /* , / ,, : , /, , / ,, , 3 ,C * , (! ,, C / , 0 , /, , / *, E . + 8 /* , / ,, : / ,, C / + C / 8 /* , / ,, –C / . + 8 /* , / ,, : ,, C / . + %* &5 ' ' , / ,, : , / ,, , (! ,. + , %* &5 ' ' , / ,: /, , C / , ,3 / ,, . + 3 0+ %* &5 ' ' , / ,: /, , 3 , , (! ,, 3 /, . + / ,, %* &5 ' ' , ,, : (! ,, , . + + %* &5 ' ' , / ,: . /, 3 3 3 / , , / , : 2 + + + . + 3 , , + . /, . , / ,, / ,, /, /, C / , /, /, /, 3 . /, /, 145 / ,, : / ,, : / ,, : / ,, : / ,, – , . , + /, + 3 , + /, + + , . 3 , . 3 3 0+ 3 , . 0 + + /, : - /, – /, / ,, . : /, / ,, : – /, . : /, , / ,, / ,, : + ,. 2 / ,, /, 3 2 (! /, , , / ,, , 3 , + , , (! , 3 , , / ,, , ( + 3 , (! : /, . + + (! : , (! , C / , / ,, , (! ,. + (! (! : , / ,, , /, . + (! / ,, (! :3 ,3 0 , , ,3 , / ,, , (! ,, 0, 4 , /, , . + 3 , / ,, (! : (! ,3 0 , 4 , / ,, , . + + / ,, (! : , (! , / ,, , (! ,. + /, / ,, (! : / ,, , 4 , (! . + / ,, (! : / ,, , C / ,3 . + / ,, (! : / ,, , /, , , /, . + C / / ,, (! : / ,, , /, , /, , , ,, , . + / ,, (! : / ,, , /, , . + 3 / ,, (! : (! ,. + C * / ,, (! : / , , /, , , , . + 3 / ,, (! :C / / ,, . + / ,, (! : / ,, , C / , ', . 146 3 + 0 . + + , + , , (! . / ,, 0 / ,, H 0 (! , / ,, . (! (! , , , , (! ,. + C / (! , , . + 3 , (! , / ,, , C / , , ,, C /. + C / (! , , 2-*, C / , 3 , . + 0 (! / ,, . (! # -0# -0# ( !, 4 $/ 2 + / ,, /, , C / / ,, / ,, : (! : 3 (! , C * : (! / ,, (! : (! (! : , , , ,3 - : (! / ,, (! , (! ,, , (! ,, / ,, , (! - : (! , * : ,3 , !/ : (! , / ,, . / ,, , : - + , : ,, 0 , . + / ,, , – / ,, . + ' * + / ,, , : / ,, , C / 4 . + , C * , :C * , / ,, 3 , . + 3 , (! , , : 3 ( & + – 3 , ), , , / ,, , C * , , , , . + (! , % , : (! ,. + 3 (! , , : , /, . + (! , , –3 , . + / ,, (! , , – /, . + /, (! , , : /, / ,, . 3 147 + (! , , : C * . + , (! , , – . + /, !% # , % %* &5 / % , : , C / . + / ,, !* % %* &5 / , :C / /, . + + %* &5 ' ' % %* &5 / , : /, 3 , . + , !/ * % %* &5 / , : /, . + , & * % %* &5 / , : C / . + % 8 /* , :3 ,C / 3 , . + 3 0+ % 8 /* , :3 , 3 , , ( 5* !. + /, % 8 /* , – . + + !* % 8 /* , –C / . + /, !* % 8 /* , : , C / , (! , , . + / ,, !* % 8 /* , – . + !* % %* &5 ' ' , : /, , (! ,, 3 ,3 , , . + / ,, !* % %* &5 ' ' , : (! ,, /, , C / , . + + !* % %* &5 ' ' , : , (! ,, . + (! , !* % %* &5 ' ' , – ,. + !* % %* &5 ' ' , – . + + ) % %* &5 ' ' , : 4 3 0 . + /, ) % %* &5 ' ' , : C * , 3 , , , 0, 3 , , (! ,, /, . + / ,, ) % %* &5 ' ' , : (! ,, C / , /, , 3 . + C / ) % %* &5 ' ' , : 3 , , /, , (! ,. C / 148 3 + /, 0 . + (! , . + / ,, . + , : & 1. % !/ /, * % %* &5 . , '' + , ,. + + # + , %* &5 ' ' , – %* &5 ' ' , – / % - -# # % : , -. # % . + 3 , , . + , . + (! C / , / ,, , + + /, C * . + (! , , . % # % # . # % , : -. , : 3 , , : , , ( -. # % # % , -. , -. -. – / ,- : , -. % 4 -. 3 2 – : 2 , * % !/ + %* &5 , . , : , , , : / ,- : + (! H 0 (! , (! : (! H 0. + (! (! , (! : 0, (! , /, . + 3 , (! (! , (! : (! , C / , (! ,. + (! (! , (! : (! , (! ,, C * ,C / , / ,, . + (! , C / (! , (! :C / , 3 , ,C /, / ,, . + (! 3 , (! , (! : 3 , (! ,. + (! , 3 , (! , (! – C / . , 149 III. & , ,& . - $-"( 201 – %* && ( ) (•a Wv ?@jk ). , 0 , 4 * «, +, " ,» +/ , * " , % , ,, % * % 2 . / : %* &5 / (LdmN: a Wv ?@jk ); - / * (Wdm•a ). / – & +* 1 & , # " & / ,, /, - /, ; - &5 (j> d: a ); * (Wdi: a ); - ! (J> d}: a ) 3 , , (•a Wv u: a @J> dT@ja ). 4 / " / ! , *. ' /– " , ( - & –« , 4 / &») 4 */ + (! , / ,, , +* " 1913–1949 &&. 2 + " / , E * , ,/ ! , , , 5 / , & +, # , ! . $ , , / $ «" - , 4 , , » $ , , , , , / + 4 " ! . & (& ) 1996 &. /: +* 0 +* C C / ,, 3 , , . « – %* &5 ( + & " ! ». ) (UV †: a Wv ?@ jk ) – ,. – %* &5 ) %% # ( (! ) (h> v ˆ: a Wv ?@ jk ). # – (! , * – % , ,. 5 , 4 +* - / („W‘ > }d: a ) ( ,. ! ) (! - / . , $ * ," ! , , , , , «% C ». " – % $* ! ». (•a W^ v u: a ) – ,. ' – % &5 (fM k ). , 201 « * (! " , " , $ * " 150 + % + . $ - & , 3 2 , , 3 * % / / * – ( *. ( 3 ! , " , & ! " ! $ – ( #( -(! . -3 +, , . . % , ! $ ! ) (’ Z?@ UV M ). , , , * $ « » % ,' 6 % / * . * , * - . ) (NQa Zu: a ) – ,. , . . – *) ( - !, , - ! , ) (•> dˆ?). $ 0 , * - !, " / , & " , (" , ,. +4 $. , ), " +, % 2,, $ +4 3 , . , 3 , – 5 / " , & + 2 . !, (" , ) . , " ,, / , & , $ $ $, ' 6, * . - ! , $ $ # +* , * , , &5 *) $ , &5 % $4 . – *) ( +,, 30–50 # , , , ! ) (Uˆu: a ). , " – , $& (U<^ 9u: a ). 5 , * + $ & " & "" , & / , / " , " , & . +, $ ! % 3 . , " # + " +/ # % 3 ( ,. 3 ), ! ( ,. ! ). F ! $ , ! * & -3 " , / – (! 0 , 4 , + " , , / 4 */ , " 4 / * , : & , (! 0 * -3 , /, E 4 * -3 E * * -3 . ' / " 4 + 4 * . – & ( " , F (! " 202 ) (U<?@ jk ) . / , $ / ). 203 E * , , 202 , , " 4 4 +4 * ( * +/ " # +. " 203 ( 151 5 à . à ). ! " , , * , $ . ! * & , , + - * – + / « . (•a WdT), /» , " , 3 , / " ! 5, -3 *, . E , " , " ! («% C »), – . 5 * " / + $ & "" « & " ! » ( ,. ! ). , + " ! $ ' 6, / , * –" 5, F,, - * * – - 0 /. - 0 / " / / ,, (! , ( .1954) –" +* & " # « -(! » 1996–2003 &&. F,, " – &5- - & (U<uV v : a ) – ,. 1. % – &5%! %% - (w> v ?Zv : a ) – ,. – &5%! / ! , " 3 # * (" % 3 E * " 204 $ & * . , . «B (% +». , * . . ). % ( . % , ,. & $ % */), , $ " % 3 , 4 4 & -" & $ . * * , " * *, " " . –, , & " 5 " , " . * * , . .« ») E * ( , ( , " , " , % , ,. «% » & & & + ( , … ,« * * »( ,! « ») – " , " , , " ! 204 , *" . $ - $ (L^ V ^ ?Zv : a ). ) " 3 ( ; 2. " " & " .0 " « " " » – . . 0 " , 152 , " , / . % , 6 , 626 . , . . 1700 . 1783 . $ . % - ( / ,/ " –& ( 20 , $! ( / ). B */ * * " , / ,, 3, * 4-B * -3 * + 4 */ , ( . . 0 ," ,) ( / 1828 &. 5 , 4 */ , + + & – 4 */ 4 205 ( , 1874 &., / ), , 3 " & + ( , 1892 &.) ( , 1928 &. (! * ). 1910 &. * * + + 4 */ , , , / ,, , « , », $ +4 * * , (! * . +,, & ,, " 4 */ 4 -3 * * - , , , , , *B / ( / ! + B / ), 6* - /, / ,, , ! + , * ( , 3, ) ( / , % * , (! .). * * ! " ! $ -* , , & " . & ! " * * : & (U<?@ jk ). $. / , * : 3, , ,, - 4 , -( * , * , ( % / * ). , ,, ( ) " , # " +, " , /, - 4 * * . !/ * (WdiQ@ jk ). B / , ,, - /, , 3 ,, , , 6* , , ( % / * ). B / / , -3 0; ,– , /, -(! , - , ; % 6* – ,, % 3 . / +: " 4 3 ,, / ,, * * , ! , , & " 2 1870 . , – 205 0 5 6 " . $ , & 5 ! & / " " . / " , " " . , / / 6 " – 153 / 5 6 $ % (. " , - 6 6 - , * (! * 1909–1920 &&. * * . 4 */ (! / ,, / ,, - # ( - ( - #) (Nza ZV : a ). , (! ( . . -(! ), - 4 , 0, / , 3 , -( 4 3 ( $ 3 / : - ,/ !, * (% * ), 4-B , !/ , 3 ). " # (N•> ‚: a ). $ " / . , % , ,, */ ( */) " , % 3 / . , * * * & -" & $ . " (! * , , / , & 3 0 % / * ," & , , * +* / . 5 " , . , , . ( / , /« *» & . & 4* 3 " ! $ ! ,' 6 % / * . $. / , * : , , ‘ ( (! * ), C / ( ,& , " * ), 3 , H 0 ( ! H 0 +) & ,. 3 " + 5, * , *. , , & " 4 */ , ((! , ) / ,, +4 , ! 4 */ / ,, 3 206 . / + 4 */ -3 / ,, -3 +, , ,, , , , " , " * 1913 " 1947 &&. – 5, / ,, . " & " , – 4 */ / ,, 4 / ,, -3 H 0 / ,, -3 . ! , -3 $ - ) % # ( ) 3 * ( ! !- $ – L^ `m@jk ). * * ! " + ' 6, * ," ! & («% C »). & " *0 * * +: " , * * ; " , (! , * * ; " 5 + / ,, 3 * * , 4 / ,, 3 * * /, 4 4 * * . 206 0 2 . 138. 154 " + -3 * * : 5 -, , , 5 5 & & - E -3 * * ;5 6, * # /, 3 / ,, -3 ; ,5 ( / 1977–1989 &&., 5 & +* , " , , , " , # " +, " , , / * / ,, 4 / ,, -3 ; , " B +3 / ,, 3 ** ; B + 5 -" , 4 / ,, -3 ;" ', ( + " , , ) / ,, 3 3 ; 5 -" , C / C / / ,, -3 ! *" # * ( " +, ) / ,, -3 * * , # * , " " , H 0 H 0 -3 ( , " . ); " +* " " * ," «% » H 0 4 -3 , , ! " " , " $ ," « - » -3 ,& +* , ,3 $ H 0 -3 . , * +/ – &5%! (JZ`SZv : a ). +/ #+ " , " . (! ,, +, «" # » . & . , + 3 , ! -% -% " , + * # * + & 4 & + (! , , & , 4 (! ,. ' $ « (! ,». " & " , + « , (! , », . (! , (! ,. « – &5%! )&: 1 ((! $0) (“Z<SZv : a ). ! », . . $ +/ # , – &5%! + . ) -! ( # („ha ZOZv : a ) – ,. – &5%! 4 *. 1. # ! . 2. . , * % 4 4 % , , " ! $ . .' #( " ) . . ! . ,. . . . « / / ! , ! », . . & "" +- / ,! 4 , 155 , ," % * / " % / , * . – &5%! $/ (”^ QhZv : a ) – ,. , */ ( – &5%! $"– ,. – / ,% (3 – &5%! # $% & , * +. &5%! 8 & - (•y]s@Zv: a ). – " , *" 5 , – &5%! , */). / + -C ) (89mZv : a ) – ,. % 3 (•> v KNXZv : a ) – ,. * – ,. , – # 12-, " 3 *» – 3 - 2 . /: « ! », . . . - , , , . . 7 $ ,, " , , (•_a ZT) 3 , . /: & * + 4 & ). # – ,. , % . / . . " , / , * $. * – ( , 5*, . – &5%! !*!* (ƒ~WmZv : a ). / "" +/ # ! . – " % . 3 0 . ! $ / ,, (•a WdT). * ) (bNQ> ?). " , & ( + % * 6* /« ! ' 6 - , , -& . – # ( - ,, (bh> – ‰ d?@c@RNQ> du: a @c@h> – ‰ d?@jk @). % / * /, / ,, 3 . 5 , & " , 5 & " , . % 4 ,, * " # +* * & ( ,, , , . + 3 0 . $ : ; ; ; 3 , . ,, . . ,, 4 * ," ! /. / * % $ - , , ) $. * " , ,, " , ( ,, " ! 0 ! ( * . , ,, +* , + / * , , " ! $ ! 156 ! ) , $ # ( ) *" . * * . – ' („|V u: a ) – ,. – ' ( . - , , . . , * ( ,. +4 ) – % B * ,% % % 3 0 – " " ! & , & " + . * * & ""+ . –5 : - *!# (bhZg†: a ); - - (—`^ u: a ). ' - # $* (WK Nd: a ); - - ( $& (U<K ~N: a ). F! , " , . , 4-B ( + « * & ») 4 */ 3 4-B * + / * , C * ! . !#, (UONŠ @jk ). ' - #*) ( USN‚: a ). ) (b|V u: a ). 6 0 , $ 0 # & , % , % + " ( ', * ) , & " , " – -# ( - " & * . , 4 */ " , , * - ) (bh> •‘˜ ) – ,. 3 ( - 0 !) (™sNu: a ). , *. / , ! " # ), " , * + 4 * " , / (š^: >• d: a ) / (8T~@UV M ) ( , (n<`Q@> V ›) / % – - # – ,. – "% – ,. F – ",( $ . $ «" - « ( , 4 4 ( , - . . , * . / " – ! - / 500 *& #+. / (;}M>Vd: ) . . * . ) (œ^ Y u: a ). ' ( , -( ( ,. ( ). ! / », . . & "" +/ # ! , * * " , ( ). 5 , + + ( , – % 3 * , , &! , ( 0 , ! ». – ".$+ ( & * . – #1 *) ( & .6. " - +* ) (•^xu: a ) – ,. 157 . – !&+ ( - ) (••Zu: a ) – ,. . ! – /% % : - &5 , (! , ' * , - &5 (! / ,, , , 3 , , (, . . - / ) (UM > v m•a ). / +. ( , 3 3 * ! 3 : !- && (13 , * ): , *0, , (! , (! , * % / , 4 , , *, % C B 0. !( $*) (18 , * ): , , , , , , / ’, , / ,, 3 * !, / , / , % 3 * !, ,, C / , 3 * , 3 ! , B . " + , . . 5 & " , $ ! $ $, ' 6 , . " & -" ,+4 *" + /: / ,, / - / ; + 4 * , " + " * # / ,, ! * - / . – 4, – * ( 1. ' , -3 B , , / , (4 –" 2. -% (U‘ > V pqa ) – ,. «B +». -% ,, . . -% )@žRa Wv : a @c@bƒ> v : a ). / , " , $ , " , / " , % * ( / ( / -3 , ' , E -3 -2 / 24 ! 2 / ( , ,, % , / 27-, " ). ! $ ! ', * , ' 6. " , ( ,. ). /: , " + " * # 0 / , -% ;" 0 , & " ) & 3 * , 0 / . – *# ( -% 1. " , » 5 & ! 0. * 2. , * ) žhWv : a ). + – % , * -% ! " («% C »). & ""+ ( 158 /, . / « $ (! ,, ! $ ' 6, ,. ). , - – , # ( -% B , , /% % " ! $ /: -% ;& " +* -% ; , , . & , , , . . % % ) (NO> v). : a +/ #+ " $ +4 % B / . – 3 . , , ! * % / * . & ""+ ," * « ,» (Q-Tel) +* , ! / * & ""+ ," * « » " , * " & " , # -% . , # ( -% / -% + ( + +/ 4 / , / , $ , . / " , , " , / « / » & ,« - & « +,» (! 0 « % » E * 3 . , , + 5 & & ! * , * ,% / * – , 3 » * * – &+ ( -% ,) (n<v : a ). / . . & "" +/ # ! . + « # , », & 4 , & 4 , ! * , , , " ! 4 , " ! & . . +* « 0») (N{> v : a ). ,4 +, " , * « » » / ,, « & " ! $ , , ' 6. « . , , ! $ », / , – /# ( % / ) (NiM @jk ). 5 , , , , * : 1. 0 " , % 3 ! ( ,. 3 ! ). 2. " / ! " , * , + & " , . " % / *. A , * " $ & & $, + +/ «, »" , . , & , / , % / ( , & – B ,, , , & , % / 3, * 3, * + , + % , (" , , $ % , , % , " , /,). – 4 #( – * "/ -% 4 -% ) (N^ €v : a ). – ,. % #+ . 159 & " ! . % " % ( " – &!4 ( -% 4 -% 4 , , . . -% 4) (UqZ<v : a J p J n Oo _ A B ). & + $ /" , ,. , 0 , 4 , ', / , . , 3 , (( ), (% , ,), , , * , . , % ! , + " , , " ! . & . 3 , , - / , " 4 , « -% 4 , , – 5 « », " , F *, , " , $– " ! , – 300 ! 3 207 " * & * *, , & # » . *,+ 3 # , ', , $ *, 4 4 / *, *, ', , ,, ! " , , " " " ! $ & – , +/ , % / * , ' 6, ', * . ' $ , % 4, / . * " , .' " ! 0 ! ! (! 3 ! . /, ! " * *0 , -% 4 -( . , , -% 4 " + / & / /, / / & . /" *, ! & * " / -% 4 . / -% 4 & , B/ */: 4 */ -% 4 ; * " 5 / ,, 4-B -% 4 ; 0 -% 4 ; 0 +* -% 4 ;0 + * * " $. * / ,, , -% 4 " . -% 4 . – & (U<?@LM @jk )( -% *4 / . , , 5 * % / * . ! , / ( ! ) (ŒZYu: a ), " F -F 207 6 . 307. & - 5 & ). & 5, 208 160 " +* 4 * . ). , " " , -5 & (2 # " " 208 " ! , $ ! +* " -' , 2007 (4- ), " -& & 5 $ ! . 1 , , % / « « " F ( " & / + ! / XVII . +/ , % / , 0 (" ). - / (" * ), 3 (! /, ( , " , + +" / ( / ,4 " , , , $ $ , , ! " " & , % ». , 4 */ / ,, - , , ! " : % / , +* 4 */ 0– F " , % F " / $ +, , 209 4 */ 0 /, 3 0 (! /, ». ! & , & , , ! 0 , * ," " " , ', . & * , # $. *, " ,, ,% " / " , % , 3 . , $. , ,, % ! ** , " H! * , *& #+ ), ! $! , . . ! $ , * * , " $ . , ! , * + " - , * (! , , " 4 " & , * , & . % / : 1. * * (Wgud: a ), " $. * , * : . - !,% &5 (fv 9d: a ). & / , : " ( -3 , , , . -3 , ) (UdY T@ jk c@ UdY }: a ) – +/ #+ % ,, + $ « +4 » & " , 3 . -3 , " ! $ ! * % / * . + " : ( " , 0 & $ # & , 3 , ; + 4 * , " + " * # 3 0 -3 , ; , , * , * * ," 3 0 -3 , ; & & ( " * ," « -3 , » 209 - - * ) ,< " 5 -& - -& 161 - -+ . .&" . , 1999, . 106. 3 0 -3 , ; " " $. * ( " * ," « -3 , » 3 , 3 0 -3 , ; " 0 & & & 3 -3 , . -8 * &5 (f›> \: a ); - / *; - $1 . ! & + $ , * (L^ K N^ `?@j˜ ). . (•> V̀: a ). & / , , (~Ndu: a ) . . * (Wdi: a ). " 4 , *: /, /, (Wdma @LM @LdmN: a @Wv u: a ), /, (Wdma @LM @Nz> V : a ), -C / (ŸN\ : a ), (N9•: a ), (•> x<`: a ), -3 * (L^ `i: a ), 2. - & ( ,) (n: > y). & / 4 , * : . ( . . -,) (J> V †: a ), " , : , * (U<^ `u: a ). . %%!- (wZM W: a ), + ! -C (wh> \: a ). . )* $ (rK Wˆ: a ). / , *: (WV `: a ), -3 (WK Wm@jk ) (t: > d: a ). &. /* ( - / ) (•a Wi: @ ja ), " N•@LM ), B (¡Zv qZv : a ), /, , *: % 0( K & , - /, (•dmN: a ). % 0 – 4 */ % . ' / – 4 */ 0 – XIX . " , . . , B – , & ,. . - # *) (•dSa NY : a ). , -3 , (Wdi: a ). . &51 # (N\ V ‚: a ). " , *: - (•a Wv u: a ), /, (LdmN: a Wv u: a ), -(! / (Ÿa Nˆ: a ), % , ( ! , % , ) (•Q]`: a ), ( ! , " ! ) (fv 9d: a ), - 4 (Wqa N: a ), 3 0 /, (Wdma @LM @N\ V ‚: a ), -3 (j]}: a ). + $ % , +, , * ,, 3 0 , $ $. , , / (;i<•@jk ) (U‘ > e @jk ). 3. 7* $% ( B * ) (8^ ‹€: a ). $ / , * : . #% - ( ( ( ) (w >MhW: a ), " $. , – , - / ,, , , (~Ndu: a ); . &5%! (UQ> •Zv : a ), " $. , – 3 ! (Nˆi: a ), / (”v •d: a ), -B */ ([> }KZ€: a ); 162 + " # + 4 *, -% ; « & (! " " * 4 * " & # , ;& & & # – & / ( " " -% & " – 4# – ,. % 4 " , * *) ( ! ) – ,. . &+1 1 " (¢\<Š@UVM). ' -(! " , , , * : & & ( " , " " / + … «% C ». – *) # – ,. 3 – & * (W: > X@UV M ) – ,. 3 #% – ,. 3 – $* ( ! 5*, . ,. , , 0 -. / , ! " " ! " ! & 4 # , ). « $ , 5 & & 00 – ». * . . . $*) (W^ dmZM ). , * , . . , 4 , " ( . 3 & # – ,. B ,, 7 – % . ! * – ,. 3 ,, – 5*,. . . ) – ! . & , – ,. – / -% /, -3 ! & + * 0 0 -% *( " , +/ & , ! ; * + 4 & " , " 4 % C " & . +. ,# – ,. % – / ! , ; % * & & $ * " 3 $. & 0 $ 3 – – & 5, - 3 , , ,» , ( * – ,. – ( : " , " " . 163 +/ ' 6 ( ! $–B , " / / * -E 0 ) ! ,( *, - $! + ( / . 5 & " , C (C ), +* /" – , – 1 ( - -F * " , * * .E ," ! $ + , -3 . , " . . . – 20 ’ ). – ,. 20 : , . !- . – 4# ( -% 4 , , . . – % % 4 ) (bN€M @ja @cN€M@UV M ). /+. ' + " $. $ / $: /, (nT~) % 4 (W^ u`: a ) % % 2,. ! " ! . + , +" ! $ , * . 5 , + / ,, , & 4 , , 4 , & " ! E . – &!4 – ,. % – ! , & # % ( !* (ƒ~~a ƒZM ). ' . . +: 5 -& * – ! 3!( $# (% – ! 4 . /, . +, , , ! , " / + 4 / +* , ! Q-Tel /% ( *" 0 4 * ) – ,. ( (•> V OZM ). 33 . , & , " 5 , * .' , /& , ; - . - / +. ! " / " " ! +/ & # /. , % / * , / – ! 4 4 ( 4 *4 ) (;€^ €OZM ). ,. ( ,, , ! B +. – ! ,% ( 3 ) (89mZM ). $ $ « ! », . . +/ # ! . /" , , , " $ * (" , ) -3 ( , " ! $. , ! * 0 ! , ! " 4 «% 3 -( ». *" & , " 5 & –" " , (3 –, . .3 ). / * " +* ,, ! % 3 . . – ! – $* (% /, * ) – ,. (( # – ,. 5*, ( . 164 -3 ). – (! , , ( ' &5 ( 8-, " (n‘ > †: a ) ( " ! $ " -- +. $ ! & -- & . ,) 1. + " " ,; & , .' / « ! +, : * / & ," - / * % / ! * . . «& "" " , ( , ). «% C » " , ). $ 0 F , + XVII . " " , " . . . & ""+ +/ # . $ # , " 3 & , & , -,. % ! 2. ! . " -) (ja |†: a ). * » ( . . " , " ! $ ! ,& ," – - ,. », # $ % – # %( ) (8K No@jk ). , , , ,: 1. / 4 (N^ q> }d: a )" , % 3 2. 0 („Ns > ‹d: a )" , % 3 ! – – , " 5, – #( 4 (( – #/ – ,. . ( ,. 3 ! ). ) (fK a W: a ). / ( ( ,. ( , " $ 5 & " , 4 , * , ! " , , 5 , ! , / – , % 3 . ) . ( - # (Nya ~W: a ) – ,. ( &5 ( -( * * , ( – .' */ (”^ v z @jk )" , * . , 4) – ,. ! « + & " ! & ». . – 1. !- # ( -( , , . . -( ) (Nya ~W: a ). +/ #+ " & " , ( (" , ,. +4 ). ( " ! $ $. + , * : . E -E (WK a |: a ): , % ( ! -% ): - * (L^ ?a ƒZ: a ), ! , $ , -E (WK a |: a @n: > `: a @L^ ?a ƒZ: a ). $ / -(! , (L^ ?> dˆ: a ), , -(! (NM > ˆ: a ), +* $ / , * ! 3!( $# (NK ~_Zv : a ). 165 ! / : ) -3 *4 , -E *, (fdK ~|: a ), , 3 % (LM a _@ jk ) – 4 */ ( # ,; ) , * &5 (fK a ƒ@ jk ) 3 , (L^ y> d‚: a ) -, (n‘ > †: a ); - /# (Jh> id: a ); - - *)% (•> v SN: a ); - - * # (RhW`: a ). ! * . : / * % # $, (tK NM @jk ); - $ - " ([> … ^^ †: a ). /" 5 / ,, 3, * - * -( ; - - # (RN?> `d: a ); - # *) ( . . -3 ! ) (L ^ SN‚: a ). 3 / * % : # ( ,, ) (h> d?@ jk ‰ ). / – * ,, / * E . ,, / : , * , , ( . . ,, ) B / (L^ Ta Z€: a ), $ / , * % " (¢M > ›@ jk ), $. *4 , ! * ( . ,. ! ,, ; -8 #*) (•> SN\: a ); - 4-7 ,# (RNp€: a ); - 4-7 # 1 (> sa N€: a ). , + * & ""+ / * ! & , " , ! , / * – - / (;v}•: a ). . & ( ! & ): - " , (œ^ Y u: a ). 6 – , * -3 (•> v 9i: a ) * ([> ^ <u: a ). ' + " $ " , , , , -( . : , ( + " ( ) 5 , " + " * # 3 -( -( ;" B *# " , C / -( ;& +* , & 1 + 4 -( ; " & ""+ ," * «% E * » (" % * ) & # & % C / / ,, C / % E * -( ; # & & , " , ,& & 4 B / ; * (£^V i: a ) , * - 166 ( " -( , " . ( " , – 1 ( -( 0 ) (rsW: a ). +-, & + , + , * $ * , & $ ! . B , ,C # , & " " /: 5 -" % ', -( 0 , + $. * , '' ; ( " , , ! & 5 , & 0 & 5 , 0 , ', -( 0 . , " 5 – /, ( – / – ,. (/ *, . – / $ ( -( / *,) (n^ V TW: a ). . 5 *" / . 1 & , # " 4 3 ! " . ! /: & 3 – ) " " 1 # ( – ) / ( , % 3 ,% / * , – ) # ! . – ) " , " " & ! -( / ( ( ) (•> 9TW: a ). (! 0 ) – ,. #+ - & " #+ ,4 / * -( / *,. & / ,, * - % 3 & ,. & . -(! / , , . . (! /) Ÿ> V S Um> V ˆ: a>?@ . . (! / ! " ! $ ' 6, * * ," ! («% C »). (! , ) (LQNS). -(! #+ & ,, , . . (! ,) (ny> S@ jk ). , ,, /" " ! $. & . +, (! , + " 1907 &. (! , / ( & – (! , / 3 0 / -(! ,), , + , " 5 , 4 */ , 5 , * % / . ! / , * (" , , /« »): /- (L`iQ@LM); #" (Ue NQ@jk ); & * (W: > X@jk ); 1 (“> K@jk ). , , * (! , ! " $ * % / * . + " : * -(! ,. % * 167 – ) $* – ,. « – )!1 $# – ,. 3 + « & " + ! & " ». ». ! – /$ ( -(/ *, , , . . -( /, ) (•> dTW: a@c@Ud^ TW: a). 1. % ( ,. 3 ). 2. ( (5 / ! $ $ . ! – ,. ! ). , + % 3 ," * . –3 % ( ) (LMa_@jk ) – ,. ( E – 3 ( * ( -E 3 0 - –3 $ - * / , , . . E -- ( -E * ) (UV K |: a). % 3 0 , - * , ,' 6 % / * -E . ) (bƒa~|: a). . , ( , ! , ). -E * / -3 4 , . , , . –3 # ( -E ) (¤ah|: a). / +. , * , / * $. : / GE * ( $ E * )G% % 3 * GE . , ,, – " , % 3 * / , «" + . * " -E (¤ah|: a@ W^v ?@ jk ). & , . $. , * + (, . . , –% * (, . . , –" , % -E $ 5, – « , * " ! * " ' * G » : $ - (N^ gX@ UVM), »– ' * ,, E , ,) ). ) („h> K |: a). 6 , , , , – ( . . – / » -(! " , % 3 ( +) / – * % % / . . «E », " ! ( & , *" 4 */ , ), " 4 & & 0 & % E , , & * " " , & " ,& *4 & 0 , " * ! . , + * 0 + & & , / 3 + -E . % E " 1940-/ & /, " + «5, & # » ! " / " *. , & E " ! " ! / ' 6. " – 3 +# ( . ,. ) « /: . 168 – * (bƒ> du: a) – ,. – - – ,. – -/ , ( % , – , ,& ! " ! $ /: 3 * - / . , – * « +- +». . / ) (¡> iya@ jk ). / +. . + $ % " -" ! , / , ' 6, * & E ( « . . ) (•> v up: a). 210 " , % . " , , , , ," , ," # , , * 6* . " / * % *, (& & -6* " / ) & # -( ', . , % *, * *» % , + / , & & ', , $ $, . " " , / » – . . , " ! , # (, # " ) -* . / $ * , */. " / . , % 5, / ' 6 " « $ +, , » % + 4 * # / , * + 5 & " , & " " " " , & 4 */ . / / $. , * - *)&+ (•]ˆu: a); # (NQ> u: a); - "". (Uxv : a); - '( (•a~|†: a); - - $+ (•‰ K W: a); -!# (hZ•V d: a); - ! 1 ( ^V d: a); , ( " , , $. / , / 5* . " , «% % 210 ( . ). ( . . " . C , ! * -6 - ». ,») , , + & 5, «# , ! « , # " 5*,, / * " $ 3 : & ), 169 - - - # $ (r‰ K Ny@ja). . $ , , * / ; -8 *&5 (fg\: a); -8 # - (wh> \: a); - "" % (Œ> xi: a); * (bWV }: a); - 4-7 # $+ (•> K N€: a); - 4-7 ! (b~> €: a). + : # -" ," « - » ; & (& ) 1995 &. ( , " $ , +, ,) , & / & * ," « * - "» 4 * ; + 4 * , " + " * # & ," « -% &» " & " ,B * (! ; # * , " " , 4 / ,, ;" 1 & , # " & ( -& -" -& ) - , ; , ,5 (& + , # )& ( / " / $ / ,, / ; + 4 * 1 & , # " & / ,, 3 , / ,, 4-B ;& +* " & «3 » /, ;" 0 / , & B 0 . " -3 – %- (•`v p: a) – ,. – ( # ( ) – ,. – &+ (]O@). #+ – #%! # (•ZMNO). , " – " ! – , , . , & #( . ( - / . & " * , & ! . * , * ,' 6 % / -- 1 !* (ƒZs> O). /: 4 * " + , , ," . " # & ! " 0 *0 + , & 170 4 * " #+ / ,, + 4 & . , * ! * . ) (•a~Np: a). " ! & & / , 0 , + ( 1996 &.), ( 1999 &.) $, . – /" – ( / + ) – ,. - / + – L^•> i9: a). 5 , « » " , , –% / ( " / ). / 4 * & ""+ % / " ! $ & , , ', , * , ' 6, , * % / * . , , «% 4 " , / » « / ». " +, , , ,& " + . , # – " " , , , * , / . / & "" / . +, – , " , / , ! " +, « & »% / " 5 ," , / ," +, + " " * . ! / */, / * " ! & . « , / » : - ( # (NQaZu: a), , * ; - *) (Udˆu: a); - /% % ( - / ) (Œ> v m•a); * („W^ o@LM); (•V ›@UV M); * (•?aƒ~); - ) / * # (hƒ> iˆ: a); / & (, . . / ) (U: > }V d: a@c@ f^ T> V d: a), , * % ( ; - -1 # (N\`d: a) – " 0 ; !/ * (WdiQ@jk ); 1 * („W^ sh); , (¡~N: a); /# (N‚z@jk ); / (•> iV y); *) % (Œ> ˆm@jk ). «% 4 , / », . . " , ,, +4 4 , & % / , : 4# (% % 4 ) (N€M@UV M). " , % 2, . % / . - -3 1 # / E0 * (bN^\‹: a). 6 +/ #+ " , E 0 (( 0 ), , " ! , & " " +, " , % , * / . , . , /" ( - / + " $ , & & "" / . / ,, . . + 171 - 6 - " 3, * ,. " B % & , ( - #'!, (U{~_Nd: a). / & " , , , *" / " . ( ,. % $* („W^ v ?). " , % ' * % * (•aWdT@ jk ). / & " , & + !, , ). * ( -3 ,, ) (ƒ> dm@ jk ). , * * " , (! , (JaPS) – & " , * / % 3 ,, . +* " : +* * " 5 - / . , – % $- " ( 2 , " +/ " 4 ( / . & *, $. : 3 & * – ! * /% , * / 4 (WqNd: a), * " ! ," 212 & . / / / ,, 0», . . * ) (U`^ v 9: a@c@ [> `^ v9: a). " , , " , : * ) 0 , " 211 +/ / " , – , , % , , * , " (! 0 2 E * , , . * - 4 0 , ,. A *, , , , * * – / +. + : (—`u: a), * (bW9: a), -', (•aNdu: a). " ! * 3 -F * , & # * *), & ( / . 5 , +* « !, . ). / . % 2,, ( , " – !% $- ( * ,, . . , , , « -3 ») (U`^ v p: a@ c@ •`v p: a). *, & & , $ " , ,. ! / " , -3 , + % ' * . /& & : /" G B , (" / )G3 , G … G % $* (% ' * )G… G # "G … G !% $-. " 211 –+ . 5 212 5 . – 5 ' & " 172 -1 + ) $ " (" , - G % 4 * " ! (% & ,C ! , % ), , $ + + , / / & , " ! («% C »). , * 5 * & ""+ ! - " 5, (! , *. & * * (! , ! , / , – 3 * 3 , " , 5*, & E : « * & ( , .– ,. )– +, & . & ,! ( / , + + ! + * - " , , , 3 * 3 . , 5*, * E +, , " 3 * 3 , +* / 213 " /& +, & ,.» / $. , * : *) *) (¥>ˆ?@jk )( , " # 0 " 4 % , , « - * *»); +$4 (•€K > ^ ?@jk ); ! ) $'(|^ dSZM@jk ); - ! # („NdyZM), 4 , * ; ‘ * (W^ ?@jk ); - - 1/ ( 0/ ) (•i\V : ); , (" « !») (œK ah@jk ); &&! (JZ< y@jk ); / (•> ‚dz@jk ). / B / (b_qXeA B ). : & (& + " ) , " 5 , 0 , / ,, ! ! * ; " * 3 , * ; + 4 * " * ; 5 - ,. , , " . +, " , / ,, ! ! * , ! / ,, * ( . 1983); F" 0 , 0 (! , / ,, * . / – !( # ! . (, . . $ " ! , +/ – ,), ) („haZOZv : a). " +* ( & + $. * + - 4 0 " , % , ,, «" # » " , 213 Lorimer, John Gordon. Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Oman and Central Arabia. Gregg, 1970, . 1036. 173 4 0 , " , * , C - , - / , " " ! - / ," * * E / 214 . , , ," ! / ,E , & $ " ! * *, , $ + + ». F ! $ , 1846 &. , , 4 */ , / ,, , , & ( / " , & # & -% , +* ( / & * . (!. , " 5 , : « % ( 2 . – . ) , $ 200 , , * , ," 150 ( * , 100 C * 20 ( / . % / * / . , & 10 , & / / 3 . % " $ 4 : - 4-B */, * , 2/ , ( . . -(! / ,. – ,. ) . & – +, & , " " 0 – #+ & #+ ! , & , , / +, $ + +. , $ + + + , 215 , & –% , ,.» ' , ,, + 470 , , 5 " 2 + .( # XIX – XX – . , " ," , , 1908 &. D " ," , & , 20 + . / $. , : - %* &5 7 $/ (š^ €: aWv ?@jk ); ,# ( -% ) (Npv : a); - ! 1# ( 0 ) („N\?Zv : a). ( / 4 */ C / / ,, , 0 " , ! * " & " / ,, , , , $ & " – 4 */ (! , / ,, ; - ! ) (ny> SZv : a); - ! *) / (”SahZv : a); - ) / ( -(! / ,) (J> }ˆ: a); -3 &5 ( -E , ) (fQa|: a); - & $% ( * / * ) (8^ < O@jk ); + «% & ! " 214 –0 5 & " $ 5 (5 ). 215 Lorimer, John Gordon. Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Oman and Central Arabia. Gregg, 1970, . 1077. 174 5 - - & "! ( , * - " / , . . - * " 5 ) (¤Zxd: a@ c@ •?~> xd: a). 4 ; - / ( /, ) (•dmh@jk ); - % $ ( * – ) (•u^ MN: a). /: + B + / ,, H 0 * * * ; 5 -, 0 , # # 5, ,; 5 -" * ; *( ) (Wuy@ jk ). /: " 0 * & * ," % * - 4 , ; - (( #/ ( # ( ) (haZ•@ jk ). /: 3 0 ; 20 " & " $. / B + (! ; - * $1 ( -3 *0 ) (U\K W}: a). / ,, / & -, * ( ), -3 *0 ; - 7 $/ ( B */) (š^ q@jk )– !, " , , " " ! $: B */ $ & +, 4 */ , ( ) . /: 5 - ,, 0 , # B / /, B / ; ,, , # " +/ " & / * ; , F" & ! * # , E , / ,, 4-B */; F" " # + 4 & " " $ E , / ,, - 4-B */. ( & + " :, / /, , 4 , ; , +, 5 -" B (1984–1990) 3 , ', ;" C # / ,, (! / , ', ; , " 4 + ; " / & , ; " +* " *, * * " # . (! / , ', ; & " , * 1 & , # " & 3 , ; " +* . * / ,, , " # 175 *" & & -" ; , 0 H 0 /, ; « 0 »( * ," *), * " # 5 + " # * , # . +/ /, ; & Qatar International Petroleum Marketing Co. («Tasweeq») ; " +* " , -/ * +, " , ," « - » , ; " $. * ( " , , 5 * " # 5 + 3 ; , " &( , & / *" " 5 , ) 3 0 ; " $. * «, » , , . +0 ,+4 # – !# $ – " 4 " ', – ! " , ( – ,. !* , " - . /: /, , . , / ' 6, , . (Rƒ~> ud: a) ( ). % F – & 4 & XVII . ! E , , % / * , * + 4 ' 6. 4 % F ,– . ! " 3 $& 6 . ! $ , , " , + , " ," " , & / «" . »" , , - - . – * /, – ,. – *) * ( , , * * (W^ ›> ud: a) – ,. , (! " / *) ! (% ! ) (b~> ˆV < : a@c@ •ˆV : @UV M). 6 " . –« $ , ! »( ), + " " ! & . ! $ , + , * & ! , ! * % / * . – $ ; + 8-, " (! " ; " */ * +* " 5 /, . ! ) (WS> d: a). * » ( . . " , 176 +. / $ - $ * . . «& "" " , 0 - ). , , C » ( " , ). – '# – '#! ' « " , & (! " , " – ,. ( ' 6 «% C +* " " " $ , . " -C (bWV \ : a), " / . – & , ( t: aZd: a@c@t: > Q@UV M). 1. , % & " " - $ , & ! % / «% * ! . , , . . $. /» " , % 2 . ( 3 ) (rK ha|d: a@ cU?~h|d: a@ ). +. / – ( , ). ! . ! " ! $ »( ," ! ). , 1887 &. " , / ,, *0 + , ( 4 */ , E , / , , " ,: " 4 */ ( . , 3, * 4 : *4 (W€K ~h@Lv : a); -3, * (l^ d‚: a), -3, * (;< ^ d}: a). " & +* " 5 4 / ,, 3, * , , , . . (! / * (•V ^ }S) -(! / 177 – % , + . / «" , . 5 , % (UV }ˆ: a) – , ! % ! " ! $ * » ( ! «% C »). – , +* ( -& & ( / & - * . % – ! -(! / – " & (U< uV v : a); -# (N•‘ @Lv : a); -% & (n: > y@UV M); - " (UdY }: a). 2. - & , (Up: > Q@ ja). +/ #+ / (;^ ‘ > xi9 : a •K |o ;< ^ v { ), " / « $ +, 3 ,( . . -3 , ) (JNm@jk @;< ^v {). + " : + 1 & , *0 (! , $ « ! ! #» – +(! / * . * / , ! ) " , : $ & " # " , , » & (! «3 - , ! , ; * " 0 - & F ( / + 4 & " " , *) /, " / . – - # ( & , " » " " ; # , , 0 « & , ); " - ; & 0 » ( # -" , & « & -. # (N^ z> V d: a) – ,. + 0 # * 3 ," & +* * - 0 + »); - . ( ) (r‘> d: a). / . « ! » ), . . & "" +/ # ! ," " ! * & -3 . 5 , * , $ : 1) * -(! " , % 3 ( ,. * ); 2) +4 B , " , % , , ( ,. , ,). /: 5 -, " + 4 * , " + " * # / ; " C * ," « -(! »( -( ) 5 -, 0 " , , , ( 2004–05 &&.) / ,, +0 /, ; # " " & +, " +, " , 6 / ; & & ""+ ," *« » ', 3 , . ( ,. – ! ( , , . . ) (•u‘ > V d: a). $. * # +* , * . 4 / * + *: *, " , , (" . + $ " , /) " , * 0 # $ $ " " , * 6 " – 100 – " + " , 4 (! * -3 & & « * # * ! » (Wˆ‘@¦Z<Q@ Œ>`‘a@ Us@WSZ:a@ N^…Q). , & $ , *, / / " " *. , / 5 * , " – 178 , , . - « , /" 5, 3 , ( », / ! . & , . , +4 " " , , % .6 – 4 */ (! , ), 5 – +/ # , % , % , ,. 5 * – / ,, /, 3 -3 - , / 5 & , , + " ! 3 " -3 / B *0 (! F, * * * 0 , , * ) " +* *( ' , - , , . , " , , / 4 , , ,. ' " ! , , " 1887 &. ** & 4 */ / ,, & , C * & * & « +* & & , * , ! » ( .% -& ). 6 ! , & & & (!. , . , " , , +/ 4 */ & , , + $. / " ! : / ,, - , , ( % / * ) /, - , , ( B ! ). ! -3 * (3 3 ), , " ( $0 (117 , #+ 4 , $& - " * ), & /" " ! $ " , , * ( / . % & , 4 " ! ( $0 – . +, , ( & / 4 */ ), ( $0 286 70 , , . 10 , , ( / . $ , : ! + ,, + * & * ! , & ,, ! ! 33 . * 0 * ," . 33 . 20 , + ! , & , 10 + +, 5 & +, , . ! " * 5 & , ! & * ( - / 0 * " # ), % / * , & & ( . . «% C »). % & , , , ! $ , % / * . 179 / : 216 - +* ) (•^ xu: a@ ;^ x?@jk ). *4 - ".$+ ( , * , " / . , ! . F ! , +* , . * " " . * * * – * . " , , " # " " , +, +, 4 (! * -3 , ( / - +* ), , " , , / , +4 " , , " . 3 4 " # 5 $ 4 *. + " . * & , +, ,. , * - +* +, ! *4 , ," , & $ + " # " , . + 5 & 0 , $ , * " ! , * , * +" + . & " – 5, 3 0+ " "" " . & , . ' # + 4 & " – 3 , - +* – + , & , & 5, + , . " *" 33 . & " +* * +* / ,, - +* ! 5, 3 0+ 3 , 4 */ $ . 5 , 3 , - +* – , 3 , - +* +4 , ! " # 5, + 4 */ , +* $. , " , . + 3 , – 3 , - +* (5 # 5, , + 4 * # -" , , 5 & ) «" » " " ! , & $: ! *4 ," , . , 4 */ 3 0+ 1960-/ &&. " 5, , , +*, ! & , " / - +* ,. B */ ( " 5, ) 3 0 ! + , $ + 4 & " 3 , 3 0+. 5 , + + , ! , * , / . 4 : 4 */ - +* ! " & " , 4 */ / ,, 216 * , , , , & 5 " % . 180 5 - " - 217 . " , , 5 + , , , XIX , . . 4 */ , 1898 &. ' 5 * ! 4 +4 , +* , 4 5, , - +* . 2008 &. / – C /, +* , + & " , 5, 1989–1997 &&. 0 # +* " ( , " & +, ! , & " , * & " 4 */ 218 * , , " & , 4 */ (! + , / ,, ( + , + 4 & " , , 3 , (! , (! ) " , +, " " / , *, " / & . 5 , C - +* – + 4 & 5, & $ +, ,. /: " & 5, * # + 4 */ / / ,, 3 , - +* ; 5 5, * # + 4 * # " , # -" , " + " * # ( 2011 &. – & , # & & " ) 3 , - +* ; & 4 & -, * 3 , - +* ; & & 1 3 - +* ; & , " +, ,( 2011 &.) + 4 *, " , ! , 3 / ,, - +* ; 5 -& +* - E ( & & , ) /, 3 , - +* ( . 1950); " ,, & ( -" ) 3 0 - +* ; + # * , " " , 3 / ,, - +* , - +* ; 0 # +* " ( C - +* ; " & & -" ,+4 * " + 3 0 - +* ; " *0 # , " 3 0 - +* ; +* 217 218 – 5 . ' " , - " " – " .0 / / " / " 6 - " $ «, » (AR OST E L @ AU V W DE L Q Q Q @ AB CDE ?@ F GB H@ IJ @ AB DK L M@ NL OPL ). 181 - * & . + ! " *) ( -% $ , / , 5 - # -" , ) - +* . ! , ) (Udˆ?@Lv : a). B */ . ! % / * . +, & , , * , ( 4 -( 4 -% ! , , +* 1853 &. , /* , " , 4 */ , -3 0 , * -( ( , & % / * ). % ! , , * 3 4 (fq> T@jk ). - * $* ( -% * ) (WKWv: a). ! $ , % / * . /: F" " " ! & #& & /, *0 -% * . - %# ( & ,); " % (% ) (8uY Q@ZM); - ! !&5 ( , ) (fQh@ jk ). , , " ! $ B ! . 5 & , * " / " & + " " # (! 4 */ / , , ; & ( ,) (n: > `: a). , " 5 ! ,. & /( /) (”: > z@jk ). , +* / , * * ( -% 3 ) (bWV T@ Lv : a), *) ( !,) (nˆV : a), *( -3 , ) (Wdi: a). ! $ % / * ; - & 1( -3 0) ( < ‚: a); -7 % %( B ) (8^ v q@jk ); - 7 # ( 4-B ) (N?> €: a). : %+ 4 * , + " " + " * # ; , " B , ,, 5 , 0 3 0 /, B , # * , " " , « / & » & " , *4 H 0 ; # * , " " , , +0 . (5 – -!# ( $ , 4 + / , !, . 2 7 + . * $& E / , (" " . +* ,, . . + ) (N^ z> V d: a@ c@bhZ•V d: a). 4 * ' 6, +* +/ " , – % 3 , ( , – + ( . . ), & $ " , / " , 3 ', , « ’ ’», . . ) 182 - * . " / " , & . B *0 – , , * – ). + ! * / (! , * . , , " ! $ ' 6, * * . # , ! « 7 + » " « »: - ! '#( -% ), ! / (•dmhZM@jk ) -% 4 ( ! 7 #) (NuqZM@ jk ). , * 5 / & "", +/ , ! * : - $+4 (§> ^ ?). 4 , * ; - *# (hWv : a). , * , / % /, . +/ #+ & ( & % )" , ( . * *, , " , (! , (JZ`SZv : a)@–@ ,. (! ,; , 1 ( ^9uV v : a); - ! #% 4 (§> MNXZM); - ! 7 #% ,(¦> MNqZM) B (¦> MNqZMa). . ! $ ; %# (•aNM~@jk ); !( $ (nVK Zo@jk ); %# („NM> up: a); "# (bN•> u9: a). 4 , * ; - !( $* (WK ZO@LM@ja); - * / (•dmaWd: a); (r‘> Q@jk ); - # 4 * (W^ qaNd: a). . +4 & " , / ( ,. / ); - " # 4 (£K h> xd: a); - " ! (•?~> xd: a); !/ * (WdiQ@jk ); - - -1 ( - + 0) ( • V : a). / ( " , 5 , 0 / / ,, 0; 4 * (W^ qh@jk ); - - /!" (UŠ Zi`: a). 4 , * . / & % + - / ; # 1 ( KN•@jk ); % $"(¢^ v e@jk ); %% % (Œ> v X@LM@ja); !* (bƒZdi: a). 4 , * ; #!# (h~Ndm@jk ); 3 F ! $ , ( , - 183 - $&5 ( % - -3 * -3 * ) (f^‚: a). / /, + ,/ «" » $ +/ # , & ( & )" , ( . # $'(|K Nm@jk ). + " :" 3 4 -3 ,, ; + 4 * , , " + " * # /, % B ; , + * ! ( + 4 * « + # +/ , & ( / ») * , # 0 & (QFCA) 4 ; " $. * « ".» & Qatar Hot Briquetted Iron Co. / ,, ; & +* " & « -0 » (! , . & # – - ( # , & 4 * " % / * . - - /, $ & ) . & / /: # 5 * (UoaNd: a). * & , * . ( " /, – – - C , * & ! " , - & ! & . $ , 5 & 5 & ' 6 # #'!, ( ,, . .– ) (U{~_Nd: a@c@ œK _aNd: a). + *, (•> d^ < `: a) " , !, % 2,. , , * " + $ ! . % ( ,. / ), + & , $ «% 4 » (¨Nv p: a@•> xi{). , – . ! , 4 */ " , , 5 -3 *, , (1803–1866) ! ! . 5 & , $ & + & , , +* " " # 1866–67 &&. ! $ , ' 6 , " ! , " , & / , " , & +, , + 4 / ' 6, , -3 *, . / " + # " " * « , & " ! ». * 4 */ – , * (! , . , " , « » « * !», / " * 5 – D ! , , ! *4 / , $ /. / 5 / / 184 – ## – ,. . – - &5 ( . +,, , $ * , " ! + (1732/33) , & + , 5 & , ! , + " " *« " & - " ) # & /, - . ) (;d: > `d: a). , $. , . , & $, & " ,. 1145 &. / , 3 , ! " / % / * . ! " « , *$ ». : " +* , & & ""+ ,"» , ; ( , , / ,, (! , , ; " , $ , ; # # / +0 , . , * – !&+( ( - ) – ,. – / * („W‘ > }d: a) – ,. . . / 219 – / !* ( /, ) (ƒZdiQ@jk ). -3 ! ( $& 6 ), 3 % , ,. 2 $ 4 0 , $ " 3 , , ! + " , . +, , . 4 */ + E /, 219 5 5 220 ., ) , «& . : / " / , ! 5 $ < " = 220 ( / " * « & 4 " » (5 " , 1999, . 349–350. 5 - ). ( 4 " 5 1 - 6 < " 2 + $ ( -6 " 5 " * « , , , « -5 » 6/ ( 5 "/»)… 5 185 » , 6 , & + 5 = ) $ . - 6 < -6 , 5 , 5 ( , / $ ! – ! +* ,, & 6 «+ " » 6 6/ ! " . ) ) - " * / 4 & & " + " 4 & /, $. - , * . , 0 ; 1916 &. / , & - , - ! $ , & + " * : / & ,; ; /, ; & ,; / ,, ; ; ; H 0. : 4 */ E /, + " (" B & , , & 1939 &. * , 1997 &.); & 4 / 4 */ /, /, ; 5 -, 0 " , , " , # * , " " , C * /, ; 5 -& , " +, , , " " & " * # /, /, ; 5 -" 6 /, ; , " . + 4 & & +* + 4 & " $ & , /, ; F" & +/ 0 , # ( " , . * " " /, ; , " . B */ /, /, ; « 0 »( * ," *) 4 / ,, /, , " * # * , # (Qatar Investment Authority) " +* " & (" ) & , /, ; & – " 5 * $/, ( , $ , (5 . , $. , -3 , / & - * */ , , . . / , +& & + ), +,, & " , / , 186 % / ) (Upi^ gd: a). / */ – , , / , , , " ! $ 3 +/ # , ! , ! 4 & - , «" # ,» " , ! , " , +/ $ ( // * , «% C & * ». «# * . * & , -3, * % 3 . ,. ! 3 ! & , * / 2009 &. +* ! , + / , 4 & , ! # (! , – * * ( , , . . +. " +* , +* / +/ , * & +, " / ! , . A * + " , , . ( & $ , " ,, 5 " , – ! 4 " * , ,% , , – , , F + , ). «, - » / , +/ , . & *" , + - , *" " ! $ & E , * , * / . ) (W^ ›> ud: a@ c@ ƒ> guQ). # +* , , & " # / – " , % – % , ,, , + ( / , ( 4, 5 ) » « . 4 / » +, , +, . & « » " # , , +& $. , ,: * E / / ,, / (" # / ) , ' * /4 B E / * B / 3 E * , ,. , ,, – % , ,. 5 , " # + " + , + 4 +/ & , % , $ , (n: > y@ jk ). # * + ! * , , * (•`K > K N: a), ! / (”Sa~N: a) % , (J> `M@ jk ), + , / $ & "" - / (;v TZ: a). 4 0 – + ! * , , * , - 4 0 – (W^ uy@jk ), 4 (•aZ€‘ @jk ), (0 * (•> ^ \ g: a), -', * (RN^ du: a). " ! F4 * 2, , , " , ! ( * -3 ). ' " *" XVIII . , & . (!. , + , +, " , (" $, 187 , " + & + 33 ) + : « ( / 100 , , , , * –& * ! /& – 221 5 , . % / * " ! $ & / 3 .» . 175 , – 5 " , , , 700–800 . / , * : - &5%! 4 * (W^ qhZM@ jk ). " 4 ! . /: & 4 3 , 4 ; - & ( &5 & ) (U< u: a). /: , # * + « % » , -3 ; - - # ( - # ) (bN^ `u: a). /: *4 * & # ! , & , / ,, 4 *0 (1894–1971); & 4 * + 4 / ,, – ! & #! , & , & & (& ); & +* (" ) + 4 & # & 3 0 ; " * # 3 0 3 0 ; ( " , " 0 +, , +, , $ # *0 ; " & & " ,+4 *" +B / / ,, 4 ; " , ( ," " ) ; - * ( % ) (bƒ> v : a). /: & +* , ! & -" * ," « % » 3 0 / ,, (! , -% ; « ,» (Q-Tel) 3 , / ,, -% ; & " , $ # 0 / , -% ; * " , ( ," " $ ) / -% ; %%!* (ƒZv ?@Lv : a); +* " ( &5 ) (n‘ > †: a). /: " B + 4 */ 3 -,; - ) "" &5 (j> Y 9: a) – ! / ( ,. ! ! ). & * # +* « 0» " « ! ,» (" * ! & , , , 0 , (! ,). /: # & , " " , C % / * -(! ; , ! " 70 221 Lorimer, John Gordon. Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Oman and Central Arabia. Gregg, 1970, . 1113. 188 - - %# & (n^ TaNM•a). +* /: 5 & , , * & & ,; 5, $ *) * (WS> d: a); - /4 * (, . . - / 4 *) (bƒ> €id: a). /: & +* " ! +/ * " # & -, * , - /4 ;" & , ! & 0 / + 3 , - 4/ ; & /( ! (! ) (j> Y ‰ ˆ: a©@–@ž”< •@jk ); ( ,. . ) (U‘ > e @jk ); -8 #/!* ( &5 8 # / *) (ƒZTN\: a); & 1( < ‚: a); - % * (W^ uy@LM@L`m@jk ). + " : " /, *0 3 0 ; " H! * /, / ; * , / ,, ; & 4 3 , ; " " – # , , , « ! 5 - #( " + ! $ , - - . ) (N^ d: a). ( / " ## – ,. – - " , $ , " * * – -1 # – ,. 3 – 1 " / – ,. " & . . ( - . * – ,. # $* ( ! 5 – & , * , / ! , $ 4 +, & , / ,, " " , ,, $ +/ # , ' 6 % / * .E , $ & *. - "" * ," * (The Mir Group). » , ! – – , - . / ! * . ' , * 4 , , * ( 0 « , , . . " « + ). & " ! ». * ) (bWK Nd: a@ c@ WK Nd: a@ ). . 2 + » . / /, * . , , ,, & " . &5- - (—`^ u: a) &5 !#, (UONŠ @jk ). 189 , + " : , " + 4 & " , , " & (! / * % 5 - ,, / " 0 / , & * * 0 & 3 *0 *0 ; " 0 " & & 3 /, , " 0 & & ;" 0 & * *0 & – # $/ "([> ‚K Nd: a) – ,. 0 # *0 / ,, & 3 - & - ; ; , ; 0 *4 . */ . – # $/ ( */ / */ , , . . */ ) ([> ‚K Nd: a). + % */ " , * ( ). / 4-B * (•> – – – – u^ v €: a), 5 * / 0 # +/ , / + $ , – */ -B * (U‘ > u^v €: a). ! $ 4 , ,# " . , $ , / 4 « +* » - / ( ,. ! ). ! " 4 , , $ , / 5*, . */ – , & # / ! " ! («% C »), & /! /" , , . $. , , " ! $ * * . :" " , + " */ ; , . +/ ! * & C / */ ; + # * , " " , / ,, */ ( " ,& ! * ! + ! ) , 4 */ ( $ # ). – +/ " $# # */ – & ! ( " , ( ,. / * ( */ ). * * ). ( , ) (RSr>A B ). - /, . ! " ! $ , & – ! $- % (8^•^ †d: a) ( ! , / , - & * * 190 ) (bN^ xd: a). + $ , + * . * / & * ). 4-B 5* 80 , * , , , - 6 . « #» , * – 4 */ *, / / ,, & * 3 , ,, . (RNQ> ud: a), " & , ,, (bNdud: a) " / " , % ,, , * - & * ! , ,. & " , * " , , * ( ! , $ 6 ) & , % /: " - & * ; +* * " +* % /, - & * . " – & , , , $ , ,. , " ! $ * . /, ) (]d: a). 6 & "" , / / , * , , " / 4 / («% C »). / , & ""+ , $ +/ #+ +/ " , : ,% 3 ,, (« » *), B ,, , ( , ( * ), , , – . , / , , & * " ! E , 4 * & $, " 5 , / + & , " " , , / # . ,+, +, , * , $ / -(! 0 * ( ,. (! 0 * « + & " ! »). ! , * «" »0 , $ ( ). " # * $ , $ ( " 5 , ) , * ,% / * . /: & ( " , . +/ ( & ,, ) " , # " ; " +* Medicare Group / ; " " , -, /, (! , / ,, ;& +* ," « - 0 / ,» (« " ») / ,, % H 0 ; & +* & " 3 , . – C !&&+ ( !&&+ 3 $ &5. (fV K _@ ]Q) *" # * ! , , & » ( " ! * . ,. « + & " 191 , + . & ! ». 4 * " , «% ), % / * , ' 6 , – !&&+ )!1 $# – ,. – !&&+ – !## („‰ Nd: a) – ,. . & / – ,. . . – !## ( ,, . . / /% ) (bNd: a). " , , " / / & " , 2, ( ! % 2,). % ! 4 " * , " * , . , , 5 & , / / " ! , & E , " *, & # ! / . , , " +/ " , , $! * " ( " , , * ). ,+ " + 5, . " +/ « » / , / " , 2005 &. & , , " , $. , +,, 222 % , & + 40 + . 5 , " " ! " 1970-/ & . , , & + -- 0 " * 223 1972 &. F ! , + -- 0 " ! 1996 &. " "+ " " + 4 & 5, 3 , 3 0+ ,# $ & + " + . & " 5, 3 0+. 6 , , " , " -- 0 , , 4 , & / / & " , , , $ & ! – ( 0 , " * & ! ). 6 +, + +/ – –" 224 , & & 5 " , . : '% (•MP?@jk ). 5 / , * * , /, (Ndma jk ), (!0 *4 ((! 0 *4) (£^ \S jk ), (•aW9‘jk ) (4 */ ), C (f›> sjk ©@ 3 0 (•s WTjk ). 222 http://www.cablegatesearch.net/cable.php?id=05DOHA845 http://www.cablegatesearch.net/cable.php?id=05DOHA1039 224 http://www.cablegatesearch.net/cable.php?id=05DOHA845; http://emirateseconomist.blogspot.com/2005/07/qatar-strips-15000-qatarisof.html; http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/nea/154471.htm 223 192 3 / ,, ," 3 , - /: 0 . , ; *4 3 , 1 ; # * " 5 + 3 , * & , # " & " +* ! , «( » / ,, / ,, !# („hZ‘ @LM); * („Wdm@LM); ! 7 ( # % (ŒhaZq@ZM); / $/ (”^ iM@jk ); - !# $* ( &5- !# $* ) (bWK Nv : a); ## % (ŒaNo@jk ); - !1 # ( . . -- 0 ) (U‘ aN\†: a). ; - $/% (- */ ) (•> v }^ †: a); - - ! (, . . ( * ) (b~aW: a); ) #%! ( , . . (! ) (U?ZMNˆ: a). . & " 4 +, E " 4 , «* » , « ! ,»; - * („W^ u: a); # („Nd9: a@ aNd9: a), ! -(! , ; - 4!" (, . . 4 ) (U•Zq> 9: a); $. * - !# $ ( * ) (UV K N9 : a). /: , +, * , & & C / * / ,, - % " (¢M> V : a). /: " 5 C * ! ; " +/ B +( . 1970-/ &&.) ( / / ,, (1936–2002); + 1 & , # " / / ,, % 3 , 4 / ,, $* (W^ Vy@ jk ). /: " 5 -( * ; ' % (Œa|V i: a) – ,. 3 ; -8 / $* („W^ }\: a). /: " 5 C/ * C/ * ; 7 # (nKNq@jk ). /: + 4 * 3 / ,, 4 B ,; - 4-7 #, (U{N€: a). + " :" H! * ;" 5 % / ( ;& " ( 2002 &.) , " + 193 * B - - + - / " ; , & & - ; +, # 3 , +* " - * ;, ( – . .& , " # - - ;" 0 0 - " - , # , */ / " ;" 5 E !- ( ) (—yZd: a). / "" +/ # ! . % - & , + $ , . ." / ! # ). – !- && 3, * ( " , 3, * (! 3 + (! ). -(! , " , –" , , E , (! , ;" , / " & % C * , /, , " " - ) / ,, . . « ! , ,. & /" , 4 - / +( , % (5 3 ,) (n< `Q@jk ). . / " (! – , - », $ # , 3, * E , - / + ( + 4 -(! ( ! % ! + (XVII .). 4 ," , , 628 &. / ! +, . . XIII " $, ! + " 0 ! * C */ ( – E +). ' " , + " " ! " . . " 1530 &. , " ," + + " " & *5 " .' , , ,+ 1555 &., ! " , $ , " ,, +/& & & +* " 3 * * & " . ,! +,, ! " ! C * . , & . " 80-/ &&. XIX .' ," ! . 5 , " 1530–1700 &&. , 0 , +, ! , " ," , & + 4 , * + . ! " . ! ," * , , / 4 */ – 5, / ,, , – 4 * & "" -F ( " 3 # )" " ), & . / / 3 ./ & , & *. " * , ," 194 .' # XVII –" 5 , / " , . +, , / ,, / , , + 7–8 + , ! , ! . *. 5 , ," , " * , , , & " " ,, " , * , " , , *, F0 * 1787 1791 & /. ' 1850 &. , & 4 */ , (! , / ,, , , " ( / " " 4 , , , , " , ( . . * ). , ! $ , 5 " . $ / * / 3 0 , " 4 / " +, " ! ," . " + ( / , " 5 , & " , 4 + –« " ,» (n< `Q@jk @;u< {), * , « " ( / ». ' ! * ( */ 4 , $ . ' 1890 &. , ! 4 */ , , " , " $. " # , + " 4 & 5, , , , / ,, ,. A , ! " ! $ & * , * % / * . : " +* 0 +* + " ," « - 0 / ,» *0 ,; ( " , * & # $ # 2 ,; & +* & ' ," * & 3 * ,. /, ! , 225 3 +" /" .) " 0 – – !-& – !" (( – ,. – !" ! ( , 225 , & – ,. - , . . , , . . , * & 5 / * ! " « » " , .2 . ) (¤Zxd: a). , " ! * " " ", , . 195 , $. / - & ( 1. " * , % / 2. " / * ! . , - / +( " ! " 4 ,. / ! -3 , " " / , * +* & ( 0 * . + " + 4 , . , 3. (" . (! ) ([> ?> V 9: a) $ * , 5 & " " E * . , $ ! *5 / . " # ). $ " ,E * , . " $ « , & " ! » – . . 4 / -4 + , & . 5 " ! ! * . ). , & !" $# (bN^ xd: a) – ,. – !1" / – ,. (Khor), " 100 , " ! : & " – – !/ * (bWV}d: a @ c@ „W‘>}d: a ). ( ," * - / . / & , , » (" " & *– , «, " , 5 % 4 " / " $ & / , " , , " , * , ! / $ , / * " , ! , * & " / 4 / , " # * . , , , , * " 0. (! / */ « 0 / ( ( " , + * " - . & " ! ». ,, . . - / " -3 ( / ) " « , , " + « 7 & & & , , * & " / ! 4 * ) » , , », *, / – ). , « $. /» , % 3 ! . & ," ! -3 , +* & ! , $ 3 -( / (10 , -3 ). (!. ," " * + : «( / (Dhakhirah) – ," ! , " ! 30 , / ( / . 226 , / ». 226 Lorimer, John Gordon. Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Oman and Central Arabia. Gregg, 1970, . 437. 196 + * $ ! ," + * , («% C »), ! , 7 - / . - / : ) (W^ MaNu: a). , * B / . 5 , + " 4 " $ 4-B / -3 ! . /: & & ! 3 , . ) (U< ?@ LM@ jk ). % , ,, ( / . ( , ) (Ld›@Lv : a). A ( . ) (W^ uVv : a). ) (NxQ@Lv : a). % , ,. ) (U‘ ZV X|: a). B / % 3 ! . " ! , +, / . - # % *( " , % 3 ! «0 , $» ( " , 5 , 0 & ( % " ! -3 ( -% " , / , – *( -% "#( -% -3 / ! ( -E / ,. ! 3 ! . - %# ( & ,) (n^ TaNM•a). % 3 ! , " ! -3 . - 4 ,4 ( - 4 4 –, . . - 4 4) (•€{> €9: a). 1. " , / ( ,. / ), " ! -3 . 2. " , ! ( -(! ) ( , 0 # . /* (•aWi: ). - &5 /# *) & &5 /# ( " E ) (¥NiQ@jk @c@bNid: a@). , " / " , * F / (" ," , , 5 F + , % , ,, & " +& $. , ,: F / * ). - * ( ) (WV `d: a). B */ « 7 » / . % 3 ! ," ! " -3 , " ! , ( / . / . +/ * ! , + & + + , , + / +, , 5 & , * , , . . " ! , & . " 3 , 3 0+ $ 4 */ + . , , ! , 4 */ +" 4 , * / 4 . ' , $ , " , 197 , * "" & /, , & , F" .) – 4 */ 3 ! /: $ " * ) + " +, " # + ( "" , F" " . " & 5, 4 */ ; " # 4 */ , & +* ' & # & " " ,+4 , & , * " # 5 + (« / , ») " 0 5 , & $ ; & + 4 & " $ B */ ; « 0 » ( * ," *) ; # (" )$ * ," « 0 ». - # $/ "( */ ) ([> ‚K Nd: a). . ,. – */ . - !" ! ( ) (bZxd: a). $". (Ux^ d`: a). ' ! , * . / ! $ « , & " ! », . . , & 4 , +* & & , , 4 , . - - ( -3 ) (L`i: a). % 3 ! ," ! ( / . $* " ( -3, * « ») ([> g^ di: a). ' */ " , , " ! 3 . $* " ( -3, * ) ([aW^ di: a). % 3 , " ! -3 . , , 3, * % 3 4 $ - / . $ " 5 ,! , , , . - !- $ ( 3 * ). (•> x< y@jk ). E / (bNT_@jk ), ! * (•9K > Y u: a), % (hZe @UV M) " , * . - 7, $# ( 4-B * / 4-B * – , . . 4-B ) (@c@RN9€: a bN^ 9€: a). % 3 ! . . ! , * , 4 4 / / & +, ,: %* &5 ) %% # &5- !/ * (h> v ˆ: aWv ?@ jk ) – + & " ! . - * ! & + (4 */ / ,, 5, " & " , 198 - )!&:/ &5- !/ * („Z: ZS)– + & " ! -3 ), " / 4 * -3 . " # , « " » - / " , +/ *, " # +, , 5 & & $ + . - $&5 &5- $&5 &5- !/ * (f^ }: a) – + & " ! ( . . -3 ). . / , $ * *, (•> d^ < y@ j> ^ ?) – . . " , *, , . . , $ , , ,, " + * & " 4 5 . 3 * – " . , . , (" – / * ), " 5 , " , * # " . , 3 * $ +/ # , * 3 ! . & -3 * , – & , 5 4 , & – 5 +/ * , , +, , * " ! " -3 . , $ ! + . , " ! -3 . , " , , " & & 5, + " , + ! " # -3 * . + " / :" - / ; " /, - / ; & +* " +* ," « - » 3 , 4 / ( 5 & + " +, ,« " »– « " , ".»); 5 -& * 5 * * ," « " ,» C / 3 , - / ( , , * # -" , - +* ); & / * # & " " $ - 3 & , - / ; , ! " " # , ,+4 * +« 00 » +0 & , - / , , " - ""+ ," * «B + -% / » - / ; + # * , " " , " " 3 , /, - / ( () " " - / ; , , + 4 * , " +" * # /, - / . ( . . 199 – – ,. !/ $' / * . – / $' ( - / * ) (¤|^ }d: a). +. % , ( - , ) (NQ> u: a) " , 3 (•_aZT) & ""+ " , * 6* . + / " , * . ! $ ! % / * ," ! . – % "– ,. – " % ! . ( . ) (> V ^ M> ‘ ). – #+ & *) * ( ! ! ) (Rƒ> ˆV : a). 6 – +* , , . , * , " 4 / ( + 4 $$ $ " # $ ) ! . ' $ / , ! « $ ! ». / ! + , +,, " 5 , « ! » – , , " . , ,, +, ,. ! ," , ! ( / # +* («C * ! ! »). # ,« ! *#+» $ , , , , $ «# , » 5 * & ""+ – + , , +. ! + : - $* ( - * / -6* ) (•aW^ u: a); - , $& ( * ) (—< ^ 9u: a). % 3 ; - " ,( ) (œ^ Y u: a). $ +/ # , ( ; - !&+ ( ) (••Zu: a); &+ ( -% ,) (n< v : a); & ( -% ) (U< uVv: a); - ! 1 ( - 0 ) (•– V– ^ – \– ?Z– v : a); - ! ) &:1 ( (! $0) (“Z< SZv : a). 6 " . . /" , / , ( ! ), " 5 , , , * – /. ( : 3 3 0( " -3 0 & " ! ). + – 3 , +* + + ', ( , ,, & , ), + – 3 0 . , * (! $0 ! , $ " , ( + , *4 / ! * " * , * ; - ! # # ( ) („haN– {Z– M); - ! 4 *( 4 ) (W^qhZv : a); - ! ,% ( 3 ) (89mZv : a). 2 + ( ; 200 " ( " 3 " - ! !*!* ( 3 ) (ƒ~WmZM). , ( ; #" ( / ) (•> e hZ: a); 227 ( -,) (n‘ > †: a) ; %% ( -( &) (ª> MW: a); $+ ( -( * ) (•> ^ ug : a); #/ ( -( / ,) (nThW: a). F ! $ , % , ,, ! , 4 0 – . . " , / ,, " & 3 . /: " 0 & /, 3 -( / , (" & & ) *4 -( / , 0 & ); - /$ ( -(/ *, ) (Ud^ TW: a); - 3 ! # ( -E ) (NK ~|: a); -3 ( -E , ,) (J> Q|: a). , , –« »( ; - #! ( ) (•~N9: a); ( ) (r‘ > d: a). , $ * # . + 5 " + $ / +/ # , B , ( . . B , ) (;Qh> v €: a) " , % , ,, & – * -(! " , % 3 ; - !- && (n< `d: a); / !* ( - /, ) (ƒZdid: a). * – % , ,, +4 0 , , * /, , ! % , ,. & *– -C % ; -!# ( ) (hZ•V d: a); - , $- % ( * ) (8^•^ 9d: a); - !- ( ) (—yZd: a). , $ * # ; *)* ( ! ) (bW– ˆ– V : a); - % $* ( -' * ) (W^ vu: a); ( ) (LyN‰ : a). / /" ! *" # ; *! ( ) (•~W– u– `: a); # ( , ) (UQaN• : a); $". ( - , * + , * ) (Ux^ d`: a@c@«^ dyZM@jk ); $/ ( , */) (”– ^ – d– y@jk ); - !( $& ( * ,) (n< K Z`: a); - !& $ ( *, / *, ) (•> d^ < `: a). % ', ; - ! $- ( - , * / - , * ) (U– `– ^ – d– x– : a); 227 5 201 . - 8 !' ( - 8 / $* ( - ' ( #( /: /, - # ( ! $ , - #*) ( - #, ( - "&+ ( % ', "# ( - '$ ( - & $1 ( $* ( , * - !". ( & - 7!%# , ,. , ' * ,% / * – . , & ! 2. , * B , * , – - # ( , + -C ) (•a_Z\: a); -C/ * ) (W^ }\: a); -3 ) (¤a|}: a); -3 , , . .3 , / -3 , / Ndi: a©@ž@•aNdi: a). + 4 * # 3 -3 , ; -3 ) (•> ?N‚: a). & - 0 !. F % 3 * ; -3 ! ) (USN‚: a). $ " , ; -3 ) (•> {Ni: a); -3 ) (•]… ‚: a). -(! 3 (•aNg‚: a) " , * ; -3 ) (•aN…‚: a); -3 *,) (nK |‚: a); -3 *0 ) (—\^ < ‚: a) – ,. 3 *0 ; -3, * , . . -3, * / bW^ di: a©@ž@ •aW^ di: a). * % 3 ; -3 + ) (U•Zi: a). /: " 0 0 +0 & , -3 +; ( 4-B , , , . B , ) (—QNv €: a). % ( ,. +4 ). 5 / , * ! " ! $ " ! («% C »). . . 4 * " , ( ,, % & /: " & . * " * , . +* " - *) * – ,. ! – -!# – ,. – -!# ( -(! " , , , . . ) 1. žNz> V : a.) , * " # * ! % , ,( . . +) , «% C »( " ), % / * , ' 6 * . " , ( . , " ! ( 4,, * ,6 , , F4 * ) " . '' " . . % / ,, . . 3 . 202 / . ) (bhZ•V: a@chZ•‘ @jk @). – 5 , - / -E („h> K |: a) % 3 , , $ , ' 6, % / * «% C , * 4 * – !-!# – ,. – !l$ (n^ uV : a) – ,. 00 ». ,. 3 (¢\< Š @ jk ). , . - . 5*, . – !l$ ( - 5*, , , . . - 5*,) (n^ uV). : a ' , , " ! " , 5*,, + -3 !, , " $ / . D5 – «" + » & * , & " , % / , . & $ $ * & / . 5*, " , , " +, , ! ," , ,, " + " -% *, ( + ' 6 ) 300 . , + , , $ 4 *. , , + (" $ 1907 &.), 4 * / 5*, – 100, +/ – 250 ( . . / 5*, – 40% & " & ); $ 5*, – 800, +/ – 1500, ( . . 50% & & " & ). XVIII–XIX . 5*,, , 4 " , ," % / * ," / $ " # +/ / . % / * ! , " & + + ,, ! " +/ . , , 0 5 / ! & +/ , & # * + , & , / * * + ! , " " ( / " * E - " & " . ! $ 5*, $. / +/ " /: 4-B , , 4-B / , -* , % * , * , , 4 , -(! , * , F,, 4 /, B , ,, - / (" $ + " + * / ,, */ ). . * ! 5*, " + 70% " . ( / , 5*, , ! * +/ # */ 3 0 ( H ! +*, +*), * , ( / * , / * , - * , -0 , # * – ( 0 ! * 4. , $ « » – ( % ) # $% (•> v K NXZM@ jk ) 7 - (lQ> qZv : a). 203 B */ 5*, – -(! , +& $. , ,: (! /, + " , % B *0 (! F * , , ,. 5*, : - ( !* (Rƒ~aZu: a); - * ' '(|K |?@j> ^ ?). B , ; ' (•a|V u: a); - # $+ (•> K Nu: a). 3 * . / " , $ , +/ , / + $ 5*,; - # 4 (£oNv : a). % 4 " , + " , B *0 (! F * , , ,( B *0 – " % , ,); - 1 $& "([]^ \†: a) ( - 1 &+, . . – --0 * ); ) %% # („h> v S@jk )( . .– -(! ). B */ 5*, ,% / * *" # . " & , " -3 $E . , + /& & : 1. -(! /, + % B *0 , , ,. ," – ! 5*,. 2. ( , ( -( , )" , % 2,; 3. « * * … , % 4 228 " ,, " # , » . + " , (! / ,, 3 * 0 * ( + *), " 4 * * , !" , * * 1265 &. / ! + (1848/1849 &&.). XIX . " 4 */ (! -(! (& * , & / , , " 3 1842 &., « », , ! ! , , , , C *, , 1848 &.) & + (! (! (& * ! ( , 1868 &. ! / * & " 4 */ (! , / ,, ). - ) %# (Nv ˆ: a) – ,. (! ; - ) (•> udˆ: a). B , ; 228 - , $ & - " 2 0 / ( 0 2007, . 469. 204 -= . 6 )( ). , . 7- . ( - , - ) 1 1 & (•< s> \ˆ: a) ( . . – -(! 00 ) – . $ $ , – - , (UQ~N: a) (hZ•V d: a). /: & * + " ! 1892 &. (& + & , # * )E -(! 00 ; & * * & * + -3 , 1866 &. ( /* # , )% + -(! 00 , +*, , / * & " 4 */ /, / ,, 3 0 . 4 : + 4 * # -(! 00 - 5*, ; - /" (, . . – - / + ) ( L^ •> i9: a@c@•> xi9: a). 3 * ; - ' $* („WK a|d: a). 3 * ; - ' #, (;{ha|d: a); - ' (LK _> d: a); - " ! (;?~> xd: a). 3 * ; - !/ (> V}d: a). %+ 4 */ , - 5*, " 4 ,, (! . - - !l$ (n^uV : a). - / +; - ' ( , * . . - , ) (LK _> QN: a). * 5*,. . ! , , 5*,, " , % , ,, 4 4 " « +4 » 5*,, , * – « -3 », . . & , & ! +* & & ( . . % C ) , $. - , , & , 4 , * , * ( ) 6 . / , & * + " ! (1892 &.) / ,, - , , +* ! , , ! 4 – B + 4 ', * - , ; - - ( !# („h~aZ`: a); -8 #/ (•> mN\: a); -8 /* (W}\: a); - ( "# ( . . -3 ) (N•> ‚: a). 3 * . , , * 3, * , +/ " / & +* ' & , / & ( / /, % /, * ; - *) (Uˆi: a) (" " & -3 * – U^ i: a). B , ; - *) (Lˆ}: a). , - 5*, - / +; - ' $1 ( -3 *0, . . – -3 *0 ) ( K Pi: a@c@U\ K Pi: a); 3 * 205 - * $ ( &5- $ ) – ,. &5- *) ; - &+( (bZ< i: a). 3 * ; * („Wdi: a); * (bWV }: a); - "! (JZY i: a). B , ; - !& (U: Z}: a); - 4-7 - (, . . – 4-7 ( -) B , ; 7 #/ . , * 3 4 -( 4 . + " : & « .» 4 5*, ; " * , # " , /, - 5*, ; " % & ( + " , 6 ) / ,, - 5*, ; 5 -, $ # , 3 * ! / ,, - 5*, ; " & & -" ,+4 *" + 4 C * - 5*, ; , " + " * # (! - 5*, ; 5 -" ( ) & & , / - 5*, . – % $* – % $*& – ,. F – " $% – ,. F – $ ( « 229 5 « & " ! ». . * * + . ) (<= LTA B ). ! ,» ( «" +,») / *( * ). ' / , " , . , ," " ! , ( / , +* + C * ! ! C * ! -% " ! ). ! $ ( / . , . / ,, – & ," /: 3 - "» & + – , 3 , ! ! 4 */ / ,, + (1922–1970) 4 */ 0 ; " 0 0 & / ,, . – % – ,. %% « . . & ( $- ( - * / * , , . . "" . A , * 229 , , , & – , 5 / & $ 2 + % - * * +, « , ) (V^I= ITA B @ –@ g ITA B ). " , ,» % 3 , * : 5 5 206 / " 5 - 5 4 % " ! $ ," « , -C * (’ > ^ \: a) * ! (! , & & " - 4 *( - +$- – ,. - $/ – ,. 4 »). ! / (Ÿ> VS@ jk ). , , * , % / * ( & / ! ) (Wqah@jk ) – ,. ( * % 3 - ). * . , */ . - ! $/ – ( - , */ , */) (Ui^ QN: a@ c@ ”^QhZv : a@ ). " , B ,, , " $ 300 . + 4 */ 5 & 4 & & $ ,, B ,, , & « + " , * " , / ». " ! $ " F,, - ’ 5, . " 4 , ! , $ , / 5*, . ( $. , : - ) (U‘> ˆ: a); ) (ny> S@jk ); &: ( . . & ) (JZ< uQ@jk @c@n^: > ud: a); /*) (nˆiQ@jk ); !1 ** &5 (fg\Q@jk ); 4 * (W^ qh@jk ); 4 &5 (fq> T@jk ). ! " + * , * , % /* «% C »( " ! ). : 5, " + " " , 4 * / ,, (! - , */ ; " B ( 0 2012 &.), , , +/ " " , " 4 * (2003–2012), " C # (2002–2003) / ,, - , */ ; , & ! 3 , - , */ . ' – !-"! (nY yh). " / " 6 , / 5 /, & " < 4 " , ! 5 ' . +. . « . " 0 , " 5 5 33- , . 207 , 5 + »– – ( ( &) (ª> v •: a). - * » ( . . 8-, " " , , (! ). , , " ! $ ," ! ,& %% ( ! % / ! / $ * * . . «& "" " , 0 «% C » " , ). * ( ) („ƒ> `: a). , « » – , ! »– + $ " , " / ,, " & 3 * . $ + , * , + . $ $ " , $ 3 * , & & , & +/ " , – 4 */ /, - 0 , +*, , ,& * " 1690–1705 &&. , * * 4 0 , " 5 , " + " , $ , & " ! & , & . : / * (Wdm˜ @jk ). $ , * : / * (Wdm˜ @jk ); & / (”: > z@jk ); * (Wdm@jk ); !- $ (L^ `m@jk ); - 3 $ &5 (fV K _@jk ). " E * & ""+ - , , ! " + 4 * ; 'l** (LK W: a@|?@jk ). $ , * : %# (n^ TaNMa@jk ); 'l** (LK W: a@|?@jk ); !/ * (WdiQ@jk ); "" & ( ) (U: >Y9: a). + $ " , , 4 */ , +* XIII " , & & 4 ( ,. , " ). ! $ ( ,. " «" ++»); -!# ( - * ) (bhZ•V d: a@W^ `: a); - !-" 1 ! ( 0 ) (bZ\ x•Qjk ). /: & +* " $. * ( ') * * ," ( Qatar Building Co.) 3 , 0 ; ( , ) (•duV : a). + " # + " , . $ , C / ( ,. « + & « – +. $ * 208 & 5 " & $ , ! , / , ! $ + , , , , , , ,– + * + -% * (( , " / ,, ). ( , * : / ,, 3 * . F" 5 & * /: " # 5 + (« / , ») /, , ; « 0 »( * ," *) (! , / ,, , ; * , " " , 3 * , ;& / & * ," « & , , + » + 4 * " ' 6( 1980-/ &&.) & , , ;" 0 - , & /, / ,, , ;" 0 / , , , . 1 ( - 0 ) (U?> sN: a). , +/ & +/ * , $ 4 */ /, , 0 . " ! * ; - - *) # (NS> Y : a). $ , * : %* && (•aWv ?@jk ); %* &5 1 !# (hZ\†: aWv ?@jk ); 4 (nq> }: a). $ , * : ! *# % (hWM@jk ); !/ * (WdiQ@jk ); !# ** (LK W: a@hZ‘ @jk ); & / (”: > z@jk ); ' $ (nK |T@jk ); 64 (rqZK @jk ); 7 % (•> v uq@jk ). $ , * : *) % (8Sh@jk ); 7 - (•> `dq@jk ); - 7 $% ( 4-B * ) (Uv ^ €: a). " , % B * (•v ^ q@UV M) *4, + / , $ * +. /: " 0 , * 0 * & ""+ " $. * * , # 0 & # (QFC Authority) /, /, 4-B * ; & +* !& , & % /, 4-B * . % 4 # & * . . , " ! $ ( / . ( & + " :, " ,5 & " ,+4 , # * , " " , " ! , »), . 209 + 4 * H 0 # – , / ,, 3 0 & # . *! ( - " + / & ) (b~aW`: a). – * ,( ) (¡ƒ> •: a). + - * » ( . . 8-, " " , ( , (! ). , , " ! $ C » ( , " ! , & " , ). – : C «% - ( . B ’ , +. $ - # * * / ,, & – $ ( - * &) (¬K> •: a). + - * » ( / " " ! $ ! % / * ! , & ! «B +». /: * / ,, « " – & " (•x< `: a) – ,. – & ( . 3. - – 11 # ( *" " ! «% C »( ' 6 * . - /& +/ ( #+ " , , . . , * ! . / ! $ . " , 0 * «% * % / ! " , * , 3 H (& 0 +. / ,. «% C " , - , , - . . * ,). , , »( , ). ,. ! * &. * +. 00 ) (h> \•: a). # * , , & " ! / 3 & " - ,) @žn: > `: a). 1. ,. #+ & " * – U< }`: a). ; ) (U?> `: a). " , % " + " , * , % / * , ' 6, ». /: )& - * #+ « % " ;" - - , / & " , +, % 210 * * . 2. ! . ,. , . & / ' + 4- , ), % / * , , * / . , * ) (@ c@ jZ}`: a / – / , , % * 6* ,, / –" $ * 3 0 ( , / 20-, " ). « * , +, « $ » (" , 13-, " ' 6, * * . ," " # " (nSN• jk ), " ! $. 4 (•€{> €9: a), / . * $ / , / . * " , + . – % $ (r^ vy@jk ) – ,. " A – % $ ( +. " , , % * (! " , " * / ! ). , ! 3 , *» " , $ , * ! 4 , , ! , 4 4 (W^ qaNd: a), * . * , , % $ * ,, . . $ , % 3 ! $. * , * * – r^ vy@ jk ). – « . / " # , * 6* * » – . . / : - %* && (•aWv ?@jk ). ! (•K haWd: a); # (NQ> ?@jk ); / * !/ * & -- % $ (@WdiQ@LM@Wdma@jk Uu^ v `: a@ U< ?@ LM). ' (!, * (•> u^ dS@ jk ) (•K haWd: a) % ', (Nd?@UV M) " , * ; # (hZe @UV M@jk ); ! 4 $"(¢^ €MZM@jk ). /& , * , ( " - / +; -1 # ( 0 –" ! 0 ) (N\`Q@jk ). / (•< m> pd: a) ( . . / */ – U< ^ i^ pd: a@c@U< ipd: a) ', * (N^ d?@jk ) * ; - !, * 8 / $* (W^ }s@LM@ Wu9Q@ jk ). , * * (bWK Z`: a) (, . . / „ƒZ`: a@) E " , * ; - / $' (¤|^ }d: a). 6 , " . , & , * ; - # /* (bW}Q@ LM@ Nz> ‘ @ jk ). , * !, - /, (nXN: a@•> dˆ?) % , (NQ> ?@UVM); - % $ 8 & / (”: > s@LM@ r‰ ^ Mh@ jk ). , * C (•V ?aN\: a) ( . . – -C * / UV uK N\: a@) E ; - !( $& (n< K Z`: a). * ([> V K Nu: a) -3 (•aNg‚: a) % ', ; 211 * - !&" (•> x< y@jk ). E / * (bNT_@jk ), ! (•9K > Y u: a), % (hZe @UV M) * ; (( % ( (( %) (ŒaZe @jk ) – ,. ! ; &+&5 (j]•@jk ), ! * (L^ ^ M> ON: a). - * 0 (> s > ^ •: a) (•K haWd: a) % , (NQ> ?@UV M) " , * ; !#, (UONŠ @jk ). (!, * (•> u^ dS@jk ) (•K haWd: a) % ', (Nd?@UV M) " , * . / / , (ŒaZe @jk ); - 8 * !4 ( C & 4) (§ZoWs@jk ). - , (•< d•: a) -3 (•aNg‚: a) % ', ; 8 $+/ ( . . -C */ – L^ m> ^ s@jk ©@žU‘ > i^ \: a). 230 (•M~N: a) E (hZO|: a) " , * . , . . +/ (•M~N:a@ RN› >m). C / / , * ! (Œ>ˆ?@jk ), +, (•M~N: a@ ;K ƒ> M). /: +* * " 5 / ,, / -C */ ; F" / ! , + 0 -C */ ; - 8 # -@ žwh> s ). 1. 8 # */ (UigQ@ LM@ wh> s@jk ) -3 („N•aZ‚: a) / ,, (WdiQ@ jk ) E " , * ; 2. &5 8 # - (wh> s @jk ) !, - /, (nXN: a@•> dˆ?) % , * ; - 8 /* (W}s @jk ). * 0 (U\ ^ ^ •: a@jk ) (•xv V : a) % ', * .A , * / . * " , 5*, (n^ uV : a@;< ^ v {); - * & * (W: > X@LM@bƒ> T@jk ). , * C * (•> ^ < s @jk ) (8Š>?@jk) * ( / „ƒZ`:a) E ; - & 1 # (NQ> e @LM@•\ ^ < X@jk ). , * (U< ?@jk ) (•v u•: a) % ', ; * (% 3 , ) („Wdi: a). % 3 , (W^ dm@UV M) % , * . A , * / . * " , 5*, (n^ uV : a@;< ^ v {); "&+ (•]… X@jk ) – ,. ! ; - 6- 1 ( yZK @jk ). , * (U< ?@jk ) (•v u•: a) % ', . + " : 5 -, " . ; " 230 7 . .– - " (IX R MGE L ). 212 , (& - " " * ; " , * . - $ * – ,. & $ ( / ,, +* " ) 3 * ; # 3 * ""+ * 0 / * & 0 . *, ) – ,. ! . - & $". ( * +, , . . , ) (Ux^ < `: a@ c@ •x< `: a). ' * " , % E * " , % , ,. / «" #» – 3 2 ((! ) 3 E * , , . " ! ( / . ( / " , $ * & . «% 4 » * + $ , , 0 % / * . ( – 3 (L`m@ ja) B / (L^ T> q@ jk ). 5 / , *: - "4 (•> €x? jk ); ) % # (NM> S@Lv : a). /: (! /, -(! * + /, -(! * +; )! (•udS@Lv : a). % % (! , ; - ! *) ! ( &5%! *) ! / " « &5%!$+ ! ») (JZˆ‘ Zv : a). /: , 3 , * , & 3 , 3 , ; - ! $- ( -3, * ) (l^dXZv : a). -3, * * +; -# ( ) (N•V: a). / – % / * . /: 6 -" # & " , $ + 4 * , " + " * # / ,, 3 , ; & ( B +) /, ; " , ( + " , , , B ); " / ,, 3 ; + 4 * # /, ; «( » / ,, 3 , ; & /( /) (”: > z@jk ); - 8 ** &+ ( -C ) (•: > g\: a). /: 4 -C * +; / 4 -C ; 4 -C ; 213 - *) ( -3 ! ) (Uˆi: a). & & * # & & ," " 4 -3 * ; !* ( -3, % 3, ) (ƒZdi: a). /: 3 /, / -3, 3, /, / -3, ; - 7 # ( 4-B ) (N?> €: a); - 6- 1 ( -H 0) ( yZ^ : a). /: & ( B +) , " , , ! +, , / ,, / ,, -H 0 * +; 3 , / ,, -H 0 * +. ( & + " : , " + " * # 3 , * +; , ( " , " + , $ # " " /, ! * +; & +* & + « » /, * +; # * , " " , - 3 , 3 * +; * , , & . * - , (! , - , * + ( . 1956 &. % / * ); " +* " « * 0 * ," »( -. )3 & , * +; $ * « 0 » 0 * +. – & " ( -- & " ) – ,. * +. – $". ( - , * +, , . . – , / +. ' / * („N^ †d: a) " , % , & " , & , – " , % 2,. ! . , / , +* / /, 3 0 , (! /, . + " * - 0 ! -3 ! " ! $ ' 6 * . + / & " ! . * – #!# ( ) (h~Ny). +4 *» , * -% / . % / * . + & " ! . – !( $* ( * " +* / * " , ), +* +4 ,, . . ( & ( ! - 214 ," $ / / ! & * ) ( «^d`: a@ -@ «^ dyZv : a). – & *. . & " $ -F , , , * % / * ! . * – ,, 4 , / ,, " , « $ * 4 , ) ( •aƒZ`: a@c@bWK Z`: a). 0 # $ ! & " % 2 . $. , , +& / «% G… G 4 2 F * F0 * 5 , /& ,: (" , )G% (, . . % & G% * , & & ) G% ». , & , " 2 , " , ( / F * " , , . " , 4 " 4 * " + , & 3 , , , " , % ! , .' , " , " 4 4 *, ! . * + 4 */ , % 2 4 " , / & / ,, , / " , ( ) " 4 , * C ( & " / " ( / , + , ,– ! % 2 ). 5 , * / +/ 4 / " . , , , +/ 5, ' 6. * ! + $ -% ’ (% ), " , ( / * & $. F! ( / / +* ( * # , ,+* «0 * !») + C * ! ! C * ! -% . * : " ( , ) (•… Qh@Lv : a); ! 8 &+/ (Ÿ]sZM@jk ). , * ; - - %% (•> MN: a). ,. " 0 , " ; & (L^ d: > y@jk ); - 4-7 $% (•> v ^€: a). : , , $ # + " * ; & * # # & - (! , * ; # -" « 0 » ( * ," *), « ,», ," « - » " ," « 231 C * / ,, * ;& +* « 0 14-, " 231 +. . $ . & 6 / - " , $ 215 - « / / » « ) - / * - » » - ». ( * " ," *) 3 & + 4 * 3 # – !* (•aƒZ`: a) – ,. – !& $ – ,#! " ! / * ! . * 0 – , , /, (•> d^ < `: a). ,. " * 0 & -" + * . ,+4 " * ; + - . ! ( . ) (U‘ ~NpY : a). 6 , . ,, $. , « +*» ( . . ). " & , , " / ! +/ # 0 .( , ( % , ,) /: 4 –& +* # ; . & , , – " * «" ( « , + * » » , , , , . . - , , – nK>dY: a). "" ( 5 , & "" , * ) " , , , % , ,. , , $ " # % , ," , , , F / -2 . / " ! $ ! ' 6, * ," ! & («% C »). F ! $ , / +/ # , ,, 5 , 4 * & "" , " / . 5*, . 5 , 5 * & ""+ , , , , , " « »( . . , ,), , + % , ,, " 5 * 0 , *-" *, «" / » " , +, , ,. , , , & "" , / " . . A , * , , " / (jƒ> v u: a), – (rK ha|d: a) ( . . / U?~h|d: a), 4 - / ( ,. ) « » , . , , % , , , , : & - %* && (•aWv u: a). /: & " & , " $ $ * " # 5 + ;& & +« » /, ; " +* " & , & ," « - 0 / ,» /, ; , ( * " * 216 %* &5 ) %% # (h> v ˆ: aWv ?@ jk ). / – (! .A 4 +* $ („W‘> }d: a) ( ,. / ! , ! . , " ) (! - / . , $ * , " ! («% C »); ,# (NpM@jk ). 4 , * ; ! %%!* (ƒZv ?ZM@jk ); ! 4 * (W^qhZM@jk ). / % 4 4 4 % " , , ,. ,. ! 4 ; %# (n^ TaNMa@jk ); &5 (j> Q@jk )( ! / •N9Q@jk @); (r‘ > d: a). B , ( . .B , ) (;Qh> v €: a); !% # , (¦h> v Q@jk ); *) (nS> ‘ @jk ); - - - # (Nz> V : a). - "" , * (jƒ> v u: a), $ . + $ , ! +, , (NzaZV : a) $ / : , * * (h> ^ y@ jk ), - 0 / (Ÿ> Y \d: a), -(!0 * (NzaZV : a@bN^ \ˆ: a), -H 0 ( yZ^ : a), 232 (ƒZdid: a). 5 , 4 */ 2 (ŒZ9uK @ š^ €: a@ jk ), - /, 4 */ 2 " / 4 (WqNQ@ jk ) ( 3, * (> V › @ •]^ dT). , * - /, / , - /, (ƒZdid: a@ 8K No@ jk ) , *, , " / , " . 4 */ - /, . " / " . , % (8^ {h@jk ); ,, & * (bWu`: a). /: / ,, 3 ; !( $ (nK ZŠ @jk ); 7# $ (nKNq@jk ); - 4-7!%# (UQNv €: a). 4 , * , . & / ,, B , . " * % , , – +* ,* ' , & , / ,, - , , . +* " :– & * # # & - ', - , , . * / 232 - 5 / $ 217 5 . – #*)! (nSN•) – ,. – !#, (UONŠ ) – ,. . / . * – % $*& ( -F * ,, . . B ,, ( ,. B ,, ). $ (! 0 " , 0 # B ,, . * . + " : & +* . . + ! . + " 0 F * ;" 0 & & /, -F * . ) (U: W^v?@ pJPh=_@AB). $ ! " ! $ & C *4 - – " $% ( -F * , , . . – F / ‘ ) (Uv ^ Y?J pJ <= _m@A B ). +. & F ( ! F ), / + 4 " * /, % / * – 3 0 , (! /, , & & . 4 / +/ # 5 & . + " & , , . * *" ! " , * 0 # . / ! " ! $ * , % /* * . – 8 $+* ( -C * ®> ^ \: a@ ). " , % 3 . 0 0 ( ,, . . + ! $ ). – 8 & - (Uy]\: a) – ,. -C * * – 8 ". ! . ( – 8 /# – ,. -C + , ( *) # (NSaZ}: a) – ,. 3 – ( &5 – ,. 3 , ! . 218 , ), % / , & " . * * , . . «C & 0 , & #+ ,4 4 , & + – 4 3 - + . +, ) (Ud•> \: a). / « 0 . C – 8 #* ( -C ) (•aƒN\: a). * " # * " ! , , & «% C »( " ! ' 6 * . + " : " +* - "» 3 * -C ; # -" +/ ! . *4 -C . " ) (’ > ^ \: a@, , , ! (! & ,. ! ». – *) *) ( ! . ," 1970-/ & /. -3 ! ! ) (US> ˆi: a). * , , " , / $ ! ," 3 4 . +, #+ , * +,, , . , ! 1950-/ – *) # ( -3 ! , , . . % 3 ! 3 ! ) (Ts= qJ KFL@ c@ bNS> }: a). 6 « » 4 & " , % 3 ! , , " & * , " / % B 0 " , / . $ , " , + . +, +/, / « & » (" 5 , -& )– 2 ! -3 0 , ! / ' * . ( & + / «" +» – + , * * . & " , / XVIII . 1785–1790 &&. 4 */ % 3 ! / ,, B " & ' * $& ! , & 4 */ B 0 0 " , . 4 – - / , " " .' , " , " ! * , ! * , , % / * , " ! E («% C »). / +, 4 */ , « 4 /» % 3 ! * & " " -" ! , , * B , , / . , $ , % B 5* . ( & 4 */ $. , * – B 0 , , * , % 5* . 4 */ , +/ % 3 ! – B / . «/ ! » , , / $. , * : # % * (W^ MaNu: a). 4 $ / , ,. " / ; - !# $* (bWK Nv : a); // (J> TW: a); ' ( " «( ») („|d9: a); * * (bƒaWp: a); - - 1 # („Ns> `d: a) ( . . 0 *0 ). $ , $ , / - 5*,. ) * F,,. /: " # *0 ; " 0 " & & / ,, 0 ; - * $/, (Upi^ gd: a) (, . . / ). , * 3 , . ,. " */ ; 219 - !/ * (WdiQjk ); - !l$ (UdK ZV : a); (( / („aZŠjk ); -8 / $* (W^ }\: a). /: " * -C/ * ; +# (LK h> ^ ‚: a). , , " & 5 , « + 4 », « 4 ». ( ,, 5 , * ( & « ») " , % 2,, + / ! $ ,, ! , «" + »% 3 ! .' $ /" . . /: & +* 4 +C / -3 ; , " + " * # -3 ; 5 -, , # " +/ " / -3 -3 ! ; " E 4 3 ; , ' . +/ * ( , *0 -3 ; ( " , 0 +/ , 0 , # 5 , 0 , -3 ; 1 & , # " & & ( 2003 &. " / ) / ,, / 4 -3 -3 ! ;" 0 ! & 3 B -3 . & &5 (f^ < X@ja); 7 1 (Us> q@ ja). A 4 & % B 0 , + $ 4 */ , % 3 ! ; 7 /( (U‘ aZ}€: a). 6 , * –" , 3 B / , $ 4 */ , /% 3 ! . & " / *4 * * " 5 4 */ ', * 4 0 *4 4-B / -3 ! (1890–1982). B /, &5- *) % (8ˆu: a) 3 / ! (U‘ ZV X|: a). : " % + " 3 0 -3 ! ; 5 -" B ( " 2008 " # 2011 &.) 5 ( " , "+ B ( C / 4-B / -3 ! ; & # & 4 0 3 ! ; , " " & 0 , . *0 -3 ! ; " 1 " +/ +/ * " $ # -3 ! ; ( " , . & ( " " 3 */ -3 ! . 220 – ( '’ ( , ). C » ( " , ). – «& "" , ( ( , , , 8-, " (! , , -3 ). (U?a|‚: a) * » ( . . " , " , " /: – -3 * ! $ ! , & . * / - ! $ * % / «% * ! - 3 . . «& "" " , 0 -3 * . ) (hW^i: a). +. / . . * » ( ,. / +4 3 ). , " ! $ ! % / * «% C » ," ! ). E $ / ,4 , «B +»), , , «3 * »–5 " . ( « »), " , , & / 4 , , ,. /: B + & ," « *, - "» *, -3 * . " $* # ( +. $ $*!- ( . , * - -3 * * *: -3 * ) (w~W^ }: a). 3 , * " -( / " & 5 , «( *, -3 ! -3 " # + " ! -3 , , , , !», F 3 * » ( , ): # + $ ! % / * . , " ), – % 3 . /: + 4 * " 1 & , & , /, /, & & & " + 4 , $ / -3 * ; " $. * # " 0 3 3 -3 * . , «+ « – $, ( . . «& "" , , ( , " ( , «B – " ! ! ). $+" ( $ ! + -3 * " / ! $ ! ). E +»). * ! – 5 & + , ( & , )». ! (•SaZ‚: a). /. ! ( # " -3 * " * -3 ) (UpK>i: a). +. / - * » ( ,. / +4 3 ! % / * «% C $ / , 4 -3 * ) (¯> ^ ‚: a). +. / * » ( ,. / +4 3 ). % / * «% C »( / ,4 ,. 221 . . «& , , ," ; & * ). » , "" - – & * ( -3 , , . . % 3 ) (W: > X@ UV M). C , -3 » & " !" , % 3 , , ,, " , , & & 3 , +* $ " / % / , " , *4. +/, . . . / % 3 ,– + " , % ! , , , , * , , ' 6, * , % / * . . % 3 – 5 # +* " , , * , , $. / + . % 3 : +: # (NK > du: a); - ) %!# (hZv ˆ: a); - #4 (•qN9: a); - / 4 # (N^ q> }d: a); ,* (JaW9Q@jk ); % $/ (”^ v z @jk ); $* (W^ dm@jk ); - 7 %& (•< v q). , * : - , $& (U< ^ 9u: a) – /" ,. * ; - !- && (n< `d: a); - - -!# ( / ) (hZ•‘ @jk )– -(! ; -8 $+* (’ > ^ \: a) – ,. C * ; $* (bW^ di: a). , * * . ,. " 0 , " . . ( , , , $. « $» 0 , $, " . ): - % &5 (fMk ). ,. . , 0 , " ; - - # (bh> •‘ •a). 2 + -(! . ,. " « + & " ! »; &+1 1 "(¢\< Š @UV M); # % (8K No@jk ); - &5 (fK aW: a). / ( ( ,. ( ), «" » / + % 3 ; - ) / (Um> V ˆ: a); - - /$ (Ud^ TW: a); - -3 ( !* ( -( ) („ƒ~a~P: a); - -3 +# („h> K |: a). -(! . ,. " E . , " ; « 222 - & % (L`m@ LM@ n: > y) (bh> •‘•a@L`m@LM@n: > y); - # ( 3 ,) (UQNi: a); - !( $" # (NxK Z‚: a); -6- 1 ( yZ^ : a). % 3 ! &54 * * ( ,. " , - 3 " # (N•> ‚: a), * + * ). – & ! /" & 1 (;\^ < X@ jk ) ( 3 0 ). 3 0 – , * 3 0 , " % / * ,. –, & # E 0 ! & F ( ! ), / + 4 " * / (! /, . 4 3 0 " ! ! * .' " ! ( / ,4 " , , , $ $" , * 0 # . + " : , , +/ " , " ! + 4 3 0 3 0 ; + 4 * " B ( 2008 &.), '' , , H! * 4 */ 3 , / ,, 3 0 ; 5 -" & " 4 */ / ,, 3 , 3 0 ; & " , & , & # & % 3 0 ;" , 233 +* , ( 3 , / ,, 3 0 ; + 4 & " , , 3 0 ;" 5 3 0 . – &5 ( & " – &51 – -3 ) (j> ‚: a) – ! ». – ,. # – ,. « ! + & & " ! + ». . – & ( -3 , / -3 , @ žU< Q> }: a). 1. , 0 , 4 * , +4 4 / / – % / , . 2. % 2 , " 5 , $( . 3 , ! , 5 , ! «% C »( ," ! 233 « ,. C / , 223 ,, . . 3 -3 , )@c@fQaZ}: a , * , , % , % – «" ( / ' 6, »– * & (1998–2003). . ). $ , - – A " , * *, , , (, . . % (! – 3 ,, % 3 ,, ) (ƒ> dm@ UV M). , (JaPS) – & / & 3, * (jk @W^ dm) " , % 3 . 3, * , . . / 3 3, * " , (! , * / .A % 3 ,, . +* & & , 234 » XVI . (3 / ! +) , ) , & , * , & * , & , , & $ 3 ,, , 3, * / % " « 5 * % ( 3 -F * . ' % 3 ,, " $ . , *4 / # . " + ! ' 6, * E «% C ». /: & " -3 ,, ; " 0 " & & -3 ,, " 0 /, / ,, -3 ,, . – - * , ( & & ( /, , ) ' % (Œa|Vm@jk ) ( " , 3 / -3 ). ! % . " # % " , % -(! ( & & & $ ,. " , /, " +/ ): GB G G% 4 GC G G / ,, G (! 0 *4 G ,G3 , " " . «3 »G /. , ,, 3 3 , , . ' , + / , + / + * & ," 4 4 5 & : / ,, , , (! . , 5 & –" 3I3 ., . . , " , , / ,, , & " (! , / ,, 1913 &. , 1979 &. + / ,, / – ( & + – ,, – (! ). + / : * ( & + – 3 , , 3 , – / ,, , * ), (! ( + – * , 234 – 1543, , 1534. ' " 224 & - , + 3 , ). + ), 3 , – + % 33 .), * 3 , / 3 (! ; ! . ! 3 * !, 3 3 4 */ ,, 3 /: " 0 « / – ! # – # -(! * , , ( . . " ! 5 , , (! 235 5 (! 3 , ), – . / :3 , , , , ,( & 4 , (! , + – (! - ,, C ! 3 , ( + – , / ,, C !, ). + 4 */ +5 & , , 4 " , 5, : 3 , / 3 (! *" 3I3 – / (! /; + 3 , ; 3 , (! & " , 3 , (! , % /( /); & + C / , 3 . ! +* 0 . (! / 3 & 4 */ !, 3 * 3 4 , +* + $ +, , / & 4 */ , 3 * . + * 4 */ 3 ** + , & +4 , ! & * & " . & , * /. , 235 4 /" ! * . " 3 , 3 ; & & 3 . + , – 3 , 3 , 4 ( + , + – ( », . . & C ,, * / : ! -3 ) (•> ?N‚: a). / "" +/ # ! . . ,. ( -3 , ,, . .– 3 ,) $ , : 1) – " , % 3 ; 2) – / . ' " 4 / , : ( /" )" 5 & , –/ , " (" – / " 3 ,. + & " ! ». + " : & +* -3 , . & 6 . 225 $ . –- ! . (UQNi: a@c@JNm@jk ). + " , +, " ! " ! + «4 0 , , ), / « & + « 4-B , 2008, . 40. » * ). » ) (UMNi: aJpJŒNm@ UV M). -3 , -3 3 * 0 , # " * /" , – & % , / & % /( ! % /) (Ÿ~N`Q@ UV M). +/ " +/ – % 0 ,% 0 % . +/ – *, /. ,, " 4 , % 3 . , / , * . F 4 , – " , 3 -3 « » " , % ( ! ) " , , " , 3 & , , B 4 / ( 0 (! 4, 3 4 3 , , ! / " # – 3 * * (! 4, 3 4 3 , . /, -3 , ! & : " , " 4 " , 3 3 " ! * , * , ,, & " 750 &. (131 &. 3 ! +). , , + 4 % 3 " ! $ ' 6, * «% C »( " ! ). " " – #% ( -3 % (Œh> i: a). – / #*) ( & + 3 , -3 + * ! F" / ,, « 3 + ! ) (USN‚: a). " , 236 -3 ! (¥N‚: a) . + «& ""+» -3 ! " ! , * ,% / * ! * " # & -3 ! . – # % – ,. 3 . – ! #, ( -3 », . . & "" " ) (•> {Ni: a). / +/ # $3 – ## ' ( (! 236 ,, . .% 8-, " 2 120 -3 ) (_aN‚: a). * »( . . " , - 22 (- , & . $ . . 226 .2 5 , & /: ( ) . . -3 ! /: . , +. / $ , " - $ * -6 " 0 . . «& "" , ( , ). - ( , , " ! $ ! ). ," – - ! ( " , , *" # – "#( – " – ,. % " « -3 + -3 – "&+ ( -3 ! », . . & "" -(! (hZv ˆ: a) +/ % – ,. % – & $1 "( % – & $1 ( ' * + " & +* , * ( " 4 */ * 5 , - / , *- * . -3 , ) , ,, . . (•]… X@ jk ). / # ! . ', (Nd?@UV M) " , )([> \^ < ‚: a) – ,. 3 *0 . -3 , ). . ! * . . -3 *0 *0 / 3 *0 , , . . -3 *0 ) (U\^ < ‚: a). . :" 4 + / ,, -3 *0 ; & , " " & " * # " 0 - , / -3 *0 ; & F" . * " & (! , / ,, -3 *0 , " C , " + ( " , 0 ( , " 1993–1995 &&. C # 1995–2000 &&.) /, / ,, *, -3 *0 ; & +* +* , ! " & " , « ,» /, -3 *0 ; , " " & * & -" ,+4 * " + / -3 *0 ; " 0 + & /, * H 0 -3 *0 (" / & ) /, -3 *0 ( ). – , $* " ( % 3 -3 / -3, * , . , 4 */ & # " -3 ), F,, ( . 10 -3, * . %ó 4 / 5 " , " " . , , – * * . » ,. C ,4 . -3 " «% * / ) (N•> ‚: a) – ,. (UdY T@jk )( – % / ) (b~> `i: a). " 4 * – ,. % . ! + . -3, * ) (bW^ di: a@ c@ [aW^ di: a). , * * . ! $ – -3 , (12 , $!, $! -3 ), ( , 4 $ - / , ,, , : 227 , $ -3, * - / . ' +& , 5 – 3, * , , & * " , . ! " ! $ * . # XIX . / 4 */ / ,, , -3, * + , " 4 */ (! , / ,, , ," & + + ," . " # + + $ , * , / 3, * , + ! *4 . 3, * , (" , 4 */ / ,, ) – % 3 ; 0 % * . $ " * */ / ! % 3 ! ( ! ). ! ! ,, , % 3 . " # +, " , ( 2008 &.) /: , , / ,, -3, * ; 4 */ * -3 – / , -3, * , ', / / -3, * ( ! , ); 4 */ * – (! , / ,, -3, * , / ,, -3, * ; 4 */ * F,, – 0 -3, * ; 4 */ * -3, * – / ,, , / ,, -3, * , 237 / ,, , / ,, -3, * ( , ). + – C " 3, * " # !* ( *" -3, # ! » ( * . , , . * , & ! " + & / – ,. 3 – ! #( ! », . . & 237 , – - 5 " , - + 4 * " , «% ), % / * , ' 6 ,. , ,4 – !( $" # ( -3 * ) (NxKZ‚: a). , % 3 . , , " ! * , ' 6, % / * * . – !& $1 « ) (ƒZdi: a). - 4 / , $ *0 . -3 ,, ) (Ndi: a). / "" +/ # ! . . " " + " .2 , , " / " " 228 " " 5 ... 5 - 6 " – !- $ ( -3 – * +( & –3 -3 * ! " ! ( 4-B , ) (•]d€: a). ' + $ / +, +/ / / / .( & – +, , . , , +/ , +/: 1. (> 9< `: a) - , ; 2. &-3 ( ; 3. (;v?]d: a) ; 4. " , * ; 5. -C (% C ) % ,. ' $ " " # ,, , $ B , , , , + B , " , , ! " ! $ * , % / * , * ( «% C »). /: & +* , ! ," « B , + » / ,, 4-B , . $ –7 , * , , . . -3 * ) (UV ^ `mJ p@ [> V ^ `i: a). . $ " / ,, * ). A $ * ,' 6 ( «% C »). & –7 # ( 4-B ,, – bNd€: a, , . . B ,, – Nd€: a). & , , $ * B ,, – " , B ,, " , / .' , , * , 5 " , , 0 0 # ! " , +/ " , , " +/ 4 , . , , + , , , * + + «" , , », –5 , * , +4 4 / « 4 /» B ,, . ! $ F,, , - * * " , B ,, ," : - %* („Wv ?@jk ); - % # (bN^ MZ: a); ) 1 # (N\uS@jk ); /# *) (" / ) (¥NiQ@jk ). / / ( ,. / ); - &5 - (, . . - , ) ( Uz> dV : a). / -E , (f^ Q|: a) ! " , B ,, . , ," ! $ * * / , / ; & (U: > QN: a); - - %/ ! (b~> iv •: a); - % $*& (, . . ) (•: ƒ> v u: a@ c@ U: W^ v u: a). , * (! 0 " , B ,, ; -8 ** &+ (•: > g\: a). , * * (r^ V d: a) (ƒZu`d: a) " , , (n< y•a) B ,, . " , +, , * , * +. 229 * . - - /: + 4 & E * 4-B ,, ;& & & " , # * * (2000–2002) & +* «3 » ,. – 7 #4 «B ( 4-B +». –7 1 ( & * 4-B ,, ; 0 , 4-B ,, ; (2003–2004) " -C . / ,, , , . . 4-B 4 B 0 ) – ,. 3 – 7 /( ( 4-B / ) – ,. 3 – 7 /# ( 4-B / ) (U‘ aN}€: a). – 7 +% – ,. B * – 7 $% ( 4-B * – 7 $% ) – ,. B * ). + », . . , & 4 , , 4 , * & ) (UVqNqJpJ;V qaN€: a). . ! / +. . ( 4-B * & , 4 - . ! – 7 $% ( 4-B * ) – ,. B * ! * # B * . . , , . . B " , / « +* $. ) ( L^M>^€:a@ c U‘>v^€:a@ ). ( % % , & " & & – 7 $% ( 4-B * ) (Uv ^ €: a@ 8^ €: a@ ). % 4 , * , + " $. " +/ , * " , , 4-B * , 4-B * ! 4-B * .' & , % B * " , *4, , « ,» B * – & " + ( ). , , % B * / $ . * + . " + ! * ,3 . ,. ! . – 7# $ ( B *,) (nK Nq@ jk ). , , * , , ,: 1. " , % . + ! $ , – +/ #+ " , % E * / & " , . 2 + / " , $ # +, " , ! . 2. " , 0 # (" , ) B ,, . ,, , 4 */ - + 4-B *,, , * , $ % " , * . 3. % , , ,. ,. / , ,. 5 230 ». C ! – 6- 1 ( -H , % 3 * , % / * , ,. ! «B +»). " – ' * – ,. 20 - – , , $ * «% , 0) ( yZ^: a). . ! " ! $ 3 . " 4 , * ! H B * -H 0 0 ( ,. % , . ( -2, ) (UQ> K ). B 5* -2, . " – 1 ! +, , % 2,. /: " 5 ( -20 / -20 ’ , , . . % 20 ) (Uus> K ). " , % 20 (rs> K @ UV M), " / & " , % 2,. / – 20 3 , , * (! 4 , * 3 * * E / * *, -3, * 3 , 24 ! 2 / . , ,, 20 – " , / 19-, " . , * " , % 20 , " + " ! , , " / 33 . ' " . , , " , 5 , 4 , , , & 4 , & "" , , , " + 4, 5, , , " $ " . % 20 / 20 ! 20 . , $. , * : ! 20 : - &5* (bW< p: a); - - / % ( - / ) (Uv X> V : a); - * (bWu`: a). ( ! + $ 20 (rsaZ^: a@ bWu`: a), + " % , , ( ! , , * ,! , , & " ! ). , , 20 $& , ; - ' * (bWK |^ : a). / & * *" 0 / ,, / -2 ; - /# (bN}^ : a). / 20 ( -% , -( , - 0 / , , -3 , ) , " , $. , +,, " +. 231 , $ . , * , + / % +/, : - !7 (rK> q@ZM); - &5- * * (bƒaWp: a); - - +4 (•^ q> K N: a). " ! $ - * , +% 20 , ! * ' 6. / 20 / ,, /: 4 */ B (hZ‹Vq@ jk ) -20 ( « ,+* / 20 , 4 */ , * % 3 / / , ); ( " , 0 -% ; , */ & # ,# 3 -2 ; " 5 . ! & + 5, " # 4 ! " -2 . IV. 7 20 . , , , * *0 4 *» 0 0 $. * , , # - / 4 * ". 4 # 10 " # , . ." 20 + . ' " $ & ""+ – -% / « #+». " +, " , $ , & + % / * / & - / 0. 5 +. 5 , / & " + $ +/ # . +, , $ " # , , $. / " / ! . F ! , " " ! 4 , " -" ! , , $. / & ! . 4 + " ! +/ " / E , , * , , & -3 , , ( / . / * $ # 4 / 4 / / & + , # " & , ! 0 . 2005 &. 4 / , , $. / " , & ! & , + 4 ( , / . + $ , « ! 0 & , / »). ' +, 4 , * , $ 3 , ( * / * & 5 " ), ( 0 – A 232 238 ( / . , ! / « -% / » « , , » (" 239 , * 1996 &.), , -% * , ( -% 4 , 4 , 4-B 1. &5- / # ( . . -% / « / * #». " , , % / * , , / " " ! " & & , ! + ," .' " " / ! $ +/ " , , , " , , (r^ Mh@UV M) + / +. ( / , # +* * , % / ,/ 0 # * / 4 , « -% 4 * 4 * , $ (" 1980-/ & ). % / * + # . % / - &5%! %% - (w> v ?Zv : a). $ . / * ,( . ." , " / . / : &5 -- $ * &5- 4 *0 + ( , # 238 239 & -6 6 " , , " - , " - – . – / ,+* + / , / », – " , -5 6 " 5* ! . , ! $. , * « -% / » * - ,+/ " +/ " $. , : , * / ,, ) / ," , – -(! / ) , ,= " , -5 . 6 ), " .% 6 * , - -C ). : , ,= " -2 . * , . 0 " * " 6 " . " 233 6 " " – " , , , , / " ( + ( , , " - + , – 1992 &.) – / */ (" ! « , , »), ! . ) (U‘ aNiM@ c@ •‘ h> iv : a). -% / + / * / 4 - / , 0 " . / «4 » & , , , % / * " , $ # , +/ / * (l^ {@Wv ?). / / , " 1786 .), " - % 3 4 , *4. /: & +* 4 */ 0 -3 4 , ; &5- %% - – " , & 4 */ , – & & " 4 * 3 0 . A 5 & , * " " , -3 4 , ( -3 4 , ), " 5 , & " / ! % 3 4 , *4. - &+! ( ) (bZ< u: a). / & +* 4 */ / ,, ; - # ( ) (bh> •‘˜ ). , , , , , * , $ 4 , + $ *, – . . " / ,, . -4 + + " , . + * , , , & ! « " # » $. 5 , , * " ! 3 , , (" 0 & ). B , , 3 * , ( / . ! , + " , * / & * ," «E », , , & $ . ! + " 0 + & 3 / ,, ( ) , (" & & ). / $ ( -( / *,) (n^ VTW: a); *) * ( ! ) (WS> d: a). 6 , * ! / * $ ; #/! ( / ) (•ZTNd: a); , 4 */ C *) # ( ! ) (h> ˆV : a). /: ! ; $ ( - * &) (¬K > •: a). 6 , * # 1960-/ &&. " , , + , $ & -) , * C * ! -, -(! # ( / . , , 4 */ - * & & " , , / ,, - * &; $, &5 ( - * ) (f9^ •: a); && " ( ) ([]z). + / # , ( ,. ! ). /: & *, / * ," ( -& ) ; « ,»; 4 * , 5 & " ,+4 ( . . + 3 , (! 234 - +* ) + 4 * , " + " # 3 * ; & +* 1 1 # ( - 00 ) (h> \•: a). /: 4 */ 3 - 00 ; - ' ( -3 ) (U?a|‚: a); - $* # ( -3 * / 3 * ) (hW^ i: a). / +* " – & (& )3 * *, 3 * ; - $, ( -3 * / 3 ) (UpK > i: a); - 8 ". ( -C +, ) (Ud•> \: a). #+ " ! ; - 6- 1 ( -H 0) ( yZ^ : a). /: 4 */ B -H 4 *, « - , , »; " 0 & B - * 3 4 , -H 0; ,!% ( -2 ) (ŒZ9u^ : a). 2. - # 2. . * - & 0– /, / /, + $ « »( + , + , $ " $, $ $ +/ # , & " ! E ). #+ , $ " , ! . / +, + , " *. , : - 4, (U‘ > V pqa). ' ! $ , #+, & – ++, , & 4 - / + ( + 4 " # ) " ! & , 4 $. , * ,, 4 – 4 +. ! $ " , , ' 6, * % / * . /: , ( " , . +/ * 4 ; - ! 4 4 (% 4 4 ) (•€^ €OZM). 3 , & $ / # , , . ! , – ++ " / + 4 * * " # * . , ! , ! +,, , * 4 ,. . , " ! $ ! «% C » ( , " ! & ), % / * , ' 6 * . , * , , " ! - "" ," * «% 4 4 », / : ( " -! ), ( " - % -' ), « » 235 ," & -" – ( ( ! " ( + - + " " -& ), ), ). # " ! 4 0 4 4 ». /: ( " , * 5 , 0 " 5 , 0 / & * ," «E » /, % 4 4 ; 4 */ 3 , % 4 4 – * / * * 4 * , « , , »; % 4 4 – , # " & ( ); " 0 & * & + & C % 4 4 ; ," " / % 4 4 . - ) # (LQNS); - ) - $ (U‘ > d^ `S); - #%! (•ZMNO); #' ( ) (a_N^ Q); - !&&+ 3 $ &5 (fV K _@]Q); / " (UYdmh). & # * * " 0 H /, ; - '( ( ) (U‘ aZ›h). /: A " & & -" ,+4 *" + 3 & , ( & , " 4 , « , , -3 » # , / * , * 4 * ); - 8 #* ( -C ) (•aƒN\: a). , * 3 * & , -C – +* * , , & ," « C - "» " +* , " * # # , ; - 7 #4 ( 4-B 4 ,, . .–B 4 ) (UV qN€: a). / , * 0 , " ! + 4 / ' 6. / , * / ,, 3 0 . " ! $ ( / , / , , ! C * ! 4-B 4 . , , " ! $ ' 6, % / * . /: , / ,, 4-B 4 – * / * * 4 * , « , , »; ,4-B 4 ( 1977 &. / * * , « , ,E * »); - 7!,# (bNpq). «% 236 V. « #-. --! ". » (•V`: a@nˆu: a) , & "" ! " , , . ,+ !, ( - !,) , $ " $ , $, , & , $ , 4 0 & . " , « ,» ,, +*, , % / * + $ + ,« -3 », . . + , * & ""+ -3 , * " , , " ! 4 , ( ,) " ! 240 . 5 , " # + ! $, & , " 4 4 +* " -3 (•: Z}: a) , & $! +/ * (U‘ aNK •a@ŒZV̂: a@n^ < {a), " ,+ 4 / " ! $, +/ , , 5 , " , +, , , ! 4 , ( 241 , % & ) , , & & 4 . & / &, , , ,3 !, % , , . , 4 + – 5 +/ #+ " +/ " , % ' * , % B * " , " / ,, ( . . ) & " ! ( . .« »). ' , " 5 / / ,, ', *0 (KA = m\A B J vB J JtNWJ T>GJ u>cS), +* ! C * / ,, ', *0 * , (1179–1278). + , ( $ " ) 5 , , , / " , « -3 » – 6 , 6 + 240 -6 ), . . « , " " " ». 7230 , .0 ", / / 0 «< = ». 7 " , . , " «& " . , , * 241 * « -6 ». , " » (YB B HW X DE L ), . . / , , »( / " & - 237 », . . « * . - * - ) –« $ , " ( , . / " , , , & 4 , ', , E " " ! E . # ,5 / " , & 242 , , ! & ," * # , . « - !,» " 4 ! 33 . " + 1950-/ " , , / , $ +/ #+ % ! +* / * , / ! & $ " " # + $ , ! , . – - # . , * 5 , , 5 - 0 *" ! " # 4 ,, « , & " ! », – * ( - , ) (bƒ> du: a). 6 & "" & $ «" ++», « », , , & , / + . ,. / ! « + +/ # VI. # %. " 4 4 " ( 0 " - * & " & * / , " 242 + 6 243 «& " ), ! . ) – " , -% / & ,6 , & 243 .). 238 - +" , * $ * & . , * " , . $ +, 4 , $ " + , & " ! ». . , + " 4 4 , -3 ,," ». + / / , , - , $ " ! % /- " # 1970-/ &&. – * , . 6 / , / "" – , (, ! $ $ 4 / & & ' 6 0 % # )5+ ,5 / , « & & " , » * " $ ( , " ,2 -, / 4 & 0 # # / (—: Zi: a), , , ( +, ! , ! , ) + ! ( -3 ), . 0 .( % ( , . , , , , , , " 4 3 (U: Zi: a), " +, (jZiY d: a), . . «" #». , 5 („) – . . (—: Z}: a). ! , * + " , ,, , , $ " , , " . 5 , + ," / ! " , / . , : 244 •‘ •a). – - # ( ,, . .– ) (bh> , . , * , , $. / " , 4 " ! ," / ,, ( , ,+, « & " 4 / . 1. , * , " ! . " , 3 ! ( / ). , +, 4 +. " ! , + ! ! & 4 4 / & ! " * + & , * & / 2 (VIII .5.). A , * 4 / 0 + ) " F,, ' " " 4 , & & 4 % B * , 7 4 & & 4 */ * / ,, C *0 + ( , " / 1276 &. " & & , , & " ! & , , " $ , " , & " * – 4 */ , -5 -( . + , " ! " – XIX . , ! , " , " , , 4 " $– * ( ,, , ( + 4 ). ," ! # XIX . 5 , – , $ $ $, " , / $ 5 & & , * . " / " " +, / / * 5 , »), +0 (& * . . - * , $), / " , *+ . & - : " » «Monarchies and Nations. Globalisation and Identity in the Arab States of the Gulf» (London, 2005, . 34–51). 244 « "» . 6 «- , 239 / - + & + + 4 */ - , 3 , & , C - ! 3 4 , , ! (1921–1989), , * 4 */ 4 * & -3 4 & , & " , . 2. . , * , + $ $ -(! " , % 3 . / 4 */ , % 3 . ,. / ! 3 . 3. – " , 3 , (JNm@ ja@ ;< ^v {), / + $ -3 , (UQNi: a). , 5 " / . & / , (" – -3 , *). * , – " , *, " & *– - ! / . / / , * 3 % 3 (bWV TZv : a). " , +, , ( 3 ) " , F * ( 3 -F * ). & , , « 3 » " . 4 */ + (! -3 , , +* 1930-/ &&. " , , * , & " ! ( ) , , ! / 4 * 4 */ , * ( " , 1949 &.). ( , + * ) / ,, /: " ; . . " & " '' C ! ; " 2" ; & +* 2000–2002 &&. " & «3 » 4 / ,, . – / – " * ( ,#( - /, % – 3 +# („h> K |: a) – , % 3 . II. ) (bWdm•a). ) (NO> M@ja). - + ,. " E – * ( - , ) (bƒ> du: a). / , . . " / , , $ " , 4 */ .' $ , " , , 4 / , , , – 4 +* & & . " , / , . 240 0 -(! , " - / , – , , " 4 * , -5 -( ! " # + +, , &, , % / * .A –5 + & #+. & , ! " , « * 5 , * +». , , & & ( / +/ – / , $ C * ! (, . . C ! ), – / + C * ! - , / . , , . +/ , * , , , , " 5 , * *, " 5 , / + 7 $ # . , , , * 3 , - , – " , % B * , * - , -(! / - , – ( ,. +4 ). / , * : 1. - * (Wya). 2. - / ( - , /) (šdz•a). *4 / , / . $ , / . . «& "" - * » ( . . $ $ " , 8-, " " , - * % 0 % ( , % (! % % % % % ). + " " + (! , . , /–" . ( & / +*) & 3 , , , , " /, . , , $ ,: , " ! " ," « - , /» (B - , / - 4 * ) & , +* & +* # « , / » ( / . # #+ ! " ! , « - , /», " , * . / , & , - , /. 3. #% -" ( #% -" ) (UY `Mhƒ). /: – , " / ,, -( ; 4 / " $. / « ,» 3 * / ,, & , -( ; " $ ( * ) * ," # * ! , (Al Aqariya) -( . 4. '-3 (•> Q|: a). /& , " , . XIX . 5. 3 $ &5 (fV K _). /: " +* " , -/ * +, " , ," « - 0 / ,» C / % , E * . 6. &5 (j> dO). /: , 0 H 0 3 * , (" , , +/ . / & , $ H 0 , - , ); " 0 # " / ! $ , , . 241 & , ; " 0 & & & , , . 7. # 1 +( 0 ) (•^ sNuQ). ' 5 & " ! * , " 1708 &. * % 4 . 5 , / – -3 - 4 - / / ! * , & " , % / !, 4 * , & 0 ( & " , , * /, , & % 4 ). " ! & , * 0 .F ! , 0 , 0 " 4 , & & , +, , * $ . , « / ,, 0 ». , + $ - , /, , +, . , , $ 3 . « ,» « /: * ,» ( * ," , 51% # * *" ! « ,») 0 ; C & " , 3 0 ; " 0 & * & + & 3 0 ;" 0 ! & 0 . 8. **. , (U9K Wz). / & , 5 – " . , " ! , $ 4 $" , " * . +/ ! +/ 5 , . 9. 4 -7!# $1 ( KN€: a) ( . . – B *0 ). 6 , * , , $" , B *0 ( B *0 ), , , & , , " , & . % , , " ! " * E . , , & # *% , , $ " , * B *0. 5 , " , B *0 – . 10. 4-7!,# (bNp€: a). 6 , * 4 ,, & & + $ , . : " 3 / ,, 0 , - , ; " +* & ""+ * # +* % (QNB) B 0 - , ; & ( " , 0 / , " « ,» , - , ; 1 " . * " $ # /, - , ; + 4 * " " $ " 0 & ( 4 - , . & " 242 – $ + , (Z‘ > O). " , , " +, & # , $ / $. – !' 1 1 # (N\‹d: a). – !&&+ (]d: a) – ,. – * (bWu`: a). " ! , – " ( - III. " 5 , , 0 & , , *. - ’ ) (U?> `: a). – % $*& ( -F * ,, . . " , B ,, . ,. B ,, - ,. !- III. , " -3 *, ( + , , * , 4 $. 0 ' 6) , ) (U: W^ v ?@ja). , . – 8 /# ( C / -C / ) (~N‚\: a). +. 2 + / C / - / " , % , , , " & * , , $ & «" » " , , ,. # , & /" / ! / , " . & " # + ! $ , C / – , ,, " $. $ / & & $: C / - 4 0 (•sh> €d: a) E / (NXa_@jk ) " , - / (•v TZ: a) 3 (•< ‹V m) , ,. + + & * , C / " & " ! & (% C ), & " ! * 4 . , , $ & *, + & " 4 , & & # , ((! , )C / . / : 1. % $* (•aW^ v u: a). " # + ! $ , , 5 * , * * & ""+ " / & & (« * » + « * », . & « »). « * » –" . , " , « #+», " / , *, 4 / ( % / * , ! ). 5 , , $ + " 5 " ( + ! ! & , * +/), +/ ' * + $ +/ # , " , % , ,. « & "" » – ' * C / – , , + " # & , . " 243 /: & , " C / 0 (& , # " + /, ) / ,, ' * ; , " * # # & , " " , - H 0 / ,, ' * C / . 2. - #( 4 (£K ~hW: a). 5 , /" ! C / " , 5 " , " , , / % ( / ,. ! ). 3. (ny> 9: a). 4. / !* (ƒZdid: a). / " 0 , # " .' $ / , , * /, (" , " / ,, ) 3 % , , ( ,. , ), " ! 4 , , " ! . ( & – , +, 4 0 , ,, ! . , $ $ " / ,, 4 , $ " & " ! . 5. (•> d… u: a). / – " ' 6 / ,, ' , . 6. ( , ) (•duV : a). , . , " . 7. - # (Nz> V : a). 8. 4 * (WqaN: a). . +* /, 9. &5 (j> ‚: a). / – -3 . 10. - - (L`i: a). 11. 6- 1 ( yZ^ : a). ' + / , 4 , & ""+ « -% / », " ! H 0 C / . + " : " & & -" ,+4 *" + /, /, ' * C / ; + 4 * & +* & * " + & ,H 0C / ;" C * & ""+ « -( 4» & # & % % -( 4 C / ; # * , " " , , " +# - H 0 / ,, -' * C / ; 4 * « 0 » (Qatar Fertiliser Co.) C / ; , " . . « -( 4 -C / + - "» 3 , ((! ,) ( 4; 5 -" +* / & " ( $# +/ + * 2011 &.) (! , / ,, -( 4. 244 – % , $&5 (f^ }: a). ,. . / – 7 # ! ( 4-B ) (b~aN^ €: a). B / („~N^ q@ hWV M). ' $ " ,. + . , & 4 & , * +, – " (n^ YK ). ( , * , " $ «/ », . . , & & " ! , $. " / % , , " ! 3 % , , ! , + + ! + " 4 +/ , " ! 4 / ! " 1674 " 1712 &&., , & , , * , , " ! & . ' , 4 . E , " , * " , 2 , ( 4 1794 &.) " / , , , % / * . . 5 & , ,, # * , ! *, , " , -3 *, * 5 * " " , , . , " 4 " 1824 &. & + /, , 4 * ! , 1854 &. ( , 1921 &.), +, & # , ! # 1918 &. " & / * & . " & , & 4 4 + " # * ,. $ , 2 ,, / , & ," " & + , " , , (! 2 ,–& +* , ! / & «(! , ». , – " (! - %* &5 , - - 245 " (UV †: aWv ?@jk ). / . /: " – - #( 4 (( 4) (£K ~hƒ@jk ). 6 " , . + +4 5 , .( /5 " , ( 4 & " ! , . / " , & "" % , # , 245 6 " # ! " & , , 0 & " , & . + . 245 , , 5 * 4C / 4 $ ,+, " " " 1 -( ,, + ! " , , - ( 4 & " , % , * " , ,. – - ) % # (NM> S@ jk ). (! / ,, (! 1880 &. ( , & " , " 5 /, H 0 4-B & 4 & " -(! . " . " , «% ) -(! –" +* , / 4 * % *4 * * . ( / 1903 &.). % & , , » (! - *& ( – - ) $* („W^ ˆ: a). /: 5 -& +* ' 1977–78 &&. / ,, -(! * ; 4 + 3 -(! * ; + 4 & " $ (! , -(! * ; " +* , , " & * & -" ,+4 *" + & « -(! * - "» (! , / ,, -(! * ; ( " , 0 « ,» -(! * ; & +* , ! «( / % » & , & / / ,, -(! * ; , & * ," « ! $ » & , / ,, -(! * ; & +* & " & $ & & /, -(! * . – - )!1 $# ( -(!0 * ) (bN^ \S@ ja). ' % , , ( ,. ! , ,). /: 1 & , # " & 4 */ H 0 3 -(! 0 * (" ! . , 5 ); , , & (! , -(! 0 * . , , * . – & " – . 0 /; « " & , (Up: > Q@ ja). 2 +, , % ! , 1" /( /: " ( " , 0 - % $ ! , , 246 - +/ 0 /; /, *4 / . / /) (Ÿ> Y \d: a). « , 0 5 / , » 0 / (! ,+4 * " + 0 /; " 0 3 - 0 /. – +» & /, / & * 0 & / & - - – &51 (•> \< X). Arabian Exchange * *" 0 3 – . – * (% # " 5 , , # « , + (% / ," 3 ,, /: " 3 0 $. * " 3 0 ; & & ,3 0 . ) (bƒ> dm@ja). ," - # ,. 3 ,, ,) (UQNm@ja). ' , , " , *, & / + + /, , ! " +. ,. ! +4 5 ,! & " ! ». * - 3 247 $ - 1 ') # ( "& 1. 4 */ % 2. 4 */ "# '* -" 1850 – 1878 ,246 1878 – 1913 / ,, 4. 4 */ (! 17.07.1913 – 20.08.1949 , 5. 4 */ 20.08.1949 – 3.09.1960 6. 4 */ /, 7. 4 */ 3 3.09.1960 – 22.02.1972 0 8. 4 */ 3 , 22.02.1972 – 27.06.1995 3 , 3 27.06.1995 &. – . . 0 # 1. 4 */ 3 0 2. 4 */ 3 , 3. 4 */ 246 5 #- -"#. 27.06.1995 – 29.10.1996 0 (! "# : 29.05.1970 – 27.06.1995 3 , 3 3 4. 4 */ 3 , 29.10.1996 – 3.04.2007 0 , 3.04.2007 – . . (! * " - - : 1825 – 1850 / ,, / ,, 3. 4 */ (! &5 , , . 248 2 247 ') # ( " &5-"( ((.% # ) "# 29.05.1970 (0 #(. $ , % " -"# (, (, "# 7 '10 & ( 0# *-" (&+& 0# (+C $-"( &5 ) 1. 3 0 &5 3 , 2. C * 4. * & &5 /, 7. , $ , & +/ # &5 8–10. 0 * 247 5 / /, 3 , 5 5 &5 /, 0 * ,+4 , &5 / ,, 5. 6. " &5 3 , , & / , &5 3. -, , , # $ * 1989 . - " " , " . ), 249 ( , ( – < , – ) "19.04.1972 " -"# () , '9 # ((" # $ , % 1. 3 0 2. 3 3. &5 3 , 4. C * 6. 3 7. , &5 10. , 11. - 12. 13. /, & &5 5 0 5 5 $ , 0 # ****** &5 &5- ". $+ 15. -- !( $* *% ** 4 1989 . " " +/ ,, . " # " +/ " 1985 ., 1978 . , + . 1986 . " + ! , # - # 14. 3 "$ *** - 1977 . 4 **** - 2.03.1975 . ( ***** % 5 6 ****** % +/ # ***** &5 &5- & / , &5- !( # (! , 0 , &5 3 , * ,+4 **** /, / ,, " &5- / ,, /, 0 / ,, 8. 3 9. +/ & / *** &5 3 + / , &5 5. , ** &5 3 , -, * &5 3 , / *, , . " 1989 . /" 6 $ ). 1976 ., 1978 . 1983 . " 250 / " 6 1989 . + . , '9 # "17.07.1989 . ("# "5 0# ( " &5-"( )* 1. 3 , 3 , &5 0 + -, , 2. 3 0 &5 / 3. 3 0 &5- ". $+** +/ 4. /, *0 5. 3 , 6. &5 /, (! , 7. 3 , / *, &5 8. 3 / ,, &5 3 , &5 9. / ,, - *0 ** 4 1990 . 5 1992 . / " 6 *** 2 1990 . **** - 1991 ., . . , & . " , # " & / * 0 0 0 , # / &55 ,+4 0 ,, # + 10. 11 – 15 (, , " , , , **** &5 0 *** &5 (! 3 $ " ) . . , " " "# , , +/ , 5 / 5 * – 0 , & , # $ 1972 . -6 , + . & * 11 " 6 251 - " . . , '9 1. 3 , 3 "1.09.1992 . # &5 0 , + 2. 3 3. 3 , 4. , / &5 (! +/ &5- ". $+ 3 , 5 " 5. / ,, 3 , &5 0 (! -, &5 0 & ,+4 ,5 0 & 6. /, &5 *0 /, 7. 3 , / *, 3 , 8. 3 3 , / &5 0 &5- !( # 3 , 10. /, 0 - , # &5 3 + & / , " , 11. # &5 3 , 9. $ , # " , &5- !( # +, " * " , 6, , * # 12. 3 , 3 13. /, 14. 0 *- /, &5 - , -- % $ / ,, " " & / 15. + 5 * #/ " , ,5 ! , # +/ . & / * "- !#, 16. / &5- 17. &5- " "# - +* , ," 252 " & # w 4 "11.07.1995 . , '9 1. 6, 3 , 3 &5 0 , + 2. 3 3. 3 , / *, 4. 3 , 5. (! / ,, &5 0 3 " 6, +* , # * &5 *0 ,5 0 8. &5 /, 7. 3 , / ,, / ,, &5 &5 3 9. 3 , - +* , " , +* , + " , +* , , &5- !( # 10. 0 "- !#, 11. 3 , &5 " 12. 13. ! &5- ". $+ 3 , " 14. &5- 15. /, 3 , $ # 5 ,+4 & +# " 17. /, 18. &5/ ,, , / &5 16. /, + . 0 , , - !l$ / ,, , , , # " 3 " +/ & 6. /, -, / , &5 (! 0 , E , , &5 , -, / !* - -- % $ " , , # " +, , / * " +, , , " & / / &5- ,5 * " 253 5 & # w4 , '. 9 1. 3 2. / ,, 3. 3 , 4. C / &5 0 3 w6 , &5 0 (! , (! , &5 248 "30.10.1996 . -, , 0 ,5 &5 (! " &5 3 6. /, 7. / !* &5 3 & ,& . & ! - &5 / ,, , +/ , 5. / * +* , - +* , - +* , ! + / +/ " , , 8. / , &5- / ,, 9. /, 10. 1 !* + &5- !## ! 3 , 12. &5- 14. /, $ # 5 & / ,, " , , ,+4 / +# " , , / -- % $ " & / # " * +, " ,5 5 & , * 15. /, &5 16. 3 , / *, &5 - +* , 17. /, *0 &5 - +* , " 18. 3 , &5 - +* , 19. 3 &5 - +* , 248 , " , &5- !( # /, 13. - !l$ &5- ". $+ / ,, 11. 0 - $ 254 ( 16 19). , '9 1. 2. 3 / ,, &5 0 3 3. 3 , (! "22.06.1999 . # , * &5 0 , -, E , " +/ 03 * &5 0 5. C / (! , &5 " , &5 8. ,5 , & ,& . & ! * ! + ** - +* , / / !* - +* , +/ &5 3 7. /, / -, , &5 (! 4. H 6. , &5- !( # - +* , " , , 9. / , &5- / ,, 10. /, &5- !## 11. 3 &5- 12. 1 !* " + 4 & 0 &5- ". $+ 3 , , 13. 3 ! -3 /, 14. / ,, 15. /, 16. / ,, 17. /, ! &5- &5- , . $ # 5 & " & / " " ,5 " , , / # " * " *0 &5 - +* , - +* , 18. 3 , &5 - +* , 19. 3 &5 - +* , - +* , 20. 3 , * 4 ** - 2001 ., / *, &5 - , ,+4 5 & / "# &5 , * & &5 3 , 1998 . . 255 +, " , , '9 1. 2. / ,, 3. /, 4. 3 , 5. 0 &5 0 &5 &5 3 0 &5 3 , &5- ".$+ 6. 3 , 7. C / (! (! 3 , E , 3 3 &5 /, -3 ! &5* &5&5 C * &5 3 0 % 4 &5&5- !## 13. 3 14. / ,, ** -!# *** - &5 / ,, / *, &5 22. &5 , &5 (! - &5- !( # . " 2003 . 2003 . *** 2 2003 **** 29 2004 . ! $ * , ! + / 0 5 &5&5- " # / ,, &5 &5 / !* ! . & ,& & *0 &5 3 & / " 21. 3 , ** 30 5 " 15. /, 16. 3 , 17. 3 , 18. 3 19. / ,, 20. /, , " ,+4 & / * +/ & * &5 &5 (! (! -, " " , + 5 , , -, 5 8. 9. 3 ! 10. H 0 3 11. 3 , 11. /, 12. /, * 16 "01.2002 . # , & 0 , , ,**** $ # " , # " +, , / * +* , +* , +* , +* , +* , +* , +/ +* , / +* , , , - 0 5 / " . 256 , - . $ -5 " -5 . 5 1. 3 2. 3 , (! ! " 0 &5 , ,' 9 "5.04.2005: # -, , &5 (! +* " , , 3. &5- ". $+ 3 , * " , , " / 4. /, 3 , -, 5 ,+4 * & 5 , &5 (! &5- /, 5 , / !* 0 +/ & 0 3 / * (! &5, &5 ! . $ # 14. 3 *- 3 ! /, % " *- -3 17. /, / ,, / *, !- # &5- ! 15. 3 , 16. 3 , & / * * ! + / &5- 13. " &5 3 12. 3 & 0 &5 (! & 11. & &5 &5 &5 , # " & / * / !* / - +* , - +* , - +* , +/ 18. & & / !* &5- 10. C 5 + /, 8. C * , , " &5 0 / ,, 7. B */ 9. H +/ &5 5. 3 , 6. , -, 3 0 &5 - +* , / 257 +/ " , '9 1. 3 , (! 2. , -, +/ , &5- ". $+ / -( 3 03 * *- &5- !- # " ! + , &5 &5- /, 7. C * 10. /, / ,, 3 &5 12. 3 / ,, / -- &5 " , , , # " , , / &5 11. /, 13. 0 $ 0 3 & / !* &5- 9. & , . ., 0 , * & / !* &5- 8. 3 ,& ! . . .& , " 5 6. B */ -, E , " , , 5 & " ,+4 , 5. H , &5 3 4. &5 (! 3 , 3. "3.04.2007 . # # " * +, " , - +* , / !* - +* , +/ &5 - +* , / 0 * 5 258 & " +* , ,+4 " , # w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l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–& #- % $ ) 7 – " +* &5- !( # (" – - , &5- ". $+ ! &5- !% $- – , +, 5 , , , / ,, H 0 &5- % $* 8 /# – , " , + 0 , # C / &5- # $/ – , . +/ ! * 4 * &5% – , , +, , / ,, &5-6- 1 -- & $". – B + , " , +, , 3 E &5- * *- !- # 3 , 4 &5* * 3 , , &5- %* && 3 &5#- ! $/ *, &5- $* # 3 0 &5- " 3 &5- ) $* / ,, B , -- * &5- /% % 3 0 - -# 4 H 0 &5- " # / ,, &5- !/ * % + &5- !/!" /, 0 / &5- !1 " / / ,, 4 &5- - # ! 262 26. 3 3 , 4 &5- %* 27. / ,, 3 0 -- !( $* 28. / ,, / 1 29. (! - !l$ 30. / ,, (! , / ,, &5- * 31. 3 0 /, B &532. 3 * 3 $ &5 33. , ! # &5- & 34. /, &5- & , 35. 3 &5- B &5, 3 B + +( 4 - "#– 4 *$ $ *5 " – 5 " " / " .3 5 (2003–2007) 2007, , , -2 , 35 $ ". - (0 . ( , ) , # 3 , &5(! , &5- & , $* & , ) . " 35 35 , 8 1999 . 0 * – 2011 . 2004 . 7 - " ,' , -- " , -6 , /-< " 29 , 35 , - " ( .0 2003, 250 4 , 0 7 x -(! *) : /, ( / *): (! , 29 +, 249 x % . *) * – 4 + 250 1. ( 2. ( 249 &5- & F" *5 " ( ). "). 3 $ . 263 : ,1–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l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l$ / 3 , / ,, &5- ( &5 & , &5- !&&+ , / ,, ! *, &5- % % ): % / + 4 4 267 &5- +# -- &5- *) # /!" ) ) ) 21. ( -0 ): - /, 3 * 4 3 * &5- %, *- !- # C *4 / , 22. (F,, ): - /, & , 4-7 $% / ,, 3 , (! , &5- & (! / &5- & , / ,, *0 - !l$ -3 / &5- *!# &5' 23. ( -3 * +* ): &5% - /, & , &5- !% $3 0 #& 4-7 # / ,, &5-8 / $* &5- *) # 0 / ,, 4 &5- !# $* &5- *) # -3 0 (! , &5- ) / &5- !( # / ,, ! / ,, ! &5- !## 24. ( 4-B / ): -B / B / - 4-7 # -C / / ,, C / &5 (( / &5- *) # 25. (( / ): -3 0 4 - !l$ 0 C * &5- *) % 4-7 /( - 4 3 4-7 /( &5- *) # 26. ( -3 ): , &5- * &5- !/ * 27. ( -E / ): 3 (! , &5- &5- !/ * -3 & , /, &5- &5- !/ * , % / ,, &5- # % * 4-7 /( 28. ( 4-B , ): 3 - !l$ / ,, / ,, -- * / ,, 3 0 &5-8 ** &+ 29. ( -* ): &5# &5% #- 4 * - , / ,, , &5- ) 1 1 & - !l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l$ 29. ( -* ): #- 4 * 269 x 1. / - !& $1 – " 2. - "#– , 3. 3 , (! , (! 4. /, 5. / ,, 6. /, 3 0 7. 3 , , / ,, 8. (! , /, 9. 3 , - ". $+ 10. /, / !* 11. 3 12. - +# 13. / 14. B * (! % 15. 3 , - & $". 16. (! - !l$ 17. 3 * & " 18. / ,, - !% $19. H 0 / ,, % $* 8 /# 20. C * - !## 21. 3 /, - !( $* 22. - & 23. /, - !/ * 24. 0 / , - * 25. /, B -!# 26. - !( # 27. / ,, / - * 28. 3 0 - " 29. 3 - % " *- !- # 30. / ,, ! - /% % 31. / ,, 3 , - - # 32. - 251 " 8 11 270 251 12 1999 . 252 x 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 252 H 03 (! , 3 , 3 , /, % 4 C / , 1988 &. (! , – 2004 &. (! (! , – 2004 &. 3 0 – 2007 &. / ,, /, -- $ * – 2010 &. *- #( 4 8 /# – 2001 &. 0 &5- *) # – 1998 &. 3 * -- * – 1998 &. / ,, C / ! 3!( $# *- !- # – 2001 &. & , &5 / !* – 2004 &. * &5 – " + " . 271 ' IE' 2 F ' * . . , +* * ( " ). – .: , 1971. 4 '.-. 3 0 . . 1: , 570–633. – .: , 1989; . 2: 6" / / * 633–656. – .: , 1993. . . * (1745–1973). – .: , 1982. . . , . – .: , 1987. . . . 5 +' 6 :" // 5 % ! & . – ., 2000. 0 - $ , -.6. * ,. 600–1258. – .: , 1988 . ., C .'. :" ,+ . – ., 1999. 5 . ,. – .: , 1961. 3 . . 4 *, .– &: -F, 2008. % % ' ) ) " / ! -) .( " -( .1 +* / . # *). / . % & : " & 0 E / 3 , /, . + , ! , . 1937. -! -! - -" -! F" + # / 4 * , 1958. -. ( , ). – ,, -! ( 272 - -! * " % (! " * , - / .– -# " , 1989. + +). – % & , - 4, ,. -. -& -+ ( " + , ! " 4 +, . ,). – ,, , 1997. 0, 0. " -) ( % 5 -B + " , ). – ( ,), 1934. , 3 ,. & (6 # " / " , ). 6 , / % * :( F , - 4 . 2002. , .& : , , , (6 # " / " , : /& & , , ! , ! " 5 +). ,, : - / * - 4 . 2002. -( &, 0 . ) " # ( " , / ). – % * :( , 1979. -(! , , . -" -" -" (% + / /). – % * , 1963. -(! , , . -" -$ ! (% + + " , ). – % & , 1956. -(! , , . -" ( / ). – % * , 1966. -(! , 3 , . & -& -) ( " " , ). 2-/ , /. – 6 :( -2, , ( +). -(! , +0 , . -* : " -( . ( ! * -2 : 5, " + (! ). – % & : -( - + - 4 , 2000. -( , . -. . ( -+ -0 ( 0 , * # . # * , ). – % * : ( / * , 1984. E , /, 0 . ( + ). – , 1983. , / ,, (B *0 , & , (! ). & . ( . ,& & ). – 3 –6 * , 1999. - / * , /, / C /. -. ( + * ). – ,, , 1966. 273 - , B */ / ,, -% , - , , , -( -& ( +. " / * / ). – % * , 1999 (" ). F , , (! C . .& -) . 1800–1958 ( " , B ,, . & " ! " 1800–1958 &&., " & * & ). – :( -3 , , 1999. -C , / 0 . -" ( + ). – : - / -3 , 1967. -3 , , 3 , . (& / " , ). – , 1960. 3 ( ), % . + . – ( / , 2008. -3 * , / . -! , . (& / & / " , ). – ! 0, 1991. ! . ' Abu Saud, Abeer. Qatari Women, Past and Present. – London: Longman, 1984. Altorki, Soraya and Cole, Donald P. Arabian Oasis City: The Transformation of ‘Unayzah. – Austin: University of Texas Press, 1989. American University. Area Handbook for the Persian Gulf States. – Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1984. Anscombe, Frederick F. The Ottoman Gulf: The Creation of Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar. – New York: Columbia University Press, 1997. Anthony, John Duke. Arab States of the Lower Gulf: People, Politics, Petroleum. – Washington, D.C.: Middle East Institute, 1975. Asher, Michael. Last of the Bedu: in Search of the Myth. – London: Viking, 1996. The Arab Gulf and the Arab World. Collection of articles on various aspects of modern Gulf life edited by B.R.Pridham. – London: Croom Helm Ld, 1988. Bruce I. Bedouin of Northern Arabia: Tradition of the Al Dafir. – London: KPI Limited, 1986. Chaddock D. Qatar. – London: Stacey International, 2000. Chatty, Dawn. From Camel to Truck. The Bedouin in the Modern World. – London, Vantage Press, 1986. 274 Codrai R. The Seven Shaikdoms: Life in the Trucial States Before the Federation of the United Arab Emirates. – Stacey Intl., 1990. Cole, Donald Powell. Nomads of the Nomads. The Al Murrah of the Empty Quarter. – Chicago: Aldine Publishing Co., 1975. Cordesman, Anthony H. Bahrain, Oman, Qatar, and the UAE: Challenges of Security. – Boulder, Colorado (USA), Westview Press (UK), 1997. Cottrell, Alvin (editor). The Persian Gulf States: A General Survey. – Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1980. Crystal, Jill. Oil and Politics in the Gulf: Rulers and Merchants in Kuwait and Qatar. – New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990. Dansereau P.T. (Major, US Army). Tribal Influence on Middle East Political Stability: Is there a relationship? // A research report submitted to the faculty. Air University – Air Command and Staff College. Maxwell Airforce Base. Alabama. 10 April 2006. Davies, Charles Edward. The Blood Red Arab Flag. An investigation into Qasimi Piracy, 1797–1820. – Exeter (Devon, UK): University of Exeter Press, 1997. Dickson H.R.P. The Arab of the Desert. – London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1949. Dresch P., Piscatori J. (editors). Monarchies and Nations. Globalisation and Identity in the Arab States of the Gulf. – London: I.B.Tauris & Co. Ltd., 2005. Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World / Editor in chief Richard C. Martin. Vol 2. – New York: Macmillan, 2004. ESCWA Country Profiles 2009. UN document E/ESCWA/SD/2010/Technical. 28 January 2010. Gause F.G. Oil monarchies: domestic and security challenges in the Arab Gulf States. – New York: Council on Foreign Relations, Inc. 1994. Gebrael S. Bedouins and the nomadic: Views from Bedouins living in Northern Arabia. – Beirut, Lebanon: Dar Al Alam lelmalayeen, 1988. Glubb, John B. A Short History of the Arab Peoples. – New York: Stein and Day, 1969. Glubb J.B. The Story of the Arab Legion. – London, Hodder & Stoughton, 1948. Graham H. Arabian Time Machine. – London: Heinemann, 1978. Hamza, Fuad. Arab Tribes in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia // Near East/ South Asia Report. No. 2798. JPRS 84088. Springfield (Virginia): Foreign Broadcast Information Service. August 1983. 275 Hasan, Naji. The Role of the Arab Tribes in the East During The Period of the Umayyads (660–749). – Baghdad, 1978. Hawley, Donald. The Trucial States. – London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1970. Herb, Michael. All in the Family: Absolutism, Revolution, and Democracy in the Middle Eastern Monarchies. – Albany: State University of New York, 1999. Ingham, Bruce. Bedouin of Nothern Arabia. Traditions of Al-Dhafir. – London, KPI, 1986. International Court of Justice. Reports of Judgements, Advisory Opinions and Orders. 1998. Ismael Tareq and Ismael Jacqueline. Politics and government in the Middle East and North Africa. – Miami: The Florida International University Press, 1991. John E. Meet the Arab. – New York: John Day Company, 1943. Joyce, Miriam. Ruling Shaikhs and Her Majesty’s Government. 1960– 1969. – London: Frank Cass Publishers. 2003. Kelly J.B. Britain and the Persian Gulf, 1795–1880. – Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1968. Kechichian J.A. Power and Succession in Arab Monarchies. A reference Guide. – Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2008. Keohane, Alan. Bedouin. Nomads of the Desert. – London: Kyle Cathie Ltd., 1994. Khuri, Fuad. Tribe and State in Bahrain. – Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980. Lancaster, William. The Rwala Bedouin Today. – Cambridge University Press, 1981. Lawrence T.E. Seven Pillars of Wisdom. – London: Jonathan Cape Ltd., 1940. Leder S., Streck B. (editors). Shifts and Drifts in Nomad-Sedentary Relations. – Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 2005. Lewis, Norman N. Nomads and Settlers in Syria and Jordan 1800– 1980. – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987. Long, David. The Persian Gulf. Rev. ed. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1978. Lorimer, John Gordon. Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Oman and Central Arabia. Vol 1: Historical. (originally: Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta, 1915), reprinted by Gregg, 1970. 276 Lorimer, John Gordon. Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Oman and Central Arabia. Vol 2: Geographical and Statistical. (originally: Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta, 1908), reprinted by Gregg, 1970. Mallakh (El Mallakh), Ragaei. Qatar: Energy and Development. – Dover, N.H.: Croom Helm Ltd, 1985. nd Mansfield, Peter. The Arabs. Penguin Books (2 edition). – Great Britain, 1985. Miles, Samuel Barrett. The Countries and Tribes of the Persian Gulf. – London: Harrison and Sons, 1919. Vol. 2. Musil, Alois. The Manners and Customs of the Rwala Bedouins. – New York: The American Geographical Society, 1924. Musil, Alois. The Northern Hejaz. – New York, 1926. Nafi, Zuhair Ahmed. Economic and Social Development in Qatar. – Dover, N. H.: F. Pinter, 1983. Nyrop, Richard F. Area Handbook for the Persian Gulf States. – Washington DC: American University, Foreign Area Studies, 1977. Onley, James and Khalaf, Sulayman. Shaikhly Authority in the Pre-oil Gulf: An Historical-Antropological Study // History and Anthropology. Vol. 17, No. 3, September 2006, . 189–208. Patai, Raphael. Society, Culture and Change in the Middle East. – Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1971. Peake, F.G. (Lieutenant-Colonel). The Chief Tribes and Clans of Transjordan. – Amman, 1938. Peck, Malcolm C. The United Arab Emirates: A Venture in Unity. – Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1986. Peterson, J.E. The Arabian Peninsula in Modern Times: A Historiographical Survey // American Historical Review. Dec. 1991, vol. 96, No. 5, . 1435–1449. Qasimi (Al-Qasimi), Sultan Muhammed. The myth of Arab Piracy in the nd Gulf. 2 edition. – N.Y.: Routledge, 1988. Rahman, Habibur. The Emergence of Qatar: The Turbulent Years 1627–1916. – London: Kegan Paul, 2006. Raswan, Carl R. The Black Tents of Arabia. – London, Hurst & Blackett, 1936. Salzman, Philip Carl. Culture and conflict in the Middle East. Prometheus, 2007. 277 Seabrook, W.B. Adventures in Arabia. Among the Bedouins, Druses, Whirling Dervishes and Yezidee Devil Worshippers. – New York, Harcourt, Brace, 1927. Seccombe, Ian and Lawless, Richard. The Gulf Labour Market and Early Oil Industry: Traditional Structures and New Forms of Organisath tion // The Gulf in the Early 20 Century: Foreign Institutions and Local Responses / Edited by Richard Lawless. – Durham: University of Durham, 1986. Sowayan, Saad. Badu and hadar: An Alternative to the Khaldunian Model // Shifts and Drifts in Nomad-Sedentary Relations / Edited by Stefan Leder and Bernard Streck. – Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 2005. Tarcici, Adnan. The Queen of Sheba`s Land. Yemen (Arabia Felix). – Beirut: Nowfel Publishers, 1974. Tibi, Bassam. The Simultaneity of the Unsimultaneous: Old Tribes and Imposed Nation-states in the Modern Middle East // Tribes and State Formation in the Middle East / Edited by Philip S. Khoury and Joseph Kostinor. – Los Angeles, Calif.: University of California Press, 1990. Unwin, P.T. (ed.). Qatar. World Bibliographic Series. – Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-Clio, 1982. Weir, Shelagh. The Bedouin. Aspects of the Material Culture of the Bedouin of Jordan. – London, World of Islam Festival Publishing Company, 1976. Wright, Robin. Sacred Rage: The Wrath of Militant Islam. Touchstone. December, 2001 (2nd Sub edition). Yaphe, Judith. Tribalism in Iraq, the Old and the New // Middle East Policy, Vol. 7. Issue 3. June 1, 2000. Zahlan, Rosemarie Said. The Creation of Qatar. – London: Croom Helm, 1979. Zahlan, Rosemarie Said. The Making of the modern Gulf states: Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates and Oman. – London: Unwin Hyman Ltd, 1989. 278 , * 1995 . 1. . . 2. . . :" !" # ". :" 3. " (!# (/ !"' !" 4. " $!# % & !"' &". ): * ( )! + $ -,# " - !# . ' " &" (! ' -* !" # !"$". ( ! ' !" - !# . ! # !" " ). , ')*. 1. 1996 . 5. ): "01"$ ' ( 6. . . 7. . . 8. . . !" ' !" : " .1 ' % 0 ! 2!# . 9. . . :" 10. . . "4 :" :" . ) * ' & " # 1 , . . !, . . ! ') !" 1#"1 ) . 11. . . &: * 12. " (!# (! ' !" '# ! 13. " !" # ,# 2 &" $ - XXI ' # ". * 2 + XX ' # ". ( ). ! ' $". !"' - !# !" # ". , . . " : "5 . ) ' 2 )% !1 ! '". ( !12 ' &". ' 3 ' ". $ ". ! : 5. - & !" - & # !" " !"$". ( # !" " , ')*. 2. 1997 . 14. * . . , . . !: " (6 2 : ) 2005 . 279 (!# 7 ")". 15. " (!# !" # !" " ( 16. " ) * 2 (! ' !" !" # 17. . . ' ,# 18. " 1 + &: ! ' ( # !" " 19. ! ' ! :" - !# 20. . . .$.% # ) * !" '" ( ! !"$". ( # !" " !" # $ . !12 ) ,# !# & , . . :" ) # 21. " 8 ' XX ' # . ' " ". (! ' #" ' '" ' ). ! , ')*. 3. !"' # ). # ". " # ". * (!# & !*1( # ". !, . . , . . . !" # ". !"$". ( ! ' !# ! , , ')*. 4. # !" " 1998 . 22. . .& ! 23. " " (! ' !: "0 ) !" ! 24. . . (! ' !" ! 25. ( ) " . + !" # " ( ). . : "7# )". !" # !" " # * ! - !# . .'.' ! . .( ! ) # : " ,# -- !# * " + !" " # "( 8 + " - !# ! ). 26. . .* !: " " '!"' ". 27. " !" # 28. " #"1 $) * 29. &. .& + 30. " ' 31. &. ., ( - !"$ #" ' ( ) !: " & :" 32. " 8. !" : (! ' !" ! !" # ' 12 '!# & 2 ) $!# # ). ) !* 2 . ( 280 2 . #, ! ' 9 3 "!# , ')*. 5. # !" " !" # ". ( #. + %". ' &". * ) - ' ' - !# ' - !1 !) ( !! 8 #"". * (/ !"' . !"$". ( ! ' ( ". . # ". ( #. 2 # !" " !!"- 33. * . . , . .. XXI '." 34. " (! ' !: " ! 8"& ) : 7' :+ & ! !# . * !" ! ). % ' &". ' ( # !" " 1999 . 35. " (!# !" # !" " ( 36. " !" # 37. . . 38. ) * 2 ')*. 3 (! ' #: " " (! ' !" . . !, ' " &". 39. " + )# # ! ! :+ & * ). 46. . .& 47. . .! . . ' 49. " 50. " 2 ! ' " ). ' !"' :* " ! !: " ). 12 '!# & ! : "0 " # (1989–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–1999 ..." ; ! !" #: ! !" "1" !" !" # ". . !" #: * (! ' !" # 57. " (!# ( ' !" " # " ./.' :" ' 8 # " (! ' !" 59. # (! ' ' - ! : " 8 . !# & * ! ). . . (! ' !" 53. "0 # ". * !*1( # !" " ( # !" " . *" ". ) ) * ' + !!) ". 12 $!# !# &). 1! 2001 . 63. " 1 + & 21 ' !% 2 XX ' # . 64. " ! 65. .-. 66. . . ! 67. " " # ". * ! !, ). ". * ( # !" " ( .: " # !" " (! ' $' ! ' :" 1 " . . !" # " . (! ' !"$". ! ' 282 ' * !" ! !" + " ( ). ! ' ). " # ". * " (! ' !" # !" " , ')*. 10. 68. !: " . . . !" & ' !" ! :# * ). 69. " ! ,#!" ( # !" " (! ' ( * ! !" ). 70. &. .1 '" 72. 73. " 3! 76. " - !# !" # ) !"$". !" # ". :" ./.' . !# ! 78. " !" !" # ! ' ( )# !"$". ! ' , ')*. 11. 8 ". . + ". ' + $" !"' # !" " " )1. . - . ) ,#!" ). $ & (90- !! !12 )*1!# '" ! ' !! & !# & + " $!"' ". !" 1#"1 ) #". ! (/ !"' + ) (! - !" # ". . * " # # 2 !" !" # ' 2 ) !( 77. " 1!1 $ (! ' !" ! !: "0 !" !"' . !" (!# #: "0 . 74. " 75. " !" !, .2., &: *)" . !12 71. &. .1 !: " 2) XX ' # )". ! ' !" " ( !* #" ') . ( ( # !" " , ( # !" " , ')*. 12. ( # !" " , ')*. 13. 2002 . 79. " 80. !" # .$.% # : "7# # 1 + + (80–90- . 2))" (! ' !" ! 81. " 1!1 $ 82. " * 2 ". ( !" # ' 2 ) !( 83. " 8 . !" 2002 ..)". ( #". !" # ' 1! ' &% - ( ). ( # !" " )*1!# " " ' !" ! ). . ," * (! "&( $ 2001 –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–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» (* , ')*. 18. # !" " * 1( #* 2 '$ " ). ! ( " #!"". 3 && * " # 12 '!# &, * + !! * &" & 3 !" 112. " $) # $2003 .. # !" " $ ) !" : " . * ": * !" ". !" # ' 2 ) !( 111. " !! * ( :" ' !: " & " # " (! ' . . !"$ * 109. .1.$ ( * ! 114 (! ' 12 '!# & ' &: ,' :+ & . '* " - !# ' " " ( 107. " 8 . !" (! ' !" ! 110. " . # !" " 106. . .& , . . ' ". 0 " "), 108. 2 ) . * 1* " &: " # 1. ' #": !" :2 # 1. # " . !" ) ( * ). . !" + & ). ) ') - !# ! " 12 - !"' 1 + " (! ' !" ! ). 115. " !" # ! ' !"$". ( # !" " , ')*. 19. 116. " !" # ! ' !"$". ( # !" " , ')*. 20. 117. . . * 3 !: " ( ) !" &/ " 118. , . . . . ' !# ! : " # : 8 ' & 2 &". 2004 . 119. ( 3!) , ". : "« 1!!# 285 »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»" (! ' !" ! 146. " !" # 149. " #: 100 2 * 152. " !" # - ( - - !# . " $ ( * !$!"' ' * - (/ !"' ". ( ( # !" *. /+) . . # " ( (! ' # !" " « ( ' " - "$ ', ')*. 23. # !" " $!"' ». )*1!# 3 !" '" ( "!# % ')( # !" " . !"!# ) " - !# !" ( $ !" ) # 1. . !" , 21 . * #". 150. " * ! * 27.04.2004 ..). ( !: " ! ! * " % 2 !" # ' 2 ) !( 151. '. .* (! ' !" $ -,# !"$". . * 2 ". ) 2' ). ! ' 147. « &. 0 ( ) ' 1" ' 3 ( * ! !" » ( ! "&( & 2004 ..). 148. « !" XXI ' # ». $ (!# & ! &: * ( ) + " # ' !" 1963–2004 ...)" - :" # (/ !" # ". $!# # 8 #" ' 21 2 2 * " ') * 2 2 #+ & 144. « 8 . !" ! + : "0 ( ) ! + (1970–2000 ...)". ' .1.$ !" . ( 2* ' 143. "0 . " 145. . .5 ! , *. . ') ' . 1. ) !" !# ). !"$". ! ' 287 ( # !" " (/ !"' " , ')*. 24. * , 2005 . 153. .&. ' 8 . . : "4 !" 1#"1 ) ' 154. . . : "0 , " - !# 155. *. /+) . : " + ': !" & * " # ". 156. ( . .1 ) !: " ! ' !" ! 157. " ! ( ' ). :* ! $ * * (/ !"' ! ). !" ' * (1946–2004)" 2' ( " $) * !" " - !# & #1 $"1 ' " ' ' 2!"" . ". - !# % ( " ' 0 # !" XXI ' # " - 158. " !" # ! ' !"$". ( # !" " , ')*. 25. 159. " !" # ! ' !"$". ( # !" " , ')*. 26. 160. . . 161. !: "« . . " . + 162. . . 2( ' !" ') » (!# * 2 2 ! :" ". : " 1 2 !" : ! ). !" # : !1 !) ' !# *)"". $:* ( ) " # ". * !"$ 1, !"$ »: 1# , 2006 . 163. 2 164. ( * . :" " # ". *. /+) . & * " # $ ' ,* %1 «* !"-! 3!) , : " # 1. & ' 2005 . 21". 165. " 8. !" , ( # !" " ( , 0 # !" : ' ' !" ! ' & ')( ). &: (/ !"' ' * ". 166. " !" # ! ' !"$". ( # !" " , ')*. 27. 167. " !" # ! ' !"$". ( # !" " , ')*. 28. * : 2005 . 288 168. . . !" + ' ( ' !" 169. ( 170. " : "0 ( )* ' & (!# !" ) ' 1! ' &% . ( ! ). . . !, . . ' !" ! !" # ' 2 ) !( 171. . .' $ ( 172. 174. . . / "( 175. 8 :" . + !" . :" ')% # 176. " 1 2!# ' * # !" " ( ' !' !" !" # 178. " ' ( ' !" .$. ! 2 ) "1 " » ( " »?". ' !" &- # ). * " ' «9 ( )» ' !" * " # ". ' - !"$". ( ) 3 : ! - . &# !" "1+ & ' * 3 $ . ' " & ). ! ' !: " 12 6 &# ! $!# & ' '( * 2 ! & 1 + &: * ). " !$ « ' ! :" #!# & # # !" "1+ *. /+) ' 177. " 1* 21 % ' - . !" #: « . : "0 - *. /+) )% + " '!"' #". )*1!# ! 2$ !: " * ! !" ". 173. *. . '# ". 179. :" ). !" -" 2 + !"$". ( XXI ' # ". ( , ')*. 29. # !" " &". - ( # !" " &". 2007 . 180. " !" # 181. " !12 # !" " !"' ( ' !" ! ' $: * ! " # , ,# ). , ')*. 30. # !" " # (/ !"' ". ( 182. "&. . !: " 1 2!# ' * ! ' * XXI ' # )" ( ' !" ! " # ). 1 + 183. " !" # ! ' !"$". ( # !" " , ')*. 31. 184. " !" # ! ' !"$". ( # !" " , ')*. 32. 185. ' . . !: " ! 3 % ! ". !# 8 #" 289 '5. - !" - (# - + 99 – . $ 186. " !" # ' 2 ) !( 187. . .& !) «," * 189. . . " . ! 191. . )*1!# ' !$ : " 12 '!# & ' &: ' 1" * 8 " (# + 1990–2006 ...). 188. *. . # - !# % " 3 190. #". :" *. /+) . . 3 &%". 21 !" ' !# ! : " . + !!) ' (!# , . . ) * + ). 192. .1.$ !" % * ' - $ ' ! !" (1985–2005 ...)" ( . : "9 ' :" 2 ) 8 #" " - !# ! !" # . ' !"$". ! ' + !- 2 )% ,# ). (!# % . !12 !"' " ( ' !" " # ". $ * !! !# - :" &* " # ' (!# . !" # (# + XX – " - !# 2 . !"$ 1 193. " * !# % "- !" " $!"' ' XXI ' # )". - !"$ 2. ( # !" " , ')*. 33. ( # !" " , ')*. 34 2008 . 194. " ( ' !" # !" 195. . . 196. !, #1 3 1! !! + + . « . .& * # ' " !: " « ". 197. . .& :+ 199. . . ! " 12 200. . .& 2 + ". ! *. /+) . : " * & !" &" ( ' !" (1"»). $- : " 12 '!# !" - # 8 198. . . + !" % (* !"$". ! ' ). ! 2 »: !" 1#"1 ), ! : 2 * ' " - !# &". !: " 8 ' :# !" #" ' ! 81 290 # *1!: ," *) ,' - # ! : "0 ' " $!"' * ' ' !" "1! * " - !# & * :" . - !"' " ( ' " - !# & ( "' ! , , "' (!# % #" # )". 8 #"), # ). : ! ' ) * * !!), - ) " - 201. *. /+) . : " $ ( )# :1 " $ & !" "$!&" ( ' !" (1"»). 202. " ( ' !" ! 203. " ( ' !" ! !" # ! ' ). !"$". ( # !" " , ')*. 35 !" # ! ' ). !"$". ( # !" " , ')*. 36 204. " 1 + & # 1 * ! * ')( ' 2007 .." ( # !" " ( ' 205. . . ! ! :" #!# 8 #" +# !*1( # (1990–2007 ..). 206. " ( ' !" # !" " 3 " 1 ) " ! !! + + « ' ' !"$". ! ' ). ! "!# % !" * ! 3 ( 2 "!# % ). * " # "1- # !" " , ')*. 37 2009 . 207. 208. . :" *. /+) . . ! 209. " ( ' !, . . " !" # !" " " !: " . .& 212. " !" !" $- !"$". 2 " !" ! ( !" # ! ' ). :" - !" # ! ' ). ! . . 216. " ( ' # ")". ( ' ' 1" 213. *. /+) . : " " + –#* . ' « 3 (1"»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« 3 (1"»). 222. " ( ' !" ! 223. " ( ' !" ! 224. . . 2 . " % ". ( ! ' . ' !" - ) 8 " ! ' !"$". ( . ' !" # !" " . *" : 0 - $!# * ! ! !! + + !" # ! ' ). !"$". ( # !" " , ')*. 41 !" # ! ' ). !"$". ( # !" " , ')*. 42 : 2' 2 !&" " & :" '< " $ 2011 . 225. "; ' 226. ( 227. !" &; . 2 # !" " ( . ' !" # ( 10!" ! " : (). *. /+) . : " !! & $: " 12 ) *1"$ ' !" ! < " ! 2 !"' & .1 " 1 ( (/ !"' «0 ' »). *. /+) 228. *. .' 7 . !12 !"' 229. ) )". ( . :" ! !: "0 ' ' .1 . !" # ". # "" ' ' . " ) # + . .& " !: "7# - !# ! #+ * " ' !3" (), ' ) * ! 2!"' & '' 2 &". 292 '!" ' -1" : &". )% (1 :+ . , 230. 1 + & * ! 2 - !# & # 8 !" ! ). 231. 2 .$. 1" ( 6 ' !" 232. " ( ' !" ! 233. " ( ' !" ! 234. " ' # !" " 235. ( 8 21 + &. !: " ! ' ) - !"' # !" # ! ' ). !"$". ( # !" " , ')*. 43 !" # ! ' ). !"$". ( # !" " , ')*. 44 ) ' 8. !" !" ! 5 !: " ) '1 '!# & !"1& 2011 ..) ( ' - : " 2 12 ). . . : " 1 2 !" !! (90- . 2) XX ' # – 236. . . ! 2010 . 2 ( !#' , 17 8 ' ! * ) 2 $ ) !" )". #1 2!# ' * ! * XXI ' # )". ( ' " # * 2 !" ! 1:/ &!& 1 + &" ( !8 - ( ' ) !" 2012 . 237. 238. *. /+) . : " !12 :« (!# & ' ! » . . . $ . * 239. . . . - !# & ( ' !" ! 240. (* - $* ' 2 ') ' !# . !12 !: "0 " - !# & ! "1 + & &' " : "7# 1 $" " ' ) - !# & ( !"$ . *" , * !" ! 242. « (! ' !" ! . . $ !"$". ( ) ! !"' " + - # ,# 1 ! " +& 2 *. /+) . , ! . ) ! :" 2 . ' ) ( !' ( 2 $!# % . )% * !" !# ' !# ( ') 241. « (! ' 243. !"' ' & . !' . 2 , %' . +& )". !" # ! ' ). !"$». ( # !" " , ')*. 45 !" # ! ' ). !"$». ( # !" " , ')*. 46 :" $' < " 293 $ :. ) 244. " 1 + & ' * (! ' !" ! 245. " 246. #+ . . ! 2* %' ). ' &0 !* " (! ' & ! : "; " 8. !# & * ( : www.iimes.ru 294 ' 2 !" ' !" ). ! " (! ' ' " &" !" ! ). PUBLICATIONS OF THE INSTITUTE OF ISRAELI AND MIDDLE EASTERN STUDIES 1995 1. "War for peace in the Middle East" by A.Egorin 2. "Agriculture in Israel" by A.Fedorchenko 3. "The socio–economic and political development in the Arab World". In association with the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences 4. "The Contemporary Middle East" (collection of essays) 1996 5. "The road to Oslo" by Abu Mazen (Mahmud Abbas) 6. "Religious parties in the State of Israel" by S.Gasratian 7. "Contemporary Libya" by A.Egorin 8. "Regulation of external economic activity in the Persian Gulf countries" by L.Rudenko 9. "Israel on the eve of the XXI-th century" by A.Fedorchenko 10. "Financial Institutions in the Middle East" by A.Filonik, V.Isaev and A.Fedorchenko 11. "Water resources in the South West and South East Asia" by A.Filonik and N.Rogozhina 12. "The Arab World in the end of the XX-th century" (collection of essays). In association with the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences 13. "The Contemporary Middle East" = 2 (collection of essays) 295 1997 14. "United Arab Emirates" by A.Egorin and V.Isaev 15. "Arab countries of Western Asia and Northern Africa" (collection of essays). In association with the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences 16. "The Contemporary Middle East" = 3 (collection of essays) 17. "Iran in the XX-th Century. The Role of State in Economic Development" by N.Mamedova 18. "Turkey: Problems of modern Economy and Policy" (collection of essays). In association with the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences 19. The Syrian Arab Republic" 20. "Markets in the Middle East" by A.Filonik, V.Ahmedov, L.Rudenko, Z.Solovieva, N.Ultchenko 21. "The Contemporary Middle East" = 4 (collection of essays) 1998 22. "Problems of integration among the Arab Magrib countries" by A.Kovtunov 23. "Countries of the Middle East" (collection of essays). In association with the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences 24. "Settler Society Economy: Israeli Model" by A.Fedorchenko 25. "Military and military – economic Potential of the Middle Eastern Countries" by S.Bagdasarov and A.Chavushian In association with the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences 26. "Who is Who in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan" by L.Danilov 27. "The Contemporary Middle East" = 5 (collection of essays) 28. "Actual Problems of the Middle East" 296 29. " Political Portraits of the Middle East" by K.Kapitonov 30. "The contemporary Saudi Arabia" 31. "Water Resources of the Jordan River Basin and the Arab–Israeli Conflict" by K.Khamzin 32. "Afghanistan: War and Problems of Peace" (collection of essays). In association with the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences 33. "Oil Monarchies of Arabian peninsula on the edge of XXI century" by M.Zakaria and A.Yakovlev 34. "Iran: Evolution of Islamic Rule" (collection of essays). In association with the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences 1999 35. "Arab countries of Western Asia and Northern Africa" = 3, (collection of essays). In association with the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences 36. "The Contemporary Middle East" = 6 (collection of essays) 37. "Democratization in the Arab World: the case of Tunisia and Syria" by G.Guchetl 38. "The State of Qatar: problems of development" by A.Filonik and V.Isaev 39. "Nationalism and Fundamentalism in the Middle East". In association with the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences 40. "The Environment and Development in the Arab World" (collection of essays). In association with the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences 41. "Iran and the Muslim World" by V.Ushakov 42. "The Contemporary Middle East" = 7 (collection of essays) 43. "Israeli Economy in the 90’s" by Eu.Satanovsky 297 44. "Evolution of political Systems in the East". In association with the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences 45. "GCC in global and regional processes" by E.Melkumian 46. "Turkey: Problems of economic integration" by V.Kunakov 47. "Saudi Arabia in Evolution" by A.Yakovlev 48. "Policy and constitutional Process in Algeria (1989-1999)" by M.Sapronova 49. "The Contemporary Middle East" = 8 (collection of essays) 50. "Oriental Records" (collection of essays) 2000 51. "Republic of Turkey" 52. "U.S. Policy in Afghanistan in 1945-1999" by M.Arunova 53. "Political Elite in the Middle East" 54. "The Middle East: Problems of regional Security" (collection of essays). In association with the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences 55. "The Movements of Political Islam in Northern Africa" by S.Babkin 56. "The Contemporary Middle East" = 9 (collection of essays) 57. "The Arab World: Islam and Reforms” (collection of essays) 58. "The Afghanistan: Problems of War and Piece" (collection of essays). In association with the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences 59. "Tax Systems in Syria and Egypt" by Al-Hariri Muhammad 60. "Processes of Integration in the Economy of Northern Africa States" by V.Azatian and A.Tkachenko 61. "Islamic Fundamentalism in the Sudan" by K.Polyakov 62. "Mass Migration and its Impact on the Israeli Society" (collection of essays) 298 2001 63. "Turkey between Europe and Asia" In association with the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences 64. "Islam and Policy" (collection of essays) 65. "Israel in the Contemporary World Policy" by Eu.Satanovsky 66. "The Sultanate of Oman" by A.Filonik and V.Isaev 67. "The Contemporary Middle East" = 10 (collection of essays) 68. "Algeria: crisis of power" by A.Virabov 69. "Islamism and Extremism in the Middle East" (collection of essays) In association with the Academy of Geopolicy and Security 70. "The Palestinian National Autonomy: the Experience of the State Creation" by K.Polyakov and A.Hasyanov 71. "Arab Countries and Islam in Russia" by K.Polyakov 72. "Political Structures in the State of Israel" by Ze'ev Geyzel 73. "Oriental Records" = 2 (collection of essays) 74. "The Contemporary Middle East" = 11 (collection of essays) 75. "Russia in the Middle East" (conference papers) 76. "Religious Extremism in Algeria" by S.Babkin 77. "Muslim Countries at the Borders of the CIS" (collection of essays). In association with the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences 78. "The Contemporary Middle East" = 12 (collection of essays) 2002 79. "The Contemporary Middle East" = 13 (collection of essays) 80. "Turkish Economy under liberalization" by N.Ultchenko 299 81. "Muslims in the West" (collection of essays). In association with the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences 82. "Oriental Records" = 3 (collection of essays) 83. "Afghanistan in a Transition" (collection of essays). In association with the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences 84. "Egypt in the last third of the 20th Century" by M.Vidiassova and M.Umerov 85. "The Contemporary Middle East" = 14 (collection of essays) 86. "Taliban (the Religious and Political Profile)" by R.Sikoev. In association with the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences 87. "Oriental Records" = 4 (collection of essays) 88. "Army and Power in the Middle East" (collection of essays) 89. "The Contemporary Middle East" = 15 (collection of essays) 90. "Turkey and USA: main Stages in Trade and Economic Cooperation” by M.Guchanin 91. "The Nuclear Program of Iran and Russian-American Relations” by M.Zadonsky 92. "The Contemporary Middle East" = 16 (collection of essays) 2003 93. "Oil and Gas in Egypt and Algeria on the Verge of Two Centuries." by S.Bondarenko and A.Tkachenko 94. "Electing Dictatorship: Why Palestinian Democratization Failed" by D.Polisar 95. "Russia-Turkey Relations: History, present State and Perspectives" (collection of essays). In association with the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Asia and Africa 300 96. "An Everlasting Confrontation. Israel and the Arab World: Wars and Diplomacy" by A.D.Epstein 97. "Kuwait: Contours of Economic Changes" by A.Filonik and V.Isaev 98. "Islam, Islamism and nominal Democracy in Pakistan" by O.Pleshov. In association with the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Asia and Africa 99. "Iraq: First Results, Conclusions, Lessons" (collection of essays. 100. "The Contemporary Middle East" = 17 (collection of essays) 101. "Radical Islamism in Egypt" by M.Rajbadinov 102. "Crisis in Iraq. International and Regional Context" 103. "Iran and CIS" (collection of essays) 104. "The Contemporary Middle East" = 18 (collection of essays) 105. "Saudi Arabia: Evolution of Regime and Possible Limits in Political Development" (collection of essays) 106. "Saudi Arabia External Policy" by G.Kosach and E.Melkumyan 107. "Syria at the Turn of the Centuries. Power and Politics" by V.Ahmedov 108. " Afghanistan and Neighboring Countries" (collection of essays) 109. "Egypt: Problems of National Security (1952–2002.)" by V.Yurchenko 110. "Oriental Records" = 5 (collection of essays) 111. "Russian-Saudi Relations: Problems and Perspectives" (collection of essays) 112. "Iraq under the American Administration: democratization or «vietnamization»" 113. "Arab-Israeli Conflict: Old Problems and New Plans" (collection of essays) 301 114."The Economic Co-operation between Turkey and the Turkic States of the CIS" by E.Urazova 115. "The Contemporary Middle East" = 19 (collection of essays) 116. "The Contemporary Middle East" = 20 (collection of essays) 117. "Berbers of North Africa: Past and Present" by M. Sergeev 118. "Contemporary Jordan" by A.Aganin and Z.Solovieva 2004 119. "The «Russians» and Power in the State of Israel" by Vladimir (Ze'ev) Khanin 120. "Peaceful Settlement of the Palestine–Israeli Conflict: Three Years after Camp David and Taba Talks"(essays and documents) Edited by Alek D. Epstein 121. " Saudi Arabia: Search for Inner Harmony" by A.Filonik and A.Vavilov 122. "Algeria: Change of Priorities in Development" by E.Mironova 123. Analytical records. "Iraqi Crisis" 124. Analytical records. "Terrorism" 125. "Islam in Contemporary Orient. Region of Middle and Near East, South and Central Asia". (collection of essays). In association with the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences 126. "Weapon of Mass destruction in the Middle East" by I.Novikov 127. "Iran and Russia" (collections of essays) 128. "Officer Corps in the Middle Eastern States" (collections of essays) 129 Analytical records. "Russia and USA in the Middle East" 130. "The Contemporary Middle East" = 21 (collection of essays) 302 131. Analytical records. "Army, Weapon of Mass Destruction, Military and Technical Cooperation in the Middle East" 132. Analytical records. "Problems of the Middle East" 133. "Kurdish Question at the turn of the Millennia" 134. "The Contemporary Middle East" = 22 (collection of essays) 135. "Turkey in the New Geopolitical Conditions (documents of the Round Table, March 2004) 136. Analytical records. "Israel and Arab-Israeli Conflict" 137. Analytical records. "Iran" 138. "Israel in the beginning of the XXI-th Century" by A.Fedorchenko, .Zaitzeva, D.Mariyasis 139. "Contemporary Islamic East and European Countries" (collection of essays) 140. "National and Pan-Arab Components of the Syrian Policy in the Middle East (1946–2003)" by I.Matveev 141. "Problems of Social-economic Development of Lebanon (1970–2000)" by A.Gasratian 142. "Syria: problems of national security" by V.Yurchenko 143. "Palestine-Israeli conflict in the mirror of public opinion and international diplomacy" (collection of essays) Edited by Alek D. Epstein 144. "Afghanistan in the beginning of XXI-th Century" (collection of essays) 145. "Egyptian movement of «Muslim brothers»" by M.Rajbadinov 146. "The Contemporary Middle East" = 23 (collection of essays) 147. "Syria. Problems of Internal Political Stability and External Security" (documents of the Round Table, 21 September 2004) 148. "Iraq: 100 days of transition" 303 149. "Oriental Records" = 6 (collection of essays) 150. "Iran after Elections" (documents of the Round Table, April 2004) 151. "Islamic challenge and the Algerian society" by B.Dolgov. In association with the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences 152. "The Contemporary Middle East" = 24 (collection of essays) 304 PUBLICATIONS OF THE INSTITUTE OF MIDDLE EASTERN STUDIES 2005 153. "Creating of productional infrastructure in Syria” by M.Zanbua and A.Filonik. In association with the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences 154. "Political Islam: preliminary results" by R.Landa 155. "Israel and the problem of Palestinian refugees: history and policy" by Alek D. Epstein 156. "Islam and political culture in Pakistan" by O.Pleshov. In association with the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences 157. "Islam and social development in the beginning of XXI-th Century". In association with the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences 158. "The Contemporary Middle East" = 25 (collection of essays) 159. "The Contemporary Middle East" = 26 (collection of essays) 160. " «Leftists» in the Middle East: Libyan experience" by A.Rjasov 161. "Western Mediterranean: problems of integration" by I.Mokhova 162. "Kurdistan: resources and policy" Part 1, Part 2 by N.Mosaki. In association with the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences 2006 163. "Israel in the era of post-zionism: science, ideology and policy" by Alek D. Epstein 164. "On the situation with delimitation: society and policy in Israel in 2005" by Vladimir (Ze'ev) Khanin 165. "Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan: time of elections and changes" (collection of essays). In association with the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences 305 166. "The Contemporary Middle East" = 27 (collection of essays) 167. "The Contemporary Middle East" = 28 (collection of essays) 168. "Globalization and capital investments process in the Arab World" by L.Rudenko. In association with the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences 169. "Kingdom of Bahrain" by V.Isaev, A.Filonik. In association with the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences 170. "Oriental Records" = 7 (collection of essays) 171. "The Middle East: «The Road Map» and regional security" by A.Baklanov 172. "Why did «The Road Map» fail?" by Alek D. Epstein 173. "International Islamism in the Northern Caucasus" by D.Nechitailo 174. "The Iraqi Constitution in the past and in the present" by M.Sapronova 175. "The War of Israel against «Hesbollah» and creation of new contour of the Middle Eastern policy" by Alek D. Epstein 176. "The Kurdish problem in the Western Asia in the beginning of XXI-th Century" (collection of essays). In association with the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences 177. "The Contemporary Middle East" = 29 (collection of essays) 178. "The Modern Turkey: problems and solutions" (collection of essays). In association with the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences 179. "The Sudan: the Islamic traditionalism and army" by S.Seregichev 2007 180. "The Contemporary Middle East" = 30 (collection of essays) 181. "The state of Israel: policy, economy, society" (collection of essays). In association with the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences 306 182. "The Kurdish problem in Turkish policy (the end of XX – the beginning of XXI centuries)” by K.Vertiaev. In association with the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences 183. "The Contemporary Middle East" = 31 (collection of essays) 184. "The Contemporary Middle East" = 32 (collection of essays) 187. "The Islamic factor in South-East Asia. The role of external forces" by M.Gusev 186. "Oriental Records" = 8 (collection of essays) 187. "Saudi Arabia: political processes and “Stages of Reform” (the end 1990–2006)" by G.Kosach 188. "Israel inside the world economic relations" by D.Mariyasis. In association with the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences 189 "The League of the Arab states and international process in the Arab world" by L.Rudenko, Z.Solovieva. In association with the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences 190. "HAMAS in the regional policy" by Alek D. Epstein 191. "The nuclear factor in Russian-Iranian relations" by S.Sarukhanjan 192. "The military policy and force development in the Middle East (the end of XX – the beginning of XXI centuries)" by V.Yurchenko 193. "The Contemporary Middle East" = 33 (collection of essays) 2008 194. "The Contemporary Middle East" = 34 (collection of essays) 195. "The diplomatic battle for Jerusalem. Behind-the-scene story" by G.Melamed and Alek D. Epstein. In association with the Institute of Asian and African Studies, Moscow State University and Gishrey Tarbut Association 196. "Al-Qaeda: the structure, the allians and the sponsors" by V.Kudelev 307 197. "Saudi Arabian diplomatic corps: stages of evolution and sources of formation" by G.Kosach 198. "Government and parliament in the arab countries (legal status and political practice)" by M.Sapronova 199. "The Persian Region: conflicts, compromises, cooperation" by E.Melkumyan. In association with the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences 200. "The conflict in the Darfur Province: main reasons and tedencies" by E.Kudrov 201. "Israel and (un)controlled territories: to leave or stay" by Alek D. Epstein. In association with the Gishrey Tarbut Association 202. "The Contemporary Middle East" = 35 (collection of essays). In association with the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences 203. "The Contemporary Middle East" = 36 (collection of essays). In association with the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences 204. "Turkey before and after 2007 parliamentary and presidential elections" (collection of essays). In association with the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences 205. "The Iraqi Factor in the foreign policy of the Republic of Turkey (1990–2007)" by I.Svistunova 206. "The Contemporary Middle East" = 37 (collection of essays). In association with the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences 2009 207. "Antiterroristic terror" by Alek D. Epstein 208. "Iran, uranium and rockets" by V.Evseev, V.Sazhin 308 209. "The Contemporary Middle East" = 38 (collection of essays). In association with the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences 210. "Islam in internal and external policy of Magrib" by A.Podcerob. In association with the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences 211. "Al-Qaeda and the war in Iraq" by V.Kudelev 212. "The Middle East: challenges of the XXI-st century" (collection of essays). In association with the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences 213. "Israelites and Palestinians: from confrontation to negotiations and back to the point" by Alek D. Epstein. In association with the Gishrey Tarbut Association 214. "The Contemporary Middle East" = 39 (collection of essays). In association with the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences 215. "Iran-Israel. From partnership to conflict" by V.Mesamed 216. "The Contemporary Middle East" = 40 (collection of essays). In association with the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences 2010 217. "Turkey and EU: history, problems and prospects for cooperation" by U.Kudrjashova 218. "Turkey’s fuel and energy complex and oil and gas industries in Russian-Turkish relations" by I.Starodubtcev 219. "Turkey in the context of new internal circumstances" (collection of essays). In association with the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences 220. "Coptic community in contemporary Egypt: problems and prospects" by U.Zinkina 221. "Middle Eastern frontier. Israeli settlement: history and modernity" by V.Chernin 309 222. "The Contemporary Middle East" = 41 (collection of essays). In association with the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences 223. "The Contemporary Middle East" = 42 (collection of essays). In association with the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences 224. "Iran in Central Asia: two decades of dialogue" by V.Mesamed 2011 . 225. "SCO and The Middle Eastern Countries (ten years of activity)" In association with the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences 226. "Russia and Israel: the hard road to each other" by Alek D. Epstein. In association with "The Law For Peace" Society 227. "The genesis and fall of «leftist» Israel" by Alek D. Epstein 228. "The legal regulation of the equity market in The Middle Eastern Countries" by D.Birjukov 229. "Economic sanctions against Iran: goals, scales, possible consequences of implication" by N.Kozhanov 230. "Turkey after the 2010 referendum" (Interacademic student conference. Moscow, February 17 2011). In association with the Moscow State Institute of Foreign Relations 231. "The Conteporary Sudan: from unity to division" by S.Seregichev. In association with the Russian State University for the Humanities 232. "The Contemporary Middle East" = 43 (collection of essays). In association with the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences 233. "The Contemporary Middle East" = 44 (collection of essays). In association with the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences 234. "The contemporary Afghanistan and neighboring countries" (collection of essays) In association with the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences 310 235. "Kurdistan and Kurdish question in Western and Russian policy (90s of the XXth century – the beginning of the XXIst century)" by N.Mosaki. In association with the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences 236. "The transforming Turkey" by I.Starodubtsev. In association with the Moscow State Institute of Foreign Relations 2012 . 237. "The State of Israel and the challenge Islamism: «the Arab spring» and its impact of the Jewish state" by Alek D. Epstein 238. "Political situation and problems of national reconciliation in Somalia" by S.Aleinikov 239. "Economic liberalization and macroeconomic efficiency of Egypt, Jordan and Tunisia" by A.Saliychuk. In association with the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences 240. "In dialogue with the enemy (talks on liberation of Israeli citizens seized by Palestinian and Libyan fighting organizations" by Alek D. Epstein and Evgeniy Varshaver 241. "The Contemporary Middle East" = 45 (collection of essays). In association with the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences 242. "The Contemporary Middle East" = 46 (collection of essays). In association with the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences 243. "Israel in Central Asia: dreams and reality" by V.Mesamed 244. "Turkey under the rule of The Justice And Development Party". In association with the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences 245. "Sanctions and their impact on Iran". In association with the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences 246. "SCO and Afghan problem" by M.Arunova. In association with the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences Internet: www.iimes.ru 311 1- . . 2 . ,& 1 9 0 4 1 8 & 0 0 2* ! ' * - "$ 25.02.2013 .. " 60%90/16. 0 - "$ 8! " & . 8! " & =1 (6 19,5 1-. 2. . 200 ,# . *. #. = 164 115114, * . 8 &« !#' , 2- 3 ' ') * - !# .» * ., 12