" " The Silva Forest Foundation P.O. Box 9, Slocan Park, British Columbia, V0G 2E0 www.silvafor.org silvafor@netidea.com Phone 250-226-7222 Fax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http://www.forest.ru/rus/bulletin/12/8.html#ekol -+$/ 12, ,-> /; 1999 12