550.385 ( ) . ( ) . . : , , 1. . [Lastovicka et al., 2008] , . , , . , , , , , , , ( . ), , , , , , . ( , ) , , , , , , . , F , , , 8(499)1814511, adanilov99@mail.ru 1 , , . , , , . ( , F2, ) , , . . , , 90- . 2. « » [Roble and Dickinson, 1989; Rishbeth and Roble, 1989], , . ( – 2) ( 2 ), ( 120 , , [CO2] ) , . . 4 80-90 . . (cooling and contraction) [Lastovicka et al., 2008]. « . , » . [ , 1998] 2 . , . al., 1996; , 1996] 1994; , [Golitsyn et ) . , ) [Kokin and Lysenko, ( ., 1990], , 50 , . [ , 1993] , ( foE). – , 90. , , . « », . , ( 22- – ) 11, , . 11 ( , ). . , 20 ( . ) . , . 82 [Gadsden, 1997, 1998] . 31 , . 90. [Kirkwood , and Stebel, 2003] . [Lubken, 2000] . , 3 , . PMC , ), NLC ( , ), , . PMC [DeLand et al., 2007]. , NLC. [Kirkwood et al., 2008] . NLC , PMC [Lastovicka, 2009] NLC PMC . [Lastoviska et al., 2008], , . 3. [Lastovicka et al., 2008], : - ; – , foE; D; , hmE; F1; . .1 [Lastovicka et al., 2008]. . . ( , – – , ), . [Beig, 2002]. , . [Beig et al., 2003] 4 , , , [Beig, 2002], . ( ) 2-3 . 5-10 . , . , 87 ) [Offermann et al., 2004] . .1 [Lastovicka et al., 2008]. , [Roble and Dickinson, 1989], 10-15 . 2 ( 30% (1985 .)), , , . ( D) [Lastovicka, 2001; Lastovocka and Bremer, 2004]. 5 . ( [Taubenheim et al., 1990]) [e] [Danilov, 2000] D. [Friedrich and Torkar, 2001] . , , 70-85 D . . [e] D . , (N2 2). , [e] , . [1993] . foE . , [Bremer, 2001] [Bremer, 2001] . . 2. 71 fo , fo , 0.013 [Bremer, 2001] F1, foF1. 0.029 . , hmE, ( F1 ( , ), 0.0019 ). foE . , [1997] , – [NO+]/[O2+]. , , , , [e] [ , 1997]. 6 [Mikhailov, 2006a], , [NO ]/[O2+], foE. foF2 + [ , 1997], [Lastovicka et al., 2008; Bremer, 2001]. .2 foE, foF1 hmE c [Bremer, 2008]. , [NO], NO D. [Beig, 2000] . , . NO 100-200 ( , ) D, . , [NO] ( ). . 7 90-100 2 , . « » , F2 ( [O] , , . [Danilov, 2005], . ) . foF2 F2 ( . [Lastovicka et al., 2008]). , [Lastovicka, 2009]. foF1, . , [O]/[N2], . . 3 - Keating et al. [2000], 360 ; - Emmert et al. [2004], 530 ; - Markos et al., [2005], 390 ) – Roble and Dickinson [1989], 400 ; – Rishbeth abd Roble [1992], 400 ; – Akmaev et al. [2006], 200 ; – Qian et al. [2009], 400 ) [Lastovicka, 2009]. 8 , , . [Keeting et al, 2000; Markos et al., 2005; Emmert et al., 2004]. . 3, [Lastovicka et al., 2008]. [Roble and Dickinson, 1989; Rishbeth and Roble, 1989; Akmaev et al., 2006]. . 3 . , , ( ). ) ( [Emmert et al., , 2004] . (F(10.7) ~ 100-220) 2-3% , 7% (F(10.7) ~ 70). , , , . , . , . 3 , 2 ( 1985 .), 30%. , , . , , , . [Lastovicka et al., 2008] . , 4 , 5. F2 , . 4. F2 , , , 9 , – foF2 [Rishbeth and Roble, hmF2 F2. 1992; Rushbeth, 1990] , foF2, F2 « NmF2 » . hmF2. foF2 hmF2, . , . F2 ( – ). , , (upwelling downwelling), foF2 hmF2 ( , [Danilov, 2001; Qian et al., 2009]). F2 ( . ), NCAR TIE-GSM [Qian et al., 2009] F2 F 10% . . , , , 2 – 2100 .). ( , [Ulich and Turunen, 1997; Marin et al., 2001; Upadhyay and Mahajan, 1998]) F2 . 1998 . [Bremer, 1998] 31 . , foF2, hmF2 30 . , F2 , [Mikhailov, 2002; Mikhailov and de la Morena, 2003; Mikhailov, 2006b], 10 « » , . , [ , 2002; Danilov 21 foF2, -0.012 0.004 . , [Danilov, 2006] F2, , 300 2002]. [Danilov, 2003] , 17 hmF2, 0.0011 , , = 0.0005. hmF2 0.33 . [Lastovicka et al., 2006], foF2 ( , 1977-1997 .). ( [49]). foF2, . 0.1 , « foF2, 2002], » [ , 2002; Danilov , -0.08 , . foF2, – [Yue et al., 2006]. 14 , 12 12 - . foF2 , -0.05 [Lastovicka et al., 2006]. [ , 2007; Danilov, 2008a, b; , 2008 , ; 2009], , foF2 – ( F2 , ) foF2 , . 14:00 LT 02:00 LT, 2007; Danilov, 2008a]. [ ( + 2 . , ) ) – . [ 43 , 2007; Danilov, 2008a], foF2(02)/foF2(14) . , , , , , 11 - 1980 ., foF2(02)/foF2(14) ) ». « . 4. ) ) fo(02)/ fo(14) fo(02)/ fo(14) 1958-1997 1958-1998 0.04 0.04 0.00 0.00 -0.04 -0.04 R2 =0.53 Ap < 30 -0.08 1960 1970 1980 1990 . 4 Ap < 30 1960 2000 1970 R2 =0.60 1980 1990 2000 foF2(02)/foF2(14) ( ) ( ) [ , 2010 ]. , , 1980 , . 2 . R , . foF2(02)/foF2(14) D. (E) (W). , – . [Danilov, 2008a] . 5. ), , foF2(02)/foF2(14) – 12 . . 5. foF2(02)/foF2(14) [Danilov, 2008a]. ( . , 2008 , 2009; 2010; Danilov, 2009, 2011]), , F2 . , F2 . . [Lastovicka et al., 2008; , ) Lastovicka, 2009] . ( ., 1997; Jacobi, 2005]). , , [Merzlyakov et al., 2009; Bremer et al., , , , , . F2 . , 2010 ; Danilov, 2010]. 13 , (02:00 LT) hmF2 (14:00 LT) foF2, R(foF2), F(10.7), foF2( + 2)/foF2(14). F2 hmF2, , . , 2008 ] [Danilov, 2008a, b; « , 2-3 )/foF2( foF2( ) ) R(foF2) ). ( (90- , » (1980 . 90- , 50). hmF2 60- ) [ . hmF2 ( , 2009; Danilov, 2009] 60– 90- , , S(hmF2). hmF2 , . , , hmF2 S(hmF2), . LT S(hmF2), , hmF2 . [ - , 2009; Danilov, 2009] hmF2 F(10.7). ( ) hmF2 S(hmF2). , , S(hmF2) . .6 [ , 2009]. 1957-1999 hmF2, 1979 1980-1999 .. , foF2( )/foF2( ( 14 ) ) ., : 1957- , , R(foF2) 1980 . ) ) 440 480 440 1980-1999 400 hmF2, hmF2, 1980-1999 400 360 360 1957-1979 1957-1979 320 320 80 120 160 F(10.7) 200 240 80 . 6. 120 160 F(10.7) [ 1957-1979 ., – 1980-1999 02:00 LT . , hmF2 ( ) , 2010 ]. . 6 hmF2 F(10.7) , – . . S(hmF2), .6 , 1957-1979 , S(hmF2) : , , 2009; Danilov, 2009], [ : S(hmF2) 1980 . , [ Danilov, 2009] , S(hmF2), . ( . )/foF2( . . 1980 . , foF2( 1980-1999 hmF2 18 1990- , , . 1950- 240 hmF2 ( ) 11 200 ) , R(foF2) ) 15 , 2009; hmF2, . . , ), ( , ). , ( al., 2008; Lastovicka, 2009]). , hmF2 90- , hmF2 50- -90( 1997; Marin et al., 2001; Bremer, 1998]). , foF2 . [Lastovicka et , , [Ulich and Turunen, hmF2 . . – F2, hmF2, – F2 ( , , foF2) . , , , ( [e] , foF2. [ . . ) 2010 ] foF2 , LT = 14:00 ), )). ( ) + 2 ) [Rishbeth, 1998] . . , foF2 , . ( 2010 ]. )+2 ). )+1 ) [ , , foF2( foF2( foF2(14). 16 + 2) )/foF2( ), foF2( +2)/foF2(14) , +2)/foF2(14) – 1958 .) foF2( F(10.7). ( ( 1979 . ), foF2( )/foF2( . , 1980 . ) ), foF2( +2)/foF2(14). F(10.7) foF2( , . + 2)/foF2(14) , , , . S foF2( F(10.7), (1958-1968, 1959-1969 . . .), (1963, 1964 . 2 R ( . ), + 2)/foF2(14) 11.). , foF2( « + 2)/foF2(14), ». ) ) 0.06 0.06 1958-1995 1958-1995 0.05 0.04 0.04 S S R 2 =0.92 R2 =0.96 0.03 0.02 0.02 0 0.01 1960 1970 1980 . 7. 0.00 1960 1990 0 1970 1980 1990 S ( ) - ( ) [ , 2010 ]. S . 7 . , [ 2010 ]. , ». ( 17 « ») S ( , foF2( - S ). » » « + 2)/foF2(14) ). . 7, F(10.7). S « ( , S ) 1980 . ( 1980 . , , foF2( +2)/foF2(14) – . . , 1980 . ( 2-3 .) – . , [ , 2010 ] S » S , , » foF2( )/foF2( ) F2, hmF2. , S foF2, + 2)/foF2(14) foF2( , . [2010 ] . . , , . . . – . S . , F2. S(hmF2), 1.5-2 , 50-60, 90- . 1980 . . , , , 70- . . [Emmert et al., 2001] WINDII. . , [Portnyagin 80- et . 1972 hmF2 al., 2006] [Mikhailov, 2006b] . ( 40-60- . 18 ) [Mikhailov, 2006b] hmF2 [Bremer, 2006] F1 E 1979 . . , ( ) 80- . , 1980 . . [ hmF2 , 2010 ] )+2 ), ( . ). hmF2 ( , .), , 1958 . . 90- ) hmF2( , . ) +2), hmF2( 12 20 15 +2), 8 10 4 5 R2 =0.95 0 0 R 2=0.87 -5 1960 1970 1980 . 8 -4 1960 1990 hmF2( ( , ) 2010 ]. +2) ( , 1970 1980 1990 ) , F2, F(10.7) . hmF2( hmF2( . +2) , hmF2( 11+2) +2) – . 8. , F2, , 19 ». ( k 1980 .) . 1. 1. k R2 hmF2( + 2) --------------------------------------------k R2 k R2 --------------------------------------------+0.8 0.70 +1.3 0.95 -1.0 0.56 -1.6 0.88 -0.6 0.94 -1.1 0.92 +0.7 0.98 +0.6 0.87 -0.7 0.85 -1.6 0.95 -0.7 0.88 -2.4 0.97 +2.3 0.89 +1.6 0.93 +1.3 0.97 +0.3 0.89 +0.5 0.84 +0.3 0.63 +0.3 0.66 -2.0 0.95 +0.9 0.87 +0.6 0.90 +0.5 0.52 -0.4 0.49 +1.1 0.83 +1.8 0.90 +0.4 0.55 -0.9 0.91 -1.6 0.74 -0.5 0.89 ----------------------------------------------, hmF2 ( , [Bremer, 1998]). ( hmF2 , , , !) LT . ( ), – , . . , . 8 . 1, hmF2 hmF2( ». + 2)), , ( . hmF2( , . , . 20 + 2)) hmF2 , . , hmF2( + 2) F2, . , ( ), . . D I . ( , ) , . , 2) hmF2( » « + . » hmF2( D , I. hmF2( + 2) , , [Ulich and Turunen, 1997; Marin et al., 2001; Bremer, 1998; Danilov, 2006] hmF2. , , + 2) [ hmF2( hmF2, [Danilov, 2006]. , , 2010 ] + 2), , , , LT, . – [Bremer, 1998] . 2. , , LT. hmF2 , 2. hmF2 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Danilov Bremer k [2006] [1998] --------------------------------------------+0.8 +0.64 +0.73 -1.0 +0.41 -0.7 +0.16 +2.3 +0.57 +0.84 +1.3 +0.52 +0.44 +0.5 +0.29 21 +0.9 +0.24 +0.14 +0.5 +0.35 -1.6 -0.24 -0.19 ---------------------------------------------, F2, foF2 and hmF2 iwg 2000 . CD . 80- – 90- , 2011 , ; . , . , , 90- , , 2000, 2012] . [ , . , hmF2. , , . , hmF2 . 3000, hmF2. , , 3000 3000 foF2. iwg , iwg , 2011 ] [ foF2 hmF2 , , , 5 . , foF2 M3000 hmF2 foF2 1958(1957) iwg 2005-2007 . T . . . 9, +2) – , hmF2 . 11 . , 2001-2002 ., » 2005-2007 . hmF2 , « » . 22 hmF2 . , , , , F2 , , . ), ( ( ), ) hmF2, ( 1990-1995 )) ( . 1980 , 10 hmF2 ( )) 1990-1995 . . 2000- . , , , hmF2 . hmF2( +2) hmF2( 40 +2) 20 15 30 10 20 5 10 0 0 -5 1980 1990 1980 2000 . 9. 1990 2000 F2 . foF2( + 2)/foF2(14) [2010 ] F2, hmF2( +2) , . foF2( , + 2) ( , . ). , F2 , 23 NmF2, . foF2. [Rishbeth, 1998] , foF2( + 2)/foF2(14) hmF2( + 2) . 2010 ], , . [ , 2011 ] 5foF2( +2) hmF2( + 2). . 10, , foF2( + 2) hmF2( + 2) 2 R . [ , 2. R2 , . 3. 360 400 340 hmF2(ss+2), hmF2(ss+2), R2 = 0.79 360 320 320 300 R2 = 0.53 280 0 0 280 5 . 10. ) 6 foF2(ss+2), 7 hmF2( ( 260 8 + 2) ) foF2( 0 + 2) [ . 3. R2 foF2( + 2) hmF2( + 2) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.51 0.58 0.32 0.82 0.52 0.58 0.78 0.66 0.79 0.79 -----------------------------24 2 4 6 foF2(ss+2), 8 10 ( 2010 ]. - foF2( R2 , hmF2( +2) 95% . 3, , + 2) . , F, , foF2 , , F2. foF2( + 2)/foF2(14) hmF2( . , , . . 10 foF2( + 2) 1990 . , . 10 ( , + 2) hmF2( + 2) (1958-1990 .) ) , 1990 . , R2 = 0.53. 0.68. . 10 . 1990 . 1990 . – 9.8 . 18 , . 16 , 5.3 19 10.5 - . [ foF2( , 1990 , 2011 ] + 2) hmF2( , . . 10 , , + 2) , , , [ 2010 ], foF2( + 2), , , hmF2( – + 2). ) , F2. 2011 ] [ , , ( ), . foF2( + 2) , 2011 ] . foF2 . 25 11 , iwg [ [ , 2011 ]. , 2011 ] , ( , ) . , , , iwg . . 11, + 2) foF2( [ , 2011 ] iwg , ( . R2) foF2 ( . 1990 ., ) . 1990 .) 10 foF2 foF2 , 2011 ] ) [ 11. ( . [ foF2( , 2011 ] ) ( 2) + 2) . foF2( + . , foF2( ), ( + 2) , ( foF2( . [ , 2011 ]). 0.0 +2), 0.0 R2 = 0.86 IWG -0.1 R2 =0.90 -0.2 -0.1 -0.3 R2 =0.94 IWG -0.2 -0.4 R2 = 0.97 1988 .11. 1992 1996 2000 0 0 2004 -0.5 1988 foF2( iwg 2011 ]. 26 1992 1996 2000 2004 +2) [ , foF2( + 2) , foF2. , 2011 ], , foF2(14) , foF2( + 2) hmF2( 8 11. . , 1990 . + 2) , F2 . , , F2 » « 90, . F2. , + 2) hmF2( + 2) foF2( , ( 90- – 2000- ). [ foF2(14) 1990 . , 2011 ] + 2) foF2( , ( ) « » F2 . foF2 , 2011 ] , 0.022 0.04-0.06 , – . , F2 90- – 2000- , [Lastovicka et al., 2006] ( , . ) 1976-1996 . . 5. [Lastovicka et al., 2008] , . F2 . 27 ). , , , . [Zhang et al., 2005] F . 1978-2007 . , . [Donaldson et al., 2010] 1966-1987 . ( ) , [Holt and Zhang, 2008] 30375 4.2 % . . , , [Zhang and Holt, 2011]. , 1980 . i 1968 . 3-4 ( 4-5 ). 2996 ., ), , i 1980 . , , , F2 « » - 1980 . [Zhang and Holt, 2011] , ( [Donaldson et al., 2010]) F2 1980 . . 12, , Ti . , F2 1980 . , F 6-8 . , [Zhang and Holt, 2011], , (2003-2006 .) Ti , Ti . , , 2000. 28 . 12. [Donaldson et al., 2010]. i 1980-2006 . [Zhang and Holt, 2011] 13. . 13. Ti [Zhang and Holt, 2011]. 29 . 14. [Zhang and Holt, 2011]. [e] and Holt, 2011], [Zhang , 300-450 250-300 , , F2, , . [e] [e] Te . F F Te. . 14, , [Zhang and Holt, 2011]. , . . [Emmer et al., 2008] 5000 , [Emmer et al., 2004], -7% . 550 F(10.7) = 70 [Emmer et al., 2008]. 30 -1% F(10.7) = 160 . 15. n [Qian et al., 2011]. . [Qian et al., 2011]. - (TIE-GCM NCAR), [Qian et al., 2011] . 2 . 15, , , [Qian et al., 2011]. , , , . , 200 50 . , 2 , NO. , , , . CO2 , TIE-GCM NCAR . 2 [Qian et al., 2011]. hmF2 hmF2 , NmF2 F2 , . . [Rishbeth, 1998] F2 « » 31 , . (12:00 LT) [Qian et al., 2011] 10-20 hmF2 . . , , , [Lastovocka et al., 2008]. . , . [Qian et al., 2011] , , [Emmert et al., 50 [Holt and 47 2008]. 2, Zhang, 2008] . 6. , . [Lastovicka et al., 2008; Lastovicka, 2009]. , . , 1990 . [Lastovicka et al., 2008; Jacobi et al., 2001, 2005;]. . [Lastovicka and Krizan, 2006] , . F2, 4. ( hmF2 ), - foF2 , F2 ( . ). . . , 32 , , . 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