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ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ Ïðåäèñëîâèå ................................................................................................. 3 Ãëàâà 6 ÍÅÐÂÍÀß ÐÅÃÓËßÖÈß ÂÈÑÖÅÐÀËÜÍÛÕ ÔÓÍÊÖÈÉ. ÀÂÒÎÍÎÌÍÀß (ÂÅÃÅÒÀÒÈÂÍÀß) ÍÅÐÂÍÀß ÑÈÑÒÅÌÀ 6.1. Äóãà àâòîíîìíîãî ðåôëåêñà ................................................................... 7 Çàäà÷à 6.1. Ñòðîåíèå ñèìïàòè÷åñêîãî è ïàðàñèìïàòè÷åñêîãî îòäåëîâ àâòîíîìíîé íåðâíîé ñèñòåìû .................................................. 19 Çàäà÷à 6.2. Îêðàøèâàíèå ìåòàñèìïàòè÷åñêèõ ãàíãëèåâ â ñòåíêå êèøêè ........................................................................................ 21 6.2. Ñèíàïòè÷åñêàÿ ïåðåäà÷à â àâòîíîìíîé íåðâíîé ñèñòåìå .................... 23 Çàäà÷à 6.3. Ïîëó÷åíèå àäðåíàëèíà (ñèìïàòèíà) â ñåðäöå ëÿãóøêè ïðè ðàçäðàæåíèè ñèìïàòè÷åñêèõ íåðâíûõ âîëîêîí .................. 24 Çàäà÷à 6.4. Ïîëó÷åíèå àöåòèëõîëèíà â ñåðäöå ëÿãóøêè ïðè ðàçäðàæåíèè âîëîêîí áëóæäàþùåãî íåðâà ............................... 26 Çàäà÷à 6.5. Îïðåäåëåíèå îñíîâíûõ ìåäèàòîðîâ ........................................... 26 6.3. Âëèÿíèå àâòîíîìíîé íåðâíîé ñèñòåìû íà äåÿòåëüíîñòü ýôôåêòîðíûõ îðãàíîâ ............................................................................ 29 Çàäà÷à 6.6. Âëèÿíèå ðàçäðàæåíèÿ ñèìïàòè÷åñêèõ íåðâíûõ âîëîêîí íà ðàáîòó óòîìëÿåìîé èêðîíîæíîé ìûøöû ëÿãóøêè (ôåíîìåí Îðáåëè Ãèíåöèíñêîãî) ............................................ 29 Çàäà÷à 6.7. Âëèÿíèå àäðåíàëèíà íà êðèâóþ óòîìëåíèÿ ñêåëåòíîé ìûøöû òåïëîêðîâíîãî æèâîòíîãî ........................................... 31 Çàäà÷à 6.8. Ðîëü ëàòåðàëèçàöèè ñèìïàòè÷åñêîé íåðâíîé ñèñòåìû â àñèììåòðèè ðåàêöèé ñêåëåòíûõ ìûøö ................................. 33 Çàäà÷à 6.9. Ðîëü ñèìïàòè÷åñêîãî è ïàðàñèìïàòè÷åñêîãî îòäåëîâ àâòîíîìíîé íåðâíîé ñèñòåìû â ôóíêöèîíàëüíîé ìåæïîëóøàðíîé àñèììåòðèè ãîëîâíîãî ìîçãà ......................... 35 6.4. Öåíòðû ðåãóëÿöèè âèñöåðàëüíûõ ôóíêöèé .......................................... 36 Çàäà÷à 6.10. Ðåôëåêñ Ãîëüòöà ..................................................................... 36 Çàäà÷à 6.11. Îïûò «Ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêèé ðåîñêîï» ......................................... 38 Çàäà÷à 6.12. Ïåðåðåçêà êîðåøêîâ ñïèííîãî ìîçãà ó ëÿãóøêè ...................... 39 Çàäà÷à 6.13. Îïûò Êëîäà Áåðíàðà .............................................................. 41 Çàäà÷à 6.14. Âëèÿíèå ðàçäðàæåíèé ÿäåð áëóæäàþùåãî íåðâà íà äåÿòåëüíîñòü ñåðäöà (îïûò È. Ì. Ñå÷åíîâà) ................... 43 Çàäà÷à 6.15. Ðåôëåêñû ñ ðåöåïòîðîâ êîæè íà ñåðäöå ëÿãóøêè .................. 44 529 Çàäà÷à 6.16. Ðåôëåêòîðíàÿ ðåãóëÿöèÿ äåÿòåëüíîñòè ëèìôàòè÷åñêèõ ñåðäåö ëÿãóøêè ........................................................................ 45 Ñïèñîê ëèòåðàòóðû ..................................................................................... 47 Ãëàâà 7 ÃÎÐÌÎÍÀËÜÍÀß ÐÅÃÓËßÖÈß ÔÓÍÊÖÈÉ 7.1. Ãèïîòàëàìî-ãèïîôèçàðíàÿ ñèñòåìà ...................................................... 51 Çàäà÷à 7.1. Óäàëåíèå ãèïîôèçà ó ëÿãóøêè ................................................... 52 Çàäà÷à 7.2. Âëèÿíèå ãèïîôèçýêòîìèè è ðàçëè÷íûõ ïðåïàðàòîâ íà ïèãìåíòíûå êëåòêè êîæè ëÿãóøêè ..................................... 54 Çàäà÷à 7.3. Âëèÿíèå âàçîïðåññèíà íà äèóðåç ó êðûñ ................................... 55 Çàäà÷à 7.4. Âëèÿíèå âàçîïðåññèíà íà ïðîíèöàåìîñòü äëÿ âîäû êîæè ëÿãóøêè ..................................................................................... 57 Çàäà÷à 7.5. Âëèÿíèå îêñèòîöèíà, ýñòðàäèîëà è ïðîãåñòåðîíà íà ñîêðàùåíèå ìàòêè ............................................................... 58 Çàäà÷à 7.6. Ýðãîòðîïíîå âëèÿíèå îêñèòîöèíà íà ñêåëåòíóþ ìûøöó â ìîäåëè ôåíîìåíà Îðáåëè Ãèíåöèíñêîãî .............................. 60 Çàäà÷à 7.7. Âëèÿíèå îêñèòîöèíà íà ñîêðàùåíèå ãëàäêîìûøå÷íîé ñòåíêè àîðòû ........................................................................... 63 Çàäà÷à 7.8. Ðåãèñòðàöèÿ ñîêðàòèòåëüíîé ðåàêöèè ìèîýïèòåëèàëüíûõ êëåòîê àëüâåîë ìîëî÷íîé æåëåçû íà îêñèòîöèí ...................... 64 Çàäà÷à 7.9. Âëèÿíèå èíòðàíàçàëüíî ââîäèìîãî âàçîïðåññèíà íà ëîêîìîöèþ äåãèäðàòèðîâàííûõ êðûñ ................................... 66 7.2. Ýïèôèç ................................................................................................... 67 Çàäà÷à 7.10. Èçó÷åíèå âëèÿíèÿ óíèëàòåðàëüíûõ èíòðàíàçàëüíûõ ââåäåíèé ýïèôèçàðíîãî ïåïòèäíîãî ïðåïàðàòà íà îðèåíòèðîâî÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêîå ïîâåäåíèå êðûñ ......... 69 Çàäà÷à 7.11. Èññëåäîâàíèå âëèÿíèÿ ãîðìîíîâ íà ðîñò è äèôôåðåíöèðîâêó êëåòîê òêàíè ýïèôèçà íîâîðîæäåííûõ êðûñÿò ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì äèôôóçèîííûõ êàìåð ..................... 70 Çàäà÷à 7.12. Èññëåäîâàíèå âëèÿíèÿ ìåëàòîíèíà íà äèíàìèêó ñåêðåòîðíîé àêòèâíîñòè êëåòîê â óñëîâèÿõ ïåðåæèâàþùåé êóëüòóðû òêàíè ýïèôèçà .............................. 72 Çàäà÷à 7.13. Èçó÷åíèå âëèÿíèÿ îñìîòè÷åñêîãî ñòðåññà íà ôóíêöèîíàëüíóþ àêòèâíîñòü êëåòîê ýïèôèçà êðûñ ýëåêòðîôèçèîëîãè÷åñêèì ìåòîäîì ......................................... 73 Çàäà÷à 7.14. Èçó÷åíèå âëèÿíèÿ îñìîòè÷åñêîãî ñòðåññà íà ñîäåðæàíèå â ýïèôèçå êðûñû èíäîëüíûõ è îëèãîïåïòèäíûõ ôðàêöèé ....... 75 7.3. Ïåðèôåðè÷åñêèå ýíäîêðèííûå îðãàíû ................................................. 76 7.3.1. Ùèòîâèäíàÿ æåëåçà .................................................................... 77 Çàäà÷à 7.15. Óäàëåíèå ùèòîâèäíûõ æåëåç ó ñîáàê è êîøåê ....................... 78 Çàäà÷à 7.16. Âëèÿíèå òèðåîèäíûõ ãîðìîíîâ íà ìåòàìîðôîç ãîëîâàñòèêîâ ........................................................................... 78 Çàäà÷à 7.17. Âëèÿíèå òèðåîëèáåðèíà íà ðàçâèòèå ýïèëåïòè÷åñêèõ ñóäîðîã ó êðûñ (êîðàçîëîâàÿ ìîäåëü) ..................................... 79 530 7.3.2. Ïàðàùèòîâèäíûå æåëåçû ............................................................ 80 Çàäà÷à 7.18. Óäàëåíèå ïàðàùèòîâèäíûõ æåëåç .......................................... 80 7.3.3. Íàäïî÷å÷íèê è åãî ãîðìîíû ...................................................... 81 Çàäà÷à 7.19. Óäàëåíèå íàäïî÷å÷íèêîâ (àäðåíàëýêòîìèÿ) .......................... 82 Çàäà÷à 7.20. Àäðåíàëýêòîìèÿ ó êðûñ. Âûæèâàíèå êðûñ ïîñëå àäðåíàëýêòîìèè. Òåñò íà óòîìëÿåìîñòü è âîäíóþ íàãðóçêó ................................................................... 82 Çàäà÷à 7.21. Êîìïåíñàòîðíàÿ ãèïåðòðîôèÿ íàäïî÷å÷íèêîâ ....................... 84 Çàäà÷à 7.22. Ðåãóëÿöèÿ àäðåíàëèíîì âåëè÷èíû çðà÷êà ................................ 85 Çàäà÷à 7.23. Ïèëîìîòîðíàÿ ðåàêöèÿ ó ìûøåé ïîä âëèÿíèåì àäðåíàëèíà ... 86 Çàäà÷à 7.24. Ðîëü ãëþêîêîðòèêîñòåðîèäîâ â ïðîòåêòèðîâàíèè ïîðàæåíèé ñëèçèñòîé îáîëî÷êè æåëóäêà â óñëîâèÿõ õðîíè÷åñêîãî ñòðåññà .............................................................. 88 7.3.4. Ãîíàäû è ïîëîâûå ãîðìîíû ........................................................ 89 Çàäà÷à 7.25. Èçìåíåíèå îâóëÿòîðíîãî öèêëà è ïîëîâûõ îðãàíîâ êàñòðèðîâàííîé ñàìêè ïîñëå óäàëåíèÿ ÿè÷íèêîâ è ïðîâåäåíèÿ çàìåñòèòåëüíîé òåðàïèè ó êðûñ ...................... 90 Çàäà÷à 7.26. Óäàëåíèå ñåìåííèêîâ (ÿè÷åê) ó ñàìöîâ êðûñ ......................... 91 Çàäà÷à 7.27. Âëèÿíèå ãîíàäýêòîìèè íà îðèåíòèðîâî÷íîèññëåäîâàòåëüñêîå ïîâåäåíèå ñàìöîâ êðûñ â òåñòå «îòêðûòîå ïîëå» ..................................................................... 92 7.3.5. Ïîäæåëóäî÷íàÿ æåëåçà è åå ãîðìîíû ........................................ 93 Çàäà÷à 7.28. Óäàëåíèå ïîäæåëóäî÷íîé æåëåçû ó ñîáàêè ............................. 94 Çàäà÷à 7.29. Âëèÿíèå áîëüøèõ äîç èíñóëèíà íà ñîñòîÿíèå ìûøåé ............. 95 7.4. Îïåðàöèè íà îðãàíàõ ýíäîêðèííîé ñèñòåìû ....................................... 96 7.4.1. Îïåðàöèè íà ïîäæåëóäî÷íîé æåëåçå ........................................ 97 7.4.2. Îïåðàöèè íà îêîëîùèòîâèäíîé è ùèòîâèäíîé æåëåçàõ ........ 99 7.4.3. Îïåðàöèè íà íàäïî÷å÷íèêàõ ó êðóïíûõ ëàáîðàòîðíûõ æèâîòíûõ. .................................................................................. 101 7.4.4. Óäàëåíèå ïîëîâûõ æåëåç .......................................................... 104 7.4.5. Óäàëåíèå ãèïîôèçà ................................................................... 105 Ñïèñîê ëèòåðàòóðû ................................................................................... 107 Ãëàâà 8 ÊÐÎÂÜ, ÒÊÀÍÅÂÀß ÆÈÄÊÎÑÒÜ 8.1. Ïîíÿòèå î ñèñòåìå êðîâè .................................................................... 109 8.1.1. Îñíîâíûå ôóíêöèè êðîâè ........................................................ 110 8.1.2. Îáúåì è ñîñòàâ êðîâè ................................................................ 111 Çàäà÷à 8.1. Èññëåäîâàíèå ãåìîëèìôû áåççóáêè ....................................... 111 Çàäà÷à 8.2. Èññëåäîâàíèå êðîâè âèíîãðàäíîé óëèòêè (Helix pomatia) ...................................................................... 112 Çàäà÷à 8.3. Òåõíèêà âçÿòèÿ êðîâè è ãåìîëèìôû ó áåñïîçâîíî÷íûõ æèâîòíûõ ............................................................................. 113 Çàäà÷à 8.4. Òåõíèêà âçÿòèÿ êðîâè ó ïîçâîíî÷íûõ æèâîòíûõ ................. 114 Çàäà÷à 8.5. Òåõíèêà âçÿòèÿ êðîâè ó ÷åëîâåêà ......................................... 117 531 Çàäà÷à 8.6. Ñîîòíîøåíèå îáúåìîâ ïëàçìû è ôîðìåííûõ ýëåìåíòîâ êðîâè. Ïîêàçàòåëü ãåìàòîêðèòà ......................................... 118 8.1.3. Ôèçèêî-õèìè÷åñêèå ñâîéñòâà êðîâè ........................................ 120 Çàäà÷à 8.7. Îïðåäåëåíèå óäåëüíîãî âåñà êðîâè ........................................ 121 Çàäà÷à 8.8. Îïðåäåëåíèå âÿçêîñòè êðîâè ................................................. 122 Çàäà÷à 8.9. Íàáëþäåíèå áóôåðíûõ ñâîéñòâ ñûâîðîòêè êðîâè (îïûò Ôðèäåíòàëÿ) ............................................................. 124 8.2. Ïëàçìà êðîâè ....................................................................................... 125 Çàäà÷à 8.10. Ïîëó÷åíèå ïëàçìû è ñûâîðîòêè êðîâè ................................. 126 8.3. Ôîðìåííûå ýëåìåíòû êðîâè ............................................................... 127 Çàäà÷à 8.11. Ïðèãîòîâëåíèå ìàçêà êðîâè ................................................. 128 Çàäà÷à 8.12. Ïîäñ÷åò ôîðìåííûõ ýëåìåíòîâ êðîâè â êàìåðå Ãîðÿåâà ..... 130 8.3.1. Ýðèòðîöèòû ............................................................................... 134 Çàäà÷à 8.13. Âèäîâûå ðàçëè÷èÿ ýðèòðîöèòîâ ........................................... 135 Çàäà÷à 8.14. Îïðåäåëåíèå ãðàíèö îñìîòè÷åñêîé ðåçèñòåíòíîñòè ýðèòðîöèòîâ ......................................................................... 136 Çàäà÷à 8.15. Èçó÷åíèå ðàçëè÷íûõ âèäîâ ãåìîëèçà ..................................... 138 Çàäà÷à 8.16. Îïðåäåëåíèå ñêîðîñòè îñåäàíèÿ ýðèòðîöèòîâ (ÑÎÝ) ........ 139 Çàäà÷à 8.17. Îïðåäåëåíèå êîëè÷åñòâà ãåìîãëîáèíà â êðîâè ...................... 141 Çàäà÷à 8.18. Ñïåêòðàëüíûé àíàëèç ãåìîãëîáèíà è åãî ïðîèçâîäíûõ ......... 143 Çàäà÷à 8.19. Ðàñ÷åò öâåòîâîãî ïîêàçàòåëÿ êðîâè ................................... 145 Çàäà÷à 8.20. Îïðåäåëåíèå öâåòîâîãî ïîêàçàòåëÿ êðîâè ïî íîìîãðàììå .. 147 8.3.2. Ëåéêîöèòû .................................................................................. 147 Çàäà÷à 8.21. Ëåéêîöèòàðíàÿ ôîðìóëà ...................................................... 148 Çàäà÷à 8.22. Äèôôåðåíöèðîâàííûé ïîäñ÷åò àáñîëþòíîãî êîëè÷åñòâà ëåéêîöèòîâ ïî íîìîãðàììå ................................................... 149 8.3.3. Òðîìáîöèòû ............................................................................... 151 8.4. Ãåìîñòàç (îñòàíîâêà êðîâîòå÷åíèÿ) .................................................. 152 Çàäà÷à 8.23. Îïðåäåëåíèå ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòè êðîâîòå÷åíèÿ (óêîëî÷íàÿ ïðîáà ïî Äþêå) .................................................. 152 Çàäà÷à 8.24. Îïðåäåëåíèå âðåìåíè ñâåðòûâàíèÿ öåëüíîé êðîâè ñïîñîáîì Ìàê-Ìàãðî ............................................................ 153 Çàäà÷à 8.25. Îïðåäåëåíèå âðåìåíè ñâåðòûâàíèÿ êðîâè êàïåëüíûì ñïîñîáîì (Ìîðàâèòöà, ïî Àëòãàóçåíó) ................................ 154 Çàäà÷à 8.26. Îïðåäåëåíèå âðåìåíè ñïîíòàííîãî ñâåðòûâàíèÿ öåëüíîé êðîâè ïî Ñóõàðåâó ................................................................. 155 Çàäà÷à 8.27. Âëèÿíèå ãåïàðèíà è ëèìîííî-êèñëîãî íàòðèÿ íà ñâåðòûâàíèå êðîâè ........................................................... 155 8.5. Ãðóïïû êðîâè ....................................................................................... 156 Çàäà÷à 8.28. Îïðåäåëåíèå ãðóïïû êðîâè ñ ïîìîùüþ ñòàíäàðòíûõ ñûâîðîòîê ............................................................................. 157 Çàäà÷à 8.29. Îïðåäåëåíèå ðåçóñ-ôàêòîðà êðîâè ....................................... 159 Çàäà÷à 8.30. Îïðåäåëåíèå ñîâìåñòèìîñòè êðîâè ñ ïîìîùüþ ìèêðîöåíòðèôóãè Øêëÿðà .................................................... 160 Ñïèñîê ëèòåðàòóðû ................................................................................... 162 532 Ãëàâà 9 ÔÈÇÈÎËÎÃÈß ÈÌÌÓÍÍÎÉ ÑÈÑÒÅÌÛ 9.1. Êîìïîíåíòû èììóííîé ñèñòåìû ......................................................... 167 Çàäà÷à 9.1. Çíàêîìñòâî ñ òîïîãðàôèåé ëèìôîèäíûõ îðãàíîâ êðûñû ..... 168 Çàäà÷à 9.2. Èçó÷åíèå ìèêðîñêîïè÷åñêîãî ñòðîåíèÿ ëèìôîèäíûõ îðãàíîâ ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì èõ îòïå÷àòêîâ ......................................... 171 Çàäà÷à 9.3. Àíàëèç çàâèñèìîñòè ÷èñëà ëèìôîèäíûõ êëåòîê íà ïðåïàðàòàõ-îòïå÷àòêàõ ëèìôîèäíûõ îðãàíîâ îò äëèòåëüíîñòè èììóíèçàöèè æèâîòíîãî ......................... 172 Çàäà÷à 9.4. Êîëè÷åñòâåííàÿ îöåíêà ñîäåðæàíèÿ ëåéêîöèòîâ è èõ ïîïóëÿöèé â êðîâè ÷åëîâåêà è ãðûçóíîâ ........................ 173 Çàäà÷à 9.5. Âûäåëåíèå èç êðîâè êðûñû îáîãàùåííûõ ôðàêöèé ãðàíóëîöèòîâ è ìîíîíóêëåàðîâ ñ êîëè÷åñòâåííîé îöåíêîé ñîäåðæàíèÿ êëåòîê â ïîëó÷åííûõ ôðàêöèÿõ ........................ 177 Çàäà÷à 9.6. Îïðåäåëåíèå ñîäåðæàíèÿ â êðîâè ëèìôîöèòîâ è èõ ñóáïîïóëÿöèé ñ ïîìîùüþ èììóíîôåíîòèïèðîâàíèÿ ............. 179 9.2. Ìåõàíèçìû íåñïåöèôè÷åñêîãî (âðîæäåííîãî) èììóíèòåòà .............. 181 9.2.1. Ôàãîöèòîç ................................................................................... 182 Çàäà÷à 9.7. Ïîëó÷åíèå ïåðèòîíåàëüíûõ ìàêðîôàãîâ, îöåíêà èõ æèçíåñïîñîáíîñòè è àäãåçèâíûõ ñâîéñòâ ó ìîðñêèõ ñâèíîê ðàçíîãî âîçðàñòà ...................................... 184 Çàäà÷à 9.8. Âëèÿíèå àíòèáèîòèêà àìïèöèëëèíà íà õåìîòàêñèñ è ñïîíòàííóþ ìèãðàöèþ ïîä àãàðîçîé íåéòðîôèëîâ ïåðèôåðè÷åñêîé êðîâè êðûñ .................................................. 186 Çàäà÷à 9.9. Âëèÿíèå èíñóëèíîâîãî ñòðåññà íà ïîãëîòèòåëüíóþ è ïåðåâàðèâàþùóþ àêòèâíîñòü íåéòðîôèëîâ ïåðèôåðè÷åñêîé êðîâè êðûñ .................................................. 190 Çàäà÷à 9.10. Âëèÿíèå ãëþêîêîðòèêîèäíûõ ãîðìîíîâ íà ñîñòîÿíèå êèñëîðîäçàâèñèìûõ ìåõàíèçìîâ ôàãîöèòîçà êëåòîê êðîâè æèâîòíûõ, îöåíèâàåìîå ñ ïîìîùüþ òåñòà âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ íèòðîñèíåãî òåòðàçîëèÿ (ÍÑÒ-òåñò) ............................... 192 Çàäà÷à 9.11. Ñðàâíèòåëüíàÿ îöåíêà áàêòåðèöèäíûõ ñâîéñòâ ôàãîöèòîâ êðîâè ìóæ÷èí è æåíùèí ïî àêòèâíîñòè ìèåëîïåðîêñèäàçû ................................................................. 195 Çàäà÷à 9.12. Âëèÿíèå îäíîêðàòíîãî ãèïîêñè÷åñêîãî âîçäåéñòâèÿ íà óðîâåíü áàêòåðèöèäíîé àêòèâíîñòè ôàãîöèòèðóþùèõ êëåòîê êðîâè êðûñ ñ ïîìîùüþ ëèçîñîìàëüíî-êàòèîííîãî òåñòà (ËÊÒ ) ....................................................................... 196 9.2.2. Âíåêëåòî÷íîå óíè÷òîæåíèå (êëåòî÷íàÿ öèòîòîêñè÷íîñòü) .... 198 Çàäà÷à 9.13. Âëèÿíèå îñìîòè÷åñêîãî ñòðåññà íà ôóíêöèîíàëüíóþ àêòèâíîñòü íîðìàëüíûõ êèëëåðîâ ó êðûñ ............................ 199 9.2.3. Ðàçðóøåíèå ÷óæåðîäíûõ êëåòîê ñ ïîìîùüþ ãóìîðàëüíûõ ìåõàíèçìîâ ................................................................................ 201 Çàäà÷à 9.14. Âëèÿíèå 24-÷àñîâîé ïèùåâîé äåïðèâàöèè íà îáùóþ àêòèâíîñòü êîìïëåìåíòà â ñûâîðîòêå êðîâè êðûñ ïî 50%-ìó ãåìîëèçó .............................................................. 203 533 Çàäà÷à 9.15. Ìèêðîìåòîä îïðåäåëåíèÿ àêòèâíîñòè îòäåëüíûõ êîìïîíåíòîâ êîìïëåìåíòà â ñûâîðîòêå êðîâè ÷åëîâåêà ..... 207 Çàäà÷à 9.16. Îïðåäåëåíèå óðîâíÿ ïðîïåðäèíà â ñûâîðîòêå êðîâè ñàìîê è ñàìöîâ êðûñ ....................................................................... 209 Çàäà÷à 9.17. Îïðåäåëåíèå óðîâíÿ ëèçîöèìà â ñûâîðîòêå êðîâè ðàçëè÷íûõ æèâîòíûõ è ÷åëîâåêà ........................................................... 212 9.2.4. Ðîëü îñòðîé âîñïàëèòåëüíîé ðåàêöèè â ìåõàíèçìàõ âðîæäåííîé ðåçèñòåíòíîñòè îðãàíèçìà .......... 214 Çàäà÷à 9.18. Ìîäåëèðîâàíèå îñòðîãî âîñïàëåíèÿ è îöåíêà åãî âûðàæåííîñòè â óñëîâèÿõ áëîêàäû α- è β-àäðåíîðåöåïòîðîâ è îñâîáîæäåíèÿ ÀÊÒà èç ãèïîôèçà ...................................... 216 Çàäà÷à 9.19. Âëèÿíèå íîðàäðåíàëèíà, àäðåíàëèíà è àöåòèëõîëèíà íà âûäåëåíèå ìåäèàòîðîâ âîñïàëåíèÿ èç ïåðèòîíåàëüíûõ òó÷íûõ êëåòîê ñåíñèáèëèçèðîâàííûõ îâàëüáóìèíîì êðûñ .... 217 9.3. Ìåõàíèçìû ñïåöèôè÷åñêîãî ïðèîáðåòåííîãî èììóíèòåòà ................ 219 9.3.1. Õàðàêòåðèñòèêà êëåòîê, ó÷àñòâóþùèõ â ðåàêöèÿõ ñïåöèôè÷åñêîãî èììóíèòåòà ................................................... 221 Çàäà÷à 9.20. Âëèÿíèå íåéðîìåäèàòîðîâ, ãîðìîíîâ è ìåäèàòîðîâ âîñïàëåíèÿ íà ðåàêòèâíîñòü íà ìèòîãåíû è òêàíåâûå àíòèãåíû Ò-ëèìôîöèòîâ êðîâè êðûñ â ðåàêöèè áëàñòòðàíñôîðìàöèè ........................................................... 224 Çàäà÷à 9.21. Îïðåäåëåíèå êîëè÷åñòâà Ò-ëèìôîöèòîâ â êðîâè ÷åëîâåêà ìåòîäîì ñïîíòàííîãî ðîçåòêîîáðàçîâàíèÿ ñ ýðèòðîöèòàìè áàðàíà ................................................................................... 226 Çàäà÷à 9.22. Îïðåäåëåíèå êîëè÷åñòâà àíòèòåëîîáðàçóþùèõ êëåòîê (ÀÎÊ) â ñåëåçåíêå ìûøåé, èììóíèçèðîâàííûõ ýðèòðîöèòàìè áàðàíà, ìåòîäîì ëîêàëüíîãî ãåìîëèçà â ãåëå ........................ 228 Çàäà÷à 9.23. Îïðåäåëåíèå ñîäåðæàíèÿ â êðîâè ÷åëîâåêà B-ëèìôîöèòîâ, èìåþùèõ ðàçëè÷íûå ïîâåðõíîñòíûå èììóíîãëîáóëèíû ........ 232 9.3.2. Èììóíîãëîáóëèíû, ñòðóêòóðà è ðîëü â ðåàëèçàöèè ñïåöèôè÷åñêîãî èììóííîãî îòâåòà ......................................... 234 Çàäà÷à 9.24. Âëèÿíèå ïåïòèäíûõ íåéðîèììóíîìîäóëÿòîðîâ íà âûäåëåíèå èììóíîãëîáóëèíîâ èç ïåéåðîâûõ áëÿøåê îðàëüíî èììóíèçèðîâàííûõ îâàëüáóìèíîì êðûñ ................................ 235 Çàäà÷à 9.25. Êîëè÷åñòâåííîå îïðåäåëåíèå ñîäåðæàíèÿ èììóíîãëîáóëèíîâ â ñûâîðîòêå êðîâè ÷åëîâåêà ìåòîäîì ðàäèàëüíîé èììóíîäèôôóçèè â ãåëå ......................................................... 237 Çàäà÷à 9.26. Îïðåäåëåíèå ñîäåðæàíèÿ îáùåãî èììóíîãëîáóëèíà E â ñûâîðîòêå êðîâè ÷åëîâåêà ìåòîäîì òâåðäîôàçíîãî èììóíîôåðìåíòíîãî àíàëèçà ................................................ 240 Çàäà÷à 9.27. Îïðåäåëåíèå ñîäåðæàíèÿ öèðêóëèðóþùèõ èììóííûõ êîìïëåêñîâ â êðîâè ÷åëîâåêà ................................................ 242 9.4. Ðåãóëÿöèÿ èììóííîãî îòâåòà .............................................................. 243 9.4.1. Ìåõàíèçìû îãðàíè÷åíèÿ èììóííîãî îòâåòà .......................... 244 Çàäà÷à 9.28. Îñîáåííîñòè ãóìîðàëüíîãî èììóííîãî îòâåòà ó âçðîñëûõ ìûøåé, ïîëó÷àâøèõ àíòèãåí â ðàííåì ïîñòíàòàëüíîì ïåðèîäå îíòîãåíåçà ............................................................... 245 534 9.4.2. Ó÷àñòèå öèòîêèíîâ â ðåãóëÿöèè èììóííîãî îòâåòà ............... 246 Çàäà÷à 9.29. Îïðåäåëåíèå èíäåêñà ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòè «àêòèâíûõ» Ò-ëèìôîöèòîâ ê èíòåðëåéêèíó-2 .............................................................. 247 Çàäà÷à 9.30. Îïðåäåëåíèå öèòîêèíïðîäóöèðóþùåé àêòèâíîñòè ëèìôîöèòîâ ïåðèôåðè÷åñêîé êðîâè ëþäåé ðàçíîãî âîçðàñòà è ïîëà ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ðåàêöèè òîðìîæåíèÿ ìèãðàöèè ëåéêîöèòîâ ............................................................ 248 Ñïèñîê ëèòåðàòóðû ................................................................................... 250 à ë à â à 10 ÔÓÍÊÖÈÈ ÊÐÎÂÎÎÁÐÀÙÅÍÈß 10.1. Ñâîéñòâà ñåðäå÷íîé ìûøöû .............................................................. 254 Çàäà÷à 10.1. Ðåãèñòðàöèÿ ñîêðàùåíèé ñåðäöà ëÿãóøêè. Âëèÿíèå òåìïåðàòóðû íà ñîêðàùåíèÿ ñåðäöà .................................... 256 Çàäà÷à 10.2. Ïåðåâÿçêè Ñòàííèóñà ........................................................... 258 Çàäà÷à 10.3. Ýêñòðàñèñòîëà è êîìïåíñàòîðíàÿ ïàóçà ............................ 259 10.2. Âîçáóäèìîñòü ñåðäå÷íîé ìûøöû ...................................................... 260 Çàäà÷à 10.4. Èññëåäîâàíèå ýëåêòðè÷åñêîé àêòèâíîñòè ñåðäöà ìåòîäîì ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêîãî ðåîñêîïà .................................... 262 Çàäà÷à 10.5. Ðåãèñòðàöèÿ ìîíîôàçíûõ ïîòåíöèàëîâ äåéñòâèÿ ñåðäöà ñ ïîìîùüþ ïðèñàñûâàþùèõñÿ ýëåêòðîäîâ ............................ 262 Çàäà÷à 10.6. Ìîíîôàçíûå ýëåêòðîãðàììû è ýëåêòðîêàðäèîãðàììà èçîëèðîâàííîãî ñåðäöà ëÿãóøêè ............................................ 269 Çàäà÷à 10.7. Îäíîâðåìåííàÿ ðåãèñòðàöèÿ ñîêðàùåíèé è ìîíîôàçíûõ ýëåêòðîãðàìì ñåðäöà ëÿãóøêè .............................................. 271 Çàäà÷à 10.8. Âëèÿíèå òåìïåðàòóðû íà ýëåêòðè÷åñêóþ àêòèâíîñòü è ñîêðàùåíèÿ èçîëèðîâàííîãî ñåðäöà ëÿãóøêè ..................... 273 Çàäà÷à 10.9. Èçìåíåíèå âîçáóäèìîñòè ìèîêàðäà âî âðåìÿ ãåíåðàöèè ïîòåíöèàëà äåéñòâèÿ. Âëèÿíèå ÷àñòîòû ñîêðàùåíèé íà äëèòåëüíîñòü ïîòåíöèàëîâ äåéñòâèÿ â æåëóäî÷êå ......... 275 Çàäà÷à 10.10. Ìîíîôàçíûå ýëåêòðîãðàììû ñåðäöà ìîëëþñêîâ (áðþõîíîãèõ è äâóñòâîð÷àòûõ) ............................................ 277 10.3. Îñîáåííîñòè ýëåêòðîìåõàíè÷åñêîãî ñîïðÿæåíèÿ â ñåðäöå ............. 280 Çàäà÷à 10.11. Õðîíîèíîòðîïíûå ðåàêöèè â ñåðäöå (ëåñòíèöà Áîóäè÷à) .. 282 10.4. Ýëåêòðîêàðäèîãðàììà ........................................................................ 285 Çàäà÷à 10.12. Ðåãèñòðàöèÿ è îïðåäåëåíèå îñíîâíûõ ïàðàìåòðîâ ÝÊà â ïîêîå ........................................................................... 288 Çàäà÷à 10.13. Ôóíêöèîíàëüíûå ïðîáû ñîñòîÿíèÿ ñåðäöà ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ýëåêòðîêàðäèîãðàììû ........................................................... 291 Çàäà÷à 10.14. Îïðåäåëåíèå ôèçè÷åñêîé âûíîñëèâîñòè ó ÷åëîâåêà ïóòåì ðàñ÷åòà êàðäèîðåñïèðàòîðíîãî èíäåêñà (â ìîäèôèêàöèè Í. Í. Ñàìêî) .............................................. 292 Çàäà÷à 10.15. Ïîñòðîåíèå âåêòîðêàðäèîãðàììû ...................................... 294 10.5. Ýêñòðàêàðäèàëüíàÿ íåéðîíàëüíàÿ ðåãóëÿöèÿ ðàáîòû ñåðäöà .......... 296 Çàäà÷à 10.16. Âëèÿíèå íåéðîìåäèàòîðîâ è èîíîâ íà ðàáîòó ñåðäöà ......... 297 535 Çàäà÷à 10.17. Èçìåíåíèå ðàáîòû ñåðäöà ëÿãóøêè ïðè ñòèìóëÿöèè âàãîñèìïàòè÷åñêîãî ñòâîëà ................................................. 302 10.6. Ðåôëåêñû ñåðäöà ............................................................................... 304 Çàäà÷à 10.18. Ðåàêöèè ñåðäöà ìîëëþñêîâ íà ìåõàíè÷åñêîå ðàçäðàæåíèå àôôåðåíòîâ ñòåíêè òåëà è âíóòðåííèõ îðãàíîâ ................. 305 Çàäà÷à 10.19. Ðåôëåêñû ñåðäöà ÷åëîâåêà ................................................... 306 10.7. Ñîñóäèñòàÿ ñèñòåìà ........................................................................... 308 Çàäà÷à 10.20. Èçìåðåíèå àðòåðèàëüíîãî äàâëåíèÿ ó ÷åëîâåêà ................... 309 Çàäà÷à 10.21. Ðåãèñòðàöèÿ ïóëüñîâîé âîëíû â àðòåðèÿõ ÷åëîâåêà ............ 312 Çàäà÷à 10.22. Ôóíêöèîíàëüíûå ïðîáû íà ðåàêòèâíîñòü ñåðäå÷íîñîñóäèñòîé ñèñòåìû ÷åëîâåêà .............................................. 313 Çàäà÷à 10.23. Èçìåíåíèå ïðîñâåòà ìåëêèõ êðîâåíîñíûõ ñîñóäîâ ïîä âëèÿíèåì ðàçëè÷íûõ ïðåïàðàòîâ è èçìåíåíèÿ òåìïåðàòóðû ........................................................................ 314 Çàäà÷à 10.24. Äâèæåíèå êðîâè â êàïèëëÿðàõ íîãòåâîãî ëîæà ÷åëîâåêà ... 316 10.8. Îïåðàöèè íà ñåðäå÷íî-ñîñóäèñòîé ñèñòåìå ..................................... 317 Ñïèñîê ëèòåðàòóðû ................................................................................... 321 à ë à â à 11 ÔÈÇÈÎËÎÃÈß ÄÛÕÀÍÈß 11.1. Ýâîëþöèÿ òèïîâ äûõàíèÿ ................................................................ 323 11.1.1. Äûõàíèå áåñïîçâîíî÷íûõ æèâîòíûõ ...................................... 323 Çàäà÷à 11.1. Âëèÿíèå íåäîñòàòêà êèñëîðîäà è òåìïåðàòóðû îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû íà ÷àñòîòó äûõàòåëüíûõ äâèæåíèé òàðàêàíà ............................................................................... 325 Çàäà÷à 11.2. Ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòü ïðåáûâàíèÿ æóêà-ïëàâóíöà ïîä âîäîé ïðè íîðìàëüíîì è ïîíèæåííîì ñîäåðæàíèè â íåé êèñëîðîäà ............................................................................... 326 Çàäà÷à 11.3. Âëèÿíèå ðàçäðàæåíèÿ ãðóäíûõ ãàíãëèåâ íàñåêîìîãî íà ðèòì äûõàòåëüíûõ äâèæåíèé .......................................... 327 Çàäà÷à 11.4. Âëèÿíèå íåäîñòàòêà êèñëîðîäà íà äûõàòåëüíûå äâèæåíèÿ ïèÿâêè ................................................................................... 328 11.1.2. Äûõàíèå ïîçâîíî÷íûõ æèâîòíûõ ........................................... 328 Çàäà÷à 11.5. Ìåõàíèçì æàáåðíîãî äûõàíèÿ ó ðûáû .................................. 330 Çàäà÷à 11.6. Âëèÿíèå ðàçðóøåíèÿ ïîëîâèíû ïðîäîëãîâàòîãî ìîçãà íà äûõàòåëüíûå äâèæåíèÿ êàðàñÿ ........................................ 331 Çàäà÷à 11.7. Äåéñòâèå íàãðåâàíèÿ âîäû íà äûõàòåëüíûå äâèæåíèÿ ðûáû ...................................................................................... 332 Çàäà÷à 11.8. Áåçóñëîâíûé è óñëîâíûé äûõàòåëüíûå ðåôëåêñû ó êàðàñÿ ... 333 Çàäà÷à 11.9. Èçó÷åíèå çíà÷åíèÿ êèøå÷íîãî äûõàíèÿ ó âüþíà ................... 335 Çàäà÷à 11.10. Äûõàòåëüíûé êîýôôèöèåíò ïðè êîæíîì è ëåãî÷íîì äûõàíèè ó òðàâÿíîé ëÿãóøêè (Rana temporaria) ................. 336 Çàäà÷à 11.11. Ìåõàíèçì ëåãî÷íîãî äûõàíèÿ ïîçâîíî÷íûõ .......................... 338 Çàäà÷à 11.12. Ðîëü ìåðöàòåëüíîãî ýïèòåëèÿ âåðõíèõ äûõàòåëüíûõ ïóòåé ..................................................................................... 340 536 11.2. Äûõàòåëüíûé àêò è âåíòèëÿöèÿ ëåãêèõ ........................................... 341 11.2.1. Äûõàòåëüíûå ìûøöû ............................................................... 342 Çàäà÷à 11.13. Íàáëþäåíèå äûõàòåëüíûõ ýêñêóðñèé ãðóäíîé êëåòêè ........ 342 Çàäà÷à 11.14. Àóñêóëüòàöèÿ âûñëóøèâàíèå ëåãêèõ ................................ 343 Çàäà÷à 11.15. Ðåãèñòðàöèÿ ýëåêòðè÷åñêîé è ìåõàíè÷åñêîé àêòèâíîñòè ãëàäêîìûøå÷íûõ êëåòîê äûõàòåëüíûõ ïóòåé ................................................................................... 344 Çàäà÷à 11.16. Ðåãèñòðàöèÿ äûõàòåëüíîãî öèêëà ó ÷åëîâåêà (ïíåâìîãðàôèÿ) ................................................................... 346 Çàäà÷à 11.17. Ðåãèñòðàöèÿ ïíåâìîãðàììû ó æèâîòíûõ ........................... 348 Çàäà÷à 11.18. Çíà÷åíèå ãåðìåòè÷íîñòè ïëåâðàëüíîé ïîëîñòè â ìåõàíèçìå äûõàíèÿ ........................................................... 350 11.2.2. Âåíòèëÿöèÿ ëåãêèõ è âíóòðèëåãî÷íûé îáúåì ãàçîâ .................... 352 Çàäà÷à 11.19. Îïðåäåëåíèå ñîäåðæàíèÿ êèñëîðîäà â àòìîñôåðíîì, âûäûõàåìîì è àëüâåîëÿðíîì âîçäóõå ñ ïîìîùüþ îêñèàíàëèçàòîðà ................................................................. 352 Çàäà÷à 11.20. Îïðåäåëåíèå ñîäåðæàíèÿ óãëåêèñëîãî ãàçà â âûäûõàåìîì âîçäóõå ñ ïîìîùüþ õèìè÷åñêîãî ãàçîàíàëèçàòîðà .............. 353 11.3. Òðàíñïîðò ãàçîâ ìåæäó ëåãêèìè è òêàíÿìè ..................................... 354 Çàäà÷à 11.21. Äèôôóçèÿ óãëåêèñëîòû â ëåãêèå .......................................... 354 Çàäà÷à 11.22. Àíàëèç íàñûùåíèÿ êðîâè êèñëîðîäîì (îêñèãåìîìåòðèÿ, îêñèãåìîãðàôèÿ) ..................................... 356 11.4. Ìåõàíèçìû ðåãóëÿöèè äûõàíèÿ ........................................................ 357 11.4.1. Öåíòðàëüíûé äûõàòåëüíûé ìåõàíèçì .................................... 358 Çàäà÷à 11.23. Âçàèìîäåéñòâèå ñòðóêòóð îáîíÿòåëüíîãî ìîçãà è äûõàòåëüíîãî öåíòðà ñòâîëà ìîçãà â ïðîöåññå êîíòðîëÿ äûõàíèÿ ó êðûñ .................................................... 358 Çàäà÷à 11.24. Âëèÿíèå àôôåðåíòíîé ñòèìóëÿöèè íà ñìåíó ôàç äûõàòåëüíîãî öèêëà (îïûò Ãåðèíãà Áðåéåðà) ................. 360 11.4.2. Õåìîðåöåïòîðû è õåìîðåöåïòîðíûå ñòèìóëû äûõàíèÿ ....... 361 Çàäà÷à 11.25. Âëèÿíèå ñîäåðæàíèÿ êèñëîðîäà è óãëåêèñëîãî ãàçà âî âäûõàåìîì âîçäóõå íà äåÿòåëüíîñòü äûõàòåëüíîãî öåíòðà (îïûò Õîëäåíà) ...................................................... 361 Çàäà÷à 11.26. Âëèÿíèå ïîâûøåííîãî ñîäåðæàíèÿ óãëåêèñëîãî ãàçà âî âäûõàåìîì âîçäóõå íà âåëè÷èíó ëåãî÷íîé âåíòèëÿöèè ó ÷åëîâåêà ............................................................................. 363 11.4.3. Ìåõàíîðåöåïòîðû äûõàòåëüíîé ñèñòåìû ............................... 364 Çàäà÷à 11.27. Âëèÿíèå ðåöåïòîðîâ ðàñòÿæåíèÿ ëåãêèõ íà äûõàíèå ......... 365 11.4.4. Ðîëü íàäìîñòîâûõ ñòðóêòóð ..................................................... 366 Çàäà÷à 11.28. Âëèÿíèå ðå÷è íà ïàðàìåòðû âíåøíåãî äûõàíèÿ .................. 367 Çàäà÷à 11.29. Ïðîèçâîëüíàÿ çàäåðæêà äûõàíèÿ ó ÷åëîâåêà ...................... 368 11.5. Äûõàíèå ïðè ðàçëè÷íûõ ôóíêöèîíàëüíûõ ñîñòîÿíèÿõ è óñëîâèÿõ ñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ îðãàíèçìà ................................................ 369 11.5.1. Äûõàíèå ïðè ìûøå÷íîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè .................................. 369 Çàäà÷à 11.30. Âëèÿíèå ôèçè÷åñêîé íàãðóçêè íà äûõàíèå ÷åëîâåêà ............ 369 537 11.5.2. Âëèÿíèå íà äûõàíèå ñîñòàâà ãàçîâîé ñðåäû .......................... 370 Çàäà÷à 11.31. Âëèÿíèå èçìåíåííîé ãàçîâîé ñðåäû íà äûõàíèå ÷åëîâåêà ïðè íûðÿíèè .......................................................................... 371 Ñïèñîê ëèòåðàòóðû ................................................................................... 373 à ë à â à 12 ÎÁÌÅÍ ÂÅÙÅÑÒ 12.1. Îêèñëèòåëüíûé è ýíåðãåòè÷åñêèé îáìåí ........................................ 376 Çàäà÷à 12.1. Îïðåäåëåíèå êîëè÷åñòâà âûäûõàåìîãî æèâîòíûì óãëåêèñëîãî ãàçà .................................................................... 376 12.2. Îáìåí óãëåâîäîâ ................................................................................ 380 Çàäà÷à 12.2. Îïðåäåëåíèå êîëè÷åñòâà ãëþêîçû â ñûâîðîòêå êðîâè æèâîòíûõ ñ ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûì äèàáåòîì ........................ 381 Çàäà÷à 12.3. Âëèÿíèå àäðåíàëèíà íà ñîäåðæàíèå ãëþêîçû â ñêåëåòíûõ ìûøöàõ .................................................................................. 383 Çàäà÷à 12.4. Îïðåäåëåíèå ñîäåðæàíèÿ ãëèêîãåíà â ñêåëåòíûõ ìûøöàõ ..... 386 12.3. Îáìåí ëèïèäîâ ................................................................................... 388 Çàäà÷à 12.5. Îïðåäåëåíèå êîëè÷åñòâà îáùèõ ëèïèäîâ â ñûâîðîòêå êðîâè ..................................................................................... 389 Çàäà÷à 12.6. Îïðåäåëåíèå ñîäåðæàíèÿ õîëåñòåðèíà è ýôèðîâ õîëåñòåðèíà â ìîçãå ðàñòóùèõ êðûñ .................................... 390 Ñïèñîê ëèòåðàòóðû ................................................................................... 392 à ë à â à 13 ÔÈÇÈÎËÎÃÈß ÏÈÙÅÂÀÐÅÍÈß 13.1. Ïèùåâàðåíèå ó áåñïîçâîíî÷íûõ æèâîòíûõ ...................................... 395 Çàäà÷à 13.1. Âíóòðèêëåòî÷íîå ïåðåâàðèâàíèå ó àìåáû è èíôóçîðèè òóôåëüêè ............................................................................... 395 Çàäà÷à 13.2. Ïèùåâàðèòåëüíûé ïðîöåññ ó ãèäðû ...................................... 396 Çàäà÷à 13.3. Ðàñùåïëåíèå êðàõìàëà ñëþíîé âèíîãðàäíîé óëèòêè ............ 398 Çàäà÷à 13.4. Ïåðåâàðèâàíèå áåëêîâ, æèðîâ è óãëåâîäîâ â ñðåäíåé êèøêå òàðàêàíà ................................................................... 399 13.2. Ïèùåâàðåíèå ó ïîçâîíî÷íûõ æèâîòíûõ ........................................... 400 13.2.1. Ñåêðåòîðíàÿ ôóíêöèÿ ïèùåâàðèòåëüíûõ æåëåç .................... 400 Çàäà÷à 13.5. Ìåòîä âûâåäåíèÿ ïðîòîêîâ ñëþííûõ æåëåç ........................ 401 Çàäà÷à 13.6. Îïðåäåëåíèå âÿçêîñòè ñëþíû, ïîëó÷åííîé íà ïèùåâûå è îòâåðãàåìûå âåùåñòâà ...................................................... 404 Çàäà÷à 13.7. Ôèñòóëà æåëóäêà ................................................................. 405 Çàäà÷à 13.8. Îïåðàöèÿ ïåðåðåçêè ïèùåâîäà (ýçîôàãîòîìèÿ) ................... 408 Çàäà÷à 13.9. Èçîëèðîâàííûé æåëóäî÷åê ïî È. Ï. Ïàâëîâó ........................ 409 Çàäà÷à 13.10. Ïðîòåîëèòè÷åñêèå ôåðìåíòû æåëóäî÷íîãî ñîêà ............... 415 Çàäà÷à 13.11. Èññëåäîâàíèå æåëóäî÷íîãî ñîêîîòäåëåíèÿ â ïåðèîä ìîçãîâîé ôàçû ðåãóëÿöèè ñåêðåöèè ....................................... 416 Çàäà÷à 13.12. Îïåðàöèÿ âûâåäåíèÿ ïðîòîêà ïîäæåëóäî÷íîé æåëåçû ....... 417 538 Çàäà÷à Çàäà÷à Çàäà÷à Çàäà÷à 13.13. Ôåðìåíòû ïîäæåëóäî÷íîé æåëåçû ..................................... 420 13.14. Íàëîæåíèå ôèñòóë æåë÷íîãî ïóçûðÿ ó ñîáàêè ................... 422 13.15. Âûâåäåíèå æåë÷íîãî ïðîòîêà .............................................. 423 13.16. Âëèÿíèå ñîëÿíîé êèñëîòû è æèðà íà æåë÷åîòäåëåíèå è æåë÷åâûäåëåíèå .................................................................. 425 13.2.2. Ïåðåâàðèâàíèå ïèùåâûõ âåùåñòâ â òîíêîì êèøå÷íèêå (ìåìáðàííîå ïèùåâàðåíèå è âñàñûâàíèå) ............................. 426 Çàäà÷à 13.17. Èçîëÿöèÿ ïåòëè òîíêîé êèøêè ïî Òèðè Âåëëà ............... 427 Çàäà÷à 13.18. Ñåêðåöèÿ êèøå÷íîãî ñîêà ïðè ìåõàíè÷åñêîì ðàçäðàæåíèè êèøêè .............................................................. 429 13.2.3. Ìîòîðíàÿ ôóíêöèÿ æåëóäî÷íî-êèøå÷íîãî òðàêòà ............... 430 Çàäà÷à 13.19. Îïåðàöèÿ ïî èçîëÿöèè ñåãìåíòà ïîäâçäîøíîé êèøêè ìîðñêîé ñâèíêè ...................................................................... 431 Çàäà÷à 13.20. Èññëåäîâàíèå ñîêðàòèòåëüíîé ðåàêöèè èçîëèðîâàííîãî ñåãìåíòà ïîäâçäîøíîé êèøêè íà âåùåñòâî-àãîíèñò ........... 436 Çàäà÷à 13.21. Îöåíêà ñîêðàòèòåëüíîé ðåàêöèè êèøå÷íîãî ñåãìåíòà ...... 440 Çàäà÷à 13.22. Ðåãèñòðàöèÿ ñîêðàòèòåëüíîé àêòèâíîñòè ñåãìåíòà òîíêîé êèøêè êîøêè ïðè ïåðôóçèè åå ñîñóäèñòîãî ðóñëà àðòåðèàëüíîé êðîâüþ ............................................................ 441 Çàäà÷à 13.23. Ðåãèñòðàöèÿ ìèîýëåêòðè÷åñêîé àêòèâíîñòè æåëóäî÷íî-êèøå÷íîãî òðàêòà ............................................. 445 Ñïèñîê ëèòåðàòóðû ................................................................................... 447 à ë à â à 14 ÔÈÇÈÎËÎÃÈß ÂÛÄÅËÈÒÅËÜÍÎÉ ÑÈÑÒÅÌÛ 14.1. Âûäåëèòåëüíàÿ ñèñòåìà áåñïîçâîíî÷íûõ æèâîòíûõ ........................ 451 Çàäà÷à 14.1. Ñîêðàòèòåëüíàÿ âàêóîëü ïðîñòåéøèõ .................................. 451 Çàäà÷à 14.2. Ìåòàíåôðèäèè êîëü÷àòîãî ÷åðâÿ .......................................... 452 Çàäà÷à 14.3. Ìàëüïèãèåâû ñîñóäû íàñåêîìûõ ............................................ 454 14.2. Ôóíêöèè ïî÷êè ïîçâîíî÷íûõ æèâîòíûõ ........................................... 456 Çàäà÷à 14.4. Âëèÿíèå îñìîëÿëüíîñòè è òîíè÷íîñòè ñðåäû íà ýðèòðîöèòû ..................................................................... 457 Çàäà÷à 14.5. Îïðåäåëåíèå ñêîðîñòè êëóáî÷êîâîé ôèëüòðàöèè ................. 459 Çàäà÷à 14.6. Ðàñ÷åò âåëè÷èíû ïî÷å÷íîãî êðîâîòîêà ................................ 461 Çàäà÷à 14.7. Îïðåäåëåíèå ìàêñèìàëüíîé âåëè÷èíû òðàíñïîðòà ãëþêîçû .................................................................................. 462 Çàäà÷à 14.8. Îñìîòè÷åñêèé äèóðåç. Ìî÷åãîííîå äåéñòâèå ñóëüôàòîâ ..... 464 Çàäà÷à 14.9. Âîäíûé äèóðåç è åãî òîðìîæåíèå àíòèäèóðåòè÷åñêèì ãîðìîíîì ................................................................................ 465 14.3. Èçó÷åíèå ïîêàçàòåëåé ìî÷è .............................................................. 466 Çàäà÷à 14.10. Îïðåäåëåíèå îòíîñèòåëüíîé ïëîòíîñòè ìî÷è .................... 466 Çàäà÷à 14.11. Îïðåäåëåíèå êèñëîòíîñòè ìî÷è .......................................... 467 Çàäà÷à 14.12. Èññëåäîâàíèå ìî÷è íà ñîäåðæàíèå áåëêà ............................ 467 Çàäà÷à 14.13. Èññëåäîâàíèå ìî÷è íà ñîäåðæàíèå ñàõàðà .......................... 468 14.4. Îïåðàöèè íà îðãàíàõ ìî÷åïîëîâîé ñèñòåìû .................................... 469 539 Ñïèñîê ëèòåðàòóðû ................................................................................... 476 à ë à â à 15 ÔÈÇÈÎËÎÃÈß ÐÅÏÐÎÄÓÊÒÈÂÍÎÉ ÑÈÑÒÅÌÛ 15.1. Ïîëîâûå æåëåçû ................................................................................ 478 Çàäà÷à 15.1. Ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêèå ñâîéñòâà ñïåðìàòîçîèäîâ ......................... 479 15.2. Ïîëîâîé öèêë .................................................................................... 480 Çàäà÷à 15.2. Îïðåäåëåíèå ñòàäèé ýñòðàëüíîãî öèêëà ãðûçóíîâ ïî âëàãàëèùíûì ìàçêàì ....................................................... 481 Çàäà÷à 15.3. Ñèíõðîíèçàöèÿ ôàç ýñòðàëüíîãî öèêëà ôåðîìîíàìè ........... 483 Çàäà÷à 15.4. Âëèÿíèå ýìîöèîíàëüíîãî ñòðåññà íà ýñòðàëüíûé öèêë ó ñàìîê êðûñ ......................................................................... 484 Çàäà÷à 15.5. Âëèÿíèå óíèëàòåðàëüíîé ãîíàäýêòîìèè íà àãðåññèâíîå ïîâåäåíèå ñàìöîâ êðûñ ......................................................... 485 15.3. Ïîëîâîå âëå÷åíèå .............................................................................. 486 Çàäà÷à 15.6. Âëèÿíèå îâàðèýêòîìèè, ââåäåíèÿ ýñòðàäèîëà è ïðîãåñòåðîíà íà ïîëîâîå âëå÷åíèå ñàìîê êðûñ ................. 487 Çàäà÷à 15.7. Âëèÿíèå êàñòðàöèè è ââåäåíèÿ òåñòîñòåðîíà íà ïîëîâîå ïîâåäåíèå ñàìöîâ êðûñ ......................................................... 487 15.4. Áåðåìåííîñòü ...................................................................................... 488 Çàäà÷à 15.8. Òåñò íà ïîÿâëåíèå ñïåðìàòîçîèäîâ â êëîà÷íîé æèäêîñòè ëÿãóøåê-ñàìöîâ ïðè èíúåêöèè ñûâîðîòêè êðîâè .................. 489 15.5. Ëàêòàöèÿ ............................................................................................ 490 Çàäà÷à 15.9. Èçó÷åíèå íåéðîýíäîêðèííîãî ðåôëåêñà âûäåëåíèÿ ìîëîêà ó ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûõ æèâîòíûõ ..................................... 491 Çàäà÷à 15.10. Èçìåðåíèå âíóòðèöèñòåðíàëüíîãî äàâëåíèÿ â ìîëî÷íîé æåëåçå êîç ............................................................................ 492 Çàäà÷à 15.11. Èçìåíåíèå ðåôëåêñà âûâåäåíèÿ ìîëîêà ïðè äåéñòâèè ñòðåññîðíûõ ôàêòîðîâ è ðàçëè÷íûõ ôàðìàêîëîãè÷åñêèõ âåùåñòâ ................................................................................ 495 Çàäà÷à 15.12. Ðåãèñòðàöèÿ òðàíñýïèòåëèàëüíîé ðàçíîñòè ïîòåíöèàëîâ â ìîëî÷íîé æåëåçå êîç ......................................................... 496 Çàäà÷à 15.13. Îïðåäåëåíèå äèíàìèêè ðåôëåêñîâ âûâåäåíèÿ ìîëîêà ó ìûøåé ................................................................................ 497 Çàäà÷à 15.14. Èññëåäîâàíèå ìîëîêà íà ñîäåðæàíèå â íåì æèðà .............. 498 Çàäà÷à 15.15. Èññëåäîâàíèå èçìåíåíèé èíòåíñèâíîñòè ýêñòðóçèè áåëêà òêàíåâûìè ïðåïàðàòàìè ìîëî÷íîé æåëåçû ïîä âëèÿíèåì ìåäèàòîðîâ âîñïàëåíèÿ ........................................................ 500 Çàäà÷à 15.16. Àíàëèç èçìåíåíèÿ ñèíòåçà ñåêðåòîðíîãî áåëêà â êëåòêàõ ìîëî÷íîé æåëåçû ãðûçóíîâ ïîä âëèÿíèåì ìåäèàòîðîâ âîñïàëåíèÿ ............................................................................ 502 Çàäà÷à 15.17. Âëèÿíèå ñèñòåìû ìèåëîïåðîêñèäàçû íà àêòèâíîñòü õîëèíýñòåðàçû â òêàíè ìîëî÷íîé æåëåçû ãðûçóíîâ ........... 503 Çàäà÷à 15.18. Èññëåäîâàíèå óðîâíÿ ìèãðàöèè ëåéêîöèòîâ â òêàíü ìîëî÷íîé æåëåçû ãðûçóíîâ â ïåðèîä àêòèâàöèè 540 è òîðìîæåíèÿ åå ñåêðåòîðíîé àêòèâíîñòè ....................... 505 Çàäà÷à 15.19. Îïðåäåëåíèå èíòåíñèâíîñòè ïåðåêèñíîãî îêèñëåíèÿ ëèïèäîâ â òêàíÿõ ìîëî÷íîé æåëåçû â ïåðèîäû àêòèâàöèè è òîðìîæåíèÿ ñåêðåòîîáðàçîâàíèÿ ................. 507 Ñïèñîê ëèòåðàòóðû ................................................................................... 509 à ë à â à 16 ÒÅÐÌÎÐÅÃÓËßÖÈß 16.1. Òåðìîðåöåïöèÿ, ñóáúåêòèâíûå òåìïåðàòóðíûå îùóùåíèÿ .............. 510 Çàäà÷à 16.1. Âëèÿíèå òåìïåðàòóðû íà èìïóëüñíûé îòâåò âîëîñêîâîãî ìåõàíîðåöåïòîðà ãóñåíèöû îçèìîé ñîâêè ......... 512 Çàäà÷à 16.2. Íàõîæäåíèå òåïëîâûõ è õîëîäîâûõ òî÷åê íà êîæå ÷åëîâåêà ................................................................................. 514 16.2. Òåìïåðàòóðà òåëà ............................................................................... 515 Çàäà÷à 16.3. Îïðåäåëåíèå ñðåäíåé âçâåøåííîé òåìïåðàòóðû êîæè ó ÷åëîâåêà .............................................................................. 516 Ñïèñîê ëèòåðàòóðû ................................................................................... 518 à ë à â à 17 ÝËÅÌÅÍÒÛ ÌÀÒÅÌÀÒÈ×ÅÑÊÎÉ ÎÁÐÀÁÎÒÊÈ ÔÈÇÈÎËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÈÕ ÄÀÍÍÛÕ 17.1. Óñðåäíåíèå ñèãíàëà ........................................................................... 520 17.2. Ïðèáëèæåíèå ..................................................................................... 522 17.3. ×àñòîòíûé àíàëèç .............................................................................. 523 17.4. Ñïåêòð ìîùíîñòè ............................................................................... 525 17.5. Öèôðîâàÿ èëè àíàëîãîâàÿ ôèëüòðàöèÿ? .......................................... 525 17.6. Âåéâëåòû ............................................................................................ 525 Ñïèñîê ëèòåðàòóðû ................................................................................... 528 541
