Археология древних обществ Евразии

ϖϴϸϼЀ ϠϼЉϴϽϿЂ϶ϼЋ ϠϴЅcЂЁ Ёϴ ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ, 1974 Ϸ.
Vadim Mikhailovich Masson at Altyn-depe, 1974
RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
INSTITUTE FOR THE HISTORY OF MATERIAL CULTURE
PROCEEDINGS. VOL. XLII
Archaeology of the ancient societies
of Eurasia: chronology, cultural genesis,
religious views
Dedicated to the memory of Vadim Mikhailovich Masson
(03.05.1929–19.02.2010)
St. Petersburg
2014
А А А
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А
. . XLII
:
,
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(03.05.1929–19.02.2010)
нк - е ер
2014
рг
ϕϕϞ 63.4
:
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,
.
(03.05.1929–19.02.2010). ϦЄЇϸЏ ϜϜϠϞ Ϥϔϡ. Ϧ. XLII. — ϥϣϵ.:
ϜϜϠϞ Ϥϔϡ; «ϔЄІ-ϱϾЅЃЄϹЅЅ», 2014. 464 Ѕ.
Archaeology of the ancient societies of Eurasia: chronology, cultural genesis, religious views.
Dedicated to the memory of Vadim Mikhailovich Masson (03.05.1929–19.02.2010). Proceedings of IHMC RAS.
Vol XLII — St. Petersburg: IHMC RAS; “Art-Xpress”, 2014. 464 p.
ISBN 978-5-4391-0123-8
ϧІ϶ϹЄϺϸϹЁЂ Ͼ ЃϹЋϴІϼ ϧЋϹЁЏЀ ЅЂ϶ϹІЂЀ ϜϜϠϞ Ϥϔϡ.
Approved by the Academic Board of IHMC RAS.
: ϖ. ϔ. ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ (ЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏϽ ЄϹϸϴϾІЂЄ), ϟ. ϕ. ϞϼЄЋЂ (ϻϴЀ. ЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϷЂ
ЄϹϸϴϾІЂЄϴ), Ϡ. Ϧ. ϞϴЌЇϵϴ, ϖ. ϳ. ϥІДϷϴЁЊϹ϶ϴ.
Editorial board: V. A. Alekshin (editor-in-chief), L. B. Kircho (deputy editor), M. T. Kashuba, V. Ya. Stegantseva.
.
: ϟ. ϕ. ϖϼЌЁГЊϾϼϽ.
English translation: L. B. Vishnyatsky.
: ϸЂϾІЂЄ ϼЅІЂЄϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЁϴЇϾ ϲ. ϙ. ϕϹЄϹϻϾϼЁ, ϸЂϾІЂЄ ϼЅІЂЄϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЁϴЇϾ Ϣ. ϖ. ϬϴЄЂ϶.
Editorial referees: Doctor of Historical Sciences Yu. E. Berezkin, Doctor of Historical Sciences O. V. Sharov.
ϖ ЁϴЅІЂГЍϹЀ ϼϻϸϴЁϼϼ ЃЇϵϿϼϾЇВІЅГ ЅІϴІАϼ, ЃЂЅ϶ГЍϹЁЁЏϹ ЃЄЂϵϿϹЀϴЀ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ІϹЂЄϼϼ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ϴЁϴϿϼϻЇ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЂ϶ ЂІ БЃЂЉϼ ЁϹЂϿϼІϴ ϸЂ ЄϴЁЁϹϷЂ ЅЄϹϸЁϹ϶ϹϾЂ϶АГ, ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЉ Ёϴ ЂϵЌϼЄЁЏЉ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼГЉ ЂІ ϞϼЃЄϴ, ϔЁϴІЂϿϼϼ ϼ ϔЄϴ϶ϼϽЅϾЂϷЂ ЃЂϿЇЂЅІЄЂ϶ϴ ϸЂ ϙ϶ЄЂЃЏ, Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ, ϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϽ
ϔϻϼϼ ϼ ϲϺЁЂϽ ϥϼϵϼЄϼ. ϖ ЄϴϵЂІϴЉ, ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЁЏЉ ϶ ЅϵЂЄЁϼϾϹ, ЃЂϸЄЂϵЁЂ ЄϴЅϾЄЏ϶ϴВІЅГ ϶ЂЃЄЂЅЏ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼГ ϼ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼϼ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϼЉ ЂϵЍϹЅІ϶ ϙ϶Єϴϻϼϼ, ЂЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄϼϻЂ϶ϴЁЏ ЀЂϸϹϿϼ ϼЉ ϶ϻϴϼЀЂϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼГ, ЄϹϾЂЁЅІЄЇϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЏ ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЏϹ ЅІϴϸϼϼ Єϴϻ϶ϼІϼГ ϼЉ ϸЇЉЂ϶ЁЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ, ϶ϾϿВЋϴГ ϼЅϾЇЅЅІ϶Ђ ϼ ϶ϹЄЂ϶ϴЁϼГ. ϞЁϼϷϴ ЁϴЃϼЅϴЁϴ
ЅЂІЄЇϸЁϼϾϴЀϼ ϢІϸϹϿϴ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼϼ ϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϽ ϔϻϼϼ ϼ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ϢІϸϹϿϴ ϼЅІЂЄϼϼ ϴЁІϼЋЁЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ
ϜϜϠϞ Ϥϔϡ ϼ ЃЄϹϸЁϴϻЁϴЋϹЁϴ ϸϿГ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷЂ϶, БІЁЂϷЄϴЈЂ϶ ϼ ϼЅІЂЄϼϾЂ϶, ЅЃϹЊϼϴϿϼЅІЂ϶ ϶ ЂϵϿϴЅІϼ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϷЂ ЃЄЂЌϿЂϷЂ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ, ЁϴЅϹϿГ϶ЌϼЉ ЂϵЌϼЄЁЏϹ ЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁЅІ϶ϴ Ϲ϶ЄϴϻϼϽЅϾЂϷЂ ϾЂЁІϼЁϹЁІϴ.
The papers published in the present volume are devoted both to theoretical issues faced by archaeologists
and to the analysis of specific archaeological assemblages. The latter span the period from the Neolithic to the Early
Middle Ages and come from a wide range of geographical areas such as Cyprus, Anatolia, Arabia, Europe, Caucasus,
Central Asia, and South Siberia. The works presented in the volume substantially contribute to clarifying the origins
and chronology of the ancient societies of Eurasia, to understanding their interaction patterns, and to reconstructing
the development of their spiritual culture, including art and beliefs. The book is written by the staff members of the
Department of Archaeology of Central Asia and Caucasus, and the Department of the History of Classical Culture
of IHMC RAS. It is intended for archaeologists, ethnographers and historians studying the ancient past of the tribes
that inhabited vast regions of Eurasia.
: ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ, ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏϽ Ѕ϶ϹІϼϿАЁϼϾ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ЄϴЁЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ.
On the front side of the cover: Altyn-depe, stone lamp of the Early Bronze period.
: ϞϴЄІϴ ϞϴЅЃϼϽЅϾЂϷЂ ЀЂЄГ XIII ϶. ϤϼЅ. 1 Ͼ ЅІϴІАϹ Ϙ. ϔϵϸЇϿϿЂϹ϶ϴ.
On the reverse side of the cover: XIII century map of the Caspian Sea. Fig. 1 to D. Abdulloev’s paper.
ISBN 978-5-4391-0123-8
© ϜЁЅІϼІЇІ ϼЅІЂЄϼϼ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿАЁЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ Ϥϔϡ, 2014
© ϔ϶ІЂЄЏ ЅІϴІϹϽ, 2014
© ϜϻϸϴІϹϿАЅІ϶Ђ «ϔЄІ-ϱϾЅЃЄϹЅЅ», 2014
ϖЏЉЂϸ ϶ Ѕ϶ϹІ ЅϵЂЄЁϼϾϴ ЅІϴІϹϽ «ϔЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼГ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϼЉ ЂϵЍϹЅІ϶ ϙ϶Єϴϻϼϼ: ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼГ, ϾЇϿАІЇЄЂϷϹЁϹϻ, ЄϹϿϼϷϼЂϻЁЏϹ ϶ЂϻϻЄϹЁϼГ», ЃЂϸϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁЁЂϷЂ ЅЂІЄЇϸЁϼϾϴЀϼ ϢІϸϹϿϴ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼϼ ϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϽ
ϔϻϼϼ ϼ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ ϜϜϠϞ Ϥϔϡ, ЅЂ϶ЃϴϿ ЃЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ Ѕ 95-Ͻ ϷЂϸЂ϶ЍϼЁЂϽ ЂϵЄϴϻЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ЊϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ЇЋЄϹϺϸϹЁϼГ ϤЂЅЅϼϼ, ϻϴЁЂ϶Ђ ЅЂϻϸϴЁЁЂϷЂ ЃЂЅϿϹ ЄϹ϶ЂϿВЊϼϼ 1917 Ϸ.
ϧϾϴϻ Ђ ЈЂЄЀϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼϼ ϤЂЅЅϼϽЅϾЂϽ ϔϾϴϸϹЀϼϼ ϼЅІЂЄϼϼ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿАЁЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ, ЅЀϹЁϼ϶ЌϹϽ
ЃЄϹϺЁВВ ϜЀЃϹЄϴІЂЄЅϾЇВ ϔЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЇВ ϾЂЀϼЅЅϼВ, ЃЂϸЃϼЅϴϿ 18 ϴЃЄϹϿГ 1919 Ϸ., ϷϿϴ϶ϴ ϤϥϨϥϤ
ϖ. Ϝ. ϧϿАГЁЂ϶-ϟϹЁϼЁ. ϔϾϴϸϹЀϼГ ЃЄЂϸЂϿϺϼϿϴ ЄϴϻЄϴϵЂІϾЇ ϶ЅϹЉ ЁϴЇЋЁЏЉ ЁϴЃЄϴ϶ϿϹЁϼϽ, ϸЂЅІϴ϶ЌϼЉЅГ
ϹϽ ϶ ЁϴЅϿϹϸЅІ϶Ђ ЂІ ϹϹ ЃЄϹϸЌϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁϼЊЏ, ϶ ІЂЀ ЋϼЅϿϹ ϼ ϴЁϴϿϼϻ ϸЄϹ϶ЁЂЅІϹϽ ВϺЁЂЄЇЅЅϾϼЉ ЅІϹЃϹϽ,
Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ, ϥЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϔϻϼϼ ϼ ϥϼϵϼЄϼ. ϞϴϾ ϵЏ Ёϼ ЀϹЁГϿЂЅА ϶ЃЂЅϿϹϸЅІ϶ϼϼ Ёϴϻ϶ϴЁϼϹ ЁЂ϶ЂϷЂ ЇЋЄϹϺϸϹЁϼГ (ϗЂЅЇϸϴЄЅІ϶ϹЁЁϴГ ϔϾϴϸϹЀϼГ ϼЅІЂЄϼϼ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿАЁЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ, ϜЁЅІϼІЇІ ϼЅІЂЄϼϼ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿАЁЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϔϡ ϥϥϥϤ, ϟϹЁϼЁϷЄϴϸЅϾЂϹ ЂІϸϹϿϹЁϼϹ ϜЁЅІϼІЇІϴ ϼЅІЂЄϼϼ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿАЁЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ
ϔϡ ϥϥϥϤ), ϶ ϹϷЂ ЅЂЅІϴ϶Ϲ ЁϹϼϻЀϹЁЁЂ ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿϼЅА ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼ, ЃЄЂ϶Ђϸϼ϶ЌϼϹ ЃЂϿϹ϶ЏϹ ϼϻЏЅϾϴЁϼГ ϶Ђ
϶ЅϹЉ ϶ЏЌϹЁϴϻ϶ϴЁЁЏЉ ЄϹϷϼЂЁϴЉ. ϣЄϼЋϹЀ ЅϼϿЏ ЇЋϹЁЏЉ, ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴ϶ЌϼЉ БІϼ ЂϵϿϴЅІϼ, ϸЂϿϷЂϹ ϶ЄϹЀГ
ϵЏϿϼ ЄϴЅЃЏϿϹЁЏ ЃЂ ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЏЀ ЄϴϻЄГϸϴЀ, ϷЄЇЃЃϴЀ, ϵЄϼϷϴϸϴЀ, ϾϴЈϹϸЄϴЀ ϼ ЅϹϾІЂЄϴЀ, Г϶ϿГ϶ЌϼЀЅГ
϶ ЄϴϻЁЏϹ ϷЂϸЏ ЋϴЅІГЀϼ ЅІЄЇϾІЇЄЏ ϔϾϴϸϹЀϼϼ/ϜЁЅІϼІЇІϴ.
ϟϼЌА ϶ 1951 Ϸ. ЅЃϹЊϼϴϿϼЅІЏ ЃЂ ϸЄϹ϶ЁЂЅІГЀ ϖЂЅІЂϾϴ, Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ, ϥϼϵϼЄϼ ϼ ЄЂЅЅϼϽЅϾϼЉ ЅІϹЃϹϽ
ϵЏϿϼ ЂϵЎϹϸϼЁϹЁЏ ϶ ЄϴЀϾϴЉ ϥϹϾІЂЄϴ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼϼ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϔϻϼϼ ϼ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ, ЅЂϻϸϴЁЁЂϷЂ ϶ ϟϢϜϜϠϞ
ϔϡ ϥϥϥϤ. ϱІЂ ЃЂϸЄϴϻϸϹϿϹЁϼϹ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶ЇϹІ ЇϺϹ 63 ϷЂϸϴ, ЉЂІГ ЇЋЄϹϺϸϹЁϼϹ, ЋϴЅІАВ ϾЂІЂЄЂϷЂ ЂЁЂ
Г϶ϿГϹІЅГ, ϸ϶ϴ Єϴϻϴ ЀϹЁГϿЂ Ёϴϻ϶ϴЁϼϹ, ϶ЁϴЋϴϿϹ Ёϴ ϟϹЁϼЁϷЄϴϸЅϾЂϹ ЂІϸϹϿϹЁϼϹ ϜЁЅІϼІЇІϴ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼϼ
ϔϡ ϥϥϥϤ (ϟϢϜϔ ϔϡ ϥϥϥϤ), ϴ ϻϴІϹЀ Ёϴ ϜЁЅІϼІЇІ ϼЅІЂЄϼϼ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿАЁЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϤЂЅЅϼϽЅϾЂϽ
ϔϾϴϸϹЀϼϼ ЁϴЇϾ (ϜϜϠϞ Ϥϔϡ). ϖ ЁϴЅІЂГЍϹϹ ϶ЄϹЀГ ЃЂϸЄϴϻϸϹϿϹЁϼϹ ЁЂЅϼІ Ёϴϻ϶ϴЁϼϹ «ϢІϸϹϿ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼϼ ϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϽ ϔϻϼϼ ϼ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ».
ϖ ІϹЋϹЁϼϹ ЀЁЂϷϼЉ ϿϹІ ЅЂІЄЇϸЁϼϾϴЀϼ ϥϹϾІЂЄϴ/ϢІϸϹϿϴ Г϶ϿГϿϼЅА ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЏϹ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼ, ϶ЁϹЅЌϼϹ ϻЁϴЋϼІϹϿАЁЏϽ ϶ϾϿϴϸ ϶ ϼϻЇЋϹЁϼϹ ϸЄϹ϶ЁЂЅІϹϽ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϔϻϼϼ ϼ ϞϴϻϴЉЅІϴЁϴ (ϔ. Ϡ. ϕϹϿϹЁϼЊϾϼϽ,
ϔ. ϡ. ϕϹЄЁЌІϴЀ, Ϡ. Ϡ. ϘАГϾЂЁЂ϶, ϲ. ϔ. ϛϴϸЁϹЃЄЂ϶ЅϾϼϽ, ϔ. Ϡ. ϠϴЁϸϹϿАЌІϴЀ, ϖ. Ϡ. ϠϴЅЅЂЁ,
ϖ. ϥ. ϥЂЄЂϾϼЁ, Ϝ. ϡ. ϩϿЂЃϼЁ, ϥ. ϥ. ϫϹЄЁϼϾЂ϶ ϔ. ϲ. ϳϾЇϵЂ϶ЅϾϼϽ), Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ ϼ ВϺЁЂЄЇЅЅϾϼЉ ЅІϹЃϹϽ
(ϔ. ϔ. ϠϼϿϿϹЄ, ϔ. ϔ. ϜϹЅЅϹЁ, Ϟ. ϩ. ϞЇЌЁϴЄД϶ϴ, ϕ. ϕ. ϣϼЂІЄЂ϶ЅϾϼϽ, Ϟ. ϖ. ϦЄϹ϶ϹЄ, ϖ. ϣ. ϬϼϿЂ϶),
ϥϼϵϼЄϼ (ϔ. Ϙ. ϗЄϴЋ, Ϡ. ϣ. ϗЄГϻЁЂ϶, ϗ. ϔ. ϠϴϾЅϼЀϹЁϾЂ϶, ϔ. Ϡ. ϠϴЁϸϹϿАЌІϴЀ, ϥ. Ϝ. ϤЇϸϹЁϾЂ).
ϡϴЇЋЁЏϽ ϾЂϿϿϹϾІϼ϶ ϢІϸϹϿϴ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІϹЁ ЄГϸЂЀ ϾЄЇЃЁЏЉ ЂІϾЄЏІϼϽ, ϶ЂЌϹϸЌϼЉ ϶ ЀϼЄЂ϶ЂϽ ЈЂЁϸ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼϼ. ϤϹЋА ϼϸϹІ Ђϵ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼГЉ БЁϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϜϿϷЏЁϿЏ-ϸϹЃϹ
(ϖ. Ϡ. ϠϴЅЅЂЁ, ϡ. Ϩ. ϥЂϿЂ϶АД϶ϴ), ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϴ БЃЂЉϼ БЁϹЂϿϼІϴ ϼ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ (ϖ. Ϡ. ϠϴЅЅЂЁ,
ϟ. ϕ. ϞϼЄЋЂ), ϥЇЀϵϴЄЅϾϼЉ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾЂ϶ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЂϷЂ ϶ϹϾϴ (Ϝ. ϡ. ϩϿЂЃϼЁ), ЄϴЁЁϹЅЄϹϸЁϹ϶ϹϾЂ϶ЂϷЂ
ЅЂϷϸϼϽЅϾЂϷЂ ϷЂЄЂϸϴ ϣϴЁЋ (ϔ. Ϡ. ϕϹϿϹЁϼЊϾϼϽ, ϖ. Ϝ. ϤϴЅЃЂЃЂ϶ϴ, Ϙ. ϔϵϸЇϿϿЂϹ϶) — ϶ ϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϽ
ϔϻϼϼ; ЇЄϴЄІЅϾЂϽ ϾЄϹЃЂЅІϼ ϦϹϽЌϹϵϴϼЁϼ Ёϴ ЉЂϿЀϹ ϞϴЄЀϼЄ-ϵϿЇЄ (ϕ. ϕ. ϣϼЂІЄЂ϶ЅϾϼϽ), ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЂϷЂ ϶ϹϾϴ ϞϿϴϸЏ (ϔ. Ϙ. ϤϹϻϹЃϾϼЁ) — Ёϴ Ϟϴ϶ϾϴϻϹ; ϾЇЄϷϴЁЂ϶ ϺϹϿϹϻЁЂϷЂ ϶ϹϾϴ ϔЄϺϴЁ-1
(Ϡ. ϣ. ϗЄГϻЁЂ϶) ϼ ϪϴЄϴЀ (ϥ. ϥ. ϠϼЁГϹ϶), ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴ ϔϽЀЏЄϿЏϷ (ϔ. Ϡ. ϠϴЁϸϹϿАЌІϴЀ) —
϶ ϥϼϵϼЄϼ.
ϖ ЄϴϻЁЏϹ ϷЂϸЏ ϥϹϾІЂЄЂЀ/ϢІϸϹϿЂЀ ЄЇϾЂ϶ЂϸϼϿϼ ϔ. ϲ. ϳϾЇϵЂ϶ЅϾϼϽ, Ϡ. Ϡ. ϘАГϾЂЁЂ϶,
Ϡ. ϣ. ϗЄГϻЁЂ϶, ϖ. Ϡ. ϠϴЅЅЂЁ, ϼ Ѕ ϴЃЄϹϿГ 2003 Ϸ. ϻϴ϶ϹϸЇВЍϼЀ Г϶ϿГϹІЅГ ϖ. ϔ. ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ.
ϖ. Ϡ. ϠϴЅЅЂЁ ϻϴЁϼЀϴϿ ЃЂЅІ ϻϴ϶ϹϸЇВЍϹϷЂ Ёϴ ЃЄЂІГϺϹЁϼϼ ЃЂЋІϼ 35 ϿϹІ (Ѕ 1 ЁЂГϵЄГ 1968 Ϸ.
ЃЂ 31 ЀϴЄІϴ 2003 Ϸ.). ϘЂϾІЂЄ ϼЅІЂЄϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЁϴЇϾ, ЃЄЂЈϹЅЅЂЄ ϖ. Ϡ. ϠϴЅЅЂЁ (03.05.1929–19.02.2010)
Г϶ϿГϿЅГ ϾЄЇЃЁϹϽЌϼЀ ЅЃϹЊϼϴϿϼЅІЂЀ ЃЂ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϵЏІЁЂϽ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼϼ ϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϽ ϔϻϼϼ, ϕϿϼϺЁϹϷЂ ϼ
ϥЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ϖЂЅІЂϾϴ. ϙϷЂ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЏЀ ϶ϾϿϴϸЂЀ ϶ ЂІϹЋϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЇВ ЁϴЇϾЇ ЅІϴϿϼ ЀЁЂϷЂϿϹІЁϼϹ ЄϴЅϾЂЃϾϼ
ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϽ Ёϴ ВϷϹ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ. ϔЁϴϿϼϻϼЄЇГ ϵЂϷϴІϹϽЌϼϹ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿЏ, ЃЂϿЇЋϹЁЁЏϹ ЃЄϼ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼϼ БІϼЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶, ЂІЁЂЅГЍϼЉЅГ Ͼ БЃЂЉϹ ЁϹЂϿϼІϴ —
ЄϴЁЁϹϷЂ ϺϹϿϹϻЁЂϷЂ ϶ϹϾϴ, ϖ. Ϡ. ϠϴЅЅЂЁ ЀЁЂϷЂϹ ЅϸϹϿϴϿ ϸϿГ ϼϻЇЋϹЁϼГ ЈЇЁϸϴЀϹЁІϴϿАЁЏЉ ЃЄЂϵϿϹЀ
ЅІϴЁЂ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸГЍϹϷЂ ЉЂϻГϽЅІ϶ϴ ϼ Єϴϻ϶ϼІϼГ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЁЏЉ ЂϵЍϹЅІ϶ БЃЂЉϼ БЁϹЂϿϼІϴ ϼ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ
϶ ϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϽ ϔϻϼϼ. ϙϷЂ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ϶ЁϹЅϿϼ ГЄϾϼϽ ϶ϾϿϴϸ ϶ Єϴϻ϶ϼІϼϹ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼϼ, ЂЅЂϵϹЁЁЂ ϶ ЂϵϿϴЅІϼ ϼϻЇЋϹЁϼГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЂϷϹЁϹϻϴ.
5
:
,
,
ϖ. Ϡ. ϠϴЅЅЂЁ ЅЏϷЄϴϿ ЄϹЌϴВЍЇВ ЄЂϿА ϶ Єϴϻ϶ϼІϼϼ ϿϹЁϼЁϷЄϴϸЅϾЂϽ/ЃϹІϹЄϵЇЄϷЅϾЂϽ ЌϾЂϿЏ
ЊϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϴϻϼϴІЅϾЂϽ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼϼ, ЇЅЃϹЉϼ ϾЂІЂЄЂϽ, ЅЃЄϴ϶ϹϸϿϼ϶Ђ Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁЁЏϹ Ѕ ϹϷЂ ϼЀϹЁϹЀ, ϵЏϿϼ ϶ЏЅЂϾЂ ЂЊϹЁϹЁЏ ϶ ϶ϹϸЇЍϼЉ ϻϴЄЇϵϹϺЁЏЉ ЁϴЇЋЁЏЉ ЊϹЁІЄϴЉ. ϖ 1980-Љ ϷϷ. ЂЁ ЅІϴϿ ЂϸЁϼЀ ϼϻ ЂЄϷϴЁϼϻϴІЂЄЂ϶ ЀϹϺϸЇЁϴЄЂϸЁЏЉ ЅϼЀЃЂϻϼЇЀЂ϶ (ЅЂ϶ϹІЅϾЂ-ЈЄϴЁЊЇϻЅϾϼϹ, ЅЂ϶ϹІЅϾЂ-ϴЀϹЄϼϾϴЁЅϾϼϹ, ЅЂ϶ϹІЅϾЂ-ϼЁϸϼϽЅϾϼϹ), ЃЂЅ϶ГЍϹЁЁЏЉ ϸϼЅϾЇЅЅϼЂЁЁЏЀ ЃЄЂϵϿϹЀϴЀ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϵЏІЁЂϽ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼϼ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ϖЂЅІЂϾϴ,
ϲϺЁЂϽ ϼ ϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϽ ϔϻϼϼ.
ϕЇϸЇЋϼ ϾЄЇЃЁЏЀ ЂЄϷϴЁϼϻϴІЂЄЂЀ ЁϴЇϾϼ, ϖ. Ϡ. ϠϴЅЅЂЁ ЄЇϾЂ϶ЂϸϼϿ ϶ 1970–1980-Љ ϷϷ. ЀϹϺЄϹЅЃЇϵϿϼϾϴЁЅϾϼЀ ЁϴЇЋЁЏЀ ЅЂ϶ϹІЂЀ ЃЂ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼϼ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϔϻϼϼ ϼ ϞϴϻϴЉЅІϴЁϴ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ ЃЄЂ϶ЂϸϼϿ ЄϹϷϼЂЁϴϿАЁЏϹ ЅЂ϶ϹЍϴЁϼГ ЃЂ ϴϾІЇϴϿАЁЏЀ ЃЄЂϵϿϹЀϴЀ ϼϻЇЋϹЁϼГ ϸЄϹ϶ЁЂЅІϹϽ БІЂϷЂ ЂϵЌϼЄЁЂϷЂ ЄϹϷϼЂЁϴ.
ϥ 4 ГЁ϶ϴЄГ 1982 Ϸ. ЃЂ 12 ЀϴГ 1998 Ϸ. ЂЁ ϶ЂϻϷϿϴ϶ϿГϿ ϟϢϜϔ ϔϡ ϥϥϥϤ/ϜϜϠϞ Ϥϔϡ.
ϖ 1991 Ϸ. ϖ. Ϡ. ϠϴЅЅЂЁ ЃЄϼЁГϿ ЅϴЀЂϹ ϴϾІϼ϶ЁЂϹ ЇЋϴЅІϼϹ ϶ ЃЄϹЂϵЄϴϻЂ϶ϴЁϼϼ ϟϢϜϔ ϔϡ ϥϥϥϤ
϶ ЅϴЀЂЅІЂГІϹϿАЁЏϽ ϼЁЅІϼІЇІ — ϜϜϠϞ Ϥϔϡ ϼ ЅІϴϿ ϼЁϼЊϼϴІЂЄЂЀ ЅЂϻϸϴЁϼГ ЃϹЋϴІЁЂϷЂ ЂЄϷϴЁϴ
ϜЁЅІϼІЇІϴ — ϺЇЄЁϴϿϴ «ϔЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϶ϹЅІϼ», ЃϹЄ϶ЏϽ ЁЂЀϹЄ ϾЂІЂЄЂϷЂ ϶ЏЌϹϿ ϶ 1992 Ϸ.
ϡϹ ЀϹЁϹϹ ЀϴЅЌІϴϵЁЂϽ ϵЏϿϴ ϼ ЁϴЇЋЁЂ-ЃϹϸϴϷЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϴГ ϸϹГІϹϿАЁЂЅІА ϖ. Ϡ. ϠϴЅЅЂЁϴ. ϥ 1957 Ϸ.
ЂЁ ЋϼІϴϿ ϾЇЄЅ «ϔЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼГ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϔϻϼϼ» ϸϿГ ЅІЇϸϹЁІЂ϶-ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷЂ϶ ϼЅІЂЄϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ЈϴϾЇϿАІϹІϴ ϟϗϧ, ϴ ϻϴІϹЀ ϼ ϾЇЄЅ «ϔЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼГ ϘЄϹ϶ЁϹϷЂ ϖЂЅІЂϾϴ». ϖ ϾЂЁЊϹ 1960-Љ — ЁϴЋϴϿϹ 1970-Љ ϷϷ.
ϖ. Ϡ. ϠϴЅЅЂЁ ЄЇϾЂ϶ЂϸϼϿ ЅІЇϸϹЁЋϹЅϾϼЀ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЏЀ ЅϹЀϼЁϴЄЂЀ ϾϴЈϹϸЄЏ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼϼ ϟϗϧ. ϢЁ ϶ЏЃϹЅІЂ϶ϴϿ ЁϹ ЂϸЁЂ ЃЂϾЂϿϹЁϼϹ ЇЋϹЁϼϾЂ϶ ϶ ϟϢϜϔ ϼ ϶ ϸЄЇϷϼЉ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЊϹЁІЄϴЉ ϥϥϥϤ. ϣЂϸ ЄЇϾЂ϶ЂϸЅІ϶ЂЀ ЇЋϹЁЂϷЂ ϶ ϟϹЁϼЁϷЄϴϸϹ/ϥϴЁϾІ-ϣϹІϹЄϵЇЄϷϹ ЂϵЇЋϴϿϼЅА ϴЅЃϼЄϴЁІЏ ϼ ЅІϴϺϹЄЏ ϼϻ ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЏЉ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЇЋЄϹϺϸϹЁϼϽ ϤЂЅЅϼϼ ϼ ЅІЄϴЁ ϵϿϼϺЁϹϷЂ (ϔЄЀϹЁϼГ, ϞϴϻϴЉЅІϴЁ, ϞЏЄϷЏϻЅІϴЁ,
ϠЂϿϸϴ϶ϼГ, ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁ, ϧϻϵϹϾϼЅІϴЁ) ϼ ϸϴϿАЁϹϷЂ (ϖАϹІЁϴЀ, ϤϹЅЃЇϵϿϼϾϴ ϞЂЄϹГ, ϥϼЄϼГ) ϻϴЄЇϵϹϺАГ. ϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϴϻϼϴІЅϾϴГ ϷЄЇЃЃϴ ЅЂІЄЇϸЁϼϾЂ϶ ϢІϸϹϿϴ ϶ ЁϴЅІЂГЍϹϹ ϶ЄϹЀГ ЃЂЋІϼ ЃЂϿЁЂЅІАВ ЅЂЅІЂϼІ ϼϻ ЇЋϹЁϼϾЂ϶ ϖ. Ϡ. ϠϴЅЅЂЁϴ.
ϘЂЅІϼϺϹЁϼГ ϖ. Ϡ. ϠϴЅЅЂЁϴ Ёϴ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂЀ ЃЂЃЄϼЍϹ ϵЏϿϼ ЂІЀϹЋϹЁЏ ϹϷЂ ЋϿϹЁЅІ϶ЂЀ ϶
ϼЁЅІϼІЇІϴЉ ϼ ЁϴЇЋЁЏЉ ЂϵЍϹЅІ϶ϴЉ ЄГϸϴ ϷЂЅЇϸϴЄЅІ϶ ϥϡϗ ϼ ЅІЄϴЁ ϸϴϿАЁϹϷЂ ϻϴЄЇϵϹϺАГ. ϜЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿА
ϵЏϿ ϼϻϵЄϴЁ ϴϾϴϸϹЀϼϾЂЀ ϤЂЅЅϼϽЅϾЂϽ ϔϾϴϸϹЀϼϼ ϹЅІϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЉ ЁϴЇϾ, ϴϾϴϸϹЀϼϾЂЀ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ,
ϔϾϴϸϹЀϼϾЂЀ ϡϴЊϼЂЁϴϿАЁЂϽ ϴϾϴϸϹЀϼϼ ϞЏЄϷЏϻЅІϴЁϴ, ϻϴЅϿЇϺϹЁЁЏЀ ϸϹГІϹϿϹЀ ЁϴЇϾϼ ϞЏЄϷЏϻЅІϴЁϴ,
ϻϴЅϿЇϺϹЁЁЏЀ ϸϹГІϹϿϹЀ ЁϴЇϾϼ ϤЂЅЅϼϽЅϾЂϽ ϨϹϸϹЄϴЊϼϼ, ЃЂЋϹІЁЏЀ ϼ ϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼІϹϿАЁЏЀ ЋϿϹЁЂЀ ЄГϸϴ
ϼЁЂЅІЄϴЁЁЏЉ ϴϾϴϸϹЀϼϽ ϼ ϼЁЅІϼІЇІЂ϶ (ϖϹϿϼϾЂϵЄϼІϴЁϼГ, ϗϹЄЀϴЁϼГ, ϘϴЁϼГ, ϜІϴϿϼГ, ϤЇЀЏЁϼГ).
ϛϴЅϿЇϷϼ ϖ. Ϡ. ϠϴЅЅЂЁϴ ϶ Єϴϻ϶ϼІϼϼ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼϼ ϵЏϿϼ ЂІЀϹЋϹЁЏ ϔϾϴϸϹЀϼϹϽ ЁϴЇϾ
ϼ ϣЄϴ϶ϼІϹϿАЅІ϶ЂЀ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁЅϾЂϽ ϥϥϤ. ϖ 1978 Ϸ. ϹϷЂ ϼϻϵϼЄϴВІ ЋϿϹЁЂЀ-ϾЂЄЄϹЅЃЂЁϸϹЁІЂЀ ϔϾϴϸϹЀϼϼ
ЁϴЇϾ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁЅϾЂϽ ϥϥϤ, ϴ ϶ ЀϴϹ ЅϿϹϸЇВЍϹϷЂ ϷЂϸϴ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿВ ЃЄϼЅЇϺϸϴВІ ϻ϶ϴЁϼϹ ϻϴЅϿЇϺϹЁЁЂϷЂ
ϸϹГІϹϿГ ЁϴЇϾϼ ϼ ІϹЉЁϼϾϼ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁЅϾЂϽ ϥϥϤ.
ϢЊϹЁϼ϶ϴГ ЁϴЇЋЁЏϽ ЃЇІА ϖ. Ϡ. ϠϴЅЅЂЁϴ, ЅϿϹϸЇϹІ ЂІϸϴІА ϸЂϿϺЁЂϹ ϹϷЂ ЊϹϿϹЇЅІЄϹЀϿϹЁЁЂЅІϼ,
Ѕ ϾЂІЂЄЂϽ ЂЁ ϶ ІϹЋϹЁϼϹ ϵЂϿϹϹ ЃЂϿЇ϶ϹϾϴ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴϿ ϸЄϹ϶ЁЂЅІϼ ϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϽ ϔϻϼϼ, ϹϷЂ ЃЂІЄГЅϴВЍϹϽ
ЄϴϵЂІЂЅЃЂЅЂϵЁЂЅІϼ ϼ ЂЅІЄЂІϹ ϴЁϴϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ЇЀϴ, ϵϿϴϷЂϸϴЄГ ЋϹЀЇ ϹϷЂ ЁϴЇЋЁЂϹ ЁϴЅϿϹϸϼϹ ЁϴϸЂϿϷЂ
ЅЂЉЄϴЁϼІ ϴϾІЇϴϿАЁЂЅІА ϸϿГ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЇВЍϼЉ ЃЂϾЂϿϹЁϼϽ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷЂ϶. ϞϴϾ ϸϴЁА Ї϶ϴϺϹЁϼГ ЂϷЄЂЀЁЏЀ ϻϴЅϿЇϷϴЀ ϖϴϸϼЀϴ ϠϼЉϴϽϿЂ϶ϼЋϴ ϠϴЅЅЂЁϴ ЃϹЄϹϸ ЂІϹЋϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϽ ЁϴЇϾЂϽ ЅЂІЄЇϸЁϼϾϼ ϢІϸϹϿϴ ЃЂЅ϶ГЍϴВІ
ϹЀЇ БІЂІ ЅϵЂЄЁϼϾ, ЃЇϵϿϼϾϴЊϼГ ϾЂІЂЄЂϷЂ ЃЄϼЇЄЂЋϹЁϴ Ͼ 85-ϿϹІϼВ ЅЂ ϸЁГ ЄЂϺϸϹЁϼГ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿГ.
ϥІϴІАϼ ЅϵЂЄЁϼϾϴ ЅϷЄЇЃЃϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЏ ϶ ЋϹІЏЄϹ ЄϴϻϸϹϿϴ, ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ЇВЍϼϹ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЏЀ ЁϴЇЋЁЏЀ ЁϴЃЄϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГЀ ϢІϸϹϿϴ. ϣϹЄ϶ЏϽ ϼϻ ЁϼЉ ϶ϾϿВЋϴϹІ ϸ϶Ϲ ЅІϴІАϼ (ϴ϶ІЂЄЏ ϖ. ϔ. ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ ϼ
ϖ. ϥ. ϕЂЋϾϴЄД϶), ϶ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴВІЅГ ЂϵЍϼϹ ЃЄЂϵϿϹЀЏ ЁϴЇϾϼ, ϶ ЋϴЅІЁЂЅІϼ ϶ЂЃЄЂЅ Ђ ЃЄϼЄЂϸϹ ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЏЉ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾЂ϶. ϱІϴ ЃЄЂϵϿϹЀϴ ϶ЅϹϷϸϴ ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿϴЅА ϶ ЄЇЅϿϹ ЁϴЇЋЁЏЉ
ϼЁІϹЄϹЅЂ϶ ϖ. Ϡ. ϠϴЅЅЂЁϴ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ ϶ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϽ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁϹ 1970-Љ ϷϷ. ЂЄϷϴЁϼϻЂ϶ϴϿ ϶ ϟϢϜϔ ϔϡ ϥϥϥϤ
ЋϹІЏЄϹ ЂϵЍϹЅЂВϻЁЏЉ ЅϼЀЃЂϻϼЇЀϴ, ЃЂЅ϶ГЍϹЁЁЏЉ ЅЂЊϼЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϼЁІϹЄЃЄϹІϴЊϼϼ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾЂ϶. ϖЂ ϶ІЂЄЂЀ ЄϴϻϸϹϿϹ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ ЅІϴІАϼ Ђ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЉ
ВϷϴ ϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϽ ϔϻϼϼ (ϴ϶ІЂЄЏ ϟ. ϕ. ϞϼЄЋЂ ϼ ϲ. ϗ. ϞЇІϼЀЂ϶), ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ЄϴϵЂІЏ, Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁЁЏϹ Ѕ ϼϻЇЋϹЁϼϹЀ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϴЁІϼЋЁЏЉ ϼ ЄϴЁЁϹЅЄϹϸЁϹ϶ϹϾЂ϶ЏЉ ϷЂЄЂϸЂ϶ ϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϽ ϔϻϼϼ, ϶ϾϿВЋϴГ ϼЉ ІЂЄϷЂ϶ЏϹ Ѕ϶Гϻϼ Ѕ ЂІϸϴϿϹЁЁЏЀϼ ЅІЄϴЁϴЀϼ (ϴ϶ІЂЄЏ Ϙ. ϔϵϸЇϿϿЂϹ϶, ϖ. ϣ. ϡϼϾЂЁЂЄЂ϶ ϼ ϖ. Ϝ. ϤϴЅЃЂЃЂ϶ϴ).
ϖ ІЄϹІϼϽ ЄϴϻϸϹϿ ϶ϾϿВЋϹЁЏ ЄϴϵЂІЏ ЃЂ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼϼ ϼ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЂϷϹЁϹϻЇ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЂϷЂ ϶ϹϾϴ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ ϼ
ϙ϶ЄЂЃЏ — ϴ϶ІЂЄЏ ϔ. Ϙ. ϤϹϻϹЃϾϼЁ, Ϡ. ϕ. ϤЏЅϼЁ, ϖ. ϳ. ϥІДϷϴЁЊϹ϶ϴ ϼ Ϡ. Ϧ. ϞϴЌЇϵϴ ЅЂ϶ЀϹЅІЁЂ Ѕ ϾЂϿϿϹϷЂϽ ϼϻ ϠЂϿϸϴ϶ϼϼ Ϣ. ϗ. ϟϹ϶ϼЊϾϼЀ. ϛϸϹЅА ϺϹ ЃЂЀϹЍϹЁϴ ЅІϴІАГ ϟ. ϔ. ϥЂϾЂϿЂ϶ЂϽ Ђ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЉ Ѕ϶ГϻГЉ
ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϲϷЂ-ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ϦЇЄЊϼϼ ϼ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϷЂ ϦЇЄϾϹЅІϴЁϴ ϶ ЁϴЋϴϿϹ I ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϫϹІ϶ϹЄІЏϽ
6
ЄϴϻϸϹϿ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁ ϼϻ ЅІϴІϹϽ ЃЂ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼϼ ϥϼϵϼЄϼ. ϖ ЁϼЉ ЃЇϵϿϼϾЇВІЅГ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿЏ ЁЂ϶ЏЉ ЄϴЅϾЂЃϴЁЁЏЉ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾЂ϶ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЂϷЂ ϼ ϺϹϿϹϻЁЂϷЂ ϶ϹϾЂ϶ (ϴ϶ІЂЄЏ ϡ. ϔ. ϕЂϾЂ϶ϹЁϾЂ, ϔ. ϖ. ϣЂϿГϾЂ϶,
Ϡ. ϡ. ϣЌϹЁϼЊЏЁϴ, ϖϿ. ϔ. ϥϹЀДЁЂ϶ ϼ Ϡ. ϙ. ϞϼϿЇЁЂ϶ЅϾϴГ) ϼ ϸϴЁЁЏϹ Ђϵ ЇϾЄϹЃϿϹЁЁЏЉ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГЉ
ϲϺЁЂϽ ϥϼϵϼЄϼ ЂІ БЃЂЉϼ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ϸЂ Єϴϻ϶ϼІЂϷЂ ЅЄϹϸЁϹ϶ϹϾЂ϶АГ (ϥ. ϖ. ϞЄϴЅЁϼϹЁϾЂ ϼ ϔ. ϖ. ϥЇϵϵЂІϼЁ),
ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴВІЅГ ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЏϹ ϴЅЃϹϾІЏ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЂϷϹЁϹϻϴ ϶ БЃЂЉЇ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϵЏІЁЂЅІϼ (ϴ϶ІЂЄЏ ϱ. ϕ. ϖϴϸϹЊϾϴГ ϼ ϥ. ϥ. ϠϼЁГϹ϶).
ϞЄЂЀϹ ІЂϷЂ, ϶ ЅϵЂЄЁϼϾ ϶ϾϿВЋϹЁЏ ϸ϶Ϲ ЅІϴІАϼ ЅЂІЄЇϸЁϼϾЂ϶ ϢІϸϹϿϴ ϼЅІЂЄϼϼ ϴЁІϼЋЁЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ
ϜϜϠϞ Ϥϔϡ, ЃЂЅ϶ГЍϹЁЁЏϹ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼϼ ϘЄϹ϶ЁϹϷЂ ϖЂЅІЂϾϴ (ϴ϶ІЂЄ ϲ. ϔ. ϖϼЁЂϷЄϴϸЂ϶) ϼ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϷЂ
ϥЄϹϸϼϻϹЀЁЂЀЂЄАГ (ϴ϶ІЂЄ ϖ. ϔ. ϗЂЄЂЁЋϴЄЂ϶ЅϾϼϽ), ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ЅІϴІАГ ЅЂІЄЇϸЁϼЊЏ ϱϾЅЃϹЄϼЀϹЁІϴϿАЁЂІЄϴЅЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϿϴϵЂЄϴІЂЄϼϼ ϜϜϠϞ Ϥϔϡ ϡ. ϡ. ϥϾϴϾЇЁ, ЁϴЃϼЅϴЁЁϴГ ϹВ ϶ ЅЂϴ϶ІЂЄЅІ϶Ϲ Ѕ ϾЂϿϿϹϷϴЀϼ ϼϻ ϦϴϸϺϼϾϼЅІϴЁϴ (Ϧ. ϗ. ϨϼϿϼЀЂЁЂ϶ϴ, ϔ. ϩ. ϲЅЇЃЂ϶ ) ϼ ЅЂІЄЇϸЁϼϾЂЀ ϢІϸϹϿϴ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼϼ
ϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϽ ϔϻϼϼ ϼ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ ϲ. ϗ. ϞЇІϼЀЂ϶ЏЀ.
ϖЅϹ ЇЃЂЀГЁЇІЏϹ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ЃЂЅ϶ГЍϹЁЏ ϴϾІЇϴϿАЁЏЀ ϶ЂЃЄЂЅϴЀ ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂϽ ЁϴЇϾϼ ϼ ϵЇϸЇІ ЅЃЂЅЂϵЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴІА ϹϹ ϸϴϿАЁϹϽЌϹЀЇ Єϴϻ϶ϼІϼВ.
ϖ. ϔ. ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ
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ϞϿВЋϹ϶ЏϹ ЅϿЂ϶ϴ:
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Keywords: Africa, the Near East, Europe, Central Asia, Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic, ancient huntersfishers-gatherers, ancient farmers, funerary ritual, death, man’s postmortem fate.
ϛЁϴЋϼІϹϿАЁϴГ ЋϴЅІА ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІЂ϶, ЁϴϽϸϹЁЁЏЉ ϶Ђ ϶ЄϹЀГ ЄϴЅϾЂЃЂϾ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϼЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶, ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸϼІ ϼϻ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾЂ϶ ϼ ЂІϸϹϿАЁЏЉ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϽ, ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ
ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ ЃЂЋІϼ ϼЅϾϿВЋϼІϹϿАЁЂ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГЀϼ. ϦϴϾϴГ ЅϼІЇϴЊϼГ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁϴ, ЁϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ, ϸϿГ
ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЂϷЂ ϼ ϺϹϿϹϻЁЂϷЂ ϶ϹϾϴ Ϲ϶ЄϴϻϼϽЅϾϼЉ ЅІϹЃϹϽ, ϷϸϹ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϼ Г϶ϿГВІЅГ ЋЇІА Ͽϼ ЁϹ ϹϸϼЁЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЀ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾЂЀ ϼЁЈЂЄЀϴЊϼϼ Ђ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϼЉ ЂϵЍϹЅІ϶ϴЉ. ϜЀϹЁЁЂ ЃЂБІЂЀЇ ϶ЅϹЅІЂЄЂЁЁϹϹ ϼϻЇЋϹЁϼϹ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏЉ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЂ϶ ЅІϴϿЂ ЂϸЁЂϽ ϼϻ ϶ϴϺЁϹϽЌϼЉ ϻϴϸϴЋ ЁϴЇϾϼ. ϥ ІЂЋϾϼ ϻЄϹЁϼГ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼϼ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿГВІ ЅЂϵЂϽ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿАЁЏϹ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ϴ Ђ ЅЂ϶ϹЄЌϹЁЁЏЉ ЁϹϾЂϷϸϴ
ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏЉ ЂϵЄГϸϴЉ (ϢϿАЉЂ϶ЅϾϼϽ 1986: 69–70). ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ЃЄϹϺϸϹ ЋϹЀ ЃЄϼЅІЇЃϼІА Ͼ ЃЂϸЄЂϵЁЂЀЇ ϴЁϴϿϼϻЇ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϼЉ, ЁϹЂϵЉЂϸϼЀЂ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϼІА, ϾϴϾЇВ ЄЂϿА ϶ ϺϼϻЁϼ ϿВϸϹϽ ϸϴϿϹϾЂϷЂ ЃЄЂЌϿЂϷЂ
ϼϷЄϴϿ ІϴϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏϽ ЈϹЁЂЀϹЁ, ϾϴϾ ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁЁЏϽ ЄϼІЇϴϿ, ϼ ϾϴϾЇВ ϼЁЈЂЄЀϴЊϼВ Ђ ЀϼЁЇ϶ЌϼЉ
ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ БЃЂЉϴЉ ЂЁ ЁϹЅϹІ.
ϢІ϶ϹІЏ Ёϴ БІϼ ϶ЂЃЄЂЅЏ ЅϿϹϸЇϹІ ϼЅϾϴІА ϶ ЃЇϵϿϼϾϴЊϼГЉ БІЁЂϿЂϷЂ϶, ЃЂЅϾЂϿАϾЇ ЀЁЂϷϼϹ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЄϴϵЂІЏ, ЃЂЅ϶ГЍϹЁЁЏϹ ЃЄЂϵϿϹЀϴЀ ϼϻЇЋϹЁϼГ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂϽ ЃЄϴϾІϼϾϼ, Ѕ϶ЂϸГІЅГ ϿϼЌА Ͼ
ЅЂϻϸϴЁϼВ ЈЂЄЀϴϿАЁЂ-ϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЅЉϹЀ, Ёϴ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЂ ЅЂЂІЁЂЌϹЁϼϹ ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЏЉ ϶ϼϸЂ϶
ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϸϹГІϹϿАЁЂЅІϼ, Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁЁЏЉ ЅЂ ЅЀϹЄІАВ ϼ ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁϴЀϼ.
ϡϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ, ϲ. ϔ. ϥЀϼЄЁЂ϶ ЃЂϿϴϷϴϹІ, ЋІЂ ЂϵϿϴЅІА ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ, ϾЂІЂЄϴГ ЂЉ϶ϴІЏ϶ϴϹІ ϶ЅϹ ЀЁЂϷЂЂϵЄϴϻϼϹ ЅЃЂЅЂϵЂ϶ ЂϵЄϴЍϹЁϼГ Ѕ ЃЂϾЂϽЁЏЀ, ϶ϾϿВЋϴГ ЃЂϸϷЂІЂ϶ϾЇ ϹϷЂ Ͼ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼВ,
ЅϿϹϸЇϹІ ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴІА ЅЂЊϼЂЀЂЄЂЅЈϹЄЂϽ ϼϿϼ ЀЂЄЂЅЈϹЄЂϽ, ІЂϷϸϴ ϾϴϾ ЅЂϻϸϴЁϼϹ ϼЅϾЇЅЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЉ ЅЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼϽ ϸϿГ ϼϻЂϿГЊϼϼ ЂЅІϴЁϾЂ϶ ЇЀϹЄЌϹϷЂ, ЃЂϸϸϹЄϺϴЁϼϹ ϸϴϿАЁϹϽЌϹϷЂ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼГ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏЉ
ЅІЄЇϾІЇЄ ϼ ЅϵϹЄϹϺϹЁϼϹ ЃϴЀГІϼ Ђ ЃЂϾЂϽЁЏЉ Ёϴ ЃЄЂІГϺϹЁϼϼ ϺϼϻЁϼ ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾϼЉ ЃЂϾЂϿϹЁϼϽ ЁϹЂϵЉЂϸϼЀЂ ЂІЁЂЅϼІА Ͼ ЅЂЊϼЂІϴЈЂЅЈϹЄϹ ϼϿϼ ІϴЈЂЅЈϹЄϹ (ϥЀϼЄЁЂ϶ ϲ. 1985϶: 20; 1990: 217). ϖ ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ϼϼ Ѕ
БІЂϽ ЅЉϹЀЂϽ ϴ϶ІЂЄ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿГϹІ ЃЄЂЊϹЅЅ ЅЂϻϸϴЁϼГ ЃЄϹϸЁϴЀϹЄϹЁЁЂϷЂ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ ϾϴϾ ЊϹϿϹЁϴЃЄϴ϶ϿϹЁЁЏϽ ЃϹЄϹЁЂЅ ЂЅІϴЁϾЂ϶ ЇЀϹЄЌϹϷЂ ϼϻ ЅЂЊϼЂЀЂЄЂЅЈϹЄЏ ϶ ЅЂЊϼЂІϴЈЂЅЈϹЄЇ (ϥЀϼЄЁЂ϶ ϲ. 1985϶: 22).
Ϥϴϻ϶ϼ϶ϴГ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϹ Ѕ϶ЂВ ІЂЋϾЇ ϻЄϹЁϼГ, ЂЁ ЂϵЂϻЁϴЋϼϿ ІϹЄЀϼЁЂЀ «ЁϹϾЄЂϿЂϷϼГ» «϶ЅВ ЅЂ϶ЂϾЇЃЁЂЅІА
ϻЁϴЁϼϽ ϿВϵЂϷЂ ϾЂЁϾЄϹІЁЂϷЂ ЂϵЍϹЅІ϶ϴ Ђ ЈЂЄЀϴЉ ϼ ЅЃЂЅЂϵϴЉ ЂϵЄϴЍϹЁϼГ Ѕ ЇЀϹЄЌϼЀϼ ϼ ϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼϽ,
ЁϴЃЄϴ϶ϿϹЁЁЏЉ Ёϴ ϼЉ ЄϹϴϿϼϻϴЊϼВ». ϡϹϾЄЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ЊϼϾϿ ЂЃϹЄϴЊϼϽ ЅЂЅІЂϼІ ϼϻ ІЄϹЉ ЅІϴϸϼϽ: ЃЄϹϸ϶ϴЄГВЍϹϽ (ЃЂϸϷЂІЂ϶Ͼϴ ІϹϿϴ Ͼ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼВ), ϻϴ϶ϹЄЌϴВЍϹϽ (ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁЏ ϼ ЅЂϻϸϴЁϼϹ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂϷЂ
ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴ) ϼ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЇВЍϹϽ («ЃЂϸϸϹЄϺϴЁϼϹ» ЃЂЅЀϹЄІЁЂϷЂ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼГ ЃЂϾЂϽЁЂϷЂ ϼ ЅЂЉЄϴЁϹЁϼϹ
ЃϴЀГІϼ Ђ ЁϹЀ). ϣЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏϽ ЂϵЄГϸ ϶ϾϿВЋϴϹІ ϶ЅϹ ЁϹϾЄЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼГ ЂІ ЀЂЀϹЁІϴ ЅЀϹЄІϼ
ϼЁϸϼ϶ϼϸϴ ϸЂ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГ, ϶ ЉЂϸϹ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГ ϼ ЃЂЅϿϹ ϹϷЂ ЅЂ϶ϹЄЌϹЁϼГ (ϥЀϼЄЁЂ϶ ϲ. 1994: 16–17).
9
:
,
,
ϖ. ϥ. ϢϿАЉЂ϶ЅϾϼϽ ЅЋϼІϴϿ, ЋІЂ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏϽ ϾЇϿАІ ЃЂϸЄϴϻЇЀϹ϶ϴϹІ «ЃЂЋϼІϴЁϼϹ ЄϹϴϿАЁЏЉ
ϼϿϼ ϼϿϿВϻЂЄЁЏЉ ЂϵЎϹϾІЂ϶, Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁЁЏЉ Ѕ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГЀϼ Ђ ЅЀϹЄІϼ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹϾϴ ϼ ϹϷЂ ЅЂЅІЂГЁϼϼ
ЃЂЅϿϹ ЅЀϹЄІϼ». ϥϼЀ϶ЂϿϼϾϴ БІЂϷЂ ϾЇϿАІϴ ЂϻЁϴЋϴϹІ ЄϹϷЇϿГЊϼВ ЂІЁЂЌϹЁϼϽ Ϻϼ϶ЏЉ Ѕ ЃЂІЇЅІЂЄЂЁЁϼЀ ЀϼЄЂЀ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ЃЂЋϼІϴЁϼϹ ϸЇЌ ЇЀϹЄЌϼЉ ϼ ЉІЂЁϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϵЂϺϹЅІ϶ (ϢϿАЉЂ϶ЅϾϼϽ 1986: 72). ϣЂ
ϹϷЂ ЀЁϹЁϼВ, ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏϽ ϾЇϿАІ ϶ϾϿВЋϴϹІ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏϹ ЂϵЏЋϴϼ, ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂ-ЃЂЀϼЁϴϿАЁЇВ
ЂϵЄГϸЁЂЅІА ϼ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏϽ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾ, ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ЃЂЀϼЁϴϿАЁЂ-ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁϴГ ЂϵЄГϸЁЂЅІА Г϶ϿГϹІЅГ
ЅϼЅІϹЀЂϽ ЂϵЏЋϴϹ϶ (ϢϿАЉЂ϶ЅϾϼϽ 1986: 72; 1991: 4–5; 1993: 82–83).
ϕϿϼϻϾЇВ ЃЂϻϼЊϼВ ϻϴЁϼЀϴϹІ ϖ. Ϝ. ϠϹϿАЁϼϾ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ ЃЄϹϸϿЂϺϼϿ ЃЂЁГІϼϹ «ЁϹϾЄЂЅЈϹЄϴ»
ϸϿГ ЂϵЂϻЁϴЋϹЁϼГ ϶ЅϹЉ ЈЂЄЀ ЂϵЄϴЍϹЁϼГ ϿВϸϹϽ Ѕ ЀϹЄІ϶ЏЀϼ ІϹϿϴЀϼ. ϥЂϷϿϴЅЁЂ ϴ϶ІЂЄЇ, ЁϹϾЄЂЅЈϹЄϴ
϶ϾϿВЋϴϹІ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏϽ ЂϵЄГϸ (ЅЂ϶ЂϾЇЃЁЂЅІА ЅϼЀ϶ЂϿϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϼ ЄϹϴϿАЁЏЉ ϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼϽ, ЅЂ϶ϹЄЌϹЁЁЏЉ ϶ ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ϼϼ Ѕ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁЁЏЀϼ ЁЂЄЀϴЀϼ ϼ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГЀϼ ЃЄϼ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϼ ЇЀϹЄЌϼЉ),
ЂϵЄГϸЏ ЂϵЄϴЍϹЁϼГ Ѕ ЃЂϾЂϽЁЏЀϼ ϼ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏϹ ЂϵЏЋϴϼ (ЅІϹЄϹЂІϼЃϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЃЄϴϾІϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼГ Ѕ ІϹϿЂЀ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹϾϴ ЂІ ϹϷЂ ЅЀϹЄІϼ ϸЂ ЅЂ϶ϹЄЌϹЁϼГ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ ϼ ЅЂϻϸϴЁϼГ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴ). ϖЃЄЂЋϹЀ, ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿА ЃЄϼϻЁϴϹІ, ЋІЂ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏϹ ЂϵЏЋϴϼ ϼ ЂϵЄГϸЏ ЅІЂϿА ІϹЅЁЂ
ЃϹЄϹЃϿϹІϹЁЏ, ЋІЂ Ёϴ ЃЄϴϾІϼϾϹ ϼЉ Ѕ ІЄЇϸЂЀ ЀЂϺЁЂ ЄϴϻϿϼЋϼІА (ϠϹϿАЁϼϾ 1990: 74–76; 1993: 94–95).
ϖЃЂЅϿϹϸЅІ϶ϼϼ ϖ. ϥ. ϢϿАЉЂ϶ЅϾϼϽ ІЂϺϹ ЅІϴϿ ЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴІАЅГ ІϹЄЀϼЁЂЀ «ЁϹϾЄЂЅЈϹЄϴ», ЃЂЁϼЀϴГ
ЃЂϸ ЁϼЀ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЇВ ЃЄϴϾІϼϾЇ, І. Ϲ. ЅЈϹЄЇ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϸϹГІϹϿАЁЂЅІϼ, ЂЉ϶ϴІЏ϶ϴВЍЇВ ϶ЅϹ
ϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼГ, «ЅЂ϶ϹЄЌϴϹЀЏϹ ϶ ЃЄЂЊϹЅЅϹ ЃЂϸϷЂІЂ϶Ͼϼ ϼ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГ ЇЀϹЄЌϹϷЂ»: ЂϵЄГϸЂ϶ЏϹ (ЅϼЀ϶ЂϿϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ) ϼ ϶ЁϹЂϵЄГϸЂ϶ЏϹ (ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϿАЁЏϹ, ЇІϼϿϼІϴЄЁЏϹ ϼ ЅІϴЁϸϴЄІЁЏϹ, ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϼϹ ІЂϺϸϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏ ЂϵЏЋϴГЀ) (ϢϿАЉЂ϶ЅϾϼϽ 1993: 86–87).
ϙЍϹ ЂϸЁЇ ЈЂЄЀЇϿϼЄЂ϶ϾЇ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ЂϵЄГϸϴ ЃЄϹϸϿЂϺϼϿ ϖ. ϡ. ϠЏЌϾϼЁ. ϣЂ ϹϷЂ ЀЁϹЁϼВ, ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁЁЏϽ ЄϼІЇϴϿ «ЀЂϺЁЂ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϼІА ϾϴϾ ЈЂЄЀЇ ЁЂЄЀϴІϼ϶ЁЂϷЂ ЃЂ϶ϹϸϹЁϼГ ϿВϸϹϽ, Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁЁЂϷЂ Ѕ ϸЇЉЂ϶ЁЏЀ ϼ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿАЁЏЀ ϶ЏϸϹϿϹЁϼϹЀ ЇЀϹЄЌϼЉ ϼϻ ЅЂЊϼЇЀϴ» (ϠЏЌϾϼЁ 1999: 271).
ϖЅϹ БІϼ ЅЉϹЀЏ ЁϹ ϿϼЌϹЁЏ ЁϹϸЂЅІϴІϾЂ϶. ϖЂ-ЃϹЄ϶ЏЉ, ϶ ЁϼЉ ЃЄϴϾІϼЋϹЅϾϼ ЁϹ ЂІЄϴϺϹЁϴ ЅϹЀϴЁІϼϾϴ ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁЁЂϷЂ ЄϼІЇϴϿϴ ϾϴϾ БϿϹЀϹЁІϴ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ. ϱІЂ ЂϵЅІЂГІϹϿАЅІ϶Ђ ϻϴІЄЇϸЁГϹІ ЄϹϾЂЁЅІЄЇϾЊϼВ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϼЉ ϶ϹЄЂ϶ϴЁϼϽ Ђ ЅЀϹЄІϼ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ϼ ЃЄϹϸЂЃЄϹϸϹϿГϿϼ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼϹ ЄϴϻЁЂЂϵЄϴϻЁЏЉ
ЈЂЄЀ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂϽ ЂϵЄГϸЁЂЅІϼ Ѕ ЀЂЀϹЁІϴ ϹϹ ϶ЂϻЁϼϾЁЂ϶ϹЁϼГ. ϟϼЌА ϖ. Ϝ. ϠϹϿАЁϼϾ ЂІЀϹІϼϿ ϶
ЂϸЁЂϽ ϼϻ Ѕ϶ЂϼЉ ЄϴϵЂІ, ЋІЂ «ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏϽ ЃЄЂЊϹЅЅ» ϶ϾϿВЋϴϹІ ϼ «ЄϹϿϼϷϼЂϻЁЂ-ЀϼЈЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ
ЅЂϵЏІϼϽЁЏϽ ЄГϸ» (ϠϹϿАЁϼϾ 2005: 12). ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ЁϴϻЄϹϿϴ ЁϹЂϵЉЂϸϼЀЂЅІА ЃЂϸЄЂϵЁϹϹ ϼϻЇЋϼІА ϶ЂЃЄЂЅ Ђ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼϼ ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁЁЂϷЂ ЄϼІЇϴϿϴ ϼ ϹϷЂ ϸϴϿАЁϹϽЌϹϽ Б϶ЂϿВЊϼϼ (ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1981:
4; 1986϶: 6–7; 2008; ϞЏϻϿϴЅЂ϶ Ϝ. 1993: 99–101). ϖЂ-϶ІЂЄЏЉ, БІϼ ЅЉϹЀЏ ЃЄЂІϼ϶ЂЄϹЋϴІ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІϴЀ
ЄϴϵЂІ БІЁЂϿЂϷЂ϶, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ІϹЃϹЄА ЁϹ ϸϹϿϴВІ ЄϴϻϿϼЋϼϽ ЀϹϺϸЇ ЂϵЏЋϴϹЀ ϼ ЂϵЄГϸЂЀ (ϕϴϽϵЇЄϼЁ 1993:
29–30). ϖ-ІЄϹІАϼЉ, ϴ϶ІЂЄЏ ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴϹЀЏЉ ЅЉϹЀ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЇВІ ϸϿГ ϴЁϴϿϼϻϴ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏЉ ЂϵЄГϸЂ϶ ϶ϹЅАЀϴ ЁϹЅЂ϶ϹЄЌϹЁЁЇВ ІϹЄЀϼЁЂϿЂϷϼВ (ϢϿАЉЂ϶ЅϾϼϽ 1995: 86–88; ϗЇϿГϹ϶, ϢϿАЉЂ϶ЅϾϼϽ 1999:
12–13), ЋІЂ ϻϴІЄЇϸЁГϹІ ϶ЂЅЃЄϼГІϼϹ ϼЉ ЅЇϺϸϹЁϼϽ. ϣЂ БІϼЀ ЃЄϼЋϼЁϴЀ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁϼГ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂϷЂ
ϾЇϿАІϴ, ЃЄϹϸϿЂϺϹЁЁЏϹ ЄЂЅЅϼϽЅϾϼЀϼ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϴЀϼ ϶ 1980–1990-Љ ϷϷ., ЁϹ ЀЂϷЇІ ϾЂЁϾЇЄϼЄЂ϶ϴІА Ѕ
ЋϹІϾЂϽ ЈЂЄЀЇϿϼЄЂ϶ϾЂϽ БІЂϷЂ ЃЂЁГІϼГ, ЄϴϻЄϴϵЂІϴЁЁЂϽ БІЁЂϿЂϷϴЀϼ.
ϢϵϻЂЄ БІЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼϽ ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГϹІ ЅϸϹϿϴІА ϶Џ϶Ђϸ Ђ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ ϶ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼЂЁЁЏЉ
(ЁϹϼЁϸЇЅІЄϼϴϿАЁЏЉ) ЂϵЍϹЅІ϶ϴЉ, ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿГϹІ ЅЂϵЂϽ ЅЂ϶ЂϾЇЃЁЂЅІА ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿАЁЏЉ ϼ ϸЇЉЂ϶ЁЏЉ ЊϹЁЁЂЅІϹϽ, ЅЈЂЄЀϼЄЂ϶ϴ϶ЌϼЉЅГ Ёϴ ЂЅЁЂ϶Ϲ ЂϵЏЋϴϹ϶, ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴϿ ϼ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅ
ЄϴϻЁЂЂϵЄϴϻЁЏЉ ЄϼІЇϴϿАЁЏЉ ϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼϽ, ЄϹϷϿϴЀϹЁІϼЄЇВЍϼЉ ЂІЁЂЌϹЁϼϹ Ͼ ЇЀϼЄϴВЍϼЀ, ЅЃЂЅЂϵЏ
ЂϵЄϴЍϹЁϼГ Ѕ ЃЂϾЂϽЁЏЀϼ ϼ ЈЂЄЀЏ ЃЂЀϼЁϴЁϼГ ϼϿϼ ЃЂЋϼІϴЁϼГ ЇЅЂЃЌϼЉ. ϥϿЂϺϼ϶ЌϼϹЅГ ϶ ЂІϸϴϿϹЁЁЂЀ ЃЄЂЌϿЂЀ БІϼ ІЄϼ ϷЄЇЃЃЏ ϶ϹЄЂ϶ϴЁϼϽ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿГВІ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏϽ ϾЇϿАІ (ϗЄϴЋϹ϶ϴ 1993ϵ).
ϠϴϷϼГ ЄϼІЇϴϿЂ϶ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϽ ϷЄЇЃЃЏ (ЂІЁЂЌϹЁϼϹ Ͼ ЇЀϼЄϴВЍϼЀ) ЁϴЃЄϴ϶ϿϹЁϴ Ёϴ ІЂ, ЋІЂϵЏ ЃЂϸϷЂІЂ϶ϼІА Ͼ ЁϴЅІЇЃϿϹЁϼВ ЅЀϹЄІϼ ϵЂϿАЁЏЉ ϼϿϼ ЄϴЁϹЁЏЉ ЅЂЄЂϸϼЋϹϽ, Ёϴ ϶ЏϻϸЂЄЂ϶ϿϹЁϼϹ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЁϹ
ЂЅІϴϿЂЅА ЁϴϸϹϺϸ. ϥϿϹϸЇϹІ ЃЂϸЋϹЄϾЁЇІА, ЋІЂ ϶ ϸϴЁЁЂЀ ЅϿЇЋϴϹ ЂϵЄГϸЂ϶ЏϹ ϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼГ ЁϹ ЁϴЊϹϿϹЁЏ
Ёϴ ϼϻЀϹЁϹЁϼϹ ЃЄϼϺϼϻЁϹЁЁЂϷЂ ЅІϴІЇЅϴ БІϼЉ ϿВϸϹϽ, ЃЂЅϾЂϿАϾЇ ϶ ЁϼЉ ϹЍϹ ІϹЃϿϼϿϴЅА ϺϼϻЁА.
ϥϼЀ϶ЂϿϼϾϴ ЄϼІЇϴϿЂ϶ ІЄϹІАϹϽ ϷЄЇЃЃЏ (ЃЂЀϼЁϴϿАЁЏϹ ЂϵЄГϸЏ) Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁϴ Ѕ ЃЂЋϼІϴЁϼϹЀ ϸϴ϶ЁЂ
ЇЌϹϸЌϼЉ ϼϻ ϺϼϻЁϼ ϿВϸϹϽ. ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ϼ ϶ БІЂЀ ЅϿЇЋϴϹ ЂϵЄГϸЂ϶ЏϹ ϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼГ ϶ ЋϹЅІА ЃЂϾЂϽЁЏЉ ЁϹ ϶ϹϸЇІ Ͼ ϾϴϾϼЀ-ϿϼϵЂ ЃϹЄϹЀϹЁϴЀ ϶ ЃЂЅЀϹЄІЁЂЀ ЅІϴІЇЅϹ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ ЃЄϹϸϾϼ ЃЂϿЇЋϼϿϼ ЃЂЅϿϹ ЂϾЂЁЋϴЁϼГ
ІЄϴЇЄϴ, ϶Џϻ϶ϴЁЁЂϷЂ ϼЉ ϾЂЁЋϼЁЂϽ.
ϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϹ ЀϹЅІЂ ϶ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂЀ ϾЇϿАІϹ ЂІ϶ϹϸϹЁЂ ЄϼІЇϴϿϴЀ ϶ІЂЄЂϽ ϷЄЇЃЃЏ (ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏϹ ЂϵЄГϸЏ). ϜЀϹЁЁЂ ЂЁϼ ЃЄϹϸЁϴϻЁϴЋϹЁЏ ϸϿГ ІЂϷЂ, ЋІЂϵЏ ϻϴЈϼϾЅϼЄЂ϶ϴІА ЃЂЅЄϹϸЅІ϶ЂЀ ЊϹЄϹЀЂЁϼϽ,
10
ЂϸЂϵЄϹЁЁЏЉ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼϹϽ, ЄϴϸϼϾϴϿАЁЂϹ ϼϻЀϹЁϹЁϼϹ ЃЄϼϺϼϻЁϹЁЁЂϷЂ ЅІϴІЇЅϴ ЇЀϹЄЌϹϷЂ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ ϿϼЌА
ЃЂЅϿϹ ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁ ϼ ϻϴ϶ϹЄЌϹЁϼГ Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁЁЂϷЂ Ѕ ЁϼЀϼ ІЄϴЇЄϴ ЃЄϼЂϵЄϹІϴϹІ ϼЁЂϽ (ЃЂЅЀϹЄІЁЏϽ) ЅІϴІЇЅ
ϼ ЃЂϾϼϸϴϹІ ЀϼЄ Ϻϼ϶ЏЉ.
ϜЁЏЀϼ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЀϼ, ЃЄϼ ЃЂЀЂЍϼ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏЉ ЄϼІЇϴϿЂ϶ ϾЂϿϿϹϾІϼ϶ ЅϴЁϾЊϼЂЁϼЄЇϹІ ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸ
ϼЁϸϼ϶ϼϸϴ ϼϻ ЂϸЁЂϷЂ ϾϴЋϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϷЂ ЅЂЅІЂГЁϼГ ϶ ϸЄЇϷЂϹ. ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁЁЏϽ ЄϼІЇϴϿ ЂІЁЂЅϼІЅГ Ͼ ϷЄЇЃЃϹ ЂϵЄГϸЂ϶, ЁϴϻЁϴЋϹЁϼϹ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЅЂЅІЂϼІ ϶ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂϵЏ ЄϹϷЇϿϼЄЂ϶ϴІА ϺϼϻЁϹЁЁЏϽ ЃЇІА
ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹϾϴ. ϖЅϹ ϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼГ ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁЁЂϷЂ ЄϼІЇϴϿϴ, ϶ϾϿВЋϴГ ϼ ЃЂϸϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϼϹ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ЅЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼГ, Г϶ϿГВІЅГ, ϶ЂЃЄϹϾϼ ЀЁϹЁϼВ ϖ. ϥ. ϢϿАЉЂ϶ЅϾЂϷЂ (ϢϿАЉЂ϶ЅϾϼϽ 1986: 68; 1993: 83), ЅϼЀ϶ЂϿϼЋϹЅϾϼЀϼ. ϖЃЄЂЋϹЀ, ϹϷЂ ЃЂϻϼЊϼГ ЃЂ БІЂЀЇ ϶ЂЃЄЂЅЇ ЃЄЂІϼ϶ЂЄϹЋϼ϶ϴ. ϥ ЂϸЁЂϽ ЅІЂЄЂЁЏ, ЂЁ ЅЋϼІϴϿ ЇЍϹЄϵЁЂϽ ІЄϴϾІЂ϶ϾЇ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ЂϵЄГϸϴ ϾϴϾ ЅϼЅІϹЀЏ ЃЄϹϼЀЇЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂ ЅϼЀ϶ЂϿϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼϽ
(ϢϿАЉЂ϶ЅϾϼϽ 1993: 83), Ѕ ϸЄЇϷЂϽ — ЃЄϼϻЁϴ϶ϴϿ, ЋІЂ «ϾϴϺϸЂϹ ЄϹϴϿАЁЂϹ ϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼϹ ϶ ЂϵЄГϸϹ Г϶ϿГϹІЅГ
ЂϸЁЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂ ϼ ЁϹЄϹϴϿАЁЏЀ, ЂϵЇЅϿЂ϶ϿϹЁЁЏЀ ϹϷЂ ЅϹЀϴЁІϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϻЁϴЋϼЀЂЅІАВ» (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ: 84) ϼ ЋІЂ
«ϸϹϿϹЁϼϹ ϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼϽ Ёϴ ЅϼЀ϶ЂϿϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϼ ЇІϼϿϼІϴЄЁЏϹ ЀЂϺϹІ ϵЏІА ЃЄϼЁГІЂ ϿϼЌА ϾϴϾ ЅЇϷЇϵЂ ЇЅϿЂ϶ЁЂϹ, ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ЇВЍϹϹ ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂЀЇ, ϴ ЁϹ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹЀЇ ϶ЂЅЃЄϼГІϼВ ЂϵЄГϸϴ» (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ: 85).
ϥϿϹϸЇϹІ ЇϾϴϻϴІА, ЋІЂ ІϹЄЀϼЁЏ «ЄϼІЇϴϿ» ϼ «ЂϵЄГϸ» ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЇВІЅГ ϴ϶ІЂЄЂЀ ϸϴЁЁЂϽ ЅІϴІАϼ
ϾϴϾ ЅϼЁЂЁϼЀЏ. ϦϴϾЂϹ ϼЉ ЇЃЂІЄϹϵϿϹЁϼϹ, ϾϴϾ ЅϿϹϸЇϹІ ϼϻ ЀЂЁЂϷЄϴЈϼϼ ϔ. Ϟ. ϕϴϽϵЇЄϼЁϴ, ЃЂЅ϶ГЍϹЁЁЂϽ ЂϵЄГϸϴЀ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏЉ ЅϿϴ϶ГЁ (ϕϴϽϵЇЄϼЁ 1993: 18), ϶ЃЂϿЁϹ ϸЂЃЇЅІϼЀЂ. ϥϿЂ϶ЂЅЂЋϹІϴЁϼГ «ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏϽ (ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁЁЏϽ) ЂϵЄГϸ» ϼ «ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏϽ (ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁЁЏϽ) ЄϼІЇϴϿ», ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ІϹЄЀϼЁЏ
«ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϹ» ϼ «ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϹ», Ѕ ІЂЋϾϼ ϻЄϹЁϼГ ϴ϶ІЂЄϴ БІϼЉ ЅІЄЂϾ, ІϴϾϺϹ Г϶ϿГВІЅГ ЅЉЂϸЁЏЀϼ
ЃЂ ЅЀЏЅϿЇ.
ϖ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼЂЁЁЏЉ ЂϵЍϹЅІ϶ϴЉ ϺϼϻЁА ϿВϸϹϽ ϵЏϿϴ ϺϹЅІϾЂ ЄϹϷϿϴЀϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϴ ϼ ЄϴϻϸϹϿϹЁϴ Ёϴ
ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾЂ ЊϼϾϿЂ϶ (ϸϹІЅІ϶Ђ, ЂІЄЂЋϹЅІ϶Ђ, ВЁЂЅІА, ϻЄϹϿЂЅІА, ЅІϴЄЂЅІА), ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸ ЂІ ЂϸЁЂϷЂ ЊϼϾϿϴ Ͼ ϸЄЇϷЂЀЇ ЅЂЃЄЂ϶ЂϺϸϴϿЅГ ЂЅЂϵЏЀϼ ЄϼІЇϴϿϴЀϼ (϶ϴЁ ϗϹЁЁϹЃ 1999; van Gennep 1909).
ϣЂЅϾЂϿАϾЇ Ї ЀЁЂϷϼЉ ЁϴЄЂϸЂ϶ ϵЏϿϼ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁЏ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГ Ђ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ ЅЀϹЄІА Г϶ϿГϹІЅГ ЃЄϹϿВϸϼϹϽ Ͼ ϾϴϾЂЀЇ-ІЂ ϼЁЂЀЇ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼВ (϶ϴЁ ϗϹЁЁϹЃ 1999: 134–150; ϙЄϹЀϼЁϴ 1991: 24;
van Gennep 1909: 209–236), ІЂ, ϾϴϾ БІЂ Ёϼ ЃϴЄϴϸЂϾЅϴϿАЁЂ, ϶ ЂϸϼЁ ЄГϸ Ѕ ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁЁЏЀϼ ЄϼІЇϴϿϴЀϼ
ЅϿϹϸЇϹІ ЃЂЅІϴ϶ϼІА ЂϵЄГϸЏ ϼ ЃЄϴϻϸЁϼϾϼ, ЃЂЅ϶ГЍϹЁЁЏϹ ЄЂϺϸϹЁϼВ ЄϹϵϹЁϾϴ, ЃЄϼЂϵЄϹІϹЁϼВ ЃЂϸЄЂЅІϾЂЀ ЅІϴІЇЅϴ ϶ϻЄЂЅϿЂϷЂ ЀЇϺЋϼЁЏ ϼϿϼ ϺϹЁЍϼЁЏ (ЂϵЄГϸ ϼЁϼЊϼϴЊϼϼ), ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ Ѕ϶ϴϸϹϵЁЏϹ ЃϼЄЏ.
ϣЂ ІϹЄЀϼЁЂϿЂϷϼϼ, ЃЄϹϸϿЂϺϹЁЁЂϽ ϔ. ϶ϴЁ ϗϹЁЁϹЃЂЀ, ϶ЅϹ ЃϹЄϹЋϼЅϿϹЁЁЏϹ ЄϼІЇϴϿЏ, ϶ ІЂЀ ЋϼЅϿϹ ϼ
ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏϹ, ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴВІЅГ ЂϵЄГϸϴЀϼ ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸϴ (van Gennep 1909; ϶ϴЁ ϗϹЁЁϹЃ 1999: 7–18).
ϖ 1990-Ϲ ϷϷ. ϔ. Ϟ. ϕϴϽϵЇЄϼЁ ϼ ϗ. ϔ. ϟϹ϶ϼЁІЂЁ ϶ЁϹЅϿϼ ϾЂЄЄϹϾІϼ϶Џ ϶ ϾϿϴЅЅϼЈϼϾϴЊϼВ ЂϵЄГϸЂ϶ ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸϴ, ЃЄϹϸϿЂϺϹЁЁЇВ ϔ. ϶ϴЁ ϗϹЁЁϹЃЂЀ. ϢЁϼ ϶ЏϸϹϿϼϿϼ ϸ϶Ϲ ϷЄЇЃЃЏ ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸЁЏЉ ЄϼІЇϴϿЂ϶ (ϕϴϽϵЇЄϼЁ, ϟϹ϶ϼЁІЂЁ 1990: 73–74). ϢϸЁЇ ϼϻ ЁϼЉ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿГВІ «ЅЄϹϸϼЁЁЏϹ», ЃЂ ІϹЄЀϼЁЂϿЂϷϼϼ
ϴ϶ІЂЄЂ϶, ЂϵЄГϸЏ (ϼЁϼЊϼϴЊϼГ ϼ Ѕ϶ϴϸАϵϴ), ϾЂІЂЄЏЀϼ ϻϴ϶ϹЄЌϴВІЅГ ІϴϾϼϹ ϺϼϻЁϹЁЁЏϹ ЊϼϾϿЏ, ϾϴϾ
ЂІЄЂЋϹЅІ϶Ђ ϼ ВЁЂЅІА. ϱІϼ ЄϼІЇϴϿЏ ϼЀϹВІ ϾϿϴЅЅϼЋϹЅϾЇВ ϸϿГ ЂϵЄГϸЂ϶ ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸϴ ІЄϹЉЋϴЅІЁЇВ
ЅІЄЇϾІЇЄЇ ЅϼЀ϶ЂϿϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼϽ. ϡϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ, ϸϿГ ϼЁϼЊϼϴЊϼϼ ЂІЀϹЋϴϹІЅГ ЅϿϹϸЇВЍϴГ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿАЁЂЅІА ЄϼІЇϴϿАЁЏЉ ϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼϽ: ЇЉЂϸ ЃЂϸЄЂЅІϾϴ, ϾЂІЂЄЂϷЂ ϸЂϿϺЁЏ ЃЂϸ϶ϹЄϷЁЇІА ϼЅЃЏІϴЁϼГЀ,
ϼϻ ϾЂϿϿϹϾІϼ϶ϴ — «ЃЂϷЄϴЁϼЋЁЏϽ» ЃϹЄϼЂϸ (ЃЄϹϵЏ϶ϴЁϼϹ ϻϴ ЃЄϹϸϹϿϴЀϼ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГ, І. Ϲ. ЅЂϵЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂ
ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ϼЅЃЏІϴЁϼϽ) — ϶Ђϻ϶ЄϴЍϹЁϼϹ ϶ ЄЂϸЁЂϽ ϸЂЀ (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ: 68).
ϘЄЇϷЇВ ϷЄЇЃЃЇ ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸЁЏЉ ЂϵЄГϸЂ϶ ЂϵЄϴϻЇВІ «ϾЄϴϽЁϼϹ» ЄϼІЇϴϿЏ (ЄЂϸϼЁЏ ϼ ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁЏ), ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЈϼϾЅϼЄЇВІ ЁϴЋϴϿЂ ϼ ϻϴ϶ϹЄЌϹЁϼϹ ϺϼϻЁϼ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹϾϴ. ϣЂ ЀЁϹЁϼВ ϔ. Ϟ. ϕϴϽϵЇЄϼЁϴ
ϼ ϗ. ϔ. ϟϹ϶ϼЁІЂЁϴ, БІϼ ЂϵЄГϸЏ ЃЄϼЁЊϼЃϼϴϿАЁЂ ЂІϿϼЋϴВІЅГ ЂІ БІϴϿЂЁЁЏЉ ЄϼІЇϴϿЂ϶ ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸϴ
(Ѕ϶ϴϸАϵϴ, ϼЁϼЊϼϴЊϼГ), ЃЂЅϾЂϿАϾЇ ϸϿГ «ϾЄϴϽЁϼЉ» ЂϵЄГϸЂ϶ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁϴ ϸ϶ЇЉЋϴЅІЁϴГ ЅЉϹЀϴ ЅϼЀ϶ЂϿϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼϽ. ϡϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ, ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁЁЏϽ ЄϼІЇϴϿ ϶ϾϿВЋϴϹІ ЅϿϹϸЇВЍϼϹ ЂϵЄГϸЂ϶ЏϹ ϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼГ:
ЂІϸϹϿϹЁϼϹ ЇЀϹЄЌϼЉ ЂІ Ϻϼ϶ЏЉ — ЃЇІϹЌϹЅІ϶ϼϹ Ёϴ ІЂІ Ѕ϶ϹІ, ϾЂІЂЄЂϹ ϻϴ϶ϹЄЌϴϹІЅГ Ёϴ ϾϿϴϸϵϼЍϹ,
ЂІϾЇϸϴ ЃЂϾЂϽЁϼϾ ЁϹ ϶Ђϻ϶ЄϴЍϴϹІЅГ. ϘϴϿАЁϹϽЌϼϽ ЃЇІА ЀϹЄІ϶ϹЊϴ ϶ ЀϼЄ ϼЁЂϽ ϼ ϹϷЂ ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁϴГ ЄϹϼЁϾϴЄЁϴЊϼГ ЂЅІϴВІЅГ ϶ ϾЂЁЊϹЃІЇϴϿАЁЂϽ ЅЈϹЄϹ ϼ ЄϼІЇϴϿАЁЂ ЁϹ ЄϹϴϿϼϻЇВІЅГ (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ: 69, 73, 78;
ϕϴϽϵЇЄϼЁ 1993: 115, 190–191). ϣЄϼϸϴ϶ϴГ ϵЂϿАЌЂϹ ϻЁϴЋϹЁϼϹ ЃЂϸЂϵЁЂϽ «ЁϹϻϴ϶ϹЄЌϹЁЁЂЅІϼ» ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ЂϵЄГϸϴ, ϔ. Ϟ. ϕϴϽϵЇЄϼЁ ϼ ϗ. ϔ. ϟϹ϶ϼЁІЂЁ ЂϸЁЂ ϶ЄϹЀГ ЅЋϼІϴϿϼ, ЋІЂ ЂЁ ϶ЂЂϵЍϹ ЁϹ ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ЇϹІ ЅЉϹЀϹ ЄϼІЇϴϿϴ ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸϴ (ϕϴϽϵЇЄϼЁ, ϟϹ϶ϼЁІЂЁ 1990: 90, ЃЄϼЀϹЋ. 15), ЁЂ ϶ ϸϴϿАЁϹϽЌϹЀ
ЂІϾϴϻϴϿϼЅА ЂІ ЅІЂϿА ЄϴϸϼϾϴϿАЁЂϽ ІЂЋϾϼ ϻЄϹЁϼГ (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ: 68–69).
ϣЄϼ ϶ЅϹϽ ЁЂ϶ϼϻЁϹ ϼ ЂЄϼϷϼЁϴϿАЁЂЅІϼ ЃЄϹϸϿЂϺϹЁЁЂϽ ϔ. Ϟ. ϕϴϽϵЇЄϼЁЏЀ ϼ ϗ. ϔ. ϟϹ϶ϼЁІЂЁЂЀ
ϾϿϴЅЅϼЈϼϾϴЊϼϼ ЂϵЄГϸЂ϶ ϶ ϹϹ ϴϸЄϹЅ ЀЂϺЁЂ ϶ЏЅϾϴϻϴІА ϸ϶ϴ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЉ ϻϴЀϹЋϴЁϼГ. ϖЂ-ЃϹЄ϶ЏЉ,
11
:
,
,
϶ ЁϹϽ ЁϹ ЃЂϸЋϹЄϾЁЇІЂ Ѕ϶ЂϹЂϵЄϴϻϼϹ Ѕ϶ϴϸϹϵЁЂϷЂ ЃЄϴϻϸЁϼϾϴ, ϾЂІЂЄЂϹ, Ѕ ЀЂϹϽ ІЂЋϾϼ ϻЄϹЁϼГ, ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГϹІ ϹЀЇ ϻϴЁГІА ЂЅЂϵЂϹ ЀϹЅІЂ ЅЄϹϸϼ ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸЁЏЉ ЄϼІЇϴϿЂ϶. ϩЂІГ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿϼ ϼ ЇϾϴϻϴϿϼ Ёϴ ЅЉЂϸЅІ϶Ђ Ѕ϶ϴϸАϵЏ Ѕ ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁϴЀϼ (ЀЂϿЂϸϴГ ϺϹЁϴ ЁϹ ϶Ђϻ϶ЄϴЍϴϹІЅГ ϶ ЄЂϸϼІϹϿАЅϾЂϹ ϺϼϿϼЍϹ, ϴ ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸϼІ
ϺϼІА ϶ ϸЂЀ ЀЇϺϴ) (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ: 70), ЂЁϼ ЁϹ ЂІЀϹІϼϿϼ ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼϼ ЀϹϺϸЇ Ѕ϶ϴϸϹϵЁЏЀ ЄϼІЇϴϿЂЀ ϼ ϼЁϼЊϼϴЊϼϹϽ (ϺϼϻЁϹЁЁЏϽ ЃЇІА ЁϹ϶ϹЅІЏ ЁϹ ЂϵЄЏ϶ϴϹІЅГ ЃЂЅϿϹ Ѕ϶ϴϸАϵЏ). ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ЅЃϹЊϼЈϼϾϴ
Ѕ϶ϴϸϹϵЁЂϷЂ ЂϵЄГϸϴ ϻϴϾϿВЋϴϹІЅГ ϶ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ ЃЂЅϿϹ ϹϷЂ ϻϴ϶ϹЄЌϹЁϼГ ЀЂϿЂϸϴГ ϺϹЁЍϼЁϴ ЂϾϴϻЏ϶ϴϹІЅГ
϶ ЂϵЅІϴЁЂ϶ϾϹ, ϼЀϹВЍϹϽ ЋϹЄІЏ ЅЉЂϸЅІ϶ϴ Ѕ ЅϼІЇϴЊϼГЀϼ, ϾЂІЂЄЏЀϼ ϻϴϾϴЁЋϼ϶ϴВІЅГ ϸЄЇϷϼϹ ЂϵЄГϸЏ
ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸϴ — ϾϴϾ «ЅЄϹϸϼЁЁЏϹ», ІϴϾ ϼ «ϾЄϴϽЁϼϹ».
ϖЂ-϶ІЂЄЏЉ, ϶ ϾϿϴЅЅϼЈϼϾϴЊϼϼ ϔ. Ϟ. ϕϴϽϵЇЄϼЁϴ ϼ ϗ. ϔ. ϟϹ϶ϼЁІЂЁϴ ЄϼІЇϴϿЏ Ѕ ϾϿϴЅЅϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ
ІЄϹЉЋϴЅІЁЂϽ ЅЉϹЀЂϽ ЅϼЀ϶ЂϿϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼϽ (ϼЁϼЊϼϴЊϼГ, Ѕ϶ϴϸАϵϴ) ЃЄЂІϼ϶ЂЃЂЅІϴ϶ϿГВІЅГ «ЁϹϻϴ϶ϹЄЌϹЁЁЏЀ» ЂϵЄГϸϴЀ Ѕ ϸ϶ЇЉЋϴЅІЁЂϽ ЅЉϹЀЂϽ ЅϼЀ϶ЂϿϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼϽ (ЄЂϸϼЁЏ, ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁЏ).
ϩЂІГ ϼ ЅϴЀ ϔ. ϶ϴЁ ϗϹЁЁϹЃ ЁϹ ЁϴЅІϴϼ϶ϴϿ Ёϴ ϴϵЅЂϿВІϼϻϴЊϼϼ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼЂЁЁЂϽ ЅЉϹЀЏ ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸЁЂϷЂ ЄϼІЇϴϿϴ ϼ ЁϹ ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴϿ ϹϹ ϾϴϾ ЁϹϾЇВ ЇЁϼ϶ϹЄЅϴϿϼВ (϶ϴЁ ϗϹЁЁϹЃ 1999: 146–147; van Gennep 1909:
230), Ѕ ЀЂϹϽ ІЂЋϾϼ ϻЄϹЁϼГ, ϶ЏЌϹЃЄϼ϶ϹϸϹЁЁЂϹ ЃЄЂІϼ϶ЂЃЂЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϼϹ ЁϹϾЂЄЄϹϾІЁЂ, ЃЂІЂЀЇ ЋІЂ ϼ
«ЅЄϹϸϼЁЁЏϹ», ϼ «ϾЄϴϽЁϼϹ» ЂϵЄГϸЏ ЅϿЇϺϴІ ϸϿГ ϸЂЅІϼϺϹЁϼГ ЂϸЁЂϽ ϼ ІЂϽ ϺϹ ЊϹϿϼ. ϞЂϷϸϴ ЄϹЋА ϻϴЉЂϸϼІ Ђ ЈЇЁϾЊϼЂЁϴϿАЁЂЀ ЁϴϻЁϴЋϹЁϼϼ ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸЁЏЉ ЄϼІЇϴϿЂ϶, ЂϵЏЋЁЂ ЃЂϸЋϹЄϾϼ϶ϴВІ ϼЉ ЄЂϿА ϶ ЅЂЊϼϴϿАЁЂϽ ϼЁІϹϷЄϴЊϼϼ ϾЂϿϿϹϾІϼ϶ϴ (ϕϴϽϵЇЄϼЁ 1993: 32; ϶ϴЁ ϗϹЁЁϹЃ 1999: 135–136, 149–150; ϠЏЌϾϼЁ
1999: 280–281; ϣϹІЄЇЉϼЁ 1975: 5; van Gennep 1909: 211– 212, 234–235). ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ϷϿϴ϶ЁЂϽ ЊϹϿАВ ϶ЅϹЉ
ЂϵЄГϸЂ϶ ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸϴ Г϶ϿГϹІЅГ ЂЈЂЄЀϿϹЁЁϴГ ЅϼЀ϶ЂϿϼЋϹЅϾϼЀϼ ϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼГЀϼ ЅϴЁϾЊϼГ ϾЂϿϿϹϾІϼ϶ϴ Ёϴ
ЃЂϿЇЋϹЁϼϹ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹϾЂЀ ЁЂ϶ЂϷЂ ЅІϴІЇЅϴ. ϣϹЄϹЉЂϸЁЏϹ ЄϼІЇϴϿЏ «ЂЅ϶ГЍϴϿϼ» ІЂϿАϾЂ ЄϴϸϼϾϴϿАЁЏϹ ϼϻЀϹЁϹЁϼГ ϺϼϻЁϼ ϼЁϸϼ϶ϼϸϴ, ЃЂЅϿϹ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЂЁ Ёϴ϶ЅϹϷϸϴ ЇІЄϴЋϼ϶ϴϿ Ѕ϶ЂϹ ЃЄϹϺЁϹϹ ЂϵЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϹ ЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼϹ. ϘϹϽЅІ϶ϼІϹϿАЁЂ, ЁЂ϶ЂЄЂϺϸϹЁЁЏϽ ЁϹ ЀЂϺϹІ ϶Ђϻ϶ЄϴІϼІАЅГ ϶Ђ ЋЄϹ϶Ђ ЀϴІϹЄϼ, ЀЂϿЂϸЂϽ ϶ЂϼЁ
ЁϹ ЀЂϺϹІ ЃЄϹ϶ЄϴІϼІАЅГ ϶ ЁϹЂЃЏІЁЂϷЂ ЃЂϸЄЂЅІϾϴ, ЅЇЃЄЇϷϼ ЁϹ ЀЂϷЇІ ϶ϹЄЁЇІА Ѕ϶ЂϽ ϸЂϵЄϴЋЁЏϽ ЅІϴІЇЅ, ЃЂϾЂϽЁϼϾ ЁϹ ЀЂϺϹІ ϶ЅІϴІА ϼϻ ЀЂϷϼϿЏ. ϜЅϾϿВЋϹЁϼϹ ϸϹϿϴϿЂЅА ІЂϿАϾЂ ϸϿГ ЂЌϼϵЂЋЁЂ ЂϵЎГ϶ϿϹЁЁЏЉ ЇЀϹЄЌϼЀϼ ϼ ЅϼЀ϶ЂϿϼЋϹЅϾϼ ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁϹЁЁЏЉ ϿВϸϹϽ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЃЂЅϿϹ ϶Ђϻ϶ЄϴЍϹЁϼГ ϶ ЄЂϸЁЂϽ ϸЂЀ
ϸЂϿϺЁЏ ϵЏϿϼ ϼЀϼІϼЄЂ϶ϴІА ЂϵЄГϸ ЁЂ϶ЂϷЂ ЄЂϺϸϹЁϼГ, ЋІЂϵЏ ϶ЁЂ϶А ЅІϴІА ЃЂϿЁЂЃЄϴ϶ЁЏЀϼ ЋϿϹЁϴЀϼ
ЂϵЍϼЁЏ (ϨЄБϻϹЄ 1980: 25). ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ϿВϵЂϽ ЂϵЄГϸ ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸϴ ϶ϹϸϹІ Ͼ ϵϹϻ϶Ђϻ϶ЄϴІЁЂϽ ЇІЄϴІϹ
ЃЄЂЌϿЂϷЂ ЂϵЄϴϻϴ ϺϼϻЁϼ. ϱІЂ ϶ϴϺЁЂϹ ЂϵЅІЂГІϹϿАЅІ϶Ђ ЂϵЎϹϸϼЁГϹІ ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸЁЏϹ ЄϼІЇϴϿЏ ϶ ϹϸϼЁЏϽ
ЊϼϾϿ ЂϵЄГϸЂ϶ ЁϹϻϴ϶ϼЅϼЀЂ ЂІ ϼЉ ЅІЄЇϾІЇЄЁЂϷЂ ЄϴϻϸϹϿϹЁϼГ Ёϴ «ϸ϶ЇЉЋϴЅІЁЏϹ» ϼ «ІЄϹЉЋϴЅІЁЏϹ».
ϣЄϹϸϿЂϺϹЁЁЏϽ ϔ. ϶ϴЁ ϗϹЁЁϹЃЂЀ ІϹЄЀϼЁ «ЄϼІЇϴϿЏ ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸϴ» ϼЅϾϿВЋϼІϹϿАЁЂ ІЂЋЁЂ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄϼϻЇϹІ ЅЇІА ЅϼЀ϶ЂϿϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼϽ, ϾЂІЂЄЏЀϼ ϻϴϾϴЁЋϼ϶ϴϿЅГ ϾϴϺϸЏϽ ϺϼϻЁϹЁЁЏϽ ЊϼϾϿ
ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹϾϴ. ϱІϼ ЂϵЄГϸЏ ЅЂЃЄЂ϶ЂϺϸϴϿϼ ϹϷЂ Ёϴ ЃЄЂІГϺϹЁϼϼ ϶ЅϹϽ ϺϼϻЁϼ, ϾЂІЂЄϴГ, ϶ ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ϼϼ Ѕ
ЌϼЄЂϾЂ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁЁЏЀϼ ЅЄϹϸϼ ЀЁЂϷϼЉ ЁϴЄЂϸЂ϶ ϶ϹЄЂ϶ϴЁϼГЀϼ, ЁϹ ϻϴ϶ϹЄЌϴϿϴЅА ЈϼϻϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ
ЅЀϹЄІАВ ϼЁϸϼ϶ϼϸϴ. ϡЂ ϾЇϸϴ ϺϹ ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸϼϿ ЇЅЂЃЌϼϽ? ϫІЂ ϵЏϿЂ ϹЀЇ ЇϷЂІЂ϶ϴЁЂ ЃЂЅϿϹ ϾЂЁЋϼЁЏ?
ϛϴ ϼЅϾϿВЋϹЁϼϹЀ ЂІϸϹϿАЁЏЉ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ, Ї ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЅϿЂϺϼϿϼЅА ϿϼЌА ϴЀЂЄЈЁЏϹ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГ Ђ ϻϴϷЄЂϵЁЂЀ ϵЏІϼϼ ЃЂϾЂϽЁЂϷЂ (Frazer 1933: 7–9; Ucko 1969: 264–265), ϶Ђ ϶ЅϹЉ ЂЅІϴϿАЁЏЉ
ІЄϴϸϼЊϼЂЁЁЏЉ ЂϵЍϹЅІ϶ϴЉ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴϿϼ, ϾϴϾ Ђϵ БІЂЀ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ЇВІ ϸϴЁЁЏϹ БІЁЂϿЂϷϼϼ ϼ
ЈЂϿАϾϿЂЄϼЅІϼϾϼ, Єϴϻ϶ϼІЏϹ ϶ЂϻϻЄϹЁϼГ Ёϴ ЃЂЅЀϹЄІЁЇВ ЅЇϸАϵЇ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹϾϴ. ϜЉ ЀЂϺЁЂ Ѕ϶ϹЅІϼ Ͼ ІЄϹЀ
ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЏЀ ϼϸϹГЀ.
ϡϴϼϵЂϿϹϹ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁϴ Іϴ ϼϻ ЁϼЉ, ЅЂϷϿϴЅЁЂ ϾЂІЂЄЂϽ ЇЅЂЃЌϼϽ ЃЂЅϿϹ ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁ ЂІЃЄϴ϶ϿГϿЅГ ϶
ϸϴϿϹϾЇВ ЅІЄϴЁЇ ЀϹЄІ϶ЏЉ, ЂІϸϹϿϹЁЁЇВ ЂІ ЀϼЄϴ Ϻϼ϶ЏЉ ІЄЇϸЁЂЃЄϹЂϸЂϿϼЀЏЀϼ ЃЄϹЃГІЅІ϶ϼГЀϼ
ϼ ЁϴЉЂϸϼ϶ЌЇВЅГ ЋϴЍϹ ϶ЅϹϷЂ ЃЂϸ ϻϹЀϿϹϽ, ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ЀЂϷϼϿϴ ЅϿЇϺϼϿϴ ϶ЉЂϸЂЀ ϶ ϻϴϷЄЂϵЁЏϽ ЀϼЄ.
ϫІЂϵЏ ЃЂЀЂЋА ЃЂϾЂϽЁЂЀЇ ϵϿϴϷЂЃЂϿЇЋЁЂ ϸЂϵЄϴІАЅГ ϸЂ ЀϹЅІϴ ϹϷЂ ЁЂ϶ЂϷЂ ЂϵϼІϴЁϼГ, Ϻϼ϶ЏϹ ЅЁϴϵϺϴϿϼ ЇЅЂЃЌϹϷЂ ЅЎϹЅІЁЏЀϼ ЃЄϼЃϴЅϴЀϼ, ϸЂϵЄЂІЁЂϽ ЂϸϹϺϸЂϽ ϼ ЂϵЇ϶АВ, ЅЁϴЄГϺϹЁϼϹЀ ϸϿГ ЂЉЂІЏ
ϼ ЄЏϵЁЂϽ ϿЂ϶Ͽϼ, ϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾϼЀϼ ЂЄЇϸϼГЀϼ, ЂЄЇϺϼϹЀ, ϴ ϼЁЂϷϸϴ ϼ ІЄϴЁЅЃЂЄІЁЏЀϼ ЅЄϹϸЅІ϶ϴЀϼ (ϿЂϸϾϴ, ЁϴЄІЏ, ЃЂ϶ЂϻϾϴ). ϣЄЂϸЂϿϺϼІϹϿАЁЂЅІА ІЄϴЇЄϴ ЃЂ ЇЀϹЄЌϹЀЇ ЅЂЄЂϸϼЋЇ ЂϵЏЋЁЂ ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴϿϴ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ, ϶ ІϹЋϹЁϼϹ ϾЂІЂЄЂϷЂ ЃЂϾЂϽЁЏϽ ЃϹЄϹϵϼЄϴϿЅГ Ёϴ ІЂІ Ѕ϶ϹІ. ϥІЄϴЁЇ ЀϹЄІ϶ЏЉ
ЋϴЅІЂ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿГϿϼ ЅϿϹЃϾЂЀ ЀϼЄϴ Ϻϼ϶ЏЉ. ϙϹ ЂϵϼІϴІϹϿϼ ЀЂϷϿϼ ЅЂЉЄϴЁГІА Ѕ϶ЂВ ЃЄϼЁϴϸϿϹϺЁЂЅІА
Ͼ ЃЂϿЂ϶ЂϻЄϴЅІЁЏЀ ϾϿϴЅЅϴЀ ϼ ЅЂЊϼϴϿАЁЏЀ ϷЄЇЃЃϴЀ, ЋϿϹЁϴЀϼ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЂЁϼ Г϶ϿГϿϼЅА ЃЄϼ ϺϼϻЁϼ,
ЉЂІГ ЁϹЄϹϸϾЂ ЇЅϿЂ϶ϼГ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼГ Ёϴ ІЂЀ Ѕ϶ϹІϹ ϻϴ϶ϼЅϹϿϼ ІϴϾϺϹ ϼ ЂІ ЃЄϼЋϼЁ ЅЀϹЄІϼ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹϾϴ.
ϚϼІϹϿϼ ϻϴϷЄЂϵЁЂϷЂ ЀϼЄϴ ϵϿϴϷЂϸϹЁЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴϿϼ, ϻϴЁϼЀϴГЅА ЂЉЂІЂϽ ϼϿϼ ЉϿϹϵЂЃϴЌϹЅІ϶ЂЀ. ϢЁϼ ϻϴϾϿВЋϴϿϼ ЀϹϺϸЇ ЅЂϵЂϽ ϵЄϴϾϼ ϼ ϸϴϺϹ ϶ЂЅЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸϼϿϼ ЃЂІЂЀЅІ϶Ђ (ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1991: 15; ϕϴϽϵЇЄϼЁ
1993: 114–115; ϕЇІϼЁЂ϶ϴ 1984: 73, 74–76; ϗЄϴЋϹ϶ϴ 1993ϴ; 1993ϵ: 155; ϙЁϷЂ϶ϴІЂ϶ϴ 2000: 4; ϙЄϹЀϼЁϴ
12
1991: 24, 31–32; ϣϹЄЂ϶ϴ 1984: 99–101; ϣϹІЄЇЉϼЁ 1987: 452–454; ϥϴ϶ϹϿАϹ϶ϴ, ϜЅІЂЀϼЁϴ 1986: 81–
82; ϥІϴЄϾЂ϶ϴ 1983: 40; ϦϴϽϿЂЄ 1989: 285–297; ϨϹϸЂЄЂ϶ϴ 1997: 152–153; Bendann 1930: 163–171;
Frazer 1933: 8–13, 35–36).
ϜІϴϾ, Ёϴ ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁϼϼ ЀЁЂϺϹЅІ϶ϴ ЈϴϾІЂ϶, ЂϾϴϻϴ϶ЌϼЉЅГ ϶ ЄϴЅЃЂЄГϺϹЁϼϼ ЇЋϹЁЏЉ ϹЍϹ ϶ XIX ϶.,
ЀЂϺЁЂ ЅϸϹϿϴІА ϶Џ϶Ђϸ Ђ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ ϶ ϵЂϿАЌϼЁЅІ϶Ϲ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼЂЁЁЏЉ ЂϵЍϹЅІ϶ ϷϿЇϵЂϾЂ ЇϾЂЄϹЁϼϿϼЅА
ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГ Ђ ЃϹЄϹЅϹϿϹЁϼϼ ЇЀϹЄЌϼЉ ϶ ϻϴϷЄЂϵЁЏϽ ЀϼЄ, ϾЇϸϴ ЂЁϼ ЃЂЃϴϸϴϿϼ ЃЄϼ ЃЂЀЂЍϼ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏЉ ЂϵЄГϸЂ϶, Г϶ϿГ϶ЌϼЉЅГ, ІϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ЅЄϹϸЅІ϶ЂЀ ЃϹЄϹЀϹЍϹЁϼГ ЃЂϾЂϽЁЏЉ Ёϴ ІЂІ Ѕ϶ϹІ
(϶ϴЁ ϗϹЁЁϹЃ 1999: 137–145; van Gennep 1909: 214–228). ϞϴϺϸЂϹ ЂϵЍϹЅІ϶Ђ ЃЂ-Ѕ϶ЂϹЀЇ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿГϿЂ
ЅϹϵϹ БІЂІ ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸ, ЃЂБІЂЀЇ ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁЁЏϹ ЄϼІЇϴϿЏ ЅІЂϿА ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЏ, ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ЁϴϼϵЂϿϹϹ ГЄϾϼЀ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ЂЀ БІЂϷЂ ЄϴϻЁЂЂϵЄϴϻϼГ Г϶ϿГϹІЅГ ЅЃЂЅЂϵ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ ІϹϿϴ (ϼЁϷЇЀϴЊϼГ, ϾЄϹЀϴЊϼГ, ЀЇЀϼЈϼϾϴЊϼГ, ϶ЏЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϼϹ ІЄЇЃϴ Ёϴ ЃϿϴІЈЂЄЀϹ ϼϿϼ Ёϴ ϸϹЄϹ϶Ϲ, ЂЃЇЅϾϴЁϼϹ ϹϷЂ ϶ ϶ЂϸЇ ϼ І. ϸ.).
ϖ ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ϼϼ ЅЂ ϶ІЂЄЂϽ ϼϸϹϹϽ ЅЀϹЄІА — БІЂ ϿϼЌА ЃЄϹϿВϸϼГ Ͼ ϶Ђϻ϶ЄϴЍϹЁϼВ ЇЅЂЃЌϹϷЂ
϶ ЀϼЄ Ϻϼ϶ЏЉ ϶ ЂϵϿϼϾϹ ЁЂ϶ЂЄЂϺϸϹЁЁЂϷЂ. ϣЄϼ϶ϹϸЇ ϿϼЌА ЂϸϼЁ ЃЄϼЀϹЄ, ϼϿϿВЅІЄϼЄЇВЍϼϽ ЃЂϸЂϵЁЇВ ϶ϹЄЇ ϶ ЄϹϼЁϾϴЄЁϴЊϼВ. ϱ϶ϹЁϾϼ-ЂЄЂЋЂЁЏ ЅЋϼІϴϿϼ, ЋІЂ ЃЂЅϿϹ ЅЀϹЄІϼ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹϾϴ ϹϷЂ ϸЇЌϴ
ЄϴϻϸϹϿГϿϴЅА Ёϴ ϸЇЌϼ
ϼ
. ϘЇЌϴ
(Ϻϼ϶ϴГ ϸЇЌϴ ЃЂϾЂϽЁЂϷЂ) ЅϹϿϼϿϴЅА Ёϴ ϶ІЂЄЂЀ ГЄЇЅϹ
϶ϹЄЉЁϹϷЂ ЀϼЄϴ. ϘЇЌϴ
ЇϿϹІϴϿϴ Ёϴ ЃϹЄ϶ЏϽ ГЄЇЅ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹϷЂ ЀϼЄϴ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ ЄϴЅЃЂϿϴϷϴϿЅГ Ёϴϸ
϶ІЂЄЏЀ. ϛϸϹЅА, Ёϴ ϻ϶ϹϻϸϹ ϫЂϿϵЂЁ, ЄϴЅІЇІ ЅЇЉϼϹ ϿϼЅІ϶ϹЁЁϼЊЏ, Ї϶ϹЌϴЁЁЏϹ ЃІϼЋАϼЀϼ ϷЁϹϻϸϴЀϼ,
϶ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЃЂЀϹЍϴϿϼЅА ϸЇЌϼ
. ϣЂ ϶ϹϿϹЁϼВ ϶ЏЅЌϹϷЂ ϵЂϺϹЅІ϶ϴ Б϶ϹЁϾЂ϶ (
) ϼϿϼ ЃЂ
ЃЄЂЅАϵϹ ЌϴЀϴЁϴ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸϼϿЂ ϶ЅϹϿϹЁϼϹ ϸЇЌϼ
϶Ђ ЋЄϹ϶Ђ ϺϹЁЍϼЁЏ (ϠϴϻϼЁ 1984: 11–12, 25–26),
϶ЅϿϹϸЅІ϶ϼϹ ЋϹϷЂ ЇЀϹЄЌϼϽ ϶Ђϻ϶ЄϴЍϴϿЅГ Ͼ Ϻϼ϶ЏЀ ϶ ϼЁЂЀ ЂϵϿϼЋАϹ.
ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ϶ϹЄϴ ϿВϸϹϽ ϶ ЁЂ϶ЂϹ ЄЂϺϸϹЁϼϹ ЃЂϾЂϽЁЂϷЂ ЇϺϼ϶ϴϿϴЅА Ѕ ЋϹІϾϼЀ ЂЅЂϻЁϴЁϼϹЀ
ϼЀϼ ІЂϷЂ, ЋІЂ ЀϹЄІ϶ЏϽ ЅЂЄЂϸϼЋ ЁϹ ϶ϹЄЁϹІЅГ Ёϴ ϻϹЀϿВ ϶ ЃЄϹϺЁϹЀ ϶ЂЃϿЂЍϹЁϼϼ. ϥЀϹЄІА ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹϾϴ ϼ ЀЂЀϹЁІ ϹϷЂ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿϴϷϴϹЀЂϷЂ ϶ЂϻЄЂϺϸϹЁϼГ ЄϴϻϸϹϿϹЁЏ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϹЀ, ϸϿϼІϹϿАЁЂЅІА ϾЂІЂЄЂϷЂ
ЁϼϾЂЀЇ ЁϹ ϵЏϿϴ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁϴ. ϱІЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾϼ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ЇВІ Ђ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ ϶ϹЄЂ϶ϴЁϼГ
϶ ЄϹϼЁϾϴЄЁϴЊϼВ ϵЏϿϼ ЌϼЄЂϾЂ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁЏ ϶ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼЂЁЁЏЉ ЂϵЍϹЅІ϶ϴЉ ϥІϴЄЂϷЂ ϼ ϡЂ϶ЂϷЂ
ϥ϶ϹІϴ (ϕЂЄЂϸϴІЂ϶ϴ 1984: 77–78; ϕЇІϼЁЂ϶ϴ 1984: 81–82; ϶ϴЁ ϗϹЁЁϹЃ 1999: 54, 147–148; ϗϴϹЄ 1983: 45;
ϗϴϿϸϴЁЂ϶ϴ 1987: 63–64; ϘЀϼІЄϼϹ϶ϴ 1993: 22–23; ϙЄϹЀϼЁϴ 1991: 29–31; ϞЇϿϹЀϻϼЁ 1997: 154; ϣϹЄЂ϶ϴ
1984: 100; ϣϹІЄЇЉϼЁ 1987: 454–455; ϣЂЃЂ϶ 1984: 37; ϣЄЂϾЂЈАϹ϶ 1986: 34, 36; ϦϴϽϿЂЄ 1989: 255–256;
ϨϹϸЂЄЂ϶ϴ 1999: 169–170; ϨЄБϻϹЄ 1980: 290–291; Bendann 1930: 172–173; Frazer 1933: 7, 20, 22, 24–
26; van Gennep 1909: 231–232).
ϖ БІϼЉ ЅЂЊϼЇЀϴЉ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГ Ђ ϶ЂϻЄЂϺϸϹЁϼϼ ϵЏϿϼ ІϴϾЂϽ ϺϹ ЄϹϴϿАЁЂЅІАВ, ϾϴϾ ϼ ЅЀϹЄІА.
ϟЂϷϼЋЁЏϽ, Ѕ ІЂЋϾϼ ϻЄϹЁϼГ ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿГ, ЃЂЅІЇϿϴІ Ђ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ ϶ϹЄϴ ϶ ЄϹϼЁϾϴЄЁϴЊϼВ
«ϾϴϾ ЃЄϴ϶ϼϿЂ, ЀϹЁϹϹ ϶ЅϹϷЂ Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁϴ Ѕ ЅϴЀϼЀ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏЀ ЂϵЄГϸЂЀ» (ϕϴϽϵЇЄϼЁ, ϟϹ϶ϼЁІЂЁ 1990:
70), ЁϹЃЄϼϹЀϿϹЀ ϸϿГ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼЂЁЁЏЉ ЂϵЍϹЅІ϶. ϘϿГ ЁϼЉ ІϴϾϴГ ЀϼЄЂ϶ЂϻϻЄϹЁЋϹЅϾϴГ ЃЂϻϼЊϼГ ЂϻЁϴЋϴϿϴ ϵЏ ЂІЄϼЊϴЁϼϹ ЃЄϼЁЊϼЃϴ ЊϼϾϿϼЋЁЂЅІϼ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϺϼϻЁϼ, ЋІЂ ЃЄϼ϶ϹϿЂ ϵЏ Ͼ ЄϴϻЄЏ϶Ї ЀϹϺϸЇ
«ЃЄϴϾІϼϾЂϽ» (ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁЁЏϹ ЄϼІЇϴϿЏ) ϼ «ІϹЂЄϼϹϽ» (϶ϹЄϴ ϶ ЃЄϹϸЅІЂГЍϹϹ ϶ЂϻЄЂϺϸϹЁϼϹ). ϜЀϹЁЁЂ ЃЂБІЂЀЇ ЁЂЅГЍϼϹ ЇЁϼ϶ϹЄЅϴϿАЁЏϽ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГ Ђ ЄϹϼЁϾϴЄЁϴЊϼϼ, ЅІϴ϶ГЍϼϹ ЃЂГ϶ϿϹЁϼϹ ЁЂ϶ЂϽ
ϺϼϻЁϼ ϶ ϻϴ϶ϼЅϼЀЂЅІА ЂІ ЅЀϹЄІϼ, ϼϷЄϴϿϼ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЇВ ЄЂϿА ϶ ϸЇЉЂ϶ЁЂЅІϼ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼЂЁЁЏЉ ЂϵЍϹЅІ϶.
ϕЂϿϹϹ ІЂϷЂ, ϶ϹЄϴ ϶ ϶ЂϻЄЂϺϸϹЁϼϹ ЇЀϹЄЌϼЉ ϶ϿϼГϿϴ Ёϴ ЈЂЄЀЏ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂϽ ЂϵЄГϸЁЂЅІϼ (ϣЄЂϾЂЈАϹ϶
1986: 34, 36). ϖ ЊϹϿЂЀ ІЄϴϾІЂ϶Ͼϴ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ЂϵЄГϸϴ ϾϴϾ «ЁϹϻϴ϶ϹЄЌϹЁЁЂϷЂ» ЄϼІЇϴϿϴ ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸϴ
(ϕϴϽϵЇЄϼЁ, ϟϹ϶ϼЁІЂЁ 1990: 68–69) ЃЄЂІϼ϶ЂЄϹЋϼІ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЀ ЁЂЄЀϴЀ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼЂЁЁЏЉ ЂϵЍϹЅІ϶, ϸϿГ
ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЁϹ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴϿЂ ІϴϾЂϽ ϴϵЅІЄϴϾЊϼϼ, ϾϴϾ ϶ϹЄЂ϶ϴЁϼГ «϶ ϾЂЁЊϹЃІЇϴϿАЁЂϽ ЅЈϹЄϹ».
ϥЂϷϿϴЅЁЂ ІЄϹІАϹϽ ϼϸϹϹ, ЃЂЅϿϹ ЅЀϹЄІϼ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹϾ ЃЂЅϹϿГϿЅГ ϶ ЀЂϷϼϿϹ, ϾЂІЂЄϴГ, ІϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ,
ЅІϴЁЂ϶ϼϿϴЅА ЀϹЅІЂЀ ϹϷЂ ϶ϹЋЁЂϷЂ ЃЄϹϵЏ϶ϴЁϼГ, І. Ϲ. ЁЂ϶ЏЀ ϸЂЀЂЀ (ϙЄϹЀϼЁϴ 1991: 24; ϠϴЁϸϹϿАЌІϴЀ
1968: 109–110; ϣϹІЄЇЉϼЁ 1975: 6–10; ϥϴ϶ϹϿАϹ϶ϴ, ϜЅІЂЀϼЁϴ 1986: 85; ϦЂЃЂЄϾЂ϶ 1995ϴ: 168–169;
1995ϵ: 262, 264; Tschumi 1930: 126–130), ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ЇВЍϼЀ ЃЄϼϺϼϻЁϹЁЁЂЀЇ ЅІϴІЇЅЇ ЃЂϾЂϽЁЂϷЂ.
ϖ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼЂЁЁЏЉ ЂϵЍϹЅІ϶ϴЉ БІЂ ϶ϹЄЂ϶ϴЁϼϹ (϶ϴЁ ϗϹЁЁϹЃ 1999: 148, 149; van Gennep 1909: 233–234)
϶ЅІЄϹЋϴϹІЅГ ϻЁϴЋϼІϹϿАЁЂ ЄϹϺϹ , ЋϹЀ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГ Ђ ЃϹЄϹЅϹϿϹЁϼϼ ЇЅЂЃЌϼЉ ϶ ЅІЄϴЁЇ ЀϹЄІ϶ЏЉ ϼ
Ђ ϶ЂϻЄЂϺϸϹЁϼϼ ЃЂϾЂϽЁЏЉ ϶ ЂϵϿϼЋАϹ ЁЂ϶ЂЄЂϺϸϹЁЁЏЉ.
ϱІЂІ ϾЄϴІϾϼϽ ЂϵϻЂЄ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЏЉ ϶ЂϻϻЄϹЁϼϽ Ёϴ ЃЂЅЀϹЄІЁЇВ ЅЇϸАϵЇ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹϾϴ, ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЏЉ ϶
ІЄϴϸϼЊϼЂЁЁЏЉ ЂϵЍϹЅІ϶ϴЉ, ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГϹІ ЅϸϹϿϴІА ϸ϶ϴ ϶Џ϶Ђϸϴ.
ϖЂ-ЃϹЄ϶ЏЉ, ЅЃЂЅЂϵ ЃЄЂЁϼϾЁЂ϶ϹЁϼГ ЃЂϾЂϽЁЏЉ ϶ ЃЂІЇЅІЂЄЂЁЁϼϽ ЀϼЄ ϼ ϼЉ ЂϵЄϴϻ ϺϼϻЁϼ ІϴЀ
ІЄϹϵЂ϶ϴϿϼ ϶ ϵЂϿАЌϼЁЅІ϶Ϲ ЅϿЇЋϴϹ϶ ІЂϷЂ, ЋІЂϵЏ ϶ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂЀ ЂϵЄГϸϹ ϾϴϾ ЄϼІЇϴϿϹ ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸϴ
13
:
,
,
ЂІЄϴϺϴϿϴЅА ϵЏ ϼЁЈЂЄЀϴЊϼГ Ђϵ ЂЅЂϵϹЁЁЂЅІГЉ ЃЇІϹЌϹЅІ϶ϼГ ЇЅЂЃЌϼЉ Ёϴ ІЂІ Ѕ϶ϹІ, Ђϵ ϼЉ ϶ЂϻЄϴЅІϹ,
ЃЂϿЂ϶ЂϽ ЃЄϼЁϴϸϿϹϺЁЂЅІϼ, ЅЂЊϼϴϿАЁЂЀ ЅІϴІЇЅϹ, ЃЄϼЋϼЁϴЉ ЅЀϹЄІϼ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ Ђ ЃЄϼЁϴϸϿϹϺЁЂЅІϼ Ͼ
ϾϴϾЂϽ-ϿϼϵЂ ЄЂϸЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϽ ϷЄЇЃЃϹ ϶ ЂϵЍϼЁϹ.
ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ϶ ЂϵϿϴЅІϼ БІЁЂϿЂϷϼϼ ЃЂϾϴϻϴϿϼ, ЋІЂ ϶ϿϼГЁϼϹ БІϼЉ ЈϴϾІЂЄЂ϶ Ёϴ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЇВ ЃЄϴϾІϼϾЇ ϵЏϿЂ ЁϹЄϴ϶ЁЂЊϹЁЁЏЀ. ϢϸЁϼ ϼϻ ЁϼЉ (ЃЂϿЂ϶ЂϻЄϴЅІЁϴГ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄϼЅІϼϾϴ
ϼ ЅЂЊϼϴϿАЁЏϽ ЄϴЁϷ) ЂϾϴϻЏ϶ϴϿϼ Ёϴ ЁϹϹ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϹ ϶ЂϻϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼϹ. ϖϿϼГЁϼϹ ЃЄЂЋϼЉ (ЃЄϼЋϼЁϴ ЅЀϹЄІϼ ϼ ЂϵЅІЂГІϹϿАЅІ϶ϴ ЃЄЂЁϼϾЁЂ϶ϹЁϼГ ϶ ϻϴϷЄЂϵЁЏϽ ЀϼЄ) ϵЏϿЂ ЁϹ ЅІЂϿА ϻЁϴЋϼІϹϿАЁЏЀ.
ϖЁЇІЄϼЂϵЍϼЁЁЏϹ Ѕ϶Гϻϼ ЃЂϾЂϽЁЂϷЂ ϶ ЅЈϹЄϹ ЅϹЀϹϽЁЂ-ϵЄϴЋЁЏЉ ЂІЁЂЌϹЁϼϽ ЁϴЌϿϼ ϶ϹЅАЀϴ ЅϿϴϵЂϹ
ЂІЄϴϺϹЁϼϹ ϶ ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁЁЂЀ ЄϼІЇϴϿϹ (ϦϹЄВϾЂ϶ 1984: 223; Bendann 1930: 268–272; Binford L. 1971:
13–15; Schwidetzky 1965: 231–232). Ϟ ІЂЀЇ ϺϹ ЅϿϹϸЇϹІ ЂІЀϹІϼІА, ЋІЂ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏϹ ЂϵЄГϸЏ Г϶ϿГВІЅГ ЊϹЁЁЏЀ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾЂЀ ЃЂ ϼϻЇЋϹЁϼВ ϶ϻϴϼЀЂ϶ϿϼГЁϼГ ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЏЉ ЂϵЍϼЁ, ЁϴЅϹϿГ϶ЌϼЉ ϾЂЁІϴϾІЁЏϹ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ, ϷϸϹ ЅϾЄϹЍϼ϶ϴϿϼЅА ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЏϹ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏϹ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼϼ (ϗЄϴЋϹ϶ϴ 1993ϵ: 155).
ϡϹ ЀϹЁϹϹ ϼЁІϹЄϹЅЁЂ ІϴϾϺϹ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼϹ ІЄϴЁЅЈЂЄЀϴЊϼϼ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂϽ ЃЄϴϾІϼϾϼ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼЂЁЁЏЉ
ЂϵЍϹЅІ϶ ЃЂϸ ϶ЂϻϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼϹЀ ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁЁЏЉ ЄϼІЇϴϿЂ϶ ЀϼЄЂ϶ЏЉ ЄϹϿϼϷϼϽ (ϢϿАЉЂ϶ЅϾϼϽ 1986: 74). ϡϴ
ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏϽ ЂϵЄГϸ ЂϾϴϻЏ϶ϴϿϼ ϶ЂϻϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼϹ ϼ ЈЂЄЀϴ ЉЂϻГϽЅІ϶ϴ, ϼ БϾЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ЈϴϾІЂЄ (ϦϴЀ
ϺϹ: 73–74). ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ϶ЄГϸ Ͽϼ ϹЅІА ЁϹЂϵЉЂϸϼЀЂЅІА ϴϾЊϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴІА ϶ЁϼЀϴЁϼϹ Ёϴ ІϴϾЂϽ БϿϹЀϹЁІϴЄЁЂϽ
϶ϹЍϼ, ϾϴϾ ЄϴϻϿϼЋϼϹ ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁЁЏЉ ЄϼІЇϴϿЂ϶ ЂЉЂІЁϼϾЂ϶ ϼ ϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЊϹ϶, ϼϿϼ, ЁϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ, Ёϴ ІЂЀ,
ЋІЂ ϾЂЋЇВЍϼϹ ϶ ЃЇЅІЏЁϹ ϥϴЉϴЄϴ ІЇϴЄϹϷϼ ЉЂЄЂЁϼϿϼ ЇЀϹЄЌϼЉ ϼЁϴЋϹ, ЋϹЀ Б϶ϹЁϾϼ, ЁϴЅϹϿГВЍϼϹ
ІϴϹϺЁЏϹ ϿϹЅϴ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ϥϼϵϼЄϼ.
ϖЂ-϶ІЂЄЏЉ, ϶ЅϹ ІЄϼ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЏϹ ϾЂЁЊϹЃЊϼϼ Ђ ЃЂЅЀϹЄІЁЂϽ ЅЇϸАϵϹ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹϾϴ ЁϴЅІЂϿАϾЂ ЃЄЂІϼ϶ЂЄϹЋϴІ ϸЄЇϷ ϸЄЇϷЇ, ЋІЂ ϶ЄГϸ Ͽϼ ЀЂϺЁЂ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿϴϷϴІА ϼЉ ЂϸЁЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂϹ ϶ЂϻЁϼϾЁЂ϶ϹЁϼϹ ϶ ϼЅІЂЄϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ЄϹІЄЂЅЃϹϾІϼ϶Ϲ. ϖЂЃЄЂЅ Ђ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ϶ЂϻЁϼϾЁЂ϶ϹЁϼГ ϾϴϺϸЂϽ ϼϻ БІϼЉ ϼϸϹϽ ЀЂϺЁЂ ЃЄЂГЅЁϼІА,
ϿϼЌА ЂϵЄϴІϼ϶ЌϼЅА Ͼ ϼϻЇЋϹЁϼВ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾЂ϶.
ϘЄϹ϶ЁϹϽЌϼϹ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏϹ ЂϵЄГϸЏ, ϶ЂϻЁϼϾЌϼϹ ЃЄϼϵϿϼϻϼІϹϿАЁЂ 140 000 Ͽ. Ё. (Grün et al.
2005; Mercier et al. 1993; Schwarcz et al. 1988; Valladas et al. 1988), ЂІЁЂЅГІЅГ Ͼ ЅϹЄϹϸϼЁϹ ϼ ϾЂЁЊЇ
БЃЂЉϼ ЀЇЅІАϹ, ϾЂІЂЄϴГ ЁϴЋϴϿϴЅА ЃЄϼЀϹЄЁЂ 250 000 Ͽ. Ё. ϼ ϻϴ϶ϹЄЌϼϿϴЅА ЂϾЂϿЂ 40 000 Ͽ. Ё. (ϬϹЄ
ϼ ϸЄ. 2004: 59). ϛϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГ БІЂϷЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ, ϾϴϾ ЇЁϼϾϴϿАЁЂϹ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶Ђ ϸЇЉЂ϶ЁЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ
ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹϾϴ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϴ, ϼϻЇЋϴВІ ЇϺϹ ϵЂϿϹϹ 100 ϿϹІ. ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ϸЂ ЅϼЉ ЃЂЄ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼ ЁϹ ЀЂϷЇІ
ϸϴІА ϼЀ ЂϸЁЂϻЁϴЋЁЇВ ЂЊϹЁϾЇ ϼ ЂϺϹЅІЂЋϹЁЁЂ ЅЃЂЄГІ Ђ ЅЇЍЁЂЅІϼ БІЂϷЂ ϶ϴϺЁϹϽЌϹϷЂ ϸϿГ БЃЂЉϼ ЀЇЅІАϹ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϷЂ ЈϹЁЂЀϹЁϴ. ϣЂЅϾЂϿАϾЇ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϴ ЃЄЂϸЂϿϺϴВІ ЂЅІϴ϶ϴІАЅГ
϶ ЊϹЁІЄϹ ЂϺϼ϶ϿϹЁЁЏЉ ЁϴЇЋЁЏЉ ϸϼЅϾЇЅЅϼϽ, ЄϴЅЅЀЂІЄϼЀ ϸϹІϴϿАЁЂ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅ ϶ЂЃЄЂЅЂ϶, Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁЁЏЉ
Ѕ ϼЁІϹЄЃЄϹІϴЊϼϹϽ ЁϴЉЂϸЂϾ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЉ ϼ ЃЂϿЁЏЉ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЅϾϹϿϹІЂ϶, ЂІЁЂЅГЍϼЉЅГ
Ͼ ЀЇЅІАϹЄЅϾЂЀЇ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ.
ϖЁϴЋϴϿϹ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼ ЃЂϿϴϷϴϿϼ, ЋІЂ ϿВϸϼ, ЂЅІϴЁϾϼ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ, ЁϴЋϼЁϴГ Ѕ ϾЂЁЊϴ XIX ϶., ЅІϴϿϼ
ЁϴЉЂϸϼІА ϶ ЅЄϹϸЁϹЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЂІϿЂϺϹЁϼГЉ ЃϹЍϹЄ ϕϹϿАϷϼϼ (ϥЃϼ) ϼ ϨЄϴЁЊϼϼ (ϟϹ ϠЇЅІАϹ,
ϟГ ϨϹЄЄϴЅϼ, ϟГ ϬϴЃϹϿϿА-Ђ-ϥϹЁ, ϟГ ϞϼЁϴ) (Bouyssonie ϔ. et al. 1908; Fraipont, Lohest 1887;
Klaatsch, Hauser 1908; Martin 1911; Peyrony 1934: 34–36), ЁϹ 6ЏϿϼ ЃЄϹϸЁϴЀϹЄϹЁЁЂ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁЏ
(Fraipont, Lohest 1887: 668; Martin 1911: 620; Mortillet G., Mortillet A. 1900: 390–476). ϠЁЂϷϼϹ ЇЋϹЁЏϹ ЅЋϼІϴϿϼ ЁϹϴЁϸϹЄІϴϿАЊϹ϶, ЁϴЅϹϿГ϶ЌϼЉ ϛϴЃϴϸЁЇВ ϙ϶ЄЂЃЇ ϶ БЃЂЉЇ ЀЇЅІАϹ, ЃЄϼЀϼІϼ϶ЁЏЀϼ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶ϴЀϼ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ϵЏϿϼ ϿϼЌϹЁЏ ϸЇЉЂ϶ЁЂЅІϼ (Roche 1976: 20–21). ϖ ЂЅЁЂ϶Ϲ ІϴϾЂϽ ІЂЋϾϼ ϻЄϹЁϼГ
ϿϹϺϴϿЂ ЌϼЄЂϾЂ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁЁЂϹ ϶ Ϲ϶ЄЂЃϹϽЅϾЂϽ ϷЇЀϴЁϼІϴЄЁЂϽ ЁϴЇϾϹ XIX–ЁϴЋϴϿϴ XX ϶. ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϼϹ Ђ ϸЂЄϹϿϼϷϼЂϻЁЂЀ БІϴЃϹ ϶ ϼЅІЂЄϼϼ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹЋϹЅІ϶ϴ. ϖ ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ϼϼ Ѕ БІЂϽ ϾЂЁЊϹЃЊϼϹϽ,
϶ЂЅЉЂϸГЍϹϽ Ͼ ϼϸϹГЀ Ϲ϶ЄЂЃϹϽЅϾϼЉ ЃЄЂЅ϶ϹІϼІϹϿϹϽ XVIII ϶., ϶ϹЄϴ ϶ Ѕ϶ϹЄЉЎϹЅІϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϹ ϶ЂϻЁϼϾϴϹІ
Ї ϿВϸϹϽ ЁϹ ЅЄϴϻЇ, ϴ ϿϼЌА Ёϴ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁЁЂϽ ЅІϴϸϼϼ ϼЉ ЂϵЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϷЂ Єϴϻ϶ϼІϼГ (ϞЂϿϿϼЁϷ϶Їϸ 1980:
74–75). ϥϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿАЁЂ, ϶ ϷϿЇϵЂЋϴϽЌϹϽ ϸЄϹ϶ЁЂЅІϼ, І. Ϲ. ϶ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϹ, ЂЁϼ ЁϹ ϻЁϴϿϼ ЄϹϿϼϷϼϼ.
ϗϼЃЂІϹϻЇ Ђ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ Ї ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹϾϴ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϷЂ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϶ϹϾϴ ϹЍϹ ЁϹ ЅϿЂϺϼϿϼЅА ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГ
Ђ ϶ЏЅЌϼЉ ЅϼϿϴЉ, ϾЂІЂЄЏЀ ЁϹЂϵЉЂϸϼЀЂ ϵЏϿЂ ЃЂϾϿЂЁГІАЅГ, ЃЂЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿАЁЂ ЂІЅІϴϼ϶ϴϿ ЂϸϼЁ ϼϻ
ЅЂϻϸϴІϹϿϹϽ ЁϴЇϾϼ Ђ ϸЄϹ϶ЁЂЅІГЉ ϗ. ϸϹ ϠЂЄІϼϿАϹ, ЂϾϴϻϴ϶ЌϼϽ ЂϷЄЂЀЁЂϹ ϶ϿϼГЁϼϹ Ёϴ Єϴϻ϶ϼІϼϹ Ϲ϶ЄЂЃϹϽЅϾЂϽ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼϼ. ϢЁ ЇІ϶ϹЄϺϸϴϿ, ЋІЂ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾЂϹ ЂϵЍϹЅІ϶Ђ ЁϹ ЁЇϺϸϴϿЂЅА ϶ ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁЁЂЀ
ЄϼІЇϴϿϹ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ, ЃЂ ЀЁϹЁϼВ ЈЄϴЁЊЇϻЅϾЂϷЂ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿГ, ЃЂϸЄϴϻЇЀϹ϶ϴϹІ ϶ϹЄЇ ϶ ЃЂІЇЅІЂЄЂЁЁϼϽ ЀϼЄ. ϗ. ϸϹ ϠЂЄІϼϿАϹ ЅЋϼІϴϿ, ЋІЂ ЅϾϹϿϹІЏ, ЁϴϽϸϹЁЁЏϹ Ёϴ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЅІЂГЁϾϴЉ, ЃЄϼЁϴϸϿϹϺϴϿϼ ϿВϸГЀ, ЃЂϷϼϵЌϼЀ ЂІ ϷЂϿЂϸϴ, ЉЂϿЂϸϴ, ϵЂϿϹϻЁϹϽ, Ёϴ϶ЂϸЁϹЁϼϽ ϼϿϼ Ђϵ϶ϴϿЂ϶ ϶ ЃϹЍϹЄϴЉ
(Mortillet G., Mortillet A. 1900: 390–476). ϖ ϺϹЄІ϶Ї БІЂϽ ІϹЂЄϼϼ ϵЏϿϼ ЃЄϼЁϹЅϹЁЏ ϼ ЁϴЇЋЁϴГ ЂϵЎϹϾ14
Іϼ϶ЁЂЅІА ЂЃЃЂЁϹЁІЂ϶, ϼ ЁϹЂЃЄЂ϶ϹЄϺϼЀЏϹ ЅІЄϴІϼϷЄϴЈϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϸЂϾϴϻϴІϹϿАЅІ϶ϴ ϻϴϿϹϷϴЁϼГ ЂЅІϴЁϾЂ϶ ϿВϸϹϽ ϶ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЉ ЅϿЂГЉ ЀЇЅІАϹЄЅϾϼЉ ϼϿϼ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЅІЂГЁЂϾ (d’Acy 1888).
Ϣ ІЂЀ, ЁϴЅϾЂϿАϾЂ ϸϴϿϹϾЂ ϻϴЌϹϿ ϗ. ϸϹ ϠЂЄІϼϿАϹ, ЅІЄϹЀГЅА ЂЃЄЂ϶ϹЄϷЁЇІА ЅϴЀ ЈϴϾІ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼГ
ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϽ, Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ЇϹІ, ЁϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ, ϹϷЂ ЃЄϹϸϿЂϺϹЁϼϹ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴІА ϻЁϴЀϹЁϼІЏϹ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ ϷЄЂІЂ϶ ϗЄϼЀϴϿАϸϼ БЃЂЉЂϽ ЁϹЂϿϼІϴ (Mortillet 1892).
ϣЂϻϸЁϹϹ ϗ. ϢϵϹЄЀϴϽϹЄ (Obermaier 1912), ϔ. ϕЄϹϽϿА (Breuil 1921) ϼ Ϙ. ϣϹϽЄЂЁϼ (Peyrony
1921) ЂϵЂЅЁЂ϶ϴϿϼ ЁЂ϶ЇВ ϾЂЁЊϹЃЊϼВ, ЅЂϷϿϴЅЁЂ ϾЂІЂЄЂϽ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЅϾϹϿϹІЏ, ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЁЏϹ
Ёϴ ЅІЂГЁϾϴЉ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϴ, ЅϿϹϸЇϹІЅГ ЄϴЅЊϹЁϼ϶ϴІА ϾϴϾ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϽЌϼϹ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ϴ ЈЂЄЀϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ϸЇЉЂ϶ЁЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ЀЇЅІАϹЄЅϾϼЉ ЂЉЂІЁϼϾЂ϶, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЉЂЄЂЁϼϿϼ ЇЀϹЄЌϼЉ ЅЂЄЂϸϼЋϹϽ.
ϧϾϴϻЏ϶ϴГ Ёϴ ЅЉЂϸЅІ϶Ђ ЁϹϴЁϸϹЄІϴϿАЅϾϼЉ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ (ЀЂϷϼϿАЁЏϹ ГЀЏ ϼ ЄϼІЇϴϿАЁЏϹ ЃЂϻЏ ЇЀϹЄЌϼЉ) ϼ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϽ ϵЂϿϹϹ ЃЂϻϸЁϼЉ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ БЃЂЉ, ЅІЂЄЂЁЁϼϾϼ ЁЂ϶ЂϽ ϷϼЃЂІϹϻЏ ЃЂϿϴϷϴϿϼ,
ЋІЂ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏϽ ЂϵЄГϸ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϴ ІЂϺϸϹЅІ϶ϹЁϹЁ ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁЁЂЀЇ ЄϼІЇϴϿЇ БЃЂЉϼ ЁϹЂϿϼІϴ
ϼ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ. ϜЀϹЁЁЂ ЃЂБІЂЀЇ ϶ ЁϴЋϴϿϹ XX ϶. ЀЁЂϷϼϹ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿϼ ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴϿϼ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЁЏϹ ϶ЂϻϿϹ ЂЅІϴЁϾЂ϶ ϿВϸϹϽ ЀЇЅІАϹЄЅϾЂϷЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ϾЄϹЀЁϼ ϼ ϾЂЅІϼ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЏЉ ϾϴϾ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏϽ ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄА ϼ ϻϴЇЃЂϾЂϽЁЇВ ЃϼЍЇ (ϢϵϹЄЀϴϽϹЄ 1913: 486; Bouyssonie ϔ. et al. 1908: 517; Capitan, Peyrony
1909: 408; Klaatsch, Hauser 1908: 290–291; Obermaier 1912).
ϣЂЅϿϹ ЄϴϵЂІ ϗ. ϢϵϹЄЀϴϽϹЄϴ, ϔ. ϕЄϹϽϿГ ϼ Ϙ. ϣϹϽЄЂЁϼ ϶ ϻϴЃϴϸЁЂϹ϶ЄЂЃϹϽЅϾЂϽ ϼ ϴЀϹЄϼϾϴЁЅϾЂϽ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼϼ ϶ЃϿЂІА ϸЂ ϾЂЁЊϴ 1980-Љ ϷϷ. ЁϼϾІЂ ЁϹ ЅЂЀЁϹ϶ϴϿЅГ ϶ ϸЂЅІЂ϶ϹЄЁЂЅІϼ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ
БЃЂЉϼ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϴ. ϥЃЂЄϼϿϼ ІЂϿАϾЂ Ђ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ ЅІЂГϿЂ ϻϴ БІϼЀϼ ЃЄЂГ϶ϿϹЁϼГЀϼ ЂЅЂϵЂϷЂ
ЂІЁЂЌϹЁϼГ ЀЇЅІАϹЄЅϾЂϷЂ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹϾϴ Ͼ ЇЀϹЄЌϼЀ.
ϖ ЅЂ϶ϹІЅϾЂϽ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼϼ, Ёϴ ЈЂЄЀϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼϹ ϾЂІЂЄЂϽ ϶ 1920–1930-Ϲ ϷϷ. ЅϼϿАЁЂϹ ϶ϿϼГЁϼϹ ЂϾϴϻϴϿ ЀϴЄϾЅϼϻЀ, ϵЏϿЂ ЇЁϴЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁЂ ЁϹϷϴІϼ϶ЁЂϹ ЂІЁЂЌϹЁϼϹ Ͼ ЄϹϿϼϷϼϼ ЂІ ЈЄϴЁЊЇϻЅϾϼЉ ЃЄЂЅ϶ϹІϼІϹϿϹϽ ϼ ϸЂϿϷЂϹ ϶ЄϹЀГ ϷЂЅЃЂϸЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴϿЂ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϼϹ Ђ ϸЂЄϹϿϼϷϼЂϻЁЂЀ ЂϵЍϹЅІ϶Ϲ ϶ БЃЂЉЇ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ
ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϴ. ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ϿϼЌА Ϡ. Ϣ. ϞЂЅ϶ϹЁ ϼ Ϡ. ϥ. ϣϿϼЅϹЊϾϼϽ, ϼЅЉЂϸГ ϼϻ БІЂϷЂ ЃЂЅІЇϿϴІϴ, ЃЂϿЁЂЅІАВ ЂІЄϼЊϴϿϼ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼϹ ЀЇЅІАϹЄЅϾϼЉ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ (ϞЂЅ϶ϹЁ 1957: 35; ϣϿϼЅϹЊϾϼϽ 1952: 151,
155–156; 1957: 51). ϣЄϼЁϼЀϴГ ϶Ђ ϶ЁϼЀϴЁϼϹ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЄϹϴϿϼϼ, ϵЂϿАЌϼЁЅІ϶Ђ ЇЋϹЁЏЉ ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿϼ ЄϴЊϼЂЁϴϿϼЅІϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЂϵЎГЅЁϹЁϼГ БІϼЀ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϴЀ: ІЄϹϵЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ϷϼϷϼϹЁЏ (ϠϹϿАЁϼϾ 1990: 75;
ϢϿАЉЂ϶ЅϾϼϽ 1986: 69; ϦЂϾϴЄϹ϶ 1956: 136; 1957: 191), ЅІЄϴЉ ЃϹЄϹϸ ЇЀϹЄЌϼЀϼ (ϕЂЄϼЅϾЂ϶ЅϾϼϽ 1935:
33; ϡϼϾЂϿАЅϾϼϽ 1923: 81; ϥϹЀϹЁЂ϶ 1966: 388, 392, 402–403), ЃЄЂГ϶ϿϹЁϼϹ ϻϴϵЂІЏ Ђ ЃЂϾЂϽЁϼϾϴЉ
(ϕЂЄϼЅϾЂ϶ЅϾϼϽ 1935: 32–33; ϙЈϼЀϹЁϾЂ 1953: 248–249, 252; Ϥϴ϶ϸЂЁϼϾϴЅ 1939: 184; ϢϾϿϴϸЁϼϾЂ϶
1952: 177; ϦЂϿЅІЂ϶ 1931: 96).
ϦЂϿАϾЂ ІЄϼ ЅЂ϶ϹІЅϾϼЉ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϴ ЅЋϼІϴϿϼ ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЏЀ, ЁϴЄГϸЇ Ѕ ϶ЏЌϹЇЃЂЀГЁЇІЏЀϼ ЃЄϼЋϼЁϴЀϼ, Ёϴϻ϶ϴІА ϹЍϹ ЂϸЁЇ: ЂІЄϴϺϹЁϼϹ ϻϴЄЂϺϸϴ϶ЌϼЉЅГ ЄϹϿϼϷϼЂϻЁЏЉ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϼϽ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ, Ѕ ϼЉ
ІЂЋϾϼ ϻЄϹЁϼГ, ϵЏϿϼ ϻϴЋϴІЂЋЁЏЀϼ, ЋІЂ ϼ ЂϵЇЅϿЂ϶ϼϿЂ, ϶ Ѕ϶ЂВ ЂЋϹЄϹϸА, ЃЄϼЀϼІϼ϶ЁЂЅІА ЀЇЅІАϹЄЅϾϼЉ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϽ ЃЂ ЅЄϴ϶ЁϹЁϼВ Ѕ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГЀϼ ϸЄЇϷϼЉ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ БЃЂЉ (ϡϼϾЂϿАЅϾϼϽ
1950: 70, 73, 75–76, 78; ϢϾϿϴϸЁϼϾЂ϶ 1952: 177, 179; Ϥϴ϶ϸЂЁϼϾϴЅ 1939: 174–175, 184, 230). ϢІ ϾЂЁЊϹЃЊϼϼ ϢϵϹЄЀϴϽϹЄϴ-ϕЄϹϽϿГ-ϣϹϽЄЂЁϼ БІϴ ϷϼЃЂІϹϻϴ ЂІϿϼЋϴϿϴЅА ІЂϿАϾЂ ІϹЀ, ЋІЂ ϹϹ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿϼ ϶ЅϹϷϸϴ ЇϾϴϻЏ϶ϴϿϼ Ёϴ ЂІЅЇІЅІ϶ϼϹ ϶ ЀЇЅІАϹЄЅϾϼЉ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГЉ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄГ.
ϢЅϿϴϵϿϹЁϼϹ ϼϸϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ЃЄϹЅЅϴ ϶ ϥϥϥϤ ϶Ђ ϶ІЂЄЂϽ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁϹ XX ϶. ЅЃЂЅЂϵЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴϿЂ ІЂЀЇ, ЋІЂ
ϼЀϹЁЁЂ БІϴ ϼϸϹГ ЃЂϿЇЋϼϿϴ ϶ ЅЂ϶ϹІЅϾЂϽ ЁϴЇϾϹ ϵЂϿАЌϹϹ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁϼϹ (ЅЀ. ϢϿАЉЂ϶ЅϾϼϽ 1986: 69;
ϥЀϼЄЁЂ϶ ϥ. 1982: 71; 1983: 167, 169; 1990: 18, 20, 23; ϥІϴЁϾϹ϶ϼЋ 1982: 21), ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϼϹ Ђ ЁϹЄϴϻ϶ϼІЂЅІϼ ЀЇЅІАϹЄЅϾЂϷЂ ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁЁЂϷЂ ЄϼІЇϴϿϴ ϸЂ ЅϼЉ ЃЂЄ ЅЂЉЄϴЁГϹІЅГ ϶ ЂІϹЋϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϽ
ЁϴЇϾϹ (ϞЇЊϹЁϾЂ϶ 2001: 16). ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ЅІЂЄЂЁЁϼϾϼ ЄϴЊϼЂЁϴϿϼЅІϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ЃЂϸЉЂϸϴ Ͼ ϼЁІϹЄЃЄϹІϴЊϼϼ
ЀЇЅІАϹЄЅϾϼЉ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ ЁϹ ЅЂϵϼЄϴϿϼЅА Ѕϸϴ϶ϴІА ЃЂϻϼЊϼϼ (ЅЀ. ϥϹЀϹЁЂ϶ 1983: 385; 1989: 233–236).
ϖ ЄϴϵЂІϴЉ ϲ. ϔ. ϥЀϼЄЁЂ϶ϴ, ЂЃЇϵϿϼϾЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЉ ϶ 1980-Љ — ЁϴЋϴϿϹ 1990-Љ ϷϷ., ϾЂЁЊϹЃЊϼГ
Ђ ЃЄЂЅІϹϽЌϹЀ, ϻϴЋϴІЂЋЁЂЀ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄϹ ЅЄϹϸЁϹЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ ϵЏϿϴ ЃЂϸ϶ϹЄϷЁЇІϴ
Єϴϻ϶ϹЄЁЇІЂϽ ϾЄϼІϼϾϹ (ϥЀϼЄЁЂ϶ ϲ. 1981; 1985ϴ; 1985ϵ; 1986; 1988; 1990: 216, 218; 1991: 64–69;
Smirnov Ju. 1989). ϜЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿА ЃЄϼЌϹϿ Ͼ ϸ϶ЇЀ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЏЀ ϶Џ϶ЂϸϴЀ: ϶Ђ-ЃϹЄ϶ЏЉ, ЀЇЅІАϹЄЅϾϼϹ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГ ЁϼЋϹЀ ЁϹ ЂІϿϼЋϴВІЅГ ЂІ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ ϵЂϿϹϹ ЃЂϻϸЁϼЉ БЃЂЉ (ϥЀϼЄЁЂ϶ ϲ. 1991: 190–222);
϶Ђ-϶ІЂЄЏЉ, ЀЇЅІАϹЄЅϾϼϽ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏϽ ЂϵЄГϸ Г϶ϿГϹІЅГ ЅϿЂϺϼ϶ЌϹϽЅГ ЅϼЅІϹЀЂϽ, ϾЂІЂЄϴГ Ѕ ІϹЋϹЁϼϹЀ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЁϹ ІЄϹϵЂ϶ϴϿϴ ϶϶ϹϸϹЁϼГ ЁЂ϶ЏЉ ϸЂЃЂϿЁϼІϹϿАЁЏЉ БϿϹЀϹЁІЂ϶ (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ: 223–226).
ϘϼЅϾЇЅЅϼГ Ђ ЅЄϹϸЁϹЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГЉ ЃЂϿЇЋϼϿϴ ЁЂ϶ЏϽ ϼЀЃЇϿАЅ ϶ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϹϽ ЋϹІ϶ϹЄІϼ XX ϶. ЃЂЅϿϹ ІЂϷЂ ϾϴϾ ϵЏϿϴ ϶ЏЅϾϴϻϴЁϴ ϼϸϹГ Ђ ЄϹЌϴВЍϹЀ ϻЁϴЋϹЁϼϼ ϸϿГ Єϴϻ϶ϼІϼГ
15
:
,
,
ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ЂϵЍϹЅІ϶ϴ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЉ ϼ ϵϼЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЂІϿϼЋϼϽ ЀЇЅІАϹ ЂІ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹϷЂ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϴ
(Klein R. 1973; Mellars 1973; Otte, Keely 1990). ϥ ІЂЋϾϼ ϻЄϹЁϼГ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷЂ϶, ЄϴϻϸϹϿГВЍϼЉ БІЇ ϷϼЃЂІϹϻЇ, ЄϴϻЄЏ϶ ϶ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼГЉ ЃЄϼ ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸϹ ЂІ ЀЇЅІАϹ Ͼ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹЀЇ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІЇ ЃЄϼ϶ϹϿ Ͼ ϻЁϴЋϼІϹϿАЁЏЀ
ϼϻЀϹЁϹЁϼГЀ ϶ЅϹЉ ЅІЂЄЂЁ ϺϼϻЁϼ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϽЌϹϷЂ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϙ϶ЄЂЃЏ. ϢІЅВϸϴ ЂϸϼЁ ЌϴϷ ϸЂ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼГ Ђ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ ϶ БЃЂЉЇ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹϷЂ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϴ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏϽ ЂϵЄГϸ Г϶ϿГϿЅГ ЁЂ϶ЏЀ БϿϹЀϹЁІЂЀ
ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϼ ЁϹ ϼЀϹϿ ЃЄϹϸЌϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁϼϾЂ϶ ϶ ЀЇЅІАϹЄЅϾЂϹ ϶ЄϹЀГ. ϜϸϹГ ЃЂϿЁЂϷЂ ЂІЄϼЊϴЁϼГ ЅЄϹϸЁϹЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ ϼϻϿЂϺϹЁϴ ϶ ϸ϶ЇЉ ЃЇϵϿϼϾϴЊϼГЉ ϗ. ϗϴϸϺϹІІϴ (Gargett 1989; 1999),
ϾЂІЂЄЂϷЂ ЃЂϸϸϹЄϺϴϿϼ ϶ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЂЀ ϴЀϹЄϼϾϴЁЅϾϼϹ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼ (Clark, Lindly 1989: 178–179; Gamble
1989: 181–182; 1990: 244; Gilman 1989: 182; Weber 1989: 184).
ϣЂϿЂϺϼІϹϿАЁЂϽ ЅІЂЄЂЁЂϽ ЄϴϵЂІЏ ϗ. ϗϴϸϺϹІІϴ ЅІϴϿ ϸϹІϴϿАЁЏϽ ϴЁϴϿϼϻ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾЂ϶. ϢЁ ЂІЀϹІϼϿ ЂЌϼϵϾϼ ІϹЉ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿϹϽ, ϸϿГ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ (ЁϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ, ЅЀ. ϥЀϼЄЁЂ϶ ϲ. 1991: 190–222) ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЂ ЌϼЄЂϾЂϹ ЃЂЁϼЀϴЁϼϹ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ЄϼІЇϴϿϴ, ϶ϹϸЇЍϹϹ Ͼ ϻϴϾϿВЋϹЁϼВ Ђ ІЂϺϸϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂЅІϼ ЀЇЅІАϹЄЅϾЂϷЂ ϼ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ЂϵЄГϸЂ϶, ϼ ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ϶ ϾϴϺϸЂϽ ϾЂЅІϼ, ϾЄϹЀЁϹ ϼ ЂЋϴϷϹ,
ЁϴϽϸϹЁЁЏЉ ϶ЂϻϿϹ ЂЅІϴЁϾЂ϶ ϿВϸϹϽ БЃЂЉϼ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϴ, ЅϾϿЂЁЁЏ ϶ϼϸϹІА ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЏϹ ЈЂЄЀЏ
ЃЄЂГ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ϾЇϿАІϴ. ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ЅϴЀ ϗ. ϗϴϸϺϹІІ, Ї϶ϿϹϾЌϼЅА ϼϻЇЋϹЁϼϹЀ ϷϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ
ЃЄЂЊϹЅЅЂ϶, ϶ϿϼГ϶ЌϼЉ Ёϴ ЈЂЄЀϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼϹ ЂІϿЂϺϹЁϼϽ ϶ ЃϹЍϹЄϴЉ, ϷЄЂІϴЉ ϼ ЅϾϴϿАЁЏЉ Ёϴ϶ϹЅϴЉ, ЃЂϿЁЂЅІАВ ϼЅϾϿВЋϼϿ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹЋϹЅϾϼϽ ЈϴϾІЂЄ ϾϴϾ ЃϹЄ϶ЂЃЄϼЋϼЁЇ ЃЂГ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ЊϹϿЏЉ ЅϾϹϿϹІЂ϶ ϶ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЉ ЅϿЂГЉ ЅІЂГЁЂϾ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϴ. ϢЁ ЇІ϶ϹЄϺϸϴϹІ, ЋІЂ ϶ЅϹ БІϼ ЅϾϹϿϹІЏ Г϶ϿГВІЅГ ЂЅІϴЁϾϴЀϼ
ІЄЇЃЂ϶, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЃЂ ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЏЀ ЃЄϼЋϼЁϴЀ ЁϹ ϵЏϿϼ ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁϹЁЏ ϼ ЅЂЉЄϴЁϼϿϼЅА ϵϿϴϷЂϸϴЄГ ϼЅϾϿВЋϼІϹϿАЁЏЀ ЅІϹЋϹЁϼГЀ ЂϵЅІЂГІϹϿАЅІ϶, ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄϼϻЇВЍϼЉ ЂЅЂϵϹЁЁЂЅІϼ ЃЄЂЊϹЅЅϴ ІϴЈЂЁЂЀϼϼ Ёϴ
ϾϴϺϸЂϽ ϾЂЁϾЄϹІЁЂϽ ЅІЂГЁϾϹ (Gargett 1989: 177; 1999: 77–84). ϢЅЁЂ϶ЁЂϽ ϶Џ϶Ђϸ ϗ. ϗϴϸϺϹІІϴ ЄϹϴЁϼЀϼЄЇϹІ ЅІϴЄЇВ ϼϸϹВ ϗ. ϸϹ ϠЂЄІϼϿАϹ Ђϵ ЂІЅЇІЅІ϶ϼϼ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂϽ ЃЄϴϾІϼϾϼ ϶ БЃЂЉЇ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ
ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϴ. ϣЄϼ БІЂЀ ϾϴϾ ІЂϷϸϴ, ІϴϾ ϼ ЅϹϽЋϴЅ ϼϷЁЂЄϼЄЇВІЅГ ЂЋϹ϶ϼϸЁЏϹ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЈϴϾІЏ.
ϦϴϾЂϽ ЃЂϸЉЂϸ ЁϹЅϿЇЋϴϹЁ. ϖ ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂϽ ϴЀϹЄϼϾϴЁЅϾЂϽ ЁϴЇϾϹ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶ЇϹІ ЀЁϹЁϼϹ, ЋІЂ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϸϴЁЁЏϹ ЁϹ ϶ ЅЂЅІЂГЁϼϼ ϸϴІА ЂІ϶ϹІ Ёϴ ЅϿЂϺЁЏϹ ϶ЂЃЄЂЅЏ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЂϷϹЁϹϻϴ. ϥ БІЂϽ ІЂЋϾϼ
ϻЄϹЁϼГ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϼϹ Ђ ϻЁϴЋϼЀЂЅІϼ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЂ϶ Г϶ϿГϹІЅГ ЁϴЅϿϹϸЅІ϶ЂЀ ϸϼЅϾЄϹϸϼІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϽ БЀЃϼЄϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ЁϴЇϾϼ. ϣЄϼ ІϴϾЂЀ ЃЂϸЉЂϸϹ Ёϴ ЃϹЄ϶ЏϽ ЃϿϴЁ ϶ЏЉЂϸϼІ ϼϸϹГ, ϾЂІЂЄϴГ
ϴЄϴЁϺϼЄЇϹІЅГ ϶ ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ϼϼ Ѕ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿАЅϾϼЀϼ ЃЄϼЅІЄϴЅІϼГЀϼ ЇЋϹЁЂϷЂ (Clark 1991: 125).
ϤϴЊϼЂЁϴϿϼЅІϼЋϹЅϾЂϹ ЂϵЎГЅЁϹЁϼϹ ЃЄϼЋϼЁ ЃЂГ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ЅЄϹϸЁϹЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϽ
(ϼЅϾϿВЋϴГ ЀЂϷϼϿЏ ϥЉЇϿϴ ϼ ϞϴЈϻϹЉϴ) ІϴϾϺϹ ЁϴЌϿЂ Ѕ϶ЂϼЉ ЃЄϼ϶ϹЄϺϹЁЊϹ϶ ϶ ϴЁϷϿЂЅϴϾЅЂЁЅϾЂϽ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼϼ. ϡϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ, ϴЀϹЄϼϾϴЁЊЏ Ϩ. ϫϹϽϻ ϼ ϗ. ϘϼϵϵϿ ЃЂϿϴϷϴВІ, ЋІЂ ЀЇЅІАϹЄЅϾϼϹ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ,
ЂІϿϼЋϴВЍϼϹЅГ ЂІ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ, Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ЇВІ Ђ ϻϴϵЂІϿϼ϶ЂЀ ЂІЁЂЌϹЁϼϼ Ͼ ЇЀϹЄЌϼЀ ϼϿϼ Ђϵ БЀЂЊϼЂЁϴϿАЁЂϽ ЄϹϴϾЊϼϼ ЁϹϴЁϸϹЄІϴϿАЊϹ϶ Ёϴ ЅЀϹЄІА, ЀϴϿЂ ЋϹЀ ЂІϿϼЋϴВЍϹϽЅГ ЂІ ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼЋЁЂϽ ЄϹϴϾЊϼϼ ЌϼЀЃϴЁϻϹ (Chase, Dibble 1987: 276; Dibble, Chase 1990: 242; 1993). ϱІЇ ІЂЋϾЇ
ϻЄϹЁϼГ ЃЂϸϸϹЄϺϴϿϼ ϼ ϸЄЇϷϼϹ ϴЀϹЄϼϾϴЁЅϾϼϹ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿϼ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϴ (Davidson, Noble 1989: 128;
Klein R. 1989: 327–328, 407; Walker, Shipman 1996: 285–286), ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ϴЁϷϿϼЋϴЁϼЁ ϣ. ϠϹϿϿϴЄЅ
(Mellars 1996: 375, 379–381). ϥ ϸЄЇϷЂϽ ЅІЂЄЂЁЏ, ϖ. Ϝ. ϠϹϿАЁϼϾ, ϩ. ϥІЄϼЁϷϹЄ ϼ Ϟ. ϗБЀϵϿ ЃЂϿϴϷϴВІ,
ЋІЂ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϼ ЃЂϿЁЏЉ ϼϿϼ ЃЂЋІϼ ЃЂϿЁЏЉ ЅϾϹϿϹІЂ϶ ϿВϸϹϽ ЀЇЅІАϹЄЅϾЂϷЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЀЂϷЇІ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴІА Ђ ЃЄϴϾІϼϾϹ ϼϻϵϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ЂІ ІЄЇЃЂ϶, І. Ϲ. Ђ ϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼГЉ, ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼЋЁЏЉ ЄϴϵЂІϴЀ ЃЂ ЂЋϼЅІϾϹ
ЀϹЅІϴ ЂϵϼІϴЁϼГ ЂІ ЀЇЅЂЄϴ ϼ ЂІϵЄЂЅЂ϶ (ϠϹϿАЁϼϾ 1990: 75; Stringer, Gamble 1994: 158–160).
ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ϶ ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂϽ ϻϴЃϴϸЁЂϽ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼϼ ЅϾϿϴϸЏ϶ϴϹІЅГ ЁϴЇЋЁЂϹ ЁϴЃЄϴ϶ϿϹЁϼϹ,
ϸϿГ ϾЂІЂЄЂϷЂ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЂ, ϾϴϾ БІЂ ЇϺϹ ЂІЀϹІϼϿϼ ϔ. ϕϹϿАЈϹЄ-ϞЂϹЁ ϼ ϱ. ϩЂ϶ϹЄЅ (Belfer-Cohen,
Hovers 1992: 468), ϼЁІϹϿϿϹϾІЇϴϿАЁϴГ ϸϼЅϾЄϼЀϼЁϴЊϼГ ЁϹϴЁϸϹЄІϴϿАЊϹ϶ ЃЂ ЅЄϴ϶ЁϹЁϼВ Ѕ ϿВϸАЀϼ
ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂϷЂ ЈϼϻϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ, ЂЅІϴЁϾϼ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ϵЏϿϼ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ ϶ ЅЄϹϸЁϹЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ
ЂІϿЂϺϹЁϼГЉ ϥЉЇϿϴ (McCown 1937) ϼ ϞϴЈϻϹЉϴ (Vandermeersch 1981).
ϥІЂЄЂЁЁϼϾϼ ϾЂЁЊϹЃЊϼϼ ЄϴϻЄЏ϶ϴ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЉ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼϽ ЃЄϼ ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸϹ ЂІ БЃЂЉϼ ЀЇЅІАϹ Ͼ
϶ϹЄЉЁϹЀЇ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІЇ ЅЃЄϴ϶ϹϸϿϼ϶Ђ ЇЃЄϹϾϴВІ Ѕ϶ЂϼЉ ЂЃЃЂЁϹЁІЂ϶ ϶ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ ϼЉ ϶ЂϻϻЄϹЁϼГ Ёϴ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏϽ ЂϵЄГϸ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϴ ЅЈЂЄЀϼЄЂ϶ϴϿϼЅА ЃЂϸ ϶ЂϻϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼϹЀ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϼϽ Ђ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГЉ ϵЂϿϹϹ ЃЂϻϸЁϼЉ БЃЂЉ. ϘϹϽЅІ϶ϼІϹϿАЁЂ, ϶ ЅЃϹЊϼϴϿАЁЂϽ ϿϼІϹЄϴІЇЄϹ ϹЍϹ ЀЂϺЁЂ ϶ЅІЄϹІϼІА
ЇІ϶ϹЄϺϸϹЁϼϹ Ђ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ ϿϼЌА ЁϴϿϼЋϼϹ ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄГ ϶ ЀЂϷϼϿϹ ϸϴϹІ ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁϼϹ ϷЂ϶ЂЄϼІА Ђ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼϼ ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁЁЏЉ ЄϼІЇϴϿЂ϶ ϶ БЃЂЉЇ ЀЇЅІАϹ (ЅЀ. ϬϹЄ ϼ ϸЄ. 2004: 174), ЉЂІГ ЁϹЄϹϸϾϼ ЅϿЇЋϴϼ, ϾЂϷϸϴ ЃЂЅЀϹЄІЁЏϹ ЃЄϼЁЂЌϹЁϼГ ЂІЅЇІЅІ϶ЇВІ ϸϴϺϹ ϶ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГЉ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЂϷЂ ϶ϹϾϴ Ѕ ϹϷЂ Єϴϻ϶ϼІЂϽ
ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂϽ ЂϵЄГϸЁЂЅІАВ. ϖЃЄЂЋϹЀ, ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϹϽ ЋϹІ϶ϹЄІϼ XX ϶. ЂІϾЄЏϿϼ ϸЂЅІЇЃ
16
Ͼ ЁϹϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЂϽ ЄϴЁϹϹ ϼЁЈЂЄЀϴЊϼϼ, ϼϻЀϹЁϼ϶ЌϹϽ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼЂЁЁЏϹ ϶ϻϷϿГϸЏ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷЂ϶ Ёϴ ЀЇЅІАϹЄЅϾЇВ ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁЁЇВ ЃЄϴϾІϼϾЇ.
ϛϴЅϿЇϷϴ ЂІϾЄЏІϼГ БІϼЉ ЁЂ϶ЏЉ ЈϴϾІЂ϶ ЊϹϿϼϾЂЀ ЃЄϼЁϴϸϿϹϺϼІ ϴЁІЄЂЃЂϿЂϷϴЀ, ϾЂІЂЄЏЀ ЇϸϴϿЂЅА ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϼІА Ёϴ ϾЂЅІГЉ ЁϹϴЁϸϹЄІϴϿАЊϹ϶ ЅϿϹϸЏ ЂІ ϾЄϹЀЁϹ϶ЏЉ ЂЄЇϸϼϽ, Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ЇВЍϼϹ
Ђ ЃЂЅЀϹЄІЁЏЉ ЀϴЁϼЃЇϿГЊϼГЉ Ѕ ІЄЇЃϴЀϼ — ЄϴЅЋϿϹЁϹЁϼϹ ІϹϿ ϼ ЅЄϹϻϴЁϼϹ ЀГϷϾϼЉ ІϾϴЁϹϽ Ѕ ϾЂЅІϹϽ
(Le Mort 1987; 1988a; 1988b, 1989; Russel 1987; Ullrich 1982; 1986). ϣЂЅϾЂϿАϾЇ ϻЁϴЋϼІϹϿАЁϴГ ЋϴЅІА
ЂЅІϴЁϾЂ϶ ϿВϸϹϽ БЃЂЉϼ ЀЇЅІАϹ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϴ ЁϹЃЂϿЁЏЀϼ ЅϾϹϿϹІϴЀϼ ϼϿϼ ϼЉ ЋϴЅІГЀϼ (ϥЀϼЄЁЂ϶ ϲ.
1991: 202–205; Ullrich 1986), ІЂ, ЃЂ ЀЁϹЁϼВ ϗ. ϧϿАЄϼЉϴ, ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏϽ ЂϵЄГϸ ЅЄϹϸЁϹЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ Б϶ЂϿВЊϼЂЁϼЄЂ϶ϴϿ ЂІ ЄϴЅЋϿϹЁϹЁЁЏЉ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϽ ЄϴЁЁϹϷЂ ЀЇЅІАϹ Ͼ ЁϹЄϴЅЋϿϹЁϹЁЁЏЀ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГЀ, ЃЂГ϶ϼ϶ЌϼЀЅГ ϶ ϾЂЁЊϹ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϴ (Ullrich 1986). ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ϗ. ϧϿАЄϼЉ ϸЂϾЇЀϹЁІϴϿАЁЂ ЂϵЂЅЁЂ϶ϴϿ ϼϸϹВ, ϶Џϸ϶ϼЁЇІЇВ ЈЄϴЁЊЇϻЅϾϼЀϼ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿГЀϼ
ϔ. ϕЄϹϽϿϹЀ ϼ ϗ. ϟВϾϹ ϹЍϹ ϶ 1920-Љ ϷϷ., Ђ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼϼ ϶ ЀЇЅІАϹЄЅϾЇВ БЃЂЉЇ ЂϵЏЋϴГ ЉЂЄЂЁϼІА
ЄϴЅЋϿϹЁϹЁЁЏϹ ІЄЇЃЏ (ϟВϾϹ 1930: 30; Breuil 1921: 345).
ϜІϴϾ, ЄϴϻЁЂЂϵЄϴϻϼϹ ϼЀϹВЍϼЉЅГ ϶ ЁϴЅІЂГЍϹϹ ϶ЄϹЀГ ϷϼЃЂІϹϻ Ђ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГЉ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϴ ЀЂϺЁЂ Ѕ϶ϹЅІϼ Ͼ ЋϹІЏЄϹЀ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЏЀ: 1) ЀЇЅІАϹЄЅϾϼϹ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГ Г϶ϿГВІЅГ ЂϵЎϹϾІϼ϶ЁЂϽ
ЄϹϴϿАЁЂЅІАВ, ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁЁЏϽ ЄϼІЇϴϿ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϴ ЁϹ ЂІϿϼЋϴϹІЅГ ЂІ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ (ϲ. ϔ. ϥЀϼЄЁЂ϶); 2) ЀЇЅІАϹЄЅϾϼϹ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶ЇВІ, ЁЂ ЂЁϼ ЃЄϼЁЊϼЃϼϴϿАЁЂ
ЂІϿϼЋϴВІЅГ ЂІ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹϷЂ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϴ (ϥ. ϖ. ϥЀϼЄЁЂ϶, Ϩ. ϫϹϽϻ ϼ ϗ. ϘϼϵϵϿ); 3) ЁϴϿϼЋϼϹ
ЀЇЅІАϹЄЅϾϼЉ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ ϸЂϾϴϻϴЁЂ, ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁЁЏϽ ЄϼІЇϴϿ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϴ Б϶ЂϿВЊϼЂЁϼЄЇϹІ ЂІ ЄϴЅЋϿϹЁϹЁЁЏЉ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϽ ЄϴЁЁϹϷЂ ЀЇЅІАϹ Ͼ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГЀ ЃЂϿЁЏЉ ІЄЇЃЂ϶ ϶ ЃЂϻϸЁϹЀ
ЀЇЅІАϹ (ϗ. ϧϿАЄϼЉ); 4) ЀЇЅІАϹЄЅϾϼϹ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГ ЁϹ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶ЇВІ (ϗ. ϗϴϸϺϹІІ).
ϣЄЂ϶ϹЄГГ БІϼ ϷϼЃЂІϹϻЏ, ЅϿϹϸЇϹІ ЇЋϼІЏ϶ϴІА ЅЃϹЊϼЈϼϾЇ ІϴϾЂϷЂ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾϴ, ϾϴϾ ЂϵЄГϸ.
ϟВϵЂϽ ЂϵЄГϸ, ϶ ІЂЀ ЋϼЅϿϹ ϼ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏϽ, ϶ϾϿВЋϴϹІ ЊϼϾϿ ЁϹЂϸЁЂϾЄϴІЁЂ ЃЂ϶ІЂЄГВЍϼЉЅГ ϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼϽ (Perlés 1982: 8–9), ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЅЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϹЀ ЅІϴЁЂ϶ГІЅГ ЁЂЄЀϴЀϼ. ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ϶ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼЂЁЁЏЉ
ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴЉ ЄϼІЇϴϿЏ ϺϹЅІϾЂ ЁϹ ЄϹϷϿϴЀϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴϿϼЅА, ЃЂБІЂЀЇ ϶ ϾϴϺϸЂϽ ЂϵЍϼЁϹ ЂЁϼ ϼЀϹВІ ϿЂϾϴϿАЁЏϹ ЂІϿϼЋϼГ.
ϣЄϼЁϼЀϴГ ϶Ђ ϶ЁϼЀϴЁϼϹ БІϼ ЂЅЂϵϹЁЁЂЅІϼ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ЂϵЄГϸϴ, ϼЀϹВЍϼϹЅГ ϷϼЃЂІϹϻЏ
ЀЂϺЁЂ ЂЊϹЁϼІА, ϿϼЌА ЃЂϿЇЋϼ϶ ЂІ϶ϹІЏ Ёϴ ЅϿϹϸЇВЍϼϹ ϶ЂЃЄЂЅЏ: ϼЀϹВІЅГ Ͽϼ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ϴ ЄϹϷЇϿГЄЁЂ ЃЂ϶ІЂЄГВЍϼЉЅГ ЅϼЀ϶ЂϿϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼϽ ϶ Ѕ϶Гϻϼ Ѕ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϴЀϼ ЅϾϹϿϹІЂ϶ ЀЇЅІАϹЄЅϾЂϷЂ
϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ; ЁϴϵϿВϸϴϹІЅГ Ͽϼ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϴГ Б϶ЂϿВЊϼГ БІϼЉ ϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼϽ; ϼЀϹВІ Ͽϼ БІϼ ЂϵЄГϸЂ϶ЏϹ
ϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼГ ЄϹϷϼЂЁϴϿАЁЏϹ ЄϴϻϿϼЋϼГ?
ϥϾϹϿϹІЏ ЀЇЅІАϹЄЅϾЂϷЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ϛϴЃϴϸЁЂϽ ϙ϶ЄЂЃЏ (ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1993ϴ; 1995), ϲϷЂ-ϛϴЃϴϸЁЂϽ
ϔϻϼϼ (ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1992ϵ; 1993ϵ; 1994ϴ) ϼ ϞЄЏЀϴ (ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1992ϴ; 1993϶), ϻϴ ϼЅϾϿВЋϹЁϼϹЀ ЅϾϹϿϹІЂ϶ ϶ ϤϹϷЇЄϸЇ (ϨЄϴЁЊϼГ) (ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1995ϵ: 199, 205; 1998: 241–242) ϼ, ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ, ϶ ϡϹϴЁϸϹЄІϴϿϹ
(ϗϹЄЀϴЁϼГ) (ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1998: 241), ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ ϶ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂЀ ЅϿЂϹ ЅІЂГЁЂϾ. ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ϸϴϿϹϾЂ ЁϹ ϶ЅϹϷϸϴ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϼ϶ϴϿϼ ЃЄϹϸЁϴϻЁϴЋϹЁЁЏϹ ϸϿГ ЄϴϻЀϹЍϹЁϼГ ІϹϿ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏϹ ЅЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼГ.
ϖ ІϹЉ ϺϹ ЅϿЇЋϴГЉ, ϾЂϷϸϴ ЂЁϼ ϻϴЈϼϾЅϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЏ, ЇϸϴϿЂЅА ЇЅІϴЁЂ϶ϼІА, ЋІЂ ЇЀϹЄЌϼϹ ϿϹϺϴϿϼ ϿϼϵЂ
϶ ЃЄϹϸЁϴЀϹЄϹЁЁЂ ϶ЏЄЏІЏЉ ЀЂϷϼϿϴЉ; ϿϼϵЂ ϶ ЀЇЅЂЄЁЏЉ ГЀϴЉ, ϻϴЄϴЁϹϹ ЂЋϼЍϹЁЁЏЉ ЂІ ϼЉ ЅЂϸϹЄϺϼЀЂϷЂ; ϿϼϵЂ ϶ ЇϷϿЇϵϿϹЁϼГЉ ϹЅІϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϷЂ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼГ. ϖ ЂϸЁЂЀ ЅϿЇЋϴϹ (ϬϴЁϼϸϴЄ, ϜЄϴϾ)
ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁϴ Ѕ϶ЂϹЂϵЄϴϻЁϴГ ϾϴЀϹЁЁϴГ ЊϼЅІϴ (ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1995ϴ: 26; 1999: 101; Hovers et al. 1995: 52).
ϖϵϿϼϻϼ ЂЅІϴЁϾЂ϶ ϿВϸϹϽ БЃЂЉϼ ЀЇЅІАϹ ЁϹЄϹϸϾЂ ϿϹϺϴϿϼ ϾЂЅІϼ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЏЉ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ
ϼϻ ϾϴЀЁГ. ϡϹϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿϼ ϸЂ ЅϼЉ ЃЂЄ ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴВІ БІϼ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϼ ϾϴϾ ϸЂϾϴϻϴІϹϿАЅІ϶Ђ
ІЂϷЂ, ЋІЂ ϻϴЇЃЂϾЂϽЁЇВ ЃϼЍЇ ϼ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏϽ ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄА ЃЂЀϹЍϴϿϼ ϶ ЀЂϷϼϿЏ ЇЀϹЄЌϼЉ ЇϺϹ ϶Ђ
϶ЄϹЀϹЁϴ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϴ (ϥЀϼЄЁЂ϶ ϲ. 1991: 210–215; ϬϹЄ ϼ ϸЄ. 2004: 69; Binford S. 1968: 143,
146; Defleur 1993: 256–259; Harrold 1980: 201; Riel-Salvatore, Clark 2001: 454–455). ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ϸЄЇϷϼϹ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼ ЃЂϿЁЂЅІАВ ЂІЄϼЊϴВІ ІϴϾЇВ ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂЅІА (Chase, Dibble 1987: 273–275; May 1986:
11–35) ϼϿϼ ЃЂϸ϶ϹЄϷϴВІ ϹϹ ЅЂЀЁϹЁϼВ (Binant 1991: 101–104, 110–112; Leroi-Gourhan 1964: 56).
ϣЂЅϾЂϿАϾЇ ϶ЅϹ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГ БЃЂЉϼ ЀЇЅІАϹ ЄϴЅЃЂϿЂϺϹЁЏ Ёϴ ЅІЂГЁϾϴЉ, ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏϽ ЅϿЂϽ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЁϴЅЏЍϹЁ ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІϴЀϼ, ЁϹЂϵЉЂϸϼЀЂ ϶ЏГ϶ϼІА ϾЄϼІϹЄϼϼ, ϶ ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ϼϼ Ѕ ϾЂІЂЄЏЀϼ ЀЂϺЁЂ
ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿГІА ЁϴϿϼЋϼϹ ϼϿϼ ЂІЅЇІЅІ϶ϼϹ ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄГ ϶ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂЀ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϹ.
ϥϴЀϼ ЃЂ ЅϹϵϹ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϼ ϾϴϾϼЉ-ϿϼϵЂ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ ϶ ЀЂϷϼϿϹ ЁϹ ϸЂϾϴϻЏ϶ϴВІ ІЂϷЂ, ЋІЂ ЂЁϼ ЃЄϹϸЁϴЀϹЄϹЁЁЂ ЃЂϿЂϺϹЁЏ ϶ ЁϹϹ. ϣЄϼЅЃЂЅϴϵϿϼ϶ϴГ ϸϿГ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГ ЉЂϻГϽЅІ϶ϹЁЁЇВ ГЀЇ ϼϿϼ ЇЅІЄϴϼ϶ϴГ ϶ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЉ ЁϴЃϿϴЅІЂ϶ϴЁϼГЉ ЅІЂГЁϾϼ ЀЂϷϼϿЇ, ϿВϸϼ БЃЂЉϼ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϴ ЃЂЅІЂГЁЁЂ
17
:
,
,
ЁϴІϴϿϾϼ϶ϴϿϼЅА Ёϴ ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІЏ, ЄϴЁϹϹ ЂІϿЂϺϼ϶ЌϼϹЅГ ϶ ЅϿЂϹ. ϣЂϿЁЂЅІАВ ЂЋϼЅІϼІА ЂІ ЁϼЉ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁЇВ ГЀЇ ϵЏϿЂ ЁϹ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ, ЃЂБІЂЀЇ ϾϴϾϴГ-ІЂ ϼЉ ЋϴЅІА ЂЅІϴ϶ϴϿϴЅА ϿϹϺϴІА Ёϴ ϸЁϹ ЀЂϷϼϿЏ. ϖϹЍϼ
ϼϻ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϷЂ ЅϿЂГ ЃЂЃϴϸϴϿϼ ϶ ГЀЇ ІϴϾϺϹ ЃЄϼ ϹϹ ϻϴЅЏЃϾϹ. ϞЄЂЀϹ ІЂϷЂ, Ѕ ІϹЋϹЁϼϹЀ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ
ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІЏ, ЄϴЅЃЂϿϴϷϴ϶ЌϼϹЅГ ϶ ЅϿЂϹ ЁϹЃЂЅЄϹϸЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂ Ёϴϸ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϹЀ, ЃЂЅІϹЃϹЁЁЂ ЀЂϷϿϼ ϶ϸϴ϶Ͽϼ϶ϴІАЅГ ϶ ϵЂϿϹϹ ЀГϷϾЂϹ ϻϴЃЂϿЁϹЁϼϹ ЀЂϷϼϿЏ ЃЂϸ ІГϺϹЅІАВ ϶ЏЌϹϿϹϺϴЍϼЉ ЂІϿЂϺϹЁϼϽ. ϦϴϾϼЀ
ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ЂЄЇϸϼГ ϼ ϾЂЅІϼ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЏЉ, ЁϴϽϸϹЁЁЏϹ ЃЂϸ ЅϾϹϿϹІЂЀ, ϶ЂϻϿϹ ЁϹϷЂ, Ёϴ ЁϹЀ ϼϿϼ Ёϴϸ ЁϼЀ,
ЀЂϷϿϼ ϶ЂЂϵЍϹ ЁϹ ϼЀϹІА Ѕ϶Гϻϼ Ѕ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϹЀ.
Ϟ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏЀ ЃЄϼЁЂЌϹЁϼГЀ ЂІЁЂЅГІЅГ ІЂϿАϾЂ ІϹ ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІЏ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЁϴЉЂϸГІЅГ ϶ ϾЂЁІϴϾІϹ Ѕ ЄЇϾϴЀϼ ЇЅЂЃЌϹϷЂ: ϻϴϺϴІЏ ϶ ϹϷЂ ϿϴϸЂЁϼ ϼϿϼ, ЄϴЅЃЂϿϴϷϴГЅА Ёϴ ϹϷЂ ІϹϿϹ, ЃϹЄϹϾЄЏІЏ ϾЂЅІГЀϼ
ЃЄϹϸЃϿϹЋАГ ϼ ϾϼЅІϹϽ. ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ЃϹЄ϶ЏЀ ϾЄϼІϹЄϼϹЀ, ЇϾϴϻЏ϶ϴВЍϼЀ Ёϴ ЃЄϼЅЇІЅІ϶ϼϹ ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄГ ϶ ЀЂϷϼϿϹ, Г϶ϿГϹІЅГ ЃЄГЀЂϹ ϾϴЅϴЁϼϹ ϹϷЂ ЄЇϾϴЀϼ ЃЂϾЂϽЁϼϾϴ. ϡϴϵЂЄ ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄГ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ЀϹЅІЂ
ϹϷЂ ЄϴЅЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼГ ϶ ЀЂϷϼϿϹ, ϾϴϾ ϼ ϿВϵϴГ ϸЄЇϷϴГ ϸϹІϴϿА ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ЂϵЄГϸϴ, ϻϴ϶ϼЅϼІ ЂІ ЃЄϼЁГІЏЉ ЁЂЄЀ ϼ ЅІϴЁϸϴЄІЂ϶, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ, ϶ Ѕ϶ЂВ ЂЋϹЄϹϸА, ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿГϿϼЅА ЇЅІЂГ϶ЌϼЀϼЅГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЀϼ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼГЀϼ. ϣЂБІЂЀЇ ϶ІЂЄЏЀ ϾЄϼІϹЄϼϹЀ, Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ЇВЍϼЀ Ђ ЁϴϿϼЋϼϼ ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄГ ϶ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϼ,
Г϶ϿГϹІЅГ ЅІϴЁϸϴЄІϼϻϴЊϼГ ЁϴϵЂЄϴ ϼ ЄϴϻЀϹЍϹЁϼϹ ϹϷЂ ϶ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁЁЏЉ ЀϹЅІϴЉ ЀЂϷϼϿЏ ЃЂ ЂІЁЂЌϹЁϼВ Ͼ ІЄЇЃЇ. Ϝ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЊ, ІЄϹІАϼЀ ϾЄϼІϹЄϼϹЀ Г϶ϿГϹІЅГ ЇЁϼϾϴϿАЁЂЅІА ІЂϷЂ ϼϿϼ ϼЁЂϷЂ ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІϴ,
ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ ϶ЏГ϶ϿϹЁ ІЂϿАϾЂ ϶ Ѕ϶Гϻϼ Ѕ ЂЅІϴЁϾϴЀϼ ϿВϸϹϽ ϼ ЁϹ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁ ϶ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂЀ ЅϿЂϹ ЅІЂГЁϾϼ.
ϔЁϴϿϼϻ ϶ЅϹЉ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЁЏЉ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏЉ ЂЄЇϸϼϽ, ЁϴϽϸϹЁЁЏЉ ϶ϵϿϼϻϼ ЅϾϹϿϹІЂ϶ ЀЇЅІАϹЄЅϾЂϷЂ
϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ, ЃЂϾϴϻϴϿ, ЋІЂ ЂЁϼ ЁϹ ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ЇВІ БІϼЀ ϾЄϼІϹЄϼГЀ, ϼ ЃЂБІЂЀЇ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ
ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϴ ЅϿϹϸЇϹІ ЅЋϼІϴІА ϵϹϻЏЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄЁЏЀϼ (ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1995ϴ: 26; 1995ϵ: 202–203; 1999: 101).
ϞЂЅІϼ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЏЉ, ϻϴ ϼЅϾϿВЋϹЁϼϹЀ ІЄϹЉ ЁϴЉЂϸЂϾ ϶ ϜϻЄϴϼϿϹ ЃЄϼ ЅϾϹϿϹІϴЉ: ϥЉЇϿ V, ϞϴЈϻϹЉ 11 ϼ
ϔЀЇϸ 7 (McCown 1937: 100–101; Vandermeersch 1970: 299–301; Hovers et al. 1995: 52, 55–56; Tillier
1995: 67, 70), ІϴϾϺϹ ϵϹЅЃЂЄГϸЂЋЁЂ ЄϴЅЃЂϿϴϷϴВІЅГ ϶ЂϻϿϹ ЅϾϹϿϹІЂ϶ ϼ ЁϹ ЀЂϷЇІ Г϶ϿГІАЅГ ϻϴЇЃЂϾЂϽЁЂϽ ЃϼЍϹϽ.
ϞЇϿАІЇЄЁЏϹ ЂІϿЂϺϹЁϼГ ЀЇЅІАϹЄЅϾϼЉ ЅІЂГЁЂϾ ϼЁІϹЁЅϼ϶ЁЂ ЁϴЅЏЍϹЁЏ ЂЋϴϷϴЀϼ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЁϼϾϴϾ ЁϹ Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁЏ Ѕ ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁЁЏЀ ЄϼІЇϴϿЂЀ. ϞЄϴЅЁϴГ ϾЄϴЅϾϴ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁϴ ϿϼЌА ϶ ЂϸЁЂЀ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϼ
(ϟГ ϬϴЃϹϿϿА-Ђ-ϥϹЁ, ϨЄϴЁЊϼГ), ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ϶ЃЂϿЁϹ ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂ, ЋІЂ ЂЁϴ ЅϿЇЋϴϽЁЂ ЃЂЃϴϿϴ ϶ ЀЂϷϼϿЇ ϼϻ
ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϷЂ ЅϿЂГ (ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1995ϵ: 194). ϜЁЈЂЄЀϴЊϼГ ϕ. ϖϴЁϸϹЄЀϹЄЌϴ Ђ ЁϴϿϼЋϼϼ ϾЄϴЅЁЂϽ ϾЄϴЅϾϼ ϶ϵϿϼϻϼ ЅϾϹϿϹІЂ϶ 8 ϼ 11 ϞϴЈϻϹЉϴ (ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1993ϵ: 5–6) ЂϾϴϻϴϿϴЅА ЂЌϼϵЂЋЁЂϽ. ϧЅІϴЁЂ϶ϿϹЁЂ,
ЋІЂ ϾЂЀЂЋϾϼ ϾЄϴЅЁЂϽ ϾЄϴЅϾϼ, ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЁЏϹ ϶ЂϻϿϹ БІϼЉ ЅϾϹϿϹІЂ϶, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ЅϾЂЄϿЇЃϴ ГϽЊϴ ЅІЄϴЇЅϴ,
ЁϴϽϸϹЁЁϴГ ЄГϸЂЀ ЅЂ ЅϾϹϿϹІЂЀ 11, ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸГІ ϼϻ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϷЂ ЅϿЂГ, ϷϸϹ ЂЁϼ ϶ЅІЄϹЋϴВІЅГ ϶ ϼϻЂϵϼϿϼϼ (ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1994ϴ: 138; Tillier et al. 1988: 133). ϠЂϺЁЂ ЇІ϶ϹЄϺϸϴІА, ЋІЂ ϾЄϴЅЁϴГ ϾЄϴЅϾϴ ЁϹ
Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁϴ Ѕ ЀЇЅІАϹЄЅϾϼЀϼ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГЀϼ. ϡϹІ ІϴϾϺϹ ЁϼϾϴϾϼЉ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ ІЂϷЂ, ЋІЂ ЀЇЅІАϹЄЅϾϼϹ
ЂЉЂІЁϼϾϼ ЅЂ϶ϹЄЌϴϿϼ ϾϴϾϼϹ-ϿϼϵЂ ЄϼІЇϴϿАЁЏϹ ϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼГ ϶ЂϻϿϹ ЀЂϷϼϿ ЃЂЅϿϹ ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁ.
ϡϴ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЀЇЅІАϹЄЅϾϼЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЉ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ ЅϿϹϸЏ ЄϴЅЋϿϹЁϹЁϼГ ІЄЇЃЂ϶ ϼ ЅЁГІϼГ Ѕ ϾЂЅІϹϽ ЀГϷϾϼЉ ІϾϴЁϹϽ Ѕ ЃЂЀЂЍАВ ϾЄϹЀЁϹ϶ЏЉ ЂЄЇϸϼϽ. ϢІЃϹЋϴІϾϼ БІϼЉ ЂЄЇϸϼϽ, ЇϾϴϻЏ϶ϴВЍϼϹ Ёϴ ЃЂЅЀϹЄІЁЏϹ ЀϴЁϼЃЇϿГЊϼϼ Ѕ ІϹϿϴЀϼ, ϵЏϿϼ ϶ЏГ϶ϿϹЁЏ Ёϴ ϾЂЅІГЉ ϼϻ ϞЄϴЃϼЁЏ (ϩЂЄ϶ϴІϼГ),
ϞЂЀϵ ϗЄϹЁϴϿГ, ϠϴЄϼϽГϾϴ, ϠЇϿϴ (ϨЄϴЁЊϼГ), ϱϿА ϥϼϸЄЂЁϴ (ϜЅЃϴЁϼГ), ϡϹϴЁϸϹЄІϴϿГ (ϗϹЄЀϴЁϼГ)
ϼ ϦϹЌϼϾ-ϦϴЌϴ (ϧϻϵϹϾϼЅІϴЁ) (ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1992ϵ; 1993ϵ: 4; 1998; Defleur et al. 1999; Le Mort 1987;
1989; Rosos et al. 2012: 61). ϦϹϿЂ ЀЇϺЋϼЁЏ ϶ ϞϹϵϴЄϹ (ϜϻЄϴϼϿА) ІϴϾϺϹ ЄϴЅЋϿϹЁϹЁЂ, ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ϶ ϸϴЁЁЂЀ ЅϿЇЋϴϹ ϵЏϿϴ ЃЄЂ϶ϹϸϹЁϴ ЋϴЅІϼЋЁϴГ БϾЅϷЇЀϴЊϼГ ЀЂϷϼϿЏ ЅЃЇЅІГ ϾϴϾЂϹ-ІЂ ϶ЄϹЀГ ЃЂЅϿϹ ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁ. ϢІ ІЄЇЃϴ ЂІϸϹϿϼϿϼ ЋϹЄϹЃ ϼ ЃЂЋІϼ ϶ЅϹ ϾЂЅІϼ ЁЂϷ. ϪϹϿЂЅІЁЂЅІА ЂЅІϴϿАЁЏЉ ЋϴЅІϹϽ ІϹϿϴ ϼ ϼЉ
ϴЁϴІЂЀϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ЃЂЄГϸЂϾ ЁϹ ЁϴЄЇЌϹЁЏ. ϱІϼ ϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼГ, ЁϹ ЂЅІϴ϶ϼ϶ЌϼϹ ЅϿϹϸЂ϶ Ёϴ ϾЂЅІГЉ ЃЂϾЂϽЁϼϾϴ, ЀЂϷϿϼ ϵЏІА ЃЄЂ϶ϹϸϹЁЏ ІЂϿАϾЂ ЃЂЅϿϹ ЃЂϿЁЂϷЂ ЄϴϻϿЂϺϹЁϼГ ЀГϷϾϼЉ ІϾϴЁϹϽ. ϡϴЉЂϸϾϴ ϶ ϞϹϵϴЄϹ
ЇϾϴϻЏ϶ϴϹІ Ёϴ ІЂ, ЋІЂ ϾЄЂЀϹ ЄϴЅЋϿϹЁϹЁϼГ ЁϹЄϴϻϿЂϺϼ϶ЌϼЉЅГ ІЄЇЃЂ϶ Ѕ ЃЂЀЂЍАВ ϾЄϹЀЁϹ϶ЏЉ ЂЄЇϸϼϽ, ϶ ЀЇЅІАϹ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴϿ ϼ ϸЄЇϷЂϽ, ϵЂϿϹϹ ЃЄЂЅІЂϽ ЅЃЂЅЂϵ ЃЂЅЀϹЄІЁЏЉ ЀϴЁϼЃЇϿГЊϼϽ Ѕ ІϹϿϴЀϼ (ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1994ϴ: 138), ϵϿϴϷЂϸϴЄГ ϾЂІЂЄЂЀЇ ϶Ђ ЀЁЂϷϼЉ ЀЂϷϼϿϴЉ ЅЂЉЄϴЁϼϿϼЅА ϿϼЌА ЁϹЃЂϿЁЏϹ
ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЅϾϹϿϹІЏ. ϧ ЁϼЉ ЂІЅЇІЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴϿϼ ϾЂЅІϼ ЁЂϷ, ЁЂϷ ϼ ЋϹЄϹЃϴ, ЁЂϷ ϼ ЄЇϾ, ЄϹϺϹ ϾЂЅІϼ ЄЇϾ
ϼϿϼ ІЂϿАϾЂ ЋϹЄϹЃ, ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ϶ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЅϿЇЋϴГЉ ЂЅІϴЁϾϼ ЄϴЅЋϿϹЁϹЁЁЂϷЂ ІЄЇЃϴ ϵЏϿϼ ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁϹЁЏ
ЁϹ ϶ ϴЁϴІЂЀϼЋϹЅϾЂЀ ЃЂЄГϸϾϹ — ϤϹϷЇЄϸЇ, ϥЉЇϿ II, VI, IX (ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1993ϵ: 5; 1995ϵ: 199–201, 206).
ϤϴЅЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁϼϹ ЃЂϿЁЏЉ ϼ ЁϹЃЂϿЁЏЉ ЅϾϹϿϹІЂ϶ Ёϴ ЅІЂГЁϾϴЉ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϴ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϼ϶ϴϹІ ЂϵЍЇВ ϸϿГ ϶ЅϹЉ ЄϹϷϼЂЁЂ϶ ϻϴϾЂЁЂЀϹЄЁЂЅІА. ϖ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЉ ЂІϿЂϺϹЁϼГЉ ЀЇЅІАϹЄЅϾЂϷЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ,
ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ϸϴІϼЄЇВІЅГ ϶ ϼЁІϹЄ϶ϴϿϹ ЂІ 140 000 ϸЂ 50 000 Ͽ. Ё., ЃЄϹЂϵϿϴϸϴВІ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϼ ЁϹЃЂϿЁЏЉ
18
ЅϾϹϿϹІЂ϶ ϿВϸϹϽ. ϖ ЅϿЂГЉ ЈϼЁϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ЀЇЅІАϹ (50 000–40 000 Ͽ. Ё.) ϶ЂϻЄϴЅІϴϹІ ϾЂϿϼЋϹЅІ϶Ђ ЁϴЉЂϸЂϾ
ЃЂϿЁЏЉ ЅϾϹϿϹІЂ϶ (ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1995ϴ: 27; 1998: 242).
ϡЏЁϹЌЁϼϹ ЃЄϼ϶ϹЄϺϹЁЊЏ ϶ϻϷϿГϸЂ϶ ϗ. ϸϹ ϠЂЄІϼϿАϹ ЅЋϼІϴВІ, ЋІЂ ЁϹЃЂϿЁЏϹ ЀЇЅІАϹЄЅϾϼϹ
ЅϾϹϿϹІЏ Г϶ϿГВІЅГ ϿϼϵЂ ЂЅІϴЁϾϴЀϼ ЃЂϷϼϵЌϼЉ ЃЂϸ Ђϵ϶ϴϿϴЀϼ ϿВϸϹϽ, ІϹϿϴ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ϵЏϿϼ ϼЅϾϴϿϹЋϹЁЏ ЇЃϴ϶ЌϼЀϼ ЅЂ Ѕ϶ЂϸЂ϶ ЃϹЍϹЄ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏЀϼ ϷϿЏϵϴЀϼ, ϿϼϵЂ ЂЅІϴЁϾϴЀϼ ЃЂІЄϹ϶ЂϺϹЁЁЏЉ ЉϼЍЁϼϾϴЀϼ ІЄЇЃЂ϶, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЁϹ ϵЏϿϼ ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁϹЁЏ. ϣЂϿϴϷϴВІ ІϴϾϺϹ, ЋІЂ ϼϻЇ϶ϹЋϹЁЁЏϹ ϸϼϾϼЀϼ ϻ϶ϹЄГЀϼ
ІϹϿϴ ЅЂЉЄϴЁϼϿϼЅА ϶ ЃϹЍϹЄϴЉ ϵϿϴϷЂϸϴЄГ ϼЅϾϿВЋϼІϹϿАЁЂЀЇ ЅІϹЋϹЁϼВ ЂϵЅІЂГІϹϿАЅІ϶, ϶ЅϿϹϸЅІ϶ϼϹ
ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ІЄЇЃЏ, ЊϹϿЂЅІЁЂЅІА ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЇϺϹ ϵЏϿϴ ЁϴЄЇЌϹЁϴ, ЂϾϴϻϴϿϼЅА ϵЏЅІЄЂ ЃϹЄϹϾЄЏІЏ ЂІϿЂϺϹЁϼГЀϼ ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЂϷЂ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼГ (Ђϵ϶ϴϿ ЃЂІЂϿϾЂ϶ ЇϵϹϺϼЍ; ϼϿ, ЃЄϼЁϹЅϹЁЁЏϽ ЅϹϿϹ϶ЏЀϼ ЃЂІЂϾϴЀϼ, ϼ І. Ѓ.) (Gargett 1989; 1999). ϢϸЁϴϾЂ, ЇЋϼІЏ϶ϴГ ЅЂϾЄϴЍϹЁϼϹ ЋϼЅϿϹЁЁЂЅІϼ ЁϹЃЂϿЁЏЉ ЅϾϹϿϹІЂ϶
϶ ЃЂϻϸЁϹЀ ЀЇЅІАϹ, ІϴϾЂϹ ЂϵЎГЅЁϹЁϼϹ ЁϹ ЀЂϺϹІ ϵЏІА ЃЄϼЁГІЂ, ϼϵЂ ЂЁЂ ЃЄϼ϶ЂϸϼІ Ͼ ϶ϹЅАЀϴ ЅЂЀЁϼІϹϿАЁЂЀЇ ϶Џ϶ЂϸЇ Ђ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ ϶ ЃЄϹϸЌϹЅІ϶ЇВЍϼϽ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ЂЃϴЅЁЂЅІА ЄϴϻЄЇЌϹЁϼГ ЉϼЍЁϼϾϴЀϼ
ϼϿϼ ЃЄϼЄЂϸЁЏЀϼ ЈϴϾІЂЄϴЀϼ ІЄЇЃЂ϶, ЂЅІϴ϶ЌϼЉЅГ ϵϹϻ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ, ϵЏϿϴ ЁϴЀЁЂϷЂ ϵЂϿАЌϹ, ЋϹЀ ϶
ЈϼЁϴϿАЁЂЀ ЀЇЅІАϹ.
ϘϿГ ЃЂЁϼЀϴЁϼГ ЅЇЍЁЂЅІϼ Г϶ϿϹЁϼГ, ЅϾЄЏ϶ϴВЍϹϷЂЅГ ϻϴ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϴЀϼ ЁϹЃЂϿЁЏЉ ЅϾϹϿϹІЂ϶, ЅϿϹϸЇϹІ ЂϵЄϴІϼІА ϶ЁϼЀϴЁϼϹ Ёϴ ϼЅϾϿВЋϼІϹϿАЁЂ ϶ϴϺЁЇВ ϼЁЈЂЄЀϴЊϼВ Ђ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ϼϻ ЁϼЉ
ϵЏϿϼ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ ϶ ЅϾϴϿАЁЏЉ ІЄϹЍϼЁϴЉ ϼϿϼ ϿϹϺϴϿϼ Ёϴ ϸЁϹ ЉЂЄЂЌЂ ЅЂЉЄϴЁϼ϶ЌϼЉЅГ ГЀ, ϻϴЅЏЃϴЁЁЏЉ ЃЂЅϿϹ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЀ ЅϿЂϹЀ. ϣЂЅϾЂϿАϾЇ ϶ ЁϹЃЂ϶ЄϹϺϸϹЁЁЏЉ ЀЇЅІАϹЄЅϾϼЉ ЀЂϷϼϿϴЉ
ЃЂϿЁЂЅІАВ ЅЂЉЄϴЁГϿϼЅА ϸϴϺϹ ЉЄЇЃϾϼϹ ϸϹІЅϾϼϹ ЅϾϹϿϹІЏ, ЅϿϹϸЇϹІ ЃЄϼϻЁϴІА, ЋІЂ ІϹϿϴ ЀЁЂϷϼЉ ϿВϸϹϽ БЃЂЉϼ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϴ ЀЂϷϿϼ ϵЏІА ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁϹЁЏ ЇϺϹ ϶ ЁϹЃЂϿЁЂЀ (ЄϴЅЋϿϹЁϹЁЁЂЀ) ЅЂЅІЂГЁϼϼ (ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1995ϴ: 27; 1999: 101; ϥЀϼЄЁЂ϶ ϲ. 1991: 202–205; Le Mort 1987; 1988a; 1988b, 1989;
Russel 1987; Ullrich 1986). ϢІϸϹϿАЁЏϹ ЋϴЅІϼ ІϹϿ ϼϻ϶ϿϹϾϴϿϼ ІϴϾϺϹ ϼϻ ЀЂϷϼϿ ЅЃЇЅІГ ϾϴϾЂϹ-ІЂ ϶ЄϹЀГ
ЃЂЅϿϹ ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁ (ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1994ϴ: 138).
ϖ ЀЇЅІАϹЄЅϾϼЉ ЅϿЂГЉ, ϸϴІϼЄЇВЍϼЉЅГ ЂІ 140 000 ϸЂ 50 000 Ͽ. Ё., ϸЂЀϼЁϼЄЇϹІ ЄϴЅЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼϹ
ЅϾϹϿϹІЂ϶ ЃϹЄЃϹЁϸϼϾЇϿГЄЁЂ ϶ЉЂϸЇ ϶ ЃϹЍϹЄЇ, ЃЂϻϸЁϹϹ (50 000–40 000 Ͽ. Ё.) ЅϾϹϿϹІЏ, ϾϴϾ ЃЄϴ϶ϼϿЂ,
ϿϹϺϴІ ЃϴЄϴϿϿϹϿАЁЂ ϶ЉЂϸЇ (ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1995ϴ: 27). ϖ ІЄϹЉ ЅϿЇЋϴГЉ (ϤϹϷЇЄϸЇ, ϞϹϵϴЄϴ 2, ϬϴЁϼϸϴЄ 3)
Ї ЅϾϹϿϹІЂ϶ ЂІЅЇІЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴϿϼ ЋϹЄϹЃϴ, ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ЁϼϺЁϼϹ ЋϹϿВЅІϼ ϼ ЃЂϻ϶ЂЁϾϼ, ϻϴ ϼЅϾϿВЋϹЁϼϹЀ ЅϾϹϿϹІϴ
ϬϴЁϼϸϴЄ 3, ЁϹ ϵЏϿϼ ЅЀϹЍϹЁЏ ЅЂ Ѕ϶ЂϼЉ ЃϹЄ϶ЂЁϴЋϴϿАЁЏЉ ЀϹЅІ. ϧ ЅϾϹϿϹІϴ ϬϴЁϼϸϴЄ 3 ϶ЀϹЅІϹ Ѕ ЋϹЄϹЃЂЀ ϵЏϿϼ ЇϸϴϿϹЁЏ ЁϼϺЁГГ ЋϹϿВЅІА ϼ ЌϹϽЁЏϹ ЃЂϻ϶ЂЁϾϼ (ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1998: 245).
ϥϾϹϿϹІЏ ϺϹЁЍϼЁ, ЃЂϸЄЂЅІϾЂ϶ ϼ ϸϹІϹϽ, ЁϴϽϸϹЁЁЏϹ ϶ ЀЇЅІАϹЄЅϾϼЉ ЅϿЂГЉ ϻϴЃϴϸЁЂϹ϶ЄЂЃϹϽЅϾϼЉ ЅІЂГЁЂϾ, ϿϹϺϴϿϼ Ёϴ ЃЄϴ϶ЂЀ ϵЂϾЇ. ϟϹ϶ϴГ ЄЇϾϴ ϿϼϵЂ ϶ЏІГЁЇІϴ ϶ϸЂϿА ІϹϿϴ, ϿϼϵЂ, ЅЂϷЁЇІϴГ ϶
ϿЂϾІϹ, ϾϴЅϴϹІЅГ ϾϼЅІАВ ϾЂϿϹЁϴ; ЃЄϴ϶ϴГ ЄЇϾϴ ЅЂϷЁЇІϴ ϶ ϿЂϾІϹ, ϹϹ ϾϼЅІА ЁϴЉЂϸϼІЅГ ϶ЂϻϿϹ ϿϼЊϴ. ϡЂϷϼ
ϼϿϼ ЅϿϹϷϾϴ ЅЂϷЁЇІЏ ϼϿϼ ЃЂϸІГЁЇІЏ Ͼ ϷЄЇϸϼ. ϥϾϹϿϹІЏ ЀЇϺЋϼЁ ϿϹϺϴϿϼ Ёϴ ЅЃϼЁϹ, ЁЂϷϼ ЅЂϷЁЇІЏ
϶ ϾЂϿϹЁГЉ ϼ ЇϿЂϺϹЁЏ ЁϴЃЄϴ϶Ђ ЂІ ІЇϿЂ϶ϼЍϴ. ϣЄϴ϶ϴГ ЄЇϾϴ ЅЂϷЁЇІϴ ϶ ϿЂϾІϹ, ϾЂЅІϼ ЃЄϹϸЃϿϹЋАГ ϿϹϺϴІ ЃϴЄϴϿϿϹϿАЁЂ ЃϿϹЋϹ϶ЂϽ ϾЂЅІϼ, ϾϼЅІА ЃЂϾЂϼІЅГ ϶ЂϻϿϹ ϷЂϿЂ϶Џ; ϿϹ϶ϴГ ЄЇϾϴ ϶ЏІГЁЇІϴ ϶ϸЂϿА ІϹϿϴ
(ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1995ϴ: 27; 1995ϵ: 207).
ϡϹϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЅϾϹϿϹІЏ, ЁϴϽϸϹЁЁЏϹ ϶ ϲϷЂ-ϛϴЃϴϸЁЂϽ ϔϻϼϼ (ϥЉЇϿ V, ϞϴЈϻϹЉ 10 ϼ 11), ϿϹϺϴϿϼ Ёϴ
ЅЃϼЁϹ, ЁЂϷϼ ЅЂϷЁЇІЏ ϶ ϾЂϿϹЁГЉ ϼ ЇϿЂϺϹЁЏ ЁϴЃЄϴ϶Ђ ЂІ ІЇϿЂ϶ϼЍϴ (ϥЉЇϿ V, ϞϴЈϻϹЉ 11), ЂϸЁϴ ϼϿϼ
ЂϵϹ ЄЇϾϼ ЅЂϷЁЇІЏ ϶ ϿЂϾІГЉ, ϴ ϾϼЅІА ϼϿϼ ϾϼЅІϼ ЁϴЉЂϸГІЅГ ЅЃЄϴ϶ϴ ϼ ЅϿϹ϶ϴ ЂІ ϿϼЊϴ Ёϴ ЇЄЂ϶ЁϹ ЃϿϹЋϹ϶ЏЉ ЅЇЅІϴ϶Ђ϶. ϧ ϸЄЇϷϼЉ ЅϾϹϿϹІЂ϶ (ϞϴЈϻϹЉ 8 ϼ 9, ϥЉЇϿ IV ϼ V) ЁϼϺЁϼϹ ϾЂЁϹЋЁЂЅІϼ ЄϴЅЃЂϿϴϷϴϿϼЅА
ЃϹЄЃϹЁϸϼϾЇϿГЄЁЂ ЂЅϼ ІϹϿϴ. ϛϴ ϼЅϾϿВЋϹЁϼϹЀ ЅϾϹϿϹІЂ϶ ϞϴЈϻϹЉ 9 (ϺϹЁЍϼЁϴ) ϼ ϞϴЈϻϹЉ 10 (ЄϹϵϹЁЂϾ),
ЃЄЂЋϼϹ ЂЅІϴЁϾϼ ЃЄϼЁϴϸϿϹϺϴϿϼ ЀЇϺЋϼЁϴЀ ϼ ЃЂϸЄЂЅІϾЇ (ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1993ϵ: 5–6; 1995ϴ: 27).
ϡϴ ЅϾϹϿϹІϴЉ ЀЇϺЋϼЁЏ (ϥЉЇϿ V) ϼ ЃЂϸЄЂЅІϾϴ (ϞϴЈϻϹЉ 11) ϿϹϺϴϿϼ, ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂ, ЁϼϺЁГГ
ЋϹϿВЅІА ϾϴϵϴЁϴ ϼ ЄЂϷϴ ϿϴЁϼ Ѕ ЋϴЅІАВ ϿЂϵЁЂϽ ϾЂЅІϼ. ϖ ЂϵЂϼЉ ЅϿЇЋϴГЉ БІϼ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϼ ЄϴЅЃЂϿϴϷϴϿϼЅА
ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉ ϷЄЇϸЁЂϽ ϾϿϹІϾϼ ЅϾϹϿϹІЂ϶, ϾϴЅϴГЅА ϼЉ ЃЄϴ϶ЏЉ ЃϿϹЋϹ϶ЏЉ ϾЂЅІϹϽ. ϤЇϾϼ ЇЀϹЄЌϼЉ ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿϼЅА
϶ ЃЄГЀЂЀ ϾЂЁІϴϾІϹ Ѕ ϾЂЅІГЀϼ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЏЉ. ϟϹ϶ϴГ ϾϼЅІА ЀЇϺЋϼЁЏ (ϥЉЇϿ V) ϾϴЅϴϿϴЅА ЋϹϿВЅІϼ ϾϴϵϴЁϴ, ЃЄϴ϶ϴГ ϾϼЅІА ЃЂϸЄЂЅІϾϴ (ϞϴЈϻϹЉ 11) — ϿЂϵЁЂϽ ϾЂЅІϼ ϿϴЁϼ. ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ЁϹІ ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁϼϽ
ЅЂЀЁϹ϶ϴІАЅГ ϶ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ ЇЃЂЀГЁЇІЏϹ ϾЂЅІϼ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЏЉ Г϶ϿГϿϼЅА ЅϼЀ϶ЂϿϼЋϹЅϾϼЀϼ ЃЄϼЁЂЌϹЁϼГЀϼ
(ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1993ϵ: 5–6; 1995ϴ: 27–28).
ϡϴ ϿϹ϶ЂϽ ІϴϻЂ϶ЂϽ ϾЂЅІϼ ЅϾϹϿϹІϴ ϸϹЅГІϼЀϹЅГЋЁЂϷЂ ЀϿϴϸϹЁЊϴ (ϔЀЇϸ 7), ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ ЁϴϽϸϹЁ Ёϴ
ЅϾϴϿАЁЂЀ ϸЁϹ ЁϼЌϼ ϶ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϽ ЅІϹЁϹ ϷЄЂІϴ, ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁϴ ЅϼϿАЁЂ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁϴГ ϶ϹЄЉЁГГ
ЋϹϿВЅІА ϵϿϴϷЂЄЂϸЁЂϷЂ ЂϿϹЁГ (Hovers et al. 1995: 52, 56; 1996: 49; Tillier 1995: 67, 70). ϣЂЅϾЂϿАϾЇ
БІϴ ϾЂЅІА ЁϹ ЀЂϷϿϴ ЅϿЇЋϴϽЁЂ ЃЂЃϴЅІА ϶ ЁϼЌЇ ϼϻ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϷЂ ЅϿЂГ ϼ ЂϾϴϻϴϿϴЅА ϹϸϼЁЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЀ
19
:
,
,
ЂϵЄϴϻЊЂЀ ϾЂЅІϼ ІϴϾЂϷЂ ЄЂϸϴ, ϶ЅІЄϹЋϹЁЁЏЀ Ёϴ ЅІЂГЁϾϹ, ϾЂІЂЄϴГ ЄϴЅϾϴЃЏ϶ϴϹІЅГ Ѕ 1961 Ϸ., ІЂ ЂЋϹ϶ϼϸЁЂ, ЋІЂ ІϴϾЇВ ЁϴЉЂϸϾЇ ІϴϾϺϹ ЅϿϹϸЇϹІ ЅЋϼІϴІА ЅϼЀ϶ЂϿϼЋϹЅϾϼЀ ЃЄϼЁЂЌϹЁϼϹЀ.
ϡϹϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЅϾϹϿϹІЏ ϼϻ ϲϷЂ-ϛϴЃϴϸЁЂϽ ϔϻϼϼ (ϞϹϵϴЄϴ 2, ϬϴЁϼϸϴЄ 1, ϦϴϵЇЁ ϥ) ϿϹϺϴІ Ёϴ ЅЃϼЁϹ Ѕ ϶ЏІГЁЇІЏЀϼ ЁЂϷϴЀϼ, ЄЇϾϼ ϿϼϵЂ ЅЂϷЁЇІЏ ϶ ϿЂϾІГЉ ϼ ЇϿЂϺϹЁЏ Ёϴ ϷЄЇϸϼ, ϿϼϵЂ ϶ЏІГЁЇІЏ ϶ϸЂϿА
ІϹϿϴ (ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1993ϵ: 5–6; 1994ϴ: 138).
ϥϾϹϿϹІ ЄϹϵϹЁϾϴ (ϞϼϼϾ-ϞЂϵϴ IV, ϞЄЏЀ) ϿϹϺϴϿ Ёϴ ϿϹ϶ЂЀ ϵЂϾЇ ϶ ЅϾЂЄЋϹЁЁЂЀ ЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼϼ, ϿϹ϶ϴГ ЄЇϾϴ ϶ЏІГЁЇІϴ, ϹϹ ϾϼЅІА ЁϴЉЂϸϼІЅГ Ёϴϸ ϾЂϿϹЁЂЀ (ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1992ϴ; 1993϶: 159, 163).
ϜІϴϾ, ЂϵϻЂЄ ЀЇЅІАϹЄЅϾϼЉ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏЉ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЂ϶ ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГϹІ ЃЂϿЂϺϼІϹϿАЁЂ ЂІ϶ϹІϼІА
Ёϴ ϶ЅϹ ЃЂЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЁЏϹ ϶ЏЌϹ ϶ЂЃЄЂЅЏ. ϖ ЅЄϹϸЁϹЀ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϹ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴϿϼ ЂϵЄГϸЂ϶ЏϹ ϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼГ Ѕ
ІϹϿϴЀϼ ЇЀϹЄЌϼЉ. ϖ ϾϴϺϸЂЀ ЄϹϷϼЂЁϹ ЂϵЄГϸЂ϶ЏϹ ϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼГ ϼЀϹϿϼ Ѕ϶Ђϼ ϿЂϾϴϿАЁЏϹ ЂЅЂϵϹЁЁЂЅІϼ.
ϥЃЂЅЂϵЏ ЂϵЄϴЍϹЁϼГ Ѕ ІϹϿϴЀϼ ЇЀϹЄЌϼЉ (ЅЂЂІЁЂЌϹЁϼϹ ЃЂϿЁЏЉ ϼ ЁϹЃЂϿЁЏЉ ЅϾϹϿϹІЂ϶, ЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼϹ
ЅϾϹϿϹІЂ϶ ЂІЁЂЅϼІϹϿАЁЂ ϶ЉЂϸϴ ϶ ЃϹЍϹЄЇ) ЁϹ ЂЅІϴ϶ϴϿϼЅА ЁϹϼϻЀϹЁЁЏЀϼ ϶ ІϹЋϹЁϼϹ ϶ЅϹϽ ЀЇЅІАϹЄЅϾЂϽ БЃЂЉϼ.
ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ЀЂϺЁЂ ЇІ϶ϹЄϺϸϴІА, ЋІЂ ϿВϸϼ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϴ ЁϹ ЂЅІϴ϶ϿГϿϼ ІϹϿϴ ЇЀϹЄЌϼЉ Ёϴ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϿ ЅЇϸАϵЏ, ЁϹ ϻϴϵЄϴЅЏ϶ϴГ ϼЉ ЁϴЅЃϹЉ ЅЇЋАГЀϼ ϼ ϻϹЀϿϹϽ. ϡϴЂϵЂЄЂІ,
Ϻϼ϶ЏϹ ЃЄЂГ϶ϿГϿϼ Ͼ ЃЂϾЂϽЁϼϾϴЀ ЂЅЂϵЂϹ ϶ЁϼЀϴЁϼϹ, ϶ЏЄϴϺϴ϶ЌϹϹЅГ ϶ ЄϹϷЇϿГЄЁЂ ЃЂ϶ІЂЄГВЍϼЉЅГ
ϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼГЉ, ЂϵЎϹϾІЂЀ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЅІϴЁЂ϶ϼϿЅГ ЇЅЂЃЌϼϽ. ϱІϼ ϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼГ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿГВІ ЅЂϵЂϽ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϽЌϼϹ ϶ ϼЅІЂЄϼϼ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹЋϹЅІ϶ϴ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏϹ ЂϵЄГϸЏ. ϖϴϺЁϹϽЌϼЀ ϸЂϾϴϻϴІϹϿАЅІ϶ЂЀ ϼЉ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼГ Г϶ϿГВІЅГ ЇЅІЂϽЋϼ϶Ђ ЃЂ϶ІЂЄГВЍϼϹЅГ ЄϼІЇϴϿАЁЏϹ ЃЂϻЏ, ϶ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ϿϹϺϴІ ЇЀϹЄЌϼϹ.
ϥϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿАЁЂ, ϷϼЃЂІϹϻЇ ϗ. ϗϴϸϺϹІІϴ ЅϿϹϸЇϹІ ЂІ϶ϹЄϷЁЇІА ϾϴϾ ЂЌϼϵЂЋЁЇВ.
ϡϹ ЃЂϸІ϶ϹЄϺϸϴϹІЅГ ϼ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼϹ ϲ. ϔ. ϥЀϼЄЁЂ϶ϴ Ђ ЅЉЂϸЅІ϶Ϲ ЀЇЅІАϹЄЅϾϼЉ ϼ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏЉ ЂϵЄГϸЂ϶. ϛϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϴ ЃЄϼЁЊϼЃϼϴϿАЁЂ ЂІϿϼЋϴВІЅГ ЂІ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЂІЅЇІЅІ϶ϼϹЀ ϶ ЀЂϷϼϿϴЉ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄГ
(ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1991: 15), ЄϼІЇϴϿАЁЂϽ ЃϼЍϼ ϼ ϾЄϴЅЁЂϽ ϾЄϴЅϾϼ. ϡϹϿАϻГ ЅЂϷϿϴЅϼІАЅГ ϼ Ѕ ϸЄЇϷϼЀ ϶Џ϶ЂϸЂЀ ϲ. ϔ. ϥЀϼЄЁЂ϶ϴ Ђ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ ЀЇЅІАϹЄЅϾϼϹ ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁЁЏϹ ЄϼІЇϴϿЏ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶ЇВІ ϶ ЁϹϼϻЀϹЁЁЂЀ
϶ϼϸϹ, ЁϹ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϼ϶ϴГ ІϹЁϸϹЁЊϼϽ Єϴϻ϶ϼІϼГ. ϡϴЃЄЂІϼ϶, ϶Џ϶Ђϸ ϗ. ϧϿАЄϼЉϴ Ђϵ Б϶ЂϿВЊϼϼ ЀЇЅІАϹЄЅϾЂϷЂ ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁЁЂϷЂ ЂϵЄГϸϴ ЂІ ЄϴЁЁϼЉ ЄϴЅЋϿϹЁϹЁЁЏЉ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϽ Ͼ ЁϹЄϴЅЋϿϹЁϹЁЁЏЀ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГЀ, ЃЂГ϶ϼ϶ЌϼЀЅГ ϶ ϾЂЁЊϹ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϴ, ЃЂϸІ϶ϹЄϺϸϴϹІЅГ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЀϼ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϴЀϼ.
ϣЄϴ϶Џ ІϴϾϺϹ ІϹ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿϼ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЃЄЂ϶ЂϸГІ ЋϹІϾЇВ ϷЄϴЁϼЊЇ ЀϹϺϸЇ ЀЇЅІАϹЄЅϾϼЀϼ ϼ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾϼЀϼ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГЀϼ. ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ЃЄϹϸϿϴϷϴϹЀϴГ ϼЀϼ ϼЁІϹЄЃЄϹІϴЊϼГ ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁЁЂϷЂ ЂϵЄГϸϴ БЃЂЉϼ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϴ ЁϹЃЄϼϹЀϿϹЀϴ. ϖЄГϸ Ͽϼ ЀЂϺЁЂ ЅЋϼІϴІА ЃЄЂГ϶ϿϹЁϼϹЀ
ϻϴϵЂІЏ Ђϵ ЇЀϹЄЌϼЉ ϼϿϼ ІЄϹϵЂ϶ϴЁϼГЀϼ ϷϼϷϼϹЁЏ ЄϴЅЋϿϹЁϹЁϼϹ ІЄЇЃЂ϶ Ѕ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЇВЍϼЀ ЅЁГІϼϹЀ
ЀГϷϾϼЉ ІϾϴЁϹϽ Ѕ ϾЂЅІϹϽ. ϣЂϸЂϵЁЏϹ ЀϴЁϼЃЇϿГЊϼϼ Ѕ ІϹϿϴЀϼ ЁϹ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ЇВІ ϼ Ђ ЅІЄϴЉϹ ЃϹЄϹϸ
ЃЂϾЂϽЁϼϾϴЀϼ.
ϖϹЄЂГІЁЂ, ЅЃϹЊϼЈϼϾϴ ЀЇЅІАϹЄЅϾϼЉ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏЉ ЄϼІЇϴϿЂ϶ (ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϹ ЄϴЅЋϿϹЁϹЁЁЂϷЂ
ІЄЇЃϴ, ϼϻ϶ϿϹЋϹЁϼϹ ЋϹЄϹЃЂ϶ ϼϻ ЀЂϷϼϿ) ЂϵЇЅϿЂ϶ϿϹЁϴ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГЀϼ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹϾϴ БЃЂЉϼ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ
ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϴ Ђ ЅЀϹЄІϼ, ϶ ЂІЁЂЌϹЁϼϼ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ϶ЄГϸ Ͽϼ ЇЀϹЅІЁЂ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴІА БЃϼІϹІ «ЃЄϼЀϼІϼ϶ЁЏϹ». ϡϹϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЏϹ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿϼ, ЁϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ, ЃЂϿϴϷϴВІ, ЋІЂ ϻϴ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГЀϼ ЀЇЅІАϹЄЅϾЂϷЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЅІЂϼІ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁЁϴГ ЅϼЅІϹЀϴ ϶ϹЄЂ϶ϴЁϼϽ, ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ϹЅϿϼ ЂϸЁϼ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼ ЃϼЌЇІ
Ђ ЁϴϿϼЋϼϼ Ї ϿВϸϹϽ БЃЂЉϼ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϴ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϼϽ Ђ ϻϴϷЄЂϵЁЂЀ ЀϼЄϹ ϼ ЃЂЅЀϹЄІЁЂЀ
ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼϼ (ϖϼЌЁГЊϾϼϽ 2002: 157; 2005: 192–193; ϛЇϵЂ϶ 1999: 73; ϞЏϻϿϴЅЂ϶ Ϝ. 1993: 109; Otte
1996b: 179, 181), ІЂ ϸЄЇϷϼϹ ЃЄϹϸЃЂЋϼІϴВІ ЁϹ ϾЂЁϾЄϹІϼϻϼЄЂ϶ϴІА ϶ЂЃЄЂЅ Ђ ЅЇЍЁЂЅІϼ ϶ϹЄЂ϶ϴЁϼϽ,
Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁЁЏЉ Ѕ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϽЌϼЀϼ ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁЁЏЀϼ ЄϼІЇϴϿϴЀϼ (Ronen 1990: 14), ϴ ІЄϹІАϼ ЃЂϿϴϷϴВІ, ЋІЂ
ЅϼЀ϶ЂϿϼϾϴ ЀЇЅІАϹЄЅϾϼЉ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏЉ ЂϵЄГϸЂ϶ ЁϹЃЂϻЁϴ϶ϴϹЀϴ ϶ ЃЄϼЁЊϼЃϹ (Cauwe 1998: 48, 51–52)
ϼ ϶ЅϹ ЃЂЃЏІϾϼ ϹϹ ϼЅІЂϿϾЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ЂІЁЂЅГІЅГ Ͼ ЂϵϿϴЅІϼ ЁϴЇЋЁЂϽ ЈϴЁІϴЅІϼϾϼ (ϥЀϼЄЁЂ϶ ϲ. 2005: 14).
ϖ Ѕ϶Гϻϼ Ѕ БІϼЀ ϿϹϷЋϹ ϶ЅϹϷЂ ϸϴІА ЂІ϶ϹІ Ёϴ ϶ЂЃЄЂЅ Ђ ІЂЀ, ϾϴϾϼЀϼ БІϼ ϶ϹЄЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ЁϹ ЀЂϷϿϼ
ϵЏІА. ϢІЅЇІЅІ϶ϼϹ ϶ ЀЇЅІАϹЄЅϾϼЉ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГЉ ϻϴЇЃЂϾЂϽЁЂϽ ЃϼЍϼ, ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄГ ϼ
ϾЄϴЅЁЂϽ ϾЄϴЅϾϼ ЇϾϴϻЏ϶ϴϹІ Ёϴ ІЂ, ЋІЂ Ї ϿВϸϹϽ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϴ ϹЍϹ ЁϹ ЅϿЂϺϼϿϼЅА ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГ Ђ ЃЂІЇЅІЂЄЂЁЁϹЀ ЀϼЄϹ ϼ Ђ ϻϴϷЄЂϵЁЂϽ ϺϼϻЁϼ.
ϤϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴГ ϶ЂЃЄЂЅ Ђ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼϼ ϼ ЅϼЀ϶ЂϿϼϾϹ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϽЌϼЉ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏЉ ЂϵЄГϸЂ϶,
ЅϿϹϸЇϹІ ІϴϾϺϹ ϼЀϹІА ϶ ϶ϼϸЇ, ЋІЂ, ЁϴЋϼЁϴГ Ѕ ЁϼϺЁϹϷЂ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϴ, ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹϾЇ ϵЏϿϼ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЏ ϸ϶Ϲ
ЄϴϻЁЂ϶ϼϸЁЂЅІϼ ЅЀϹЄІϼ. ϥ ЂϸЁЂϽ ϼϻ ЁϼЉ (ϹЅІϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁϴГ ϼϿϼ ЁϴЅϼϿАЅІ϶ϹЁЁϴГ ϷϼϵϹϿА ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЏЉ
Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЏЉ) ЂЁ ЃЂЅІЂГЁЁЂ ϶ЅІЄϹЋϴϿЅГ ϶ ЀϼЄϹ ЃЄϼЄЂϸЏ. ϣϹЄϹϸ϶ϼϷϴГЅА ϶ ЃЂϼЅϾϴЉ ЃЄЂЃϼІϴЁϼГ, ϿВϸϼ
20
ЋϴЅІЂ ЁϴІϴϿϾϼ϶ϴϿϼЅА Ёϴ ЄϴЅІϹЄϻϴЁЁЏϹ ЉϼЍЁϼϾϴЀϼ ІЇЌϼ ІЄϴ϶ЂГϸЁЏЉ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЏЉ ϼ ЃЂϹϸϴϿϼ, ϾϴϾ
ЃЂϿϴϷϴВІ ЀЁЂϷϼϹ ЇЋϹЁЏϹ, ЂЅІϴІϾϼ ЀГЅϴ, ЅЂЉЄϴЁϼ϶ЌϼϹЅГ Ёϴ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ϾЂЅІГЉ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ϼϻ϶ϿϹϾϴϿϼ
ϼϻ ЁϼЉ ϾЂЅІЁЏϽ ЀЂϻϷ. ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ЁϹ ЂϵϿϴϸϴГ ϹЍϹ ϸЂЅІϴІЂЋЁЂϽ ЂЉЂІЁϼЋАϹϽ ЅЁЂЄЂ϶ϾЂϽ, ЂЁϼ
ЃϼІϴϿϼЅА ЃϴϸϴϿАВ (ϕЇІЂ϶ЅϾϴГ 1998: 98; ϖϼЌЁГЊϾϼϽ 2005: 151–152; Binford L. 1981: 275, 282, 294;
1987: 47, 96–103; Klein R. 1987: 11). ϡϹЄϹϸϾЂ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϽЌϼϹ ϿВϸϼ ЅІϴЁЂ϶ϼϿϼЅА Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿГЀϼ ІЂϷЂ,
ϾϴϾ ЉϼЍЁϼϾϼ Їϵϼ϶ϴϿϼ ϼ ЃЂϺϼЄϴϿϼ Ѕ϶Ђϼ ϺϹЄІ϶Џ, ЅЄϹϸϼ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ϶ ϿВϵЂϽ ЀЂЀϹЁІ ЀЂϷ ЂϾϴϻϴІАЅГ
ϼ ЅϴЀ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹϾ. ϣЂБІЂЀЇ ϶ЃЂϿЁϹ ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂ, ЋІЂ ЁϴЌϼ ЃЄϹϸϾϼ ϹЍϹ ϶ ϸЂЀЇЅІАϹЄЅϾЂϹ ϶ЄϹЀГ ЅІϴϿϼ
ϴЅЅЂЊϼϼЄЂ϶ϴІА ЅЀϹЄІА Ѕ ІϹЄϻϴЁϼϹЀ, ЄϴϻЄЏ϶ϴЁϼϹЀ, ЄϴϻЎϹϸϼЁϹЁϼϹЀ ІϹϿϴ. ϥЂ ϶ІЂЄЂϽ ЄϴϻЁЂ϶ϼϸЁЂЅІАВ ЅЀϹЄІϼ (ЇЉЂϸ ϼϻ ϺϼϻЁϼ ЂϸЁЂϷЂ ϼϻ ЋϿϹЁЂ϶ ЅЂЂϵЍϹЅІ϶ϴ) ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹϾ ЅІϴϿϾϼ϶ϴϿЅГ «ϸЂЀϴ», І. Ϲ. ϶
ϾЂϿϿϹϾІϼ϶Ϲ ЅϹϵϹ ЃЂϸЂϵЁЏЉ.
ϱІЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾϼ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ЇВІ, ЋІЂ ЂϵϹ ЄϴϻЁЂ϶ϼϸЁЂЅІϼ ЅЀϹЄІϼ ЁϴЄЇЌϴϿϼ
ЂϸϼЁ ϼϻ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЏЉ ЃЄϼЁЊϼЃЂ϶ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ — ЃЄϼЁЊϼЃ ϶ЅϹЂϵЍϹϷЂ Єϴ϶ЁЂ϶ϹЅϼГ, ϶ ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ϼϼ Ѕ ϾЂІЂЄЏЀ ϶ ϵϹЅϾЂЁϹЋЁЂЀ ϾЄЇϷЂ϶ЄϴЍϹЁϼϼ ϼ ЃЂ϶ІЂЄГϹЀЂЅІϼ ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЏЉ Г϶ϿϹЁϼϽ ϼ ЃЄЂЊϹЅЅЂ϶ ϻϴϾϿВЋϴВІЅГ ϼЅІЂϾϼ ЊϹϿЂЅІЁЂЅІϼ, ЅІϴϵϼϿАЁЂЅІϼ ϼ ϶ЂЅЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸЅІ϶ϴ ЃЄϼЄЂϸЏ ϼ ЂϵЍϹЅІ϶ϴ (ϔЄЅϹЁАϹ϶
1990: 148; ϘЀϼІЄϼϹ϶ϴ 1993: 22–23). ϡϴЄЇЌϹЁϼϹ ЄϹϷЇϿГЄЁЂϽ ЊϼϾϿϼЋЁЂЅІϼ ЃЄϼЄЂϸЁЏЉ ϼ ЂϵЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЉ ЃЄЂЊϹЅЅЂ϶ ϶ϹϿЂ Ͼ ЄϴϻЄЏ϶Ї ϶ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼГЉ ϼ ЁϹЅІϴϵϼϿАЁЂЅІϼ, ϾЂІЂЄϴГ ϷЄЂϻϼϿϴ ϿВϸГЀ ϷϼϵϹϿАВ (ϠϴϿϼЁЂ϶ЅϾϼϽ 1998: 41–42).
ϖ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼЂЁЁЏЉ ЂϵЍϹЅІ϶ϴЉ ЃЂϸ ЁϴЄЇЌϹЁϼϹЀ ЃЄϼЄЂϸЁЂϽ ЊϼϾϿϼЋЁЂЅІϼ ЃЂЁϼЀϴϿϼ ЅЂϾЄϴЍϹЁϼϹ ЃЂϷЂϿЂ϶АГ ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЏЉ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЏЉ ϶ЅϿϹϸЅІ϶ϼϹ ЉϼЍЁϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ЃЄЂЀЏЅϿϴ ϻ϶ϹЄϹϽ, ЃІϼЊ ϼ ЄЏϵ, ЋІЂ
ЀЂϷϿЂ ЃЄϼ϶ϹЅІϼ Ͼ ЁϹϸЂϹϸϴЁϼВ ϼϿϼ ϸϴϺϹ ϷЂϿЂϸЇ. ϖ Ѕ϶ЂВ ЂЋϹЄϹϸА, ЅЀϹЄІА ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹϾϴ ЄϴϻЄЏ϶ϴϿϴ ϶ЅϹ
ЅЂЊϼϴϿАЁЏϹ Ѕ϶Гϻϼ ϶ЁЇІЄϼ ϾЂϿϿϹϾІϼ϶ϴ, ЋϿϹЁЂЀ ϾЂІЂЄЂϷЂ ЂЁ Г϶ϿГϿЅГ, ЇϷЄЂϺϴϿϴ ЅЃϿЂЋϹЁЁЂЅІϼ БІЂϷЂ
ϾЂϿϿϹϾІϼ϶ϴ ϼ ЀЂϷϿϴ ЄϴϻЄЇЌϼІА ϹϷЂ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЇ ϶ ЊϹϿЂЀ (ϕϴϽϵЇЄϼЁ 1993: 32; ϠϴϿϼЁЂ϶ЅϾϼϽ 1998: 54).
ϖ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼЂЁЁЏЉ ЂϵЍϹЅІ϶ϴЉ ЂϵϹ ЂЃϴЅЁЂЅІϼ ЀЂϺЁЂ ϵЏϿЂ ЁϹϽІЄϴϿϼϻЂ϶ϴІА Ѕ ЃЂЀЂЍАВ ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ЇВЍϼЉ ЄϼІЇϴϿЂ϶. ϤϹϴϾЊϼГ ϾЂϿϿϹϾІϼ϶ϴ Ёϴ ЇЉЂϸ ϼϻ ϺϼϻЁϼ ЂϸЁЂϷЂ ϼϻ ЅЂЄЂϸϼЋϹϽ ЃЄЂГ϶ϿГϿϴЅА
϶ ЂІЃЄϴ϶ϿϹЁϼϼ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ЂϵЄГϸϴ, Ѕ ЃЂЀЂЍАВ ϾЂІЂЄЂϷЂ ϿВϸϼ ЃЏІϴϿϼЅА ЃЂЅІϴ϶ϼІА ЃЄϹϸϹϿ
ЄϴϻЄЇЌϼІϹϿАЁЂϽ ϶ϿϴЅІϼ ЅЀϹЄІϼ. ϢЁϼ ЁϹ ЉЂІϹϿϼ ЀϼЄϼІАЅГ Ѕ ЀЏЅϿАВ Ђ ЃЄϹϾЄϴЍϹЁϼϼ Ѕ϶ЂϹϷЂ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼГ ϼ ЃЏІϴϿϼЅА ЃЄЂІϼ϶ЂЃЂЅІϴ϶ϼІА ϷϼϵϹϿϼ ϶ϹЄЇ ϶ ЁϹЃЄϹЄЏ϶ЁЂЅІА ϺϼϻЁϼ (ϠϴϿϼЁЂ϶ЅϾϼϽ
1998: 52–53).
ϧЍϹЄϵ, ЁϴЁϹЅϹЁЁЏϽ ЂЉЂІЂϽ ϼ ЄЏϵЂϿЂ϶ЅІ϶ЂЀ ЃЄЂЀЏЅϿЂ϶ЏЀ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЏЀ, ϶ЂЅЃЂϿЁГϿϼ Ѕ ЃЂЀЂЍАВ ЂϵЄГϸЂ϶ ЂЉЂІЁϼЋАϹϽ ЀϴϷϼϼ. ϖ ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ϼϼ Ѕ ЁϼЀϼ ϾЂЅІϼ, ЋϹЄϹЃϴ, ЌϾЇЄЏ, ІЄϹϵЇЉЇ ϼ ЋϹЌЇВ,
ЂЅІϴ϶ЌϼϹЅГ ЃЂЅϿϹ ЃЂϹϸϴЁϼГ ЃЄЂЀЏЅϿЂ϶ЏЉ ϻ϶ϹЄϹϽ, ЃІϼЊ ϼ ЄЏϵ, ІЍϴІϹϿАЁЂ ЅЂϵϼЄϴϿϼ, ϴ ϻϴІϹЀ ϻϴϾϴЃЏ϶ϴϿϼ ϶ ϻϹЀϿВ, ЇЁЂЅϼϿϼ ϶ ϿϹЅ ϼϿϼ ϵЄЂЅϴϿϼ ϶ ϶ЂϸЇ. ϥϾϿϴϸЏ϶ϴГ ϶ ϾϴϾЂЀ-ϿϼϵЂ ЇϾЄЂЀЁЂЀ ЀϹЅІϹ
ЂЅІϴЁϾϼ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЂϷЂ, ϿВϸϼ ϶ϹЄϼϿϼ, ЋІЂ ϵϿϴϷЂϸϴЄГ БІϼЀ ЅϼЀ϶ЂϿϼЋϹЅϾϼЀ ϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼГЀ ЅЂЉЄϴЁϼ϶ЌϼϹЅГ ϾЂЅІϼ ЅЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϹЀ ЃЂϾЄЂВІЅГ ЃϿЂІАВ ϼ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЏϹ ϶ЂϻЄЂϸГІЅГ Ͼ ЁЂ϶ЂϽ ϺϼϻЁϼ (ϞЇϿϹЀϻϼЁ 1997:
154; ϱϿϼϴϸϹ 2008: 17, 24, 26–27; ϤЂЂЁ 1997: 154; Hallowell 1926: 11–12; Zahrisson, Iregren 1974:
12–14, 20, 93).
ϢϵЄϴЍϹЁϼϹ ϿВϸϹϽ Ѕ ЂЅІϴЁϾϴЀϼ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЏЉ, ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЂϹ ϸϿГ ЄϼІЇϴϿЂ϶ ЂЉЂІЁϼЋАϹϽ ЀϴϷϼϼ,
ϻϴЈϼϾЅϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЂ ϼ ϸϿГ ЀЇЅІАϹЄЅϾЂϽ БЃЂЉϼ. ϖ ЃЂϸІ϶ϹЄϺϸϹЁϼϹ ІЂЀЇ, ЁϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ, ЀЂϺЁЂ ЃЄϼ϶ϹЅІϼ
ЂІϾЄЏІϼϹ, ЅϸϹϿϴЁЁЂϹ ϶ ЂϸЁЂЀ ϼϻ ЅЄϹϸЁϹЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЂІϿЂϺϹЁϼϽ ЃϹЍϹЄЏ ϡϴϷЄ ϜϵЄϴϷϼЀ
(ϟϼ϶ϴЁ). ϖ ЅϿЂϹ 3, ϶ЂϻЄϴЅІ ϾЂІЂЄЂϷЂ ЁϴЅЋϼІЏ϶ϴϹІ ЁϹ ЀϹЁϹϹ 60 000 ϿϹІ, Ёϴ ЇЋϴЅІϾϹ ϸϼϴЀϹІЄЂЀ
ЂϾЂϿЂ 50 ЅЀ ϵЏϿϼ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ ЋϴЅІϼ ЁϹЃЂϿЁЂϷЂ ЅϾϹϿϹІϴ ϿϴЁϼ: ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾЂ ϸϿϼЁЁЏЉ ϾЂЅІϹϽ, ϾЂЅІϼ
ЅІЂЃ, ЃЂϻ϶ЂЁϾϼ ϼ ЋϹЄϹЃЁϴГ ϾЄЏЌϾϴ, ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁГГ Ї϶ϹЁЋϼ϶ϴϿϴ БІЂ ЅϾЂЃϿϹЁϼϹ ϾЂЅІϹϽ, ϴ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЃЂϻ϶ЂЁϾϼ ϶ЅϹ ϹЍϹ ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿϼЅА ϶ ϹЅІϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЉ ЅЂЋϿϹЁϹЁϼГЉ. ϞЂЅІϼ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЂϷЂ ϼЀϹϿϼ
ЃЄϹϾЄϴЅЁЇВ ЅЂЉЄϴЁЁЂЅІА ϼ ϵЏϿϼ, ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂ, ЃЂЀϹЍϹЁЏ ϶ ГЀЇ, ϾЂІЂЄЇВ ϻϴІϹЀ ϻϴЅЏЃϴϿϼ ϻϹЀϿϹϽ
(Marshack 1988a: 12; 1988b: 84; Solecki 1975: 290–291; 1982: 47, 49–51, 53–56). ϖ ϷЄЂІϹ ϤϹϷЇЄϸЇ
(ϨЄϴЁЊϼГ) ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ ЀЁЂϷЂЋϼЅϿϹЁЁЏϹ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏϹ ЁϴϵЄЂЅϾϼ ЀЇЅІАϹЄЅϾЂϷЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ, ЃЂϸ ϾЂІЂЄЏЀϼ
ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿϼЅА ЂЅІϴЁϾϼ ЁϹЃЂϿЁЏЉ ЅϾϹϿϹІЂ϶ ЀϹϸ϶ϹϸϹϽ, ЃЄϹϼЀЇЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂ ЀЂϿЂϸЏЉ ЂЅЂϵϹϽ, ЃЄϼЋϹЀ
ϾЂЅІϼ ϼЉ ϷЄЇϸЁЂϽ ϾϿϹІϾϼ ϿϹϺϴϿϼ ϶ ГЀϴЉ ϶ЁϹ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏЉ ϾЂЁЅІЄЇϾЊϼϽ. ϢЋϹ϶ϼϸЁЂ, ЁϹϴЁϸϹЄІϴϿАЊЏ
ЄϴЅЋϿϹЁГϿϼ ЀϹϸ϶ϹϸϹϽ Ёϴ ЀϹЅІϹ, ϴ ϻϴІϹЀ ЌϾЇЄЏ ϻ϶ϹЄϹϽ ϶ЀϹЅІϹ Ѕ ϷЂϿЂ϶ϴЀϼ ϼ ϿϴЃϴЀϼ ЃЄГІϴϿϼ ЃЂϸ
ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏЀϼ ЁϴϵЄЂЅϾϴЀϼ (Bonifay 1989). ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ЄϼІЇϴϿЏ ЂЉЂІЁϼЋАϹϽ ЀϴϷϼϼ ϼЀϹВІ ЁϹ
ЀϹЁАЌЇВ ϸЄϹ϶ЁЂЅІА, ЋϹЀ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏϹ ЂϵЄГϸЏ.
ϦϼЃЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼ ЅЉЂϸЁЏϹ ϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼГ, ЊϹϿАВ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ Г϶ϿГϿЂЅА ЅЂϾЄЏІϼϹ ϶ ϻϹЀϿϹ ЁϹЃЂϿЁЏЉ
ЄϴЅЋϿϹЁϹЁЁЏЉ ЂЅІϴЁϾЂ϶ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЏЉ ϼ ϿВϸϹϽ (϶ ЅЄϹϸЁϹЀ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϹ ІϴϾ ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁϹЁЂ ϵЂϿϹϹ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁЏ
21
:
,
,
ЁϹϴЁϸϹЄІϴϿАЊϹ϶ ϼ ϿВϸϹϽ ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂϷЂ ЈϼϻϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ) ЁϴϷϿГϸЁЂ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ЇВІ Ђ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ
϶ БЃЂЉЇ ЀЇЅІАϹ ЂϵЄГϸЏ ЂЉЂІЁϼЋАϹϽ ЀϴϷϼϼ ϼ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏϹ ЄϼІЇϴϿЏ ϹЍϹ ЁϹ ϵЏϿϼ ϸϼЈЈϹЄϹЁЊϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЏ. ϣЂБІЂЀЇ ϶ ЅЄϹϸЁϹЀ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϹ ϿВϸϼ ЄϹϴϷϼЄЂ϶ϴϿϼ Ёϴ ϷϼϵϹϿА ϻ϶ϹЄГ ϼ ЅЀϹЄІА ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹϾϴ
ЂϸϼЁϴϾЂ϶ЏЀϼ ЂϵЄГϸЂ϶ЏЀϼ ϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼГЀϼ.
ϖ ЂЅЁЂ϶Ϲ БІϼЉ ЄϼІЇϴϿЂ϶, ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂ, ϿϹϺϴϿϴ ЈЇЁϸϴЀϹЁІϴϿАЁϴГ ϼϸϹГ Ђ ЁϹЂϵЉЂϸϼЀЂЅІϼ ϻϴЍϼЍϴІА ЂІ ϷϼϵϹϿϼ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЏЉ ϼ ϿВϸϹϽ — Ϻϼ϶ЏЉ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶ ЂϸϼЁϴϾЂ϶ЂϽ ЃЄϼЄЂϸЏ (ϘЀϼІЄϼϹ϶ϴ 1993: 22–
23), ϾЂІЂЄЏЀ ЅЀϹЄІА ϷЄЂϻϼϿϴ ЃЂϿЁЏЀ ЇЁϼЋІЂϺϹЁϼϹЀ. ϖЏЅЂϾϴГ ЅЀϹЄІЁЂЅІА ЀЂϷϿϴ ЃЄϼ϶ЂϸϼІА Ͼ
ϷϼϵϹϿϼ ЁϹϵЂϿАЌϼϹ ϾЂϿϿϹϾІϼ϶Џ ϿВϸϹϽ БЃЂЉϼ ЀЇЅІАϹ, ІЂϷϸϴ ϾϴϾ ЂЉЂІϴ, ЅІϴ϶ЌϴГ ϶ ЅЄϹϸЁϹЀ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϹ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЏЀ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾЂЀ ϵϹϿϾЂ϶ЂϽ ЃϼЍϼ (ϖϼЌЁГЊϾϼϽ 2002: 152; ϞЂϻϿЂ϶ЅϾϴГ 2002: 17), ϵЏϿϴ
Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁϴ Ѕ ЂЃϴЅЁЂЅІАВ ЋЄϹϻЀϹЄЁЂϷЂ ϼЅІЄϹϵϿϹЁϼГ ЃЄЂЀЏЅϿЂ϶ЏЉ ϻ϶ϹЄϹϽ.
ϜЅЉЂϸГ ϼϻ БІЂϷЂ, ЀЂϺЁЂ ЃЂϿϴϷϴІА, ЋІЂ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϽЌϼϹ ЄϼІЇϴϿЏ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϶ϹϾϴ ϸЂϿϺЁЏ ϵЏϿϼ
ЂϵϹЅЃϹЋϼ϶ϴІА ЁϹЃЄϹЄЏ϶ЁЂϹ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼϹ ϾЂϿϿϹϾІϼ϶Ї ЂЉЂІЁϼϾЂ϶ (ϸЂϵЏ϶ϴЁϼϹ ЃϼЍϼ ϼ ЅЂЉЄϴЁϹЁϼϹ ІϴϾЂϽ ЋϼЅϿϹЁЁЂЅІϼ ϷЄЇЃЃЏ, ϾЂІЂЄϴГ ϸЂЅІϴІЂЋЁϴ ϸϿГ ϹϹ ϶ЂЅЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸЅІ϶ϴ) ЃЂЅЄϹϸЅІ϶ЂЀ ЀϴϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЊϹЄϹЀЂЁϼϽ, ЁϴЃЄϴ϶ϿϹЁЁЏЉ Ёϴ ϶ЂϻЄЂϺϸϹЁϼϹ Ͼ ЁЂ϶ЂϽ ϺϼϻЁϼ ЇϵϼІЏЉ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЏЉ ϼ ЇЀϹЄЌϼЉ
ϿВϸϹϽ. ϣЄϼЋϹЀ ЄϴЅЋϿϹЁϹЁϼϹ ϼЉ ІϹϿ, ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁϴГ ЋϹЄІϴ ЄϴЁЁϼЉ ЀЇЅІАϹЄЅϾϼЉ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ, ЅϼЀ϶ЂϿϼϻϼЄЂ϶ϴϿЂ ЅЀϹЄІА, ϴ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϹ ЋϴЅІϼЋЁЂ ЅЂϵЄϴЁЁЏЉ ЂЅІϴЁϾЂ϶ — ϶ϹЄЇ ϶ ϼЉ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЇВЍϹϹ
϶Ђϻ϶ЄϴЍϹЁϼϹ, ЉЂІГ ϼ ϶ ЁЂ϶ЂЀ ЂϵϿϼϾϹ (ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1992ϵ; 1993ϵ; 1993϶; 1995ϴ; 1995ϵ; 1999; Alekshin
1996; Alyokshin 1996). ϥЉЂϸЁЇВ ЀЏЅϿА ϶ЏЅϾϴϻϴϿ ϼ Ϝ. ϟ. ϞЏϻϿϴЅЂ϶, ϾЂϷϸϴ ЃϼЅϴϿ Ђ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂЀ
ЂϵЄГϸϹ ЀЇЅІАϹЄЅϾЂϷЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ϾϴϾ Ђ ЅЃЂЅЂϵϹ ЃϹЄϹЄЂϺϸϹЁϼГ ЇЀϹЄЌϹϷЂ ϶ЁЇІЄϼ Ѕ϶ГЍϹЁЁЂϷЂ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸГЍϹϷЂ ЊϹЁІЄϴ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϵЏІЁЂϽ ЂϵЍϼЁЏ (ϞЏϻϿϴЅЂ϶ Ϝ. 1993: 104, 108).
ϢϸϼЁϴϾЂ϶ЂϹ ЂϵЄϴЍϹЁϼϹ Ѕ ІϹϿϴЀϼ ϿВϸϹϽ ϼ ІЇЌϴЀϼ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЏЉ, ЂϵЇЅϿЂ϶ϿϹЁЁЂϹ ЅЉЂϸЅІ϶ЂЀ
϶ϻϷϿГϸЂ϶ Ёϴ ϼЉ ЃЂЅЀϹЄІЁЇВ ЅЇϸАϵЇ, c ЂЋϹ϶ϼϸЁЂЅІАВ ЇϾϴϻЏ϶ϴϹІ Ёϴ ІЂ, ЋІЂ ϶ БЃЂЉЇ ЀЇЅІАϹ ϿВϸϼ
ЂЍЇЍϴϿϼ ϷϿЇϵϼЁЁЇВ Ѕ϶ГϻА Ѕ ЀЁЂϷЂЂϵЄϴϻЁЏЀ ЀϼЄЂЀ ЃЄϼЄЂϸЏ, ЋϴЅІАВ ϾЂІЂЄЂϽ ЂЁϼ Г϶ϿГϿϼЅА
(ϘЀϼІЄϼϹ϶ϴ 1993: 22–23), ϼ ϶ϹЄϼϿϼ ϶ Ѕ϶ЂϹ ЄЂϸЅІ϶Ђ Ѕ ϸЄЇϷϼЀϼ ЂϵϼІϴІϹϿГЀϼ БІЂϷЂ ЀϼЄϴ (ϱϿϼϴϸϹ
2008: 16). ϦϴϾϼϹ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ЋϴЅІϼЋЁЂ ЅЂЉЄϴЁϼϿϼЅА ϼ ϶ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼЂЁЁЏЉ ЂϵЍϹЅІ϶ϴЉ, ϶ ЀϼЈЂϿЂϷϼϼ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ϵϿϼϻЂЅІА ЊϴЄЅІ϶ϴ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϼ ЀϼЄϴ ЃЄϼЄЂϸЏ ЄϴЅϾЄЏ϶ϴϹІЅГ ЋϹЄϹϻ ЌϼЄЂϾЂ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁЁЏϹ ϶ЂϻϻЄϹЁϼГ Ђ ϻЂЂЀЂЄЈЁЂϽ ϼϿϼ ϻЂЂϴЁІЄЂЃЂЀЂЄЈЁЂϽ ЅЇЍЁЂЅІϼ ЃϹЄ϶ЂЃЄϹϸϾЂ϶
(ϣϹІЄЇЉϼЁ 1986: 6).
ϛϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГ ЁϹЄϴЅЋϿϹЁϹЁЁЏЉ ІЄЇЃЂ϶, ϾЂϿϼЋϹЅІ϶Ђ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЃЂЅІϹЃϹЁЁЂ ϶ЂϻЄϴЅІϴϹІ Ͼ
ϾЂЁЊЇ БЃЂЉϼ ЀЇЅІАϹ, ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂ, Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ЇϹІ Ђ ЃЄϼЁЊϼЃϼϴϿАЁЏЉ ϼϻЀϹЁϹЁϼГЉ ϶ ЀϹЁІϴϿϼІϹІϹ ЂЉЂІЁϼϾЂ϶ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϴ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ Ѕ ІϹЋϹЁϼϹЀ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЁϴЋϼЁϴВІ ЃЄЂІϼ϶ЂЃЂЅІϴ϶ϿГІА
ЅϹϵГ ЀϼЄЇ ЃЄϼЄЂϸЏ. ϖ Ѕ϶Гϻϼ Ѕ БІϼЀ ЁϹЂϵЉЂϸϼЀЂ ЃЂϸЋϹЄϾЁЇІА, ЋІЂ ϼЀϹЁЁЂ ϶ ІϹЉ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГЉ,
϶ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ϵЏϿϼ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ ЃЂϿЁЏϹ ЅϾϹϿϹІЏ, ϼЁЂϷϸϴ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϼ϶ϴВІ, ϾϴϾ ЅϾϴϻϴЁЂ ϶ЏЌϹ, ЅϼЀ϶ЂϿϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЃЄϼЁЂЌϹЁϼГ. ϢЁϼ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ ϾϴϾ ϶ ЀЂϷϼϿϴЉ ϿВϸϹϽ ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂϷЂ ЈϼϻϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ
(ϥЉЇϿ V — ЀЇϺЋϼЁϴ; ЁϼϺЁГГ ЋϹϿВЅІА ϾϴϵϴЁϴ; ϞϴЈϻϹЉ 11 — ЃЂϸЄЂЅІЂϾ; ЄЂϷϴ ϿϴЁϼ Ѕ ЋϴЅІАВ ϿЂϵЁЂϽ ϾЂЅІϼ), ІϴϾ ϼ ϶ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϼ ЁϹϴЁϸϹЄІϴϿАЊϴ (ϔЀЇϸ 7 — ϸϹЅГІϼЀϹЅГЋЁЏϽ ЀϿϴϸϹЁϹЊ; ϶ϹЄЉЁГГ
ЋϹϿВЅІА ϵϿϴϷЂЄЂϸЁЂϷЂ ЂϿϹЁГ). ϖЂ ϶ЅϹЉ ЅϿЇЋϴГЉ ϶ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГ ЃЂϿЂϺϹЁЏ ЁϹЅЎϹϸЂϵЁЏϹ ЋϴЅІϼ
ІЇЌ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЏЉ, ЃЂБІЂЀЇ ϸϴЁЁЏϹ ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІЏ ЁϼϾϴϾ ЁϹ ЀЂϷЇІ ϵЏІА ЂЅІϴІϾϴЀϼ ϻϴЇЃЂϾЂϽЁЂϽ ЃϼЍϼ.
ϖϼϸϼЀЂ, ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІϴЄЁЏϹ ЋϴЅІϼ ЋϹЄϹЃЂ϶ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЏЉ, ЃЄϹϸЁϴЀϹЄϹЁЁЂ ЃЂЀϹЍϹЁЁЏϹ ϶ ЀЂϷϼϿЏ, ЅϼЀ϶ЂϿϼϻϼЄЂ϶ϴϿϼ ЅЀϹЄІА (ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1999: 103). ϣЂЉЂϺϴГ ІЂЋϾϴ ϻЄϹЁϼГ ϶ЏЅϾϴϻϴЁϴ Ϡ. ϢІІЂЀ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ
ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴϹІ ЇЃЂЀГЁЇІЏϹ ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІЏ ϾϴϾ ϼЁϸϼϾϴІЂЄЏ ЁЂ϶ЂϷЂ (ЃЂЅЀϹЄІЁЂϷЂ) ЅІϴІЇЅϴ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹϾϴ
(Otte 1996a: 14, 16; 1996b: 181). ϡϴϿϼЋϼϹ ЂϸϼЁϴϾЂ϶ЏЉ ЅϼЀ϶ЂϿϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЃЄϼЁЂЌϹЁϼϽ ϶ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏЉ
ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГЉ ϿВϸϹϽ ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂϷЂ ЈϼϻϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ ϼ ЁϹϴЁϸϹЄІϴϿАЊϴ ЀЂϺЁЂ ЄϴЅЊϹЁϼ϶ϴІА ϾϴϾ
ϹЍϹ ЂϸϼЁ ϸЂ϶Ђϸ ϶ ЃЂϿАϻЇ ІЂϷЂ, ЋІЂ ϼ ІϹ ϼ ϸЄЇϷϼϹ ϼЀϹϿϼ ЅЉЂϸЁЏϹ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГ Ђ ЅЀϹЄІϼ.
ϖЂϻЁϼϾЁЇ϶ ϶ БЃЂЉЇ ЀЇЅІАϹ, ЂϵЏЋϴϽ ЃЂЀϹЍϴІА ϶ ЀЂϷϼϿЏ ЅϼЀ϶ЂϿЏ ЅЀϹЄІϼ ϶ ϶ϼϸϹ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЂ϶ ЋϹЄϹЃϴ ϸϼϾϼЉ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЏЉ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴϿ ϶ ЂЉЂІЁϼЋАϼЉ ϾЂϿϿϹϾІϼ϶ϴЉ ϶ЃϿЂІА ϸЂ ϾЂЁЊϴ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЂϷЂ
϶ϹϾϴ. ϡϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ, ϶ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГЉ ЃЂϻϸЁϹЀϹϻЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴ ϦϹ϶АϹϾ (ϨЄϴЁЊϼГ) ϵЏϿϼ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ ЁϼϺЁϼϹ ЋϹϿВЅІϼ ϾϴϵϴЁϴ ϼ ЂϿϹЁГ (Péquart et al. 1937: 25–58; Schulting 1999).
ϥ ІЂЋϾϼ ϻЄϹЁϼГ БІЁЂϿЂϷϼϼ ЄϼІЇϴϿЏ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϴ, Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ЇВЍϼϹ Ђ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϽЌϼЉ ЈЂЄЀϴЉ ЄϹϿϼϷϼϼ, ϶ ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ϼϼ Ѕ ϾЂІЂЄЂϽ ЅЀϹЄІА ϼ ЄϴϻЄЇЌϹЁϼϹ ϶ЏЅІЇЃϴВІ ϻϴϿЂϷЂЀ ϶ЂϻЁϼϾЁЂ϶ϹЁϼГ ЁЂ϶ЂϽ ϺϼϻЁϼ, ЂІЁЂЅГІЅГ Ͼ ϷЄЇЃЃϹ ЃЄЂϸЇЊϼЄЇВЍϼЉ ЂϵЄГϸЂ϶ — ЂϵЄГϸЏ ЃЄϹЇЀЁЂϺϹЁϼГ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸϼІϹϿАЁЏЉ ЅϼϿ ЃЄϼЄЂϸЏ (ϞϴϵЂ 1987: 139–144; 1989: 259–260; 1991: 47–49). ϦϴϾϼЀ
ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏϽ ЂϵЄГϸ, ϾϴϾ ϼ ЂϵЄГϸ ЂЉЂІЁϼЋАϹϽ ЀϴϷϼϼ, ϶ЂϻЁϼϾϴϿ ϾϴϾ ЅϼЀ϶ЂϿϼЋϹЅϾЂϹ ЅЄϹϸ22
ЅІ϶Ђ ϻϴЍϼІЏ ЂІ ϷϼϵϹϿϼ, ϾϴϾ БϿϹЀϹЁІ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ, ЃЄЂІϼ϶ЂЅІЂГЍϼϽ ЅЀϹЄІϼ, ЅЂЉЄϴЁГВЍϼϽ ЅІϴϵϼϿАЁЂЅІА ϶ ϾЂϿϿϹϾІϼ϶Ϲ ϼ ϷϴЄϴЁІϼЄЇВЍϼϽ ϶ЂϻЄЂϺϸϹЁϼϹ ЇЀϹЄЌϹϷЂ ϼЁϸϼ϶ϼϸϴ.
ϱІϴ ϾЂЁЊϹЃЊϼГ Ђ ЃЂЅЀϹЄІЁЂϽ ЅЇϸАϵϹ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹϾϴ, ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЏЀ ЃЂЅІЇϿϴІЂЀ ϾЂІЂЄЂϽ Г϶ϿГϿЅГ
ЃЄϼЁЊϼЃ ϾЄЇϷЂ϶ЂЄЂІϴ ϺϼϻЁϼ, ЇϾϴϻЏ϶ϴϹІ, ЋІЂ ЇϺϹ ϶ ЅЄϹϸЁϹЀ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϹ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹϾ ЂЅЂϻЁϴϿ ϶ϴϺЁϹϽЌЇВ ЈϼϿЂЅЂЈЅϾЇВ ϼϸϹВ Ђ ϵϹЅϾЂЁϹЋЁЂЅІϼ ϺϼϻЁϼ, ϾЂІЂЄϴГ ϸЂϿϺЁϴ ЃЄЂϸЂϿϺϴІАЅГ ϶ ЅϿϹϸЇВЍϼЉ
ЃЂϾЂϿϹЁϼГЉ.
ϢІϾЄЏІϼГ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϼЉ ІЄϼϸЊϴІϼ ϿϹІ ЃЂϾϴϻϴϿϼ, ЋІЂ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϽЌϼϹ ϿВϸϼ ЃЄϴϾІϼϾЂ϶ϴϿϼ ЃЂЅЀϹЄІЁЏϹ ЀϴЁϼЃЇϿГЊϼϼ Ѕ ІϹϿϴЀϼ ϻϴϸЂϿϷЂ ϸЂ ЁϴЅІЇЃϿϹЁϼГ ЀЇЅІАϹЄЅϾЂϽ БЃЂЉϼ. ϦϴϾ ϶ 1976 Ϸ. ϶
ϕЂϸЂ (ϱЈϼЂЃϼГ) ЁϴЌϿϼ ЋϹЄϹЃ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹϾϴ, Ϻϼ϶ЌϹϷЂ ЃЄϼЀϹЄЁЂ 500 000–600 000 Ͽ. Ё. ϡϴ ЋϹЄϹЃϹ
ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ ЅϿϹϸЏ ϾЄϹЀЁϹ϶ЏЉ ЂЄЇϸϼϽ, ϾЂІЂЄЏЀϼ ЅЁϼЀϴϿϼ Ѕ ϷЂϿЂ϶Џ ЀГϷϾϼϹ ІϾϴЁϼ (ϛЇϵЂ϶ 1999:
75–76; McBrearty, Brooks 2000: 459–460, 520; White 1985: 14–26; 1986).
ϖЂ ϶ЄϹЀГ ЄϴЅϾЂЃЂϾ ЅІЂГЁϾϼ ϗЄϴЁ ϘЂϿϼЁϴ (ϔІϴЃЇБЄϾϴ, ϜЅЃϴЁϼГ) ϶ ЅϿЂϹ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ ЂІϿЂϺϼϿЅГ
ЂϾЂϿЂ 800 000 Ͽ. Ё., ϵЏϿϼ ϶ЏГ϶ϿϹЁЏ ЂЅІϴЁϾϼ ϿВϸϹϽ. ϡϴ ϼЉ ϾЂЅІГЉ ЅЂЉЄϴЁϼϿϼЅА ЅϿϹϸЏ ЂІ ЂЄЇϸϼϽ,
ϾЂІЂЄЏЀϼ ϵЏϿϼ ЅЄϹϻϴЁЏ ЀГϷϾϼϹ ІϾϴЁϼ (Aguirre 2001: 18; Arsuaga et al. 2001: 162–164; Bermúdez de
Castro, Sarmiento 2001: 204; Bermúdez de Castro et al. 2004: 38; Carretero et al. 2001: 199). ϜϻЇЋϼ϶
БІϼ ЅϿϹϸЏ, ϴЁІЄЂЃЂϿЂϷϼ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϼϿϼ, ЋІЂ ЂЅІϴЁϾϼ ЃЄϼЁϴϸϿϹϺϴϿϼ ϿВϸГЀ, ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЅЎϹϿϼ ϾϴЁЁϼϵϴϿЏ (Fernández-Jalvo et al. 1999). ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ЁϹЂϵЉЂϸϼЀЂ ϼЀϹІА ϶ ϶ϼϸЇ, ЋІЂ ϶ЃϿЂІА ϸЂ ϾЂЁЊϴ XX ϶.
ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІϴЄЁЏϹ ЂЅІϴЁϾϼ ЁϹϴЁϸϹЄІϴϿАЊϹ϶ ϼϻ ϞЄϴЃϼЁЏ (ϩЂЄ϶ϴІϼГ), ЁϴϽϸϹЁЁЏϹ ϶ ϾЂЁЊϹ XIX — ЁϴЋϴϿϹ XX ϶., ІϴϾϺϹ ЅЋϼІϴϿϼЅА ϵϹЅЅЃЂЄЁЏЀ ϸЂϾϴϻϴІϹϿАЅІ϶ЂЀ ϴЁІЄЂЃЂЈϴϷϼϼ ϶ ЅЄϹϸЁϹЀ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϹ,
ϼ ϿϼЌА ϶ ϾЂЁЊϹ 1980-Љ ϷϷ. ЇϸϴϿЂЅА ЇЅІϴЁЂ϶ϼІА, ЋІЂ Ёϴ ϾЂЅІГЉ ϾЄϴЃϼЁЅϾϼЉ ЁϹϴЁϸϹЄІϴϿАЊϹ϶ ϼЀϹВІЅГ ЅϿϹϸЏ ІЂϷЂ, ЋІЂ ЃϹЄϹϸ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϹЀ ϼЉ ІЄЇЃЏ ЄϴЅЋϿϹЁГϿϼ ϼ ϾЄϹЀЁϹ϶ЏЀϼ ЂЄЇϸϼГЀϼ ЅЁϼЀϴϿϼ Ѕ
ϾЂЅІϹϽ ЀГϷϾϼϹ ІϾϴЁϼ (ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1998: 242–243).
ϡϹ ϼЅϾϿВЋϹЁЂ, ЋІЂ ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼЋЁЏϹ ЄϼІЇϴϿАЁЏϹ ϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼГ ЀЂϷϿϼ ϼЀϹІА ЀϹЅІЂ ϼ ϶ ϗЄϴЁ ϘЂϿϼЁϴ.
ϖ Ѕ϶Гϻϼ Ѕ БІϼЀ ЅϿϹϸЇϹІ ЃЂϸЋϹЄϾЁЇІА, ЋІЂ ЃЄϹϸЃЂЅЏϿϾϼ ϸϿГ ϻϴЄЂϺϸϹЁϼГ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϽЌϼЉ ЂϵЄГϸЂ϶
ЀЂϷϿϼ ЃЂГ϶ϼІАЅГ ІЂϿАϾЂ ІЂϷϸϴ, ϾЂϷϸϴ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹϾ ЅІϴϿ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹϾЂЀ ϶ ЃЂϸϿϼЁЁЂЀ ЅЀЏЅϿϹ БІЂϷЂ ЅϿЂ϶ϴ,
ЂϵЄϹІГ ϸϴЄ ЄϹЋϼ, ϶ЂϻЁϼϾЁЂ϶ϹЁϼϹ ϾЂІЂЄЂϽ ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁϴГ ЁϴЇϾϴ ЂІЁЂЅϼІ Ͼ БЃЂЉϹ ЁϼϺЁϹϷЂ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϴ.
ϣЂ ЀЁϹЁϼВ ЂϸЁϼЉ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿϹϽ, ЄϹЋА ЃЂГ϶ϼϿϴЅА 300 000–400 000 Ͽ. Ё., ЃЂ ЀЁϹЁϼВ ϸЄЇϷϼЉ —
1000 000–500 000 Ͽ. Ё. (ϖϼЌЁГЊϾϼϽ 2002: 282–283; ϬϹЄ ϼ ϸЄ. 2004: 83). ϧЋϼІЏ϶ϴГ, ЋІЂ ϼ ЂЉЂІϴ
ЃЂϿЇЋϼϿϴ ЌϼЄЂϾЂϹ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁϼϹ ϶ ϴЌϹϿАЅϾЂϹ ϶ЄϹЀГ (ϖϼЌЁГЊϾϼϽ 2005: 157–159; ϞЂϻϿЂ϶ЅϾϴГ
2002: 15–17), ЀЂϺЁЂ Ѕ ϵЂϿАЌЂϽ ϸЂϿϹϽ Ї϶ϹЄϹЁЁЂЅІϼ ϸЂЃЇЅІϼІА, ЋІЂ ϼЅІЂϾϼ ЂϵЄГϸЂ϶ ЂЉЂІЁϼЋАϹϽ
ЀϴϷϼϼ, ϴ ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ, ϼ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏЉ ЄϼІЇϴϿЂ϶ ЇЉЂϸГІ ϶ ЁϼϺЁϼϽ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІ. ϡϴЉЂϸϾϴ ϶ ϗЄϴЁ ϘЂϿϼЁϴ
ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГϹІ ЃЂϿϴϷϴІА, ЋІЂ ЂІЅЇІЅІ϶ϼϹ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϽ ϴЌϹϿАЅϾЂϷЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЁϹ ЀЂϺϹІ ϵЏІА ЂϵЎГЅЁϹЁЂ
ІЂϿАϾЂ ІϹЀ, ЋІЂ ϶ БІЇ БЃЂЉЇ ϿВϸϼ ЂЅІϴ϶ϿГϿϼ ЀϹЄІ϶ЏϹ ІϹϿϴ Ёϴ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІϼ ϻϹЀϿϼ, ЅϿϹϷϾϴ ЃЄϼϾЄЏ϶
ϼЉ ϶ϹІϾϴЀϼ, ІЄϴ϶ЂϽ, ЌϾЇЄϴЀϼ, ϷЄЇЁІЂЀ ϼ ϾϴЀЁГЀϼ (ϢϿАЉЂ϶ЅϾϼϽ 1993: 89). ϖЃЂϿЁϹ ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂ, ЋІЂ
ЂϵЏЋϴϽ ЄϴЅЋϿϹЁϹЁϼГ ІϹϿ ЇЀϹЄЌϼЉ ϵЏϿ ЌϼЄЂϾЂ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁ ЇϺϹ ϶ ЁϼϺЁϹЀ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϹ. ϦϴϾϼЀ
ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ϶ЂЃЄϹϾϼ ІЂЋϾϹ ϻЄϹЁϼГ Ϝ. ϟ. ϞЏϻϿϴЅЂ϶ϴ (ϞЏϻϿϴЅЂ϶ Ϝ. 1993: 105) ϹЅІА ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ЅЋϼІϴІА, ЋІЂ ЅІϴЁЂ϶ϿϹЁϼϹ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϽЌϼЉ ЄϹϿϼϷϼЂϻЁЏЉ ϶ϹЄЂ϶ϴЁϼϽ ϶ЂЅЉЂϸϼІ ϹЍϹ Ͼ БЃЂЉϹ ϴЌϹϿГ.
ϣЂЅϾЂϿАϾЇ ЄϴЁЁϼϹ БІϴЃЏ ϴЁІЄЂЃЂЅЂЊϼЂϷϹЁϹϻϴ ЃЄЂІϹϾϴϿϼ ϶ ϲϷЂ-ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ϔЈЄϼϾϹ, ϼЀϹЁЁЂ БІЂІ ЄϹϷϼЂЁ, ϶ϼϸϼЀЂ, ЅІϴϿ ЀϹЅІЂЀ, ϷϸϹ ϶ЂϻЁϼϾϴϿϼ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϽЌϼϹ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ϿВϸϹϽ Ђ ЅЀϹЄІϼ.
ϘϴЁЁЏϽ ϶Џ϶Ђϸ ЅЂϷϿϴЅЇϹІЅГ Ѕ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІϴЀϼ ϴЁϴϿϼϻϴ ЀϼЈЂ϶, ϾϴЅϴВЍϼЉЅГ ЃЄϼЋϼЁ ϶ЂϻЁϼϾЁЂ϶ϹЁϼГ
ЅЀϹЄІϼ (ϕϹЄϹϻϾϼЁ 2007: 79–80, 86).
Ϟ ЅЂϺϴϿϹЁϼВ, ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ ЄϴЁЁϹϽ ЃЂЄЏ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹϷЂ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϴ (40 000–26 000 Ͽ. Ё.) ЁϴЇϾϹ
ЃЂϾϴ ЁϹϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЏ. ϦϹ ϺϹ ϼϻ ЁϼЉ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ϸϴІϼЄЇВІЅГ ЂІ 26 000 ϸЂ 10 000 Ͽ. Ё., ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϼ϶ϴВІ
ЅІЂϿА ГЄϾϼϹ ЂІϿϼЋϼГ ЂІ ЀЇЅІАϹЄЅϾϼЉ, ЋІЂ ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГВІ ЅϸϹϿϴІА ϶Џ϶Ђϸ Ђ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЉ ЃϹЄϹЀϹЁϴЉ,
ЃЄЂϼϻЂЌϹϸЌϼЉ Ͼ БІЂЀЇ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ϶ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГЉ ϿВϸϹϽ Ђ ЃЂЅЀϹЄІЁЂϽ ЅЇϸАϵϹ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹϾϴ.
ϖЂ-ЃϹЄ϶ЏЉ, ЅϿϹϸЇϹІ ЂϵЄϴІϼІА ϶ЁϼЀϴЁϼϹ Ёϴ ϵЇЅЏ ϼϻ ЃЄЂЅ϶ϹЄϿϹЁЁЏЉ ЄϴϾЂ϶ϼЁ, ϵϼ϶ЁϹϽ ЀϴЀЂЁІЂ϶, ϾϿЏϾЂ϶ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЏЉ ϼ ЃЂϻ϶ЂЁϾЂ϶ ЄЏϵ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ϶ЄϹЀГ ЂІ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЁϴЉЂϸГІ ϶ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГЉ (Binant 1991: 94; May 1986: 173–177). ϔЄІϹЈϴϾІЏ ЇϾϴϻЏ϶ϴВІ, ЋІЂ ϼЁЂϷϸϴ ЃЂϾЂϽЁЏЉ ЉЂЄЂЁϼϿϼ ϶ЀϹЅІϹ Ѕ ϼЉ ϿϼЋЁЏЀϼ ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁϼГЀϼ, ϾЂϿϼЋϹЅІ϶Ђ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ϶ ЂІϸϹϿАЁЏЉ
ЅϿЇЋϴГЉ ЅІЂϿА ϶ϹϿϼϾЂ, ЋІЂ ЀЂϺЁЂ ϷЂ϶ЂЄϼІА Ђ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГЉ ЇЀϹЄЌϼЉ ϶ ЂϸϹϺϸϴЉ, Ёϴ ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ϵЏϿϼ
ЁϴЌϼІЏ ϵЇЅЏ.
ϖ Ѕ϶Гϻϼ Ѕ БІϼЀ, ЃЄϹϺϸϹ ϶ЅϹϷЂ, ЁЇϺЁЂ ЇЃЂЀГЁЇІА Ђ ϸ϶ЇЉ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГЉ Ёϴ ЅІЂГЁϾϹ ϥЇЁϷϼЄА
(ϤЂЅЅϼГ). ϖ ЂϸЁЂЀ ϼϻ ЁϼЉ ϵЏϿ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁ ЀЇϺЋϼЁϴ ЁϹ ЅІϴЄЌϹ 50 Ͽ. (ϥЇЁϷϼЄА 1), ϶ ϸЄЇϷЂЀ — ЀϴϿАЋϼϾ
23
:
,
,
12–14 Ͽ. (ϥЇЁϷϼЄА 2) ϼ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϼІϹϿАЁЂ ϸϹ϶ЂЋϾϴ 9–10 Ͽ. (ϥЇЁϷϼЄА 3). ϖЅϹ ІЄЂϹ ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁϹЁЏ ϶
ЂϸϹϺϸϴЉ ϴЄϾІϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ ϼϻ ЀϹЉϴ ϼϿϼ ЀГϷϾЂϽ ϶ЏϸϹϿϴЁЁЂϽ ϾЂϺϼ, ϶ϾϿВЋϴВЍϼЉ ЄЇϵϴЉЇ ІϼЃϴ
ЀϴϿϼЊЏ, ЌІϴЁЏ ϼ ЂϵЇ϶А ϸЂ ϾЂϿϹЁ. ϥ϶ϹЄЉЇ ІϹϿϴ ϵЏϿϼ ЃЂϾЄЏІЏ ϾЂϺϴЁЂϽ ЁϴϾϼϸϾЂϽ-ЃϿϴЍЂЀ ϵϹϻ
ЄЇϾϴ϶Ђ϶. ϡϴ ЂϸϹϺϸЏ ЇЅЂЃЌϼЉ ϵЏϿϼ ЁϴЌϼІЏ ϵϹϿЏϹ ϵЇЅЏ, ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁЁЏϹ ϼϻ ЃЄЂЅ϶ϹЄϿϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϵϼ϶ЁГ ЀϴЀЂЁІϴ, ϴ Ёϴ ϷЂϿЂ϶ЁЏϹ ЇϵЂЄЏ (ЌϴЃЂЋϾϴ Ї ЀЇϺЋϼЁЏ ϼ ЀϴϿАЋϼϾϴ) — ϵЇЅЏ ϼ ЃЄЂЅ϶ϹЄϿϹЁЁЏϹ
ϾϿЏϾϼ ЃϹЅЊϴ ϿϼϵЂ ІЂϿАϾЂ ϵЇЅЏ (ϾϴЃЂЄ Ї ϸϹ϶ЂЋϾϼ). ϢϸϹГЁϼϹ ЀЇϺЋϼЁЏ ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁЂ 3500 ϵЇЅϼЁϴЀϼ,
ЂϸϹГЁϼϹ ϸϹ϶ЂЋϾϼ — 3504 ϵЇЅϼЁϴЀϼ, ЂϸϹГЁϼϹ ЀϴϿАЋϼϾϴ — 2728 ϵЇЅϼЁϴЀϼ. ϡϴ ЄЇϾϴЉ ЇЀϹЄЌϼЉ
ЁϴϸϹІЏ ІЂЁϾϼϹ ϵЄϴЅϿϹІЏ ϼϻ ϵϼ϶ЁГ ЀϴЀЂЁІϴ (ϕϴϸϹЄ ϡ. ϼ ϸЄ. 2000: 54–57; ϕϴϸϹЄ Ϣ. 1967: 154–155;
1984: 9–13; 1998: 85, 98, 103; ϕϴϸϹЄ Ϣ., ϕϴϸϹЄ ϡ. 2000: 23–24, 26–27). ϘϹІЅϾЂϹ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϹ ϵЏϿЂ
ЅЂ϶ϹЄЌϹЁЂ ϶ ϼЁІϹЄ϶ϴϿϹ ЂІ 24 500 ϸЂ 23 500 Ͽ. Ё., ϴ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϹ ЀЇϺЋϼЁЏ — ϶ ϼЁІϹЄ϶ϴϿϹ ЂІ 23 400
ϸЂ 22 500 Ͽ. Ё. (Pettitt, Bader 2000: 270).
ϖ 1891 Ϸ. ϶Ђ ϶ЄϹЀГ ϻϹЀϿГЁЏЉ ЄϴϵЂІ ϶ Ϸ. ϕЄЁЂ (ϫϹЉϼГ) ЄϴϵЂЋϼϹ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϼϿϼ ЅϾϹϿϹІ ЀЇϺЋϼЁЏ,
ϻϴϿϹϷϴ϶ЌϼϽ Ёϴ ϷϿЇϵϼЁϹ 4,5 Ѐ. ϢЁϼ ϼϻ϶ϿϹϾϿϼ Ёϴ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІА ЋϴЅІА ЂЅІϴЁϾЂ϶ ϼ ІϹЀ ЅϴЀЏЀ ЁϴЄЇЌϼϿϼ ЊϹϿЂЅІЁЂЅІА БІЂϷЂ ЇЁϼϾϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴ. ϣЄЂ϶ϹϸϹЁЁЏϹ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϹ ЅЃϴЅϴІϹϿАЁЏϹ ЄϴЅϾЂЃϾϼ ϶ЏГ϶ϼϿϼ ЂЅІϴ϶ϴ϶ЌϼϹЅГ ϶ ϻϹЀϿϹ ϾЂЅІϼ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹϾϴ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ЁϴЉЂϸϼ϶ЌϼϹЅГ ϶ЀϹЅІϹ Ѕ
ЁϼЀϼ 600 ЂϵЄϴϵЂІϴЁЁЏЉ ЄϴϾЂ϶ϼЁ ϼ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ϸЄЇϷϼϹ ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІЏ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿϼϿϼ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴІА
ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϹ ϷЄϴ϶ϹІІЅϾϼЀ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϹЀ (Jelinek 1991: 143–144). ϥϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿАЁЂ, ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϹ ϶ ϕЄЁЂ
ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁЁЂ ЅЇЁϷϼЄЅϾϼЀ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϴЀ. ϞЂϿϼЋϹЅІ϶Ђ ЄϴϾЂ϶ϼЁ, ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЁЏЉ ϶ЂϻϿϹ ЅϾϹϿϹІϴ, ЅϿϼЌϾЂЀ
϶ϹϿϼϾЂ ϸϿГ ЂϺϹЄϹϿАГ ϼϿϼ ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁϼГ ϷЂϿЂ϶ЁЂϷЂ ЇϵЂЄϴ. ϖϹЄЂГІЁϹϹ ϶ЅϹϷЂ ЂЁϼ ϵЏϿϼ ЁϴЌϼІЏ ІϴϾϺϹ
ϼ Ёϴ ЂϸϹϺϸЇ ЀЇϺЋϼЁЏ.
ϖ ϕϴЄЀϴ ϗЄϴЁϸϹ, ЂϸЁЂЀ ϼϻ ϷЄЂІЂ϶ ϠϹЁІЂЁЏ (ϜІϴϿϼГ), ϵЏϿЂ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЂ ІЄЂϽЁЂϹ ЂϸЁЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂϹ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϹ ЀЇϺЋϼЁЏ, ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϼІϹϿАЁЂ ϸϹ϶ЂЋϾϼ 12–13 Ͽ. ϼ ЃЂϸЄЂЅІϾϴ 14–15 Ͽ. (Formicola
1988; 1990). ϜЉ ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁϼϿϼ ЃЄϼЀϹЄЁЂ 20 000 Ͽ. Ё. (Mussi 1990: 129, 133). ϕЂϿАЌϴГ ЋϴЅІА ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЁЏЉ ϶ БІЂЀ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϼ ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁϼϽ Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁϴ Ѕ ЀЇϺЅϾϼЀ ЅϾϹϿϹІЂЀ. ϡϴ ϹϷЂ ЋϹЄϹЃϹ ϿϹϺϴϿϼ
ЃЄЂЅ϶ϹЄϿϹЁЁЏϹ ϾϿЏϾϼ ЂϿϹЁГ, ЃЂϻ϶ЂЁϾϼ ЄЏϵ ϼ ЄϴϾЂ϶ϼЁЏ, Ёϴ ЌϹϽЁЏЉ ЃЂϻ϶ЂЁϾϴЉ ϾЄЂЀϹ ϾϿЏϾЂ϶ ЂϿϹЁГ ϼ ЃЂϻ϶ЂЁϾЂ϶ ЄЏϵ ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿϼЅА ІϴϾϺϹ ϾЂЅІГЁЏϹ ЃЂϸ϶ϹЅϾϼ, ϴ Ёϴ ІЇϿЂ϶ϼЍϹ — ЃЂϻ϶ЂЁϾϼ
ЄЏϵ, ϾЂЅІГЁЏϹ ЃЂϸ϶ϹЅϾϼ ϼ ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁϼϹ, ϶ЏЄϹϻϴЁЁЂϹ ϼϻ ЄЂϷϴ ЂϿϹЁГ. ϣЂ ЂϵϹ ЅІЂЄЂЁЏ ЂІ ϿϹ϶ЂϷЂ
ϵϹϸЄϴ ЇЀϹЄЌϹϷЂ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЂ ЃЂ ЂϸЁЂϽ ϵЂϿАЌЂϽ ЃЄЂЅ϶ϹЄϿϹЁЁЂϽ ЄϴϾЂ϶ϼЁϹ (Verneau 1892: 527–528;
1908: 91–93).
ϛϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϹ ЇЀϹЄЌϹϷЂ ϶ ЀϴϸϿϹЁЅϾЇВ БЃЂЉЇ ЄϹϵϹЁϾϴ ЁϹ ЅІϴЄЌϹ 3,5 Ͽ. ϵЏϿЂ ЂІϾЄЏІЂ Ёϴ
ЅІЂГЁϾϹ ϠϴϸϿϹЁ (ϨЄϴЁЊϼГ). ϖ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϼ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ ЀЁЂϷЂЋϼЅϿϹЁЁЏϹ ϵЇЅЏ ϼϻ ЄϴϾЂ϶ϼЁ ϼ ϻЇϵЂ϶
Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЏЉ. ϢЁϼ ϻϴЈϼϾЅϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЏ Ёϴ ЋϹЄϹЃϹ ϼ ϶ЂϻϿϹ ЁϹϷЂ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ϶ ЄϴϽЂЁϹ ЌϹϽЁЏЉ ЃЂϻ϶ЂЁϾЂ϶,
Ї ϿЂϾІϹϽ, ϾЂϿϹЁ ϼ ϿЂϸЏϺϹϾ (Capitan, Peyrony 1928: 123–124; Heim 1991: 611–612; Peyrony 1928:
319). Ϝ ϶ ϕϴЄЀϴ ϗЄϴЁϸϹ, ϼ ϶ ϠϴϸϿϹЁ ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁϼГ, ЁϹЅЂЀЁϹЁЁЂ, ϵЏϿϼ ЃЄϼϾЄϹЃϿϹЁЏ Ͼ ЂϸϹϺϸϴЀ ϼ
ϷЂϿЂ϶ЁЏЀ ЇϵЂЄϴЀ ЃЂϾЂϽЁЏЉ.
ϖЂ-϶ІЂЄЏЉ, ЁϹЂϵЉЂϸϼЀЂ ЂІЀϹІϼІА ЌϼЄЂϾЂϹ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴЁϼϹ ϶ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏЉ ЂϵЄГϸϴЉ ϾЄϴЅЁЂϽ ЂЉЄЏ — ϾЄϴЅϾϼ, ЃЄϼϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁЁЂϽ ЃЇІϹЀ ЅЀϹЌϼ϶ϴЁϼГ ϵϹϻ϶ЂϸЁЂϽ ЂϾϼЅϼ ϺϹϿϹϻϴ Ѕ ϷϿϼЁЂϽ (Binant
1991: 128; May 1986: 177–178; Palma di Cesnola 1988: 77; Mezzena, Palma di Cesnola 1989/1990: 29).
ϢЉЄЇ ЄϴЅІϼЄϴϿϼ ϸЂ ЃЂЄЂЌϾЂЂϵЄϴϻЁЂϷЂ ЅЂЅІЂГЁϼГ ϼ ЅЁϴЋϴϿϴ ЃЂЅЏЃϴϿϼ ϹВ ϸЁЂ ЀЂϷϼϿЏ, ϴ ϻϴІϹЀ ϼ
ЃЂЀϹЍϹЁЁЂϹ ϶ ЁϹϹ ІϹϿЂ. ϖϹЄЂГІЁЂ, ЁϹ ІЂϿАϾЂ ЅЉЂϸЅІ϶Ђ Њ϶ϹІϴ ϾЄЂ϶ϼ ϼ Ѕ϶ϹІЂ϶ЂϷЂ ІЂЁϴ ϾЄϴЅЁЂϽ ЂЉЄЏ
ЃЄϹϸЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϼϿЂ ϹϹ ІϹЅЁЇВ Ѕ϶ГϻА Ѕ ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁЁЏЀϼ ЄϼІЇϴϿϴЀϼ.
ϖ-ІЄϹІАϼЉ, ЁЇϺЁЂ ЃЂϸЋϹЄϾЁЇІА, ЋІЂ ЉЂІГ ϵЂϿАЌϼЁЅІ϶Ђ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϽ ϿϼЌϹЁЂ ЅЂЃЄЂ϶ЂϸϼІϹϿАЁЏЉ ϶ϹЍϹϽ, ϶ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЀЂϷϼϿϴЉ БІЂϷЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ϶ЅϹ ϺϹ ϶ЅІЄϹЋϴВІЅГ
ЃЄϹϸЁϴЀϹЄϹЁЁЂ ЃЂϿЂϺϹЁЁЏϹ ϶ ЁϼЉ ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІЏ ϼϻ ϾϴЀЁГ, ϾЂЅІϼ ϼ ЄЂϷϴ (Binant 1991: 103, 106–107,
122; May 1986: 172–173). ϗЂ϶ЂЄГ Ђ ЁϴϵЂЄϴЉ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄГ БЃЂЉϼ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹϷЂ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϴ,
ЁϹЂϵЉЂϸϼЀЂ ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴІА ϿϼЌА ІϹ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϼ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ЇВІ ІЄϹЀ ϶ЏЌϹЇЃЂЀГЁЇІЏЀ
ϾЄϼІϹЄϼГЀ ЁϴϿϼЋϼГ ЃЂЅЀϹЄІЁЏЉ ϸϴЄЂ϶ ϶ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϼ.
ϧЁϼϾϴϿАЁЏϹ ЂІϾЄЏІϼГ ϵЏϿϼ ЅϸϹϿϴЁЏ ϶Ђ ϶ЄϹЀГ ЄϴЅϾЂЃЂϾ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ ЅІЂГЁϾϼ ϥЇЁϷϼЄА.
ϖ ЀЂϷϼϿϹ ЀЇϺЋϼЁЏ (ϥЇЁϷϼЄА 1) ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁ ІЂϿАϾЂ ϾЄϹЀЁϹ϶ЏϽ ЁЂϺ, ϿϹϺϴЍϼϽ ЀϹϺϸЇ ЍϼϾЂϿЂІЂϾ
ЇЀϹЄЌϹϷЂ, ІЂϷϸϴ ϾϴϾ ϶ ϸ϶ЂϽЁЂЀ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϼ ϸϹІϹϽ (ϥЇЁϷϼЄА 2 ϼ ϥЇЁϷϼЄА 3) — ЁϴϵЂЄЏ ЂЉЂІЁϼЋАϹϷЂ ЅЁϴЄГϺϹЁϼГ: ϸ϶ϴ ϾЂЃАГ ϼ ЀЁЂϷЂЋϼЅϿϹЁЁЏϹ ϸЄЂІϼϾϼ ϼϻ ϵϼ϶ЁϹϽ ЀϴЀЂЁІϴ, ϸ϶ϴ ϸϹЄϹ϶ГЁЁЏЉ
ϸЄЂІϼϾϴ, ϾϼЁϺϴϿЏ ϼϻ ϾЂЅІϼ ϼ ϾЄϹЀЁϹ϶ЏϹ ЁЂϺϼ, ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ЂϸϼЁ ϼϻ ЁϼЉ ϵЏϿ ϶ϿЂϺϹЁ ϶ ЃЄϴ϶ЇВ ЄЇϾЇ
ЀϴϿАЋϼϾϴ. ϥ ЂЅІϴЁϾϴЀϼ ЀϴϿАЋϼϾϴ ϵЏϿϼ ІϴϾϺϹ Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁЏ ϸ϶Ϲ ЈϼϷЇЄϾϼ ϼϻ ϵϼ϶ЁГ ЀϴЀЂЁІϴ: ϿЂЌϴϸϼ
24
ϼϿϼ ЅϴϽϷϼ ϼ ϵϼϻЂЁϴ, ϴ ЅЂ ЅϾϹϿϹІЂЀ ϸϹ϶ЂЋϾϼ — ЋϹІЏЄϹ ϺϹϻϿϴ ϼϻ ЄЂϷϴ ϼ ϾЂЅІϼ (ϕϴϸϹЄ Ϣ. 1984: 9–13;
1998: 43, 73, 76–79; ϕϴϸϹЄ Ϣ., ϕϴϸϹЄ ϡ. 2000: 24, 27).
ϖ ЃϹЍϹЄϹ ϣБ϶ϼϿБЁϸ (ϖϹϿϼϾЂϵЄϼІϴЁϼГ) ЁϴϽϸϹЁϴ ЀЂϷϼϿϴ ЀЂϿЂϸЂϷЂ ЀЇϺЋϼЁЏ. ϖЂϻЄϴЅІ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿГϹІ ЂϾЂϿЂ 26 000 Ͽ. ϧЀϹЄЌϼϽ ϵЏϿ ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁϹЁ ϶ЀϹЅІϹ Ѕ ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾϼЀϼ ϺϹϻϿϴЀϼ,
ЅϸϹϿϴЁЁЏЀϼ ϼϻ ϾЂЅІϼ ЀϴЀЂЁІϴ (Aldhouse-Green, Pettitt 1998: 756–766, 769; May 1986: 89–91).
ϖ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϼ ЀЇϺЋϼЁЏ (ϕЄЁЂ) ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁϴ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁϴГ ЀЇϺЅϾϴГ ЅІϴІЇБІϾϴ, ϶ЏЄϹϻϴЁЁϴГ ϼϻ ϾЂЅІϼ ЀϴЀЂЁІϴ (Jelinek 1991: 144; Vlček 1991: 447).
ϖ ϷЄЂІϹ ϣϴϷϿϼЋЋϼ (ϜІϴϿϼГ) ЄϴЅϾЂЃϴЁЂ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϹ ЀϴϿАЋϼϾϴ 13 Ͽ., ЅЂ϶ϹЄЌϹЁЁЂϹ ЂϾЂϿЂ 25 000 Ͽ. Ё. ϖ ЃЄϴ϶ЂϽ ϾϼЅІϼ ЄϹϵϹЁЂϾ ЇϸϹЄϺϼ϶ϴϿ ϾЄϹЀЁϹ϶ЏϽ ЅϾЄϹϵЂϾ ϶ϹϿϼϾЂϿϹЃЁЂϽ ϶ЏϸϹϿϾϼ
(Mussi 1986: 95; Palma di Cesnola 1988: 77). ϖ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϼ ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿϼЅА ϼ ϸЄЇϷϼϹ ϾЄϹЀЁϹ϶ЏϹ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ, ЂϸЁϴϾЂ ϶ЂЃЄЂЅ Ђ ІЂЀ, ЁϴЀϹЄϹЁЁЂ Ͽϼ ϼЉ ЃЂϿЂϺϼϿϼ ϶ ЀЂϷϼϿЇ ϼϿϼ ЂЁϼ ЃЂЃϴϿϼ ϶ ЁϹϹ ϼϻ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϷЂ ЅϿЂГ, ЂЅІϴϹІЅГ ЂІϾЄЏІЏЀ.
ϖ ϿϹ϶ЇВ ϾϼЅІА ЀЇϺЋϼЁЏ ϼϻ ІЄЂϽЁЂϷЂ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϼ ϶ ϷЄЂІϹ ϕϴЄЀϴ ϗЄϴЁϸϹ, Ђ ϾЂІЂЄЂЀ ЇϺϹ
ЇЃЂЀϼЁϴϿЂЅА ϶ЏЌϹ, ϵЏϿϴ ϶ϿЂϺϹЁϴ ϾЄϹЀЁϹ϶ϴГ ЃϿϴЅІϼЁϴ ϸϿϼЁЂϽ 23 ЅЀ, ϴ ϶ ϿϹ϶ЂϽ ϾϼЅІϼ ϸϹ϶ЂЋϾϼ,
ϿϹϺϴ϶ЌϹϽ ЄГϸЂЀ Ѕ ЀЇϺЋϼЁЂϽ, ϻϴϺϴІϴ ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼЋЁϴГ ЃϿϴЅІϼЁϴ ϸϿϼЁЂϽ 26 ЅЀ (Formicola 1988; 1990;
Verneau 1892: 528).
ϖ ϷЄЂІϹ ϔЄϹЁ ϞϴЁϸϼϸ (ϜІϴϿϼГ) ЁϴϽϸϹЁЂ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϹ ЀЂϿЂϸЂϷЂ ЀЇϺЋϼЁЏ, ЇЀϹЄЌϹϷЂ, ЃЂ
ЂϸЁϼЀ ϸϴЁЁЏЀ, ЂϾЂϿЂ 20 000 Ͽ. Ё., ЃЂ ϸЄЇϷϼЀ — ЃЄϼЀϹЄЁЂ 23 000 Ͽ. Ё. ϢЁ ϵЏϿ ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁϹЁ ϶ ЅЂЃЄЂ϶ЂϺϸϹЁϼϼ ЋϹІЏЄϹЉ ϺϹϻϿЂ϶ ϼϻ ЄЂϷϴ ϿЂЅГ, ЃЂϸ϶ϹЅϾϼ ϼ ϸ϶ЇЉ ϸϼЅϾЂ϶ ϼϻ ϾЂЅІϼ. ϖ ϹϷЂ ЃЄϴ϶ЇВ ЄЇϾЇ
϶ϿЂϺϹЁϴ ϾЄϹЀЁϹ϶ϴГ ЃϿϴЅІϼЁϴ ϸϿϼЁЂϽ 25 ЅЀ (Mussi 1986: 96; 1990: 137, 140; Pettitt et al. 2003; Sergi
1951: 423; 1953: 61).
ϖ ЅϾϴϿАЁЂЀ Ёϴ϶ϹЅϹ ϖϼϿϿϴϵЄЇЁϴ (ϜІϴϿϼГ) ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЂ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϹ ЀЂϿЂϸЂϷЂ ЀЇϺЋϼЁЏ, ЅЂ϶ϹЄЌϹЁЁЂϹ ЂϾЂϿЂ 12 000 Ͽ. Ё. ϡϴ ϿϹ϶ЂЀ ЃЄϹϸЃϿϹЋАϹ ЇЀϹЄЌϹϷЂ ϵЏϿ ЂЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁ ЀϹЌЂЋϹϾ, ϶ ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ
ЃЂϿЂϺϼϿϼ ϾЂЅІГЁЂϹ ЂЅІЄϼϹ Ѕ ЁϴЄϹϻϾϴЀϼ, ϾЄϹЀЁϹ϶ЏϹ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ (ЁЂϺ, ЃϿϴЅІϼЁϴ ϵϹϻ ЄϹІЇЌϼ ϼ ЁЇϾϿϹЇЅ), ϷϴϿАϾЇ Ѕ ЄϹІЇЌАВ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ЌϴЄϼϾ ϼϻ ϸЄϹ϶ϹЅЁЂϽ ЅЀЂϿЏ ϼ ϶ЂЅϾϴ (Aimar et al. 1992: 73–76).
ϖ ϷЄЂІϹ ϟϹϻЂІЂ (ϨЄϴЁЊϼГ) ϶ ЅϿЂϹ ЀϴϸϿϹЁЅϾЂϷЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЄϴЅϾЂЃϴЁЂ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϹ ВЁЂЌϼ 15–
18 Ͽ. (ЃЂ ϸϴЁЁЏЀ ЂϸЂЁІЂϿЂϷϼϼ ЅϾϹϿϹІ ЃЄϼЁϴϸϿϹϺϼІ ЄϹϵϹЁϾЇ 11–13 Ͽ.) ϶ ЅЂЃЄЂ϶ЂϺϸϹЁϼϼ ϺϹϻϿϴ ϼϻ
ЄЂϷϴ ЂϿϹЁГ (d’Acy 1895: 244; Boule 1895: 316, fig. 2, 317; Chantre 1901: 157; Vallois 1972: 10; VergerPratoncy 1977: 153). ϖ ϸЄЇϷЂЀ ЀϴϸϿϹЁЅϾЂЀ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϼ ϨЄϴЁЊϼϼ, ϥϹЁ-ϚϹЄЀϹЁ ϿГ Ϥϼ϶АϹЄ, Ёϴ ЅϾϹϿϹІϹ ϺϹЁЍϼЁЏ 20–25 Ͽ. ϿϹϺϴϿϼ ϸ϶ϴ ϾЂЅІГЁЏЉ ϾϼЁϺϴϿϴ ϼ, ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ, ϼϷϿϴ ϼϻ ϾЂЅІϼ (Blanchard
et al. 1972: 14, 50; May 1986: 43–45).
ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ЀЂϺЁЂ ЅϸϹϿϴІА ϶Џ϶Ђϸ Ђ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ ϶ БЃЂЉЇ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹϷЂ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϴ, ϶ ϾЂІЂЄЂϽ
ЇЀϹЄЌϼЉ, ϾϴϾ ЃЄϴ϶ϼϿЂ, ЉЂЄЂЁϼϿϼ ϹЍϹ ϵϹϻ ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄГ (ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1991: 15), ϶ЅϹ ϺϹ ϻϴЄЂϺϸϴϹІЅГ
ЂϵЏЋϴϽ ЂϸϴЄϼ϶ϴІА ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЃЂϾЂϽЁϼϾЂ϶ ЃЂЅЀϹЄІЁЏЀϼ ЃЄϼЁЂЌϹЁϼГЀϼ, ϶ϾϿВЋϴВЍϼЀϼ ϾЄϹЀЁϹ϶ЏϹ ЃϿϴЅІϼЁЏ-ЁЂϺϼ (ϥЇЁϷϼЄА, ϕϴЄЀϴ ϗЄϴЁϸϹ, ϔЄϹЁ ϞϴЁϸϼϸ) ϼ ϺϹϻϿЏ ϼϻ ЄЂϷϴ ϼϿϼ ϾЂЅІϼ (ϥЇЁϷϼЄА,
ϔЄϹЁ ϞϴЁϸϼϸ, ϟϹϻЂІЂ, ϣБ϶ϼϿБЁϸ). ϡϴЉЂϸϾϼ ϸЄЇϷϼЉ ϾЄϹЀЁϹ϶ЏЉ ϼ ϾЂЅІГЁЏЉ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІЂ϶ ϼЅϾЇЅЅІ϶ϴ ϼ ЂЉЂІЁϼЋАϹϷЂ ЅЁϴЄГϺϹЁϼГ ЅЇϷЇϵЂ ϹϸϼЁϼЋЁЏ.
ϖ-ЋϹІ϶ϹЄІЏЉ, ЅϿϹϸЇϹІ ЇϾϴϻϴІА Ёϴ ІЂ, ЋІЂ ЃϹЄ϶ЏϹ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ϴ Ђ ЄϼІЇϴϿϴЉ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЅЂ϶ϹЄЌϴϿϼЅА ϶ЂϻϿϹ ЀЂϷϼϿ ЃЂЅϿϹ ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁ, ІϴϾϺϹ ЂІЁЂЅГІЅГ Ͼ БЃЂЉϹ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹϷЂ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϴ, ЉЂІГ ϶ ІЂ
϶ЄϹЀГ ЃЂϸЂϵЁϴГ ЃЄϴϾІϼϾϴ ЁϹ ϵЏϿϴ ЃЂ϶ЅϹЀϹЅІЁЂϽ. Ϟ ЁϴЅІЂГЍϹЀЇ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ϻϴЈϼϾЅϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЂ ϶ЅϹϷЂ
ϸ϶ϴ ЅϿЇЋϴГ ІϴϾϼЉ ЂϵЄГϸЂ϶ЏЉ ϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼϽ.
ϖ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ЀЂϷϼϿЏ ЀЇϺЋϼЁЏ (ϥЇЁϷϼЄА 1), Ї ЅϴЀЂϽ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІϼ, ϵЏϿ ЃЂЀϹЍϹЁ ϺϹЁЅϾϼϽ
ЋϹЄϹЃ (ϥЇЁϷϼЄА 5). ϢЁ ЄϴЅЃЂϿϴϷϴϿЅГ Ёϴϸ ІϹЀ ЀϹЅІЂЀ, ϷϸϹ ЃЂϾЂϼϿϼЅА ЁЂϷϼ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЂϷЂ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГ.
ϣЂϸ ЋϹЄϹЃЂЀ ϻϴЈϼϾЅϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЂ ЃГІЁЂ ϾЄϴЅЁЂϽ ЂЉЄЏ. ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ЂЁ Г϶ϿГϿЅГ ЋϴЅІАВ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂϷЂ
ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴ. ϣЂ ЀЁϹЁϼВ ϴЁІЄЂЃЂϿЂϷЂ϶, ЃЄϹϺϸϹ ЋϹЀ ЃЂЃϴЅІА ϶ ЀЂϷϼϿЇ ЋϹЄϹЃ ϸЂϿϷЂϹ ϶ЄϹЀГ ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿЅГ
϶ ϸЄЇϷЂЀ ЀϹЅІϹ, ϷϸϹ ЂЁ ЇІЄϴІϼϿ Ѕ϶Ђϼ ЀГϷϾϼϹ ІϾϴЁϼ (ϔϿϹϾЅϹϹ϶ϴ Ϧ. 2000: 451; ϕϴϸϹЄ ϡ. ϼ ϸЄ. 2000: 61;
ϕϴϸϹЄ Ϣ. 1967: 151; 1984: 9; 1998: 38; ϕϴϸϹЄ Ϣ., ϕϴϸϹЄ ϡ. 2000: 24, 27; ϗϴ϶ЄϼϿЂ϶ 2001; ϗϹЄϴЅϼЀЂ϶ϴ 1984;
ϟϹϵϹϸϼЁЅϾϴГ 2000: 240). ϖϼϸϼЀЂ, ϼϻЁϴЋϴϿАЁЂ ЋϹЄϹЃ ϵЏϿ Ёϴ ϾϴϾЂϹ-ІЂ ϶ЄϹЀГ ϶ЏЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁ ϼϿϼ ϶Џ϶ϹЌϹЁ,
ϴ ϻϴІϹЀ ЃЂϿЂϺϹЁ ϶ ЅϴЀЇВ ϶ϹЄЉЁВВ ЋϴЅІА ϻϴЃЂϿЁϹЁϼГ ЀЂϷϼϿЏ ЀЇϺЋϼЁЏ.
ϣЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϹ ЀЇϺЋϼЁЏ ϶ ϖϼϿϿϴϵЄЇЁϴ ЄϴЅЃЂϿϴϷϴϿЂЅА ϶ЃϿЂІЁЇВ Ͼ ЅІϹЁϹ ЅϾϴϿАЁЂϷЂ Ёϴ϶ϹЅϴ,
ϾЂІЂЄϴГ ϶ БІЂЀ ЀϹЅІϹ ϵЏϿϴ ЂϾЄϴЌϹЁϴ ϶ϹЄІϼϾϴϿАЁЏЀϼ ϾЄϴЅЁЏЀϼ ЃЂϿЂЅϴЀϼ. ϠЂϷϼϿϴ ϵЏϿϴ ϻϴЅЏЃϴЁϴ ϻϹЀϿϹϽ ϼ ЃϹЄϹϾЄЏІϴ ϾϴЀЁГЀϼ, ЋϴЅІА ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ІϴϾϺϹ ЅЂЉЄϴЁϼϿϴ ЅϿϹϸЏ ϾЄϴЅЁЂϽ ЂЉЄЏ, ЃЄϼЋϹЀ Ёϴ
ϸ϶ЇЉ ϾϴЀЁГЉ ЂІЋϹІϿϼ϶Ђ ϶ϼϸЁЏ ϼ ϷϹЂЀϹІЄϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϾЂЀЃЂϻϼЊϼϼ (Aimar et al. 1992: 76, 78).
25
:
,
,
ϡϹЅЀЂІЄГ Ёϴ ϶ЅϹ БІϼ ЁЂ϶ЌϹЅІ϶ϴ, ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏϹ ЂϵЄГϸЏ БЃЂЉϼ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹϷЂ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϴ ϸϹЀЂЁЅІЄϼЄЇВІ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЇВ ЃЄϹϹЀЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂЅІА ϼ Ѕ ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁЁЏЀϼ ЄϼІЇϴϿϴЀϼ ЀЇЅІАϹЄЅϾЂϷЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ.
ϡϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ, ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁϴГ ЃϼЍϴ ЂІЅЇІЅІ϶ЇϹІ ϶ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГЉ ϻϴ ϼЅϾϿВЋϹЁϼϹЀ, ϵЏІА ЀЂϺϹІ, ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ ЄϹϵϹЁϾϴ 4 Ͽ., ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϶ ЅϾϴϿАЁЂЀ Ёϴ϶ϹЅϹ ϟϴϷϴЄ ϖϹϿЉЂ
(ϣЂЄІЇϷϴϿϼГ) ϶ ЅϿЂϹ, ϶ЂϻЄϴЅІ ϾЂІЂЄЂϷЂ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿГϹІ ЃЄϼЀϹЄЁЂ 25 000 Ͽ. ϖ ЀЂϷϼϿϹ ЁϴϽϸϹЁϴ ЋϴЅІА
ЅϾϹϿϹІϴ ϾЄЂϿϼϾϴ (3 ЃЂϻ϶ЂЁϾϴ, 4 ЄϹϵЄϴ ϼ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІ ϾЄϹЅІЊϴ), ЃЂϿЂϺϹЁЁϴГ, ЃЂ ЀЁϹЁϼВ ϴ϶ІЂЄϴ ЄϴЅϾЂЃЂϾ, ϶ ϾϴЋϹЅІ϶Ϲ ϻϴЇЃЂϾЂϽЁЂϽ ЃϼЍϼ ϶ЁЇІЄА Ѕϴ϶ϴЁϴ, ϶ ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ ϻϴ϶ϹЄЁЇϿϼ ЂЅІϴЁϾϼ ЄϹϵϹЁϾϴ. ϱІϼ
ϾЂЅІϼ, ϻϴЃϴЋϾϴЁЁЏϹ ϾЄϴЅЁЂϽ ЂЉЄЂϽ, ЃϹЄϹϾЄЏ϶ϴϿϼ ЃЄϴ϶ЇВ ϷЂϿϹЁА ϸϹІЅϾЂϷЂ ЅϾϹϿϹІϴ (Zilhão 2000:
25, 27–28; Zilhão, d’Errico 2000: 43). ϖЃЄЂЋϹЀ, ЁϹϿАϻГ ϼЅϾϿВЋϼІА ϼ ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂЅІА ІЂϷЂ, ЋІЂ БІϴ ЁϹ
ЅϴЀϴГ ЀГЅЁϴГ ЋϴЅІА ІЇЌϼ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЂϷЂ Г϶ϿГϿϴЅА, ϾϴϾ ϼ ϶ ЀЇЅІАϹЄЅϾЂϹ ϶ЄϹЀГ, Ѕ϶ЂϹЂϵЄϴϻЁЏЀ ЅϼЀ϶ЂϿЂЀ ЅЀϹЄІϼ.
ϥϼЀ϶ЂϿϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЃЄϼЁЂЌϹЁϼГ ЃЂϸЂϵЁЂϷЂ ЄЂϸϴ ϻϴЈϼϾЅϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЏ ІϴϾϺϹ ϶ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϼ ϸϹІϹϽ
Ёϴ ЅІЂГЁϾϹ ϥЇЁϷϼЄА. ϡϴ ЋϹЄϹЃϹ ЀϴϿАЋϼϾϴ (ϥЇЁϷϼЄА 2) ϿϹϺϴϿ ϾЄЇЃЁЏϽ ϾЂϷЂІА ЃϹЍϹЄЁЂϷЂ ϿА϶ϴ ϼϿϼ
ЃϴЁІϹЄЏ, Ёϴ ЃЂϻ϶ЂЁϾϴЉ, ϶ЏЌϹ Іϴϻϴ, ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿЅГ ϶ІЂЄЂϽ ІϴϾЂϽ ϺϹ ϾЂϷЂІА. ϦЄϹІАГ ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼЋЁϴГ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϴ ϵЏϿϴ Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁϴ ЅЂ ЅϾϹϿϹІЂЀ ϸϹ϶ЂЋϾϼ (ϥЇЁϷϼЄА 3) (ϕϴϸϹЄ Ϣ. 1984: 11–12; 1998: 73, 77; ϕϴϸϹЄ Ϣ.,
ϕϴϸϹЄ ϡ. 2000: 27).
ϖ БЃЂЉЇ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹϷЂ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϴ ЅЂЉЄϴЁϼϿϴЅА ІϴϾϺϹ ЃЄϴϾІϼϾϴ ЃЂЅЀϹЄІЁЏЉ ЀϴЁϼЃЇϿГЊϼϽ Ѕ ІϹϿϴЀϼ ЇЀϹЄЌϼЉ, ЋІЂ ϸЂϾϴϻЏ϶ϴϹІЅГ ЁϴϿϼЋϼϹЀ Ёϴ ϾЂЅІГЉ ϿВϸϹϽ ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ЇВЍϼЉ ЅϿϹϸЂ϶, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ
Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ЇВІ Ђ ЄϴЅЋϿϹЁϹЁϼϼ ІЄЇЃЂ϶ ϼ Ђ ЅЁГІϼϼ ЂЄЇϸϼГЀϼ ЀГϷϾϼЉ ІϾϴЁϹϽ Ѕ ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЏЉ ϾЂЅІϹϽ
(Buisson, Gambier 1991: 172–175, 177; Gambier 1992: 94–95; Le Mort 1982: 28, 30, 32; Ullrich 1982:
253, 255, 261; 1986: 233). ϣЂБІЂЀЇ ЁϹ ЅϿϹϸЇϹІ Їϸϼ϶ϿГІАЅГ ІЂЀЇ, ЋІЂ ϶ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЉ ЂІϿЂϺϹЁϼГЉ
϶ϹЄЉЁϹϷЂ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϴ ЁϴЉЂϸГІ ЁϹЃЂϿЁЏϹ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЅϾϹϿϹІЏ. ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ϼЉ ϾЂϿϼЋϹЅІ϶Ђ ЇЀϹЁАЌϴϹІЅГ ЃЂ ЅЄϴ϶ЁϹЁϼВ Ѕ БЃЂЉЂϽ ЀЇЅІАϹ ϼ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿГϹІ ЃЄϼЀϹЄЁЂ ЂϸЁЇ ІЄϹІА ЂІ ЂϵЍϹϷЂ ЋϼЅϿϴ ЅϾϹϿϹІЂ϶,
ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЁЏЉ ϶ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГЉ БІЂϷЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ.
ϜЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼϹ ЃϹЍϹЄЁЏЉ ЅІЂГЁЂϾ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹϷЂ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϴ ЃЄϼ϶ϹϿЂ Ͼ ЂІϾЄЏІϼВ, ЇϾϴϻЏ϶ϴВЍϹЀЇ Ёϴ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼϹ ЄϼІЇϴϿЂ϶, ϶ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ϶ϴϺЁЇВ ЄЂϿА ϼϷЄϴϿ ЋϹЄϹЃ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹϾϴ. ϤϹЋА ϼϸϹІ Ђ ϸ϶ЇЉ
ЁϴЉЂϸϾϴЉ ІϴϾЂϷЂ ЄЂϸϴ. ϖ ЃϹЍϹЄϹ ϠϴЅ ϸ’ϔϻϼϿА (ϨЄϴЁЊϼГ) ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϼϿϼ ЋϹЄϹЃ ϸϹ϶ЇЌϾϼ 15 Ͽ. ϙϷЂ
ϷϿϴϻЁЏϹ ЂЄϵϼІЏ ϵЏϿϼ ЃЄϼϾЄЏІЏ ЁϴϾϿϴϸϾϴЀϼ, ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁЁЏЀϼ ϼϻ ЃЂϻ϶ЂЁϾЂ϶, ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂ, ЅϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϷЂ ЂϿϹЁГ (Vallois 1961). ϖ ϷЄЂІϹ ϤЂЁ ϸВ ϕϴЄЄϼ ϶ ГЍϼЋϾϹ, ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЁЂЀ ϼϻ ϵϿЂϾЂ϶ ϵЄϹϾЋϼϼ, ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿЅГ ЋϹЄϹЃ ЀЇϺЋϼЁЏ ЃЄϼЀϹЄЁЂ 50 Ͽ. (de Bayle des Hermens, Heim 1989: 1349–1350, 1352). ϢϵϹ
ЁϴЉЂϸϾϼ ЂІЁЂЅГІЅГ Ͼ ЀϴϸϿϹЁЅϾЂЀЇ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ.
ϖ ЊϹϿЂЀ ϴЁϴϿϼϻ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϽ ЃЄϼ϶ЂϸϼІ Ͼ ϻϴϾϿВЋϹЁϼВ Ђ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ ϶ БЃЂЉЇ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹϷЂ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϴ ϶ ЅЈϹЄϹ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂϽ ЃЄϴϾІϼϾϼ ЃЂГ϶ϼϿϼЅА ϼЁЁЂ϶ϴЊϼϼ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϼϿϼЅА Ёϴ ЂϵЌϼЄЁЏЉ ЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁЅІ϶ϴЉ ϙ϶Єϴϻϼϼ ЂІ ϤЇЅЅϾЂϽ Єϴ϶ЁϼЁЏ ϸЂ ϥЄϹϸϼϻϹЀЁЂЀЂЄАГ ϼ ϔІϿϴЁІϼϾϼ.
ϱІϼ ЁЂ϶ЌϹЅІ϶ϴ ЁϹϸ϶ЇЅЀЏЅϿϹЁЁЂ ЇϾϴϻЏ϶ϴВІ Ёϴ ІЂ, ЋІЂ ЁϹ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϹ, ЋϹЀ 26 000 Ͽ. Ё. (ϷЄϴ϶ϹІІЅϾЂϹ ϶ЄϹЀГ) ЇЀϹЄЌϼЉ ЅІϴϿϼ ЉЂЄЂЁϼІА ϶ ЁϴЄГϸЁЏЉ ЂϸϹϺϸϴЉ, ЁϹ ЃЄϹϸЁϴϻЁϴЋϹЁЁЏЉ ϸϿГ ЃЂ϶ЅϹϸЁϹ϶ЁЂϷЂ ЁЂЌϹЁϼГ. ϣЂЅϿϹ ЄϴЅϾЂЃЂϾ ЀЂϷϼϿ Ёϴ ЅІЂГЁϾϹ ϥЇЁϷϼЄА Ϣ. ϡ. ϕϴϸϹЄ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϼϿ, ЋІЂ
϶ ІЇ ЂІϸϴϿϹЁЁЇВ БЃЂЉЇ ЃЂϾЂϽЁЏЉ ЂϸϹ϶ϴϿϼ ϶ ЂϵЄГϸЂ϶ЏϹ ϾЂЅІВЀЏ (ϕϴϸϹЄ Ϣ. 1967: 156). ϖϹЄЂГІЁЂ,
БІϼ ЂϸϹГЁϼГ, ЃЄϴϻϸЁϼЋЁЂ ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁЁЏϹ ЀЁЂϷЂЋϼЅϿϹЁЁЏЀϼ ϵЇЅϴЀϼ, ЀЂϺЁЂ ϵЏϿЂ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴІА ϶
ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЏЉ ЄϼІЇϴϿϴЉ, ϾϴϾ БІЂ ϸЂ ЅϼЉ ЃЂЄ ЃЄϴϾІϼϾЇϹІЅГ ϶ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼЂЁЁЏЉ ЂϵЍϹЅІ϶ϴЉ.
ϡϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ, ЁϷϴЁϴЅϴЁЏ ϼЀϹВІ ІЄϼ ϶ϼϸϴ ЂϸϹϺϸЏ, ЂϸЁϴ ϼϻ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ, ГЄϾϴГ ЁϴЄГϸЁϴГ «
»
(ϗЄϴЋϹ϶ϴ 1983: ЄϼЅ. 11–12), ЅϿЇϺϼϿϴ ϼ Ѕ϶ϴϸϹϵЁЏЀ, ϼ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏЀ ϾЂЅІВЀЂЀ (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ: 79–83).
ϣЂГ϶ϿϹЁϼϹ ЁϴЄГϸЁЂϷЂ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ϾЂЅІВЀϴ ЁϴЄГϸЇ Ѕ ЌϼЄЂϾϼЀ ЃЄϼЀϹЁϹЁϼϹЀ ϶ ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁЁЂЀ ЄϼІЇϴϿϹ ϾЄϴЅЁЂϽ ϾЄϴЅϾϼ, ϾЂІЂЄϴГ, ЃЂ ϶ЅϹϽ ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂЅІϼ, ЂϾϴϻЏ϶ϴϿϴ ϵЂϿАЌЂϹ БЀЂЊϼЂЁϴϿАЁЂϹ
϶ЂϻϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼϹ Ёϴ ϶ЅϹЉ ЃЄЂЍϴВЍϼЉЅГ Ѕ ЃЂϾЂϽЁЏЀ, ϸϴϹІ ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁϼϹ ЃЂϿϴϷϴІА, ЋІЂ ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁЏ ϶ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹЀ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϹ ЅІϴϿϼ Ѕ϶ЂϹЂϵЄϴϻЁЏЀ ЃЄϴϻϸЁϼϾЂЀ. ϙϷЂ ЅЇІА ϻϴϾϿВЋϴϿϴЅА ϶ ЄϴϻϸϹϿϹЁϼϼ Ϻϼ϶ЏЉ ϼ
ЀϹЄІ϶ЏЉ, ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϼЉ, ЅЇϸГ ЃЂ ІЂЄϺϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂЅІϼ ЂϵЄГϸϴ, ϷЂІЂ϶ϼϿϼ Ͼ ϾϴϾЂЀЇ-ІЂ ϼЁЂЀЇ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼВ, ЋІЂ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ЇϹІ Ђ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼϼ ϶ϹЄЂ϶ϴЁϼϽ ϶ ЃЂІЇЅІЂЄЂЁЁϼϽ ЀϼЄ.
ϡϴϿϼЋϼϹ ϶ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЀЂϷϼϿϴЉ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄГ ІϴϾϺϹ ЇϾϴϻЏ϶ϴϹІ Ёϴ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼϹ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϼϽ Ђ ЃЂЅЀϹЄІЁЂϽ ϺϼϻЁϼ. ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЁЏϹ ϶ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГЉ ЃЂЅЀϹЄІЁЏϹ ϸϴЄЏ
(ϺϹϻϿЏ ϼϻ ЄЂϷϴ ϼ ϾЄϹЀЁϹ϶ЏϹ ЃϿϴЅІϼЁЏ-ЁЂϺϼ) Ёϴ϶ЂϸГІ Ёϴ ЀЏЅϿА Ђ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ ЂЁϼ ЅϾЂЄϹϹ Г϶ϿГϿϼЅА
Ѕ϶ЂϹЂϵЄϴϻЁЂϽ «϶ϼϻϼІЁЂϽ ϾϴЄІЂЋϾЂϽ» ЇЅЂЃЌϹϷЂ, ЋϹЀ ЁϴϵЂЄЂЀ ϶ϹЍϹϽ, ЁϹЂϵЉЂϸϼЀЏЉ ϸϿГ ЃЇІϹЌϹЅІ϶ϼГ ϶ ϼЁЂϽ ЀϼЄ.
26
ϙЅϿϼ Ͼ БІϼЀ ЁϴϵϿВϸϹЁϼГЀ ϸЂϵϴ϶ϼІА ІЂІ ЂЋϹ϶ϼϸЁЏϽ ЈϴϾІ, ЋІЂ ϶ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГЉ ЂІЅЇІЅІ϶ЇϹІ ϻϴЇЃЂϾЂϽЁϴГ ЃϼЍϴ, ЀЂϺЁЂ ϻϴϾϿВЋϼІА: ϿϼϵЂ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЂЉЂІЁϼϾϼ ϹЍϹ ЁϹ ϼЀϹϿϼ
ЂϾЂЁЋϴІϹϿАЁЂ ЅЈЂЄЀϼЄЂ϶ϴ϶ЌϼЉЅГ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϼϽ Ђ ІЂЀ, ϾϴϾ ЃЂϾЂϽЁЏϽ ЃЂЃϴϸϴϿ ϶ ϻϴϷЄЂϵЁЏϽ ЀϼЄ,
ϿϼϵЂ ЂЁϼ ϶ϹЄϼϿϼ ϶ ІЂ, ЋІЂ ЃЇІА ϶ ЅІЄϴЁЇ ЀϹЄІ϶ЏЉ ϵЏϿ ЁϹϸЂϿϷϼЀ ϼ ϵϹϻЂЃϴЅЁЏЀ, ϴ ϹϹ ЂϵϼІϴІϹϿϼ
ЄϴЅЃЂϿϴϷϴϿϼ ϶ЅϹЀ ЁϹЂϵЉЂϸϼЀЏЀ ϸϿГ ϸЂϵЏ϶ϴЁϼГ ЃϼЍϼ ϼ ϵϹϻЀГІϹϺЁЂϽ ϺϼϻЁϼ.
ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ϶ БЃЂЉЇ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹϷЂ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϴ ЃЄЂϼϻЂЌϿϴ ϸϼЈЈϹЄϹЁЊϼϴЊϼГ ЂϵЄГϸЂ϶ ЂЉЂІЁϼЋАϹϽ ЀϴϷϼϼ ϼ ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁЁЏЉ ЄϼІЇϴϿЂ϶. ϣЂЅϿϹϸЁϼϹ ЃЄϹ϶ЄϴІϼϿϼЅА ϼϻ ЃЄЂϸЇЊϼЄЇВЍϼЉ ЂϵЄГϸЂ϶
϶ ЂϸϼЁ ϼϻ ЄϼІЇϴϿЂ϶ ϺϼϻЁϹЁЁЂϷЂ ЊϼϾϿϴ, І. Ϲ. ϶ ЂϵЄГϸ ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸϴ. ϖЏЅϾϴϻϴЁЂ ІϴϾϺϹ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼϹ
Ђ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ ϼЀϹЁЁЂ ϶ БІЂ ϶ЄϹЀГ ϻϴЄЂϺϸϴВІЅГ ЃϹЄ϶ЏϹ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГ Ђ ЃЄЂІϼ϶ЂЅІЂГЁϼϼ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹϾϴ ϼ
ЃЄϼЄЂϸЏ (ϣϹІЄЇЉϼЁ 1986: 5).
ϱЃϼЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІ, ϸϿϼ϶ЌϹϽЅГ ЂϾЂϿЂ 2000 Ͽ. (X–IX ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.), ЃЂЋІϼ ЁϹ ϶ЁϹЅ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЉ ϼϻЀϹЁϹЁϼϽ ϶ ЀЂϸϹϿА ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂϽ ЂϵЄГϸЁЂЅІϼ, ϾЂІЂЄϴГ ЅϿЂϺϼϿϴЅА ϶Ђ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϴ ϷЄϴ϶ϹІІϴ. Ϝ ϶
ϙ϶ЄЂЃϹ (ϔЄϹЁ ϞϴЁϸϼϸ), ϼ ϶ ϲϷЂ-ϛϴЃϴϸЁЂϽ ϔϻϼϼ (ЁϴІЇЈϼϽЅϾϴГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴ) ЅЂЉЄϴЁГϹІЅГ ЃЄϹϺЁГГ
ІЄϴϸϼЊϼГ ЉЂЄЂЁϼІА ЇЀϹЄЌϼЉ ϵϹϻ ЅЂЃЄЂ϶ЂϸϼІϹϿАЁЂϽ ЃϼЍϼ ϼ, ϾϴϾ ЃЄϴ϶ϼϿЂ, ϵϹϻ ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄГ. ϖ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЅϿЇЋϴГЉ ЃЂϾЂϽЁЏϹ ϵЏϿϼ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁЏ ϶ ЁϴЄГϸЁЏЉ ЂϸϹϺϸϴЉ ϼ ϷЂϿЂ϶ЁЏЉ ЇϵЂЄϴЉ, ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁЁЏЉ ϵЇЅϴЀϼ. ϡϴ ϕϿϼϺЁϹЀ ϖЂЅІЂϾϹ (ЁϴІЇЈϼϽЅϾϴГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴ) ЂІϸϹϿАЁЏϹ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГ ϶ЅϾЄЏ϶ϴϿϼ
ЅЃЇЅІГ ϾϴϾЂϹ-ІЂ ϶ЄϹЀГ ЃЂЅϿϹ ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁ ϼ ϼϻ϶ϿϹϾϴϿϼ ЂІІЇϸϴ ЋϹЄϹЃϴ, ϴ ϶ ϙ϶ЄЂЃϹ, ϶ ЃϹЍϹЄϹ ϗЂЇ ϞБϽ϶
(ϖϹϿϼϾЂϵЄϼІϴЁϼГ), ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ ЂЅІϴЁϾϼ ϿВϸϹϽ, ІϹϿϴ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЃЂϸ϶ϹЄϷϿϼЅА ЃЂЅЀϹЄІЁЂЀЇ ЄϴЅЋϿϹЁϹЁϼВ, ЃЄϼ БІЂЀ Ѕ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ϾЂЅІϹϽ ϵЏϿϼ ЅЄϹϻϴЁЏ ЀГϷϾϼϹ ІϾϴЁϼ (ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1993ϴ: 13, 14; Bar Yosef,
Goren 1973: 53; Belfer-Cohen 1988: 302, 305–306; Cardini 1980; Currant et al. 1989; Garrod 1937:
17–19; 1957: 220–221; Perrot, Ladiray 1988: 81–87, 89–93; Valla 1987: 280).
ϡЂ϶ϴЊϼϼ ϾЂЅЁЇϿϼЅА ЋϹІЏЄϹЉ ϾЂЀЃЂЁϹЁІЂ϶ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ЂϵЄГϸϴ. ϖЂ-ЃϹЄ϶ЏЉ, ЅϿϹϸЇϹІ ЂІЀϹІϼІА, ЋІЂ ϼЀϹЁЁЂ ϶ БІЇ БЃЂЉЇ ЃЂГ϶ϿГВІЅГ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϽЌϼϹ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϼ ϙ϶Єϴϻϼϼ (Alekšin 1994:
180). ϜЉ ϶ЂϻЁϼϾЁЂ϶ϹЁϼϹ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ЇϹІ Ђ ЁϴЋϴϿϹ ЃЄЂЊϹЅЅϴ ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸϴ Ͼ ЂЅϹϸϿЂЀЇ ЂϵЄϴϻЇ ϺϼϻЁϼ, ЋІЂ, ϶ϼϸϼЀЂ, ЅІϴϿЂ ЅϿϹϸЅІ϶ϼϹЀ ЌϼЄЂϾЂϷЂ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁϼГ ЄЏϵЂϿЂ϶ЅІ϶ϴ ϼ ЅЂϵϼЄϴІϹϿАЅІ϶ϴ.
ϖЂ-϶ІЂЄЏЉ, ЁЇϺЁЂ ЇϾϴϻϴІА, ЋІЂ ЂІϸϹϿАЁЏϹ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГ БІЂϷЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЂІЀϹЋϹЁЏ ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЏЀϼ
ЁϴϸЀЂϷϼϿАЁЏЀϼ ϻЁϴϾϴЀϼ: ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏЀϼ ϶ЏϾϿϴϸϾϴЀϼ (ϔЄϹЁ ϞϴЁϸϼϸ) ϼϿϼ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏЀϼ ЅІЇЃϾϴЀϼ (ЁϴІЇЈϼϽЅϾϴГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴ) (ϔЁІЂЁЂ϶ϴ 1990: 40; Belfer-Cohen 1988: 306; Cardini 1980; Perrot, Ladiray
19886 80, 84; Stekelis 1962: 394; Stekelis, Yizraely 1963: 12; Valla 1987: 278). ϖ-ІЄϹІАϼЉ, ЁϹЂϵЉЂϸϼЀЂ
ЃЂϸЋϹЄϾЁЇІА, ЋІЂ Ёϴ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϽ ЅІϴϸϼϼ Єϴϻ϶ϼІϼГ ЁϴІЇЈϼϽЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϹϹ ЁЂЅϼІϹϿϼ ЅІϴϿϼ ЃЄϴϾІϼϾЂ϶ϴІА ЃϹЄϹϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГ ЇЀϹЄЌϼЉ, ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ЀϹϺϸЇ ЅЀϹЄІАВ ϼЁϸϼ϶ϼϸϴ ϼ ϹϷЂ ЂϾЂЁЋϴІϹϿАЁЏЀ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϹЀ ЀЂϷϿЂ ЃЄЂϽІϼ ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾЂ ϿϹІ (Perrot, Ladiray 1988: 92). ϖ-ЋϹІ϶ϹЄІЏЉ, ЁϴІЇЈϼϽЊЏ ЂЋϹЁА
ЄϹϸϾЂ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴϿϼ ϾЄϴЅЁЇВ ϾЄϴЅϾЇ ϶ ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁЁЏЉ ЄϼІЇϴϿϴЉ (Edwards 1988: 314; Perrot, Ladiray
1988: 79, 81, 87; Stekelis 1962: 394; Stekelis, Yizraely 1963: 11), ϶ ЂІϿϼЋϼϹ ЂІ Ѕ϶ЂϼЉ ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁϼϾЂ϶
϶ ϸЄЇϷϼЉ ЄϹϷϼЂЁϴЉ ϙ϶Єϴϻϼϼ.
ϘϴϿАЁϹϽЌϼϹ ϼϻЀϹЁϹЁϼГ ϶ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏЉ ЂϵЄГϸϴЉ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸГІ ϶ VIII–V ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϱІЂІ
ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄϼϻЇϹІЅГ ЅЂЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼϹЀ ЀϹϻЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ ЂЉЂІЁϼϾЂ϶ ϼ ЄЏϵЂϿЂ϶Ђ϶
ϛϴЃϴϸЁЂϽ, ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϽ ϼ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ϙ϶ЄЂЃЏ Ѕ ЁϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾϼЀϼ ϼ БЁϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾϼЀϼ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴЀϼ
ЄϴЁЁϼЉ ϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЊϹ϶ ϲϷЂ-ϛϴЃϴϸЁЂϽ ϔϻϼϼ, ϥЄϹϸϼϻϹЀЁЂЀЂЄАГ ϼ ϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϽ ϙ϶ЄЂЃЏ.
ϛϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГ ЄϴЁЁϹϷЂ ЀϹϻЂϿϼІϴ (VIII–VII ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.) Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ЇВІ Ђ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ ЁϴЋϼЁϴГ
Ѕ БІЂϷЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЂϷЂЁА ЅІϴϿ ϼϷЄϴІА ϶ϴϺЁЇВ ЄЂϿА ϶ ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁЁЂЀ ЄϼІЇϴϿϹ. ϥϿϹϸЏ ЂϷЁГ ϻϴЀϹЋϹЁЏ
Ёϴ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏЉ ЃϹЄϹϾЄЏІϼГЉ ϸ϶ЇЉ ЀЂϷϼϿ ϶ ϦЄЇ ϖϼЂϿБ, ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ϶ ЂϵЂϼЉ ЅϿЇЋϴГЉ ЇЀϹЄЌϼϹ ϵЏϿϼ ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁϹЁЏ ϶ ЂЋϴϷϴЉ, ЃЂϸ ЅϿЂϹЀ ϻЂϿЏ (Newell et al. 1979: 138). ϖ ϥЇ ϕϴϿАЀ Ђϵϴ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ ІϴϾϺϹ
Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁЏ Ѕ ЂЋϴϷϴЀϼ. ϥϾϹϿϹІ № 1 ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿЅГ ЃЂϸ ЂЋϴϷЂЀ, ϴ ЅϾϹϿϹІ № 2 — ϶ ЂЋϴϷϹ (Newell et al. 1979:
112–113). ϖ ϤЂϾ ϸВ ϕϴЄϵЂ ЃЂϾЂϽЁЏϽ ϿϹϺϴϿ Ёϴ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЂϽ ЃϿϼІϹ, Ёϴ ϾЂІЂЄЂϽ ЅЂЉЄϴЁϼϿϼЅА ЅϿϹϸЏ ЂІ
ϸϿϼІϹϿАЁЂϷЂ ϷЂЄϹЁϼГ (Newell et al. 1979: 130). ϖ ϸ϶ЇЉ ЅϿЇЋϴГЉ (ϣВЀЂ, ϞЂЄЁϼϿА № 1) ЀЂϷϼϿЏ ϵЏϿϼ
ϻϴЅЏЃϴЁЏ ЃЄЂϸЇϾІϴЀϼ ϷЂЄϹЁϼГ (ϻЂϿЂϽ) (Newell et al. 1979: 104–106, 127). ϢϸЁϴϾЂ Ёϼ ЂϸЁЂ ІϹϿЂ ЁϹ
ЃЂЅІЄϴϸϴϿЂ ЂІ ЂϷЁГ, ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴЁϼϹ ϾЂІЂЄЂϷЂ ЁЂЅϼϿЂ, ϶ϼϸϼЀЂ, ϾЄϴІϾЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЏϽ ЅϼЀ϶ЂϿϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ
ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄ. ϖЅϹ ЇЃЂЀГЁЇІЏϹ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ ϵЏϿϼ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂϽ ϨЄϴЁЊϼϼ.
ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ЅϴЀЏϹ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏϹ ЁЂ϶ϴЊϼϼ ϶ ЅЈϹЄϹ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂϽ ЃЄϴϾІϼϾϼ ЂІЁЂЅГІЅГ ϾЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂ ЀϹϻЂϿϼІϴ (VI–V ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.). ϖЂ-ЃϹЄ϶ЏЉ, ЄϹϻϾЂ ϶ЂϻЄϴЅІϴϹІ ϾЂϿϼЋϹЅІ϶Ђ ЀЂϷϼϿ
Ѕ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏЀ ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄϹЀ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ ІϹЃϹЄА, ЁϴЄГϸЇ Ѕ ϵЇЅϴЀϼ ϼϻ ЄϴϾЂ϶ϼЁ ϼ ϻЇϵЂ϶ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЏЉ,
ЇϾЄϴЌϴ϶ЌϼЉ ЂϸϹϺϸЏ ЇЀϹЄЌϼЉ, ϶ϾϿВЋϴϹІ ЅϴЀЏϹ ЄϴϻЁЂЂϵЄϴϻЁЏϹ ЂЄЇϸϼГ ІЄЇϸϴ: ϾЂЅІГЁЏϹ ЂЅІЄϼГ
27
:
,
,
ϼ ϾϼЁϺϴϿЏ, ϾЄϹЀЁϹ϶ЏϹ ЄϹϻЊЏ, ЅϾЄϹϵϾϼ, ЁЂϺϼ, ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾϼ ЅІЄϹϿ, ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏϹ ϼ ЄЂϷЂ϶ЏϹ ІЂЃЂЄЏ
(ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1982: 23; 1988: 61–62; 1991: 16; ϢЌϼϵϾϼЁϴ 1983: 180–187; 2006: 80–100; 2007; Albrethsen,
Brinch Petersen 1976; Kannegaard Nielsen, Brinch Petersen 1993: 79–80; Larsson 1990: 284; 2000: 88;
Péquart et al. 1937: 25–58, 67–69; Péquart M., Péquart S.-J. 1954: 28–61, 68–75).
ϖЂ-϶ІЂЄЏЉ, ϶ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГЉ ЃЂГ϶ϿГϹІЅГ ϻϴЇЃЂϾЂϽЁϴГ ЃϼЍϴ. ϡϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ, ϶ 13 ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГЉ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾЂ϶ ϥϾϴІϹЉЂϿАЀ I ϼ II (Ϭ϶ϹЊϼГ) ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ ϾЂЅІϼ ЄЏϵ, ЁϴЉЂϸϼ϶ЌϼϹЅГ Ёϴ
Ϻϼ϶ЂІϹ ЇЀϹЄЌϹϷЂ ϼϿϼ ϶ЂϻϿϹ ϹϷЂ ІϹϿϴ. ϱІЂ ϶ЅϹ, ЋІЂ ЂЅІϴϿЂЅА ЂІ ЄЏϵЁЏЉ ϵϿВϸ, ЃЄϼϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁЁЏЉ ϸϿГ
ЇЅЂЃЌϼЉ (Jonsson 1986; Larsson 2000: 87). ϜЀϹВІЅГ ІϴϾϺϹ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ϴ ІЂϷЂ, ЋІЂ ϶ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ I
ϼ VI ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴ ϣЂЃЂ϶Ђ (ϤЂЅЅϼГ) ϵЏϿϼ ЃЂϿЂϺϹЁЏ ЊϹϿЏϹ ЄЏϵАϼ ІЇЌϾϼ (ϢЌϼϵϾϼЁϴ 2006: 81, 85).
ϖ-ІЄϹІАϼЉ, ЌϼЄЂϾЂϹ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁϼϹ ЃЂϿЇЋϼϿϼ ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЏϹ ЂϵЄГϸЏ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЅЂ϶ϹЄЌϴϿϼЅА
ϿϼϵЂ ϶ ЀЂЀϹЁІ ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁ, ϿϼϵЂ ЇϺϹ ЃЂЅϿϹ ІЂϷЂ, ϾϴϾ ІϹϿЂ ЃЂϾЂϽЁЂϷЂ ϵЏϿЂ ЃЄϹϸϴЁЂ ϻϹЀϿϹ. ϡϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ,
Ёϴ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϹ ϥϾϴІϹЉЂϿАЀ II ϵЏϿϼ ϶ЏГ϶ϿϹЁЏ ЂЅІϴІϾϼ ЃЄГЀЂЇϷЂϿАЁЂϷЂ ЅЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼГ, ϻϴЃЂϿЁϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϾЂЅІГЀϼ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЏЉ ϼ ϾЄϹЀЁϹ϶ЏЀϼ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГЀϼ. ϱІϴ ЃЂЅІЄЂϽϾϴ ЈЇЁϾЊϼЂЁϼЄЂ϶ϴϿϴ ϸЂϿϷЂϹ ϶ЄϹЀГ ϼ ϵЏϿϴ, ЁϹЅЂЀЁϹЁЁЂ, Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁϴ Ѕ ІЄϴЇЄЁЏЀϼ ЊϹЄϹЀЂЁϼГЀϼ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸϼϿϼ Ёϴ ϾϿϴϸϵϼЍϹ
(Larsson 1990: 286; 2000: 91).
ϦЂϽ ϺϹ ЊϹϿϼ, ϶ϼϸϼЀЂ, ЅϿЇϺϼϿϼ ϼ ГЀЏ, ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЁЏϹ ϶ϵϿϼϻϼ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴ
ϣЂЃЂ϶Ђ. ϱІϼ ГЀЏ, ЁϴЉЂϸϼ϶ЌϼϹЅГ ϶ ЁЂϷϴЉ ЇЅЂЃЌϹϷЂ, ϵЏϿϼ ϻϴЃЂϿЁϹЁЏ ϾЂЅІГЀϼ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЏЉ, ЃІϼЊ ϼ
ЄЏϵ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ЇϷϿГЀϼ (ϢЌϼϵϾϼЁϴ 2006: 80–100).
ϛϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴ ϦϹ϶АϹϾ (ϨЄϴЁЊϼГ) ЃϹЄϹϾЄЏІЏ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏЀϼ ЃϿϼІϴЀϼ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ
ϵЏϿϼ ЂϾЄЇϺϹЁЏ ϶ϹЄІϼϾϴϿАЁЂ ЃЂЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЁЏЀϼ ϾϴЀЁГЀϼ. ϖЅϿϹϸЅІ϶ϼϹ БІЂϷЂ Ёϴϸ ЀЂϷϼϿЂϽ ЂϵЄϴϻЂ϶Џ϶ϴϿϴЅА ЃЂϿЂЅІА, ϸЁЂЀ ϾЂІЂЄЂϽ ЅϿЇϺϼϿϴ ЃϿϼІϴ ЃϹЄϹϾЄЏІϼГ. ϖ БІЂϽ ЃЂϿЂЅІϼ Єϴϻ϶ЂϸϼϿϼ ЂϷЂЁА,
ЃЄϹ϶ЄϴЍϴГ ϹϹ ІϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ ϶ ЄϼІЇϴϿАЁЏϽ ЂЋϴϷ. ϢϷЂЁА Єϴϻ϶ЂϸϼϿϼ ϿϼϵЂ ϶ЂϻϿϹ ЀЂϷϼϿЏ (϶ БІЂЀ
ЅϿЇЋϴϹ ϶ ЂЋϴϷ ϵЄЂЅϴϿϼ ϺϴЄ ϼ ЇϷϿϼ ϾЂЅІЄϴ), ϿϼϵЂ ϶ ЅϴЀЂЀ ЄϼІЇϴϿАЁЂЀ ЂЋϴϷϹ. ϖ ϿВϵЂЀ ЅϿЇЋϴϹ
ЂϷЂЁА ϷЂЄϹϿ ЁϹЃЄЂϸЂϿϺϼІϹϿАЁЂϹ ϶ЄϹЀГ, ϼ ϹϷЂ ϷϴЅϼϿϼ, ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂ, ϻϹЀϿϹϽ. ϛϴІϹЀ ϶ ЂЋϴϷ ЃЂЀϹЍϴϿϼ
ЄϼІЇϴϿАЁЏϹ ЃЄϼЁЂЌϹЁϼГ, ЁϼϺЁϼϹ ЋϹϿВЅІϼ ЂϿϹЁГ ϼ ϾϴϵϴЁϴ, ϼ ЃϹЄϹϾЄЏ϶ϴϿϼ ϹϷЂ ϾϴЀЁГЀϼ (Péquart
et al. 1937: 61–62).
ϡϹЄϹϸϾϼ ЅϿЇЋϴϼ, ϾЂϷϸϴ ЀЂϷϼϿЏ ϵЏϿϼ ЂІЀϹЋϹЁЏ Ёϴ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϽ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІϼ ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЏЀϼ
ЁϴϸЀЂϷϼϿАЁЏЀϼ ϻЁϴϾϴЀϼ. ϖ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϹ ϦϹ϶АϹϾ Ёϴϸ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГЀϼ ϶Ђϻ϶ϹϸϹЁЏ ЅЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼГ ϼϻ
ϵЂϿАЌϼЉ ϾϴЀЁϹϽ, ІЍϴІϹϿАЁЂ ЃЂϸЂϷЁϴЁЁЏЉ ϸЄЇϷ Ͼ ϸЄЇϷЇ (Péquart et al. 1937: 28, 69). ϖ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϹ ϢϹϸϼϾ (ϨЄϴЁЊϼГ) Ёϴϸ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏЀϼ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГЀϼ ϶Ђϻ϶ЏЌϴϿϼЅА ϶ϹЄІϼϾϴϿАЁЂ ЃЂЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЁЏϹ
ϾϴЀЁϼ ϼ ϶ЏЀЂЅІϾϼ (Péquart M., Péquart S.-J. 1954: 37, 47–48, 54, 62–64). ϡϴϸ ЀЂϷϼϿЂϽ ϶ ϕЂЀ ϸϹ
ϠЂЁІϾϿВ ЇЅІϴЁЂ϶ϿϹЁ ϾϴЀϹЁА ЃЂЄЂϸЏ ϻϹϿϹЁЂϷЂ Њ϶ϹІϴ, ЂϸЁϴ ϼϻ ЅІЂЄЂЁ ϾЂІЂЄЂϷЂ ϼЀϹϿϴ ϾЄϴЅЁЂ϶ϴІЏϽ ЂІІϹЁЂϾ. ϣЂ ЂϸЁϼЀ ϸϴЁЁЏЀ, ЂЁ ϵЏϿ ЂϾЄϴЌϹЁ ϶ ϾЄϴЅЁЏϽ Њ϶ϹІ, ЃЂ ϾЄϴϽЁϹϽ ЀϹЄϹ Ѕ ϿϼЊϹ϶ЂϽ
ЅІЂЄЂЁЏ (Escalon de Fonton 1966: 174), ЃЂ ϸЄЇϷЂϽ ϼЁЈЂЄЀϴЊϼϼ, ϾϴЀϹЁА ЃЄϼЂϵЄϹϿ ϾЄϴЅЁЂ϶ϴІЏϽ
ЂІІϹЁЂϾ ЃЂϸ ϶ЂϻϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼϹЀ ЂϷЁГ (Newell et al. 1979: 108).
ϖ-ЋϹІ϶ϹЄІЏЉ, ЅϿϹϸЇϹІ ЇЃЂЀГЁЇІА ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϹ ϶ ϿЂϸϾϹ (ϾЂЁϹЊ VI ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.). ϱІϴ ЇЁϼϾϴϿАЁϴГ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϴ ϵЏϿϴ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁϴ ϶Ђ ϶ЄϹЀГ ЃЂϸ϶ЂϸЁЏЉ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼϽ ЅІЂГЁϾϼ ϠЂϿϿϹϷϴϵϹІ (ϘϴЁϼГ).
ϘЂϿϵϿϹЁЁЏϽ ϼϻ ЅІ϶ЂϿϴ ϸϹЄϹ϶ϴ ЋϹϿЁ Ѕ ЂЅІϴЁϾϴЀϼ ЀЂϿЂϸЂϷЂ ЀЇϺЋϼЁЏ 25 Ͽ. ЁϴЌϿϼ Ёϴ ϷϿЇϵϼЁϹ 5 Ѐ
϶ЁϹ ϺϼϿЂϽ ϻЂЁЏ ЅІЂГЁϾϼ (Brinch Petersen 1991: 81; Kannegaard Nielsen, Brinch Petersen 1993: 77;
Skaarup, Grøn 1991: 128).
ϡϴЄГϸЇ Ѕ ЃЂГ϶ϿϹЁϼϹЀ ЁЂ϶ЌϹЅІ϶ ϶ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏЉ ЄϼІЇϴϿϴЉ ЅЂЉЄϴЁГϿϼЅА ЅІϴЄЏϹ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼϼ,
϶ЂЅЉЂϸГЍϼϹ ϹЍϹ Ͼ БЃЂЉϹ ЀЇЅІАϹ. ϤϹЋА ϼϸϹІ ϾϴϾ Ђ ЁϴЀϹЄϹЁЁЂЀ ЄϴЅЋϿϹЁϹЁϼϼ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ІЄЇЃЂ϶,
ІϴϾ ϼ Ђϵ ϼϻ϶ϿϹЋϹЁϼϼ ЂІϸϹϿАЁЏЉ ЋϴЅІϹϽ ЅϾϹϿϹІϴ ϼϻ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГ. ϡϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ, ϶ ϲϺЁЂϽ Ϭ϶ϹЊϼϼ
Ёϴ ЀϹϻЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЅІЂГЁϾϴЉ ЁϴЉЂϸГІ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϾЂЅІϼ ЅЂ ЅϿϹϸϴЀϼ ЅЄϹϻϴЁϼГ Ѕ ЁϼЉ ЀГϷϾϼЉ
ІϾϴЁϹϽ (Larsson 1990: 285), ϴ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ БІЂϷЂ ЄϹϷϼЂЁϴ ϶ЃЂЅϿϹϸЅІ϶ϼϼ ϶ЅϾЄЏ϶ϴϿϼ ϼ
϶ЏЁϼЀϴϿϼ ϼϻ ЀЂϷϼϿ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ϾЂЅІϼ (Larsson 2000: 87). ϖЃЄЂЋϹЀ, ЃЂϸϴ϶ϿГВЍϹϹ ϵЂϿАЌϼЁЅІ϶Ђ
ЂЅІϴЁϾЂ϶ ϿВϸϹϽ БЃЂЉϼ ЀϹϻЂϿϼІϴ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЂ ЃЂϿЁЏЀϼ ЅϾϹϿϹІϴЀϼ, ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЁЏЀϼ ϶ ЂϵЏЋЁЏЉ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГЉ.
ϞЄЂЀϹ БІЂϷЂ ϼЀϹВІЅГ ϸЂϾϴϻϴІϹϿАЅІ϶ϴ ІЂϷЂ, ЋІЂ ϶ БЃЂЉЇ ЀϹϻЂϿϼІϴ ϵЏϿϼ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁЏ
ЂϵЄГϸЂ϶ЏϹ ϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼГ Ѕ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹЋϹЅϾϼЀϼ ϷЂϿЂ϶ϴЀϼ, ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ ϶ ЃϹЍϹЄϴЉ ϼ
ЅϾϴϿАЁЏЉ Ёϴ϶ϹЅϴЉ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ϨЄϴЁЊϼϼ (ϠϴЁЁϿϹЈϹϿАϻϹЁ I) ϼ ϲϺЁЂϽ ϗϹЄЀϴЁϼϼ (ϞϴЇЈϹЄІЅϵϹЄϷ,
ϢЈЁϹІ, ϩЂϿϹЌІϴϽЁ) (ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1987: 16; 1990ϴ; 2002; Birkner 1915: 119, 125–126; Hofmann 2005;
Kaulich 1983: 93–94; Naber 1974; Newell et al. 1979: 125–126, 155–157, 174–175; Orschiedt 1999:
28
131–151; 2001; Röhrer-Ertl 2005; Schmidt 1912: 36–41; Schröter 1983; Schwabedissen 1983; Völzing
1935/1938: 4–5).
ϥϿϹϸЇϹІ ІϴϾϺϹ ЃЂϸЋϹЄϾЁЇІА, ЋІЂ ϶ БЃЂЉЇ ЀϹϻЂϿϼІϴ ЂЉЂІЁϼϾϼ, ЅЂϵϼЄϴІϹϿϼ ϼ ЄЏϵЂϿЂ϶Џ
ϛϴЃϴϸЁЂϽ, ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϽ ϼ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ϙ϶ЄЂЃЏ ЃЂ-ЃЄϹϺЁϹЀЇ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴϿϼ ϾЄϴЅЁЇВ ϾЄϴЅϾЇ ϶ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏЉ ЂϵЄГϸϴЉ (ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1983ϴ; ϢЌϼϵϾϼЁϴ 2006: 80–100; 2007; Albrethsen, Brinch Petersen
1976; Larsson 1990: 284; 2000: 88; Newell et al. 1979; Péquart et al. 1937: 61, 69).
ϣЂЉЂЄЂЁЁЏϹ ЄϼІЇϴϿЏ ЄϴЁЁϹЀϹϻЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϙ϶ЄЂЃЏ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϼ϶ϴВІ ϵЂϿАЌЂϹ ЅЉЂϸЅІ϶Ђ Ѕ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂϽ ЃЄϴϾІϼϾЂϽ ЄϴЁЁϹЁϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЊϹ϶ ϲϷЂ-ϛϴЃϴϸЁЂϽ
ϔϻϼϼ (VIII–VII ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.), ЉЂІГ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϼϹ ϼ ЁϹ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴϿϼ ЂϷЂЁА ϶ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏЉ ЂϵЄГϸϴЉ. ϖЃЄЂЋϹЀ, ЁЇϺЁЂ ϼЀϹІА ϶ ϶ϼϸЇ, ЋІЂ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϼЉ ϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЊϹ϶, ЄϴЅЃЂϿϴϷϴ϶ЌϼϹЅГ Ёϴ
ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГЉ, ЀЂϷϿϼ ϵЏІА ЃЂ϶ЄϹϺϸϹЁЏ ЃЄϼ ЄϹϾЂЁЅІЄЇϾЊϼϼ ЄϴϻЄЇЌϴ϶ЌϼЉЅГ ЅЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼϽ ϼϿϼ ЃЄϼ
϶Ђϻ϶ϹϸϹЁϼϼ ЁЂ϶ЏЉ ϺϼϿϼЍ. ϡϹ ϼЅϾϿВЋϹЁЂ, ЋІЂ ЅІЄЂϼІϹϿАЁЏϹ ЄϴϵЂІЏ ІϴϾЂϷЂ ЄЂϸϴ ЃЄϼ϶ЂϸϼϿϼ Ͼ
ЇЁϼЋІЂϺϹЁϼВ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿАЁЏЉ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ Ђ ЄϼІЇϴϿϴЉ, ЅЂ϶ϹЄЌϴ϶ЌϼЉЅГ Ёϴϸ ЀЂϷϼϿϴЀϼ ЇЀϹЄЌϼЉ.
ϖ ІϹЉ ϺϹ ЅϿЇЋϴГЉ, ϾЂϷϸϴ ϾϿϴϸϵϼЍϴ ЄϴЅЃЂϿϴϷϴϿϼЅА ϻϴ ЃЄϹϸϹϿϴЀϼ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϽ, ϸϴЁЁЏϹ Ђ ІϴϾϼЉ
ЄϼІЇϴϿϴЉ ЇϸϴϿЂЅА ϻϴЈϼϾЅϼЄЂ϶ϴІА. ϡϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ, ЃЄϼ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼϼ ЉϴЅЅЇЁЅϾЂϷЂ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϳЄЏЀІϹЃϹ I (ϜЄϴϾ) ϶ ϹϷЂ ϶ϹЄЉЁϼЉ ЅϿЂГЉ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ ϵЂϿϹϹ ЃЂϻϸЁϼϹ ϶ЃЇЅϾЁЏϹ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ ЉϴϿϴЈЅϾЂϽ
ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ (ЃϹЄ϶ϴГ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁϴ V ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.). ϣЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂϹ ЅЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼϹ ЂϸЁЂϷЂ ϼϻ ЁϼЉ ϶ϾϿВЋϴϿЂ
ЅЂϵЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂ ЀЂϷϼϿЇ ϼ ϶ЉЂϸЁЂϽ ϾЂЄϼϸЂЄ, ϶ ϾЂЁЊϹ ϾЂІЂЄЂϷЂ Ёϴ ЇϾЄϹЃϿϹЁЁЂϽ ϾϴЀЁГЀϼ ЃϿЂЍϴϸϾϹ, ЄϴЅЃЂϿϴϷϴ϶ЌϹϽЅГ Ї ЅІЇЃϹЁАϾϼ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁЂϽ ГЀЏ, ЃЂϿЂϺϼϿϼ ЋϹЄϹЃ ϵЏϾϴ (ϔЁІЂЁЂ϶ϴ 1990: 79; 2002: 288–
289; ϠϹЄЃϹЄІ, ϠЇЁЋϴϹ϶ 1982: 46–47; ϠЇЁЋϴϹ϶ ϼ ϸЄ. 1971: 452–453; Merpert, Munchajev 1971: 17).
ϣЄϼ ЄϴЅϾЂЃϾϴЉ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂ ЇϵϹϽϸЅϾЂϷЂ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴ ϱЄϹϸЇ (ϜЄϴϾ, ϶ІЂЄϴГ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁϴ V ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.)
ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼ ЇЅІϴЁЂ϶ϼϿϼ, ЋІЂ ЇЀϹЄЌϼϹ ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁϹЁЏ ϶ ЃЄГЀЂЇϷЂϿАЁЏЉ ГЀϴЉ, ЂϵϿϼЊЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЉ ϼ ЃϹЄϹϾЄЏІЏЉ ЅЏЄЊЂ϶ЏЀϼ ϾϼЄЃϼЋϴЀϼ. ϖ ϻϴЃЂϿЁϹЁϼϼ БІϼЉ Ѕ϶ЂϹЂϵЄϴϻЁЏЉ ϷϿϼЁГЁЏЉ ГЍϼϾЂ϶ ϼ Ёϴ ϼЉ ЃϹЄϹϾЄЏІϼГЉ ϵЏϿϼ ϶ЏГ϶ϿϹЁЏ ϾЂЅІϼ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЏЉ, Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ЇВЍϼϹ Ђ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ ЃЂЅϿϹ ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁ ϵЏϿϴ
ЅЂ϶ϹЄЌϹЁϴ ІЄϼϻЁϴ ЃЂ ЇЅЂЃЌϹЀЇ. ϣЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ, ϶ϼϸϼЀЂ, ϼЀϹϿϼ ЁϴϸЀЂϷϼϿАЁЏϹ ϻЁϴϾϼ, ІϴϾ ϾϴϾ Ёϼ
ЂϸЁЂ ϼϻ ЁϼЉ ЁϹ ЁϴЄЇЌϼϿЂ ϸЄЇϷЂϹ, ЉЂІГ ЂЁϼ ЄϴЅЃЂϿϴϷϴϿϼЅА ЂЋϹЁА ϵϿϼϻϾЂ ϸЄЇϷ ЂІ ϸЄЇϷϴ (ϔЁІЂЁЂ϶ϴ
1990: 84; Lloyd, Safar 1948: 117–118; Safar et al. 1981: 117, 125).
ϞϴϾ ЃЄϴ϶ϼϿЂ, ϶ ЀЂϷϼϿϴЉ ЄϴЁЁϹϷЂ ЁϹЂϿϼІϴ ЁϹ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁ ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄА ϼ ϶ ЁϼЉ ЁϼϾЂϷϸϴ ЁϹІ
ϻϴЇЃЂϾЂϽЁЂϽ ЃϼЍϼ (ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1986϶: 52; 1988: 60–61), ϻϴІЂ ϼЉ ϸЁЂ ϼϿϼ ЅІϹЁЏ ЋϴЅІЂ ЂϵϿЂϺϹЁЏ
ϾϴЀЁГЀϼ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЃЂЄЂϽ ϶ЅІЄϹЋϴВІЅГ ϼ ϶ ϻϴЅЏЃϾϹ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ. ϖ ЂϸЁЂЀ ЅϿЇЋϴϹ (ϠВЄϴϽϵϹІ III,
ϥϼЄϼГ) ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϹ ϵЏϿЂ ЂІЀϹЋϹЁЂ Ёϴ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІϼ ЃЂϿϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЀ ϾϴЀЁϹЀ ϸϿϼЁЂϽ ЂϾЂϿЂ 20 ЅЀ
(Cauvin 1974: 49).
ϥЇϸГ ЃЂ ЄϴЅϾЂЃϾϴЀ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϽ ЄϴЁЁϹϷЂ ЁϹЂϿϼІϴ, ϶ ϥϼЄЂ-ϣϴϿϹЅІϼЁϹ ЅЂЉЄϴЁГϹІЅГ
ЂϵЏЋϴϽ ЃϹЄϹϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГ ЂЅІϴЁϾЂ϶ ϿВϸϹϽ (Kurth, Röhler-Ertl 1981: 433–435), ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ ϶ЂϻЁϼϾ ϹЍϹ
Ёϴ ЃЂϻϸЁϹЀ БІϴЃϹ ЁϴІЇЈϼϽЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ.
ϣЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁϴГ ЃЄϴϾІϼϾϴ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϼЉ ϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЊϹ϶ ЃЄϹІϹЄЃϹ϶ϴϹІ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏϹ ϼϻЀϹЁϹЁϼГ
ϿϼЌА ϶ ЃЂϻϸЁϹЀ ЁϹЂϿϼІϹ (VI ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.), ϾЂϷϸϴ ЃЂГ϶ϿГВІЅГ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГ, ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄА ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ
϶ϾϿВЋϴϿ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏϹ, ϸϹЄϹ϶ГЁЁЏϹ ϼ ϷϿϼЁГЁЏϹ ЅЂЅЇϸЏ, ЃЄϹϸЁϴϻЁϴЋϹЁЁЏϹ ϸϿГ ϻϴЇЃЂϾЂϽЁЂϽ ЃϼЍϼ
(ϫϴІϴϿ-ϩϹВϾ, ϦЇЄЊϼГ; ϦϹϿϿА БЅ-ϥϹ϶϶ϴЁ ϼ ϥϴЀϴЄЄϴ, ϜЄϴϾ). ϞЄЂЀϹ ЄϴϻЁЂЂϵЄϴϻЁЂϽ ЃЂЅЇϸЏ ϶ ЀЂϷϼϿϴЉ БІЂϷЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЁϴЉЂϸГІ ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁϼГ (ϵЇЅЏ ϼϻ ϾϴЀЁГ ϼ ЄϴϾЂ϶ϼЁ, ϾЂϿАЊϴ ϼϻ ЀϹϸϼ ϼ Ѕ϶ϼЁЊϴ),
ЂϵЅϼϸϼϴЁЂ϶ЏϹ ϻϹЄϾϴϿϴ, ЂЄЇϸϼГ ІЄЇϸϴ (ϾЂЅІГЁЏϹ ϼϷϿЏ, ЂЄЇϸϼГ ϸϿГ ЃϿϹІϹЁϼГ ϾЂЄϻϼЁ, ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏϹ
ІЂЃЂЄЏ, ϾЄϹЀЁϹ϶ЏϹ ϶ϾϿϴϸЏЌϼ ЅϹЄЃЂ϶ ϼ ЅϾЄϹϵϾϼ), ЂЉЂІЁϼЋАϹ ЂЄЇϺϼϹ (ϷϿϼЁГЁЏϹ ϼ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏϹ ГϸЄϴ
ЃЄϴЍϼ, ϾЄϹЀЁϹ϶ЏϹ ϾϼЁϺϴϿЏ, ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾϼ ϾЂЃϼϽ ϼ ЅІЄϹϿ), ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏϹ Ёϴ϶ϹЄЌϼГ ϵЇϿϴ϶, ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏϹ
ϺϹЁЅϾϼϹ ЅІϴІЇБІϾϼ, ϴ ϼЁЂϷϸϴ ϷϿϼЁГЁЏϹ ϴЀЇϿϹІЏ-ЃϹЋϴІϾϼ Ѕ ϷϹЂЀϹІЄϼЋϹЅϾϼЀ ЇϻЂЄЂЀ (ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ
1982: 24; 1986϶: 17–20, 25–26, 53–54, 57–62; 1988: 61; 1991: 16; ϔЁІЂЁЂ϶ϴ 1990: 61–62, 65, 73–77).
ϣЂϻϸЁϹϹ, ϶ ЄϴЁЁϹЀ БЁϹЂϿϼІϹ (V ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.) ϾЂϿϼЋϹЅІ϶Ђ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϽ Ѕ ЄϴϻЁЂЂϵЄϴϻЁЏЀϼ ЁϴϵЂЄϴЀϼ ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄГ, ϶ϾϿВЋϴВЍϼЀϼ ϷϿϼЁГЁЇВ ϼ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЇВ ЃЂЅЇϸЇ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ЂЄЇϸϼГ ІЄЇϸϴ,
ϻЁϴЋϼІϹϿАЁЂ Ї϶ϹϿϼЋϼ϶ϴϹІЅГ, ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ЃЂГ϶ϿГВІЅГ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ Ѕ ЂЄЇϺϼϹЀ (ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1983ϵ; 1986ϴ:
25–27; 1986϶: 54–64, 75–78; 1988: 62–63; Berghe 1973; 1976).
ϖЂ ϶ЄϹЀГ ЄϴЅϾЂЃЂϾ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴ ϱЄϹϸЇ Ёϴϸ ЃϹЄϹϾЄЏІϼϹЀ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ 51 ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁϴ ϷϿϼЁГЁϴГ ЀЂϸϹϿА ϿЂϸϾϼ (Safar et al. 1981: 230). ϩЂІГ ЂЁϴ ϼ ЁϹ ϵЏϿϴ ЁϴϽϸϹЁϴ ϶ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϼ, ϹϹ Ѕ϶ГϻА Ѕ
ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾЂЀ ЂЋϹ϶ϼϸЁϴ. ϡϹ ϼЅϾϿВЋϹЁЂ, ЋІЂ БІЂІ ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸϼϿ ϼϻ ЃЂϿЁЂЅІАВ ЄϴϻЄЇЌϹЁЁЂϷЂ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ ϼϿϼ ϹϷЂ ЁϴЀϹЄϹЁЁЂ ЂЅІϴ϶ϼϿϼ ϶ЂϻϿϹ ЂϸЁЂϽ ϼϻ ЀЂϷϼϿ.
29
:
,
,
ϖ ЁϹЂϿϼІϹ (VIII–VI ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.) ϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЊЏ ϲϷЂ-ϛϴЃϴϸЁЂϽ ϔϻϼϼ, ІϴϾ ϺϹ ϾϴϾ ЀϹϻЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЂЉЂІЁϼϾϼ ϙ϶ЄЂЃЏ, ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴϿϼ ϾЄϴЅЁЇВ ЂЉЄЇ ϶ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏЉ ЂϵЄГϸϴЉ. ϢϸЁϴϾЂ БІЂІ
ЂϵЏЋϴϽ ϵЏϿ ЌϼЄЂϾЂ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁ ІЂϿАϾЂ Ї ЂЅϹϸϿЂϷЂ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϜЄϴЁϴ, ϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϽ ϔϻϼϼ ϼ
ϣϴϾϼЅІϴЁϴ, ІЂϷϸϴ ϾϴϾ ϶ ϥϼЄЂ-ϣϴϿϹЅІϼЁϹ, ϠϴϿЂϽ ϔϻϼϼ ϼ ϠϹЅЂЃЂІϴЀϼϼ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГ Ѕ ϾЄϴЅЁЂϽ
ϾЄϴЅϾЂϽ ЂЋϹЁА ЄϹϸϾϼ. ϖ БЃЂЉЇ ЄϴЁЁϹϷЂ БЁϹЂϿϼІϴ (V ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.) БІϴ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼГ ЃЂϿЁЂЅІАВ ϼЅЋϹϻϴϹІ
϶Ђ ϶ЅϹϽ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾЂϽ ЂϽϾЇЀϹЁϹ (ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1986ϵ: 96–97; 1990ϵ: 5–7).
ϘЄϹ϶ЁϼϹ ϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЊЏ ϲϷЂ-ϛϴЃϴϸЁЂϽ ϔϻϼϼ, ϾϴϾ ϼ ϼЉ ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁϼϾϼ, ЀϹϻЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЂЉЂІЁϼϾϼ ϙ϶ЄЂЃЏ, ϼЀϹϿϼ Єϴϻ϶ϼІЇВ ЅϼЅІϹЀЇ ЄϼІЇϴϿЂ϶, ϶ ϾЂІЂЄЂϽ ϶ϴϺЁЇВ ЄЂϿА ϼϷЄϴϿ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹЋϹЅϾϼϽ
ЋϹЄϹЃ. ϙϷЂ ϼϻ϶ϿϹϾϴϿϼ ϼϻ ЀЂϷϼϿЏ ЅЃЇЅІГ ЀЁЂϷЂ ϿϹІ ЃЂЅϿϹ ЅЀϹЄІϼ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹϾϴ, ϴ ϻϴІϹЀ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴϿϼ
϶ ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЏЉ ЂϵЄГϸϴЉ (ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1987: 16; 1990ϴ: 38; 1990϶: 41–42; 1994ϵ; ϔЁІЂЁЂ϶ϴ 1990: 43–48,
62–63, 81–82).
ϥϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿАЁЂ, ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿЏ ЇϾϴϻЏ϶ϴВІ Ёϴ ІЂ, ЋІЂ ϶ ІϹЋϹЁϼϹ VI ϼ V ІЏЅГЋϹϿϹІϼϽ ϸЂ Ё. Б. ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏϹ ЂϵЄГϸЏ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϷЂ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϙ϶Єϴϻϼϼ ϶ЁЂ϶А ЃЄϹІϹЄЃϹϿϼ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЇВ ІЄϴЁЅЈЂЄЀϴЊϼВ. ϧЀϹЄЌϼЉ ЅІϴϿϼ ЂϵϹЅЃϹЋϼ϶ϴІА ϻϴЇЃЂϾЂϽЁЂϽ ЃϼЍϹϽ ϼ ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЏЀϼ
ЁϴϵЂЄϴЀϼ ϶ϹЍϹϽ, ϶ ІЂЀ ЋϼЅϿϹ ЂЄЇϸϼГЀϼ ІЄЇϸϴ ϼ ЂЄЇϺϼϹЀ. ϱІϼ ЁЂ϶ϴЊϼϼ Г϶ϼϿϼЅА ϹЅІϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЀ
ЅϿϹϸЅІ϶ϼϹЀ ЃϹЄϹЀϹЁ ϶Ђ ϶ϻϷϿГϸϴЉ ϿВϸϹϽ Ёϴ ϼЉ ЃЂЅЀϹЄІЁЇВ ЅЇϸАϵЇ.
ϖϹЄϴ ϶ ϻϴϷЄЂϵЁЏϽ ЀϼЄ, ϶ЂϻЁϼϾЌϴГ ϹЍϹ ϶ БЃЂЉЇ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹϷЂ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϴ, ϵЏϿϴ, ϶ϼϸϼЀЂ, ϸЂЃЂϿЁϹЁϴ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϼϹЀ Ђ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ ЃЇІА ϶ ЅІЄϴЁЇ ЀϹЄІ϶ЏЉ ϵЏϿ ЁϹϵϿϼϻϾϼЀ ϼ, ЋІЂϵЏ ϸЂϵЄϴІАЅГ
ІЇϸϴ, ЃЂϾЂϽЁЏϽ ЁЇϺϸϴϿЅГ ϶ ЅЎϹЅІЁЏЉ ЃЄϼЃϴЅϴЉ ϼ ЁϹЂϵЉЂϸϼЀЂЀ ЅЁϴЄГϺϹЁϼϼ. ϖ ЂІϸϹϿАЁЏЉ ЅϿЇЋϴГЉ ЇЀϹЄЌϼЀ ϸϴϺϹ ЃЄϹϸЂЅІϴ϶ϿГϿϼ ϸϿГ ЃЇІϹЌϹЅІ϶ϼГ ϶ ϼЁЂϽ ЀϼЄ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϽЌϹϹ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЂϹ ϿВϸГЀ
ІЄϴЁЅЃЂЄІЁЂϹ ЅЄϹϸЅІ϶Ђ — ЋϹϿЁ. ϕЂϿϹϹ ЌϼЄЂϾЂϹ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴЁϼϹ ϶ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏЉ ЂϵЄГϸϴЉ ІЄϴЁЅЃЂЄІЁЏЉ ЅЄϹϸЅІ϶ ЈϼϾЅϼЄЇϹІЅГ ϶ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴЉ ϙ϶Єϴϻϼϼ ІЂϿАϾЂ Ѕ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϽ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁЏ
III ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1986϶: 137–149; ϜϻϵϼЊϹЄ 1993).
ϜІϴϾ, ϿϼЌА Ͼ ϾЂЁЊЇ V ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏϽ ЂϵЄГϸ ЅІϴЁЂ϶ϼІЅГ ІϹЀ ЄϼІЇϴϿЂЀ ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸϴ ЇЀϹЄЌϹϷЂ ϶ ЃЂІЇЅІЂЄЂЁЁϼϽ ЀϼЄ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ ІϴϾ ЉЂЄЂЌЂ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІϹЁ ЃЂ БІЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЀ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾϴЀ. ϱІϴ ЅϼЅІϹЀϴ ϶ϻϷϿГϸЂ϶ Ёϴ ЃЂЅЀϹЄІЁЇВ ЅЇϸАϵЇ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹϾϴ, ЅІϴЁЂ϶ϿϹЁϼϹ ϾЂІЂЄЂϽ ϻϴЁГϿЂ ЃЄϼЀϹЄЁЂ 20 000 Ͽ., ϶ ϻϴϾЂЁЋϹЁЁЂЀ ϶ϼϸϹ ЂЈЂЄЀϼϿϴЅА ЃЄϴϾІϼЋϹЅϾϼ ЂϸЁЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂ ϼ Ї ϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЊϹ϶,
ϼ Ї ЂЉЂІЁϼϾЂ϶-ЅЂϵϼЄϴІϹϿϹϽ.
ϔЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾϼ ЃЂϸІ϶ϹЄϺϸϴВІ, ЋІЂ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏϹ ЅЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼГ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϶ϹϾϴ
ЁϹ ϼЀϹВІ ЅЉЂϸЅІ϶ϴ Ѕ ϺϼϿЏЀϼ ЃЂЅІЄЂϽϾϴЀϼ. ϣϹЄ϶ЏϹ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ϴ Ђ ϶ϿϼГЁϼϼ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼϽ ϸЂЀЂЅІЄЂϼІϹϿАЅІ϶ϴ Ёϴ ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁЁЏϽ ЄϼІЇϴϿ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ ϿϼЌА ϶ ϷЉϴЅЅЇϿАЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϹ БЃЂЉϼ БЁϹЂϿϼІϴ
(ϜϻЄϴϼϿА, IV ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.). ϘϿГ ЁϹϹ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЏ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϾЂЅІϹϽ, ЂЋϼЍϹЁЁЏЉ ЂІ
ЀГϷϾϼЉ ІϾϴЁϹϽ, ϶ ІϹЄЄϴϾЂІЂ϶ЏЉ ЇЄЁϴЉ (ЂЅЅЇϴЄϼГЉ), ЋϴЅІА ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ Г϶ϿГϹІЅГ ЀЂϸϹϿГЀϼ ЃЂЅІЄЂϹϾ, ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ, ϼЀϼІϼЄЇВЍϼЉ ϺϼϿЏϹ ϸЂЀϴ (ϔЁІЂЁЂ϶ϴ 1990: 54–57; ϠϴЅЅЂЁ 1989: 102; Mazar 1992: 84–85).
ϡϹϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿϼ ЃЂϿϴϷϴВІ, ЋІЂ ЀϹϷϴϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϼ ϸϹЄϹ϶ГЁЁЏϹ ϷЄЂϵЁϼЊЏ ЁϹЂϿϼІϴ
ϼ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЂϷЂ ϶ϹϾϴ ϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϽ ϙ϶ЄЂЃЏ Г϶ϿГϿϼЅА ϸЂЀϴЀϼ ϼϿϼ ЉϼϺϼЁϴЀϼ ЀϹЄІ϶ЏЉ, ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ϶
ϴЄЉϼІϹϾІЇЄϹ БІϼЉ ЇЅЏЃϴϿАЁϼЊ ЀЂϷϿϼ ЅЂЉЄϴЁϼІАЅГ ϴЄЉϴϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼϼ ϸЂЀЂЅІЄЂϼІϹϿАЅІ϶ϴ, ЂІ
ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЇϺϹ ЂІϾϴϻϴϿϼЅА ЂϵϼІϴІϹϿϼ ЃЂЅϹϿϾЂ϶, ЂЅІϴ϶ϼ϶ЌϼϹ ЇЃЂЀГЁЇІЏϹ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏϹ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ (Löhlein 1998: 513; Weber 1993: 8). ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ІϴϾЇВ ϷϼЃЂІϹϻЇ ЁϹϿАϻГ ЃЂϸІ϶ϹЄϸϼІА ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЀϼ ЈϴϾІϴЀϼ, ϶Ђ-ЃϹЄ϶ЏЉ, ЃЂІЂЀЇ ЋІЂ ЁϹϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЂ, ϾϴϾ ЅІЄЂϼІϹϿϼ ЂЈЂЄЀϿГϿϼ ЅЁϴЄЇϺϼ ЅІϹЁЏ
ϸЂЀЂ϶ ІЂϷЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ, ϶Ђ-϶ІЂЄЏЉ, ЃЂ ЃЄϼЋϼЁϹ ІЂϷЂ, ЋІЂ ϸϹЄϹ϶ГЁЁЏϹ ϷЄЂϵЁϼЊЏ, ϾϴϾ ЃЄϴ϶ϼϿЂ, ϼЀϹВІ
ЂЋϹЁА ЃϿЂЉЇВ ЅЂЉЄϴЁЁЂЅІА.
ϣЂϻϸЁϹϹ, ϶ БЃЂЉЇ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ϶ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГЉ ЃЂГ϶ϿГВІЅГ ЅЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼГ, ЅЉЂϸЁЏϹ ЃЂ ЈЂЄЀϹ Ѕ ЁϹϵЂϿАЌϼЀϼ ϺϼϿЏЀϼ ЃЂЀϹЍϹЁϼГЀϼ (ЇЅЏЃϴϿАЁϼЊЏ ϶ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЊϴЄЅϾϼЉ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГЉ ϧЄϴ, ЅϹЄϹϸϼЁϴ III ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. — ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1986϶: 137; Woolley 1934: 62–64, 73, 83), ЌϴІЄϴЀϼ (ϾϴЀϹЄϴ ϼϻ
ϸЇϵЂ϶ЏЉ ϸЂЅЂϾ ϼ ϵЄЇЅАϹ϶ Ѕ ϸ϶ЇЅϾϴІЁЂϽ ϾЄЏЌϹϽ, ϟϹϽϵϼЁϷϹЁЅϾϼϽ ϾЇЄϷϴЁ, ϗϹЄЀϴЁϼГ, ЄЇϵϹϺ III ϼ
II ІЏЅГЋϹϿϹІϼϽ ϸЂ Ё. Б. — Filip 1969: 703; Otto 1954: 107; Piggott 1965: 127, fig. 67, 129) ϼϿϼ ϸЂЀϴЀϼ
(ϗϹЄЀϴЁϼГ, ϘϴЁϼГ, ϡЂЄ϶ϹϷϼГ ϼ Ϭ϶ϹЊϼГ, II ІЏЅГЋϹϿϹІϼϹ ϸЂ Ё. Б. — Svanberg 2005: 82–93).
ϢϵЏЋϴϽ, ϶ ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ϼϼ Ѕ ϾЂІЂЄЏЀ ЇЀϹЄЌϹϷЂ ЉЂЄЂЁϼϿϼ ϶ ЃЄЂЅІЂЄЁЂϽ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂϽ ϾϴЀϹЄϹ, ЅЂЃЂЅІϴ϶ϼЀЂϽ ЃЂ ЄϴϻЀϹЄϴЀ Ѕ ϺϼϿЏЀ ЃЂЀϹЍϹЁϼϹЀ, ЃЂϿЇЋϼϿ ЌϼЄЂϾЂϹ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁϼϹ
϶ ϺϹϿϹϻЁЂЀ ϶ϹϾϹ. ϡϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ, ϶ ϣЄϼϴЄϴϿАϹ ϵЏϿϼ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁЏ Ѐϴ϶ϻЂϿϹϼ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϷЂ ϦϴϷϼЅϾϹЁϴ
(ϞϴϻϴЉЅІϴЁ), ЂІЁЂЅГЍϼϹЅГ Ͼ X–VIII ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϱІϼ ЁϴϻϹЀЁЏϹ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏϹ ЅЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼГ, ϶Ђϻ϶ϹϸϹЁЁЏϹ ϼϻ ЅЏЄЊЂ϶ЂϷЂ ϾϼЄЃϼЋϴ, ЂЋϹ϶ϼϸЁЂ, ϾЂЃϼЄЂ϶ϴϿϼ ЈЂЄЀЇ ϺϼϿϼЍϴ (ϜІϼЁϴ 1992: 31–37).
30
ϖ ϥЄϹϸЁϹЀ ϣЂ϶ЂϿϺАϹ ЃЄϼ ЄϴЅϾЂЃϾϴЉ ϥІϴЄЌϹϷЂ ϔЉЀЏϿЂ϶ЅϾЂϷЂ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ ЃЂ
ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЏЀ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГЀ ϸϴІϼЄЇϹІЅГ ЄϴЁϹϹ VII–VI ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б., ϾϴϾ БІЂ ЃϹЄ϶ЂЁϴЋϴϿАЁЂ ϵЏϿЂ
ЃЄϹϸϿЂϺϹЁЂ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿГЀϼ, ϵЏϿϼ ϶ЏГ϶ϿϹЁЏ Ѕ϶ЂϹЂϵЄϴϻЁЏϹ ϸϹЄϹ϶ГЁЁЏϹ ϾЂЁЅІЄЇϾЊϼϼ. ϢϸЁϼ ϼϻ
ЁϼЉ ЅЂЅІЂГϿϼ ϼϻ ЀЁЂϷϼЉ ЂІЅϹϾЂ϶, ϸЄЇϷϼϹ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿГϿϼ ЅЂϵЂϽ ЂІϸϹϿАЁЏϹ, ЃЄϼЅІЄЂϹЁЁЏϹ ϸЄЇϷ Ͼ
ϸЄЇϷЇ ЁϴϻϹЀЁЏϹ ЅЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼГ, ϶ЁЇІЄϼ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ϵЏϿϼ ϶ЏЄЏІЏ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁЏϹ ГЀЏ. ϥ ϾЂЁЅІЄЇϾЊϼГЀϼ ЂϵЂϼЉ ІϼЃЂ϶ Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁЏ 8,7 % ЇЅЂЃЌϼЉ, ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЁЏЉ ЃЄϼ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼϼ ϸϴЁЁЂϷЂ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴ
(ϣϴІЄЇЌϹ϶ 1984: 141, 146, ЄϼЅ 56, 149, 165; 1986: 96–101; ϣϴІЄЇЌϹ϶, ϩϴϿϼϾЂ϶ 1982: 135; ϩϴϿϼϾЂ϶
1977: 42–44). ϔ϶ІЂЄЏ ЄϴЅϾЂЃЂϾ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϼϿϼ, ЋІЂ ЇЃЂЀГЁЇІЏϹ ЅЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼГ ЅϿЇϺϼϿϼ «ϸЂЀϴЀϼ
ЀϹЄІ϶ЏЉ». ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ЅЂЉЄϴЁЁЂЅІА БІϼЉ ЃЂЅІЄЂϹϾ ІϴϾЂ϶ϴ, ЋІЂ ϶ЂЃЄЂЅ Ђ ІЂЀ, ϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼІϹϿАЁЂ Ͽϼ ЂЁϼ
ϼЀϼІϼЄЂ϶ϴϿϼ ϺϼϿЏϹ ЃЂЅІЄЂϽϾϼ, ЂЅІϴϹІЅГ ЂІϾЄЏІЏЀ.
ϖ ЅІϹЃГЉ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϷЂ ϣЄϼЋϹЄЁЂЀЂЄАГ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГ ϶ ϸϹЄϹ϶ГЁЁЏЉ ЅЄЇϵϴЉ ЃЂϸ
ϾЇЄϷϴЁϴЀϼ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ϸϴІϼЄЇВІЅГ ϾϴϾ ЃЄϹϸЅϾϼЈЅϾϼЀ (IX–VIII ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.), ІϴϾ ϼ ЅϾϼЈЅϾϼЀ (VII–
III ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.) ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϹЀ (ЅЀ. ϠϹϿВϾЂ϶ϴ 1989ϴ: 11; 1989ϵ: 55). ϖ ϣЄϼϾЇϵϴЁАϹ ϼ ϶ ϿϹЅЂЅІϹЃЁЂϽ ϻЂЁϹ
ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ϙ϶ЄЂЃЏ ϶ ϾЇЄϷϴЁϴЉ (VII–III ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.) ϵЏϿϼ ЂІϾЄЏІЏ ϸϹЄϹ϶ГЁЁЏϹ ϷЄЂϵЁϼЊЏ, ϼЀϼІϼЄЇВЍϼϹ ϺϼϿЏϹ ЃЂЅІЄЂϽϾϼ (ϣϹІЄϹЁϾЂ 1989ϴ: 68, 79) Ѕ ϸ϶ЇЅϾϴІЁЏЀϼ ϼϿϼ ЌϴІЄЂ϶ЏЀϼ ЃϹЄϹϾЄЏІϼГЀϼ (ϣϹІЄϹЁϾЂ 1989ϴ: 69; 1989ϵ: 221), ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ϸϹЄϹ϶ГЁЁЏϹ ЅϾϿϹЃЏ (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ: 72, 75–76, 78–79; ІϴЀ
ϺϹ: 221). ϬϴІЄЂ϶ЏϹ ЃϹЄϹϾЄЏІϼГ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏЉ ЅЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼϽ ϶ЏГ϶ϿϹЁЏ ІϴϾϺϹ Ї Ѕϴ϶ЄЂЀϴІЂ϶ (VII–
IV ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.) ϼ ЄϴЁЁϼЉ ЅϴЄЀϴІЂ϶ (IV–II ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.) ϥϴЀϴЄЂ-ϧЄϴϿАЅϾЂϷЂ ЄϹϷϼЂЁϴ (ϥЀϼЄЁЂ϶ Ϟ.
1989: 165, 171).
ϠЁЂϷЂЋϼЅϿϹЁЁЏϹ ϸϹЄϹ϶ГЁЁЏϹ ЅЄЇϵЏ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ ЃЄϼ ЄϴЅϾЂЃϾϴЉ ϾЂЋϹ϶ЁϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾЂ϶ V–III ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϶ ϞϴϻϴЉЅІϴЁϹ (ϾЇЄϷϴЁ ϜЅЅЏϾ, ϕϹЅЌϴІЏЄЅϾϼϹ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЏ) (ϛϴϸЁϹЃЄЂ϶ЅϾϼϽ
1992ϵ: 77–78), Ёϴ ϔϿІϴϹ (ϣϴϻЏЄЏϾЅϾϼϹ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЏ) (ϗЄГϻЁЂ϶ 1992: 166–169), ϶ ϦЇ϶Ϲ (ЇВϾЅϾϴГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴ) (ϠϴЁϸϹϿАЌІϴЀ 1992: 181–195) ϼ ϶ ϠϼЁЇЅϼЁЅϾЂϽ ϾЂІϿЂ϶ϼЁϹ (ІϴϷϴЄЅϾϴГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴ) (ϣЌϹЁϼЊЏЁϴ
1992: 227; ϫϿϹЁЂ϶ϴ 1992: 211).
ϖ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϹ ϧϽϷϴЄϴϾ (ϞϴϻϴЉЅІϴЁ) ЇЀϹЄЌϼϹ ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁϹЁЏ ϶ЁЇІЄϼ ϿϹϷϾϼЉ ϸϹЄϹ϶ГЁЁЏЉ
ϾϴЄϾϴЅЁЏЉ ЃЂЅІЄЂϹϾ, ЃϹЄϹЃϿϹІϹЁЁЏЉ ЃЄЇІАГЀϼ ϼ ϾϴЀЏЌЂЀ (VII–VI ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.), ϴ ϶ ϲϺЁЂЀ
ϦϴϷϼЅϾϹЁϹ (V ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.) ЁϴϽϸϹЁ ЁϴϻϹЀЁЏϽ ϸϹЄϹ϶ГЁЁЏϽ ЅϾϿϹЃ (ϜІϼЁϴ 1992: 37–39). ϦЄϴϸϼЊϼГ
ЉЂЄЂЁϼІА ЇЀϹЄЌϼЉ ϶ ЁϴϻϹЀЁЏЉ ЅϾϿϹЃϴЉ, ϶ЏЅІЄЂϹЁЁЏЉ ϼϻ ЅЏЄЊЂ϶ЂϷЂ ϾϼЄЃϼЋϴ ϼ ЃϴЉЅЏ, ЅЂЉЄϴЁГϹІЅГ ϶ ϣЄϼϴЄϴϿАϹ ϶ЃϿЂІА ϸЂ II ϶. (ϖϴϽЁϵϹЄϷ, ϟϹ϶ϼЁϴ 1992: 52–54; ϟϹ϶ϼЁϴ 1992: 62, 66), ІЂϷϸϴ ϾϴϾ
϶ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЂ-ϛϴЃϴϸЁЂϽ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼϼ ϵЏϿϼ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁЏ ЁϴϻϹЀЁЏϹ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏϹ ЅϾϿϹЃЏ (ϖϴϽЁϵϹЄϷ,
ϲЅЇЃЂ϶ 1992: 124).
ϖЂ ϶ЄϹЀГ ЄϴЅϾЂЃЂϾ ϴЁІϼЋЁЏЉ ϷЂЄЂϸЂ϶ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϷЂ ϣЄϼЋϹЄЁЂЀЂЄАГ (ϗЂЄϷϼЃЃϼГ, ϠϼЄЀϹϾϼϽ,
ϡϼЀЈϹϽ, ϣϴЁІϼϾϴЃϹϽ, ϨϴЁϴϷЂЄϼГ, ϩϹЄЅЂЁϹЅ), ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЂ϶ ϕЂЅЃЂЄϴ ϵЏϿϼ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁЏ ЀЁЂϷЂЋϼЅϿϹЁЁЏϹ ЃЂϸϻϹЀЁЏϹ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏϹ ϼ ϻϹЀϿГЁЏϹ ЅϾϿϹЃЏ, ϸϴІϼЄЇВЍϼϹЅГ ЂІ V ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϸЂ IV ϶.
(ϔϿϹϾЅϹϹ϶ϴ ϙ. 1984: 83–84; ϕϹϿГϹ϶ 1984: 52; ϘЂϿϷЂЄЇϾЂ϶ 1984ϵ: 81; 1984ϴ: 96–98; ϬЇЄϷϴГ 1984ϴ:
65, 67; ϬЇЄϷϴГ 1984ϵ: 62).
ϛϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГ ϶ ЅЄЇϵϴЉ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ ϶ ϠϼЁϷϹЋϴЇЄϹ (ϔϻϹЄϵϴϽϸϺϴЁ) (ϩϴϿϼϿЂ϶ 1985: 102), ϴ ϶
ϠϼЁЇЅϼЁЅϾЂϽ ϾЂІϿЂ϶ϼЁϹ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁЏ ЅϾϿϹЃЏ ϼϻ ϸϹЄϹ϶ϴ, ЃϹЄϹϾЄЏІЏϹ ЁϴЅЏЃГЀϼ ϼϻ ϻϹЀϿϼ ϼ ϾϴЀЁГ (ІϴЌІЏϾЅϾϴГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴ) (ϖϴϸϹЊϾϴГ 1992: 241). ϠЁЂϷЂЋϼЅϿϹЁЁЏϹ ЁϴϻϹЀЁЏϹ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏϹ ЅϾϿϹЃЏ
(«ЀЇϷЉЂЁϴ») ЄϴЅϾЂЃϴЁЏ ϶ ϦϴϸϺϼϾϼЅІϴЁϹ ϼ ϧϻϵϹϾϼЅІϴЁϹ (ϛϴϸЁϹЃЄЂ϶ЅϾϼϽ 1992ϴ: 92; 1992϶: 106).
ϖЅϹ БІϼ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏϹ ЅЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼГ ЂІЁЂЅГІЅГ Ͼ I–IV ϶϶. ϖ ϩϴϾϴЅЅϼϼ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЏ ЁϴϻϹЀЁЏϹ Ѐϴ϶ϻЂϿϹϼ
(«ЋϴϴІϴЅЏ»), ϸϴІϼЄЇВЍϼϹЅГ VI–IX ϶϶. ϜЉ ЅІϹЁЏ, ϶Ђϻ϶ϹϸϹЁЁЏϹ ϼϻ ЃϿϴЌЀГ ЇϿЂϺϹЁЁЏЉ ЃϿϼІ, ϾЂЃϼЄЇВІ ЁϴϻϹЀЁЏϹ Ͼ϶ϴϸЄϴІЁЏϹ ϼϻϵЏ ϼ ϷЄϴЁϹЁЏϹ ϸϹЄϹ϶ГЁЁЏϹ ВЄІЏ (ϞЏϻϿϴЅЂ϶ ϟ. 1981: 47).
ϣЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ ϶ ϸϹЄϹ϶ГЁЁЏЉ ϾЂЁЅІЄЇϾЊϼГЉ, ІϴϾ ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴϹЀЏЉ «ϸЂЀϴЉ ЀϹЄІ϶ЏЉ», ϼϿϼ ϶ ЃЄЂЅІЏЉ ϸϹЄϹ϶ГЁЁЏЉ ЅЄЇϵϴЉ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ ϶ ЀϹЅІϴЉ ЄϴЅЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϼЉ ЈϼЁЅϾϼЉ ϼ ЇϷЂЄЅϾϼЉ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ ЁϴЋϼЁϴГ Ѕ ϾЂЁЊϴ I ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (ϕϴЌϹЁАϾϼЁ 1997: 16) ϼ ϶ I ІЏЅ. Ё. Б. (ϗЂϿЇϵϹ϶ϴ 1987ϵ: 74;
ϠЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾЂ϶ 1987: 176; ϤЂϻϹЁЈϹϿАϸІ 1987: 119, 125; ϥϹϸЂ϶ 1987: 46).
ϘϹЄϹ϶ГЁЁЏϹ ϾϴЀϹЄЏ-ЅЄЇϵЏ Ѕ ϸ϶ЇЅϾϴІЁЂϽ ϾЄЏЌϹϽ ϼϿϼ ϵϹϻ ЁϹϹ, ϼЀϼІϼЄЇВЍϼϹ, ϶ϼϸϼЀЂ,
ϺϼϿЏϹ ϸЂЀϴ, ϵЏϿϼ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ ϶ ЁϴЅЏЃϴЁЁЏЉ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏЀϼ ЅϿϴ϶ГЁϴЀϼ ϾЇЄϷϴЁϴЉ ϾЂЁЊϴ I — ЁϴЋϴϿϴ
II ІЏЅ. (ϥϹϸЂ϶ 1982: 110, 118, 141, 146, 154, 163, 188).
ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ϶Ђ ϶ЅϹЉ БІϼЉ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏЉ ЅЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼГЉ, ϴЄЉϼІϹϾІЇЄϴ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ, ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ, ϾЂЃϼЄЇϹІ ϺϼϿЏϹ ЃЂЅІЄЂϽϾϼ, ЁϹ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ ІϴϾϼϹ ЂϵГϻϴІϹϿАЁЏϹ ϸϿГ ϼЁІϹЄАϹЄϴ ϺϼϿϼЍϴ ϴІЄϼϵЇІЏ ϾϴϾ
ЂϾЁϴ, ЂЋϴϷϼ ϼϿϼ ЃϹЋϼ.
31
:
,
,
ϖ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГЉ ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ЁϹЂϿϼІϴ, БЁϹЂϿϼІϴ ϼ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЂϷЂ ϶ϹϾϴ ЁϹІ ІϴϾϺϹ ϼ ϾЇЉЂЁЁЂϽ ЃЂЅЇϸЏ ϸϿГ ЃЄϼϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ЃϼЍϼ. ϕЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏϹ ϾЂІϿЏ, ЁϴϽϸϹЁЁЏϹ ϶ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГЉ ЅϾϼЈЅϾЂϽ
ϻЁϴІϼ, ЃЄϹϸЁϴϻЁϴЋϴϿϼЅА ϸϿГ ЉЄϴЁϹЁϼГ ϶ ЁϼЉ ЀГЅϴ ϺϹЄІ϶ϹЁЁЏЉ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЏЉ, ϿЂЌϴϸϹϽ, ϾЂЄЂ϶ ϼ Ђ϶ϹЊ
(ϠϹϿВϾЂ϶ϴ 1989ϵ: 59). ϡϴ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂЀ Ϟϴ϶ϾϴϻϹ ϶ ϾϴІϴϾЂЀϵЁЏЉ ЀЂϷϼϿϴЉ ЅϴЄЀϴІЅϾЂϷЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ (II–
I ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.) ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ ЁϹϵЂϿАЌϼϹ ЅЂЅЇϸЏ, ϶ЁЇІЄϼ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ϵЏϿϼ ЄϴϻЀϹЍϹЁЏ ϾЄЇЃЁЏϹ ϻ϶ϹЁАГ
ЁϴϸЂЋϴϺЁЏЉ ϺϹϿϹϻЁЏЉ ЊϹЃϹϽ (ϔϵЄϴЀЂ϶ϴ 1989: 273). ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ϼ БІϼ ЀϼЁϼϴІВЄЁЏϹ ϷЂЄЌЂЋϾϼ ЁϹ
Г϶ϿГϿϼЅА ЉЂϻГϽЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϽ ЃЂЅЇϸЂϽ.
ϡϴЉЂϸϼ϶ЌϼϹЅГ ϶ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГЉ ЄϴЁЁϹϷЂ ϦЇϿЉϴЄЅϾЂϷЂ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴ БЃЂЉϼ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ
(ϦϴϸϺϼϾϼЅІϴЁ, ϶ІЂЄϴГ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁϴ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.) ЁϹϵЂϿАЌϼϹ ϾЄЇϷϿЏϹ ϼ Ͼ϶ϴϸЄϴІЁЏϹ ЇϷϿЇϵϿϹЁϼГ,
ЅЂϸϹЄϺϴ϶ЌϼϹ ЁϹϻЁϴЋϼІϹϿАЁЂϹ ϾЂϿϼЋϹЅІ϶Ђ ϻЂϿЏ ϼ ЇϷЂϿАϾЂ϶, ЁϹ ϵЏϿϼ ЂЋϴϷϴЀϼ ϸϿГ ЃЄϼϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϼГ
ЃϼЍϼ. ϢЁϼ ЅϿЇϺϼϿϼ ϴϿІϴЄГЀϼ, ϶ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЁϹЃЄЂϸЂϿϺϼІϹϿАЁЂϹ ϶ЄϹЀГ, ϶ ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ϼϼ Ѕ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏЀ ЄϼІЇϴϿЂЀ, ϷЂЄϹϿ Ѕ϶ГЍϹЁЁЏϽ ЂϷЂЁА (ϠϴЁϸϹϿАЌІϴЀ 1968: 125–126).
ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ЀЁЂϷЂЋϼЅϿϹЁЁЏϹ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿЏ ЃЄϼ϶ЂϸГІ Ͼ ϶Џ϶ЂϸЇ, ϶ЂЃЄϹϾϼ
ЀЁϹЁϼВ, ϶ЏЅϾϴϻϴЁЁЂЀЇ Ϝ. ϟ. ϞЏϻϿϴЅЂ϶ЏЀ (ϞЏϻϿϴЅЂ϶ Ϝ. 1993: 102, 107), ЋІЂ ϵЂϿАЌϼЁЅІ϶Ђ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏЉ ЅЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼϽ БЃЂЉϼ БЁϹЂϿϼІϴ, ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ϼ ϺϹϿϹϻЁЂϷЂ ϶ϹϾϴ ЁϹ ϼЀϹϹІ ІϹЉ ЈЇЁϾЊϼЂЁϴϿАЁЏЉ БϿϹЀϹЁІЂ϶, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ϾϴϾ ЁϹЂІЎϹЀϿϹЀϴГ ЋϴЅІА ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿГВІ ϼЁІϹЄАϹЄ ϺϼϿϼЍϴ ϼ ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ϸЂϿϺЁЏ ϵЏϿϼ
ϵЏ ЁϴЉЂϸϼІАЅГ ϶ ЀЂϷϼϿϹ, ϹЅϿϼ ϵЏ ЂЁϴ ϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼІϹϿАЁЂ Г϶ϿГϿϴЅА ϸЂЀЂЀ, ϶ЏЅІЄЂϹЁЁЏЀ ϸϿГ ЃЂϾЂϽЁЂϷЂ.
ϱІЂІ ϶Џ϶Ђϸ ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ЇϹІ ϾϴЄІϼЁϹ, ЅϾϿϴϸЏ϶ϴВЍϹϽЅГ Ёϴ ЂЅЁЂ϶Ϲ ϼϻЇЋϹЁϼГ ІϴϾЂϷЂ ЈЂϿАϾϿЂЄЁЂϷЂ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾϴ, ϾϴϾ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏϹ ЃϿϴЋϼ, ϶ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿАЁЂ ЃЄЂ϶ϹϸϹЁϴ ϼϸϹГ ЃЄЂІϼ϶ЂЃЂЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ϺϼϿϼЍϴ ϼ ЀЂϷϼϿЏ (ϷЄЂϵϴ). ϔЁϴϿϼϻ ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁЁЏЉ ЃЄϼЋϼІϴЁϼϽ ЃЂϾϴϻЏ϶ϴϹІ, ЋІЂ
ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЂϹ ЁϴϻЁϴЋϹЁϼϹ ϸЂЀϴ БІЂ ϻϴЍϼІϴ ϿВϸϹϽ ЂІ ЅЀϹЄІϼ. ϘϿГ ϻϴЍϼІЏ ϻϴЃϼЄϴВІЅГ ϸ϶ϹЄϼ, ЉЂІГ
ЅЀϹЄІА ЀЂϺϹІ ЃЄЂЁϼϾЁЇІА ϶ ϺϼϿϼЍϹ ϼ ЋϹЄϹϻ ЂϾЁЂ. ϞЄЂЀϹ ϸ϶ϹЄϼ ϼ ЂϾЂЁ ϶ϴϺЁϹϽЌϼЀ ЈЇЁϾЊϼЂЁϴϿАЁЏЀ БϿϹЀϹЁІЂЀ ϺϼϿϼЍϴ Г϶ϿГϹІЅГ ЃϹЋА ϼϿϼ ЂЋϴϷ. ϥЀϹЄІА ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹϾϴ ϶ЏϻЏ϶ϴϹІ ЄϴϻЄЇЌϹЁϼϹ
ϼ ϻϴЃЇЅІϹЁϼϹ ϹϷЂ ϸЂЀϴ. ϠЂϷϼϿϴ ϼϿϼ ϷЄЂϵ, ЉЂІГ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϼϽ ϼЁЂϷϸϴ ϼ ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴВІ ЃЂЅЀϹЄІЁЏЀ ϺϼϿϼЍϹЀ, ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿГϹІ ЅЂϵЂϽ ϶ЀϹЅІϼϿϼЍϹ, ϼϻЂϿϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϹ ЂІ ϶ЁϹЌЁϹϷЂ ЀϼЄϴ. ϢЁЂ ϿϼЌϹЁЂ ϶ЅϹЉ
϶ЏЌϹЃϹЄϹЋϼЅϿϹЁЁЏЉ ϸϹІϴϿϹϽ ϼЁІϹЄАϹЄϴ, Ѕ϶ЂϽЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЉ ϸЂЀЇ, ϼ Г϶ϿГϹІЅГ ϹϷЂ ЃЂϿЁЂϽ ЃЄЂІϼ϶ЂЃЂϿЂϺЁЂЅІАВ (ϡϹ϶ЅϾϴГ 1982: 107–108, 110, 112; 1990: 138, 144). ϜЀϹЁЁЂ ЃЂБІЂЀЇ ЃЄϼЋϼІϴЁϼГ ЃЂ
ЇЀϹЄЌϼЀ ЁϹ ЅЂϸϹЄϺϴІ ЁϼϾϴϾϼЉ Ѕ϶ϹϸϹЁϼϽ Ђϵ ϼЉ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЇВЍϹϽ ϺϼϻЁϼ ϶ ЀЂϷϼϿϹ (ϙЄϹЀϼЁϴ 1991: 24).
Ϝϻ϶ϹЅІϹЁ ϿϼЌА ЂϸϼЁ ϴЄϹϴϿ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁϼГ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ, ϶ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ϶ЏГ϶ϿϹЁЏ ϸϹІϴϿϼ,
ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЏϹ ϸϿГ ЂϵЅІϴЁЂ϶Ͼϼ ϺϼϿЂϷЂ ϸЂЀϴ: ЅІϴЊϼЂЁϴЄЁЏϹ ЂЋϴϷϼ Ѕ ϾЇЉЂЁЁЂϽ ЇІ϶ϴЄАВ: ϷЂЄЌϾϼ,
ϾЂІϿЏ Ѕ ЊϹЃАВ, ЅϾЂ϶ЂЄЂϸϾϼ ϼ ЅϾЂ϶ЂЄЂϸЁϼϾϼ. ϤϹЋА ϼϸϹІ Ђ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГЉ ЃЂϸ ϾЇЄϷϴЁϴЀϼ ϶ϵϿϼϻϼ
ϟϴϸЂϺЅϾЂϷЂ ЂϻϹЄϴ. ϱІϼ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ ϵϹϻ ϸϹЄϹ϶ГЁЁЏЉ ЅЄЇϵЂ϶, ЅЂ϶ϹЄЌϹЁЁЏϹ ЃЂ ЂϵЄГϸЇ ІЄЇЃЂЅЂϺϺϹЁϼГ, ЂЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ ϶ϹЅАВ, ϸЄϹ϶ЁϼЀ ЈϼЁЅϾϼЀ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼϹЀ ϣЄϼϿϴϸЂϺАГ, ϼ ϸϴІϼЄЇВІЅГ ϾЂЁЊЂЀ I —
ЁϴЋϴϿЂЀ II ІЏЅ. (ϡϴϻϴЄϹЁϾЂ 1983: 6, 9–10, 13–14; ϗЂϿЇϵϹ϶ϴ 1987ϴ: 57). ϜЀϹЁЁЂ ЂЁϼ ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГВІ ЅϸϹϿϴІА ϶Џ϶Ђϸ Ђ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏЀ ϷЄЇЃЃϴЀ ЈϼЁЁЂ-ГϻЏЋЁЂϷЂ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ЁϹ ϵЏϿϼ ЋЇϺϸЏ ϶ϹЄЂ϶ϴЁϼГ
Ђ ЀЂϷϼϿϹ ϾϴϾ Ђ ϺϼϿϼЍϹ ЃЂϾЂϽЁϼϾϴ. ϢϸЁϴϾЂ БІϼ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ЃЂГ϶ϼϿϼЅА Ї ЁϼЉ ϿϼЌА ϶ БЃЂЉЇ
ЄϴЁЁϹϷЂ ЅЄϹϸЁϹ϶ϹϾЂ϶АГ ϼ, ϶ϼϸϼЀЂ, ЁϹ ЃЂϿЇЋϼϿϼ ЌϼЄЂϾЂϷЂ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁϼГ.
ϜІϴϾ, ϼϻЇЋϹЁϼϹ Б϶ЂϿВЊϼϼ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏЉ ЂϵЄГϸЂ϶ ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГϹІ ϻϴϾϿВЋϼІА, ЋІЂ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϽЌϼϹ
϶ЂϻϻЄϹЁϼГ ϿВϸϹϽ Ёϴ ЃЂЅЀϹЄІЁЇВ ЅЇϸАϵЇ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹϾϴ ЅϿЂϺϼϿϼЅА ЇϺϹ ϶ ЅЄϹϸЁϹЀ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϹ ϼ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄϼϻЂ϶ϴϿϼЅА ϶ϹЄЂϽ ϶ ЄϹϼЁϾϴЄЁϴЊϼВ, І. Ϲ. ϶ ϼϸϹВ ϶ЂϻЄЂϺϸϹЁϼГ ЇЀϹЄЌϹϷЂ ЅЂЄЂϸϼЋϴ ϶ ЂϵϿϼЋАϹ
ЁЂ϶ЂЄЂϺϸϹЁЁЂϷЂ ЀϿϴϸϹЁЊϴ.
ϤϴЅЊ϶ϹІ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЂЉЂІЁϼϾЂ϶, ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ ЃЄЂϼϻЂЌϹϿ ϶ БЃЂЉЇ ϷЄϴ϶ϹІІϴ, ЃЄϼ϶ϹϿ Ͼ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЀ ЃϹЄϹЀϹЁϴЀ ϶Ђ ϶ϻϷϿГϸϴЉ ϿВϸϹϽ Ёϴ ЅЀϹЄІА ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹϾϴ. ϖ ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ϼϼ Ѕ
ЁЂ϶ЏЀϼ ϶ϹЄЂ϶ϴЁϼГЀϼ ЇЅЂЃЌϼϽ ЃЂϾϼϸϴϿ ϵϹϿЏϽ Ѕ϶ϹІ ϼ ЂϾϴϻЏ϶ϴϿЅГ ϶ ЅІЄϴЁϹ ЀϹЄІ϶ЏЉ, ϷϸϹ ϹЀЇ ЃЄϼЉЂϸϼϿЂЅА ЁϴЉЂϸϼІАЅГ ϾϴϾЂϹ-ІЂ ϶ЄϹЀГ, ЃЄϹϺϸϹ ЋϹЀ ЀЂϷϿϴ ЃЄЂϼϻЂϽІϼ ϹϷЂ ЄϹϼЁϾϴЄЁϴЊϼГ. ϱІϴ ϾЂЁЊϹЃЊϼГ, ЈЂЄЀϼЄЂ϶ϴ϶ЌϴГЅГ ϶ ІϹЋϹЁϼϹ ЃЄϼЀϹЄЁЂ 20 000 Ͽ., ЃЂЅІϹЃϹЁЁЂ ϸЂЃЂϿЁГϿϴЅА ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЏЀϼ
ϸϹІϴϿГЀϼ ϼ ЂϾЂЁЋϴІϹϿАЁЂ ЅϿЂϺϼϿϴЅА Ͼ VI–V ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϣЇІϹЌϹЅІ϶ϼϹ ϶ ϻϴϷЄЂϵЁЏϽ ЀϼЄ, ЅІϴ϶ЌϹϹ
Ͼ БІЂЀЇ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ІГϺϹϿЏЀ ϼЅЃЏІϴЁϼϹЀ ϸϿГ ЇЅЂЃЌϹϷЂ, ІЄϹϵЂ϶ϴϿЂ ЁϴϸϿϹϺϴЍϹϷЂ ϾЂЅІВЀϴ, ϻϴЃϴЅЂ϶
ЃЄЂϸЂ϶ЂϿАЅІ϶ϼГ, ЁϹЂϵЉЂϸϼЀЏЉ ϼЁЅІЄЇЀϹЁІЂ϶, ЂЄЇϺϼГ, ϴ ϼЁЂϷϸϴ ϼ ІЄϴЁЅЃЂЄІЁЂϷЂ ЅЄϹϸЅІ϶ϴ, ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ϶ЅГ БІϴ БϾϼЃϼЄЂ϶Ͼϴ ϸЂϿϺЁϴ ϵЏϿϴ ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴІА ЅЂЊϼϴϿАЁЂЀЇ ЅІϴІЇЅЇ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹϾϴ, ІϴϾ ϾϴϾ
ϺϼϻЁА Ёϴ ІЂЀ Ѕ϶ϹІϹ ЀЏЅϿϼϿϴЅА ϾϴϾ ЃЄЂϸЂϿϺϹЁϼϹ ϻϹЀЁЂϷЂ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼГ.
ϡϴϾЂЁϹЊ, ϼϸϹГ, ЅЂϷϿϴЅЁЂ ϾЂІЂЄЂϽ ЀЂϷϼϿϴ Г϶ϿГϹІЅГ ϺϼϿϼЍϹЀ ЇЅЂЃЌϹϷЂ, ЃЂГ϶ϼϿϴЅА Ї ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЁϴЄЂϸЂ϶ ЂЋϹЁА ЃЂϻϸЁЂ, ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂ ϶ ЄϴЁЁϹЀ ЅЄϹϸЁϹ϶ϹϾЂ϶АϹ.
32
ϖЅГϾϼϽ Єϴϻ, ϾЂϷϸϴ ϶ЂϻЁϼϾϴϿϴ ЁЂ϶ϴГ ϾЂЁЊϹЃЊϼГ Ђ ЃЂЅЀϹЄІЁЂϽ ЅЇϸАϵϹ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹϾϴ, ЂЁϴ ЁϹ ЂІϵЄϴЅЏ϶ϴϿϴ ЅІϴЄЇВ, ϴ ϼЁϾЂЄЃЂЄϼЄЂ϶ϴϿϴ ϼ ϸЂЃЂϿЁГϿϴ ϹϹ, ЅЂϻϸϴ϶ϴГ ЀЁЂϷЂЇЄЂ϶ЁϹ϶ЇВ ЅϼЅІϹЀЇ ϶ϹЄЂ϶ϴЁϼϽ, ЁϴЌϹϸЌϼЉ ЂІЄϴϺϹЁϼϹ ϶ ЄϴϻЁЂЂϵЄϴϻЁЏЉ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏЉ ЂϵЄГϸϴЉ.
ϩЂІГ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГ Ђ ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸϹ ЇЀϹЄЌϼЉ ϶ ЅІЄϴЁЇ ЀϹЄІ϶ЏЉ ϵЏϿϼ ЃЂ϶ЅϹЀϹЅІЁЂ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁЏ, ЂЁϼ, ϾϴϾ ЃЂϾϴϻϴϿЂ ϼϻЇЋϹЁϼϹ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏЉ ЂϵЄГϸЂ϶, ϶ЅϹ ϺϹ ЁϹ ϵЏϿϼ ЇЁϼ϶ϹЄЅϴϿАЁЏ. ϣЂБІЂЀЇ
ЅϿϹϸЇϹІ ϸϴІА ϵЂϿϹϹ ЂϵЍϹϹ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁϼϹ ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁЁЂϷЂ ЄϼІЇϴϿϴ ϾϴϾ ЈϹЁЂЀϹЁϴ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼЂЁЁЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ: ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏϽ ЂϵЄГϸ ϹЅІА ЅϼЅІϹЀϴ ЅϼЀ϶ЂϿϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼϽ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ Ϻϼ϶ЏϹ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸГІ Ѕ ІϹϿϴЀϼ ЇЀϹЄЌϼЉ ϶ ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ϼϼ Ѕ ϶ЂϻϻЄϹЁϼГЀϼ ϿВϸϹϽ Ёϴ ЃЂЅЀϹЄІЁЇВ ЅЇϸАϵЇ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹϾϴ. ϱІϴ ЈЂЄЀЇϿϼЄЂ϶Ͼϴ ЂІϿϼЋϴϹІЅГ ЂІ ЃЄϹϸϿЂϺϹЁЁЏЉ ϖ. ϥ. ϢϿАЉЂ϶ЅϾϼЀ (ϢϿАЉЂ϶ЅϾϼϽ 1986: 68; 1991: 4–5; 1993: 85) ϼ
ϖ. ϡ. ϠЏЌϾϼЁЏЀ (ϠЏЌϾϼЁ 1999: 271) ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁϼϽ ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁЁЂϷЂ ЄϼІЇϴϿϴ ϸ϶ЇЀГ ϶ϴϺЁЏЀϼ ЀЂЀϹЁІϴЀϼ. ϖЂ-ЃϹЄ϶ЏЉ, ϶ ЁϹϽ ЃЂϸЋϹЄϾЁЇІ ЅϼЀ϶ЂϿϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄ ϶ЅϹЉ ϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼϽ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ЂϵЄГϸϴ,
ϴ ϶Ђ-϶ІЂЄЏЉ, ЂІЀϹЋϹЁЂ, ЋІЂ БІϼ ϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼГ ЃЄϹϸЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁЏ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГЀϼ ϿВϸϹϽ Ђ ЅЀϹЄІϼ.
ϔϵЄϴЀЂ϶ϴ 1989 —
. . ϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЏϽ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻ ϶ ЅϴЄЀϴІЅϾЇВ БЃЂЉЇ // ϥІϹЃϼ Ϲ϶ЄЂЃϹϽЅϾЂϽ ЋϴЅІϼ
ϥϥϥϤ ϶ ЅϾϼЈЂ-ЅϴЄЀϴІЅϾЂϹ ϶ЄϹЀГ. Ϡ.: ϡϴЇϾϴ, 1989. ϥ. 268–281 (ϔЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼГ ϥϥϥϤ).
ϔϿϹϾЅϹϹ϶ϴ ϙ. 1984 —
. . ϗЂЄϷϼЃЃϼГ // ϔЁІϼЋЁЏϹ ϷЂЅЇϸϴЄЅІ϶ϴ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϷЂ ϣЄϼЋϹЄЁЂЀЂЄАГ. Ϡ.:
ϡϴЇϾϴ, 1984. ϥ. 82–84 (ϔЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼГ ϥϥϥϤ).
ϔϿϹϾЅϹϹ϶ϴ Ϧ. 2000 —
. . ϛϴϾϿВЋϹЁϼϹ // Homo sungirensis. ϖϹЄЉЁϹЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹϾ:
БϾЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϼ Б϶ЂϿВЊϼЂЁЁЏϹ ϴЅЃϹϾІЏ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼГ. Ϡ.: ϡϴЇЋЁЏϽ ЀϼЄ, 2000. ϥ. 449–457.
ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1981 —
ё
. . ϣЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏϽ ЂϵЄГϸ ϾϴϾ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾ // ϞϥϜϔ. 1981.
ϖЏЃ. 167. ϥ. 3–9.
ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1982 — ё
. . ϨЂЄЀЏ ЉЂϻГϽЅІ϶ϴ ϼ ІϼЃЏ ЅЂЊϼϴϿАЁЂϽ ЂЄϷϴЁϼϻϴЊϼϼ ϶ БЃЂЉЇ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϵЏІЁЂЂϵЍϼЁЁЂϷЂ ЅІЄЂГ // ϞЇϿАІЇЄЁЏϽ ЃЄЂϷЄϹЅЅ ϶ БЃЂЉЇ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ϼ ЄϴЁЁϹϷЂ ϺϹϿϹϻϴ: ϦϘ ϶ЅϹЅЂВϻ. ЅϼЀЃЂϻϼЇЀϴ, ЃЂЅ϶ГЍ.
60-ϿϹІϼВ ЂϵЄϴϻЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ϥϥϥϤ (20–24 ЂϾІГϵЄГ 1982 Ϸ.). ϙЄϹ϶ϴЁ: Ϝϻϸ-϶Ђ ϔϡ ϔЄЀГЁЅϾЂϽ ϥϥϤ, 1982. ϥ. 22–26.
ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1983ϴ — ё
. . Ϣϵ ϴϵЅЂϿВІЁЂϽ ϼ ЂІЁЂЅϼІϹϿАЁЂϽ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼϼ ϸЁϹЃЄЂ϶ЅϾϼЉ ЀϹϻЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾЂ϶ // ϞϥϜϔ. 1983. ϖЏЃ. 173. ϥ. 31–34.
ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1983ϵ — ё
. . ϣЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ Ѕ ЂЄЇϺϼϹЀ ϶ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЂϵЍϹЅІ϶ϴЉ // ϞϥϜϔ.
1983. ϖЏЃ. 176. ϥ. 23–28.
ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1986ϴ — ё
. . ϡϹϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ϻϴϾЂЁЂЀϹЄЁЂЅІϼ Єϴϻ϶ϼІϼГ ЂϵЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϷЂ ЅІЄЂГ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЂϵЍϹЅІ϶ (ЃЂ ϸϴЁЁЏЀ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏЉ ЂϵЄГϸЂ϶) // ϘЄϹ϶ЁϼϹ Њϼ϶ϼϿϼϻϴЊϼϼ ϖЂЅІЂϾϴ (ϠϴІϹЄϼϴϿЏ II
ϥЂ϶ϹІЅϾЂ-ϴЀϹЄϼϾϴЁЅϾЂϷЂ ЅϼЀЃЂϻϼЇЀϴ). ϦϴЌϾϹЁІ: Ϩϔϡ, 1986. ϥ. 21–29.
ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1986ϵ — ё
. . ϣЄЂϵϿϹЀЏ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼГ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ ЁϹЂϿϼІϴ-ϵЄЂЁϻЏ
ϥЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϔϻϼϼ (ЃЂ ϸϴЁЁЏЀ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏЉ ЂϵЄГϸЂ϶) // Ϝϕ ϠϔϜϞϪϔ. 1986. ϖЏЃ. 11. ϥ. 96–103.
ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1986϶ — ё
. . ϥЂЊϼϴϿАЁϴГ ЅІЄЇϾІЇЄϴ ϼ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏϽ ЂϵЄГϸ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾϼЉ
ЂϵЍϹЅІ϶. ϟ.: ϡϴЇϾϴ, 1986. 192 Ѕ.
ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1987 — ё
. . ϣЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏϹ ЂϵЄГϸЏ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϼЉ ЁϴЄЂϸЂ϶ ϙ϶Єϴϻϼϼ ϾϴϾ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾ ЃЂ ЄϹϾЂЁЅІЄЇϾЊϼϼ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϼϽ Ђ ЅЀϹЄІϼ // ϤϹϿϼϷϼЂϻЁЏϹ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ϶ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϵЏІЁЂЀ ЂϵЍϹЅІ϶Ϲ: ϦϘ ϾЂЁЈ. Ϡ.:
ϜЁЅІϼІЇІ ЁϴЇЋЁЂϽ ϼЁЈЂЄЀϴЊϼϼ ЃЂ ЂϵЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЀ ЁϴЇϾϴЀ ϔϡ ϥϥϥϤ, 1987. ϥ. 14–16.
ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1988 — ё
. . ϜϻЇЋϹЁϼϹ ЅЂЊϼϴϿАЁЂϽ ϼ ϾϿϴЅЅЂ϶ЂϽ ϸϼЈЈϹЄϹЁЊϼϴЊϼϼ ЃЂ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏЀ
ЂϵЄГϸϴЀ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϼЉ ЂϵЍϹЅІ϶ // ϔϾІЇϴϿАЁЏϹ ЈϼϿЂЅЂЈЅϾϼϹ ϼ ЀϹІЂϸЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϶ЂЃЄЂЅЏ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼϼ. Študijné
Zvesti Archeologickeho ústavu Slovenskej akadémie vied. Nitra: Archeologický ústav Slovenskej akadémie vied,
1988. 25. S. 59–65.
ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1990ϴ — ё
. . ϔЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ϴ Ђ ϾЇϿАІϹ ЋϹЄϹЃЂ϶ ϶ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴЉ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϶ϹϾϴ ϙ϶Єϴϻϼϼ // ϤϹϾЂЁЅІЄЇϾЊϼГ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϼЉ ϶ϹЄЂ϶ϴЁϼϽ: ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾϼ, ЀϹІЂϸ, ЊϹϿА: ϦϘ ϾЂЁЈ. ϟ.: ϟϹЁЂϵϿϷЂЄЅІϴІ,
1990. ϥ. 38–39.
ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1990ϵ — ё
. . ϣЄЂϵϿϹЀЏ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЂϷϹЁϹϻϴ ЁϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϼ БЁϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ
ϲϷЂ-ϛϴЃϴϸЁЂϽ ϔϻϼϼ // ϞϥϜϔ. 1990. ϖЏЃ. 199. ϥ. 3–9.
ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ ϖ. ϔ. 1990϶ — ё
. . ϣЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼϹ ЉϴϿϴЈЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϼ ЃЄЂϵϿϹЀϴ ϿЂϾϴϿϼϻϴЊϼϼ ϼЁϸЂϹ϶ЄЂЃϹϽЅϾЂϽ ЃЄϴЄЂϸϼЁЏ // ϠϹϺϸϼЅЊϼЃϿϼЁϴЄЁЏϹ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЂϷϹЁϹϻϴ ϼ БІЁЂϷϹЁϹϻϴ ϔЄЀГЁЅϾЂϷЂ
ЁϴϷЂЄАГ ϼ ЅЂЃЄϹϸϹϿАЁЏЉ ЂϵϿϴЅІϹϽ. ϙЄϹ϶ϴЁ: Ϝϻϸ-϶Ђ ϙЄϹ϶ϴЁЅϾЂϷЂ ϗϧ, 1990. ϥ. 37–47.
ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1991 — ё
. . ϢІЄϴϺϹЁϼϹ ЅЂЊϼϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ЄϴЅЅϿЂϹЁϼГ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϶ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏЉ ЂϵЄГϸϴЉ // ϥЂЊϼЂϷϹЁϹϻ ϼ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЂϷϹЁϹϻ ϶ ϼЅІЂЄϼЋϹЅϾЂЀ ϴЅЃϹϾІϹ: ϠϴІϹЄϼϴϿЏ ЀϹІЂϸЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ЅϹЀϼЁϴЄϴ ϜϜϠϞ
ϔϡ ϥϥϥϤ. ϥϣϵ.: ϜϜϠϞ ϔϡ CCCP, 1991. ϥ. 15–18.
ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1992ϴ — ё
. . ϠЇЅІАϹЄЅϾϼϹ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ ϞЄЏЀϴ // ϥϹ϶ϹЄЂ-ϛϴЃϴϸЁЂϹ ϣЄϼЋϹЄЁЂЀЂЄАϹ.
ϤϼІЀЏ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЂϷϹЁϹϻϴ: ϦϘ ЅϹЀϼЁϴЄϴ, ϢϸϹЅЅϴ, 18–19 ЀϴГ 1992 ϷЂϸϴ. ϢϸϹЅЅϴ: ϢϸϹЅЅϾϼϽ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ЀЇϻϹϽ
ϔϡ ϧϾЄϴϼЁЏ, 1992. ϥ. 8–9.
33
:
,
,
ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1992ϵ — ё
. . ϣЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϹ ЁϹϴЁϸϹЄІϴϿАЅϾЂϷЂ ЄϹϵϹЁϾϴ ϶ ϷЄЂІϹ ϦϹЌϼϾ-ϦϴЌ (ϧϻϵϹϾϼЅІϴЁ) //
ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁϴГ ϙ϶ЄϴϻϼГ ЂІ ϸЄϹ϶ЁЂЅІϼ ϸЂ ЅЄϹϸЁϹ϶ϹϾЂ϶АГ. ϦϹϻϼЅЏ ϾЂЁЈ. Ͼ 90-ϿϹІϼВ ЅЂ ϸЁГ ЄЂϺϸ. Ϡ. ϣ. ϗЄГϻЁЂ϶ϴ.
ϥϣϵ.: ϜϜϠϞ Ϥϔϡ, 1992. ϥ. 33–35 (ϔϜ. ϖЏЃ. 2).
ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1993ϴ — ё
. . Ϙ϶Ϲ ЀЂϸϹϿϼ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ЂϵЄГϸϴ БЃЂЉϼ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϴ ϼ ЀϹϻЂϿϼІϴ (ЃЂ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϴЀ ВϷЂ-ϻϴЃϴϸϴ ϨЄϴЁЊϼϼ) // ϘϼЁϴЀϼϾϴ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЉ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼϽ: ЀϹЉϴЁϼϻЀ ЃϹЄϹϸϴЋϼ ϼ ЈЂЄЀЏ ϴϸϴЃІϴЊϼϼ.
ϦϘ ЅϼЀЃЂϻϼЇЀϴ ЃЂ ІϹЀϹ ϷЄϴЁІϴ «ϞЇϿАІЇЄЁЏϹ ІЄϴЁЅϿГЊϼϼ ϼ ϼЅІЂЄϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ЃЄЂЊϹЅЅ», ЂϾІГϵЄА 1993. ϥϣϵ.: Ϝϻϸ϶Ђ ϥϣϵϗϧ, 1993. ϥ. 11–14.
ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1993ϵ — ё
. . ϠЇЅІАϹЄЅϾϼϹ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ ϣϹЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϼ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϔϻϼϼ // ϞϥϜϔ. 1993.
ϖЏЃ. 209. ϥ. 3–9.
ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1993϶ — ё
. . ϢЅЂϵϹЁЁЂЅІϼ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ЂϵЄГϸϴ БЃЂЉϼ ЀЇЅІАϹ (ЃЂ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϴЀ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϽ ϞЄЏЀϴ) // ϔϖ. 1993. № 2. ϥ. 157–168.
ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1994ϴ — ё
. . ϡЂ϶ЏϹ ϸϴЁЁЏϹ Ђ ЀЇЅІАϹЄЅϾϼЉ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГЉ ϕϿϼϺЁϹϷЂ ϖЂЅІЂϾϴ // ϔϖ.
1994. № 3. ϥ. 136–143.
ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1994ϵ — ё
. . ϫϹЄϹЃϴ ϿВϸϹϽ ϶ ЂϵЄГϸϴЉ ЁϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЊϹ϶ ϲϷЂ-ϛϴЃϴϸЁЂϽ
ϔϻϼϼ // ϣϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϷЂ ϼ ЅЄϹϸЁϹ϶ϹϾЂ϶ЂϷЂ ϼЅϾЇЅЅІ϶ϴ: ϥϵ. ЅІϴІϹϽ ϶ ЃϴЀГІА ЃЄЂЈ. ϖ. Ϝ. Ϥϴ϶ϸЂЁϼϾϴЅϴ. ϥϣϵ.:
Ϝϻϸ-϶Ђ ϥϣϵϗϧ, 1994. ϥ. 59–78 (ϣЄЂϵϿϹЀЏ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼϼ. ϖЏЃ. 3).
ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1995ϴ — ё
. . ϘϼЅϾЇЅЅϼЂЁЁЏϹ ЃЄЂϵϿϹЀЏ ϼϻЇЋϹЁϼГ ЀЇЅІАϹЄЅϾϼЉ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ // ϤϼІЇϴϿ
ϼ ЄϼІЇϴϿАЁЏϽ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІ: ϥϵ. ЁϴЇЋЁ. ІЄ. ϥϣϵ.: ϗϠϜϤ, 1995. ϥ. 22–32.
ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1995ϵ — ё
. . ϠЇЅІАϹЄЅϾϼϹ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ ϛϴЃϴϸЁЂϽ ϙ϶ЄЂЃЏ // ϔϖ. 1995. № 4. ϥ. 188–216.
ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1998 — ё
. . ϡϹϴЁϸϹЄІϴϿА, ϞЄϴЃϼЁϴ, ϠЂЁІϹ ϫϼЄЋϹЂ. ϤϼІЇϴϿЏ ϶ ЅЄϹϸЁϹЀ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϹ //
ϔϖ. 1998. № 5. ϥ. 242–249.
ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1999 — ё
. . ϥϼЀ϶ЂϿϼϾϴ ЀЇЅІАϹЄЅϾЂϷЂ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ЂϵЄГϸϴ // ϟЂϾϴϿАЁЏϹ ЄϴϻϿϼЋϼГ
϶ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЂЀ ϶ϹϾϹ: ϦϘ Ёϴ ЀϹϺϸЇЁϴЄ. ϾЂЁЈ., ЃЂЅ϶ГЍ. 100-ϿϹІϼВ ЅЂ ϸЁГ ЄЂϺϸ. ϥ. ϡ. ϛϴЀГІЁϼЁϴ. ϥϣϵ.: Ϡϔϱ Ϥϔϡ,
1999. ϥ. 101–103.
ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 2002 — ё
. . ϣЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ ϷЂϿЂ϶ ϶ ЃϹЍϹЄϹ ϢЈЁϹІ Ёϴ ВϷϹ ϗϹЄЀϴЁϼϼ (ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂ-ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϴГ ϴІЄϼϵЇЊϼГ ϼ ϼЁІϹЄЃЄϹІϴЊϼГ) // ϥІϹЃϼ ϙ϶Єϴϻϼϼ ϶ ϸЄϹ϶ЁЂЅІϼ ϼ ЅЄϹϸЁϹ϶ϹϾЂ϶АϹ: ϠϴІϹЄϼϴϿЏ ЀϹϺϸЇЁϴЄ.
ЁϴЇЋ. ϾЂЁЈ., ЃЂЅ϶ГЍ. 100-ϿϹІϼВ ЅЂ ϸЁГ ЄЂϺϸ. Ϡ. ϣ. ϗЄГϻЁЂ϶ϴ. ϥϣϵ.: Ϝϻϸ-϶Ђ ϗϱ. 2002. ϞЁ. 1. ϥ. 111–115.
ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 2008 — ё
. . ϣЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏϽ ЂϵЄГϸ ϾϴϾ ЈϹЁЂЀϹЁ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼЂЁЁЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϼ ϹϷЂ Б϶ЂϿВЊϼГ ЃЂ ϸϴЁЁЏЀ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼϼ // ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁЅϾϴГ ϻϹЀϿГ — ϾЂϿЏϵϹϿА ϸЄϹ϶ЁϼЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ ϼ Њϼ϶ϼϿϼϻϴЊϼϽ: ϠϴІϹЄϼϴϿЏ
ЀϹϺϸЇЁϴЄ. ЁϴЇЋ. ϾЂЁЈ. 1–3 ЂϾІГϵЄГ 2008 Ϸ. ϔЌЉϴϵϴϸ: Ϧürkmenistanyň Metbugat merkezinde çap edildi, 2008.
ϥ. 44–50.
ϔЁІЂЁЂ϶ϴ 1990 —
. . ϢϵЄГϸЏ ϼ ϶ϹЄЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϵЏІЁЏЉ ϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЊϹ϶ ϖЂЅІЂϾϴ. Ϡ.: ϡϴЇϾϴ,
ϗϿϴ϶ЁϴГ ЄϹϸϴϾЊϼГ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ϿϼІϹЄϴІЇЄЏ. 1990. 286 Ѕ.
ϔЁІЂЁЂ϶ϴ 2002 —
. . Ϟ ЄϹϾЂЁЅІЄЇϾЊϼϼ ЂϵЄГϸЂ϶ ЁЂЅϼІϹϿϹϽ ЉϴϿϴЈЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ // ϣЄЂϵϿϹЀЏ
ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼϼ ϙ϶Єϴϻϼϼ. Ϟ 80-ϿϹІϼВ ϡ. ϳ. ϠϹЄЃϹЄІϴ: ϥϵ. ЅІϴІϹϽ. Ϡ.: Ϝϔ Ϥϔϡ, 2002. ϥ. 287–313.
ϔЄЅϹЁАϹ϶ 1990 —
. . ϛ϶ϹЄϼ = ϕЂϷϼ = ϟВϸϼ. Ϡ.: Ϝϻϸ-϶Ђ ЃЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϿϼІϹЄϴІЇЄЏ, 1990. 160 Ѕ.
ϕϴϸϹЄ Ϣ. 1967 —
. . ϣЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ ϶ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹЀ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϹ ϼ ЀЂϷϼϿϴ Ёϴ ЅІЂГЁϾϹ ϥЇЁϷϼЄА // ϥϔ. 1967.
№ 3. ϥ. 142–159.
ϕϴϸϹЄ Ϣ. 1984 —
. . ϣϴϿϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ ϼ ЃϴϿϹЂϴЁІЄЂЃЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϼ Ёϴ
ϥЇЁϷϼЄϼ // ϥЇЁϷϼЄА: ϔЁІЄЂЃЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼГ. Ϡ.: ϡϴЇϾϴ, 1984. ϥ. 6–13.
ϕϴϸϹЄ Ϣ. 1998 —
. . ϥЇЁϷϼЄА. ϣϴϿϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ // ϣЂϻϸЁϹЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾЂϹ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϹ
ϥЇЁϷϼЄА (ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ ϼ ЂϾЄЇϺϴВЍϴГ ЅЄϹϸϴ). Ϡ.: ϡϴЇЋЁЏϽ ЀϼЄ, 1998. ϥ. 5–158.
ϕϴϸϹЄ Ϣ., ϕϴϸϹЄ ϡ. 2000 —
. .,
. . ϖϹЄЉЁϹЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾЂϹ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϹ ϥЇЁϷϼЄА // Homo
sungirensis. ϖϹЄЉЁϹЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹϾ: БϾЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϼ Б϶ЂϿВЊϼЂЁЁЏϹ ϴЅЃϹϾІЏ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼГ. Ϡ.:
ϡϴЇЋЁЏϽ ЀϼЄ, 2000. ϥ. 2–29.
ϕϴϸϹЄ ϡ. ϼ ϸЄ. 2000 —
. .,
. .,
. .,
. .,
. .,
. .,
. . ϢЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁϼϹ ЃЂϿϴ ϼ ϶ЂϻЄϴЅІϴ ЅЇЁϷϼЄЅϾϼЉ ϼЁϸϼ϶ϼϸЇЇЀЂ϶ // Homo
sungirensis. ϖϹЄЉЁϹЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹϾ: БϾЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϼ Б϶ЂϿВЊϼЂЁЁЏϹ ϴЅЃϹϾІЏ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼГ. Ϡ.:
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34
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. . ϘЄϹ϶ЁϹЉϴϾϴЅЅϾϴГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴ ЋϴϴІϴЅ (VI–IX ϶϶.) // ϥІϹЃϼ ϙ϶Єϴϻϼϼ ϶ БЃЂЉЇ
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. . ϡϴЋϴϿЂ БЃЂЉϼ ЄϴЁЁϹϷЂ ϺϹϿϹϻϴ ϶ ϠϴЄϼϽЅϾЂЀ ϾЄϴϹ: ϧЋϹϵ. ЃЂЅЂϵϼϹ.
ϝЂЌϾϴЄ-ϢϿϴ: Ϝϻϸ-϶Ђ ϠϴЄϼϽЅϾЂϷЂ ϗϧ, 1986. 119 Ѕ.
ϣϴІЄЇЌϹ϶, ϩϴϿϼϾЂ϶ 1982 —
. .,
. . ϖЂϿϺЅϾϼϹ ϴЁϴЁАϼЁЊЏ (ϥІϴЄЌϼϽ ϔЉЀЏϿЂ϶ЅϾϼϽ
ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾ). Ϡ.: ϡϴЇϾϴ, 1982. 277 Ѕ.
ϣϹЄЂ϶ϴ 1984 —
. . ϱ϶ЂϿВЊϼГ ϼϸϹϼ ϵϹЅЅЀϹЄІϼГ ϶ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϵЏІЁЂЀ ϼ ϾϿϴЅЅЂ϶ЂЀ ЂϵЍϹЅІ϶Ϲ // ϤϹϿϼϷϼГ
ЃϹЄ϶ЂϵЏІЁЂϷЂ ЂϵЍϹЅІ϶ϴ ϶ Ѕ϶ϹІϹ ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЏЉ ϸϴЁЁЏЉ. ϟ.: ϗϠϜϤϔ, 1984. ϥ. 72–86.
ϣϹІЄϹЁϾЂ 1989ϴ —
. . ϟЂϾϴϿАЁЏϹ ϷЄЇЃЃЏ ЅϾϼЈЂЂϵЄϴϻЁЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϿϹЅЂЅІϹЃϼ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ
ϙ϶ЄЂЃЏ // ϥІϹЃϼ Ϲ϶ЄЂЃϹϽЅϾЂϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ϥϥϥϤ ϶ ЅϾϼЈЂ-ЅϴЄЀϴІЅϾЂϹ ϶ЄϹЀГ. Ϡ.: ϡϴЇϾϴ, 1989. ϥ. 67–80 (ϔЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼГ
ϥϥϥϤ).
ϣϹІЄϹЁϾЂ 1989ϵ —
. . ϥϾϼЈЏ Ёϴ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂЀ Ϟϴ϶ϾϴϻϹ // ϦϴЀ ϺϹ. ϥ. 216–223.
ϣϹІЄЇЉϼЁ 1975 —
. . ϣЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏϽ ϾЇϿАІ ГϻЏЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϥϾϴЁϸϼЁϴ϶ϼϼ: ϔ϶ІЂЄϹЈ. ϸϼЅ. … ϾϴЁϸ.
ϼЅІ. ЁϴЇϾ. Ϡ.: Ϝϻϸ-϶Ђ Ϡϗϧ, 1975. 18 Ѕ.
ϣϹІЄЇЉϼЁ 1986 —
. . ϫϹϿЂ϶ϹϾ ϼ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЂϹ ϶ ЀϼЈϹ ϼ ЄϼІЇϴϿϹ: ЀϼЄ ЃЄϼЄЂϸЏ ϶ ЅϼЀ϶ЂϿϴЉ ЀϼЄϴ
ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ // ϠϼЈЏ, ϾЇϿАІЏ, ЂϵЄГϸЏ ЁϴЄЂϸЂ϶ ϻϴЄЇϵϹϺЁЂϽ ϔϻϼϼ. Ϡ.: ϡϴЇϾϴ, ϗϿϴ϶ЁϴГ ЄϹϸϴϾЊϼГ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ϿϼІϹЄϴІЇЄЏ, 1986. ϥ. 5–25.
ϣϹІЄЇЉϼЁ 1987 —
. . ϛϴϷЄЂϵЁЏϽ ЀϼЄ // ϠϼЈЏ ЁϴЄЂϸЂ϶ ЀϼЄϴ: ϱЁЊϼϾϿЂЃϹϸϼГ. Ϡ.: ϥЂ϶ϹІЅϾϴГ
ϱЁЊϼϾϿЂЃϹϸϼГ, 1987. Ϧ. 1. ϥ. 452–456.
ϣϿϼЅϹЊϾϼϽ 1952 —
. . Ϣ ІϴϾ ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴϹЀЏЉ ЁϹϴЁϸϹЄІϴϿАЅϾϼЉ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГЉ // ϥϱ. 1952. № 2.
ϥ. 138–157.
ϣϿϼЅϹЊϾϼϽ 1957 —
. . ϙЍϹ Єϴϻ Ђ ІϴϾ ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴϹЀЏЉ ЁϹϴЁϸϹЄІϴϿАЅϾϼЉ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГЉ // ϥЂ϶ϹІЅϾϴГ
ϴЁІЄЂЃЂϿЂϷϼГ. Ϡ., 1957. № 1. ϥ. 47–53.
ϣЂЃЂ϶ 1984 —
. . ϡϷϴЁϴЅϴЁЏ. ϥЂЊϼϴϿАЁЂϹ ЇЅІЄЂϽЅІ϶Ђ ϼ ϶ϹЄЂ϶ϴЁϼГ. ϟ.: ϡϴЇϾϴ, 1984. 152 Ѕ.
ϣЄЂϾЂЈАϹ϶ 1986 —
. . ϠϴІϹЄϼϴϿЏ Ͼ ϼϻЇЋϹЁϼВ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏЉ ЂϵЄГϸЂ϶ Ёϼ϶ЉЂ϶ ЅϹ϶. ϥϴЉϴϿϼЁϴ
(Ёϴ ЃЄϼЀϹЄϹ ЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϧϴЁϸϼ ϔϿϹϾЅϴЁϸЄЂ϶ЅϾ-ϥϴЉϴϿϼЁЅϾЂϷЂ ЄϴϽЂЁϴ // ϠϴІϹЄϼϴϿЏ Ͼ ϼϻЇЋϹЁϼВ ϼЅІЂЄϼϼ ϼ БІЁЂϷЄϴЈϼϼ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϥϴЉϴϿϼЁЅϾЂϽ ЂϵϿϴЅІϼ. ϲϺЁЂ-ϥϴЉϴϿϼЁЅϾ: ϥϴЉϴϿϼЁЅϾϼϽ ЂϵϿϴЅІЁЂϽ ϾЄϴϹ϶ϹϸЋϹЅϾϼϽ ЀЇϻϹϽ,
1986. ϥ. 23–56.
ϣЌϹЁϼЊЏЁϴ 1992 —
. . ϦϹЅϼЁЅϾϼϽ БІϴЃ // ϥІϹЃЁϴГ ЃЂϿЂЅϴ ϔϻϼϴІЅϾЂϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ϥϥϥϤ ϶ ЅϾϼЈЂЅϴЄЀϴІЅϾЂϹ ϶ЄϹЀГ. Ϡ.: ϡϴЇϾϴ, 1992. ϥ. 224–235 (ϔЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼГ ϥϥϥϤ).
Ϥϴ϶ϸЂЁϼϾϴЅ 1939 —
. . ϜЅІЂЄϼГ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϵЏІЁЂϷЂ ЂϵЍϹЅІ϶ϴ. ϟ.: Ϝϻϸ-϶Ђ ϟϗϧ, 1939. ϫ. 1. 284 Ѕ.
ϤЂϻϹЁЈϹϿАϸІ 1987 —
. . ϣЄϼϾϴЀЅϾϼϹ ЈϼЁЁЏ // ϨϼЁЁЂ-ЇϷЄЏ ϼ ϵϴϿІЏ ϶ БЃЂЉЇ ЅЄϹϸЁϹ϶ϹϾЂ϶АГ. Ϡ.: ϡϴЇϾϴ, 1987. ϥ. 116–162 (ϔЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼГ ϥϥϥϤ).
ϤЂЂЁ 1997 —
. . ϖЂϸЁЏϽ ЀϼЄ ϶ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЉ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼГЉ ϾЂЄϹЁЁЏЉ ЁϴЄЂϸЂ϶ ϥϴЉϴϿϼЁϴ ϶ XIX-XX ϶϶. //
ϣЄϼЄЂϸϴ ϼ Њϼ϶ϼϿϼϻϴЊϼГ. ϤϹϾϼ ϼ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ: ϠϴІϹЄϼϴϿЏ ϾЂЁЈ. Ϡϔϱ Ϥϔϡ ϼ ϤϗϢ 27–28 ЅϹЁІГϵЄГ 1997 Ϸ. ϥϣϵ.:
ϙ϶ЄЂЃϹϽЅϾϼϽ ϘЂЀ, 1997. ϥ. 69–75.
ϥϴ϶ϹϿАϹ϶ϴ, ϜЅІЂЀϼЁϴ 1986 —
. .,
. . ϜϸϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϼЉ
ϾЂЀϼ ЃЂ ϸϴЁЁЏЀ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ЂϵЄГϸϴ // ϨϼЁЁЂ-ЇϷЄЏ ϼ ЅϿϴ϶ГЁϹ (ЃЄЂϵϿϹЀЏ ϼЅІЂЄϼϾЂ-ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЉ ϾЂЁІϴϾІЂ϶): ϠϹϺ϶ЇϻЂ϶ЅϾϼϽ Ѕϵ. ЁϴЇЋ. ІЄ. ϥЏϾІЏ϶ϾϴЄ: Ϝϻϸ-϶Ђ ϣϹЄЀЅϾЂϷЂ ϗϧ, 1986. ϥ. 80–92.
ϥϹϸЂ϶ 1982 —
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37
:
,
,
ϥϹϸЂ϶ 1987 —
. . ϞЂЄϹϿϴ // ϨϼЁЁЂ-ЇϷЄЏ ϼ ϵϴϿІЏ ϶ БЃЂЉЇ ЅЄϹϸЁϹ϶ϹϾЂ϶АГ. Ϡ.: ϡϴЇϾϴ, 1987. ϥ. 44–52
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ϥϹЀϹЁЂ϶ 1966 —
. . ϞϴϾ ϶ЂϻЁϼϾϿЂ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹЋϹЅІ϶Ђ. Ϡ.: ϡϴЇϾϴ, 1966. 575 Ѕ.
ϥϹЀϹЁЂ϶ 1983 —
. . ϡϹϴЁϸϹЄІϴϿАЅϾϼϹ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ // ϜЅІЂЄϼГ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϵЏІЁЂϷЂ ЂϵЍϹЅІ϶ϴ. ϢϵЍϼϹ
϶ЂЃЄЂЅЏ. ϣЄЂϵϿϹЀЏ ϴЁІЄЂЃЂЅЂЊϼЂϷϹЁϹϻϴ. Ϡ.: ϡϴЇϾϴ, 1983. ϥ. 383–388.
ϥϹЀϹЁЂ϶ 1989 —
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ϥϥϥϤ ϶ ЅϾϼЈЂ-ЅϴЄЀϴІЅϾЂϹ ϶ЄϹЀГ. Ϡ.: ϡϴЇϾϴ, 1989. ϥ. 165–177 (ϔЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼГ ϥϥϥϤ).
ϥЀϼЄЁЂ϶ ϥ. 1982 —
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ϥЀϼЄЁЂ϶ ϥ. 1983 —
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ϥЀϼЄЁЂ϶ ϥ. 1990 —
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ϔЄЉϹЂϿЂϷЙГ. Ϟϼï϶. 1990. № 2. ϥ. 14–23.
ϥЀϼЄЁЂ϶ ϲ. 1981 —
. . ϠЇЅІАϹЄЅϾϼϹ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ. ϖϴЄϼϴЁІ ЃЂЅІϴЁЂ϶Ͼϼ ϶ЂЃЄЂЅϴ // ϞϥϜϔ. 1981.
ϖЏЃ. 165. ϥ. 17–23.
ϥЀϼЄЁЂ϶ ϲ. 1985ϴ —
. . ϠЇЅІАϹЄЅϾϼϹ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ: ϔ϶ІЂЄϹЈ. ϸϼЅ. … ϾϴЁϸ. ϼЅІ. ЁϴЇϾ. Ϡ.: Ϝϔ
ϔϡ ϥϥϥϤ, 1985. 25 Ѕ.
ϥЀϼЄЁЂ϶ ϲ. 1985ϵ —
. . ϡϹϴЁϸϹЄІϴϿАЅϾϼϹ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ (ϼЅІЂЄϼГ ЃЄϼϻЁϴЁϼГ ϼ ЅЂЅІЂГЁϼϹ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾЂ϶) // ϞϥϜϔ. 1985. ϖЏЃ. 181. ϥ. 81–86.
ϥЀϼЄЁЂ϶ ϲ. 1985϶ —
. . ϦϴЈЂϿЂϷϼГ (ЃЂЃЏІϾϴ ЅϼЅІϹЀЁЂϷЂ ЃЂϸЉЂϸϴ) // ϫϹϿЂ϶ϹϾ ϼ ЂϾЄЇϺϴВЍϴГ
ЅЄϹϸϴ ϶ ϸЄϹ϶ЁЂЅІϼ ϼ ЅЄϹϸЁϹ϶ϹϾЂ϶АϹ (ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿЏ ЅЂ϶ϹЍϴЁϼГ 25–26 ГЁ϶ϴЄГ 1983 Ϸ.). Ϡ.: ϡϴЇϾϴ, 1985. ϥ. 17–23.
ϥЀϼЄЁЂ϶ ϲ. 1986 —
. . ϘЄϹ϶ЁϹϽЌϼϹ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ (ϷЂϸ ЂІϾЄЏІϼГ — 1886) // ϣЄϼЄЂϸϴ. 1986.
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ϥЀϼЄЁЂ϶ ϲ. 1988 —
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ϖЏЃ. 1. ϥ. 17–23.
ϥЀϼЄЁЂ϶ ϲ. 1990 —
. . ϠЂЄЈЂϿЂϷϼГ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ (ϢЃЏІ ЅЂϻϸϴЁϼГ ϵϴϻЂ϶ЂϽ ЀЂϸϹϿϼ) // ϜЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼГ
϶ ЂϵϿϴЅІϼ ϵϴϿІЂ-ЅϿϴ϶ГЁЅϾЂϽ ϸЇЉЂ϶ЁЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ: ϣЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏϽ ЂϵЄГϸ. Ϡ.: ϡϴЇϾϴ, 1990. ϥ. 216–224.
ϥЀϼЄЁЂ϶ ϲ. 1991–
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ϥЀϼЄЁЂ϶ ϲ. 1994 —
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ЂϵЄГϸϹ (ЂϵЍϼϹ ϻϴЀϹЋϴЁϼГ) // ϦϹЂЄϼГ ϼ ЃЄϼϾϿϴϸЁЏϹ ЀϹІЂϸЏ ϶ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼϼ: ϠϹϺ϶ЇϻЂ϶ЅϾϼϽ Ѕϵ. ЁϴЇЋ. ІЄ. ϥϴЄϴІЂ϶:
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On the origin and development of funerary
rituals in traditional societies
(based on archaeological evidence)
V. A. Alekshin
The culture of traditional (non-industrial) societies included a complex of various norms and practices, which prescribed the attitude to the dying, the ways of treating the corpses of the deceased (burial
rites), and the forms of commemoration and adoration of those passed away. These three groups of beliefs
form the funerary cult. Of central importance for the funerary cult are burial rites, whereby the group
sanctions the transition of a person from one qualitative state to another. Therefore, the burial rite belongs
to the group of rituals that regulate the trajectory of human life. The traditional societies knew three main
ideas about the posthumous fate of a man. According to the first and most famous one, after being buried
the deceased set off on a long journey to the land of the dead, and the grave was conceived as the entrance
to that land. According to the second idea, the death is just a prelude to coming back into the world of living as a newborn. The third idea considers the grave as a new house of a deceased, the place of his eternal
45
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,
residence. These three ideas contradict one another to such an extent that their synchronous origin seems
unlikely. The question about the time of appearance of each of these ideas can be clarified on the basis of
archaeological evidence. The analysis of the latter allows to conclude, that the earliest notions of afterlife
formed as early as the Middle Paleolithic and represented the belief in reincarnation, rebirth. The blooming of the Upper Paleolithic culture, which took place in the Gravettian period, led to substantial changes
in human views of the death. According to new beliefs, after the death, the deceased found themselves
in the land of the dead, where they had to stay for some time waiting for the rebirth. This conception had
been developing for some 20 000 years, and reached its final form by the VI–V millennia BC. By that time,
the journey to the afterworld had been conceived as an ordeal, demanding special dress, food reserves,
tools, weapons, and, sometimes, means of transportation. All this equipment must have corresponded to
the social status of a person, since the afterlife was regarded as a continuation of this life. As to the idea
that the grave represents a deceased person’s house, it appeared rather late, probably, in the Early Medieval
times. New ideas did not reject the older ones, but absorbed them, which led to the formation of multilevel
systems of beliefs reflected in diverse burial rites. While the idea of the transition to the afterworld was
a widespread one, it was not universal. This necessitates a more general definition of the burial rite as a
phenomenon of the traditional culture: burial rite is a system of symbolic acts the living perform with the
bodies of the dead in accordance with human views of afterlife.
. . ё
ϞϿВЋϹ϶ЏϹ ЅϿЂ϶ϴ:
,
,
Keywords: fossil artifacts, archaeological sites, archaeological record.
.
ϣЂЁГІϼГ «ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾ» ϼ «ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾ» ϼЀϹВІ ЈЇЁϸϴЀϹЁІϴϿАЁЂϹ ϻЁϴЋϹЁϼϹ ϸϿГ ЁϴЌϹϽ ЁϴЇϾϼ. ϢЁϼ ϶ЉЂϸГІ ϶ ЋϼЅϿЂ ІϹЉ ЂЃЂЄ, Ёϴ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЂЁϴ ϸϹЄϺϼІЅГ. ϢІ
ϼЉ ІЄϴϾІЂ϶Ͼϼ ϶Ђ ЀЁЂϷЂЀ ϻϴ϶ϼЅϼІ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁϼϹ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІϴ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼϼ, ϹϹ ЀϹІЂϸЏ ϼ ϸϴϺϹ ϹϹ ЅІϴІЇЅ
϶ ЅϼЅІϹЀϹ ϷЇЀϴЁϼІϴЄЁЏЉ ЁϴЇϾ. ϡϹЇϸϼ϶ϼІϹϿАЁЂ, ЋІЂ ϶ ІϹЂЄϹІϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϼ ЇЋϹϵЁЂϽ ϿϼІϹЄϴІЇЄϹ БІϼЀ
ЃЂЁГІϼГЀ ЇϸϹϿГϹІЅГ ЀЁЂϷЂ ϶ЁϼЀϴЁϼГ. ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ϹϸϼЁЂϷЂ ЀЁϹЁϼГ ЂІЁЂЅϼІϹϿАЁЂ ϼЉ ϶ЏЄϴϵЂІϴІА ІϴϾ ϼ
ЁϹ ЇϸϴϿЂЅА (ϬϹЄ 2004; ϕϹϿϾЂ϶ 2009: 112; ϞϿϹϽЁ 2011). ϖ ϸϴЁЁЂϽ ЄϴϵЂІϹ Г ϻϴІЄЂЁЇ ІЂϿАϾЂ ЂϸϼЁ ϼϻ
ϴЅЃϹϾІЂ϶ ЃЄЂϵϿϹЀЏ. ϕЇϸЇІ ЄϴЅЅЀЂІЄϹЁЏ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЅЃϹЊϼЈϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЃЄϼϻЁϴϾϼ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶, ЂІϿϼЋϴВЍϼϹ ϼЉ ЂІ ϸЄЇϷϼЉ ЃЂϸЂϵЁЏЉ ЂϵЎϹϾІЂ϶. ϠЁЂϷϼϹ ϼϻ БІϼЉ ЋϹЄІ ϶ ІЂϽ ϼϿϼ ϼЁЂϽ ЀϹЄϹ
ЃϹЄϹϸϴВІЅГ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЀ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾϴЀ, ЃЄϼϸϴ϶ϴГ ϼЀ ЁϹЃЂ϶ІЂЄϼЀЂϹ Ѕ϶ЂϹЂϵЄϴϻϼϹ.
ϣЄϹϺϸϹ ϶ЅϹϷЂ, ЅϿϹϸЇϹІ ЂІЀϹІϼІА, ЋІЂ ЇϾϴϻϴЁЁЏϹ ЃЂЁГІϼГ ЂІЄϴϺϴВІ ϵϿϼϻϾϼϹ Г϶ϿϹЁϼГ. ϢЁϼ
ЅІЂϿА ϵϿϼϻϾϼ ϸЄЇϷ ϸЄЇϷЇ, ЋІЂ ϶ ЅЂ϶ϹІЅϾЂϽ ϿϼІϹЄϴІЇЄϹ ϼЉ ϶ЂЂϵЍϹ ЁϹ ЄϴϻϿϼЋϴϿϼ (ϬϹЄ 2004: 115). ϩЂІГ
ϸϿГ ϼЉ ЂϵЂϻЁϴЋϹЁϼГ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴϿϼ ЄϴϻЁЏϹ ІϹЄЀϼЁЏ (ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿ, ϶ϹЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏϽ
ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾ, ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾ, ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾ ϼ І. ϸ.), ϶ ЁϼЉ
϶ϾϿϴϸЏ϶ϴϿЂЅА ЂϸЁЂ ϼ ІЂ ϺϹ ЅЂϸϹЄϺϴЁϼϹ. ϥЂ϶ϹІЅϾЇВ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼВ ЃЄГЀЂϷЂ ЂІЂϺϸϹЅІ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ЃЂЁГІϼϽ
«ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾ» ϼ «ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾ» ЇЁϴЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴϿ ϟ. ϥ. ϞϿϹϽЁ, ϴ϶ІЂЄ ЈЇЁϸϴЀϹЁІϴϿАЁЂϷЂ
ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼГ, ЃЂЅ϶ГЍϹЁЁЂϷЂ ІϹЂЄϹІϼЋϹЅϾЂЀЇ ϴЁϴϿϼϻЇ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾЂ϶ (ϞϿϹϽЁ 1978;
1995). ϘϿГ ЁϹϷЂ БІЂ ЂϸϼЁ ϼϻ ϼЅЉЂϸЁЏЉ ЃЂЅІЇϿϴІЂ϶. ϠϹϺϸЇ ІϹЀ Ѕ ϷЁЂЅϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ІЂЋϾϼ ϻЄϹЁϼГ
ЇϾϴϻϴЁЁЏϹ ЃЂЁГІϼГ ЂІЁЂЅГІЅГ Ͼ ЄϴϻЁЏЀ ϾϴІϹϷЂЄϼГЀ. ϜЉ ЁϹϿАϻГ ЃЄϼЄϴ϶Ёϼ϶ϴІА ϸЄЇϷ Ͼ ϸЄЇϷЇ. ϡϴ БІЂ
ЇϺϹ ЂϵЄϴІϼϿϼ ϶ЁϼЀϴЁϼϹ ϳ. ϔ. ϬϹЄ ϼ ϣ. ϟ. ϕϹϿϾЂ϶ (ϬϹЄ 2004: 115–121; ϕϹϿϾЂ϶ 2009: 12). ϳ. ϔ. ϬϹЄ,
ЂЃϼЅЏ϶ϴГ ЂІϿϼЋϼГ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ЂІ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾЂ϶, ЂІЀϹЋϴϹІ, ЋІЂ ЃϹЄ϶ЏϹ ϸϴЁЏ ЁϴЀ
ЂϵЎϹϾІϼ϶ЁЂ. ϢЁϼ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴϿϼ ϼ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶ЇВІ ЁϹϻϴ϶ϼЅϼЀЂ ЂІ ЁϴЅ ϼ ЁϴЌϼЉ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϼϽ Ђ ЁϼЉ.
ϖ ЁϴЄЂϸϹ ϼЉ ЁϹЄϹϸϾЂ ϶ЂЅЃЄϼЁϼЀϴВІ ϾϴϾ ЁϹϾϼϹ ЃЄϼЄЂϸЁЏϹ ЂϵЎϹϾІЏ, ϾϴϾЂ϶ЏЀϼ ЂЁϼ ЂІЋϴЅІϼ ϼ Г϶ϿГВІЅГ. ϥ϶ϹϸϹЁϼГ Ђϵ БІϼЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЉ ЀЏ ЃЂϿЇЋϴϹЀ ϶ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІϹ ϼЉ ϼϻЇЋϹЁϼГ, ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЏЀ ЅЄϹϸЅІ϶ЂЀ
ϾЂІЂЄЂϷЂ ЂЅІϴВІЅГ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЄϴЅϾЂЃϾϼ. ϥЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЏϹ ЀϹІЂϸЏ ЃЂϿϹ϶ЏЉ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼϽ ІϴϾЂ϶Џ, ЋІЂ ϶ ЃЄЂЊϹЅЅϹ ϼЉ ЃЄЂ϶ϹϸϹЁϼГ ЄϴϻЄЇЌϴϹІЅГ ЅІЄЇϾІЇЄϴ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴ ϼ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ϹϹ ϾЂЀЃЂЁϹЁІЏ.
ϜЁЂϷϸϴ ЂЁϼ ЃЂϿЁЂЅІАВ ЇЁϼЋІЂϺϴВІЅГ. ϡЂ ϶ϻϴЀϹЁ ЀЏ ЃЂϿЇЋϴϹЀ ϻЁϴЁϼГ Ђ ЁϼЉ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ϸЂϾЇЀϹЁІϼЄЇВІЅГ ϶ ЈЂЄЀϹ ЂІЋϹІЂ϶. ϱІϼ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϼϹ, ЃЂ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЀ ϳ. ϔ. ϬϹЄϴ, ЃЄϹϸЂЅІϴ϶ϿГВІ ІϹ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿЏ, Ёϴ
ЂЅЁЂ϶Ϲ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ϼ ЈЂЄЀϼЄЇВІЅГ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾϼ. ϣЂ ЀЏЅϿϼ БІЂϷЂ ϴ϶ІЂЄϴ, ЁϴЇЋЁϴГ ϼЁЈЂЄЀϴЊϼГ (϶ ϸϴЁЁЂЀ ЅϿЇЋϴϹ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϴГ) ЁϹ ЅЂϸϹЄϺϼІЅГ ϶ ЅϴЀЂЀ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϹ, ϾϴϾ ϶Ђϸϴ ϶ ЅЂЅЇϸϹ.
ϢЁϴ ϶ЂЅЅЂϻϸϴϹІЅГ ϶ ЃЄЂЊϹЅЅϹ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ϼ ϶Ђ ЀЁЂϷЂЀ ϻϴ϶ϼЅϼІ ЂІ ЅϴЀЂϽ ϿϼЋЁЂЅІϼ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿГ
(ϦϴЀ ϺϹ: 118). ϖ БІЂЀ ЅЀЏЅϿϹ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾ ЀЂϺЁЂ ЅЋϼІϴІА ЄЇϾЂІ϶ЂЄЁЏЀ Г϶ϿϹЁϼϹЀ.
ϕЂϿϹϹ ЃЄГЀЂϿϼЁϹϽЁЂ, ЁЂ ϶ ІЂЀ ϺϹ ϸЇЉϹ ϶ЏЅϾϴϻϴϿЅГ ϣ. ϟ. ϕϹϿϾЂ϶: «ϔЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЀϼ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾϴЀϼ
Г϶ϿГВІЅГ ЃϼЅАЀϹЁЁϴГ ϼ ϷЄϴЈϼЋϹЅϾϴГ ЈϼϾЅϴЊϼГ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІЂ϶ ЄϴЅϾЂЃЂϾ, ЂЃϼЅϴЁϼϹ ЀϹЅІЂЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼГ
ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴ ϼ ϶ϻϴϼЀЂЄϴЅЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼϹ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿГВЍϼЉ ϹϷЂ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІЂ϶ ϾϴϾ ЃЂ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴϿϼ (ЃЂ Ͼ϶ϴϸЄϴІϴЀ, І. Ϲ. ϾЄЇϷЂЀ), ІϴϾ ϼ ЃЂ ϶ϹЄІϼϾϴϿϼ (ЃЂ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЀ ЅϿЂГЀ)» (ϕϹϿϾЂ϶ 2009: 112). ϫІЂ ϾϴЅϴϹІЅГ
ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶, ІЂ ЂЁ, ϾϴϾ ϼ ϳ. ϔ. ϬϹЄ, Ͼ ϼЉ ЋϼЅϿЇ ЂІЁЂЅϼІ ЂІϸϹϿАЁЏϹ ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІЏ, ϼЉ
ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЏ ϼ ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІЁЏϹ (ϼЅϾЇЅЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏϹ) ЅІЄЇϾІЇЄЏ. ϥϴЀϼ ЃЂ ЅϹϵϹ ЂЁϼ ЁϹ Г϶ϿГВІЅГ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾϴЀϼ. ϦϴϾЂ϶ЏЀϼ ЅІϴЁЂ϶ГІЅГ ϻЁϴЁϼГ Ђ ЁϼЉ, ЃЂϿЇЋϹЁЁЏϹ ϶ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІϹ ϼЉ ЁϴЇЋЁЂϷЂ ϼϻЇЋϹЁϼГ.
47
:
,
,
Ϣ ЁϹЃЄϴ϶ЂЀϹЄЁЂЅІϼ ЃЄГЀЂϷЂ ЂІЂϺϸϹЅІ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾЂ϶ ϼ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶
ϷЂ϶ЂЄГІ ϼ ЀЁЂϷϼϹ ϸЄЇϷϼϹ ЈϴϾІЏ, ϶ϻГІЏϹ ϼϻ ЃЄϴϾІϼϾϼ ϾϴϵϼЁϹІЁЏЉ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼϽ. ϦϴϾ, ϸϿГ ϾϴϺϸЂϷЂ
ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϴ ϶ЃЂϿЁϹ ЂЋϹ϶ϼϸЁЂ, ЋІЂ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ ϼ, ЁϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ, ϶ϹЍϹ϶ЏϹ ϾϿϴϸЏ ЂІЁЂЅГІЅГ Ͼ ЄϴϻЁЏЀ ϶ϼϸϴЀ
ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶. ϞϴϾ ЃЄЂЃϼЅЁϴГ ϼЅІϼЁϴ БІЂ ϼϻϿϴϷϴϹІЅГ ϶ ЇЋϹϵЁϼϾϴЉ ϼ ЇЋϹϵЁЏЉ ЃЂЅЂϵϼГЉ (ϠϴЄІЏЁЂ϶,
ϬϹЄ 2002: 6–11). ϘЄЇϷ ЂІ ϸЄЇϷϴ ЂЁϼ ЂІϿϼЋϴВІЅГ ϾϴϾ ЃЂ ЅЂϸϹЄϺϴЁϼВ, ІϴϾ ϼ ЃЂ Ѕ϶ЂϹϽ ЅІЄЇϾІЇЄϹ.
ϦϹЀ ЁϹ ЀϹЁϹϹ ϼЉ ЀЂϷЇІ ЂϵЎϹϸϼЁГІА ϶ ЂϸϼЁ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾ, ϵϿϴϷЂϸϴЄГ ІЂϽ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϼЁЈЂЄЀϴЊϼϼ,
ϾЂІЂЄЇВ ЂЁϼ ЅЂϸϹЄϺϴІ. ϞϴϾ ϻϴЀϾЁЇІЏϹ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЏ, БІϼ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ ЃЄϹϸЂЅІϴ϶ϿГВІ ЁϴϼϵЂϿϹϹ ϸЂЅІЂ϶ϹЄЁЏϹ Ѕ϶ϹϸϹЁϼГ Ђ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂϽ ЅЂЃЄГϺϹЁЁЂЅІϼ ІϼЃЂ϶ ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІЂ϶, ϶ЉЂϸГЍϼЉ ϶ ϼЉ ЅЂЅІϴ϶. ϥ ϸЄЇϷЂϽ
ЅІЂЄЂЁЏ, ϸϴЁЁЏϹ ІϹЉ ϺϹ ЅϴЀЏЉ ϾϿϴϸЂ϶ ЀЂϷЇІ ЄϴЅЃЄϹϸϹϿГІАЅГ ЃЂ ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾϼЀ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾϴЀ ϶ ϻϴ϶ϼЅϼЀЂЅІϼ ЂІ ЊϹϿϼ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼГ. ϦЂ ϺϹ ЅϴЀЂϹ ЅЃЄϴ϶ϹϸϿϼ϶Ђ ϼ ϶ ЂІЁЂЌϹЁϼϼ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶.
ϜЁЈЂЄЀϴЊϼГ, ЃЂϿЇЋϹЁЁϴГ ϶ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІϹ ϼЉ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼГ, ЀЂϺϹІ ϵЏІА ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴЁϴ ЃЂ-ЄϴϻЁЂЀЇ.
ϥ ϹϹ ЃЂЀЂЍАВ ϼϻЇЋϴВІЅГ ЄϹϿϼϷϼЂϻЁЏϹ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГ, ϸϹЀЂϷЄϴЈϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϼ ЅЂЊϼϴϿАЁЏϹ ЃЄЂЊϹЅЅЏ
ІϹЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЁϴЀ ЂЅІϴ϶ϼϿϼ БІϼ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ.
ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, Ѕ϶ГϻА ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾЂ϶ Ѕ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЀϼ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЀϼ ЁϹ Г϶ϿГϹІЅГ ЃЄГЀЂϽ ϼ ЂϸЁЂϻЁϴЋЁЂϽ. ϠϹϺϸЇ ЁϼЀϼ ЁϹІ ЃЂϿЁЂϷЂ ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ϼГ. ϣЂ БІЂϽ ЃЄϼЋϼЁϹ ϼЉ ЁϹϿАϻГ
ЃЄϼЄϴ϶Ёϼ϶ϴІА ϸЄЇϷ Ͼ ϸЄЇϷЇ, ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴІА ϾϴϾ ЂϸЁЂ ϼ ІЂ ϺϹ Г϶ϿϹЁϼϹ. ϜЅІЂЋЁϼϾ ϶ЂϻЁϼϾϴϹІ ϶ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІϹ ϼϻЇЋϹЁϼГ ϾϴϾ ЂϸЁЂϷЂ, ІϴϾ ϼ ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾϼЉ ϶ϼϸЂ϶ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶. ϣЂБІЂЀЇ ϶ЃЂϿЁϹ ЅЃЄϴ϶ϹϸϿϼ϶ЏЀ ϾϴϺϹІЅГ ϶Џ϶Ђϸ ϳ. ϔ. ϬϹЄϴ, ЋІЂ «ЀϹϺϸЇ ЃЂЁГІϼГЀϼ “ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾ” ϼ “ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ
ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾ” ЁϹІ ϼ ЁϹ ЀЂϺϹІ ϵЏІА ІЂϺϸϹЅІ϶ϴ» (ϬϹЄ 2004: 121).
ϖЀϹЅІϹ Ѕ ІϹЀ ϼЉ ЁϹϿАϻГ ЂІЄЏ϶ϴІА ϸЄЇϷ ЂІ ϸЄЇϷϴ. ϢЁϼ ϸЂЅІϴІЂЋЁЂ ІϹЅЁЂ Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁЏ ϼ ЁϴЉЂϸГІЅГ
϶ ЅЂЅІЂГЁϼϼ ЃЂϸЋϼЁϹЁϼГ. ϥ ЃЂϻЁϴ϶ϴІϹϿАЁЂϽ ІЂЋϾϼ ϻЄϹЁϼГ ϶ЃЂϿЁϹ ϸЂЃЇЅІϼЀЂ ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴІА ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ ϾϴϾ ЂϵЎϹϾІϼ϶ЁЇВ ЂЅЁЂ϶Ї ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾЂ϶. ϣЂБІЂЀЇ ϼЀϹЁЁЂ Ѕ ЁϼЉ ϼ ЅϿϹϸЇϹІ ЁϴЋϴІА ЁϴЌ ЂϵϻЂЄ.
ϥϴЀЂ ЃЂЁГІϼϹ «ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾ» ϼЀϹϹІ ϸϿϼІϹϿАЁЇВ ϼЅІЂЄϼВ ЇЃЂІЄϹϵϿϹЁϼГ. ϙϷЂ ЌϼЄЂϾЂ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴϿϼ ϼ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЇВІ ϶ ϵЏІЂ϶ЂϽ ϼ ЁϴЇЋЁЂϽ ϿϹϾЅϼϾϹ. ϖЏϸϹϿϹЁ ЊϹϿЏϽ ЄГϸ ЄϴϻЁЂ϶ϼϸЁЂЅІϹϽ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶. ϞЂЁϹЋЁЂ, ЁϴЅ, ЃЄϹϺϸϹ ϶ЅϹϷЂ, ϼЁІϹЄϹЅЇϹІ ϹϷЂ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϴГ ϶ϹЄЅϼГ. ϖ ϿϼІϹЄϴІЇЄϹ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЂ
ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾЂ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁϼϽ ЃЂЁГІϼГ «ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾ». ϣЄϼ϶ϹϸЇ ІЄϼ ϼϻ ЁϼЉ, Ёϴ ЀЂϽ ϶ϻϷϿГϸ,
ЁϴϼϵЂϿϹϹ ЃЂϾϴϻϴІϹϿАЁЏϹ. ϣϹЄ϶ЂϹ ϼϻ ЁϼЉ ЃЄϼЁϴϸϿϹϺϼІ ϔ. Ϝ. ϠϴЄІЏЁЂ϶Ї ϼ ϳ. ϔ. ϬϹЄЇ. ϢЁϼ ЃϼЌЇІ,
ЋІЂ «϶ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼϼ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЀϼ ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴВІ ϿВϵЏϹ ЂЅІϴІϾϼ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϼЉ ЅЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼϽ, ЅϿϹϸЏ ІЄЇϸЂ϶ЂϽ
ϼ ϾЇϿАІЂ϶ЂϽ ϸϹГІϹϿАЁЂЅІϼ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϼЉ ϿВϸϹϽ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ЅϴЀϼ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϼϹ ϶ϹЍϼ, ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁЁЏϹ ϾЂϷϸϴ-ІЂ
ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹϾЂЀ ϼϿϼ ЃЄϼЅЃЂЅЂϵϿϹЁЁЏϹ ϼЀ ϸϿГ Ѕ϶ЂϼЉ ЊϹϿϹϽ (϶ ϼЁЂГϻЏЋЁЂϽ ϿϼІϹЄϴІЇЄϹ ІϴϾϼϹ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІЏ
ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴВІ “ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІϴЀϼ”)» (ϠϴЄІЏЁЂ϶, ϬϹЄ 2002: 5). ϡϹЅϾЂϿАϾЂ ϼЁЇВ ЈЂЄЀЇϿϼЄЂ϶ϾЇ ЃЄϹϸϿЂϺϼϿϼ ϴЀϹЄϼϾϴЁЅϾϼϹ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼ: «ϣϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ — БІЂ ЀϹЅІЂ, ϷϸϹ ЁϴЉЂϸГІ ЅϿϹϸЏ ϸϹГІϹϿАЁЂЅІϼ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹϾϴ
϶ ЃЄЂЌϿЂЀ. ϢЁϼ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿГВІ ЅЂϵЂϽ ЁϴϾЂЃϿϹЁϼϹ ЂЅІϴІϾЂ϶ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϸϹГІϹϿАЁЂЅІϼ Ёϴ ЃЄЂІГϺϹЁϼϼ ϾϴϾЂϷЂ-ІЂ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ. ϢϵЏЋЁЂ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ ϼϸϹЁІϼЈϼЊϼЄЇВІЅГ ЃЂ ЁϴϿϼЋϼВ ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІЂ϶» (ϨϴϷϴЁ, ϘϹϞЂЄЅ 2007: 158–159). ϢЅЂϵЂϹ ϶ЁϼЀϴЁϼϹ ЃЄϼ϶ϿϹϾϴϹІ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁϼϹ ϟ. ϥ. ϞϿϹϽЁϴ. ϢЁЂ
ϼЁІϹЄϹЅЁЂ ϹЍϹ ϼ ІϹЀ, ЋІЂ ϶ЉЂϸϼІ ϶ ЅϼЅІϹЀЇ ЃЂЁГІϼϽ, ЄϴϻЄϴϵЂІϴЁЁЇВ ϴ϶ІЂЄЂЀ. ϣЂ ϟ. ϥ. ϞϿϹϽЁЇ,
«ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾ — БІЂ ЂϸЁϴ ϼϻ ЄϴϻЁЂ϶ϼϸЁЂЅІϹϽ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЂϵЎϹϾІЂ϶ (϶ ЃϿϴЁϹ ϾϿϴЅЅϼЈϼϾϴЊϼϼ ЃЂ
ЇЅϿЂ϶ϼГЀ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁϼГ): ЅЂ϶ЂϾЇЃЁЂЅІА ЅЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼϽ, ЂІϿЂϺϹЁϼϽ ϼ ϶ϹЍϹϽ, ЂЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЁЏЉ ϿВϸАЀϼ ϶
ЂϸЁЂЀ ЀϹЅІϹ ϼ Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁЁЏЉ ϶ ЅϼϿЇ БІЂϷЂ ϶ ЂϸЁЂ ЊϹϿЂϹ ϹЍϹ ЃЄϼ ϺϼϻЁϼ ϼϿϼ ЇϺϹ ЃЄϼ ЂІϿЂϺϹЁϼϼ ϼϿϼ ЃЂЅϿϹ ІϴϾЂ϶ЂϷЂ. ϢЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁϼϹЀ ЁϹ ІЄϹϵЇϹІЅГ, ЋІЂϵЏ ϶ЅϹ ϾЂЀЃЂЁϹЁІЏ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴ ЃЄϼЁϴϸϿϹϺϴϿϼ Ͼ ЂϸЁЂЀЇ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ, ЂϸЁЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϹ ϼϿϼ ЉЂІГ ϵЏ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴЀ, ЅЂЀϾЁЇІЏЀ ϶Ђ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ» (ϞϿϹϽЁ 1995: 260).
ϘϿГ ЃЂϿЁЂІЏ ϾϴЄІϼЁЏ ЃЄϼ϶ϹϸЇ ІϴϾϺϹ ϾϿϹϽЁЂ϶ЅϾЇВ ϸϹЈϼЁϼЊϼВ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ЂϵЎϹϾІϴ. ϱІЂ —
«ЂϵЂЅЂϵϿϹЁЁЏϽ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІ, ЃЂϸϿϹϺϴЍϼϽ ϶ϹϸϹЁϼВ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼϼ. ϡϴϼϵЂϿϹϹ ЂϵЍϹϹ ЂϵЂϻЁϴЋϹЁϼϹ ϶ ЅϼІЇϴЊϼГЉ ЃϹЄ϶ϼЋЁЂϷЂ ЄϴЅЅЀЂІЄϹЁϼГ (ϸЂ ЅЃϹЊϼϴϿϼϻϴЊϼϼ, ϼЁІϹЄЃЄϹІϴЊϼϼ ϼ І. Ѓ.), Ѕ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴЁϼϹЀ
ЂϵЍϹЁϴЇЋЁЂϷЂ ІϹЄЀϼЁϴ “ЂϵЎϹϾІ” ϼ ЂІЄϴЅϿϹ϶ЂϽ ЅЃϹЊϼЈϼϾϴЊϼϼ “ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ”» (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ: 259).
ϣЄϼ ЅЄϴ϶ЁϹЁϼϼ БІϼЉ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁϼϽ ЁϹІЄЇϸЁЂ ϻϴЀϹІϼІА ЋϹЄІЏ ϼЉ ЅЉЂϸЅІ϶ϴ ϼ ЄϴϻϿϼЋϼГ. ϣϹЄ϶ЏЉ
ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂ ϵЂϿАЌϹ. ϖЅϹ ЃЄЂЊϼІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϹ ϴ϶ІЂЄЏ ЅЉЂϸГІЅГ ϶ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿГВІ ЅЂϵЂϽ ЅϿϹϸЏ ЃЄЂЌϿЂϽ (ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϽ) ϸϹГІϹϿАЁЂЅІϼ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹϾϴ. ϖ ЌϼЄЂϾЂЀ ЅЀЏЅϿϹ ЅϿЂ϶ϴ
БІЂ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϼϹ ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІЏ, ϼЉ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЏ ϼ ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІЁЏϹ (ϼЅϾЇЅЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏϹ) ЅІЄЇϾІЇЄЏ. ϦϴϾЂϽ ЅЂЅІϴ϶
ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГϹІ ЂІЁϹЅІϼ ϼЉ ЃЄϹϺϸϹ ϶ЅϹϷЂ Ͼ ЋϼЅϿЇ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЂϵЎϹϾІЂ϶. ϢЁϼ ϶ЂϻЁϼϾϿϼ ϶ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІϹ ϸϹГІϹϿАЁЂЅІϼ ЃЄЂЌϿЏЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ ϼ Г϶ϿГВІЅГ ϼЉ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϼІϹϿГЀϼ
϶ ЅϹϷЂϸЁГЌЁϹЀ ЀϼЄϹ. ϱІЂ ϼЉ ϾЂЄϹЁЁЏЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ ЂІϿϼЋϴϹІ ЂІ ЃЄϼЄЂϸЁЏЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ϼ ЂϵЂЅЂϵϿГϹІ ϶ ЅϼЅІϹЀϹ ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ. ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ϶ ЃЄϼ϶ϹϸϹЁЁЏЉ ϶ЏЌϹ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁϼГЉ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ
48
ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ЁϼЋϹϷЂ ЁϹ ЅϾϴϻϴЁЂ Ђϵ ϼЉ ЂІϿϼЋϼГЉ ЂІ ЅЂϵЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂ ϼЅІЂЄϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЂϵЎϹϾІЂ϶. ϢЅІϴϹІЅГ
ЁϹГЅЁЏЀ, ϶ ЋϹЀ ϺϹ ЅЂЅІЂϼІ ϼЉ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϴГ ЅЃϹЊϼЈϼϾϴ? ϢІ϶ϹІ Ёϴ БІЂІ ϶ЂЃЄЂЅ ЀЂϺЁЂ ЁϴϽІϼ ϶ ϿϼІϹЄϴІЇЄϹ. ϙϷЂ ϸϴ϶ЁЂ ЇϺϹ ϸϴϿϼ ЅЂ϶ϹІЅϾϼϹ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼ. ϣЂ ϼЉ ЀЁϹЁϼВ, ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЏЀ ЃЄϼϻЁϴϾЂЀ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿЂ϶ Г϶ϿГϹІЅГ ϼЉ ϶ϹЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂЅІА (Ϥϴ϶ϸЂЁϼϾϴЅ 1939: 11; ϞϴЀϹЁϹЊϾϼϽ ϼ ϸЄ. 1975: 4;
ϔЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼГ 2006: 8). ϱІϴ ЋϹЄІϴ ЃЄϼϸϴϹІ ϼЀ Ѕ϶ЂϹЂϵЄϴϻϼϹ ϼ ЄϹϻϾЂ ЂІϿϼЋϴϹІ ϼЉ ЂІ ϼЅІЂЄϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϼ
ϿϼІϹЄϴІЇЄЁЏЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ϶ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЂЀ ϼЀϹВІ ЃϼЅАЀϹЁЁЏϽ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄ. ϱІϴ ІЂЋϾϴ ϻЄϹЁϼГ ЃЂϿЇЋϼϿϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ЌϼЄЂϾЂϹ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁϼϹ ϶ ϻϴЃϴϸЁЂϽ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼϼ. ϠϹϺϸЇ ІϹЀ ЂЁϴ ЀЂϺϹІ ϵЏІА ϿϹϷϾЂ
ЂЅЃЂЄϹЁϴ. ϙЍϹ ϶Ђ ϶ІЂЄЂϽ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁϹ 1970-Љ ϷϷ. ϟ. ϥ. ϞϿϹϽЁ ЂІЀϹІϼϿ, ЋІЂ ϶ϹЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏϹ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿЏ ϼ
ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ, ϾЄЂЀϹ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼϼ, ϼϻЇЋϴВІ ϼ ϸЄЇϷϼϹ ЁϴЇϾϼ — ϾЄϼЀϼЁϴϿϼЅІϼϾϴ, БІЁЂϷЄϴЈϼГ, ϼЅІЂЄϼГ
ϴЄЉϼІϹϾІЇЄЏ (ϞϿϹϽЁ 1978: 52–53). Ϟ ЁϼЀ ЀЂϷЇІ ϵЏІА ϸЂϵϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ ЀЇϻϹϹ϶ϹϸϹЁϼϹ, ϼЅϾЇЅЅІ϶ЂϻЁϴЁϼϹ
ϼ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЄϴϻϸϹϿЏ ϼЅІЂЄϼϼ. ϣЂ БІЂЀЇ ЃЄϼϻЁϴϾЇ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼГ ЂϾϴϻЏ϶ϴϹІЅГ ϶ ЂϸЁЂЀ ЄГϸЇ Ѕ ЊϹϿЂϽ
ЅϹЄϼϹϽ ϷЇЀϴЁϼІϴЄЁЏЉ ϸϼЅЊϼЃϿϼЁ. ϡϹЅϾЂϿАϾЂ ϼЁϴЋϹ Ͼ ϶ЂЃЄЂЅЇ ЃЂϸЂЌϹϿ ϳ. ϔ. ϬϹЄ. ϢЁ ϻϴГ϶ϼϿ, ЋІЂ
ЄϴϻϸϹϿϹЁϼϹ ϼЅІЂЄϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿЂ϶ (϶ ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЂЁ ϶ϾϿВЋϼϿ ϼ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ) Ёϴ
϶ϹЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏϹ ϼ ЃϼЅАЀϹЁЁЏϹ ϶ϹЅАЀϴ ЁϹЇϸϴЋЁЂ. ϣЂ ϹϷЂ ЀЁϹЁϼВ, «ЃϼЅАЀϹЁЁЏϹ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾϼ ІЂϺϹ ϶ϹЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏϹ. ϢЅЂϵϹЁЁЂ ІϴϾϼϹ, ϾϴϾ, ЁϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ, ϕϹЉϼЅІЇЁЅϾϴГ ЁϴϸЃϼЅА Ёϴ ϶ЏЅЂϾЂϽ ЅϾϴϿϹ ЃЂ ϸЂЄЂϷϹ ϶
ϩϴЀϴϸϴЁ, ϾЂϸϹϾЅ ϩϴЀЀЇЄϴЃϼ Ёϴ ϸϼЂЄϼІЂ϶ЂϽ ЅІϹϿϹ ϼϿϼ ϾЇЀЄϴЁЅϾϼϹ Ѕ϶ϼІϾϼ» (ϬϹЄ 2004: 115). Ϟ ЅϾϴϻϴЁЁЂЀЇ ЀЂϺЁЂ ϸЂϵϴ϶ϼІА, ЋІЂ ЅϴЀϴ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼГ ϼЀϹϹІ ϸϹϿЂ ЁϹ ІЂϿАϾЂ Ѕ ϶ϹЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЀϼ ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІϴЀϼ. ϢЁϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЇϹІ ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЏϹ ЅІЄЇϾІЇЄЏ (ЁϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ, ЃϿϴЁЏ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϽ, ЃϴЉЂІЁЏЉ ЃЂϿϹϽ
ϼ І. ϸ.), ϸϴЁЁЏϹ Ђ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЀЂϺЁЂ ЃϹЄϹϸϴІА ІЂϿАϾЂ Ѕ ЃЂЀЂЍАВ ϷЄϴЈϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϼ ЄϹЋϹ϶ЏЉ ЅЄϹϸЅІ϶.
ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ЉЂІГ ϵЂϿАЌϴГ ЋϴЅІА ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϴ ϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼІϹϿАЁЂ ϼЀϹϹІ ϶ϹЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏϽ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄ, ЅϴЀ ЃЂ ЅϹϵϹ ЂЁ ЁϹ Г϶ϿГϹІЅГ ϼЉ БϾЅϾϿВϻϼ϶ЁЏЀ ЃЄϼϻЁϴϾЂЀ. ϢϸЁЂϷЂ БІЂϷЂ ЂϾϴϻЏ϶ϴϹІЅГ ЁϹϸЂЅІϴІЂЋЁЂ ϸϿГ ϼϸϹЁІϼЈϼϾϴЊϼϼ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶. ϡЇϺЁЏ ϼ ϸЄЇϷϼϹ ϾЄϼІϹЄϼϼ.
ϤϴЁАЌϹ ϶ЅϹЉ БІЂ ЃЂЁГϿ ϟ. ϥ. ϞϿϹϽЁ. ϢЁ ϶϶ϹϿ ϹЍϹ ЂϸϼЁ ЂЃЂϻЁϴ϶ϴІϹϿАЁЏϽ ЃЄϼϻЁϴϾ — ϶ЂϻЄϴЅІ ЂϵЎϹϾІϴ. ϥЂϷϿϴЅЁЂ ϹϷЂ ЀЁϹЁϼВ, Ͼ ЋϼЅϿЇ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ЀЂϺЁЂ ЂІЁϹЅІϼ ІЂϿАϾЂ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϼϹ
϶ϹЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏϹ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿЏ. ϱІϼ ЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼГ ЁϴЌϿϼ ЂІЄϴϺϹЁϼϹ ϶ ЈЂЄЀЇϿϼЄЂ϶ϾϹ ЃЂЁГІϼГ «ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾ», ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ, ϾϴϾ ЇϺϹ ϷЂ϶ЂЄϼϿЂЅА, ϟ. ϥ. ϞϿϹϽЁ ЂІЂϺϸϹЅІ϶ϿГϹІ Ѕ «ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЀ
ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂЀ». ϖ ЋϴЅІЁЂЅІϼ, ЂЁ ЃϼЅϴϿ: «ϢІ ϸЄЇϷϼЉ ϶ϹЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЉ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾϼ ЂІϿϼЋϴВІЅГ ІϹЀ, ЋІЂ ЂЁϼ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϼϹ, ЂІ ϸЄЇϷϼЉ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϼЉ — ІϹЀ, ЋІЂ ЂЁϼ ϶ϹЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏϹ» (ϞϿϹϽЁ 1995: 61).
ϣЂϿЇЋϴϹІЅГ, ЋІЂ ЅЂЋϹІϴЁϼϹ БІϼЉ ϸ϶ЇЉ ϾϴЋϹЅІ϶ (϶ϹЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂЅІА ϼ ϸЄϹ϶ЁЂЅІА) ϼ ϸϹϿϴϹІ ЂϵЎϹϾІ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЀ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂЀ (ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾЂЀ). Ϣ ϸЄϹ϶ЁЂЅІϼ ϾϴϾ ЁϹЃЄϹЀϹЁЁЂϽ ЋϹЄІϹ ІϴϾϼЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶,
ЃЂЀϼЀЂ ϟ. ϥ. ϞϿϹϽЁϴ, ЃϼЅϴϿϼ ϼ ЀЁЂϷϼϹ ϸЄЇϷϼϹ ϴ϶ІЂЄЏ. ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ЁϼϾІЂ ϼϻ ЁϼЉ ЁϹ ЇІЂЋЁϼϿ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЏϹ ЄϴЀϾϼ БІЂϷЂ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁϼГ. ϞϴϾ ЀЁϹ ϾϴϺϹІЅГ, ϷЂ϶ЂЄГ Ђ ϸЄϹ϶ЁЂЅІϼ, ЂЁϼ ЅϿϹϸЇВІ ϶ ЄЇЅϿϹ ЁϴЇЋЁЂϽ
ІЄϴϸϼЊϼϼ ϼϿϼ ϸϴϺϹ ЄЇϾЂ϶ЂϸЅІ϶ЇВІЅГ ЅЇϵЎϹϾІϼ϶ЁЏЀϼ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГЀϼ. ϖ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІϹ ЅϿЂϺϼϿЂЅА
ЁϹЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁЁЂϹ ЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼϹ, ϾЂІЂЄЂϹ ЃЂЄЂϺϸϴϹІ ЅЃЂЄЁЏϹ ЅϼІЇϴЊϼϼ. ϖ Ѕ϶Гϻϼ Ѕ БІϼЀ ЅЂЌϿВЅА Ёϴ
ϸϿϼІϹϿАЁЇВ ϼ ϵϹЅЃϿЂϸЁЇВ ϸϼЅϾЇЅЅϼВ ЂІЁЂЅϼІϹϿАЁЂ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹϷЂ ЃЄϹϸϹϿϴ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼϼ (ϕЂЄГϻ 1975:
9–10; ϞϿϹϽЁ 1978: 48–53). ϡϴϾЂЁϹЊ, ЅϿϹϸЇϹІ ЁϴЃЂЀЁϼІА, ЋІЂ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϼϹ ϶ϹЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏϹ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ ϾЄЂЀϹ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼϼ ϼϻЇЋϴВІ ϼ ϸЄЇϷϼϹ ϷЇЀϴЁϼІϴЄЁЏϹ ЁϴЇϾϼ. ϣЂБІЂЀЇ «϶ϹЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂЅІА» ϼ «ϸЄϹ϶ЁЂЅІА»,
϶ϻГІЏϹ ЃЂЄЂϻЁА ϼϿϼ ϶ЀϹЅІϹ, ЁϹ ЀЂϷЇІ ЅЋϼІϴІАЅГ ϼЅϾϿВЋϼІϹϿАЁЂ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЀϼ ЃЄϼϻЁϴϾϴЀϼ.
ϣЂϸ϶ЂϸГ ϼІЂϷ ЅЄϴ϶ЁϼІϹϿАЁЂϷЂ ϴЁϴϿϼϻϴ ϸϹЈϼЁϼЊϼϽ ЃЂЁГІϼГ «ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾ»,
ЀЂϺЁЂ ЅϾϴϻϴІА ЅϿϹϸЇВЍϹϹ: ϶ ЊϹϿЂЀ ЂЁϼ ϶ϹЄЁЂ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿГВІ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІ ϼϻЇЋϹЁϼГ, ЉЂІГ ϼ ϶ ЂЋϹЁА ЌϼЄЂϾϼЉ ЃЄϹϸϹϿϴЉ. ϜЀϹВІЅГ, Ёϴ ЀЂϽ ϶ϻϷϿГϸ, ϼ ЁϹϸЂЅІϴІϾϼ, Ђ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЇϺϹ ϵЏϿЂ ЅϾϴϻϴЁЂ ϶ЏЌϹ. ϥϹϽЋϴЅ Г
ЂЅІϴЁЂ϶ϿВЅА Ёϴ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЃЄЂϵϹϿϴЉ ϼ ЇЃЇЍϹЁϼГЉ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЇϸϴϿЂЅА ϻϴЀϹІϼІА ϶ ЃЄЂЊϼІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЉ
ЈЂЄЀЇϿϼЄЂ϶ϾϴЉ.
ϞϴϾ ЂІЀϹЋϴϿϼ ЀЁЂϷϼϹ ϴ϶ІЂЄЏ, ϶ ϶ϼϸЂ϶ЂЀ ЂІЁЂЌϹЁϼϼ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ ЂІϿϼЋϴВІЅГ ϵЂϿАЌϼЀ ЄϴϻЁЂЂϵЄϴϻϼϹЀ. ϳ ЂЅІϴЁЂ϶ϿВЅА ІЂϿАϾЂ Ёϴ ϸ϶ЇЉ ϼϻ ЁϼЉ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЃЂϿЇЋϼϿϼ Ёϴϻ϶ϴЁϼϹ
ЃЄЂЅІЏЉ ϼ ЅϿЂϺЁЏЉ (ϞϿϹϽЁ 1995: 236). Ϟ ЃϹЄ϶ЏЀ ЂІЁЂЅГІЅГ ϹϸϼЁϼЋЁЏϹ ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІЏ, ϴ ϾЂ ϶ІЂЄЏЀ —
ϼЉ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЏ. ϞЂЁϹЋЁЂ, ЁϴϼϵЂϿАЌϼϽ ϼЁІϹЄϹЅ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿГВІ ЅϿЂϺЁЏϹ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ, Ёϴ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ Г
ЂЅІϴЁЂ϶ϿВЅА ЃЂϸЄЂϵЁϹϹ. ϡϹЄϹϸϾЂ ЂЁϼ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿГВІ ЅЂϵЂϽ ЅЂ϶ЂϾЇЃЁЂЅІА ЄϴϻЁЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЏЉ ЂІϿЂϺϹЁϼϽ, ЅЂЅЄϹϸЂІЂЋϹЁЁЏЉ ϶ ЂϸЁЂЀ ЀϹЅІϹ. ϘϿГ ІϴϾϼЉ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЂ϶ ϿЇЋЌϹ ϶ЅϹϷЂ ЃЂϸЉЂϸϼІ ϾϿϹϽЁЂ϶ЅϾЂϹ ϼ
ЂІЋϴЅІϼ ϴЀϹЄϼϾϴЁЅϾЂϹ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁϼϹ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶. ϞЄЂЀϹ ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІЂ϶ ϶ ϼЉ ЅЂЅІϴ϶
ЂϵЏЋЁЂ ϶ЉЂϸГІ ϼ БϾЂЈϴϾІЏ. ϱІЂ ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЂϷЂ ЄЂϸϴ ЃЄϼЄЂϸЁЏϹ ЂϵЎϹϾІЏ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴϿ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹϾ ϼ Ѕ ϾЂІЂЄЏЀϼ ЂЁ ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿЅГ ϶ ЃЂЅІЂГЁЁЏЉ ϾЂЁІϴϾІϴЉ (Hester, Grady 1982: 35–36). ϱϾЂЈϴϾІϴЀϼ,
ЁϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ, Г϶ϿГВІЅГ ЀГЅЂ, ЌϹЄЅІА ϼ ϾЂЅІϼ ϸϼϾϼЉ ϼ ϸЂЀϴЌЁϼЉ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЏЉ, ϻϹЄЁϴ ϼ ЃϿЂϸЏ ЄϴЅІϹЁϼϽ
49
:
,
,
(϶ ЊϹϿЂЀ ЃϼЍϴ), ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ϵϼЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϹ ЀϼЁϹЄϴϿАЁЂϹ ЅЏЄАϹ ϼ І. ϸ. ϞЂЁϹЋЁЂ, ϾϴϾ ϼ ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІЏ, ЂЁϼ
ЄϹϸϾЂ ϸЂЉЂϸГІ ϸЂ ЁϴЅ ϶ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϻϸϴЁЁЂЀ ϶ϼϸϹ. ϞϴϾ ЃЄϴ϶ϼϿЂ, БІЂ ϼЉ ϼЅϾЂЃϴϹЀЏϹ ЂЅІϴІϾϼ.
ϥϿЂϺЁЏϹ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ, ϾЄЂЀϹ ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІЂ϶ ϼ БϾЂЈϴϾІЂ϶, ЅЂϸϹЄϺϴІ ϹЍϹ ЂϸϼЁ ϶ϴϺЁЏϽ ϾЂЀЃЂЁϹЁІ. ϙϷЂ ЁϹϿАϻГ ЃЂϿЁЂЅІАВ ЂІЁϹЅІϼ Ёϼ Ͼ ЅЈϹЄϹ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ (ϾϴϾ ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІЏ), Ёϼ Ͼ ЅЈϹЄϹ ЃЄϼЄЂϸЏ (ϾϴϾ
БϾЂЈϴϾІЏ). ϢЁϼ ϶ЂϻЁϼϾϿϼ ϶ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІϹ ϶ϻϴϼЀЂϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼГ БІϼЉ ϸ϶ЇЉ ЅЈϹЄ, ϴ ІЂЋЁϹϹ ϷЂ϶ЂЄГ, ϶ЅϿϹϸЅІ϶ϼϹ
ЃЂЅІϹЃϹЁЁЂϷЂ ЃЂϷϿЂЍϹЁϼГ ЃЄϼЄЂϸЁЏЀ ЂϾЄЇϺϹЁϼϹЀ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЉ ϸϹЃЂϻϼІЂ϶ (ЂІϿЂϺϹЁϼϽ). ϥϴЀЏЀ
ГЄϾϼЀ ЃЄϼЀϹЄЂЀ ІϴϾЂϷЂ ϾЂЀЃЂЁϹЁІϴ Г϶ϿГϹІЅГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏϽ ЅϿЂϽ. ϢЁ ЈЂЄЀϼЄЂ϶ϴϿЅГ ϼϻ ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІЂ϶,
БϾЂЈϴϾІЂ϶ ϼ ЅЏЃЇЋϼЉ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿЂ϶ ЃЂ ІϹЀ ϺϹ ЅІЄϴІϼϷЄϴЈϼЋϹЅϾϼЀ ϻϴϾЂЁϴЀ, ЋІЂ ϼ ϷϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ
ЅϿЂϼ. ϖ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІϹ ϶ЂϻЁϼϾ ЁϹϾϼϽ ЁЂ϶ЏϽ ЂϵЎϹϾІ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ ЀЂϺϹІ ϵЏІА Ёϴϻ϶ϴЁ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂ-ЃЄϼЄЂϸЁЏЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂ϶ϴЁϼϹЀ.
ϞϴϾ ЀЂϺЁЂ ϵЏϿЂ ЇϵϹϸϼІАЅГ, ЅϿЂϺЁЏϹ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ ϸЂ϶ЂϿАЁЂ ЅϼϿАЁЂ ЂІϿϼЋϴВІЅГ ЂІ ЃЄЂЅІЏЉ.
ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ЂЅЁЂ϶Ї ІϹЉ ϼ ϸЄЇϷϼЉ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿГВІ ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІЏ. ϣЄϼЋϹЀ БІЂ ϼЅϾЂЃϴϹЀЏϹ ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІЏ. ϢЁϼ ϶ЏЃϴϿϼ ϼϻ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϴ Ϻϼ϶ЂϽ ЈЇЁϾЊϼЂЁϼЄЇВЍϹϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϼ ЃЄϹ϶ЄϴІϼϿϼЅА ϶ ϸϹЃЂϻϼІЏ. ϦϹЀ ЅϴЀЏЀ ЂЁϼ
ϿϼЌϼϿϼЅА ϻϴЍϼІЏ Ѕ϶ЂϹϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϼ ЊϹϿϼϾЂЀ ЃЂЃϴϿϼ ЃЂϸ ϶ϿϴЅІА ЃЄϼЄЂϸЏ. ϢЁϼ ЅІϴϿϼ ϼЅϾЂЃϴϹЀЏЀϼ ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІϴЀϼ. ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ЃЄϼϻЁϴϾ «ϼЅϾЂЃϴϹЀЂЅІϼ» ЁϴЄГϸЇ Ѕ ЃЄϼϻЁϴϾЂЀ «ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІЁЂЅІϼ»
ЅϿϹϸЇϹІ ЃЄϼϻЁϴІА ϶ϴϺЁϹϽЌϼЀϼ ЋϹЄІϴЀϼ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶. ϜЉ ЅЂЋϹІϴЁϼϹ ϼ ЃЄϼϸϴϹІ
БІϼЀ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЀ ЁϹЃЂ϶ІЂЄϼЀЂϹ Ѕ϶ЂϹЂϵЄϴϻϼϹ.
«ϜЅϾЂЃϴϹЀЂЅІА» Г϶ϿГϹІЅГ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІЂЀ ϶ЂϻϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼГ ЃЄϼЄЂϸЁЏЉ ЃЄЂЊϹЅЅЂ϶ Ёϴ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏϹ
ϸϹЃЂϻϼІЏ. ϱІϼ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϼϹ ЀЂϷЇІ ЁϴЉЂϸϼІАЅГ Ёϴ ϻϹЀϿϹ, ЃЂϸ ϻϹЀϿϹϽ ϼϿϼ ϶ ϾϴϾЂϽ-ІЂ ϸЄЇϷЂϽ ЅЄϹϸϹ. ϱІЂ
ЁϹ ϼЀϹϹІ ЃЄϼЁЊϼЃϼϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ϻЁϴЋϹЁϼГ. ϖϴϺЁЂ ІЂ, ЋІЂ ЂІ ЁϴІϼЅϾϴ ЃЄϼЄЂϸЏ ϼЉ ЇϺϹ ЁϼЋІЂ ЁϹ ϻϴЍϼЍϴϹІ. ϜЅϾЂЃϴϹЀЏϹ ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІЏ ЇІЄϴІϼϿϼ Ѕ϶Ђϼ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏϹ ЈЇЁϾЊϼϼ, ϼ ϼЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴ ЃϹЄϹЅІϴϿϴ Ђ ЁϼЉ
ϻϴϵЂІϼІАЅГ. ϢЁϼ ЃЂЅІϹЃϹЁЁЂ, ЁЂ ЁϹЇϾϿЂЁЁЂ ІЄϴЁЅЈЂЄЀϼЄЇВІЅГ ϶ ЃЄϼЄЂϸЁЏϹ ЂϵЎϹϾІЏ. ϞЂЁϹЋЁЂ,
ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁϴГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴ ЁϹЄϹϸϾЂ ϵϹЄϹІ ϼЉ ЃЂϸ Ѕ϶ЂВ ϻϴЍϼІЇ. ϢЁϴ ϼЉ ЂЉЄϴЁГϹІ ϼ ЄϹЅІϴ϶ЄϼЄЇϹІ ϼ ϸϴϺϹ
ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЇϹІ ϶ Ѕ϶ЂϼЉ ЊϹϿГЉ, ϾϴϾ, ЁϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ, ϞЂϿϼϻϹϽ ϶ ϤϼЀϹ. ϢϸЁϴϾЂ «ЂϺϼ϶ϼІА» ϼЉ ЇϺϹ ЁϹ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ,
ІϴϾ ϺϹ ϾϴϾ ЁϹϿАϻГ ϶ϹЄЁЇІА ІЇ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЇВ ЅЄϹϸЇ, ϶ ϾЂІЂЄЂϽ ЂЁϼ ϶ЂϻЁϼϾϿϼ ϼ ЈЇЁϾЊϼЂЁϼЄЂ϶ϴϿϼ.
ϖ ϿЇЋЌϹЀ ЅϿЇЋϴϹ ЂЁϼ ЅІϴЁЂ϶ГІЅГ ϼЅІЂЄϼϾЂ-ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЀϼ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЀϼ.
ϣЄϼЄЂϸЂ϶ϹϸЋϹЅϾϼϽ ϴЅЃϹϾІ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ЅϿϴϵЂ ϼϻЇЋϹЁ ϶ ЁϴЌϹϽ ЁϴЇϾϹ. ϢЁ
ϿϼЌА ϼϻЄϹϸϾϴ ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴϹІЅГ ϶ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ІϹЂЄϹІϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϼ ЀϹІЂϸϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЄϴϵЂІϴЉ (ϞϿϹϽЁ 2012:
118–128). ϠϹϺϸЇ ІϹЀ ϹϷЂ ϶ϴϺЁЂЅІА ϶ЃЂϿЁϹ ЂЋϹ϶ϼϸЁϴ. ϢЅЂϵϹЁЁЂ ϴϾІЇϴϿАЁЂ ϼϻЇЋϹЁϼϹ БІЂϷЂ ϴЅЃϹϾІϴ
ϸϿГ ІϹЂЄϹІϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϼ ЃЂϿϹ϶ЂϽ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼϼ.
ϢϵЏЋЁЂ ϶ЂϻϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼϹ ЂϾЄЇϺϴВЍϹϽ ЃЄϼЄЂϸЁЂϽ ЅЄϹϸЏ Ёϴ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏϹ ϸϹЃЂϻϼІЏ ЄϴЅЊϹЁϼ϶ϴϹІЅГ ϾϴϾ ЅЇϷЇϵЂ ϸϹЅІЄЇϾІϼ϶ЁЏϽ ЃЄЂЊϹЅЅ. ϘϹϽЅІ϶ϼІϹϿАЁЂ, ϻϹЀϿϹІЄГЅϹЁϼГ, Ёϴ϶ЂϸЁϹЁϼГ, ϼϻ϶ϹЄϺϹЁϼГ
϶ЇϿϾϴЁЂ϶, ϶ϹІЄЂ϶ϴГ ϼ ϶ЂϸЁϴГ БЄЂϻϼГ ϼ ϸЄЇϷϼϹ ЅІϼЉϼϼ ЁϴЁЂЅГІ ЁϹЃЂЃЄϴ϶ϼЀЏϽ ϶ЄϹϸ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЀ
ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЀ. ϡϹЄϹϸϾЂ ЂЁϼ ϼЉ ЃЂϿЁЂЅІАВ ЇЁϼЋІЂϺϴВІ. ϦϹ ϺϹ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏϹ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿЏ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЅЂЉЄϴЁГВІЅГ, ЃЂϸ϶ϹЄϷϴВІЅГ ІϿϹЁϼВ, ϷЁϼϹЁϼВ, ЂϾϼЅϿϹЁϼВ ϼ ЃЄЂЋϹϹ. ϖ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІϹ ЀЁЂϷϼϹ ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІЏ
ϼϻ ЂЄϷϴЁϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϼ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЁϹЂЄϷϴЁϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿЂ϶ ЃЂϷϼϵϴВІ. Ϟ БІЂЀЇ ϹЍϹ ЅϿϹϸЇϹІ ϸЂϵϴ϶ϼІА ЄЇϼЁϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼϹ ЁϴϻϹЀЁЏЉ ЅЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼϽ, ЂЃϿЏ϶ϴЁϼϹ ϸϹЄϹ϶ГЁЁЂ-ϻϹЀϿГЁЏЉ ϾЂЁЅІЄЇϾЊϼϽ ϼ І. ϸ.
ϖЀϹЅІϹ Ѕ БІϼЀ ϼЅЋϹϻϴϹІ ϼ ϵϹЅЊϹЁЁϴГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂ-ϼЅІЂЄϼЋϹЅϾϴГ ϼЁЈЂЄЀϴЊϼГ.
ϞЂЁϹЋЁЂ, ЄϴϻЄЇЌϴВІЅГ ϼ ϼЅЋϹϻϴВІ ϸϴϿϹϾЂ ЁϹ ϶ЅϹ ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІЏ. ϫϴЅІА ϼϻ ЁϼЉ ЅЂЉЄϴЁГϹІЅГ,
ЁЂ, ϾϴϾ ЃЄϴ϶ϼϿЂ, ϶ ϸϹЈЂЄЀϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂЀ ϶ϼϸϹ. ϢЁϼ ЀЂϷЇІ ϼϻЀϹЁϼІА Ѕ϶Ђϼ ЄϴϻЀϹЄЏ, Њ϶ϹІ, ϴ ϼЁЂϷϸϴ ϼ
ЉϼЀϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ЅЂЅІϴ϶. Ϝϻ-ϻϴ ϸϿϼІϹϿАЁЂϷЂ ЃЄϹϵЏ϶ϴЁϼГ ϶ ϻϹЀϿϹ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸϼІ ЈЂЅЅϼϿϼϻϴЊϼГ ϾЂЅІϹϽ,
ЃϴІϼЁϼϻϴЊϼГ ϾЄϹЀЁϹ϶ЏЉ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ ϼ ϾЂЄЄЂϻϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼϹ ЀϹІϴϿϿϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІЂ϶. ϥϿϹϸЇϹІ ІϴϾϺϹ
ЂІЀϹІϼІА, ЋІЂ ЀЁЂϷϼϹ ϻϹЀϿГЁЏϹ ЅЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼГ, ІϴϾϼϹ, ЁϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ, ϾϴϾ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЏ, ЀϹЁГВІ Ѕ϶ЂВ ЃϹЄ϶ЂЁϴЋϴϿАЁЇВ ЈЂЄЀЇ. ϖ ϾЂЁϹЋЁЂЀ ЅЋϹІϹ ϶ЅϹ ЂЁϼ ЃЄϹ϶ЄϴЍϴВІЅГ ϶ ЂϾЄЇϷϿЏϹ ЉЂϿЀЏ ϼ ЅϼϿАЁЂ ϼϻЀϹЁГВІЅГ ϶ ЄϴϻЀϹЄϴЉ.
ϡϴϾЂЁϹЊ, ЅϿϹϸЇϹІ ЅϾϴϻϴІА, ЋІЂ ЁϹЄϹϸϾЂ ЃЄϼЄЂϸЁЂϹ ϶ЂϻϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼϹ ЃЄϼЂϵЄϹІϴϹІ ϼ Ѕ϶ЂϹϷЂ ЄЂϸϴ
ЅЂϻϼϸϴІϹϿАЁЏϽ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄ. ϕϿϴϷЂϸϴЄГ ЁϹЀЇ ϶ЂϻЁϼϾϴϹІ ІϴϾЂϽ ЁЂ϶ЏϽ ЂϵЎϹϾІ, ϾϴϾ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏϽ ЅϿЂϽ.
ϖ ϹϷЂ ЂϵЄϴϻЂ϶ϴЁϼϼ ЇЋϴЅІ϶ЇϹІ ЀЁЂϺϹЅІ϶Ђ ЃЄϼЄЂϸЁЏЉ ЃЄЂЊϹЅЅЂ϶: ЃЂЋ϶ЂЂϵЄϴϻЂ϶ϴІϹϿАЁЏϽ, ϵϼЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ, ЉϼЀϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ϼ І. ϸ. ϢЁ ЈЂЄЀϼЄЂ϶ϴϿЅГ ϶ ЃЂϿЁЂЀ ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ϼϼ Ѕ ІЄϹЀГ ϼϻ ЋϹІЏЄϹЉ ϻϴϾЂЁЂ϶
ЅІЄϴІϼϷЄϴЈϼϼ (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ: 339–340). ϥІЄϴІϼϷЄϴЈϼГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЉ ЅϿЂϹ϶ ϸϴϹІ ϶ ЄЇϾϼ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼϼ ЀЂЍЁЂϹ
ЅЄϹϸЅІ϶Ђ ЂІЁЂЅϼІϹϿАЁЂϽ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼϼ, ϾЂІЂЄЂϹ ЁϹ ϼЀϹϹІ Ёϼ ЂϸЁϴ ϸЄЇϷϴГ ϼЅІЂЄϼЋϹЅϾϴГ ϸϼЅЊϼЃϿϼЁϴ.
ϣЄϼЄЂϸЁЂϹ ϶ϿϼГЁϼϹ Ёϴ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏϹ ϸϹЃЂϻϼІЏ ϵЏϿЂ ЁϹ ІЂϿАϾЂ ЄϴϻЁЂЂϵЄϴϻЁЏЀ, ЁЂ ϼ ЄϴϻϿϼЋϴϿЂЅА ЃЂ Ѕ϶ЂϹϽ ЅϼϿϹ. ϢЁЂ ϻϴЀϹІЁЂ ϶ϴЄАϼЄЂ϶ϴϿЂ ϶ ϻϴ϶ϼЅϼЀЂЅІϼ ЂІ ЀϹЅІЁЏЉ ЃЄϼЄЂϸЁЏЉ ЇЅϿЂ϶ϼϽ.
50
ϢЋϹ϶ϼϸЁЂ, ЋІЂ ϶ ϼЁϹЄІЁЂϽ ЅЄϹϸϹ ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІЏ ЅЂЉЄϴЁГВІЅГ ЁϴЀЁЂϷЂ ϿЇЋЌϹ, ЋϹЀ ϶ ϴϷЄϹЅЅϼ϶ЁЂϽ. ϥ ЄϴϻЁЂϽ ЅІϹЃϹЁАВ ϼЁІϹЁЅϼ϶ЁЂЅІϼ ЃЄЂІϹϾϴϿϼ ЃЄЂЊϹЅЅЏ ЈЂЄЀϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЉ ЅϿЂϹ϶. ϢϷЄЂЀЁЂϹ
ϻЁϴЋϹЁϼϹ ϸϿГ ЅЂЅІЂГЁϼГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЉ ϸϹЃЂϻϼІЂ϶ ІϴϾϺϹ ϼЀϹϿ ЈϴϾІЂЄ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ. ϫϹЀ ЂЁϼ ЅІϴЄЌϹ, ІϹЀ
ЅϼϿАЁϹϹ ЅϾϴϻЏ϶ϴϿЂЅА Ёϴ ЁϼЉ ϶ЂϻϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼϹ ЃЄϼЄЂϸЁЏЉ ЅϼϿ.
ϱІЂ ϶ЂϻϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼϹ ЄϹϻϾЂ ϶ЂϻЄϴЅІϴϿЂ ЅЄϴϻЇ ϺϹ ЃЂЅϿϹ ϸϹЃЂЁϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІЂ϶. ϥϴЀ ЃЄЂЊϹЅЅ
ϸϹЃЂЁϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ϼϻЇЋϹЁ ЂЋϹЁА ЃϿЂЉЂ. Ϝϻ϶ϹЅІЁЂ ІЂϿАϾЂ, ЋІЂ ЂЁ ЀЂϷ ЃЄЂІϹϾϴІА ϾϴϾ ЅІϼЉϼϽЁЂ, ІϴϾ ϼ
϶ЃЂϿЁϹ ЅЂϻЁϴІϹϿАЁЂ ϼ ЂЄϷϴЁϼϻЂ϶ϴЁЁЂ. ϢІ БІЂϷЂ ϶Ђ ЀЁЂϷЂЀ ϻϴ϶ϼЅГІ ЅЂЅІϴ϶, ϾЂϿϼЋϹЅІ϶Ђ ϼ ЅϴЀ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄ ІϴϾ ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴϹЀЂϽ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϼЁЈЂЄЀϴЊϼϼ. ϡϴЉЂϸГЅА ЇϺϹ ϶ ЃЄϼЄЂϸЁЂϽ ЅЄϹϸϹ, ϼ ЁϼЋϹЀ ЂІ
ЁϹϹ ЁϹ ϻϴЍϼЍϹЁЁЏϹ ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІЏ ЃЄϹ϶ЄϴЍϴϿϼЅА ϶ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿ. ϣЄϼЋϹЀ ϶ЂϻЄϴЅІ ЅϴЀϼЉ
БІϼЉ ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІЂ϶ ЁϹ ϼЀϹϹІ ЃЄϼЁЊϼЃϼϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ϻЁϴЋϹЁϼГ. ϱІЂ ЀЂϷЇІ ϵЏІА ϾϴϾ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ, ІϴϾ ϼ
ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЏϹ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ. ϢϾϴϻϴ϶ЌϼЅА ϶ЁϹ ЄϴЀЂϾ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ, ЂЁϼ ІЇІ ϺϹ ЃЂЃϴϸϴВІ ϶Ђ ϶ϿϴЅІА ЃЄϼЄЂϸЏ.
ϥ БІЂϽ ІЂЋϾϼ ϻЄϹЁϼГ ϶ϹЄЉЁГГ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁϴГ ϷЄϴЁϼЊϴ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼϼ ЁϹ ЀЂϺϹІ ϵЏІА І϶ϹЄϸЂ ЈϼϾЅϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϴ.
ϢЁϴ ЃЂЅІЂГЁЁЂ ϸ϶ϼϺϹІЅГ ϶϶ϹЄЉ ϶ЅϿϹϸ ϻϴ Єϴϻ϶ϼІϼϹЀ ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ. ϣЄϴ϶ϼϿАЁЂЅІА БІЂϷЂ
϶Џ϶Ђϸϴ ЃЂϸІ϶ϹЄϺϸϴϹІЅГ ЃЂГ϶ϿϹЁϼϹЀ ϼ ЇЅЃϹЌЁЏЀ Єϴϻ϶ϼІϼϹЀ ІϴϾ ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴϹЀЂϽ ЃЄЂЀЏЌϿϹЁЁЂϽ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼϼ (industrial archaeology).
ϣЄϼЄЂϸϴ ЄϴϻЄЇЌϴϹІ, ІЄϴЁЅЈЂЄЀϼЄЇϹІ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏϹ ЂІϿЂϺϹЁϼГ, ЅЂϻϸϴϹІ ϼϻ ЁϼЉ ЁϹЋІЂ ЁЂ϶ЂϹ.
ϞϴϾ ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІЏ ЂЁϼ ЃЄϼЁϴϸϿϹϺϴІ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϹ, ϴ ϾϴϾ ϼЅϾЂЃϴϹЀЏϹ ЂϵЎϹϾІЏ — ЃЄϼЄЂϸϹ. ϖ БІЂϽ ϸ϶ЂϽЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂЅІϼ ϼ ЅЂЅІЂϼІ ЇЁϼϾϴϿАЁЂЅІА ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶. ϜЉ ЀЂϺЁЂ ЂІЁЂЅϼІА Ͼ ЂЅЂϵЂЀЇ
ϾϿϴЅЅЇ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂ-ЃЄϼЄЂϸЁЏЉ ЂϵЎϹϾІЂ϶.
ϛϴ϶ϹЄЌϴГ ЂϵϻЂЄ, ЀЂϺЁЂ ϻϴϾϿВЋϼІА, ЋІЂ Ͼ ЋϼЅϿЇ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ЂІЁЂЅГІЅГ ϿВϵЏϹ ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІЏ, ϼЉ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЏ ϼ ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІЁЏϹ ЅІЄЇϾІЇЄЏ, ϼЀϹВЍϼϹ ϼЅϾЂЃϴϹЀЏϽ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄ. ϖ ЅЂЅІϴ϶
ЅϿЂϺЁЏЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ІϴϾϺϹ ϶ЉЂϸГІ БϾЂЈϴϾІЏ ϼ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂ-ЃЄϼЄЂϸЁЏϹ ЂϵЄϴϻЂ϶ϴЁϼГ. ϖЅГ
ЅЂ϶ЂϾЇЃЁЂЅІА ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ЀЂϺϹІ ϼЀϹЁЂ϶ϴІАЅГ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЀ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿЂЀ.
ϣЂ Ѕ϶ЂϹЀЇ ЅІϴІЇЅЇ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ ЂІЁЂЅГІЅГ Ͼ ЁϴІЇЄϴϿАЁЂЀЇ ЄГϸЇ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼϼ,
ϴ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾϼ — Ͼ ϴЁϴϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾЂЀЇ (ϕЂЋϾϴЄД϶ 2010: 28–32). ϣϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ Г϶ϿГВІЅГ БЀЃϼЄϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϵϴϻЂϽ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾЂ϶. ϢЁϼ ϶Ђ ЀЁЂϷЂЀ ЃЄϹϸЂЃЄϹϸϹϿГВІ ϼЉ Ѕ϶ЂϽЅІ϶ϴ. Ϟ ІϴϾϼЀ Ѕ϶ЂϽЅІ϶ϴЀ ЀЂϷЇІ ϵЏІА ЂІЁϹЅϹЁЏ ϻϴϾЂϸϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂЅІА ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂ-ϼЅІЂЄϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϼЁЈЂЄЀϴЊϼϼ, ϹϹ ϿϴϾЇЁϴЄЁЂЅІА ϼ ϶ЏϵЂЄЁЂЅІА,
ϾЂЀЃЄϹЅЅϼЂЁЁЂЅІА ϼ І. ϸ. ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ЁϹϸЂЃЇЅІϼЀЂ ϾϴϾ ЂІЂϺϸϹЅІ϶ϿГІА ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ ϼ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾϼ, ІϴϾ ϼ ЂІЄЏ϶ϴІА ϼЉ ϸЄЇϷ ЂІ ϸЄЇϷϴ.
ϔЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼГ 2006 — ϔЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼГ / ϖ. ϟ. ϳЁϼЁ (ЂІ϶. ЄϹϸ.). Ϡ.: Ϝϻϸ-϶Ђ Ϡϗϧ, 2006. 622 Ѕ.
ϕϹϿϾЂ϶ 2009 —
. . ϱІЁЂЅ ϼ ЀϼЈЂϿЂϷϼГ. ϥϣϵ.: ϡϴЇϾϴ, 2009. 281 Ѕ.
ϕЂЄГϻ 1975 —
. . ϣЄϼЄЂϸϴ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾϴ ϼ ЂϵЎϹϾІ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼϼ ϾϴϾ ЁϴЇϾϼ // ϣЄϹϸЀϹІ ϼ
ЂϵЎϹϾІ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼϼ ϼ ϶ЂЃЄЂЅЏ ЀϹІЂϸϼϾϼ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼϽ. ϟ.: ϡϴЇϾϴ, 1975. ϥ. 6–11.
ϕЂЋϾϴЄД϶ 2010 —
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ϜϜϠϞ Ϥϔϡ, 2010. 231 Ѕ.
ϞϴЀϹЁϹЊϾϼϽ ϼ ϸЄ. 1975 —
. .,
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(϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂЅІϼ ЈЂЄЀϴϿϼϻЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϷЂ ЃЂϸЉЂϸϴ). Ϡ.: ϡϴЇϾϴ, 1975. 172 Ѕ.
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ϞϿϹϽЁ 1995 —
. . ϔЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾϼ. 2-Ϲ ϼϻϸ. ϥϣϵ.: ϨϴЄЁ, 1995. 349 Ѕ.
ϞϿϹϽЁ 2011 —
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ϲϺЁЂϽ ϥϼϵϼЄϼ. ϞϹЀϹЄЂ϶Ђ: Ϝϻϸ-϶Ђ ϞϹЀϹЄЂ϶ЅϾЂϷЂ ϗϧ, 2011. ϖЏЃ. 25. ϥ. 15–17.
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Ϥϴ϶ϸЂЁϼϾϴЅ 1939 —
. . ϜЅІЂЄϼГ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϵЏІЁЂϷЂ ЂϵЍϹЅІ϶ϴ. ϟ.: Ϝϻϸ-϶Ђ ϟϗϧ, 1939. ϫ. 1. 286 Ѕ.
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ϔЄЉϹЂϿЂϷ: ϸϹІϹϾІϼ϶ ϼ ЀЏЅϿϼІϹϿА. ϥϣϵ.: Ϝϻϸ-϶Ђ ϥϣϵϗϧ, 2004. ϥ. 114–123.
Hester, Grady 1982 — Hester J. J., Grady J. Introduction to Archaeology. 2nd ed. New York: Holt, Rinehart and
Winston, 1982. 496 p.
51
:
,
,
On some characteristics inherent to archaeological
sites and archaeological record
V. S. Bochkarev
The paper asserts the necessity to make a distinction between the concepts of «archaeological site»
and «archaeological record». They belong to different categories, with the former being an objective basis for the latter. Archaeological sites can be divided into several types, differing from each other by the
degree of their complexity. All of them are characterized by such traits as «artifactness» and «fossilness».
The combination of these two traits imparts archaeological sites with inimitable individuality. They can
be considered as a kind of natural-cultural objects. The informative potential of the archaeological record
is predetermined by some peculiarities inherent to archaeological sites.
KILL
. . , . . ё (
,
. . )1
,
. . ϞϿВЋϹ϶ЏϹ ЅϿЂ϶ϴ:
,
,
,
,
,
.
Keywords: Tajikistan, Hissar Neolithic culture, multilayer settlement of Sai-Sayod, bone tools, decorations,
manufacturing technology, typology.
ё ,
ϣϹЄ϶ϴГ ЁϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾϴГ ЅІЂГЁϾϴ Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ϦϴϸϺϼϾϼЅІϴЁϴ ϵЏϿϴ ЂІϾЄЏІϴ ϔ. ϣ. ϢϾϿϴϸЁϼϾЂ϶ЏЀ ЃЄϼ ЂϵЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼϼ ϗϼЅЅϴЄЅϾЂϽ ϸЂϿϼЁЏ Ёϴ ЉЂϿЀϹ ϦϹЃϹϼ ϗϴϻϼДЁ. ϜЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿА ЂІЁϹЅ
БІЂІ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾ Ͼ ЁЂ϶ЂϽ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϹ, ЃЂϿЇЋϼ϶ЌϹϽ Ёϴϻ϶ϴЁϼϹ ϷϼЅЅϴЄЅϾЂϽ. ϖ ІϹЋϹЁϼϹ
ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾϼЉ ЃЂϿϹ϶ЏЉ ЅϹϻЂЁЂ϶ (1953–1959) ϔ. ϣ. ϢϾϿϴϸЁϼϾЂ϶ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϼϿ ЅϹЄϼВ ϷϼЅЅϴЄЅϾϼЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ — ϞЇЁЋϼ, ϥϴЁϷϼ-ϠϼϿГ, ϟЇЋЂϵ, ϞЇϽ-ϕЇϿАДЁ, ϦЇІϾϴЇϿ, ϥϴϽ-ϥϴϽДϸ ϼ ϸЄ. (ϢϾϿϴϸЁϼϾЂ϶ 1958;
1959; 1961).
. ϢЅЁЂ϶ЁЂϽ ϻЂЁЂϽ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁϼГ ϷϼЅЅϴЄЅϾЂϽ
ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ Г϶ϿГϹІЅГ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЁϴГ ЋϴЅІА ϔЈϷϴЁЂ-ϦϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂϽ ϸϹЃЄϹЅЅϼϼ, ϻϴЃЂϿЁϹЁЁϴГ ϾЂЄЂІϾϼЀϼ, ЁϹ϶ЏЅЂϾϼЀϼ ЉЄϹϵІϴЀϼ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿГВІ ЅЂϵЂϽ ϶ϼЄϷϴЊϼВ ЉЄϹϵІЂ϶ ϣϹІЄϴ ϣϹЄ϶ЂϷЂ ϼ ϘϴЄ϶ϴϻЅϾЂϷЂ,
ЃЄϼЁϴϸϿϹϺϴЍϼЉ ϦГЁА-ϬГЁАЅϾЂϽ ϼ ϣϴЀϼЄЂ-ϔϿϴϽЅϾЂϽ ϷЂЄЁЏЀ ЅϼЅІϹЀϴЀ Ѕ ϴϵЅЂϿВІЁЏЀϼ ϶ЏЅЂІϴЀϼ
ЂІ 300 ϸЂ 7495 Ѐ Ёϴϸ ЇЄЂ϶ЁϹЀ ЀЂЄГ. ϩЄϹϵІЏ ЅЃЇЅϾϴВІЅГ ЃϴЄϴϿϿϹϿАЁЂ ϶ ВϷЂ-ϻϴЃϴϸЁЂЀ ЁϴЃЄϴ϶ϿϹЁϼϼ,
ϻϴІЇЉϴГ Ёϴ ЃЂϿЇЃЇЅІЏЁЁЏЉ Єϴ϶ЁϼЁϴЉ ϣГЁϸϺϴ-ϔЀЇϸϴЄАϼ. ϤϹϾϴ ϣГЁϸϺ-ϔЀЇϸϴЄАГ ЂІϸϹϿГϹІ БІЂІ ЄϹϷϼЂЁ ЂІ ϹϷЂ ВϺЁЂϷЂ ЃЄЂϸЂϿϺϹЁϼГ — ЃЄϹϸϷЂЄЁЏЉ Єϴ϶ЁϼЁ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϷЂ ϔЈϷϴЁϼЅІϴЁϴ. ϠϹϺϸЇ ЉЄϹϵІϴЀϼ ЄϴЅЃЂϿЂϺϹЁЏ ϷϿЇϵЂϾϼϹ ϸЂϿϼЁЏ: ϗϼЅЅϴЄЅϾϴГ, ϖϴЉЌЅϾϴГ, ϞЇϿГϵЅϾϴГ, ϶ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ϶ЏϸϹϿГВІЅГ
ЊϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЏϹ ЋϴЅІϼ, ЅϿЂϺϹЁЁЏϹ ЀЂϿЂϸЏЀ ϴϿϿВ϶ϼϹЀ; ЄϹЋЁЏϹ ІϹЄЄϴЅЏ ϼ ЃЄϹϸϷЂЄЁЏϹ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЏ —
«ϴϸЏЄЏ», ЃϹЄϹϾЄЏІЏϹ ϿϹЅЅЂ϶ЏЀϼ ЃЂϾЄЂ϶ϴЀϼ, ϸЂЅІϼϷϴВЍϼЀϼ 200-ЀϹІЄЂ϶ЂϽ ІЂϿЍϼЁЏ.
ϣЏϿАЊϹ϶ϴГ ϸϼϴϷЄϴЀЀϴ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϦЇІϾϴЇϿ ЃЂϾϴϻϴϿϴ, ЋІЂ ϶ БЃЂЉЇ ЁϹЂϿϼІϴ ЅϾϿЂЁЏ ϷЂЄ ϵЏϿϼ
ЃЂϾЄЏІЏ ЄϹϸϾЂϿϹЅАϹЀ, ЅЂЅІЂГ϶ЌϼЀ ϼϻ ЀϼЁϸϴϿГ, ЈϼЅІϴЌϾϼ, ϵЂГЄЏЌЁϼϾϴ ϶ ЅЂЋϹІϴЁϼϼ Ѕ ЃЂϿЇЅϴ϶ϴЁЁЏЀϼ ϻϿϴϾϴЀϼ (ЃЏЄϹϽ ϼ ГЋЀϹЁА ϿЇϾЂ϶ϼЋЁЏϽ). ϖϸЂϿА ЄЇЅϹϿ ЄϹϾ ЃЄЂϼϻЄϴЅІϴϿϼ ЄЂЍϼ ЌϼЃЂ϶ЁϼϾϴ,
ЋϼϿЂЁϴ, ϶ϼЌЁϼ ϵЂЄЂϸϴ϶ЋϴІЂϽ, ГЅϹЁГ, ЀЂϺϺϹ϶ϹϿАЁϼϾϴ ϼ ІЂЃЂϿГ (ϣϴЉЂЀЂ϶ ϼ ϸЄ. 1974).
ϖ ϴЄϹϴϿϹ ϷϼЅЅϴЄЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ЂϵϼІϴϿϼ ЀϹϸ϶Ϲϸϼ, ϾϴϵϴЁЏ, ϶ϼЁІЂЄЂϷϼϹ ϼ ЅϼϵϼЄЅϾϼϹ ϾЂϻϿЏ,
ϵЇЉϴЄЅϾϼϹ ЂϿϹЁϼ, ϷЂЄЁЏϹ ϵϴЄϴЁЏ, ϶ЂϿϾϼ, ϸϼϾЂϵЄϴϻЏ, ϻϴϽЊЏ, ϿϼЅϼЊЏ, ЅЇЅϿϼϾϼ, ЋϹЄϹЃϴЉϼ. ϢІЄГϸ
ЃϹЄЁϴІЏЉ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿГϿϼ ЈϴϻϴЁЏ, ЅЄϹϸЁϹϴϻϼϴІЅϾϼϹ ϾЇЄЂЃϴІϾϼ, ЇϿϴЄЏ ϼ ЀЁЂϷϼϹ ϸЄЇϷϼϹ ϶ϼϸЏ. ϖ ЄϹϾϴЉ
϶ЂϸϼϿϼЅА ЅϴϻϴЁЏ, ЅЂЀЏ, ЀϴЄϼЁϾϴ, ЈЂЄϹϿА, ЉЄЂЀЇϿГ ЅϴЀϴЄϾϴЁϸЅϾϴГ.
ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ЃϿϹЀϹЁϴ ϷϼЅЅϴЄЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϻϴЅϹϿГϿϼ ϵϿϴϷЂЃЄϼГІЁЇВ ЃЄϼЄЂϸЁЇВ ϻЂЁЇ
Ѕ ЇЀϹЄϹЁЁЏЀ ϾϿϼЀϴІЂЀ, ЄϴϻЁЂЂϵЄϴϻЁЂϽ ЈϴЇЁЂϽ ϼ ЈϿЂЄЂϽ. ϥЂЋϹІϴЁϼϹ ϶ЅϹЉ БІϼЉ ЈϴϾІЂЄЂ϶ ϶ЃЂϿЁϹ
ЇϸЂ϶ϿϹІ϶ЂЄГϿЂ ЁЇϺϸЏ ЁϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼГ.
ϖ ЃЄϹϸϹϿϴЉ ϔЈϷϴЁЂ-ϦϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂϽ ϸϹЃЄϹЅЅϼϼ ЁϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЅІЂГЁϾϼ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁЏ ЃЂ
ЅЄϹϸЁϹЀЇ ІϹЋϹЁϼВ ЄϹϾ ϞϴЈϼЄЁϼϷϴЁϴ, ϖϴЉЌϴ, ϳ϶ϴЁЅЇ, ϦϴϼЄЅЇ, ϞЏϻЏϿЅЇ ϼ ϳЉЅЇ (ЄϼЅ. 1; ϖϼЁЂϷЄϴϸЂ϶ϴ
ϼ ϸЄ. 2008: 117, ЄϼЅ. 1). ϥІЂГЁϾϼ ЀЂϺЁЂ ϶ЅІЄϹІϼІА Ёϴ ϶ЅϹЉ ЇЄЂ϶ЁГЉ ЄϹЋЁЏЉ ІϹЄЄϴЅ: ϶ЏЅЂІЂϽ ϶
20–30 Ѐ, ϶ЂϻЄϴЅІ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿГϹІЅГ ϷЂϿЂЊϹЁЂЀ ϼϿϼ ϶ϹЄЉЁϼЀ ЃϿϹϽЅІЂЊϹЁЂЀ; ϵЂϿϹϹ ϶ЏЅЂϾϼЉ,
1
ϤϴϵЂІϴ ϶ЏЃЂϿЁϹЁϴ ЃЂ ЃЄЂϹϾІЇ ϤϗϡϨ-ϡϪϡϜ № 14-21-17003 Fr_a.
53
:
,
,
. 1. ϢЅЁЂ϶ЁЏϹ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ ϷϼЅЅϴЄЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϦϴϸϺϼϾϼЅІϴЁϴ, ϾϴЄІϴ: 1 — ϦЇІϾϴЇϿ, ϥϴϽДϸ; 2 — ϕЇϿАДЁϼ
ϣЂДЁ; 3 — ϞϴЀЏЌϿЏ; 4 — ϞЇЉЁϴ ϕϴϽ; 5 — ϦϹЃϹϼ ϗϴϻϼДЁ (ϗϼЅЅϴЄ); 6 — ϗЇϿϼϾϴЁϸЂϻ; 7 — ϠϼЄϻЂϽ ϕЂϿЂ;
8 — ϞЂϻϼ ϕϹЄϸЏ; 9 — ϥЂ϶ϹІЅϾϼϽ; 10 — ϫϼЀϵЇϿϴϾ; 11 — ϘϴϷϴЁϴ; 12 — ϥϴЁϷϼЇϷЇЄ; 13 — ϞϴЁϷЇЄІІЇІ; 14 —
ϟВϿГϾЇІϴϿ; 15 — ϫϴЄЀϷϴЄЂЁ; 16 — ϗϹϿЂІ. ϟЂϾϴϿАЁЏϹ ϷЄЇЃЃЏ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁϼГ ϷϼЅЅϴЄЅϾϼЉ ЅІЂГЁЂϾ: I —
ϷϼЅЅϴЄЅϾϴГ; II — ϾϴЈϼЄЁϼϷϴЁЅϾϴГ; III — Г϶ϴЁЅϾϴГ; IV — ЁЇЄϹϾЂ-ϸϴЁϷϴЄϼЁЅϾϴГ; V — ϾЏϻЏϿЅЇϽЅϾϴГ, VI —
ϾЇϿГϵЅϾϴГ (ЃЂ ϖϼЁЂϷЄϴϸЂ϶ϴ ϼ ϸЄ. 2008)
Fig. 1. Main sites of the Hissar culture in Tajikistan: 1 — Tutkaul, Sayod; 2 — Bul’yoni Poyon; 3 — Kamyshly;
4 — Kuhna Bai; 5 — Tepei Gaziyon (Hissar); 6 — Gulikandoz; 7 — Mirzoi Bolo; 8 — Kozi Berdy; 9 — Sovetskiy;
10 — Chimbulak; 11 — Dagana; 12 — Sanghihugur; 13 — Kangurttut; 14 — Lulyakugal; 15 — Charmgaron;
16 — Ghelot. Local groups of the Hissar sites: I — Hissar; II — Kafirnigan; III — Yavan; IV — Nurek-Dangara;
V — Kyzylsu; VI — Kulyab (after ϖϼЁЂϷЄϴϸЂ϶ϴ ϼ ϸЄ. 2008)
ЅЄϹϸЁϹЃϿϹϽЅІЂЊϹЁЂ϶ЏЉ, ϶ЏЅЂІЂϽ ϸЂ 100 Ѐ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ϶ ϴϸЏЄЁЂϽ ЃЂϿЂЅϹ, Ёϴ ϴϵЅЂϿВІЁЂϽ ϶ЏЅЂІϹ ЂІ
500–700 ϸЂ 1000–1500 Ѐ Ёϴϸ ЇЄЂ϶ЁϹЀ ЀЂЄГ. ϖЅϹ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁЏ Ѕ ЄϴϽЂЁϴЀϼ ЄϴЅЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁϼГ
ϿϹЅЅЂ϶, ϼЉ ЁϹІ ϶ ϶ϹЄЉЂ϶АГЉ ЄϹϾ, ϷϸϹ ϿϹЅЅЂ϶ЏϽ ЃЂϾЄЂ϶ ЃЄϴϾІϼЋϹЅϾϼ ЂІЅЇІЅІ϶ЇϹІ, ϴ ϿϴЁϸЌϴЈІ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄϼϻЇϹІЅГ ЅϾϴϿϼЅІЏЀϼ ЇЍϹϿАГЀϼ (ϖϼЁЂϷЄϴϸЂ϶ϴ ϼ ϸЄ. 2008: 18–24).
ЂІϿϼЋϴϹІЅГ ϷϴϿϹЋЁЂϽ ϼЁϸЇЅІЄϼϹϽ, ϾЂІЂЄϴГ ϼЀϹϹІ ϷϿЇϵЂϾϼϹ ϾЂЄЁϼ ϶
ЁϼϺЁϹЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϾϴЄϴІϴЇЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϹ, ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЁЂϽ ЅІЂГЁϾϴЀϼ ϞϴЄϴІϴЇ, ϟϴЉЇІϼ, ϢϵϼϠϴϻϴЄϴ, ϩЂЁϴϾЂ (ϤϴЁЂ϶, ϬϹЈЈϹЄ 2000; ϤϴЁЂ϶, ϞϴЄϼЀЂ϶ϴ 2005: 45–48). ϥЉЂϸЅІ϶Ђ ϾϴЄϴІϴЇЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ
Ѕ ϷϼЅЅϴЄЅϾЂϽ («ϷϴϿϹЋЁЏϽ БϿϹЀϹЁІ») ϵϴϻϼЄЇϹІЅГ Ёϴ ϼϸϹЁІϼЋЁЂЅІϼ ϼЉ ЂЄЇϸϼϽ — ЋЂЃЃϹЄЂ϶, ЋЂЃЃϼЁϷЂ϶,
ІϼЃЂϿЂϷϼϼ ЁЇϾϿϹЇЅЂ϶, ЂІϿϼЋϼІϹϿАЁЂϽ ЋϹЄІЂϽ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ Г϶ϿГϹІЅГ ЂІЅЇІЅІ϶ϼϹ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІϼ, ЅЃϹЊϼϴϿАЁЂ
ЃЂϸϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁЁЂϽ ϸϿГ ЅЁГІϼГ ϻϴϷЂІЂ϶ЂϾ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴЁϼϼ ϶ ϾϴЋϹЅІ϶Ϲ ЂЄЇϸϼϽ ЁϹЄϹІЇЌϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЉ
ЂІЍϹЃЂ϶. ϡϹЀϴϿЂ϶ϴϺЁЂ ϼ ІЂ, ЋІЂ ϼ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾϴГ, ϼ ϷϼЅЅϴЄЅϾϴГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϴϿАЁЂ ЁϹ ϶ЏЉЂϸГІ ϻϴ ЃЄϹϸϹϿЏ ЄϴϽЂЁϴ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁϼГ ϿϹЅЅϴ, ϻϴЁϼЀϴГ ЂϸЁЇ ϼ ІЇ ϺϹ БϾЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЇВ ЁϼЌЇ. ϠЂϺЁЂ
ЅϾϴϻϴІА, ЋІЂ ϷϴϿϹЋЁϴГ ІϹЉЁϼϾϴ, ϻϴϾЂЁЅϹЄ϶ϼЄЂ϶ϴ϶ЌϼЅА ϶ ϷЂЄϴЉ ϦϴϸϺϼϾϼЅІϴЁϴ Ёϴ ЃЄЂІГϺϹЁϼϼ ЀЁЂϷϼЉ
ІЏЅГЋϹϿϹІϼϽ, ϼЅЋϹϻϿϴ ЃЂЅϿϹ ІЂϷЂ, ϾϴϾ ϷϼЅЅϴЄЅϾϴГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴ ЃЄϹϾЄϴІϼϿϴ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼϹ.
ϗϹЁϹϻϼЅ ϷϼЅЅϴЄЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ЇϺϹ ЂЅ϶ϹЍϹЁ ϶ ЂЃЇϵϿϼϾЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЉ ЄϴϵЂІϴЉ. ϤϴЅϾЂЃϾϼ ϶ ϦЇІϾϴЇϿϹ
ϼ ϘϴЄϴϼ ϬЇЄϹ ЃЂϾϴϻϴϿϼ, ЋІЂ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЁϴГ ϶ ЅЄϹϸЁϹЀ ІϹЋϹЁϼϼ Є. ϖϴЉЌ ЀϹϻЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾϴГ ϾϴЀϹЁЁϴГ
ϼЁϸЇЅІЄϼГ, ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЁϴГ ϾЂЀϵϼЁϴЊϼϹϽ ϷϴϿϹЋЁЂϷЂ ϼ ϾЄϹЀЁϹ϶ЂϷЂ БϿϹЀϹЁІЂ϶, ЅІϴϿϴ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЂϽ ϸϿГ
54
. 2. ϣЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϹ ϥϴϽ-ϥϴϽДϸ, ϦϴϸϺϼϾϼЅІϴЁ, ЂϵЍϼϽ ϶ϼϸ
Fig. 2. Sai-Sayod, Tajikistan, general view of the site
ϷϼЅЅϴЄЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ (ϤϴЁЂ϶ ϼ ϸЄ. 1982: 5–11; ϲЅЇЃЂ϶, ϨϼϿϼЀЂЁЂ϶ϴ 1992), ϶ЄϹЀГ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼГ
ϾЂІЂЄЂϽ, ЅЂϷϿϴЅЁЂ ϸϴІϴЀ, ЃЂϿЇЋϹЁЁЏЀ ЃЂ 14ϥ, ЂЉ϶ϴІЏ϶ϴϹІ VI–III ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϼϿϼ, ϶ ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ϼϼ Ѕ
ϾϴϿϼϵЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЀϼ ϾϴϿϹЁϸϴЄЁЏЀϼ ϸϴІϴЀϼ, — VII–III ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.
ϗϼЅЅϴЄЅϾЂϹ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϹ ϥϴϽ-ϥϴϽДϸ ЄϴЅЃЂϿϴϷϴϿЂЅА Ёϴ ϿϹ϶ЂЀ ϵϹЄϹϷЇ Є. ϖϴЉЌ, Ёϴ ϶ЏЅЂІϹ 800 Ѐ
Ёϴϸ ЇЄЂ϶ЁϹЀ ЀЂЄГ. ϜЁІϹЄϹЅЇВЍϼϽ ЁϴЅ ЇЋϴЅІЂϾ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿГϿ ЅЂϵЂϽ ϾЂІϿЂ϶ϼЁЇ, Ѕ ϖ ϼ ϲϖ ЂϷЄϴЁϼЋϹЁЁЇВ ЉЄϹϵІЂЀ ϗЇϿϼϻϼЁϸϴЁ (1300 Ѐ Ёϴϸ ЇЄЂ϶ЁϹЀ ЀЂЄГ), Ѕ ϥϛ — ϷЂЄЂϽ ϥϴЁϷϿЂϾ (2400 Ѐ Ёϴϸ ЇЄЂ϶ЁϹЀ
ЀЂЄГ). ϩЄϹϵІЏ ЅϿЂϺϹЁЏ ϾЄϴЅЁЏЀϼ, ЅЊϹЀϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЀϼ ЃϹЅЋϴЁϼϾϴЀϼ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹϷЂ ЃϴϿϹЂϷϹЁϴ ϼ ЁϼϺЁϹϷЂ ЁϹЂϷϹЁϴ, ϿϹϺϴЍϼЀϼ ϶ ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁϼϼ 7–8 ІϹЄЄϴЅ. ϦϹЄЄϴЅЏ, ϶ Ѕ϶ЂВ ЂЋϹЄϹϸА, ЂϵЄϴϻЂ϶ϴЁЏ ϴϿϿВ϶ϼϴϿАЁЏЀϼ ϷϴϿϹЋЁϼϾϴЀϼ, ЃϹЄϹϾЄЏІЏЀϼ ϿϹЅЅϴЀϼ ЄϴϻЁЂϽ ІЂϿЍϼЁЏ (5–40 Ѐ).
ϡϴЋϼЁϴГ Ѕ БЃЂЉϼ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϴ ϼ ϶ЃϿЂІА ϸЂ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЂϷЂ ϶ϹϾϴ БІЂІ ЄϴϽЂЁ ϼЁІϹЁЅϼ϶ЁЂ ЂϵϺϼ϶ϴϿЅГ. ϖ 1970–1980-Љ ϷϷ. ϶ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІϹ ЅϼЅІϹЀϴІϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЁϴϵϿВϸϹЁϼϽ ϻϴ ЄϴϻЄЇЌϴВЍϼЀϼЅГ ϵϹЄϹϷϴЀϼ ϶ЂϸЂЉЄϴЁϼϿϼЍϴ ϵЏϿЂ ϶ЏГ϶ϿϹЁЂ Ѕ϶ЏЌϹ 100 ϷϼЅЅϴЄЅϾϼЉ ЅІЂГЁЂϾ, ЀϹЅІЂЁϴЉЂϺϸϹЁϼϽ ϼ ЂІϸϹϿАЁЏЉ
ЃЇЁϾІЂ϶ (ϲЅЇЃЂ϶, ϨϼϿϼЀЂЁЂ϶ϴ 1984; 1988; 1990). ϡϴϽϸϹЁЁЏϹ ЁϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ ЀЂϺЁЂ
ЇЅϿЂ϶ЁЂ ЄϴϻϸϹϿϼІА Ёϴ ЀЁЂϷЂϾЄϴІЁЂ ϻϴЅϹϿГϹЀЏϹ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГ Ѕ ЅЂЉЄϴЁϼ϶ЌϼЀЅГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЀ ЅϿЂϹЀ; Ёϴ
ϸЂϿϷЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЏϹ ЅІЂГЁϾϼ ϵϹϻ ЁϹϷЂ, ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ϾЂϿϼЋϹЅІ϶Ђ ЃЂϸЎϹЀЁЂϷЂ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϴ ЀЂϺϹІ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿГІА
ЅЂІЁϼ ϹϸϼЁϼЊ; Ёϴ ЃЇЁϾІЏ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂϷЂ ЀϹЅІЂЁϴЉЂϺϸϹЁϼГ ϼ ЁϹϵЂϿАЌϼϹ ЅϾЂЃϿϹЁϼГ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏЉ ЂЄЇϸϼϽ.
ϢІЅЇІЅІ϶ϼϹ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϷЂ ЅϿЂГ Ёϴ ЄГϸϹ ЀϹЅІЂЁϴЉЂϺϸϹЁϼϽ ЂϵЎГЅЁГϹІЅГ ϿϼϵЂ ϼЉ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЏЀ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴЁϼϹЀ, ϿϼϵЂ ϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼϹЀ БЄЂϻϼϼ, ІϴϾ ϾϴϾ ЁϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЅϿЂϼ, ЁϴЉЂϸГЍϼϹЅГ ϶ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂϽ ЁЇϿϹ϶ЂϽ (ϷЂϿЂЊϹЁЂ϶ЂϽ) ЃЂЋ϶Џ, ЇЁϼЋІЂϺϴϿϼЅА ЃЂІЂϾϴЀϼ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЅІϹϾϴϿϼ ЅЂ ЅϾϿЂЁЂ϶ ϷЂЄ.
ϕЂϿАЌϼЁЅІ϶Ђ ЅІЂГЁЂϾ ЇϾϴϻϴЁЁЂϷЂ ЄϴϽЂЁϴ, ϶ϾϿВЋϴГ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϹ ϥϴϽ-ϥϴϽДϸ, ϶ ЁϴЅІЂГЍϹϹ ϶ЄϹЀГ ϻϴІЂЃϿϹЁЂ ϡЇЄϹϾЅϾϼЀ ϶ЂϸЂЉЄϴЁϼϿϼЍϹЀ. ϥϴϽ-ϥϴϽДϸ Г϶ϿГϿЅГ БІϴϿЂЁЁЏЀ ЀЁЂϷЂЅϿЂϽЁЏЀ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂЀ (ЄϼЅ. 2), ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ϾЂІЂЄЂϷЂ ϶ϹϿϼЅА ϶ 1966–1972 ϷϷ.2 ϣЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϹ ϵЏϿЂ ЃЄϼЇЄЂЋϹЁЂ Ͼ ϾЂЁЇЅЇ ϶ЏЁЂЅϴ ЂϸЁЂϼЀϹЁЁЂϷЂ ЄЇЋАГ Ї ϹϷЂ ϶ЏЉЂϸϴ ϶ ϸЂϿϼЁЇ Є. ϖϴЉЌ. ϘϿϼЁϴ ϾЂЁЇЅϴ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿГϿϴ 80 Ѐ,
ЀϴϾЅϼЀϴϿАЁϴГ ЌϼЄϼЁϴ — 40 Ѐ. ϖ ϹϷЂ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ϼЀϹϿЅГ Ёϴ϶ϹЅ, ЃЄЂЀЏІЏϽ Є. ϖϴЉЌ ϶ ЅϾϴϿАЁЏЉ
϶ЏЉЂϸϴЉ ϾЄϴЅЁЂϷЂ ЃϹЅЋϴЁϼϾϴ. ϖЏЅЂІϴ ϾЂЁЇЅϴ Ёϴϸ ϷЂϿЂЊϹЁЂ϶ЂϽ ІϹЄЄϴЅЂϽ Ї Ёϴ϶ϹЅϴ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿГϿϴ 12–
15 Ѐ, ϴ Ї ЄϹϾϼ — 4–6 Ѐ.
. ϖ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ϾЂЁЇЅϴ ϶ЏЁЂЅϴ ϻϴϿϹϷϴϿϼ ЅϿЂϼ, ЅЂϸϹЄϺϴ϶ЌϼϹ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿАЁЇВ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЇ ІЄϹЉ ϼЅІЂЄϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЂ϶: ЂЅІϴІϾϼ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϴ X–XII ϶϶.; ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾЇ ϼ ϺϹϿϹϻЁЏϹ
ϤϴЅϾЂЃϾϴЀϼ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ЄЇϾЂ϶ЂϸϼϿ ϔ. ϩ. ϲЅЇЃЂ϶ (1975; 1976). ϖ ЃЄЂ϶ϹϸϹЁЁЏЉ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼГЉ ЃЄϼЁϼЀϴϿϼ ЇЋϴЅІϼϹ ϡ. ϡ. ϥϾϴϾЇЁ ϼ Ϧ. ϗ. ϨϼϿϼЀЂЁЂ϶ϴ.
2
55
:
,
,
ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾϼ ЅІЄϹϿ III–V ϶϶. Ё. Б.; ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϹ ϼ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϹ, ЂІЁЂЅГЍϼϹЅГ Ͼ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϹ ІϴϾ ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴϹЀЂϽ ЅІϹЃЁЂϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ. ϡϼϺϹ ϻϴϿϹϷϴϿϼ ІЄϼ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϶ϹϾϴ. ϥЂϷϿϴЅЁЂ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϾϹ, ЃЄϹϸϿЂϺϹЁЁЂϽ ϔ. ϩ. ϲЅЇЃЂ϶ЏЀ, ϸ϶ϴ ϼϻ ЁϼЉ ЂІЁЂЅГІЅГ Ͼ ЄϴЁЁϹЀЇ ϼ Єϴϻ϶ϼІЂЀЇ БІϴЃϴЀ ЁϹЂϿϼІϴ (VI–
IV ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.), ϴ ІЄϹІϼϽ — ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϼІϹϿАЁЂ Ͼ ЈϼЁϴϿЇ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹϷЂ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІϴ (XIV–XII ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.)
(ϲЅЇЃЂ϶ 1975: 138–139; ϲЅЇЃЂ϶, ϨϼϿϼЀЂЁЂ϶ϴ 1992).
ϗЂЄϼϻЂЁІ I БЃЂЉϼ ЁϹЂϿϼІϴ (϶ϹЄЉЁϼϽ), ЃЄЂЅϿϹϺϹЁЁЏϽ Ёϴ ЃϿЂЍϴϸϼ 3500 Ѐ², ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁ ЅЇЃϹЅАВ Ѕ϶ϹІϿЂ-ЅϹЄЂϷЂ Њ϶ϹІϴ ІЂϿЍϼЁЂϽ ЂІ 0,75 ϸЂ 1,2 Ѐ. ϖ ЃЄЂЊϹЅЅϹ ϹϷЂ ЄϴЅЋϼЅІϾϼ ϶ЏГ϶ϿϹЁЏ ϾЄЇϷϿЏϹ
(ϸϼϴЀϹІЄЂЀ 0,4 Ѐ) ϼ ЃЂϿЇϾЄЇϷϿЏϹ ЂЋϴϷϼ (ЄϴϻЀϹЄϴЀϼ 1–1,1 Ѐ). ϢЋϴϷϼ ЂϵЄϴЀϿϹЁЏ ЂϸЁЂЅϿЂϽЁЏЀϼ ϶ЏϾϿϴϸϾϴЀϼ ϼϻ ЃϿЂІЁЂ ЇϿЂϺϹЁЁЏЉ ϷϴϿϹϾ. ϤϴЅϾЂЃϴЁЏ ІϴϾϺϹ ϻϴЃЂϿЁϹЁЁЏϹ ϾЂЅІГЀϼ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЏЉ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏϹ ГЍϼϾϼ (50 × 30 × 25 ЅЀ), ЅϿЂϺϹЁЁЏϹ ϼϻ ІЄϹЉ-ЃГІϼ ϶ϹЄІϼϾϴϿАЁЂ ЃЂЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЁЏЉ ЃϿϼІЂϾ ϾЄϴЅЁЂϷЂ
ЃϹЅЋϴЁϼϾϴ. ϣЂϸ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІЂЀ I ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿЅГ ϾЂЄϼЋЁϹ϶ЏϽ ЁϴІϹЋЁЂϽ ЅЇϷϿϼЁЂϾ ІЂϿЍϼЁЂϽ 30–40 ЅЀ, ЁϹ
ЅЂϸϹЄϺϴ϶ЌϼϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЉ ЂЅІϴІϾЂ϶.
ϗЂЄϼϻЂЁІ II БЃЂЉϼ ЁϹЂϿϼІϴ (ЁϼϺЁϼϽ) ϻϴϿϹϷϴϿ ϶ ЅЇЃϹЅϼ ІϹЀЁЂ-ϵЇЄЂϷЂ Њ϶ϹІϴ, ϸЂЅІϼϷϴ϶ЌϹϽ ІЂϿЍϼЁЏ 2–2,2 Ѐ. ϣЄϼ ϹϷЂ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼϼ ϻϴЈϼϾЅϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЏ ЀЁЂϷЂЋϼЅϿϹЁЁЏϹ ЂЋϴϷϼ ϼ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏϹ ЀЁЂϷЂЅϿЂϽЁЏϹ ϶ЏϾϿϴϸϾϼ. ϖ ЅϾϴϿАЁЂЀ ЇϷϿЇϵϿϹЁϼϼ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЂ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϹ. ϥЂЉЄϴЁϼ϶ЌϼϹЅГ ϶ ЁϹЀ ЂЅІϴЁϾϼ
ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄϼϻЇВІЅГ, ЃЂ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁϼВ Ϧ. ϣ. ϞϼГІϾϼЁЂϽ, Ϲ϶ЄЂЃϹЂϼϸЁЏЀ, ЁϴІЇЄϼϿϼϻЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЀ, ϸЂϿϼЉЂϾЄϴЁЁЏЀ ЄϴЅЂ϶ЏЀ ІϼЃЂЀ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ ЂІЁЂЅϼІЅГ Ͼ ЃЄЂІЂЅЄϹϸϼϻϹЀЁЂЀЂЄЅϾϼЀ ЈЂЄЀϴЀ (ϞϼГІϾϼЁϴ,
ϤϴЁЂ϶ 1971: 149).
ϡϼϺϹ БІЂϷЂ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴ ЄϴЅЃЂϿϴϷϴϿϼЅА ЍϹϵϹЁЋϴІЏϹ ϿϼЁϻЏ ІЂϿЍϼЁЂϽ 20–30 ЅЀ. Ϝϻ-ϻϴ ЁϹϻЁϴЋϼІϹϿАЁЂЅІϼ ЃϿЂЍϴϸϼ ЄϴЅϾЂЃϴ ϶ ЁϼЉ ϶ЏГ϶ϿϹЁЂ ЀϴϿЂϹ ϾЂϿϼЋϹЅІ϶Ђ ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІЂ϶. ϣЂϸ ϿϼЁϻϴЀϼ ЄϴЅЋϼЍϹЁ
ϻϴ϶ϴϿ ϼϻ ϾЄЇЃЁЏЉ ϷϿЏϵ ϾЄϴЅЁЂϷЂ ЃϹЅЋϴЁϼϾϴ, ЇЃϴ϶ЌϼЉ Ѕ ЃЂІЂϿϾϴ ЁϼЌϼ ϶ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІϹ ЅϼϿАЁЂϷЂ ϻϹЀϿϹІЄГЅϹЁϼГ. ϙЍϹ ЁϼϺϹ ϶ЅІЄϹЋϹЁ ЅϿЂϽ ЅЇЃϹЅϼ, ЅЀϹЌϴЁЁЂϽ Ѕ ЀϹϿϾϼЀϼ ЂϵϿЂЀϾϴЀϼ ϾЄϴЅЁЂϷЂ ЃϹЅЋϴЁϼϾϴ.
ϗЂЄϼϻЂЁІ III, ϼЀϹ϶ЌϼϽ ІЂϿЍϼЁЇ 60 ЅЀ, ϶ϾϿВЋϴϿ ЃГІА ЃϹЅЋϴЁЏЉ ϼ ϼϿϼЅІЏЉ ЃЄЂЅϿЂϹϾ, ЂϵЄϴϻЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЉ ϴϿϿВ϶ϼϴϿАЁЏЀϼ ЂІϿЂϺϹЁϼГЀϼ ϖϴЉЌϴ. ϖ ЁϼЉ ЃЄЂЅϿϹϺϹЁЏ ЇϷϿϼЅІЏϹ ЃГІЁϴ. ϡϴ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁЁЂЀ ЇЋϴЅІϾϹ ЃϿЂЍϴϸАВ 120 Ѐ2 ЄϴЅЋϼЍϹЁЏ 5 ЂЋϴϷЂ϶ ϼ ϷϿϼЁГЁЏϹ ЃϹЄϹϷЂЄЂϸϾϼ ϶ ϶ϼϸϹ ІЂЁϾϼЉ ЅІϹЁЂϾ
϶ЏЅЂІЂϽ 5 ЅЀ ϼ ІЂϿЍϼЁЂϽ 6 ЅЀ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ, ϾϴϾ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿϴϷϴВІ, ЃЄϼϾЄЏ϶ϴϿϼ ЂϷЂЁА ЂІ ϶ϹІЄϴ.
ϞЂϿϿϹϾЊϼГ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏЉ ЂЄЇϸϼϽ ЁϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІЂ϶ I ϼ II ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϼϿϴ ЂϾЂϿЂ 30 000 БϾϻ.,
ϾЂϿϿϹϾЊϼГ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴ III — 178 БϾϻ. ϜЁϸЇЅІЄϼГ I ϼ II ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІЂ϶ ЂІϿϼЋϴϹІЅГ ГЄϾЂ ϶ЏЄϴϺϹЁЁЏЀ ЅЂЋϹІϴЁϼϹЀ ЂІЍϹЃЂ϶, ϶ЏЃЂϿЁϹЁЁЏЉ ϶ ϷϴϿϹЋЁЂϽ ІϹЉЁϼϾϹ (70 %), ϼ ϾЄϹЀЁϹ϶ЏЉ ЃϿϴЅІϼЁ (30 %). ϖ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϹ III ϸЂЀϼЁϼЄЇϹІ ϷϴϿϹЋЁЏϽ БϿϹЀϹЁІ, ϾЄϹЀЁϹ϶ЏϽ — ϶ϹЅАЀϴ ЂϷЄϴЁϼЋϹЁ.
ϕЂϿАЌϴГ ЋϴЅІА ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϴ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϥϴϽ-ϥϴϽДϸ ϸЂ ЅϼЉ ЃЂЄ ЁϹ ЂЃЇϵϿϼϾЂ϶ϴЁϴ. ϢЅЂϵЏϽ ϼЁІϹЄϹЅ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿГВІ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЁЏϹ ϻϸϹЅА ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ ϼϻ ЄЂϷϴ ϼ ϾЂЅІϼ, ІϴϾ ϾϴϾ Ёϴ ϸЄЇϷϼЉ
ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЉ ϷϼЅЅϴЄЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ЂЁϼ ЀϴϿЂЋϼЅϿϹЁЁЏ ϼϿϼ ϶Ђ϶ЅϹ ЂІЅЇІЅІ϶ЇВІ. ϖ. ϔ. ϤϴЁЂ϶ ЂϵЎГЅЁГϿ
БІЂ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЂЀ ЈЂЄЀϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЉ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІЂ϶ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϽ. ϡϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ, Ёϴ ϦЇІϾϴЇϿϹ, ЂϸЁЂЀ
ϼϻ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЏЉ ЁϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϽ ВϷϴ ϦϴϸϺϼϾϼЅІϴЁϴ, ЂІϿЂϺϹЁϼГ ϾЂЁЇЅϴ ϶ЏЁЂЅϴ, ϶ϾϿВЋϴВЍϼϹ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏϹ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІЏ, ЃЂϸ϶ϹЄϷϴϿϼЅА ЅϼϿАЁЂЀЇ ϶ЂϻϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼВ ЅЂϿϹϽ ϼϻ ЄϴϻЀЏ϶ϴϹЀЂϽ ϶ЏЌϹ ЃЂ
ЅϾϿЂЁЇ ϷϼЃЅЂЁЂЅЁЂϽ ІЂϿЍϼ, ЋІЂ ЀЂϷϿЂ ЂϾϴϻϴІА ЂІЄϼЊϴІϹϿАЁЂϹ ϶ϿϼГЁϼϹ Ёϴ ЅЂЉЄϴЁЁЂЅІА ϾЂЅІЁЂϷЂ
ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϴ (ϤϴЁЂ϶ 1985: 25–26). ϖ ϦЇІϾϴЇϿϹ, ϾЄЂЀϹ ϿЂЍϼϿϴ, ЂЅІЄϼГ ϼ ЂϵϿЂЀϾϴ ϾЂЅІϼ Ѕ ϶ЏЄϹϻϴЁЁЏЀ
ЃϴϻЂЀ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾϼЉ ϵϹЅЈЂЄЀϹЁЁЏЉ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЂ϶ ЂЄЇϸϼϽ, ϸЄЇϷϼЉ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ ϼϻ БІЂϷЂ ЅЏЄАГ
ЁϹ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЂ (ϤϴЁЂ϶, ϞЂЄЂϵϾЂ϶ϴ 1971). ϣЄϼ ЄϴЅϾЂЃϾϴЉ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϥϴϽ-ϥϴϽДϸ ЅЂϵЄϴЁЂ ϵЂϿϹϹ 3000
ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЂ϶ ϾЂЅІϹϽ ϸϼϾϼЉ ϼ ϸЂЀϴЌЁϼЉ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЏЉ (ϬϴЄϴЃЂ϶ 1972), ϶ ІЂЀ ЋϼЅϿϹ 59 ЃЄϹϸЀϹІЂ϶ (21 ϼϻ
ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴ I, 38 ϼϻ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴ II), Г϶ϿГВЍϼЉЅГ ЂЄЇϸϼГЀϼ ІЄЇϸϴ ϼ ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁϼГЀϼ.
I. ϬϼϿАГ ϼϿϼ ЃЄЂϾЂϿϾϼ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁЏ ϼϻ ϾЂЅІϹϽ ЀϹϿϾϼЉ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЏЉ (6 БϾϻ.) (ЄϼЅ. 3, 1–4, 6, 10). ϡϴ ЃϿЂЅϾЂ϶ЏЃЇϾϿЂϽ ϾЂЅІГЁЂϽ ϻϴϷЂІЂ϶ϾϹ-ЃϿϴЅІϼЁϹ ϶ЏЄϹϻϴϿϼ
ЂЅІЄϼϹ, ϾЂІЂЄЂϹ ϻϴІϹЀ ϸЂЃЂϿЁϼІϹϿАЁЂ ЂϵЄϴϵϴІЏ϶ϴϿϼ Ёϴ ϴϵЄϴϻϼ϶Ϲ. ϥЇϸГ ЃЂ ЂϸЁЂЀЇ ЃЂϿЁЂЅІАВ ЅЂЉЄϴЁϼ϶ЌϹЀЇЅГ БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄЇ, ЌϼϿАГ ϼЀϹϿϼ ϸϿϼЁЇ 7 ЅЀ, ЌϼЄϼЁЇ — 1,4 ЅЀ, ІЂϿЍϼЁЇ — 0,4 ЅЀ, ϸϿϼЁЇ
ЂЅІЄϼГ — 2,5 ЅЀ, ϸϼϴЀϹІЄ — 0,2 ЅЀ. ϢЅІЄϼГ ϼ ЃЄϼϿϹϷϴВЍϼϹ Ͼ ЁϼЀ ЇЋϴЅІϾϼ ЌϼϿАϹ϶ ϼЁІϹЁЅϼ϶ЁЂ
ϻϴЃЂϿϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЏ ϶ЅϿϹϸЅІ϶ϼϹ ЅЂЃЄϼϾЂЅЁЂ϶ϹЁϼГ ЂЄЇϸϼϽ Ѕ ЀГϷϾϼЀ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿЂЀ.
ϙϸϼЁЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЀ БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄЂЀ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЂ ϸ϶ЇЅІЂЄЂЁЁϹϹ ЌϼϿЂ (ЄϼЅ. 3, 5), ЄϴϵЂЋϼϹ ЋϴЅІϼ
ϾЂІЂЄЂϷЂ, ЅЈЂЄЀϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϹ ϵЂϾЂ϶ЏЀϼ ЅϾЂϿϴЀϼ, ЁϹ ЅІЂϿА ЉЂЄЂЌЂ ϻϴЂЅІЄϹЁЏ, ϾϴϾ Ї ϵЂϿАЌϼЁЅІ϶ϴ
ЂϸЁЂЅІЂЄЂЁЁϼЉ ЂЄЇϸϼϽ.
ϥϿϹϸЇВЍϴГ ϷЄЇЃЃϴ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ, ϶ ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ϼϼ Ѕ ІϼЃЂϿЂϷϼϹϽ, ЃЄϹϸϿЂϺϹЁЁЂϽ ϖ. Ϡ. ϠϴЅЅЂЁЂЀ
ϸϿГ ϾЂЅІГЁЏЉ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІЂ϶ ϸϺϹϽІЇЁЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ, ϶ϾϿВЋϴϹІ ϼϷϿЏ (ϠϴЅЅЂЁ 1971: ІϴϵϿ. XXVII, 3, 12).
56
ϔ. ϖ. ϖϼЁЂϷЄϴϸЂ϶ ЂІЁЂЅϼϿ ІϴϾϼϹ ЃЂϸϹϿϾϼ ϾϹϿАІϹЀϼЁϴЄЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ Ͼ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾϴЀ ЅІЄϹϿ ϼϷϿЂ϶ϼϸЁЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ (ϖϼЁЂϷЄϴϸЂ϶ 1968: ЄϼЅ. 14, 6). ϖ ϸϴЁЁЂϽ ЄϴϵЂІϹ ЀЏ ЃЄϼϸϹЄϺϼ϶ϴϹЀЅГ ϾϿϴЅЅϼЈϼϾϴЊϼϼ ϖ. Ϡ. ϠϴЅcЂЁϴ, ІϴϾ ϾϴϾ ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴϹЀЏϹ ЂЄЇϸϼГ ЁϹ ϼЀϹВІ ЅϼЀЀϹІЄϼЋЁЂϽ ЈЂЄЀЏ, ϾЂІЂЄϴГ
Г϶ϿГϹІЅГ ЁϹЂϵЉЂϸϼЀЏЀ ЇЅϿЂ϶ϼϹЀ ϸϿГ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ϼЉ ϶ ϾϴЋϹЅІ϶Ϲ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾЂ϶ ЅІЄϹϿ, ІЂϷϸϴ ϾϴϾ
ϸϿГ ϼϷϿ ЅЀϹЍϹЁϼϹ ЃЄЂЃЂЄЊϼϽ ЁϹ ЅІЂϿА ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂ. ϖ ϥϴϽ-ϥϴϽДϸϹ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЂ 7 ϼϷϿ, ЃЄϼЋϹЀ 4 ϼϻ
ЁϼЉ ЊϹϿЏϹ, Ї ЂЅІϴϿАЁЏЉ ЅЂЉЄϴЁϼϿϼЅА ІЂϿАϾЂ ЄϴϵЂЋϼϹ ЋϴЅІϼ (ЄϼЅ. 3, 7–9). ϘϿϼЁϴ ЅϴЀЂϷЂ ϵЂϿАЌЂϷЂ
ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿГϹІ 7 ЅЀ, ЀϴϿϹЁАϾЂϷЂ — 2,8 ЅЀ, ϸϼϴЀϹІЄ ϼϷϿ ϶ϴЄАϼЄЇϹІ ЂІ 0,6 ϸЂ 0,8 ЅЀ, ϸϼϴЀϹІЄ
ЂЅІЄϼГ — 0,1–0,2 ЅЀ. ϛϴϷЂІЂ϶ϾϴЀϼ ϸϿГ БІϼЉ ЂЄЇϸϼϽ ЅϿЇϺϼϿϼ, ϶ϹЄЂГІЁϹϹ ϶ЅϹϷЂ, ІЄЇϵЋϴІЏϹ ϾЂЅІϼ
ЃІϼЊ. ϛϴЂЅІЄϹЁЁЏϽ ϾЂЁϹЊ ϼϷϿЏ ЁϹ ϶ЏϸϹϿϹЁ ϼ ЃϿϴ϶ЁЂ ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸϼІ ϶ ІЇϿЂ϶Ђ. ϣЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІА ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ
. 3. ϣЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϹ ϥϴϽ-ϥϴϽДϸ, ЁϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІ I, ϾЂЅІГЁЏϹ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ
Fig. 3. Sai-Sayod, Neolithic horizon I, bone artifacts
57
:
,
,
ϻϴЃЂϿϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϴ ЁϹЄϴ϶ЁЂЀϹЄЁЂ. ϛϹЄϾϴϿАЁЏϽ ϵϿϹЅϾ Ёϴ ЂЅІЄϼГЉ ЃЂϸϹϿЂϾ ЃЂЅІϹЃϹЁЁЂ ϻϴІЇЉϴϹІ ЃЂ ЁϴЃЄϴ϶ϿϹЁϼВ Ͼ ϼЉ ЂϵЇЌϾЂ϶ЂϽ ЋϴЅІϼ.
ϦЄϹІАВ ϷЄЇЃЃЇ ЂЄЇϸϼϽ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿГВІ ϿЂЍϼϿϴ, ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ЁϴϽϸϹЁ ЂϸϼЁ ЊϹϿЏϽ БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄ ϼ 3 — ϶Ђ
ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІϴЉ (ЄϼЅ. 3, 11–14). ϢЅЁЂ϶ЂϽ ϸϿГ БІϼЉ ЃЂϸϹϿЂϾ ЅϿЇϺϼϿϼ ϻϴϷЂІЂ϶Ͼϼ, ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼЋЁЏϹ ІϹЀ, ϼϻ
ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ϸϹϿϴϿϼ ЌϼϿАГ, І. Ϲ. ЁϹϵЂϿАЌϼϹ ϾЂЅІϼ, ЄϴЅЍϹЃϿϹЁЁЏϹ Ёϴ ЃϿϴЅІϼЁЏ ЃЄϼϵϿϼϻϼІϹϿАЁЂ ІϹЉ ϺϹ
ЄϴϻЀϹЄЂ϶ (ϸϿϼЁϴ — 8 ЅЀ, ЌϼЄϼЁϴ — 1,3 ЅЀ). ϢϸЁЂ ϼϻ ЂЄЇϸϼϽ ЅϿϹϷϾϴ ЂϵЂϺϺϹЁЂ. ϖЏЃЇϾϿЏϹ ϶ ЃϿϴЁϹ
ϿϹϻ϶ϼГ ϿЂЍϼϿ ϼЀϹВІ ЌϼЄϼЁЇ 1 ЅЀ.
ϧϾЄϴЌϹЁϼГ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ ЋϹІЏЄАЀГ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІϴЀϼ (ЂϵϿЂЀЂϾ ЃЂϸ϶ϹЅϾϼ, 2 ϵЇЅϼЁϴЀϼ ϼ ϵЄϴЅϿϹІЂЀ). ϗϿϴϸϾЂ ЂІЃЂϿϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁϴГ ЃЂϸ϶ϹЅϾϴ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϴ ϼϻ ЂϵЂϺϺϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϸЂ ϾЂЄϼЋЁϹ϶ЂϷЂ Њ϶ϹІϴ ЄϹϵЄϴ
. 4. ϣЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϹ ϥϴϽ-ϥϴϽДϸ, ЁϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІ II, ϾЂЅІГЁЏϹ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ
Fig. 4. Sai-Sayod, Neolithic horizon II, bone artifacts
58
(ЄϼЅ. 3, 15). ϡϴ ЂϸЁЂЀ ϼϻ ϹϹ ϾЂЁЊЂ϶ ЃЄЂЅ϶ϹЄϿϹЁЂ ЂІ϶ϹЄЅІϼϹ ϸϼϴЀϹІЄЂЀ 0,3 ЅЀ. ϨЂЄЀϴ ЃЂϸϹϿϾϼ ЁϹ
϶ЂЅЅІϴЁϴ϶Ͽϼ϶ϴϹІЅГ. ϘϿϼЁϴ ϹϹ ЅЂЉЄϴЁϼ϶ЌϹϽЅГ ЋϴЅІϼ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿГϹІ 2,9 ЅЀ, ЌϼЄϼЁϴ — 1 ЅЀ.
ϕЇЅϼЁЏ ЅϸϹϿϴЁЏ ϼϻ ЂІЄϹϻϾЂ϶ (ϸϿϼЁЂϽ 6,4 ϼ 3,7 ЅЀ, ϸϼϴЀϹІЄЂЀ 0,7 × 0,5 ϼ 0,6 ЅЀ) ІЄЇϵЋϴІЏЉ
ϾЂЅІϹϽ ЃІϼЊ (ЄϼЅ. 3, 16, 17). ϣЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІϼ ϵЇЅϼЁ ЅЂ ϶ЅϹЉ ЅІЂЄЂЁ Єϴ϶ЁЂЀϹЄЁЂ ϻϴЃЂϿϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЏ.
ϡϴϼϵЂϿАЌϹϹ ϶ЁϼЀϴЁϼϹ ЃЄϼ϶ϿϹϾϴϹІ ϵЄϴЅϿϹІ, ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁЁЏϽ ϼϻ ϾЂЀϿϹ϶ЂϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ЄЂϷϴ ЂϿϹЁГ
(ЄϼЅ. 3, 18). ϖЁϹЌЁϼϽ ϸϼϴЀϹІЄ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ ϸЂЅІϼϷϴϹІ 6,5 ЅЀ, ϶ЁЇІЄϹЁЁϼϽ — 4 ЅЀ. ϖЁϹЌЁГГ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІА ϵЄϴЅϿϹІϴ ЅЂЉЄϴЁϼϿϴ ϹЅІϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЇВ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІА ЄЂϷϴ, ϶ЁЇІЄϹЁЁГГ ϵЏϿϴ ЉЂЄЂЌЂ ЂϵЄϴϵЂІϴЁϴ ϼ
ϻϴЌϿϼЈЂ϶ϴЁϴ. ϔЁϴϿЂϷϼЋЁЏϹ ϵЄϴЅϿϹІЏ Ёϴ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЉ ϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϽ ϔϻϼϼ ЃЂϾϴ ЁϹ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ.
II. ϖЏЃЂϿЁϹЁЁЏϹ ϼϻ ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴϹЀЂϷЂ ЅЏЄАГ ЂЄЇϸϼГ БІЂϷЂ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄϼϻЇВІЅГ ІϼЃϴЀϼ ϾϴϾ ЅЉЂϸЁЏЀϼ Ѕ ЃЂϸϹϿϾϴЀϼ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴ I, ІϴϾ ϼ ЂІϿϼЋЁЏЀϼ ЂІ ЁϼЉ.
Ϝϻ 13 БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄЂ϶ ЌϼϿАϹ϶ ϿϼЌА 5 ЂІЁЂЅГІЅГ Ͼ ІϼЃЇ, ϶ЏϸϹϿϹЁЁЂЀЇ ϸϿГ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴ I (ЄϼЅ. 4, 1–3,
9, 18). ϘЄЇϷϼϹ ЂЄЇϸϼГ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁЏ ϼϻ ІЄЇϵЋϴІЏЉ ϾЂЅІϹϽ Ѕ ЅЂЉЄϴЁϹЁЁЏЀ БЃϼЈϼϻЂЀ, ЃЄϼЋϹЀ 4 ϼϻ ЁϼЉ
(ЄϼЅ. 4, 4–5; 5, 16) ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ ЂϵϿЂЀϾϴЀϼ. ϪϹϿЏϽ БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄ ϸЂЅІϼϷϴϹІ ϸϿϼЁЏ 8,2 ЅЀ, ЌϼЄϼЁЏ —
. 5. ϣЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϹ ϥϴϽ-ϥϴϽДϸ, ЁϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІ II, ϾЂЅІГЁЏϹ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ
Fig. 5. Sai-Sayod, Neolithic horizon II, bone artifacts
59
:
,
,
2,1 ЅЀ, ϸϼϴЀϹІЄ ϹϷЂ ЂЅІЄϼГ — 0,1 ЅЀ (ЄϼЅ. 4, 6). Ϟ ЅϴЀЂЅІЂГІϹϿАЁЂЀЇ ІϼЃЇ ЀЂϺЁЂ ЂІЁϹЅІϼ ІϴϾϺϹ 4
ЌϼϿϴ, ϶ЏЃЂϿЁϹЁЁЏЉ ϼϻ ϾЂЄЂІϾϼЉ ЂІЄϹϻϾЂ϶ ІЄЇϵЋϴІЏЉ ϾЂЅІϹϽ (ЄϼЅ. 4, 10–11, 14, 17). ϱІϼ ЃЂϸϹϿϾϼ
ϼЀϹВІ ϶ ϸ϶ϴ Єϴϻϴ ЀϹЁАЌϼϹ ЄϴϻЀϹЄЏ, ЋϹЀ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ ϸЄЇϷϼЉ ЈЂЄЀ. ϖЅϹ ЌϼϿАГ ЂІϿϼЋϴВІЅГ ЃЂϿЁЂϽ ϼ
ϷϿЇϵЂϾЂϽ ЃЂϿϼЄЂ϶ϾЂϽ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІϼ.
ϘϿГ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ϼϷϿ (9 БϾϻ.) ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴϿϼ ϾϴϾ ЂЋϹЁА ІЂЁϾϼϹ ЊϹϿЏϹ ІЄЇϵЋϴІЏϹ ϾЂЅІϼ, ЅϾЂЄϹϹ
϶ЅϹϷЂ ЃІϼЊ (ЄϼЅ. 4, 7–8, 12–13, 15), ІϴϾ ϼ ІЂЁϾϼϹ ЃϿϴЅІϼЁϾϼ Ѕ ϶ЏϸϹϿϹЁЁЏЀ ЁϹϵЂϿАЌϼЀ ЄϴЅЌϼЄϹЁϼϹЀ
Ёϴ ЂϸЁЂЀ ϾЂЁЊϹ ϸϿГ ЇЌϾϴ (ЄϼЅ. 4, 16). ϥЂЉЄϴЁϼϿϴЅА ЂϸЁϴ ϼϷϿϴ Ѕ ЂІ϶ϹЄЅІϼϹЀ, ЃЄЂЅ϶ϹЄϿϹЁЁЏЀ Ѕ ϸ϶ЇЉ
ЅІЂЄЂЁ. ϣЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІϼ ϶ЅϹЉ ЃЂϸϹϿЂϾ ЂІЃЂϿϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЏ. ϘϿϼЁϴ ϼϷϿ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿГϹІ 4–5 ЅЀ.
ϟЂЍϼϿϴ (8 БϾϻ.) ϼЀϹВІ ЅІϴЁϸϴЄІЁЇВ ЈЂЄЀЇ ϶ ϶ϼϸϹ ЃϿϴЅІϼЁЏ Ѕ ϶ЏЃЇϾϿЏЀϼ ϶ ЃϿϴЁϹ ϾЂЁЊϴЀϼ
(ЄϼЅ. 5, 1–7, 9). ϥЇϸГ ЃЂ ЅЂЉЄϴЁϼ϶ЌϼЀЅГ ЊϹϿϼϾЂЀ БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄϴЀ, ϸϿϼЁϴ ІϴϾϼЉ ЂЄЇϸϼϽ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿГϿϴ ЂІ
5 ϸЂ 10–12 ЅЀ (ЄϼЅ. 4, 19).
ϖ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϹ II ЁϴϽϸϹЁЂ ІЄϼ ЂЄЇϸϼГ, ІϼЃЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼ ІЄЇϸЁЂЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϼЀЏϹ. ϢϸЁЂ ϼϻ ЁϼЉ ϶ЏЃЂϿЁϹЁЂ ϼϻ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІϴ ЄϹϵЄϴ, ϶ІЂЄЂϹ — ϼϻ ЄϴЅϾЂϿЂІЂϽ ІЄЇϵЋϴІЂϽ ϾЂЅІϼ. ϥЇϸГ ЃЂ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЇ ЄϴϵЂЋϹϷЂ ϾЄϴГ БІϼЉ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ, ЀЂϺЁЂ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϼІА, ЋІЂ ЂЁϼ Г϶ϿГϿϼЅА ϸЂϿЂІЂ϶ϼϸЁЏЀϼ ϼЁЅІЄЇЀϹЁІϴЀϼ
(ЄϼЅ. 5, 8, 11). Ϟ БІЂϽ ϺϹ ϷЄЇЃЃϹ ЅϿϹϸЇϹІ ЂІЁϹЅІϼ ЂϵϿЂЀЂϾ ЂЄЇϸϼГ ϼϻ ЄϴЅϾЂϿЂІЂϽ ІЄЇϵЋϴІЂϽ ϾЂЅІϼ Ѕ
ϸϹЈЂЄЀϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЀ ЄϴϵЂЋϼЀ ϾЂЁЊЂЀ (ЄϼЅ. 5, 10).
ϧϾЄϴЌϹЁϼГ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ ЃЂϸ϶ϹЅϾϴЀϼ, ЅϸϹϿϴЁЁЏЀϼ ϼϻ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЂ϶ ІЄЇϵЋϴІЏЉ ϾЂЅІϹϽ, ІЍϴІϹϿАЁЂ ЂІЌϿϼЈЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЉ ЅЂ ϶ЅϹЉ ЅІЂЄЂЁ. ϧ ЂϸЁЂϽ ЃЂϸ϶ϹЅϾϼ ЃЄЂЅ϶ϹЄϿϹЁЂ ЃЂ ЂІ϶ϹЄЅІϼВ Ёϴ ϾϴϺϸЂЀ
ϾЂЁЊϹ, Ї ϸЄЇϷЂϽ — ЂϸЁЂ ЂІ϶ϹЄЅІϼϹ, ЁЂ ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ, ϼЉ ІϴϾϺϹ ϵЏϿЂ ϸ϶ϴ, ІϴϾ ϾϴϾ ЋϴЅІА ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁϼГ
ЇІЄϴЋϹЁϴ (ЄϼЅ. 5, 12, 15).
ϫϹІЏЄϹ ϵЇЅϼЁЏ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁЏ ϼϻ ЂІЃϼϿϹЁЁЏЉ ЂІЄϹϻϾЂ϶ ЀϹϿϾϼЉ ІЄЇϵЋϴІЏЉ ϾЂЅІϹϽ ЃІϼЊ, ЃЄϼЋϹЀ БІϼ ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁϼГ ϼЀϹВІ ЄϴϻЁЇВ ϸϿϼЁЇ ϼ ЃЄϼϵϿϼϻϼІϹϿАЁЂ ЂϸϼЁϴϾЂ϶ЏϹ ϸϼϴЀϹІЄЏ (0,4–0,6 ЅЀ)
(ЄϼЅ. 5, 13, 14).
ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ІϹЉЁЂϿЂϷϼГ ЂϵЄϴϵЂІϾϼ ЄЂϷϴ ϼ ϾЂЅІϼ ϼϻ ЁϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЅϿЂϹ϶ ϥϴϽ-ϥϴϽДϸϴ
ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄϼϻЇϹІЅГ ІϴϾϼЀϼ ЃЄϼϹЀϴЀϼ, ϾϴϾ ЅІЄЂϷϴЁϼϹ, ЅϾЂϵϿϹЁϼϹ, ЌϿϼЈЂ϶Ͼϴ, ЃЂϿϼЄЂ϶Ͼϴ ϼ Ѕ϶ϹЄϿϹЁϼϹ
ЂІ϶ϹЄЅІϼϽ.
ϤϹϻЇϿАІϴІЏ ЃЄЂ϶ϹϸϹЁЁЏЉ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼϽ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ЇВІ Ђ ЌϼЄЂІϹ ЃЄϼЀϹЁϹЁϼГ ϾЂЅІГЁЂϷЂ
ЅЏЄАГ ϶ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЉ ϷϼЅЅϴЄЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϼ Ђϵ БЈЈϹϾІϼ϶ЁЏЉ ЃЄϼϹЀϴЉ ϹϷЂ ЂϵЄϴϵЂІϾϼ. ϡϴϵЂЄ ϾЂЅІГЁЏЉ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ ϥϴϽ-ϥϴϽДϸϴ ІϼЃϼЋϹЁ ϸϿГ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ БІЂϷЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ϼ ЁϴЉЂϸϼІ ϵϿϼϻϾϼϹ ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼϼ ϶
ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϴЉ ϸЄЇϷϼЉ ЁϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ ϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϽ ϔϻϼϼ — ϾϹϿАІϹЀϼЁϴЄЅϾЂϽ ϼ ϸϺϹϽІЇЁЅϾЂϽ
(ϖϼЁЂϷЄϴϸЂ϶ 1968: 46; ϠϴЅЅЂЁ 1971: ЄϼЅ. 13; ІϴϵϿ. XXVII, XXXVI; ϞЂЄЂϵϾЂ϶ϴ 1969: 28, 36).
ϖϼЁЂϷЄϴϸЂ϶ 1968 —
. . ϡϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ ϩЂЄϹϻЀϴ. Ϡ.: ϡϴЇϾϴ, 1968. 179 Ѕ.
(ϠϴІϹЄϼϴϿЏ ϩϔϱϱ. ϖЏЃ. 8).
ϖϼЁЂϷЄϴϸЂ϶ϴ ϼ ϸЄ. 2008 —
. .,
. .,
. . ϣϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ ϞϴЁϷЇЄІІЇІϴ ϶
ϲϷЂ-ϛϴЃϴϸЁЂЀ ϦϴϸϺϼϾϼЅІϴЁϹ (БЃЂЉϴ ЁϹЂϿϼІϴ ϼ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЂϷЂ ϶ϹϾϴ). Ϡ.: Ϝϖ Ϥϔϡ, 2008. 470 Ѕ.
ϞϼГІϾϼЁϴ, ϤϴЁЂ϶ 1971 —
. .,
. . ϣϹЄ϶ЏϹ ϴЁІЄЂЃЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϼ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϶ϹϾϴ ϶
ϦϴϸϺϼϾϼЅІϴЁϹ (ЁϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЋϹЄϹЃϴ ϼϻ ϦЇІϾϴЇϿϴ) // ϖЂЃЄЂЅЏ ϴЁІЄЂЃЂϿЂϷϼϼ. Ϡ.: Ϡϗϧ, 1971. № 37. ϥ. 149–157.
ϞЂЄЂϵϾЂ϶ϴ 1969 —
. . ϢЄЇϸϼГ ІЄЇϸϴ ϼ ЉЂϻГϽЅІ϶Ђ ЁϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϔϻϼϼ. ϟ.:
ϡϴЇϾϴ, 1969. 214 Ѕ. (ϠϜϔ. № 158).
ϠϴЅЅЂЁ 1971 —
. . ϣЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϹ ϘϺϹϽІЇЁ. ϟ.: ϡϴЇϾϴ, 1971. 207 Ѕ. (ϠϜϔ. № 180).
ϢϾϿϴϸЁϼϾЂ϶ 1958 —
. . ϜЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼϹ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϶ϹϾϴ ϦϴϸϺϼϾϼЅІϴЁϴ:
ϣЄϹϸ϶ϴЄϼІϹϿАЁЂϹ ЅЂЂϵЍϹЁϼϹ Ђ ЄϴϵЂІϴЉ 1948, 1952–1954 ϷϷ. // ϦЄ. ϦϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂϽ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ БϾЅЃϹϸϼЊϼϼ
ϜϜϠϞ ϔϡ ϥϥϥϤ, ϜϜϔϱ ϔϡ ϦϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂϽ ϥϥϤ ϼ ϗϱ. 1951–1953. Ϡ.; ϟ.: Ϝϻϸ-϶Ђ ϔϡ ϥϥϥϤ, 1958. Ϧ. 3. ϥ. 11–71
(ϠϜϔ. № 66).
ϢϾϿϴϸЁϼϾЂ϶ 1959 —
. . ϞϴЀϹЁЁЏϽ ϶ϹϾ ϦϴϸϺϼϾϼЅІϴЁϴ: ϜІЂϷϼ ϼ ЃЄЂϵϿϹЀЏ // ϠϴІϹЄϼϴϿЏ
ϖІЂЄЂϷЂ ЅЂ϶ϹЍϴЁϼГ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷЂ϶ ϼ БІЁЂϷЄϴЈЂ϶ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϔϻϼϼ. 29 ЂϾІГϵЄГ–4 ЁЂГϵЄГ 1956 Ϸ. ϥІϴϿϼЁϴϵϴϸ. Ϡ.; ϟ.:
Ϝϻϸ-϶Ђ ϔϡ ϥϥϥϤ, 1959. ϥ. 158–184.
ϢϾϿϴϸЁϼϾЂ϶ 1961 —
. . ϜЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼϹ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϶ϹϾϴ ϶ ЄϴϽЂЁϹ ϞЇϿГϵϴ ϼ
ϘϴЁϷϴЄЏ ЂЅϹЁАВ 1959 Ϸ. // ϔϤϦ. 1961. ϖЏЃ. 7 (1959 Ϸ.). ϥ. 4–15.
ϣϴЉЂЀЂ϶ ϼ ϸЄ. 1974 —
. .,
. .,
. . ϡϹϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ϸϴЁЁЏϹ ЃЂ ЃϴϿϹЂϷϹЂϷЄϴЈϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ЂϵЅІϴЁЂ϶ϾϹ ЁϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ЅІЂГЁϾϼ ϦЇІϾϴЇϿ // ϥϔ. № 4. 1974. ϥ. 240–248.
ϤϴЁЂ϶ 1985 —
. . ϗϼЅЅϴЄЅϾϴГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴ — ЁϹЂϿϼІ ϷЂЄЁЏЉ ЂϵϿϴЅІϹϽ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϔϻϼϼ (ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼϹ, ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁϼϹ, ЂЅЂϵϹЁЁЂЅІϼ) // ϞϴЀϹЁЁЏϽ ϶ϹϾ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϽ, ϥЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϼ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ϔϻϼϼ. ϡЂ϶ЂЅϼϵϼЄЅϾ:
ϡϴЇϾϴ, 1985. ϥ. 10–35.
60
ϤϴЁЂ϶ ϼ ϸЄ. 1982 —
. .,
. .,
. . ϞϴЀϹЁЁЏϽ ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄА ЅІЂГЁϾϼ ϘϴЄϴϼ ϬЇЄ
ϼ ϹϷЂ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏϹ Ѕ϶Гϻϼ // ϞЇϿАІЇЄϴ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϵЏІЁЂϽ БЃЂЉϼ ϦϴϸϺϼϾϼЅІϴЁϴ (ЂІ ЀϹϻЂϿϼІϴ ϸЂ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ). ϘЇЌϴЁϵϹ:
ϘЂЁϼЌ, 1982. ϥ. 5–21.
ϤϴЁЂ϶, ϞϴЄϼЀЂ϶ϴ 2005 —
. .,
. . ϞϴЀϹЁЁЏϽ ϶ϹϾ ϔЈϷϴЁЂ-ϦϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂϽ ϸϹЃЄϹЅЅϼϼ.
ϘЇЌϴЁϵϹ: ϘϹ϶ϴЌІϼЋ, 2005. 252 Ѕ.
ϤϴЁЂ϶, ϞЂЄЂϵϾЂ϶ϴ 1971 —
. .,
. . ϦЇІϾϴЇϿ — ЀЁЂϷЂЅϿЂϽЁЂϹ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϹ ϷϼЅЅϴЄЅϾЂϽ
ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϶ ϲϺЁЂЀ ϦϴϸϺϼϾϼЅІϴЁϹ // ϥϔ. 1971. № 2. ϥ. 133–147.
ϤϴЁЂ϶, ϬϹЈϹЄ 2000 —
. .,
. ϟϹЅЅЂ϶ЏϽ ЃϴϿϹЂϿϼІ // ϔϱϔϙ. 2000. № 2 (2). ϥ. 20–32.
ϬϴЄϴЃЂ϶ 1972 —
. ϢЅІϴІϾϼ ЀϿϹϾЂЃϼІϴВЍϼЉ ϼϻ ЁϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ЅІЂГЁϾϼ ϥϴϽ-ϥϴϽДϸ (ϲϺЁЏϽ
ϦϴϸϺϼϾϼЅІϴЁ) // ϖЂЃЄЂЅЏ ϻЂЂϿЂϷϼϼ ϦϴϸϺϼϾϼЅІϴЁϴ. ϘЇЌϴЁϵϹ: Ϝϻϸ-϶Ђ ϔϡ ϦϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂϽ ϥϥϤ, 1972. ϥ. 232–235.
ϲЅЇЃЂ϶ 1975 —
. . ϡϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾЂϹ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϹ ϥϴϽ-ϥϴϽДϸ Ёϴ ВϷЂ-ϻϴЃϴϸϹ ϦϴϸϺϼϾϼЅІϴЁϴ // ϥϔ.
1975. № 2. ϥ. 138–147.
ϲЅЇЃЂ϶ 1976 —
. . ϢІЋϹІ ϡЇЄϹϾЅϾЂϽ ϷЄЇЃЃЏ (1972 Ϸ.) // ϔϤϦ. 1976. ϖЏЃ. 12 (1972 Ϸ.). ϥ. 22–28.
ϲЅЇЃЂ϶, ϨϼϿϼЀЂЁЂ϶ϴ 1984 —
. .,
. . ϥІЂГЁϾϼ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϶ϹϾϴ ϳ϶ϴЁЅϾЂϽ ϸЂϿϼЁЏ
ϼ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ІϹЋϹЁϼГ Є. ϖϴЉЌ: (ϤϴϵЂІЏ 1978 Ϸ.) // ϔϤϦ. 1984. ϖЏЃ. 18 (1978 Ϸ.). ϥ. 48–58.
ϲЅЇЃЂ϶, ϨϼϿϼЀЂЁЂ϶ϴ 1988 —
. .,
. . ϜЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼϹ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ϶ ϻЂЁϹ ϡЇЄϹϾЅϾЂϷЂ ϶ЂϸЂЉЄϴЁϼϿϼЍϴ ϶ 1981 Ϸ. // ϔϤϦ. 1988. ϖЏЃ. 21 (1981 Ϸ.). ϥ. 234–246.
ϲЅЇЃЂ϶, ϨϼϿϼЀЂЁЂ϶ϴ 1990 —
. .,
. . ϔЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϹ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼϹ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϶ϹϾϴ ϶ ϘϴЁϷϴЄϼЁЅϾЂЀ ϼ ϳ϶ϴЁЅϾЂЀ ЄϴϽЂЁϴЉ ϶ 1982 Ϸ. // ϔϤϦ. 1990. ϖЏЃ. 22 (1982 Ϸ.). ϥ. 195–211.
ϲЅЇЃЂ϶, ϨϼϿϼЀЂЁЂ϶ϴ 1992 —
. .,
. . ϣϹЄϼЂϸϼϻϴЊϼГ ЅІЂГЁЂϾ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϶ϹϾϴ
ЅЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ІϹЋϹЁϼГ Є. ϖϴЉЌ // Ϝϻ϶ϹЅІϼГ ϔϡ ϤϹЅЃЇϵϿϼϾϼ ϦϴϸϺϼϾϼЅІϴЁ. ϥϹЄϼГ ϶ЂЅІЂϾЂ϶ϹϸϹЁϼϹ, ϼЅІЂЄϼГ, ЈϼϿЂϿЂϷϼГ. 1992. № 3. ϥ. 34–36.
Bone tools and ornaments from the Neolithic
site of Sai-Sayod (Tajikistan)
N. N. Skakun, T. G. Filimonova, A. Kh. Yusupov , Yu. G. Kutimov
Bone and antler artifacts are rarely found on the Neolithic sites belonging to the Hissar culture of
Tajikistan (fig. 1). The only exception is the settlement of Sai-Sayod (fig. 2), which yielded a collection of
diverse tools and ornaments made of osseous materials. This paper represents the first publication of these
objects (fig. 3–5), it describes the methods of their manufacture, provides their typological classification,
and points to analogies in the coeval Central Asian cultures.
61
ϖϥϙϖϥϙ
:
(
,
,
-
,
)
. . ϞϿВЋϹ϶ЏϹ ЅϿЂ϶ϴ:
,
,
,
,
,
.
Keywords: South Turkmenistan, Altyn-depe, Early Bronze period, categories of stone artifacts, stoneworking
technology, sources of stone raw materials.
ϣϹЄϼЂϸ ЄϴЁЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ (ЂϾЂϿЂ 2700/2800–2350 ϷϷ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.) ϻϴЁϼЀϴϹІ ЂЅЂϵЂϹ ЀϹЅІЂ ϶ ϼЅІЂЄϼϼ
Єϴϻ϶ϼІϼГ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ВϷϴ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϔϻϼϼ. ϖ БІЂ ϶ЄϹЀГ ϻϸϹЅА Ёϴ ϵϴϻϹ ЃЂϻϸЁϹБЁϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾЂ-ЅϾЂІЂ϶ЂϸЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЂϵЍϼЁ ϾЂЁЊϴ IV — ЃϹЄ϶ЏЉ ϶ϹϾЂ϶ III ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ЌϹϿ ЃЄЂЊϹЅЅ
ЈЂЄЀϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ЄϴЁЁϹϷЂЄЂϸЅϾЂϷЂ (ЃЄЂІЂϷЂЄЂϸЅϾЂϷЂ) ІϼЃϴ, ЃЄϼϵϿϼϺϴВЍϹϽЅГ ЃЂ ЇЄЂ϶ЁВ
Єϴϻ϶ϼІϼГ Ͼ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏЀ Њϼ϶ϼϿϼϻϴЊϼГЀ (ϞϼЄЋЂ 2009϶).
ϖ 1977–2001 ϷϷ. ЃЂ ϼЁϼЊϼϴІϼ϶Ϲ ϼ ЃЂϸ ЄЇϾЂ϶ЂϸЅІ϶ЂЀ ϖ. Ϡ. ϠϴЅЅЂЁϴ Ёϴ ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ — БІϴϿЂЁЁЂЀ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϹ ϲϺЁЂϷЂ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ БЃЂЉϼ БЁϹЂϿϼІϴ ϼ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ — ϴ϶ІЂЄЂЀ ϶ϹϿϼЅА ϾЄЇЃЁЂЀϴЅЌІϴϵЁЏϹ ЅІЄϴІϼϷЄϴЈϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЄϴϵЂІЏ Ёϴ ЄϴЅϾЂЃϹ 5. ϕϿϴϷЂϸϴЄГ ЁϼЀ ϶ЃϹЄ϶ЏϹ ϸϿГ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ϲϷЂϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϷЂ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ ϵЏϿϼ ЃЂϿЇЋϹЁЏ ЀϴЅЅЂ϶ЏϹ ЅІЄϴІϼЈϼЊϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϹ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿЏ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЂ϶
ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂ БЁϹЂϿϼІϴ ϼ ЄϴЁЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ — ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ III–IV ϶ ЅϼЅІϹЀϹ ЂІЁЂЅϼІϹϿАЁЂϽ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϼϻϴЊϼϼ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЂ϶ ВϷϴ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϔϻϼϼ.
ϡϴЅІЂГЍϴГ ЄϴϵЂІϴ ЃЄЂ϶ϹϸϹЁϴ ϶ ЄϴЀϾϴЉ ЃЂϸϷЂІЂ϶Ͼϼ ЃЂϿЁЂϽ ЃЇϵϿϼϾϴЊϼϼ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿЂ϶, ЃЂϿЇЋϹЁЁЏЉ ЃЄϼ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼϼ ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ЄϴЁЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ (϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ IV)1, ϼ ЃЂЅ϶ГЍϹЁϴ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГЀ ϼϻ ϾϴЀЁГ: ЃЄϹЅІϼϺЁЂ-ϾЇϿАІЂ϶ЏЀ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІϴЀ (ЃϹЋϴІϼ, ϴЁІЄЂЃЂЀЂЄЈЁЏϹ ЅІϴІЇБІϾϼ, ϾЂЅЀϹІϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЅЂЅЇϸЏ, Ѕ϶ϹІϼϿАЁϼϾϼ, Ёϴ϶ϹЄЌϼϹ ϵЇϿϴ϶Џ), ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁϼГЀ, ЀϹϿϾϼЀ ЂЄЇϸϼГЀ ІЄЇϸϴ
(ЃЄГЅϿϼЊϴ, ϵЇЅϼЁЏ-ЃЄГЅϿϼЊϴ ϼ «Ёϴ϶ϹЄЌϼГ»), ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ІϹЉЁЂϿЂϷϼϼ ϼЉ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ϼ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾϴЀ
ϾϴЀϹЁЁЂϷЂ ЅЏЄАГ. ϞϴЀϹЁЁЏϹ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ ϾϴϾ ϶ ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄϹ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϽ, ЇϺϹ ϶϶ϹϸϹЁЁЂЀ ϶
ЁϴЇЋЁЏϽ ЂϵЂЄЂІ (ϞϼЄЋЂ 2005ϴ), ІϴϾ ϼ ϶ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЉ ЁϴЃϿϴЅІЂ϶ϴЁϼГЉ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГ, ϶ ЃϹЄ϶ЇВ ЂЋϹЄϹϸА ϶
ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴЉ 8–4 ЄϴЅϾЂЃϴ 5 (ЂІϸϹϿАЁЏϹ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІЏ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ ІϴϾϺϹ ϶ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴЉ ϔϿІЏЁ 6–4 ЄϴЅϾЂЃϴ 1,
϶ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴЉ 4 ЄϴЅϾЂЃЂ϶ 7 ϼ 9, ϶ ЅІЄϴІϼϷЄϴЈϼЋϹЅϾЂЀ ЄϴЅϾЂЃϹ 8 ϼ ϶ ІЄϴЁЌϹϹ Ёϴ «ϩЂϿЀϹ ЅІϹЁЏ»)2,
ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿЏ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЂЃЇϵϿϼϾЂ϶ϴЁЏ ϿϼЌА ЋϴЅІϼЋЁЂ (ϠϴЅЅЂЁ 1981: 10–11, 24–29, 31–33, ЄϼЅ. 3; 9–10;
ІϴϵϿ. I; IV, 1, 2; V; ϞϼЄЋЂ 1983; 1986; Kircho 1985; 1988).
ϖ ϾϴЋϹЅІ϶Ϲ ЅЏЄАГ ϶ ϾϴЀЁϹЂϵЄϴϵЂІϾϹ ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ЄϴЁЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ЌϼЄЂϾЂ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴϿϼ ЄϴϻЁЂЂϵЄϴϻЁЏϹ, ЃЄϹϼЀЇЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂ ЂЅϴϸЂЋЁЏϹ ЃЂЄЂϸЏ, ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁЁЏϹ ϶ ϞЂЃϹІϸϴϷϹ, ϻЁϴЋϼІϹϿАЁϴГ ЋϴЅІА ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ϵЏϿϴ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁϴ ЃϹІЄЂϷЄϴЈЂЀ ϗ. Ϡ. ϞЂ϶ЁЇЄϾЂ (ϞϼЄЋЂ, ϞЂ϶ЁЇЄϾЂ 1999). Ϟ ЅЂϺϴϿϹЁϼВ, ϸϴϿϹϾЂ ЁϹ ϶ЅϹ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏϹ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ ϼ ЂЄЇϸϼГ ІЄЇϸϴ ϼϻ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЉ ЅϿЂϹ϶ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЂ϶ ЄϴЁЁϹϽ ϼ
ЅЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ϵЏϿϼ ϼϻЇЋϹЁЏ ЅЃϹЊϼϴϿϼЅІϴЀϼ. ϣЂ ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼϼ Ѕ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁϼГЀϼ ϗ. Ϡ. ϞЂ϶ЁЇЄϾЂ ЋϴЅІА
ϾϴЀϹЁЁЂϷЂ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϴ ϵЏϿϴ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁϴ ЁϴЀϼ ЅϴЀЂЅІЂГІϹϿАЁЂ. ϡϼϺϹ ϸϴϹІЅГ ЂЃϼЅϴЁϼϹ ϶ϼϻЇϴϿАЁЏЉ
ЃЄϼϻЁϴϾЂ϶, Ёϴ ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁϼϼ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ϵЏϿϼ ϶ЏϸϹϿϹЁЏ ЃЂЄЂϸЏ ϾϴЀЁГ.
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ϣЂϿЁЇВ ЃЇϵϿϼϾϴЊϼВ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿЂ϶ ЄϴЅϾЂЃЂϾ ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ БЃЂЉϼ БЁϹЂϿϼІϴ ЅЀ. ϞϼЄЋЂ ϼ ϸЄ. 2008.
ϢЃϼЅϴЁϼϹ ЅІЄϴІϼϷЄϴЈϼϼ ϼ ЅЂЂІЁЂЌϹЁϼϹ ЅІЄЂϼІϹϿАЁЏЉ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІЂ϶ ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ ЅЀ. ϞϼЄЋЂ 2005ϵ.
ϡϴϼϵЂϿϹϹ ЋϴЅІЂ ϸϿГ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏЉ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ ϺϼІϹϿϼ ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴϿϼ
ϾЄϼЅІϴϿϿϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ϷϼЃЅ (ϴϿϹϵϴЅІЄ) ϼ ЄϴϻЁЂЂϵЄϴϻЁЏϹ ϶ϼϸЏ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾϴ.
— ЂϸЁЂЄЂϸЁЏϽ, ЀГϷϾϼϽ (І϶ϹЄϸЂЅІА 1,5 ЃЂ ϠЂЂЅЇ, ЊϴЄϴЃϴϹІЅГ ЁЂϷІϹЀ), ЋϴЅІЂ ЃЂϿЇЃЄЂϻЄϴЋЁЏϽ, ϶ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЂЀ ϵϹϿЏϽ, ϺϹϿІЂ϶ϴІЏϽ ϼϿϼ ЄЂϻЂ϶ϴІЏϽ ϾϴЀϹЁА.
ϥЄϹϸϼ
(І϶ϹЄϸЂЅІА 3–3,5 ЃЂ ϠЂЂЅЇ) ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ ЃЂ ϾЄϴϽЁϹϽ ЀϹЄϹ ϸ϶Ϲ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЏϹ
ЄϴϻЁЂ϶ϼϸЁЂЅІϼ: 1) ЂϸЁЂЄЂϸЁЏϽ, ЃϿЂІЁЏϽ, ЀϹϿϾЂϻϹЄЁϼЅІЏϽ, Ѕ϶ϹІϿЏϽ (ϵϹϿЂ϶ϴІЏϽ, ϾЄϹЀЂ϶ЏϽ) ϼϿϼ
ЅϹЄЏϽ (ϸЂ ІϹЀЁЂ-ЅϹЄЂϷЂ) ϾϴЀϹЁА, ϵЇЄЁЂ ЄϹϴϷϼЄЇВЍϼϽ Ёϴ ЄϴЅІ϶ЂЄ HCl; 2) ІϴϾ ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴϹЀЏϽ ЀЄϴЀЂЄЂ϶ϼϸЁЏϽ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾ, ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁЁЏϽ ϗ. Ϡ. ϞЂ϶ЁЇЄϾЂ ϾϴϾ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾ Ѕ ЃЄЂЅϿЂГЀϼ ϸЂϿЂЀϼІϴ — ЃЂϿЂЅЋϴІϴГ ЃЂЄЂϸϴ, ЅϿЂϺϹЁЁϴГ ЋϹЄϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼϹЀ ϵϹЅЊ϶ϹІЁЏЉ ЃЂϿЇЃЄЂϻЄϴЋЁЏЉ ϼϿϼ ЂϾЄϴЌϹЁЁЏЉ ϶ ϺϹϿІЂ϶ϴІЏϹ, ЅϹЄЂ϶ϴІЏϹ ϼϿϼ ϾЂЄϼЋЁϹ϶ϴІЏϹ ІЂЁϴ ЅϿЂϹ϶ (ϾϴϿАЊϼІ?) ϼ ϵϹϿЏЉ ЂϸЁЂЄЂϸЁЏЉ ЃЄЂЅϿЂϹϾ (ϸЂϿЂЀϼІ?).
ϤϹϴϾЊϼϼ Ёϴ ЄϴЅІ϶ЂЄ HCl ЃЄϼ ϾЂЀЁϴІЁЂϽ ІϹЀЃϹЄϴІЇЄϹ ЁϹ ЁϴϵϿВϸϴϹІЅГ. ϖ ϷϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϿϼІϹЄϴІЇЄϹ
БІϴ ЃЂЄЂϸϴ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿГϹІЅГ ϾϴϾ ЀЄϴЀЂЄϼϻϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϽ (ЃϹЄϹϾЄϼЅІϴϿϿϼϻЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϽ) ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾ ϼϿϼ ЀЄϴЀЂЄЁЏϽ ЂЁϼϾЅ3. ϖ ϻϴЄЇϵϹϺЁЂϽ ϿϼІϹЄϴІЇЄϹ ЀЄϴЀЂЄЂ϶ϼϸЁЏϽ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾ ЂϵЏЋЁЂ ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴϹІЅГ ϾϴϿАЊϼІЂЀ (ЃЂϸЄЂϵЁϹϹ ЅЀ. Casanova 1991: 11–23).
ϘϴϿϹϹ
ЀЏ ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴϹЀ ЄϴϻЁЂ϶ϼϸЁЂЅІϼ ЃЂЄЂϸЏ Ѕ ϵϹЅЊ϶ϹІЁЏЀϼ,
ЃЂϿЇЃЄЂϻЄϴЋЁЏЀϼ (ϼϿϼ, ЄϹϺϹ, Њ϶ϹІЁЏЀϼ) ϼ ЌϼЄЂϾϼЀϼ ϵϹϿЏЀϼ ЃЄЂЅϿЂϽϾϴЀϼ.
ЀЏ ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴϹЀ ІЂϿАϾЂ ЅϿЂϼЅІЂ-ЁϴІϹЋЁЇВ ЃЂЄЂϸЇ, ϷϸϹ ЃЄϹЂϵϿϴϸϴВІ ЌϼЄЂϾϼϹ ЃЂϿЇЃЄЂϻЄϴЋЁЏϹ
ϺϹϿІЂ϶ϴІЏϹ ЃЄЂЅϿЂϽϾϼ, ϴ ϵϹϿЏϹ ЃЄЂЅϿЂϽϾϼ ЅЄϴ϶ЁϼІϹϿАЁЂ ІЂЁϾϼϹ. ϣЂ ϶ЁϹЌЁϹЀЇ ϶ϼϸЇ БІЂІ ϾϴЀϹЁА
ЁϴϼϵЂϿϹϹ ϵϿϼϻЂϾ Ͼ ϾϿϴЅЅϼЋϹЅϾЂЀЇ ЀЄϴЀЂЄЁЂЀЇ ЂЁϼϾЅЇ ϼϿϼ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂЀЇ (ϹϷϼЃϹІЅϾЂЀЇ) ϴϿϹϵϴЅІЄЇ.
ϥЄϹϸϼ
, ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴ϶ЌϼЉЅГ ϸϿГ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ ϶ БЃЂЉЇ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ,
ϗ. Ϡ. ϞЂ϶ЁЇЄϾЂ ϵЏϿϼ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁЏ ЅІϹϴІϼІ (ІϴϿАϾ, ІϴϿАϾЂЉϿЂЄϼІ) — ЀГϷϾϼϽ ІϹЀЁЂ-ЅϹЄЏϽ ϾϴЀϹЁА
(І϶ϹЄϸЂЅІА ЂІ 1 ЃЂ ϠЂЂЅЇ, ЊϴЄϴЃϴϹІЅГ ЁЂϷІϹЀ), ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ЃЂϸϹϿЂЋЁЏϹ ϾϴЀЁϼ (ϿϴϻЇЄϼІ, ϵϼЄВϻϴ, ЄϴϻЁЂ϶ϼϸЁЂЅІϼ ЉϴϿЊϹϸЂЁϴ, ϶ϾϿВЋϴГ ϴϷϴІ ϼ ЅϹЄϸЂϿϼϾ) ϼ ϼЅϾЇЅЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏϹ ЀϼЁϹЄϴϿЏ, ЃЂϿЇЋϹЁЁЏϹ ЃЇІϹЀ
϶ЏЅЂϾЂІϹЀЃϹЄϴІЇЄЁЂϽ ЂϵЄϴϵЂІϾϼ ЃЄϼЄЂϸЁЏЉ ЃЂЄЂϸ (ϞϼЄЋЂ, ϞЂ϶ЁЇЄϾЂ 1999; 2003).
Ϟ ЅЂϺϴϿϹЁϼВ, ЉϼЀϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϴЁϴϿϼϻЏ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϴ ϾϴЀЁГ ЁϹ ЃЄЂ϶ЂϸϼϿϼЅА, ЋІЂ ЃЄϼ϶ϹϿЂ Ͼ ϸЂЅϴϸЁЂЀЇ
ЁϹϸЂЄϴϻЇЀϹЁϼВ ЃЄϼ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁϼϼ ЂϸЁЂϽ ϼϻ ЃЂЄЂϸ. ϦϴϾ, ЃϿЂІЁЏϽ, ІϹЀЁЏϽ, ϾЄϴЅЁЂ-ЌЂϾЂϿϴϸЁЏϽ ϾϴЀϹЁА, ϵЇЄЁЂ ЄϹϴϷϼЄЇВЍϼϽ Ёϴ HCl, ϵЏϿ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁ ϗ. Ϡ. ϞЂ϶ЁЇЄϾЂ ϾϴϾ ϺϹϿϹϻϼЅІЏϽ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾ. Ϝϻ БІЂϷЂ ϾϴЀЁГ Ёϴ ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ЄϴЁЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁЏ ЁϹϵЂϿАЌϼϹ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ (ЃϹЋϴІϼ-ЃЇϷЂ϶ϼЊЏ,
ϵЇЅϼЁЏ, ϵЇЅϼЁЏ-ЃЄГЅϿϼЊϴ ϼ Ёϴ϶ϹЄЌϼϹ — ЄϼЅ. 1, 2, 5, 7–8, 18, 24; 5, 13, 21–22, 46–47, 49–50), ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ
ЂϸϼЁ ϼϻ Ѕ϶ϹІϼϿАЁϼϾЂ϶ (ЄϼЅ. 3, 22). Ϝϻ БІЂϷЂ ϺϹ ϾϴЀЁГ ЅϸϹϿϴЁЏ ϵϼϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾϴГ ϵЇЅϼЁϴ-ЃЄГЅϿϼЊϹ ϼϻ ЃЂϻϸЁϹБЁϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЅϿЂϹ϶ ЄϴЅϾЂЃϴ 1 ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ (ϞϼЄЋЂ ϼ ϸЄ. 2008: ІϴϵϿ. 4, 8), ЃϿЂЅϾϴГ ЃЂϸІЄϹЇϷЂϿАЁϴГ
ЃϹЋϴІА-ϴЀЇϿϹІ Ѕ ЂϸЁЂϽ ϸЏЄЂЋϾЂϽ ϸϿГ ЃЂϸ϶ϹЌϼ϶ϴЁϼГ ϼϻ ϞϴЄϴ-ϸϹЃϹ БІЂϷЂ ϺϹ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ (ϠϴЅЅЂЁ 1960:
ІϴϵϿ. XIV, 14) ϼ ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼЋЁϴГ Ͼ϶ϴϸЄϴІЁϴГ ЃϹЋϴІА, ЁϹϸϴ϶ЁЂ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЁϴГ ϶ ϥϴЄϴϻЀϹ (ϥϴЄϴϻЀ 2006:
ЄϼЅ. 134). ϖЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ, ЋІЂ ϼϻ БІЂϷЂ ϺϹ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϴ ϵЏϿϼ ЅϸϹϿϴЁЏ ϼ ЃЂϸ϶ϹЅϾϼ-ϴЀЇϿϹІЏ, ЂϵϿЂЀϾϼ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ
ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ Ёϴ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІϼ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϗϹЂϾЅВЄ 1 (ϥϴЄϼϴЁϼϸϼ 1965: ІϴϵϿ. III, ϶ ЊϹЁІЄϹ ϼ ϶ ЁϼϺЁϹϽ ЋϴЅІϼ
ІϴϵϿϼЊЏ ЅϿϹ϶ϴ ϼ ЅЃЄϴ϶ϴ). ϩϼЀϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ϴЁϴϿϼϻ ЂϵϿЂЀϾϴ ЃϿЂЅϾЂϽ ЄϹϻЁЂϽ ЃϹЋϴІϼ ϼϻ ϾЄϴЅЁЂ-ЌЂϾЂϿϴϸЁЂϷЂ ϾϴЀЁГ, ЁϴϽϸϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϼІϴϿАГЁЅϾϼЀϼ ϾЂϿϿϹϷϴЀϼ ϶ 1999 Ϸ. Ёϴ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІϼ ϜϿϷЏЁϿЏ-ϸϹЃϹ, ЃЂϾϴϻϴϿ,
ЋІЂ ЃϹЋϴІА ϵЏϿϴ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϴ ϼϻ ϷДІϼІϴ.4 ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ЀЂϺЁЂ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿϴϷϴІА, ЋІЂ ϼ ϶ЅϹ ЂЅІϴϿАЁЏϹ
ЇЃЂЀГЁЇІЏϹ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁЏ ϼϻ БІЂϷЂ І϶ϹЄϸЂϷЂ (І϶ϹЄϸЂЅІА 5–5,5 ЃЂ ϠЂЂЅЇ) ϼ ЉЄЇЃϾЂϷЂ ϾϴЀЁГ.
ϖ ЅϿЂГЉ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ЄϴЁЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ Ёϴ ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЂ 8 ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏЉ Ѓ Ϲ Ћ ϴ І Ϲ Ͻ , ЅЄϹϸϼ
ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ ϾϴϾ
, ІϴϾ ϼ
ϸ϶ЇЉ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЏЉ ІϼЃЂ϶ — Ͼ϶ϴϸЄϴІЁЏϹ (ϼЁЂϷϸϴ ЃЂϸЃЄГЀЂЇϷЂϿАЁЏϹ) ІϼЃϴ IA ϼ ЂϾЄЇϷϿЏϹ ІϼЃϴ III.5
ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁЏ ϼϻ ϷДІϼІϴ (?) (ЄϼЅ. 1, 2, 5, 7–8), ϿϴϻЇЄϼІϴ (ЄϼЅ. 1, 4),
ϾЄϹЀЂ϶ЂϷЂ ϴϿϹϵϴЅІЄϴ (ЄϼЅ. 1, 3), ϼЅϾЇЅЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϷЂ ЀϼЁϹЄϴϿϴ (ЄϼЅ. 1, 14) ϼ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ ϶Ђ ϶ЅϹЉ
ϡϴЌϼ ЁϴϵϿВϸϹЁϼГ ϸЂϿϺЁЏ ϵЏІА ϶ ϸϴϿАЁϹϽЌϹЀ ЃЂϸϾЄϹЃϿϹЁЏ ЅЃϹЊϼϴϿАЁЏЀϼ ЉϼЀϼЋϹЅϾϼЀϼ ϼ ЃϹІЄЂϷЄϴЈϼЋϹЅϾϼЀϼ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼГЀϼ.
4
ϣϼЅАЀϹЁЁЂϹ ЅЂЂϵЍϹЁϼϹ Ϛ. ϟ. ϕЂЁЂЄϴ (G. L. Bonora). ϥІϴІАГ Ђϵ БІЂϽ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϹ ϵЇϸϹІ ЂЃЇϵϿϼϾЂ϶ϴЁϴ ϶
2014 Ϸ. ϶ ϺЇЄЁϴϿϹ Paléorient.
5
ϖ ЄϴϵЂІϹ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЇϹІЅГ ІϼЃЂϿЂϷϼГ ЃϹЋϴІϹϽ, ЄϴϻЄϴϵЂІϴЁЁϴГ ϴ϶ІЂЄЂЀ (ϞϼЄЋЂ 2005ϴ: 407, ЄϼЅ. 24).
ϢЃϼЅϴЁϼϹ ЃϹЋϴІϹϽ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ЄϴЁЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ϵЏϿЂ ЂЃЇϵϿϼϾЂ϶ϴЁЂ (ϞϼЄЋЂ 1990).
3
63
:
,
,
ЅІЄЂϼІϹϿАЁЏЉ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴЉ ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ IV. ϙϸϼЁЅІ϶ϹЁЁϴГ Ͼ϶ϴϸЄϴІЁϴГ ϾϴЀϹЁЁϴГ
ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ЄϴЁЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ Ёϴ ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ ϼϻ ІϹЀЁЂ-ЅϹЄЂϷЂ ЅІϹϴІϼІϴ (ЄϼЅ. 1, 1) ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿϴЅА ϶ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϼ ϺϹЁЍϼЁЏ (ЃЂϷЄ. 627) ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ IV. ϢЄЁϴЀϹЁІ Ёϴ ϿϼЊϹ϶ЂϽ ЅІЂЄЂЁϹ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏЉ ЃϹЋϴІϹϽ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿГϹІ ЅЂϵЂϽ ϾЄϹЅІЂ϶ϼϸЁЏϽ ϼϿϼ Z-ЂϵЄϴϻЁЏϽ ЀЂІϼ϶.
. 1. ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ, ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏϹ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ ϼ ЂІІϼЅϾ ЃϹЋϴІϼ (9) ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ IV (1, 2, 11, 12 — ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ϔϿІЏЁ
4; 3, 15 — ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ϔϿІЏЁ 5; 4, 5, 13, 14, 16–23 — ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ϔϿІЏЁ 6; 6, 7, 26, 27, 29, 32 — ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ϔϿІЏЁ 7; 8, 9,
24, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34 — ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ϔϿІЏЁ 8; 10, 25 — ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ЄϴЁЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ): 1–8, 10 — ЃϹЋϴІϼ; 6 — ϻϴϷЂІЂ϶Ͼϴ
ЃϹЋϴІϼ-ЌІϴЀЃϴ; 9 — ЂϵϿЂЀЂϾ «ϵЇϿϿЏ» Ѕ ЂІІϼЅϾЂЀ ЃϹЋϴІϼ; 11, 13–21, 24–27, 29–32 — ϵЇЅϼЁЏ; 12 — ЂϵϿЂЀЂϾ
ЄϴЅЃЄϹϸϹϿϼІϹϿГ (?) ЀЁЂϷЂГЄЇЅЁЂϷЂ ЂϺϹЄϹϿАГ; 22, 23 — ϴЁІЄЂЃЂЀЂЄЈЁЏϹ ЅІϴІЇБІϾϼ; 33, 34 — ϻϴϷЂІЂ϶Ͼϼ
ϵЇЅϼЁЏ ϼ ЃЂϸ϶ϹЅϾϼ (10 — ІЄϴЁЌϹГ Ёϴ «ϩЂϿЀϹ ЅІϹЁЏ»; 11 — ЄϴЅϾЂЃ 9, ЃЂϷЄ. 894–901; ЂЅІϴϿАЁЂϹ — ЄϴЅϾЂЃ 5:
1 — ЃЂϷЄ. 627; 2, 12 — ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІ 4; 3 — ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІ 5; 4, 5, 13, 18, 19 — ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІ 6; 6, 7 — ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІ 7; 8, 9, 24,
28, 30, 33, 34 — ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІ 8; 14, 22–23 — ЃЂϷЄ. 634/637, 635, 636, 638; 15 — ЃЂϷЄ. 503; 16 — ЃЂϷЄ. 603–603ϴ; 17,
20 — ЃЂϷЄ. 651–652; 21 — ЃЂϷЄ. 688; 25 — ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІЏ 4–8; 26 — ЃЂϷЄ. 818; 27, 32 — ЃЂϷЄ. 690, 691/693, 692;
29 — ЃЂϷЄ. 677; 31 — ЃЂϷЄ. 736) (1 — ЅІϹϴІϼІ; 2, 5, 7, 8, 18, 24 — ϷДІϼІ (?]; 3 — ϴϿϹϵϴЅІЄ; 4, 11, 17, 19 [?], 26 —
ϿϴϻЇЄϼІ; 6 — ІϹЀЁЏϽ ЅϹЄЂ-ϻϹϿϹЁЏϽ ϾϴЀϹЁА; 9 — ЂϵЂϺϺϹЁЁϴГ ϷϿϼЁϴ; 10 [?], 22 — Ͼ϶ϴЄЊ-ϾЄϼЅІЂϵϴϿϿϼІ; 12,
13, 23, 25, 33–34 — ЀЄϴЀЂЄЂ϶ϼϸЁЏϽ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾ; 14 — «ЈϴГЁЅ» ϼ ЂϵЂϺϺϹЁЁЏϽ ЅІϹϴІϼІ; 15, 16 — ЅϹЄϸЂϿϼϾ;
20, 21, 30, 31 — ЉϴϿЊϹϸЂЁ; 27 — ϵϼЄВϻϴ, ϿϴϻЇЄϼІ ϼ «ЈϴГЁЅ»; 28 — ЃϿЂІЁЏϽ ЅϹЄЏϽ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾ; 29 — ϵϼЄВϻϴ;
32 — ϾϴЀϹЁА ЉϴϿЊϹϸЂЁЂ϶ЂϽ ЂЅЁЂ϶Џ)
Fig. 1. Altyn-depe, stone artifacts and a seal fragment of the Namazga IV period (1, 2, 11–12 — Altyn 4 period;
3, 15 — Altyn 5 period; 4, 5, 13, 14, 16–23 — Altyn 6 period; 6, 7, 26, 27, 29, 32 — Altyn 7 period; 8, 9, 24, 28,
30, 31, 33, 34 — Altyn 8 period; 10, 25 — Early Bronze period): 1–8, 10 — seals; 6 — half-finished eal-stamp;
9 — fragment of a «bulla» with an impress of a seal; 11, 13–21, 24–27, 29–32 — beads; 12 — detail of a multilayer
necklace; 22, 23 — anthropomorphic statuettes; 33, 34 — half-products of a bead and a pendant (10 — trench on
the «Wall Hill»; 11 — excavation area 9, burials 894–901; the rest — excavation area 5: 1 — burial 627; 2, 12 —
horizon 4; 3 — horizon 5; 4, 5, 13, 18, 19 — horizon 6; 6, 7 — horizon 7; 8, 9, 24, 28, 30, 33, 34 — horizon 8; 14,
22, 23 — burials 634/637, 635, 636, 638; 15 — burial 503; 16 — burial 603–603ϴ; 17, 20 — burials 651–652; 21 —
burial 688; 25 — horizons 4–8; 26 — burial 818; 27, 32 — burials 690, 691/693, 692; 29 — burial 677; 31 — burial
736) (1 — steatite; 2, 5, 7, 8, 18, 24 — goethite (?]; 3 — alabaster; 4, 11, 17, 19 [?], 26 — ultramarine; 6 — dark
grey-green stone; 9 — fired clay; 10 [?], 22 — quartz-cristobalite; 12, 13, 23, 25, 33, 34 — marble-like limestone;
14 — «faience» and fired steatite; 15, 16 — carnelian; 20, 21, 30, 31 — chalcedony; 27 — turquoise, ultramarine,
and «faience»; 28 — solid grey limestone; 29 — turquoise; 32 — chalcedony-based stone)
64
ϛϴϷЂІЂ϶Ͼϴ (?)
(ЄϼЅ. 1, 6), ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЁϴГ ϶ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϹ 7 ЄϴЅϾЂЃϴ 5 ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ
ЄϴЁЁϹϷЂ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ IV, ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϴ ϼϻ ЅϹЄЂ-ϻϹϿϹЁЂϷЂ ϾϴЀЁГ. ϡϴ ϹϹ ϿϼЊϹ϶ЂϽ ЅІЂЄЂЁϹ ЌϿϼЈЂ϶ϾЂϽ ЁϴЀϹЋϹЁϴ ЂϸЁϴ ЃЄГЀϴГ ЃЂϿЂЅϴ.
Ϙ϶Ϲ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏϹ ЃϹЋϴІϼ-ЃЇϷЂ϶ϼЊЏ, ЂϸЁϴ Ѕ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼϹЀ Z-ЂϵЄϴϻЁЂϷЂ ЀЂІϼ϶ϴ ϼ ϶ІЂЄϴГ Ѕ ЀЂІϼ϶ЂЀ ϶ ϶ϼϸϹ ЀЁЂϷЂϾЄϴІЁЂ ЃЂ϶ІЂЄГВЍϹϷЂЅГ ЃЄГЀЂϷЂ ЇϷϿϴ, ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ ϼ Ёϴ ϧϿЇϷ-ϸϹЃϹ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ
ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ IV (ϦϹЄϹЉЂ϶ϴ 1975: ЄϼЅ. 11).
ϞϴЀϹЁЁЏϹ ЃϹЋϴІϼ-ЃЇϷЂ϶ϼЊЏ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ЄϴЁЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ Ѕ ϸ϶ЇЀГ ϸЏЄЂЋϾϴЀϼ ϶ ЊϹЁІЄϹ ЃЄЂϸЂϿϺϴВІ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼϼ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏЉ, ІϹЄЄϴϾЂІЂ϶ЏЉ ϼ ϾЂЅІГЁЏЉ ЃϹЋϴІϹϽ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂ БЁϹЂϿϼІϴ. ϡϴ ϔϿІЏЁϸϹЃϹ ЃϹЋϴІϼ-ЃЇϷЂ϶ϼЊЏ ϵЏІЂ϶ϴϿϼ ϼ ϶ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ (ϠϴЅЅЂЁ 1981: ІϴϵϿ. XVII, 2, 7), ЃЄϼЋϹЀ
϶ БІЂ ϶ЄϹЀГ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϴ ІϴϾϴГ ЃϹЋϴІА Ѕ ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾϼЀϼ ϻЁϴϾЂ϶ЏЀϼ ЀЂІϼ϶ϴЀϼ (ЄϼЅ. 7, 5). ϡϴϼϵЂϿϹϹ
ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϹ ІϹЉЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϹ ЂІϿϼЋϼϹ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏЉ ЃϹЋϴІϹϽ БЃЂЉϼ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ЂІ ЃϹЋϴІϹϽ-ϴЀЇϿϹІЂ϶
϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ III, ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁЁЏЉ ϼϻ ЁϹЀϹІϴϿϿϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ЅЏЄАГ, ϻϴϾϿВЋϴϹІЅГ ϶ ϼЁЂϽ ІϹЉЁϼϾϹ ЁϴЁϹЅϹЁϼГ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼГ. ϡϴ ЃЂϻϸЁϹБЁϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЃϹЋϴІϼ ЀЂІϼ϶Џ Ёϴ ϿϼЊϹ϶ЂϽ ЅІЂЄЂЁϹ ЁϴЁЂЅϼϿϼ ЄϹϻЁЏЀϼ ϿϼЁϼГЀϼ Ѕ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЇВЍϹϽ ЃЄЂЌϿϼЈЂ϶ϾЂϽ, ІЂϷϸϴ ϾϴϾ Ёϴ ϴϵЅЂϿВІЁЂϹ ϵЂϿАЌϼЁЅІ϶Ђ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏЉ
ЃϹЋϴІϹϽ БЃЂЉϼ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ — ІЂЋϹЋЁЏЀ Ѕ϶ϹЄϿϹЁϼϹЀ. ϣϹЋϴІϼ, ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼГ Ёϴ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЅϸϹϿϴЁЏ ЄϹϻЊЂЀ
ϼ ЌϿϼЈЂ϶ϾЂϽ, ϹϸϼЁϼЋЁЏ (ЄϼЅ. 1, 2, 4).
ϛϴ ЃЄϹϸϹϿϴЀϼ ϲϺЁЂϷЂ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ ЅϴЀϴГ ЄϴЁЁГГ ЃЄГЀЂЇϷЂϿАЁϴГ ϾϴЀϹЁЁϴГ ЃϹЋϴІА-ϴЀЇϿϹІ Ѕ ϵϹЅЅϼЅІϹЀЁЂ ϶ЏЅ϶ϹЄϿϹЁЁЏЀϼ ϾЄЇϷϿЏЀϼ ЇϷϿЇϵϿϹЁϼГЀϼ ϼ ІЄϹЀГ ϸЏЄЂЋϾϴЀϼ ϶ ЊϹЁІЄϹ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁϴ ϶ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϹ ϠϹЄϷϴЄ IV (ЅϹЄϹϸϼЁϴ IV ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.) ϶ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂЀ ϕϹϿЇϸϺϼЅІϴЁϹ (Jarrige,
Lechevalier 1979: 498, fig. 21). ϞЄЇϷϿЏϹ ϼ ЃЂϸϾ϶ϴϸЄϴІЁЏϹ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏϹ ЃϹЋϴІϼ-ЃЇϷЂ϶ϼЊЏ ϾЂЁЊϴ IV — ЁϴЋϴϿϴ III ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ ϶ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴЉ II,2–III,4–6 ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϠЇЁϸϼϷϴϾ ϶ ϲϺЁЂЀ ϔЈϷϴЁϼЅІϴЁϹ
(Casal 1961: 256, pl. XLV, A, 2–6) ϼ ϶ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЂ-ϵϹϿЇϸϺϼЅІϴЁЅϾϼЉ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴЉ ϠϹЄϷϴЄ V–VII (Les cités
oubliées de l’Indus… 1988: 98–100, figs. 71–73; 75–82). ϣϹЋϴІϼ-ЃЇϷЂ϶ϼЊЏ ϼϻ ЅІϹϴІϼІϴ Ѕ ϸ϶ЇЀГ ϼϿϼ ЋϹІЏЄАЀГ ϸЏЄЂЋϾϴЀϼ ЄϴϻЁЂЂϵЄϴϻЁЏЉ ЈЂЄЀ, Ѕ ϶ЏЅ϶ϹЄϿϹЁЁЏЀϼ ϼϿϼ ЄϹϻЁЏЀϼ ϷϹЂЀϹІЄϼЋϹЅϾϼЀϼ ЀЂІϼ϶ϴЀϼ ЌϼЄЂϾЂ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ Ёϴ ϬϴЉЄϼ-ϥЂЉІϹ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ II — ϶ІЂЄϴГ ЋϹІ϶ϹЄІА III ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (Sajjadi
2012: 151, fig. 30; Salvatori, Vidale 1997: 77, fig. 251; Tosi 1969: 375, fig. 258: 262–275; 1983: 155–156,
fig. 74), ЃЄϼ БІЂЀ ЂІІϼЅϾϼ ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼЋЁЂϽ ЃϿЂЅϾЂϽ ЃϹЋϴІϼ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ ϹЍϹ ϶ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϴЉ ϬϴЉЄϼ-ϥЂЉІϹ
ЈϴϻЏ 8 ϾЂЁЊϴ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ I (Amiet, Tosi 1978: 26, fig. 24).
ϣϹЋϴІϼ-ЌІϴЀЃЏ Ѕ ЇЌϾЂЀ Ёϴ ІЏϿАЁЂϽ ЅІЂЄЂЁϹ ЃЂГ϶ϿГВІЅГ Ёϴ ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ ЇϺϹ ϶ ЁϴЋϴϿϹ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ЄϴЁЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ (ϞϼЄЋЂ 1990: 175, ЄϼЅ. 2, 5). ϡϴ ϿϼЊϹ϶ЂϽ ЅІЂЄЂЁϹ ЃϹЋϴІϹϽ-ЌІϴЀЃЂ϶ ІϴϾϺϹ
ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁ ЀЂІϼ϶ ϶ ϶ϼϸϹ ϾЂЅЂϷЂ ϼϿϼ ЃЄГЀЂϷЂ ϾЄϹЅІϴ. ϣЂϸϾ϶ϴϸЄϴІЁЏϹ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏϹ ЃϹЋϴІϼ-ЌІϴЀЃЏ
Ѕ ϾЄϹЅІЂ϶ϼϸЁЏЀϼ ЀЂІϼ϶ϴЀϼ, ϶ЏЃЂϿЁϹЁЁЏЀϼ ІЂЋϹЋЁЏЀ Ѕ϶ϹЄϿϹЁϼϹЀ, ϼ ІϹЄЄϴϾЂІЂ϶ϴГ Ѕ ЇϷϿЇϵϿϹЁЁЏЀ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІЂЀ ϶ ϶ϼϸϹ ЅІЇЃϹЁЋϴІЏЉ ЄЂЀϵϴ ϼ ІЄϹЇϷЂϿАЁϼϾЂ϶ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ ϼ Ёϴ ϧϿЇϷ-ϸϹЃϹ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ
ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ IV (ϥϴЄϼϴЁϼϸϼ 1976: 93; ϦϹЄϹЉЂ϶ϴ 1975: ЄϼЅ. 11). ϡϴ ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ ЄϴϻЁЂЂϵЄϴϻЁЏϹ ЃϹЋϴІϼЌІϴЀЃЏ (ЀϹІϴϿϿϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ, ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏϹ ϼ ІϹЄЄϴϾЂІЂ϶ЏϹ) ϵЂϿϹϹ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЏ ϸϿГ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ (ϞϼЄЋЂ 2001: ЄϼЅ. 12–13; ϠϴЅЅЂЁ 1981: ІϴϵϿ. XVI, 1–12, 14–16; XVII, 3–5, 8–15). ϡϴ ϬϴЉЄϼ-ϥЂЉІϹ
ЅϴЀϴГ ЄϴЁЁГГ ЃϹЋϴІА-ЌІϴЀЃ ϼϻ ϴϿϹϵϴЅІЄϴ ЁϴϽϸϹЁϴ ϶ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϼ № 1505 ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ I (Sajjadi 2007: fig.
on page 476). ϙЅϿϼ ЃϹЋϴІϼ-ЃЇϷЂ϶ϼЊЏ ϼЀϹВІ, ЃЂ-϶ϼϸϼЀЂЀЇ, ЀϹЅІЁЂϹ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼϹ, ІЂ ЈЂЄЀϴ ЃϹЋϴІϹϽ-ЌІϴЀЃЂ϶ ЃЄЂϸЂϿϺϴϹІ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼϼ ЄϴЁЁϹϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЂ϶ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϽ ϠϹЅЂЃЂІϴЀϼϼ
V ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϼ ϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ϜЄϴЁϴ (ϥϼϴϿϾ) IV ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б., ϶ Ѕ϶ЂВ ЂЋϹЄϹϸА ЇЉЂϸГЍϼЉ ϶ ЁϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾЇВ БЃЂЉЇ.
ϥЇϸГ ЃЂ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϴЀ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ, ЃϹЋϴІϼ БЃЂЉϼ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ϼЀϹϿϼ ЃϹЄЅЂЁϴϿАЁЏϽ, ϿϼЋЁЂЅІЁЏϽ
ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄ. ϡϴ ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ БЃЂЉϼ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ЃϹЋϴІϼ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ ЃЄϹϼЀЇЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂ ϶ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГЉ ϺϹЁЍϼЁ, ЅЂЅІϴ϶ ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄГ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϼІϹϿАЁЂ ЇϾϴϻЏ϶ϴϹІ Ёϴ ϼЉ ЂЅЂϵЏϽ ЅЂЊϼϴϿАЁЏϽ ЅІϴІЇЅ
(ϕϹЄϹϻϾϼЁ 1994: 30–31). ϡϴ ϬϴЉЄϼ-ϥЂЉІϹ ЃϹЋϴІϼ-ЃЇϷЂ϶ϼЊЏ ІϴϾϺϹ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ ϶ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЂЀ ϶ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГЉ ϺϹЁЍϼЁ (Piperno, Tosi 1975: 192–193, 196). ϖ ІЂ ϺϹ ϶ЄϹЀГ ЂϵϼϿϼϹ ЃϹЋϴІϹϽ ϶ ϺϹЁЅϾϼЉ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГЉ ϗЂЁЇЄϴ (Sarianidi 2007: 99, tabl. XII) ϼ ЀЁЂϷЂЋϼЅϿϹЁЁЏϹ ЂІІϼЅϾϼ ЃϹЋϴІϹϽ Ёϴ ϷϿϼЁГЁЏЉ ϵЇϿϿϴЉ,
ЁϴϽϸϹЁЁЏЉ ϾϴϾ Ёϴ ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ (ЄϼЅ. 1, 9 — ϞϼЄЋЂ ϼ ϸЄ. 2008: 104, ІϴϵϿ. 119, 1–2; 145, 16–21; 168,
4–12), ІϴϾ ϼ Ёϴ ϬϴЉЄϼ-ϥЂЉІϹ (Mariani, Tosi 1987), ЃЂϾϴϻЏ϶ϴВІ, ЋІЂ ϺϹЁЍϼЁЏ-ЁЂЅϼІϹϿАЁϼЊЏ ЃϹЋϴІϹϽ ϼЅЃЂϿЁГϿϼ ЃЄϹϺϸϹ ϶ЅϹϷЂ ЉЂϻГϽЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏϹ ЈЇЁϾЊϼϼ, ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ, ЇЋϹІϴ ϼ ЄϴЅЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁϼГ ϻϴЃϴЅЂ϶,
І. Ϲ. ϵЏϿϼ Ѕ϶ЂϹϷЂ ЄЂϸϴ ϸЂЀЂЃЄϴ϶ϼІϹϿАЁϼЊϴЀϼ.
ϞϴЀϹЁЁЏϹ ϴ Ё І Є Ђ Ѓ Ђ Ѐ Ђ Є Ј Ё Џ Ϲ Ѕ І ϴ І Ї Б І Ͼ ϼ ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ЄϴЁЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ ϸ϶ЇЀГ ЅЉϹЀϴІϼЋϹЅϾϼЀϼ, ЇϷϿЂ϶ϴІЏЀϼ, ЅϼϸГЍϼЀϼ ЈϼϷЇЄϾϴЀϼ ϼϻ ϼЅϾЇЅЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϷЂ ЀϼЁϹЄϴϿϴ
65
:
,
,
(ЄϼЅ. 1, 22; Ͼ϶ϴЄЊ-ϾЄϼЅІЂϵϴϿϼІ — ϞϼЄЋЂ, ϞЂ϶ЁЇЄϾЂ 2003: ЄϼЅ. 1, 1, ІϴϵϿ. 1–2) ϼ ЀЄϴЀЂЄЂ϶ϼϸЁЂϷЂ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾϴ (ЄϼЅ. 1, 23). ϥІϴІЇБІϾϼ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ ϶ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂϽ ϾϴЀϹЄϹ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ IV (ЅЀ.
ϞϼЄЋЂ 2005: 413, ЄϼЅ. 5, 9–10).
ϔЁϴϿЂϷϼЋЁЏϹ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏϹ ϴЁІЄЂЃЂЀЂЄЈЁЏϹ ЅІϴІЇБІϾϼ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ ϶ ЁϴЃϿϴЅІЂ϶ϴЁϼГЉ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ IV Ёϴ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГЉ ϩϴЃЇϻ-ϸϹЃϹ ϼ ϧϿЇϷ-ϸϹЃϹ (ϠϴЅЅЂЁ, ϥϴЄϼϴЁϼϸϼ 1973: ІϴϵϿ. XXIII, 4;
XLIII, 5), ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ Ёϴ ϦϹЃϹ ϗϼЅЅϴЄ (Schmidt 1937: 188, pl. XLVI, H 4096).
. 2. ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ, ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏϹ ЅЂЅЇϸЏ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ IV ϼ ЄϴЁЁϹϷЂ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ V: 1–21, 24–33, 35–36 —
ЄϴЅϾЂЃ 5 (1, 2 — ЃЂϷЄ. 845; 3, 5–11, 13, 14 — ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІ 8; 4 — ЃЂϷЄ. 677; 12 — ЃЂϷЄ. 828; 15 — ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІ 7;
17, 19 — ЃЂϷЄ. 510–511; 18 — ЃЂϷЄ. 634/637, 635, 636, 638; 16 — ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІ 6; 20, 21 — ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІ 5; 24, 26, 29,
32, 33 — ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІ 4; 25, 30, 31 — ЃЂϷЄ. 626; 27 — ЃЂϷЄ. 627; 35, 36 — ЃЂϷЄ. 487–495, 495ϴ); 22 — ЄϴЅϾЂЃ 1,
ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІ 6; 23 ϼ 38 — ЄϴЅϾЂЃ 8 (ЅІЄϴІϼϷЄϴЈϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ), ГЄЇЅ VI ϼ ЃЂϷЄ. 310; 34, 37 — ЄϴЅϾЂЃ 9, ЃЂϷЄ. 894–901;
39–41 — ЄϴЅϾЂЃ 7, ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІ 3
Fig. 2. Altyn-depe, stone vessels of the Namazga IV and early Namazga V periods: 1–21, 24–33, 35–36 —
excavation area 5 (1, 2 — burial 845; 3, 5–11, 13, 14 — horizon 8; 4 — burial 677; 12 — burial 828; 15 — horizon
7; 17, 19 — burials 510–511; 18 — burials 634/637, 635, 636, 638; 16 — horizon 6; 20, 21 — horizon 5; 24, 26, 29,
32, 33 — horizon 4; 25, 30, 31 — burial 626; 27 — burial 627; 35, 36 — burials 487–495, 495ϴ); 22 — excavation
area 1, horizon 6; 23 ϼ 38 — excavation area 8, bed VI and burial 310; 34, 37 — excavation area 9, burials 894–901;
39–41 — excavation area 7, horizon 3
66
ϡϴϼϵЂϿϹϹ ЄϴЁЁГГ ϶ ϲϺЁЂЀ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϹ ЅϼϸГЍϴГ ϴЁІЄЂЃЂЀЂЄЈЁϴГ ЈϼϷЇЄϾϴ ϼϻ ЀЄϴЀЂЄЂ϶ϼϸЁЂϷЂ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾϴ ϵЏϿϴ ЁϴϽϸϹЁϴ ϶ 5 ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϹ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϙϿϹЁ-ϸϹЃϹ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ II
(ϭϹІϹЁϾЂ 1968ϴ: 21; 1968ϵ: ЄϼЅ. 12, 3), ϴ Ёϴ ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ ϸ϶Ϲ ЅІϴІЇБІϾϼ ϼϻ ϴϿϹϵϴЅІЄϴ ϶ЏГ϶ϿϹЁЏ ϶
ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϹ 9 ЄϴЅϾЂЃϴ 5 ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ III (ϞϼЄЋЂ ϼ ϸЄ. 2008: ІϴϵϿ. 141, 6–7).
ϡϹϵЂϿАЌϼϹ Ͼ ϴ Ѐ Ϲ Ё Ё Џ Ϲ Ѕ Ђ Ѕ Ї ϸ Џ, ЅϿЇϺϼ϶ЌϼϹ, ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂ, ϸϿГ ЉЄϴЁϹЁϼГ ϼ ЃЄϼϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϼГ
(ЄϴЅІϼЄϴЁϼГ, ЅЀϹЌϼ϶ϴЁϼГ)6 ϾЂЅЀϹІϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЅЄϹϸЅІ϶, ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁГВІЅГ ϶ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЉ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴЉ
ВϺЁЂІЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁЅϾϼЉ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϽ ϶ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂ БЁϹЂϿϼІϴ.
ϞϴЀϹЁЁЏϹ ϾЂЅЀϹІϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЅЂЅЇϸЏ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ЄϴЁЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ЃЄЂϸЂϿϺϴВІ ϼ Єϴϻ϶ϼ϶ϴВІ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼϼ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂ БЁϹЂϿϼІϴ. ϥ ЂϸЁЂϽ ЅІЂЄЂЁЏ, ϶ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϴЉ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЄϴЁЁϹϷЂ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ IV (ЃϹЄϼЂϸЏ ϔϿІЏЁ 8–7) ЌϼЄЂϾЂ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ
, ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁЁЏϹ ϼϻ ϴϿϹϵϴЅІЄϴ «϶ЄЇЋЁЇВ», —
(ЄϼЅ. 2, 11) ϼ
Ѕ ЅЇϺϴВЍϼЀЅГ Ͼ ϷЂЄϿЇ ϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾϼЀ
ϼϿϼ ϾЇϵЂ϶ϼϸЁЏЀ ІЇϿЂ϶ЂЀ, ϾϴϾ ЃЄϴ϶ϼϿЂ, ϸϹϾЂЄϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЀ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴϿАЁЏЀϼ ЄϹϿАϹЈЁЏЀϼ ϺϹϿЂϵϾϴЀϼ ϼϿϼ ЃЄЂЋϹЄЋϹЁЁЏЀϼ ϿϼЁϼГЀϼ (ЄϼЅ. 2, 9, 12–14). ϢϸϼЁ ЈϿϴϾЂЁ Ѕ ϾЇϵЂ϶ϼϸЁЏЀ ІЇϿЂ϶ЂЀ ЅϸϹϿϴЁ
ϼϻ ЅϹЄЂϷЂ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾϴ (?) ϼ ІϴϾϺϹ ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁ ЃЂ ϷЂЄϿЇ ЃЄЂЄϹϻϴЁЁЏЀϼ ϿϼЁϼГЀϼ (ЄϼЅ. 2, 8). ϬϼЄЂϾϼЀϼ
ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴϿАЁЏЀϼ ϺϹϿЂϵϾϴЀϼ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁ ϼ ЃЂϸЊϼϿϼЁϸЄϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ЅЂЅЇϸ ϼϻ ЅІЄϴІϼϷЄϴЈϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ЄϴЅϾЂЃϴ 8 (ЄϼЅ. 2, 23). ϡϹЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϹ ЅЂЅЇϸЏ ϼϻ ϴϿϹϵϴЅІЄϴ ϶ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϹ 8 ЄϴЅϾЂЃϴ 5 ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ ϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾϼЀ ЅЂЅЇϸϼϾЂЀ Ѕ ЂЋϹЁА ІЂϿЅІЏЀ ϸЁЂЀ (ЄϼЅ. 2, 15) ϼ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЂЀ ϷϼЃϹЄϵЂϿЂϼϸϴϿАЁЂ-ϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ЀϼЅϾϼ (ЄϼЅ. 2, 10), Г϶ЁЂ ЃЂϸЄϴϺϴВЍϹϽ ЈЂЄЀϴЀ ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЀϼЅЂϾ. ϡϹϵЂϿАЌЂϽ
ϴϿϹϵϴЅІЄЂ϶ЏϽ ЈϿϴϾЂЁЋϼϾ Ѕ ϾЇϵЂ϶ϼϸЁЏЀ ІЇϿЂ϶ЂЀ ЁϴϽϸϹЁ ϶ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϹ 4 ЄϴЅϾЂЃϴ 5 ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂ
ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ IV (ЄϼЅ. 2, 32). ϔЁϴϿЂϷϼЋЁЏϽ ЁϹЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϽ ЈϿϴϾЂЁЋϼϾ Ѕ ϾЇϵЂ϶ϼϸЁЏЀ ІЇϿЂ϶ЂЀ ϼϻ
ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ IV (?) Ёϴ ϧϿЇϷ-ϸϹЃϹ ЅϸϹϿϴЁ ϼϻ ЀЄϴЀЂЄЂ϶ϼϸЁЂϷЂ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾϴ
(Lecomte 2011: fig. on page 229,
).
ϥ ϸЄЇϷЂϽ ЅІЂЄЂЁЏ, ЇϺϹ ϶ ЁϴЋϴϿϹ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ЄϴЁЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ЃЂГ϶ϿГВІЅГ ЃЂϸЊϼϿϼЁϸЄϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ,
ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾЂ ЄϴЅЌϼЄГВЍϼϹЅГ ϾЁϼϻЇ
Ѕ ЇІГϺϹϿϹЁЁЏЀ, ЅϿϹϷϾϴ ϶ЏЃЇϾϿЏЀ ϸЁЂЀ ϼ ЇЃϿЂЍϹЁЁЏЀ, ϶ЏЅІЇЃϴВЍϼЀ ЁϴЄЇϺЇ ЃЂϸІЄϹЇϷЂϿАЁЏЀ ϾЄϴϹЀ (ЄϼЅ. 2, 1–6)7, ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁЁЏϹ ϼϻ ЀЄϴЀЂЄЂ϶ϼϸЁЂϷЂ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾϴ Ѕ ЃЂЀЂЍАВ ϶ЄϴЍϴВЍϹϷЂЅГ ϼЁЅІЄЇЀϹЁІϴ8. ϦϴϾϼϹ ЅЂЅЇϸЏ ЄϴϻЁЂϽ ϶ЏЅЂІЏ ϼ
ЃЄЂЃЂЄЊϼϽ ЅІϴЁЂ϶ГІЅГ ϶ϹϸЇЍϹϽ ЈЂЄЀЂϽ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏЉ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ IV (ЄϼЅ. 2, 16, 18–
19, 24–25, 33) ϼ ЌϼЄЂϾЂ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ ϶ ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄϹ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ ϼ ϶ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏЉ ϾϴЀϹЄϴЉ БІЂϷЂ
϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ (ϞϼЄЋЂ 2005ϴ: 403–404, ІϴϵϿ. XXV). ϔЁϴϿЂϷϼЋЁЏϹ ЅІϴϾϴЁЏ ϼϻ ЀЄϴЀЂЄЂ϶ϼϸЁЂϷЂ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾϴ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ ϶ ϾЂϿϿϹϾІϼ϶ЁЂЀ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϼ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ IV ϶ IV ГЄЇЅϹ ЌЇЄЈϴ Ёϴ
ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϼ ϩϴЃЇϻ-ϸϹЃϹ (ϥϴЄϼϴЁϼϸϼ 1964: 61, ЄϼЅ. 15, 37) ϼ ϶ ЅϿЂГЉ ϼ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГЉ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ЄϴЁЁϹϽ
ϵЄЂЁϻЏ Ёϴ ϧϿЇϷ-ϸϹЃϹ (Masson, Sarianidi 1972: pl. 35,
; Bendezu-Sarmiento 2013: fig. 9, D).
ϣЂЅϿϹϸЁϼϽ ЅЂЅЇϸ, ЅЇϸГ ЃЂ Њ϶ϹІЁЂϽ ЈЂІЂϷЄϴЈϼϼ, ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁ ϼϻ ЀЄϴЀЂЄЁЂϷЂ ЂЁϼϾЅϴ. ϖ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГЉ ϧϿЇϷ-ϸϹЃϹ БІЂϷЂ ϺϹ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ ϼ ЃЂϸЊϼϿϼЁϸЄϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ, ЋЇІА ЅЇϺϴВЍϼϹЅГ Ͼ϶ϹЄЉЇ
ЅІϴϾϴЁЏ c ЃϿЂЅϾϼЀ, ЃЄГЀЂ ЅЄϹϻϴЁЁЏЀ ϶ϹЄЉЁϼЀ ϾЄϴϹЀ (ϕϹЁϸϹϻЇ-ϥЇϴЄЀАϹЁІЂ 2010: ЄϼЅ. 17,
ϼ
). ϣЂ ϾЄϴϽЁϹϽ ЀϹЄϹ ЂϸϼЁ ϼϻ ЁϼЉ ЅϸϹϿϴЁ ϼϻ ЀЄϴЀЂЄЂ϶ϼϸЁЂϷЂ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾϴ (BendezuSarmiento 2013: fig. 9, E).
ϖІЂЄϴГ ϶ϹϸЇЍϴГ ЈЂЄЀϴ ϾЂЅЀϹІϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏЉ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ЄϴЁЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ Ёϴ ϔϿІЏЁϸϹЃϹ —
Ѕ ЂϾЄЇϷϿЏЀ ϼϿϼ ЃЂϸϵϼϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾϼЀ ІЇϿЂ϶ЂЀ, ЇЃϿЂЍϹЁЁЏЀ ϸЁЂЀ ϼ ЃϿЂЅϾϼЀ (ЄϼЅ. 2, 21, 27–28,
35, 37, 40–41) ϼϿϼ ЋЇІА ЅϾЂЌϹЁЁЏЀ ЁϴЄЇϺЇ (ЄϼЅ. 2, 34, 36) ЃЂϸІЄϹЇϷЂϿАЁЏЀ ϶ϹЁЋϼϾЂЀ. ϦϴϾϼϹ ЋϴЌϼ ϼϻ
ϴϿϹϵϴЅІЄϴ, ЀЄϴЀЂЄЂ϶ϼϸЁЂϷЂ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾϴ, ЀЄϴЀЂЄЁЂϷЂ ЂЁϼϾЅϴ ϼ ЅІϹϴІϼІϴ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ ϾϴϾ ϶ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЉ
ЁϴЃϿϴЅІЂ϶ϴЁϼГЉ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГ, ІϴϾ ϼ ϶ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГЉ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ IV (ϞϼЄЋЂ 2005ϴ: 403–404,
ІϴϵϿ. XXV), ЄϴЁЁϹϷЂ ϼ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ V, ЃϹЄϼЂϸЏ ϔϿІЏЁ 3 ϼ 2 (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ: ЄϼЅ. 18, 12; 19, 15–17).
ϥЂЅЇϸЏ ϸЄЇϷϼЉ ЈЂЄЀ ϼϻ ЀЄϴЀЂЄЂ϶ϼϸЁЏЉ ЃЂЄЂϸ ϶ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ЄϴЁЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ЅЄϴ϶ЁϼІϹϿАЁЂ ЄϹϸϾϼ. ϢϵϿЂЀϾϼ ЁϼϻϾЂϷЂ
Ѕ ϻϴϾЄЇϷϿϹЁЁЏЀ ϶ϹЁЋϼϾЂЀ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ ϶ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϹ 5
ЄϴЅϾЂЃϴ 5 (ЄϼЅ. 2, 20). ϔЁϴϿЂϷϼЋЁЏϽ ЃЂ ЈЂЄЀϹ ЅЂЅЇϸ Ѕ ЃЄϼЂЅІЄϹЁЁЏЀ ϶ϹЁЋϼϾЂЀ ЁϹϸϴ϶ЁЂ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁ
϶ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϼ Ёϴ ϧϿЇϷ-ϸϹЃϹ (Lecomte 2011: fig. on page 226).
ϖ ϾЂϿϿϹϾЊϼϼ ЁϴЉЂϸЂϾ ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ БЃЂЉϼ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ЈϼϷЇЄϼЄЇВІ ЀϼЁϼϴІВЄЁϴГ ЃЂϸЊϼϿϼЁϸЄϼЋϹЅϾϴГ ЃϿЂЌϾϴ-ЅІЇЃϾϴ ϼ ЃϹЅІϼϾ ϸϿГ ЄϴЅІϼЄϴЁϼГ ϾЄϴЅЁЂϽ ϾЄϴЅϾϼ, ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁЁЏϹ ϼϻ ЀЄϴЀЂЄЂ϶ϼϸЁЂϷЂ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾϴ (ϞЂЄЂϵϾЂ϶ϴ 2001: ЄϼЅ. 16, 1–2).
7
ϖЏЅІЇЃϴВЍϴГ ЋϴЅІА ϶ϹЁЋϼϾϴ ЅІϴϾϴЁϴ ϼϻ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴ 8 (ЄϼЅ. 2, 6) ϵЏϿϴ ЃЂ϶ЄϹϺϸϹЁϴ, ϼ ϶ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІϹ ЃЂϸЃЄϴ϶Ͼϼ ЀϹϿϾϼЀϼ ЅϾЂϿϴЀϼ ϶ϹЁЋϼϾ ЃЂϿЇЋϼϿ ЃЄϼЂЅІЄϹЁЁЇВ ЈЂЄЀЇ.
8
ϢϸϼЁ ЅІϴϾϴЁЋϼϾ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ IV ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁ ϼϻ ЃЂϿЇЃЄЂϻЄϴЋЁЂϷЂ ϴϿϹϵϴЅІЄϴ (ЄϼЅ. 2, 33).
6
67
:
,
,
Ѕ ϸЂ϶ЂϿАЁЂ ЇϻϾϼЀ ϸЁЂЀ, ЅІЂϿА ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЏϹ ϸϿГ ϬϴЉЄϼ-ϥЂЉІϹ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЂ϶ I–II
(Piperno, Salvatori 2007: fig. 22b; 167; 417; 435, left; 459; 551; etc.; Sajjadi 2007: figs on pages 452, 454, 460,
490, 531, 535, 545, 582, etc.), Ёϴ ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ ϹϸϼЁϼЋЁЏ. ϢϵϿЂЀϾϼ ЋϴЌϼ ϼϻ ЃЂϿЇЃЄЂϻЄϴЋЁЂϷЂ ϾϴϿАЊϼІϴ
(ЄϼЅ. 2, 7) ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸГІ ϼϻ ϻϴЃЂϿЁϹЁϼГ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІЂ϶ 7 ϼ 8 ЄϴЅϾЂЃϴ 5, ϴ ϾЄЇЃЁϴГ ЋϴЌϴ ϼϻ ЀЄϴЀЂЄЂ϶ϼϸЁЂϷЂ
ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾϴ (ЄϼЅ. 2, 29) ЁϴϽϸϹЁϴ ϶ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ϻϴЃЂϿЁϹЁϼГ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂϽ ϾϴЀϹЄЏ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂ
ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ IV. ϤГϸЂЀ Ѕ БІЂϽ ϺϹ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂϽ ϾϴЀϹЄЂϽ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁϴ ЁϹϵЂϿАЌϴГ
Ѕ ЃϿЂЅϾϼЀ ЃЂϸЃϼϿϹЁЁЏЀ ϶ϹЁЋϼϾЂЀ ϼ ЂϾЄЇϷϿЏЀ ϸЁЂЀ (ЄϼЅ. 2, 26), ЃЂϿЇЋϼ϶ЌϴГЅГ ϶ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІϹ
϶ІЂЄϼЋЁЂϷЂ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ЂϵϿЂЀϾϴ ϸЁϴ ϵЂϿϹϹ ϾЄЇЃЁЂϷЂ ЅЂЅЇϸϴ.
Ϙ϶ϴ ϾЂЅЀϹІϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЅЂЅЇϸϴ ϼϻ ЀЄϴЀЂЄЁЂϷЂ ЂЁϼϾЅϴ — ϷϿЇϵЂϾϴГ
Ѕ ЃЄϼЂЅІЄϹЁЁЏЀ ϶ϹЁЋϼϾЂЀ (ЄϼЅ. 2, 30; 8, 1) ϼ ЀϼЁϼϴІВЄЁЏϽ
(ЄϼЅ. 2, 31; 8, 2) ϼϻ ЃЂϿЇЅЈϹЄϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ, ЁϹ ЅЂЂϵЍϴВЍϼЉЅГ ЋϴЌϹЋϹϾ — ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ ϶ ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄϹ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГ ϸϹ϶ЇЌϾϼ
(ЃЂϷЄ. 626) ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ IV.
ϖ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ЄϴЁЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ (ЃϹЄϼЂϸЏ ϔϿІЏЁ 8–4) ϶ ϾϴЀЁϹЄϹϻЁЂЀ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸЅІ϶Ϲ, ϶ϾϿВЋϴГ ϼ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϼϹ ϾЂЅЀϹІϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶, ЁϴЋϼЁϴВІ ЌϼЄЂϾЂ ЃЄϼЀϹЁГІА ϶ЄϴЍϴВЍϼϹЅГ ϼЁЅІЄЇЀϹЁІЏ ϼ,
ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂ, ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴІА ϵЂϿϹϹ І϶ϹЄϸЏϹ ЀЄϴЀЂЄЂ϶ϼϸЁЏϹ ЃЂЄЂϸЏ, ϾЄЇЃЁЏϹ ϾЂЁϾЄϹЊϼϼ ϼ ЃϿϼІЏ
ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ, ϶ϼϸϼЀЂ, ЅЄϴ϶ЁϼІϹϿАЁЂ ϿϹϷϾЂ ЂϵЄϴϵϴІЏ϶ϴϿϼЅА ІЂϿАϾЂ Ѕ ЃЂЀЂЍАВ ЃϼϿϹЁϼГ, Ѕ϶ϹЄϿϹЁϼГ ϼ
ЂϵІЂЋϾϼ. ϖ БІЂ ϶ЄϹЀГ ЃЂГ϶ϿГВІЅГ ЃЂϸЊϼϿϼЁϸЄϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЅІϴϾϴЁЏ, ЃЂ ЈЂЄЀϹ ІЇϿЂ϶ϴ ϵϿϼϻϾϼϹ ЈϿϴϾЂЁϴЀ
(ЄϴЅЌϼЄГВЍϼϽЅГ ϾЁϼϻЇ ЇЅІЂϽЋϼ϶ЏϽ ϾЂЁЇЅ) Ѕ ЃϿЂЅϾϼЀ ЃЂϸІЄϹЇϷЂϿАЁЏЀ ϶ϹЁЋϼϾЂЀ. ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ϸϴϺϹ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁЁЏϹ Ѕ ЃЂЀЂЍАВ ϶ЄϴЍϴВЍϹϷЂЅГ ϼЁЅІЄЇЀϹЁІϴ ЅЂЅЇϸЏ ЁϹЄЂ϶ЁЏϹ ЃЂ ϶ЏЅЂІϹ ϼϿϼ ϼЉ ϶ЁЇІЄϹЁЁГГ ϹЀϾЂЅІА ЁϴЉЂϸϼІЅГ ЁϹ ЃЂ ЊϹЁІЄЇ. ϘϴϿАЁϹϽЌϹϹ ЇЅЂ϶ϹЄЌϹЁЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼϹ ІϹЉЁϼϾϼ ЂϵЄϴϵЂІϾϼ ϶ϹϸϹІ Ͼ
ЃЂГ϶ϿϹЁϼВ Ёϴ ЃЂϻϸЁϹЀ БІϴЃϹ ЄϴЁЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ (ϼϿϼ ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾЂ ЄϴЁАЌϹ) ЋϴЌ Ѕ ІϴϾϼЀ ϺϹ ЃϿЂЅϾϼЀ ϼϿϼ
ЋЇІА ЅϾЂЌϹЁЁЏЀ ЁϴЄЇϺЇ ЃЂϸІЄϹЇϷЂϿАЁЏЀ ϶ϹЁЋϼϾЂЀ, ЁЂ ЇϺϹ Ѕ ϶ЏЃЇϾϿЏЀ ϶ ЅϹЄϹϸϼЁϹ ϼϿϼ ϵϼϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾϼЀ ІЇϿЂ϶ЂЀ. ϡϴϼϵЂϿϹϹ ЄϴЁЁГГ ЋϴЌϴ ЅϸϹϿϴЁϴ ϼϻ ϴϿϹϵϴЅІЄϴ ϼ ЁϴϽϸϹЁϴ ϶ ЁϴЃϿϴЅІЂ϶ϴЁϼГЉ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴ 5 ЄϴЅϾЂЃϴ 5 ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ IV (ЄϼЅ. 2, 21). ϖЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ, ЁЂ϶ЇВ ЈЂЄЀЇ ЅЂЅЇϸϴ ЂЅ϶ϴϼ϶ϴϿϼ
ЅЁϴЋϴϿϴ Ёϴ ϵЂϿϹϹ ЀГϷϾЂЀ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϹ. «ϖЄЇЋЁЇВ» ϺϹ ϶ БЃЂЉЇ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ϼϻ ЀЄϴЀЂЄЂ϶ϼϸЁЏЉ ЃЂЄЂϸ ϼϻϷЂІϴ϶Ͽϼ϶ϴϿϼ ЄϹϸϾϼϹ ЅЂЅЇϸЏ ЁϹЅϼЀЀϹІЄϼЋЁЏЉ ЈЂЄЀ — ϸ϶ЂϽЁЏϹ ϿϼϵЂ ЃЄГЀЂЇϷЂϿАЁЏϹ (ЄϼЅ. 2, 31, 39).
ϛϴ ЃЄϹϸϹϿϴЀϼ ϲϺЁЂϷЂ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏϹ ЅЂЅЇϸЏ ϼЀϹВІ ЌϼЄЂϾϼϽ ϾЄЇϷ ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼϽ ϶
ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϴЉ III ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϠϹЅЂЃЂІϴЀϼϼ, ϜЄϴЁϴ ϼ ϔЈϷϴЁϼЅІϴЁϴ (Casanova 1991). ϣЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ
ЂЁϼ ϼ ϶ ϥϴЄϴϻЀϹ (ϤϴϻϻЂϾЂ϶ 2008: ЄϼЅ. 31). ϖϹЅАЀϴ ЄϴϻЁЂЂϵЄϴϻЁЏ ЈЂЄЀЏ ЀЁЂϷЂЋϼЅϿϹЁЁЏЉ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶
ϼϻ ЀЄϴЀЂЄЂ϶ϼϸЁЂϷЂ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾϴ, ЀЄϴЀЂЄЁЂϷЂ ЂЁϼϾЅϴ ϼ ЅІϹϴІϼІϴ ϼ Ёϴ ϗЂЁЇЄ-ϸϹЃϹ (ϥϴЄϼϴЁϼϸϼ 2001:
ІϴϵϿ. 9, 1, 3; 21, 4, 10–11, 13; 2002: ЄϼЅ. Ёϴ Ѕ. 125, 126, 131, 134–136 ϼ ϸЄ.; Sarianidi 2007: figs. 193–197).
ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ϷϼЃЅЂ϶ЏϹ ЈϿϴϾЂЁЏ, ϾЄЂЀϹ ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ, ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЏ ІЂϿАϾЂ ϶ ЃЂϻϸЁϹБЁϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴЉ ϞϴЄϴ-ϸϹЃϹ ϼ ϗϹЂϾЅВЄ 1 (ϠϴЅЅЂЁ 1960: ІϴϵϿ. XVII, 4, 6, 9; ϥϴЄϼϴЁϼϸϼ 1965: ІϴϵϿ. XXVI, 13), ϶ ЁϴЃϿϴЅІЂ϶ϴЁϼГЉ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ IV Ёϴ ϧϿЇϷ-ϸϹЃϹ (ЈϿϴϾЂЁ Ѕ ϾЇϵϼЋϹЅϾϼЀ ЄϹϻϹЄ϶ЇϴЄЂЀ ϼ ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁЁЏЀ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴϿАЁЏЀϼ ϾЂϿАЊϹ϶ϼϸЁЏЀϼ ЇϷϿЇϵϿϹЁϼГЀϼ ЌϹϽϾЂϽ — ЅЀ. Masson, Sarianidi 1972: pl. 35,
϶϶ϹЄЉЇ) ϼ Ёϴ ϬϴЉЄϼ-ϥЂЉІϹ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ II (Salvatori, Vidale 1997: 76, fig. 248, 12; Tosi 1969: 234, fig. 42, c),
ϴ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІ ЅЂЅЇϸϴ Ѕ ϾЇϵϼЋϹЅϾϼЀ ІЇϿЂ϶ЂЀ — ϶ ϠЇЁϸϼϷϴϾϹ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ IV, 2 (Casal 1961: fig. 134, 15).
ϠϼЁϼϴІВЄЁЏϹ ЈϿϴϾЂЁЋϼϾϼ ϼϻ ϴϿϹϵϴЅІЄϴ Ѕ ЃЂϸЊϼϿϼЁϸЄϼЋϹЅϾϼЀ ϼϿϼ ϶ЏІГЁЇІЏЀ ЃЂ ϶ϹЄІϼϾϴϿϼ ІЇϿЂ϶ЂЀ ϶ ϶ϼϸϹ ЃϴЄϴϿϿϹϿϹЃϼЃϹϸϴ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ ІϴϾϺϹ Ёϴ ϗЂЁЇЄ-ϸϹЃϹ (ϥϴЄϼϴЁϼϸϼ 2002: ЄϼЅ. Ёϴ Ѕ. 124).
ϡϴϼϵЂϿϹϹ Ѕ϶ЂϹЂϵЄϴϻЁЂϽ ϾϴІϹϷЂЄϼϹϽ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏЉ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ЄϴЁЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ Г϶ϿГВІЅГ
Ѕ ϶ Ϲ І ϼ Ͽ А Ё ϼ Ͼ ϼ (ЄϼЅ. 3), ϶ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЅϸϹϿϴЁЂ ЅЃϹЊϼϴϿАЁЂϹ ЇϷϿЇϵϿϹЁϼϹ — ϹЀϾЂЅІА
ϸϿГ ϷЂЄВЋϹϷЂ ϶ϹЍϹЅІ϶ϴ. ϥ϶ϹІϼϿАЁϼϾϼ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁЏ ϶ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЂЀ ϼϻ ЀЄϴЀЂЄЂ϶ϼϸЁЂϷЂ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾϴ
(ЂϸϼЁ — ϼϻ ЅІϹϴІϼІϴ, ЂϸϼЁ — ϼϻ ϷДІϼІϴ [?]). ϧ ϵЂϿАЌϼЁЅІ϶ϴ Ѕ϶ϹІϼϿАЁϼϾЂ϶ ϹЀϾЂЅІА ϸϿГ ϷЂЄВЋϹϷЂ
϶ϹЍϹЅІ϶ϴ Ѕ϶ϹЄЉЇ ϵЏϿϴ ЁϴϾЄЏІϴ ЃЂϸϾ϶ϴϸЄϴІЁЂϽ ϼϿϼ ϾЄЇϷϿЂϽ ϾЄЏЌϹЋϾЂϽ Ѕ ЂІ϶ϹЄЅІϼϹЀ ϸϿГ ЈϼІϼϿГ
(ЄϼЅ. 3, 1–4, 9, 15, 19–20), ЃЄϼЋϹЀ Ї Ѕ϶ϹІϼϿАЁϼϾϴ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ IV ϼϻ ϧϿЇϷ-ϸϹЃϹ ЈϼІϼϿА ϸϴϺϹ ЅЂЉЄϴЁϼϿЅГ ϶ ϾЄЏЌϹЋϾϹ (ϥϴЄϼϴЁϼϸϼ 1976: 96). ϡϴ ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏϹ Ѕ϶ϹІϼϿАЁϼϾϼ ϶ЉЂϸϼϿϼ ϶ ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄА ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ IV — ЄϴЁЁϹϷЂ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ V (ЄϼЅ. 3, 1–4, 8–9, 20–22)9. ϣЂЀϼЀЂ
БІЂϷЂ ϶ ЁϴЃϿϴЅІЂ϶ϴЁϼГЉ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ЄϴЁЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ЅЂϸϹЄϺϴϿЂЅА ϹЍϹ ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾЂ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏЉ Ѕ϶ϹІϼϿАЁϼϾЂ϶ (ЄϼЅ. 3, 10, 13, 15, 18) ϼ ЂІϸϹϿАЁЏЉ ϾЄЏЌϹЋϹϾ (ЄϼЅ. 3, 5–7, 11–12, 14, 16–17).
ϥ϶ϹІϼϿАЁϼϾϼ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГЀϼ ϸ϶ЇЉ ІϼЃЂ϶ —
, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЃЂ
ЈЂЄЀϴЀ ЄϴϻϸϹϿϹЁЏ Ёϴ ЋϹІЏЄϹ ϶ϴЄϼϴЁІϴ, ϼ
.
ϙЍϹ ЂϸϼЁ Ѕ϶ϹІϼϿАЁϼϾ ЁϴϽϸϹЁ ϶ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿϴϷϴϹЀЂЀ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϹ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄГ ϶ ЃЂЀ. 33 ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴ 9 ЄϴЅϾЂЃϴ 5 (ЄϼЅ. 3, 19). ϢЃϼЅϴЁϼϹ Ѕ϶ϹІϼϿАЁϼϾЂ϶ ϼϻ ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄГ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ ЅЀ. ϞϼЄЋЂ 2005ϴ: 411–412.
9
68
. 3. ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ, ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏϹ Ѕ϶ϹІϼϿАЁϼϾϼ ϼ ϾЄЏЌϾϼ Ѕ϶ϹІϼϿАЁϼϾЂ϶ (5–7, 11, 12, 14, 16, 17) ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ
ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ IV ϼ ЄϴЁЁϹϷЂ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ V (1): 1 — ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ϔϿІЏЁ 3; 2–7 — ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ϔϿІЏЁ 4; 8, 9 — ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ЄϴЁЁϹϽ
ϵЄЂЁϻЏ; 10–13 — ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ϔϿІЏЁ 5; 14 — ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ϔϿІЏЁ 6; 15–18 — ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ϔϿІЏЁ 7; 19–22 — ЃϹЄϼЂϸ
ϔϿІЏЁ 8 (1 — ЄϴЅϾЂЃ 9, ЃЂϷЄ. 893; 2 — ЄϴЅϾЂЃ 4, ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁϴГ ϾϴЀϹЄϴ 2; 7 — ЄϴЅϾЂЃ 1, ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІ 4;
8 — ЃЂϷЄ. 928–929; 9 — ЃЂϷЄ. 945; ЂЅІϴϿАЁЂϹ — ЄϴЅϾЂЃ 5: 3, 5, 6 — ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІ 4; 4 — ЃЂϷЄ. 626; 10–13 —
ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІ 5; 14 — ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІ 6; 15–18 — ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІ 7; 19 — ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІ 8; 20 — ЃЂϷЄ. 845; 21 — ЃЂϷЄ. 736; 22 —
ЃЂϷЄ. 828) (4 — ЅІϹϴІϼІ; 22 — ϷДІϼІ [?]; ЂЅІϴϿАЁЂϹ — ЀЄϴЀЂЄЂ϶ϼϸЁЏϽ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾ)
Fig. 3. Altyn-depe, stone lamps and lamp lids (5–7, 11, 12, 14, 16, 17) of the Namazga IV and early Namazga V
periods (1): 1 — Altyn 3 period; 2–7 — Altyn 4 period; 8, 9 — Early Bronze period; 10–13 — Altyn 5 period; 14 —
Altyn 6 period; 15–18 — Altyn 7 period; 19–22 — Altyn 8 period (1 — excavation area 9, burial 893; 2 — excavation
area 4, burial chamber 2; 7 — excavation area 1, horizon 4; 8 — burials 928–929; 9 — burial 945; the rest — excavation
area 5: 3, 5, 6 — horizon 4; 4 — burial 626; 10–13 — horizon 5; 14 — horizon 6; 15–18 — horizon 7; 19 — horizon 8;
20 — burial 845; 21 — burial 736; 22 — burial 828) (4 — steatite; 22 — goethite [?]; the rest — marble-like limestone)
ϣЂϸЊϼϿϼЁϸЄϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ
(϶ϴЄϼϴЁІ 1) ϾЄЇϷϿЏϹ ϶ ЃЂЃϹЄϹЋЁЂЀ ЅϹЋϹЁϼϼ, ЋЇІА
ЅЇϺϴВІЅГ ϶ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ϼ ϻϴІϹЀ ЄϴЅЌϼЄГВІЅГ Ͼ϶ϹЄЉЇ. ϙЀϾЂЅІА ϸϿГ ϷЂЄВЋϹϷЂ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϴ — ЇЅϹЋϹЁЁЂ-ϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾϴГ, ЃϿϴ϶ЁЂ-ϻϴϾЄЇϷϿϹЁЁЂ ЅЇϺϼ϶ϴВЍϴГЅГ ϾЁϼϻЇ, ϶ЏЅ϶ϹЄϿϹЁϴ ЄЇЋЁЏЀ Ѕ϶ϹЄϿЂЀ10.
ϞЄЏЌϾϼ Ѕ϶ϹІϼϿАЁϼϾЂ϶ ЃϿЂЅϾϼϹ, ЃЂϸЊϼϿϼЁϸЄϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϼϿϼ ЋЇІА ЄϴЅЌϼЄГВЍϼϹЅГ Ͼ϶ϹЄЉЇ; ЂІ϶ϹЄЅІϼϹ
ϸϿГ ЈϼІϼϿГ ЃЄЂЅ϶ϹЄϿϹЁЂ Ѕ ϸ϶ЇЉ ЅІЂЄЂЁ ІϴϾ, ЋІЂ Ёϴ ЃϿЂЅϾЂЅІϼ ϶ЁЇІЄϹЁЁϹϽ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІϼ ϸϼϴЀϹІЄ
ЂІ϶ϹЄЅІϼГ ϻЁϴЋϼІϹϿАЁЂ ϵЂϿАЌϹ, ЋϹЀ Ёϴ ЁϴЄЇϺЁЂϽ. ϦϴϾϼϹ Ѕ϶ϹІϼϿАЁϼϾϼ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁЏ Ѕ ЃЂЀЂЍАВ ϶ЄϴЍϴВЍϹϷЂЅГ ϼЁЅІЄЇЀϹЁІϴ, ЁЂ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЄϴЁЁϹϷЂ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ IV (ЄϼЅ. 3, 19–20) ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾЂ ϴЅϼЀЀϹІЄϼЋЁЏ ЃЂ ϶ϹЄІϼϾϴϿϼ ϼ ϼЀϹВІ ЅϾЄЇϷϿϹЁЁЏϹ ϶ ЁϼϺЁϹϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ЇϷϿЏ.
ϗϼЃϹЄϵЂϿЂϼϸϴϿАЁЏϽ
(϶ϴЄϼϴЁІ 2 — ЄϼЅ. 3, 1) ϼϻ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ 893 ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЄϴЁЁϹϷЂ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ V ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁ Ѕ ЃЂЀЂЍАВ ϶ЄϴЍϴВЍϹϷЂЅГ ϼЁЅІЄЇЀϹЁІϴ ϼ ϼЀϹϹІ ЄϴЅЌϼЄϹЁЁЇВ
ЇЅІЂϽЋϼ϶ЇВ ЁϼϺЁВВ ЋϴЅІА, ЄϹϻϾЂ ЅЇϺϼ϶ϴВЍЇВЅГ Ͼ ЅϹЄϹϸϼЁϹ ϶ЏЅЂІЏ ϼ ϶ЁЂ϶А ЄϴЅЌϼЄГВЍЇВЅГ
10
ϢЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁϼϹ ϶ϴЄϼϴЁІЂ϶ Ѕ϶ϹЄϿϹЁϼГ ЃЄЂ϶ϹϸϹЁЂ ϗ. Ϩ. ϞЂЄЂϵϾЂ϶ЂϽ.
69
:
,
,
Ͼ϶ϹЄЉЇ. ϦϴϾϴГ ЈЂЄЀϴ, ϶ϼϸϼЀЂ, Г϶ϿГϹІЅГ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІЂЀ ІϼЃЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ Єϴϻ϶ϼІϼГ ЈЂЄЀЏ ϶ϴЄϼϴЁІϴ 1.
ϪϼϿϼЁϸЄϼЋϹЅϾϴГ ЃϿЂЅϾϴГ ϾЄЏЌϾϴ Ѕ϶ϹІϼϿАЁϼϾϴ ЅϸϹϿϴЁϴ ϼϻ ϴϿϹϵϴЅІЄϴ ϼ ϵЏϿϴ ϶ЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϴ ЁϹЃЂЅЄϹϸЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂ ϶ ϹЀϾЂЅІА ϸϿГ ϷЂЄВЋϹϷЂ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϴ. ϖϹЄЂГІЁЂ, БІϴ ϾЄЏЌϾϴ11 ϵЏϿϴ ϶ІЂЄϼЋЁЂ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϴ
ϼϿϼ ЃЄϼЅЃЂЅЂϵϿϹЁϴ.
Ϟ϶ϴϸЄϴІЁЏϹ ϶ ЃЂЃϹЄϹЋЁЂЀ ЅϹЋϹЁϼϼ
(϶ϴЄϼϴЁІ 3) ЅϸϹϿϴЁЏ «϶ЄЇЋЁЇВ» ϼ
ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ ІЄϹЀГ БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄϴЀϼ. ϢЄЁϴЀϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϽ Ѕ϶ϹІϼϿАЁϼϾ ϼϻ ЃЂϷЄ. 828 ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЄϴЁЁϹϷЂ
ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ IV ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁ ϼϻ ϷДІϼІϴ (?) (ЄϼЅ. 3, 22) ϼ ϼЀϹϹІ ЈЂЄЀЇ ϶ЏІГЁЇІЂϷЂ ЃЂ ϶ϹЄІϼϾϴϿϼ ЃϴЄϴϿϿϹϿϹЃϼЃϹϸϴ ЅЂ ЅϾЄЇϷϿϹЁЁЏЀϼ ЇϷϿϴЀϼ, ЃϿϴ϶ЁЂ ЄϴЅЌϼЄГВЍϹϷЂЅГ Ͼ϶ϹЄЉЇ. ϣЂЅϿϹ ϼϻЇЋϹЁϼГ Ѕ϶ϹІϼϿАЁϼϾϴ
ЃЂϸ ЀϼϾЄЂЅϾЂЃЂЀ ϗ. Ϩ. ϞЂЄЂϵϾЂ϶ϴ ЇЅІϴЁЂ϶ϼϿϴ, ЋІЂ «ϾЄЇϺϾЂ϶ЏϹ» (ЅЂϿГЄЁЏϹ?) ЀЂІϼ϶Џ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϴ
Ёϴ ϵЂϾЂ϶ЏЉ ϼ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹϽ ϹϷЂ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІГЉ ЃЄЂЄϹϻϴЁЏ ЊϼЄϾЇϿАЁЏЀ ЄϹϻЊЂЀ, ϴ ЁϹ ЃЂϿЏЀ Ѕ϶ϹЄϿϹЁϼϹЀ
(ЃϹЄ϶ϼЋЁЂϹ ϶ϼϻЇϴϿАЁЂϹ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁϼϹ — ϞϼЄЋЂ 2005ϴ: 412). ϜϸϹЁІϼЋЁЏϽ «ϾЄЇϺϾЂ϶ЏϽ» ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІ
ЇϾЄϴЌϴϿ ϵЂϾЂ϶ЏϹ ЅІЂЄЂЁЏ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾЂ϶ЂϷЂ ϵϿЂϾϴ ЃЂϻϸЁϹЇЄЇϾЅϾЂϷЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ (3200–3100 ϷϷ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.)
ϼϻ ϥЇϻ (Amiet 1986: 55, fig. 12), ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ϣ. ϔЀАϹ ЅЋϼІϴϿ БІЂІ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІ ϼЀϼІϴЊϼϹϽ ЀЂϻϴϼϾϼ ϼϻ ϾЂЁЇЅЂ϶, ЇϾЄϴЌϴ϶ЌϹϽ ЅІϹЁЏ ЉЄϴЀЂ϶ (Ibid.: 55). ϠЂϺЁЂ ЁϴЃЂЀЁϼІА, ЋІЂ ϶ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϹ 8 ЄϴЅϾЂЃϴ 5 ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ
ЄϴЁЁϹϷЂ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ IV ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ ЀϹІϴϿϿϼЋϹЅϾϴГ ЃϹЋϴІА-ЌІϴЀЃ (ϞϼЄЋЂ 2001: ЄϼЅ. 12, 33 ) ϼ ЂІІϼЅϾ
ЃϹЋϴІϼ (ЄϼЅ. 1, 9), ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁЁЏϹ ІϴϾϼЀϼ ϺϹ «ϾЄЇϺϾЂ϶ЏЀϼ» ЀЂІϼ϶ϴЀϼ, ϴ ЁϴϼϵЂϿϹϹ ЌϼЄЂϾЂ БІЂІ ЀЂІϼ϶ ϶ ϲϺЁЂЀ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϹ ϶ЂЃϿЂЍϹЁ ϶ ЄЂЅЃϼЅϼ ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ ІϼЃϴ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ III Ёϴ ϞϴЄϴϸϹЃϹ ϼ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ-ϸϹЃϹ (ϠϴЅЅЂЁ 1956: ІϴϵϿ. XXII, 1–2, 5–6; XXVIII, 9; 1960: ІϴϵϿ. VIII, 24; XXII, 1, 12,
15, 20; ϼ ϸЄ.) ЋϴЅІЂ ϶ ЅЂЋϹІϴЁϼϼ Ѕ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼГЀϼ ЃІϼЊ.
ϥ϶ϹІϼϿАЁϼϾ ϼϻ ЀЄϴЀЂЄЁЂϷЂ ЂЁϼϾЅϴ ϼЀϹϿ ϵϿϼϻϾЇВ ЈЂЄЀЇ (ЃϴЄϴϿϿϹϿϹЃϼЃϹϸ, ЋЇІА ЄϴЅЌϼЄГВЍϼϽЅГ Ͼ϶ϹЄЉЇ), ЁЂ ϹЍϹ ϵЂϿϹϹ ϶ЏІГЁЇІЏϹ ЃЄЂЃЂЄЊϼϼ ϼ ЇЅϹЋϹЁЁЂ-ϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾЇВ ϾЄЏЌϾЇ (ЄϼЅ. 3, 3). ϢЁ
ϵЏϿ ЁϴϽϸϹЁ ЅЁϴЄЇϺϼ, ЃЂϸ ЅІϹЁЂϽ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂϽ ϾϴЀϹЄЏ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ IV.
ϙЍϹ ЂϸϼЁ ЀϼЁϼϴІВЄЁЏϽ (϶ЏЅЂІϴ 4,65 ЅЀ) ЃЂ϶ЄϹϺϸϹЁЁЏϽ Ѕ϶ϹІϼϿАЁϼϾ-ЈϴϾϹϿ ϶ϴЄϼϴЁІϴ 3 ϼϻ
ЀЄϴЀЂЄЂ϶ϼϸЁЂϷЂ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾϴ (ЄϼЅ. 3, 10) ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁ ϶ ϻϴЃЂϿЁϹЁϼϼ ЇϿϼЊЏ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴ 5 ЄϴЅϾЂЃϴ 5
϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ IV.
ϙϸϼЁЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏϽ ϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ
(϶ϴЄϼϴЁІ 4 — ЄϼЅ. 3, 15) ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁ ϼϻ ЅϹЄЂ϶ϴІЂ-ϵϹϿЂϷЂ ЀЄϴЀЂЄЂ϶ϼϸЁЂϷЂ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾϴ «϶ЄЇЋЁЇВ». ϡϴϽϸϹЁ ϶ЀϹЅІϹ Ѕ ЂϵϿЂЀϴЁЁЂϽ ϾЄЏЌϾЂϽ ϶Ђ ϸ϶ЂЄϹ ϔ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴ 7 ЄϴЅϾЂЃϴ 5 ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЄϴЁЁϹϷЂ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ IV. ϢϵЍϴГ ϶ЏЅЂІϴ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ — 10,3 ЅЀ. ϙЀϾЂЅІА
ϸϿГ ϷЂЄВЋϹϷЂ ϶ЏЅ϶ϹЄϿϹЁϴ ϶ ϸ϶ϴ ЃЄϼϹЀϴ, ЅЁϴЋϴϿϴ ЃЂϿЏЀ, ϴ ϻϴІϹЀ ϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾϼЀ Ѕ϶ϹЄϿЂЀ, ЂІ϶ϹЄЅІϼϹ ϶
ϾЄЏЌϾϹ ЅϸϹϿϴЁЂ ЂϸЁЂЅІЂЄЂЁЁϼЀ ϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾϼЀ Ѕ϶ϹЄϿϹЁϼϹЀ. ϣϹЄ϶ЂЁϴЋϴϿАЁЂ ϼϻ ЂϸЁЂϷЂ ϾЇЅϾϴ ϾϴЀЁГ
ϵЏϿϴ ЅЈЂЄЀЂ϶ϴЁϴ ϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾϴГ ϻϴϷЂІЂ϶Ͼϴ. ϛϴІϹЀ ϶ϹЄЉЁГГ ЋϴЅІА ϻϴϷЂІЂ϶Ͼϼ ϵЏϿϴ ЂІЃϼϿϹЁϴ ϸϿГ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ϾЄЏЌϾϼ, ЃЄϼЋϹЀ БІЂІ ЄϴЅЃϼϿ ЃЂЌϹϿ ϾЂЅЂ, ϶ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІϹ ЋϹϷЂ ϾЄЏЌϾϴ ϼ ЅϴЀ Ѕ϶ϹІϼϿАЁϼϾ
ϼЀϹВІ ϶ ЄϴϻЁЏЉ ЋϴЅІГЉ ЄϴϻЁЇВ ϶ЏЅЂІЇ. ϢϸЁϴϾЂ БІЂІ ІϹЉЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ϵЄϴϾ ЁϹ ЃЂЀϹЌϴϿ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴЁϼВ Ѕ϶ϹІϼϿАЁϼϾϴ — ϶ЁЇІЄϼ ЁϹϷЂ ϼ Ёϴ ϾЄЏЌϾϹ ϼЀϹВІЅГ ЅϿϹϸЏ ЂϵЂϺϺϹЁϼГ.
(ІϼЃ II) Ѕ ЇЅϹЋϹЁЁЂ-ϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϾЄЏЌϾЂϽ (ЄϼЅ. 3, 4), ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁЁЏϽ ϼϻ
ЅІϹϴІϼІϴ Ѕ ЃЂЀЂЍАВ ϶ЄϴЍϴВЍϹϷЂЅГ ϼЁЅІЄЇЀϹЁІϴ, ϵЏϿ ЁϴϽϸϹЁ ϶ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϼ 626 ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂ
ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ IV. ϥ϶ϹІϼϿАЁϼϾ ЃЂ ЈЂЄЀϹ ЁϴЃЂЀϼЁϴϹІ ЀϼЁϼϴІВЄЁЏϽ ІЇϴϿϹІЁЏϽ ЅЂЅЇϸ (ЋϴЌϹЋϾЇ), ЂϸЁϴϾЂ ЁϴϿϼЋϼϹ ϼϸϹϴϿАЁЂ ЃЂϸЂϷЁϴЁЁЂϽ ЇЅϹЋϹЁЁЂ-ϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϾЄЏЌϹЋϾϼ Ѕ ЂІ϶ϹЄЅІϼϹЀ ϸϿГ ЈϼІϼϿГ ЁϹ
ЂЅІϴ϶ϿГϹІ ЅЂЀЁϹЁϼϽ ϶ ϹϷЂ ЈЇЁϾЊϼϼ ϾϴϾ Ѕ϶ϹІϼϿАЁϼϾϴ.
ϕϿϼϻϾЂϹ ЅЉЂϸЅІ϶Ђ ЈЂЄЀЏ ϾЂЅЀϹІϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏЉ ЋϴЌ ϼ Ѕ϶ϹІϼϿАЁϼϾϴ ІϼЃϴ II — ϾЂЅ϶ϹЁЁЂϹ
Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶Ђ ІЂϷЂ, ЋІЂ ϶ЁЇІЄϼ ІЇϴϿϹІЁЏЉ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ ЀЂϷϿϴ ЁϴЉЂϸϼІАЅГ ЀϴЅϿГЁϼЅІϴГ ЅЇϵЅІϴЁЊϼГ.
ϦϴϾ, ЂЅІϴІϾϼ ϷЂЄВЋϹϷЂ ϶ϹЍϹЅІ϶ϴ (ІϹЀЁЂ-ЅϹЄϴГ ЅЃϹϾЌϴГЅГ ЀϴЅЅϴ) ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ ϶ЁЇІЄϼ Ѕ϶ϹІϼϿАЁϼϾЂ϶ ϼϻ
ЃЂϷЄ. 845 ϼ 893, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ϼϻ ЃЂЀ. 33 ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴ 9 ЄϴЅϾЂЃϴ 5.
ϥ϶ϹІϼϿАЁϼϾϼ Ёϴ ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ Г϶ϿГВІЅГ ІϼЃϼЋЁЏЀ ϾЂЀЃЂЁϹЁІЂЀ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϷЂ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ IV. ϡϴ ϸЄЇϷϼЉ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГЉ ϲϺЁЂϷЂ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ Ѕ϶ϹІϼϿАЁϼϾϼ-ЈϴϾϹϿЏ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ Ёϴ
ϧϿЇϷ-ϸϹЃϹ (ϥϴЄϼϴЁϼϸϼ 1976: 96) ϼ ϔϾ-ϸϹЃϹ (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ: ЄϼЅ. 15, 15) БІЂϷЂ ϺϹ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ.
ϛϴ ЃЄϹϸϹϿϴЀϼ ϲϺЁЂϷЂ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ ЀЁЂϷЂЋϼЅϿϹЁЁЏϹ Ѕ϶ϹІϼϿАЁϼϾϼ-ЈϴϾϹϿЏ (Ѕ ЇЅϹЋϹЁЁЂϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾϼЀϼ, ЃЂϸЊϼϿϼЁϸЄϼЋϹЅϾϼЀϼ ϼϿϼ ЃЂϸϾ϶ϴϸЄϴІЁЏЀϼ ϶ ЃϿϴЁϹ ϾЄЏЌϾϴЀϼ), ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼЋЁЏϹ Ѕ϶ϹІϼϿАЁϼϾϴЀ ІϼЃϴ I ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ, ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ Ёϴ ϬϴЉЄϼ-ϥЂЉІϹ ϾϴϾ Ёϴ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϼ (Tosi, 1969: fig. 41,
a–d, s, t), ІϴϾ ϼ ϶ ЀЂϷϼϿϴЉ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЂ϶ I/II–IV (Piperno, Tosi 1975: fig. on page 195,
,
, B;
11
ϞЄЏЌϾϼ ϶ ϸЄЇϷϼЉ ЅϿЇЋϴГЉ Г϶ЁЂ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁЏ ЁϹ ІЂϿАϾЂ ϼϻ ІЂϷЂ ϺϹ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϴ, ЋІЂ ϼ Ѕ϶ϹІϼϿАЁϼϾ, ЁЂ
ЃЄГЀЂ ϼϻ ЂϸЁЂϷЂ ϾЇЅϾϴ ϾϴЀЁГ, ЋІЂ ϶ϼϸЁЂ ЃЂ ЃЂϿЁЂЀЇ ЅЂ϶ЃϴϸϹЁϼВ ЁϹ ЅЂ϶ЅϹЀ ЃЄϴ϶ϼϿАЁЂϷЂ ϾЂЁІЇЄϴ ЁϼϺЁϹϽ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІϼ ϾЄЏЌϾϼ ϼ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹϽ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІϼ Ѕ϶ϹІϼϿАЁϼϾϴ (ЅЄ., ЁϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ, ЄϼЅ. 3, 3, 15).
70
. 4. ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ, ЄϴЅϾЂЃ 5, Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ϴ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸЅІ϶ϴ ϵЇЅϼЁ ϼϻ ЀЄϴЀЂЄЂ϶ϼϸЁЂϷЂ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾϴ ϶ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ
ЄϴЁЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ (1, 2, 6 — ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІ 6; 3–5, 7 — ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІ 7): 1, 3 — ϻϴϷЂІЂ϶Ͼϼ; 2, 4 — ϻϴϷЂІЂ϶Ͼϼ ϵЇЅϼЁ,
ЅϿЂЀϴЁЁЏϹ ЃЄϼ Ѕ϶ϹЄϿϹЁϼϼ ЂІ϶ϹЄЅІϼϽ; 5 — ϵЇЅϼЁϴ Ѕ ЁϹЂІЌϿϼЈЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϽ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІАВ; 6, 7 — ЂЅϾЂϿϾϼ
ϾϴЀЁГ — ЂІЉЂϸЏ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸЅІ϶ϴ
Fig. 4. Altyn-depe, excavation area 5, marble-like limestone objects associated with the Early Bronze Age bead
production (1, 2, 6 — horizon 6; 3–5, 7 — horizon 7): 1, 3 — half-products; 2, 4 — half-products of beads, broken
in the course of drilling; 5 — unpolished bead; 6, 7 — stone waste products
Sajjadi 2003: tabl. 8, fig. 40, a–c, type 1, 2a, 2b; 2007: fig. on pages 511, 518; 2012: 126)12, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ Ёϴ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϼ ϠЇЁϸϼϷϴϾ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ IV (Casal 1961: fig. 135, 11–11b, 12). ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЁЏϽ Ёϴ ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ
ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϽ Ѕ϶ϹІϼϿАЁϼϾ ϼϻ ϷДІϼІϴ (?) ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼϽ ЁϹ ϼЀϹϹІ.
Ϟ Ї Ͼ Є ϴ Ќ Ϲ Ё ϼ Г Ѐ ϼϻ ϾϴЀЁГ Ёϴ ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ЄϴЁЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ЂІЁЂЅГІЅГ ЁϹЀЁЂϷЂЋϼЅϿϹЁЁЏϹ
ϼ
, ЃЄϹϼЀЇЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЁЏϹ ϶ ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄϹ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϽ
(ЄϼЅ. 1, 11, 14–17, 20–21, 26–27, 29, 31–32)13. ϖ ЁϴЃϿϴЅІЂ϶ϴЁϼГЉ ЄϴЅϾЂЃϴ 5 ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ IV
ЁϴϽϸϹЁЂ ϹЍϹ ЌϹЅІА ϵЇЅϼЁ: ϸ϶Ϲ ϾЂϿАЊϹ϶ϼϸЁЏϹ ІϼЃϴ Iϖ1 ϼϻ ϷДІϼІϴ (?) ϼ ЀЄϴЀЂЄЂ϶ϼϸЁЂϷЂ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾϴ (ЄϼЅ. 1, 24–25); ϾЄЇЃЁϴГ ϾЂϿАЊϹ϶ϼϸЁϴГ ϵЇЅϼЁϴ ІϼЃϴ IIIB1 ϼϻ ЀЄϴЀЂЄЂ϶ϼϸЁЂϷЂ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾϴ
(ЄϼЅ. 1, 13); ϵЂЋϾЂ϶ϼϸЁϴГ ЃЄЂЁϼϻϾϴ ІϼЃϴ IVϔ1 ϼϻ ϷДІϼІϴ (?) (ЄϼЅ. 1, 18); ЂϵϿЂЀЂϾ ЀϼЁϸϴϿϹ϶ϼϸЁЂϽ
ϸ϶ЂГϾЂ϶ЏЃЇϾϿЂϽ ЃЄЂЁϼϻϾϼ ІϼЃϴ IVϔ2 ϼϻ ϿϴϻЇЄϼІϴ ϼϿϼ ϼЅϾЇЅЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϷЂ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϴ (ЄϼЅ. 1, 19) ϼ
ЀϼЁϸϴϿϹ϶ϼϸЁϴГ ϵЇЅϼЁϴ-ЃЄЂЁϼϻϾϴ (ІϼЃ IVϕ2; L/S = 1,23) ϼϻ ЉϴϿЊϹϸЂЁϴ (ЄϼЅ. 1, 30). ϙЍϹ ЂϸϼЁ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІ ϼϻ ϷДІϼІϴ (?) ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿГϿ ЅЂϵЂϽ ϿϼϵЂ ϵЇЅϼЁЇ ІϼЃϴ IIϕ1, ϿϼϵЂ ϼϸϹϴϿАЁЂ ЄЂ϶ЁЏϽ ЅϾЂϿ ϵϼϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϵЇЅϼЁЏ-ЃЄГЅϿϼЊϴ (ЄϼЅ. 1, 28).
ϡϴϽϸϹЁЏ ІϴϾϺϹ ϻϴϷЂІЂ϶Ͼϼ ϼϻ ЀЄϴЀЂЄЂ϶ϼϸЁЂϷЂ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾϴ ЃЂϸЊϼϿϼЁϸЄϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ЃЄЂЁϼϻϾϼ
ІϼЃϴ Iϔ1 (ЄϼЅ. 1, 33) ϼ ЂϾЄЇϷϿЂϽ ЃЂϸ϶ϹЅϾϼ (?), ЃϿЂЅϾЂЂ϶ϴϿАЁЂϽ ϶ ЃЄЂϸЂϿАЁЂЀ ЅϹЋϹЁϼϼ (ЄϼЅ. 1, 34).
ϜЁІϹЄϹЅЁЏ ЅϾЂЃϿϹЁϼГ ЂІЉЂϸЂ϶ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸЅІ϶ϴ ϵЇЅϼЁ ϼϻ ЀЄϴЀЂЄЂ϶ϼϸЁЂϷЂ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾϴ, ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЁЏϹ Ёϴ ЄϴЅϾЂЃϹ 5 ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЄϴЁЁϹϷЂ ϼ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ IV ϶Ђ ϸ϶ЂЄϹ ϔ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴ 7 ϼ ϶ ЃЂЀ. 13
(ЀϹϺϸЂЀЁЂЀ ЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁЅІ϶Ϲ) ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴ 6. ϥЄϹϸϼ ЂІЉЂϸЂ϶ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸЅІ϶ϴ (ЀϹϿϾϼϹ ЂϵϿЂЀϾϼ ϾϴЀЁГ —
ϜЄϴЁЅϾϼϹ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼ ЅЋϼІϴВІ Ѕ϶ϹІϼϿАЁϼϾϼ ϾЂЅЀϹІϼЋϹЅϾϼЀϼ ЈϿϴϾЂЁϴЀϼ (Sajjadi 2003: 81, 85; 2012: 126).
ϢЃϼЅϴЁϼϹ ϵЇЅϼЁ ϼϻ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϽ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ IV ϼ ІϼЃЂϿЂϷϼВ ϵЇЅ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЂ϶ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂ БЁϹЂϿϼІϴ — ЅЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ ЅЀ. ϞϼЄЋЂ 2005ϴ: 390–396, ЄϼЅ. 22.
12
13
71
:
,
,
ЄϼЅ. 4, 6–7) ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿϼЅА ϷЄЇϵЂ ЂϵІЂЋϹЁЁЏϹ ЃϹЄ϶ϼЋЁЏϹ ϻϴϷЂІЂ϶Ͼϼ ЃЂϸЊϼϿϼЁϸЄϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЃЄЂЁϼϻЂϾ
ІϼЃϴ Iϔ1 (ЄϼЅ. 4, 1, 3), ЅϿЂЀϴЁЁЏϹ ЃЄϼ ϸ϶ЇЅІЂЄЂЁЁϹЀ Ѕ϶ϹЄϿϹЁϼϼ ЂІ϶ϹЄЅІϼϽ ЃЄЂЁϼϻϾϼ ІϼЃϴ IVϔ1 ϼ
IVϔ2 (ЄϼЅ. 4, 2, 4) ϼ ЁϹЂІЌϿϼЈЂ϶ϴЁЁϴГ ϵЇЅϼЁϴ ІϼЃϴ IVϔ2 (ЄϼЅ. 4, 5).
Ϟ ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁϼГЀ ЂІЁϹЅϹЁ ІϴϾϺϹ ЂϵϿЂЀЂϾ ЃϿЂЅϾЂϷЂ, ЇϻϾЂϷЂ, ЃЂϸЃЄГЀЂЇϷЂϿАЁЂϷЂ, Ѕ ϻϴϾЄЇϷϿϹЁЁЏЀϼ ϾЂЁЊϴЀϼ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ ϼϻ ϵϹϿЂϷЂ ЀЄϴЀЂЄЂ϶ϼϸЁЂϷЂ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾϴ Ѕ ЄГϸЂЀ ЂІ϶ϹЄЅІϼϽ (ЄϼЅ. 1, 12), ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϼІϹϿАЁЂ, БІЂ
. ϪϹϿЂϹ ІϴϾЂϹ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϹ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЂ ϶
ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϴЉ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ.
ϞϴЀϹЁЁЏϹ Ё ϴ ϶ Ϲ Є Ќ ϼ Г ϵ Ї Ͽ ϴ ϶ ϾЄϴϽЁϹ ЄϹϸϾЂ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ Ёϴ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЉ ϲϺЁЂϷЂ
ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ IV–III ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.
72
ϬϴЄЂ϶ϼϸЁЂϹ, ЋЇІА ЅЃϿВЅЁЇІЂϹ
ϼϻ ЃЂЋІϼ ЋϹЄЁЂϷЂ ЃϿЂІЁЂϷЂ ϾϴЀЁГ (ЃϼЄЂϾЅϹЁϼІ?) ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЂ ϶ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϹ 8 ЄϴЅϾЂЃϴ 5 ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЄϴЁЁϹϷЂ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ IV (ЄϼЅ. 5, 59; 6, 1).
ϘϼϴЀϹІЄ Ёϴ϶ϹЄЌϼГ — 5,6 ЅЀ, ϶ЏЅЂІϴ — 4,1 ЅЀ, ϸϼϴЀϹІЄ ЂІ϶ϹЄЅІϼГ — 1,1–1,3 ЅЀ, Ѕ϶ϹЄϿϹЁϼϹ ЂІ϶ϹЄЅІϼГ ЂϸЁЂЅІЂЄЂЁЁϹϹ. ϕϿϼϻϾϼϹ ЈЂЄЀЇ ϼ ЄϴϻЀϹЄЏ ϼЀϹϹІ Ёϴ϶ϹЄЌϼϹ ϵЇϿϴ϶Џ (ϸϼϴЀϹІЄ — 5,3 ЅЀ,
϶ЏЅЂІϴ — 4,0 ЅЀ, Ѕ϶ϹЄϿϹЁϼϹ ЂІ϶ϹЄЅІϼГ — ϸ϶ЇЅІЂЄЂЁЁϹϹ: ϶ЁϹЌЁϼϽ ϸϼϴЀϹІЄ ϾϴЁϴϿϴ — 1,8–2 ЅЀ,
϶ЁЇІЄϹЁЁϼϽ — 1 ЅЀ), ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁЁЂϹ ϼϻ ЅІϹϴІϼІϴ ϼ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϹ ІЂЋϹЋЁЏЀϼ ЇϷϿЇϵϿϹЁϼГЀϼ
(ЄϼЅ. 7, 8). ϱІЂ ϶ІЂЄЂϹ Ёϴ϶ϹЄЌϼϹ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЂ Ёϴ ЄϴЅϾЂЃϹ 9 ϶ ЃЂЀ. 322 Ёϴ ЃЂϿЇ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ϔϿІЏЁ 2 ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ
ЅЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ V. ϧЋϼІЏ϶ϴГ ЄϴϻЀϹЄЏ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ, ЅЄϴ϶ЁϼІϹϿАЁЂ ЁϹϵЂϿАЌϼϹ ϸϼϴЀϹІЄЏ ЂІ϶ϹЄЅІϼϽ ϼ
ЁϴϿϼЋϼϹ ЇϷϿЇϵϿϹЁϼϽ, ϶ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ, ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ, ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿϼЅА ЅЃϹЊϼϴϿАЁЏϹ ϶ЅІϴ϶Ͼϼ14, ЀЂϺЁЂ ЃЂϿϴϷϴІА,
ЋІЂ Ёϴ϶ϹЄЌϼГ ϵЇϿϴ϶ ϼϻ ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ ЁϹ ϵЏϿϼ ЂЄЇϺϼϹЀ, ϴ ЅϾЂЄϹϹ, ϼЀϹϿϼ ЊϹЄϹЀЂЁϼϴϿАЁЏϽ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄ.
ϬϴЄЂ϶ϼϸЁЏϹ Ёϴ϶ϹЄЌϼГ ϼϻ ЁϹϾЄЂЃЂϿГ ϗЂЁЇЄ-ϸϹЃϹ, ЂЋϹЁА ϵϿϼϻϾϼϹ ЃЂ ЈЂЄЀϹ ІϴϾЂ϶ЏЀ ϼϻ
ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ, ϖ. Ϝ. ϥϴЄϼϴЁϼϸϼ ЃЄГЀЂ ϼЀϹЁЇϹІ «Ёϴ϶ϹЄЌϼГЀϼ ЅϾϼЃϹІЄЂ϶» (ϥϴЄϼϴЁϼϸϼ 2002: 139, ЄϼЅ.
Ёϴ Ѕ. 147; Sarianidi 2007: figs. 184–186). ϳϽЊϹ϶ϼϸЁЂϹ Ёϴ϶ϹЄЌϼϹ ϵЇϿϴ϶Џ ϶ЀϹЅІϹ Ѕ ЂЅІϴІϾϴЀϼ ϹϹ ϾЄϹЃϿϹЁϼГ Ͼ ЄЇϾЂГІϼ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЂ ϶ ϾϴЀϹЄϹ 9 ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴ ϣϴЄЉϴϽ II ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂ БЁϹЂϿϼІϴ ϲϛϦ-V
(ϩϿЂЃϼЁ 1997: 110, ІϴϵϿ. 99, 4–6).
ϢϸЁЂϽ ϼϻ ЁϴϼϵЂϿϹϹ ЀϴЅЅЂ϶ЏЉ ϾϴІϹϷЂЄϼϽ ϶ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЉ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴЉ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϽ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЂϵЍϹЅІ϶ Г϶ϿГВІЅГ ІϹЄЄϴϾЂІЂ϶ЏϹ, ϷϿϼЁГЁЏϹ ϼ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏϹ Ђ Є Ї ϸ ϼ Г Ѓ Є Г ϸ Ϲ Ё ϼ Г ϼ
϶ Г ϻ ϴ Ё ϼ Г. ϖ ЃϹЄ϶ЇВ ЂЋϹЄϹϸА БІЂ ЁϹϵЂϿАЌϼϹ
ϼ«
», ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴ϶ЌϼϹЅГ ЃЄϼ ЂϵЄϴϵЂІϾϹ ЌϹЄЅІϼ15. ϡϹϸϴ϶ЁЂ ϵЏϿϼ ЂЃЇϵϿϼϾЂ϶ϴЁЏ ЀЁЂϷЂЋϼЅϿϹЁЁЏϹ ЂϵЄϴϻЊЏ ЂЅІϴІϾЂ϶ ІϾϴЁϹϽ ϼ ϶ГϻϴЁЏЉ
ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ ϼϻ ЌϹЄЅІϼ Ђ϶ϹЊ, ϾЂϻ ϼ ϶ϹЄϵϿВϸЂ϶, ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЁЏϹ Ёϴ ϬϴЉЄϼ-ϥЂЉІϹ (Constantini et al. 2009).
ϖ ЄϴЅЃЂЄГϺϹЁϼϼ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϷЂ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϲϺЁЂϷЂ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ ϵЏϿЂ ϵЂϿАЌЂϹ ϾЂϿϼЋϹЅІ϶Ђ Ђ϶ϹЋАϹϽ
ϼ, ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂ, ϶ϹЄϵϿВϺАϹϽ ЌϹЄЅІϼ, ЋІЂ ϵЏϿЂ ЃЄϼЋϼЁЂϽ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁϼГ ЌϹЄЅІГЁЏЉ ІϾϴЁϹϽ ϼ/ϼϿϼ
϶ГϻϴЁЏЉ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ. ϣЄГЅϿϼЊϴ Ёϴ ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ ϼЀϹВІ ЅЄϴ϶ЁϼІϹϿАЁЂ ЅІϴЁϸϴЄІЁЏϽ ЄϴϻЀϹЄ ЊϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЏЉ
ЂІ϶ϹЄЅІϼϽ (ϸϼϴЀϹІЄ ЂϾЂϿЂ 0,8–1,0 ЅЀ), ϴ ЂІЅЇІЅІ϶ϼϹ ϾϴϾϼЉ-ϿϼϵЂ ЅϿϹϸЂ϶ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴЁϼГ Ёϴ ϶ЁЇІЄϹЁЁϹϽ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІϼ ϾϴЁϴϿϴ ЂІ϶ϹЄЅІϼГ ЃЂϾϴϻЏ϶ϴϹІ, ЋІЂ ЃЄГЅϿϼЊϴ ЁϴЅϴϺϼ϶ϴϿϼ Ёϴ ϸϹЄϹ϶ГЁЁЏϹ ϶ϹЄϹІϹЁϴ.
ϞϴЀϹЁЁЏϹ
϶ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ЄϴЁЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ (ϾϴϾ ϼ ϶ БЃЂЉЇ БЁϹЂϿϼІϴ) ЀϴϿЂЋϼЅϿϹЁЁЏ ϼ
ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГЀϼ ϼϻ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾϴ ЇЅϹЋϹЁЁЂ-ϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ЈЂЄЀЏ Ѕ ϶ЂϷЁЇІЏЀ «ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁϼϹЀ»16
14
ϵЄЂЁϻЏ.
ϡϹϵЂϿАЌϼϹ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏϹ ϶ЅІϴ϶Ͼϼ-Ϸ϶ЂϻϸϼϾϼ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ ϶ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϴЉ ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϽ
15
ϣЂϸЄЂϵЁϹϹ Ђ ЃЄГЅϿϼЊϴЉ ϼ Ёϴ϶ϹЄЌϼГЉ БЃЂЉϼ БЁϹЂϿϼІϴ ϼ ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЏЉ ϶ϴЄϼϴЁІϴЉ ϼЉ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ЅЀ.
ϬϴЄЂ϶ЅϾϴГ 2008.
16
ϣЂϿЂϺϹЁϼϹ ЃЄГЅϿϼЊ Ёϴ ϶ϹЄϹІϹЁϹ — ЌϼЄЂϾЂϽ ЅІЂЄЂЁЂϽ ϶϶ϹЄЉ ϼϿϼ ϶Ёϼϻ — ЁϹϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЂ.
. 5. ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ, ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏϹ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ IV: 1, 17, 18, 35 — ЃЄГЅϿϼЊϴ; 2 — ϻϴϷЂІЂ϶Ͼϴ
ϸϼЅϾЂ϶ϼϸЁЂϷЂ ЇІГϺϹϿϼІϹϿГ; 19, 36 — ЇІГϺϹϿϼІϹϿϼ; 3–8, 20–26, 37–50 — ϵЇЅϼЁЏ-ЃЄГЅϿϼЊϴ; 27, 51 —
ϻϴϷЂІЂ϶Ͼϼ ϵЇЅϼЁ-ЃЄГЅϿϼЊ; 9–16, 28–34, 52–57 — Ёϴ϶ϹЄЌϼГ; 58 — ϻϴϷЂІЂ϶Ͼϴ Ёϴ϶ϹЄЌϼГ; 59 — Ёϴ϶ϹЄЌϼϹ
ϵЇϿϴ϶Џ (7 — ЄϴЅϾЂЃ 7, ЃЂϷЄ. 398; ЂЅІϴϿАЁЂϹ — ЄϴЅϾЂЃ 5: 1–3, 6, 8–16 — ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІ 4; 4 — ЃЂϷЄ. 487–495, 495ϴ;
5 — ЃЂϷЄ. 627; 17–19, 26, 27 — ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІ 5; 20, 21, 23, 25 — ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІ 6; 22, 30 — ЃЂϷЄ. 651–652; 24, 28 — ЃЂϷЄ.
510–511; 29 — ЃЂϷЄ. 543, 619/620, 621, 622; 31–33 — ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІ 5; 34 — ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІ 6; 35, 43–45, 51, 54, 56, 57,
59 — ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІ 8; 36, 41, 42, 46–50, 55, 58 — ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІ 7; 37, 38 — ЃЂϷЄ. 677; 39, 40, 52 — ЃЂϷЄ. 845; 53 — ЃЂϷЄ.
828) (1, 9–12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 32–35, 55 — Ѕ϶ϹІϿЏϽ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾ; 4, 6, 8 — ЅІϹϴІϼІ; 2, 45 — ЅϹЄЏϽ ϾϴЀϹЁА; 3, 23, 26,
27, 36, 42, 51, 56–58 — ϴϿϹϵϴЅІЄ; 5, 7, 16–18, 24, 25, 28, 29, 31, 39–41, 43, 52, 53 — ЀЄϴЀЂЄЂ϶ϼϸЁЏϽ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾ;
13, 21, 22, 46, 47, 49, 50 — ϷДІϼІ [?]; 20, 37, 38, 44, 48 — ЃϿЂІЁЏϽ ЅϹЄЏϽ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾ; 30 — ϷЂϿЇϵЂϽ ЉϴϿЊϹϸЂЁ;
54, 59 — ЋϹЄЁЏϽ ϾϴЀϹЁА [ЃϼЄЂϾЅϹЁϼІ?])
Fig. 5. Altyn-depe, stone artifacts of Ϲhe Namazga IV time: 1, 17, 18, 35 — spindle whorls; 2 — half-product of a
discoid spindle weight 19, 36 — weights; 3–8, 20–26, 37–50 — beads-whorls; 27, 51 — half-products of beads-whorls;
9–16, 28–34, 52–57 — «heads»; 58 — half-product of a head; 59 — mace head (7 — excavation area 7, burial 398;
the other — excavation area 5: 1–3, 6, 8–16 — horizon 4; 4 — burials 487–495, 495ϴ; 5 — burial 627; 17–19, 26,
27 — horizon 5; 20, 21, 23, 25 — horizon 6; 22, 30 — burials 651–652; 24, 28 — burials 510–511; 29 — burials 543,
619/620, 621, 622; 31–33 — horizon 5; 34 — horizon 6; 35, 43–45, 51, 54, 56, 57, 59 — horizon 8; 36, 41, 42, 46–50, 55,
58 — horizon 7; 37, 38 — burial 677; 39, 40, 52 — burial 845; 53 — burial 828) (1, 9–12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 32–35, 55 —
light limestone; 4, 6, 8 — steatite; 2, 45 — grey stone; 3, 23, 26, 27, 36, 42, 51, 56–58 — alabaster; 5, 7, 16–18, 24, 25,
28, 29, 31, 39–41, 43, 52, 53 — marble-like limestone; 13, 21, 22, 46, 47, 49, 50 — goethite [?]; 20, 37, 38, 44, 48 —
compact grey limestone; 30 — blue chalcedony; 54, 59 — black stone [pyroxenite?])
73
:
,
,
(ϸϼϴЀϹІЄ 3–4,5 ЅЀ) ϼ ЂϸЁЂЅІЂЄЂЁЁϼЀ Ѕ϶ϹЄϿϹЁϼϹЀ ϾϴЁϴϿϴ (ЄϼЅ. 5, 1, 17, 35). ϕЂϿϹϹ ϾЄЇЃЁЏЀϼ (ϸϼϴЀϹІЄ 5–6,5 ЅЀ) ϵЏϿϼ ІϴϾ ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴϹЀЏϹ
— ЂϸϼЁ ϸ϶ЂГϾЂ϶ЏЃЇϾϿЏϽ Ѕ ϸ϶ЇЅІЂЄЂЁЁϼЀ
Ѕ϶ϹЄϿϹЁϼϹЀ (ЄϼЅ. 5, 19) ϼϻ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾϴ ϼ ϶ІЂЄЂϽ ЃϿЂЅϾЂ϶ЏЃЇϾϿЏϽ Ѕ ЂϸЁЂЅІЂЄЂЁЁϼЀ Ѕ϶ϹЄϿϹЁϼϹЀ
(ЄϼЅ. 5, 36) ϼϻ ϴϿϹϵϴЅІЄϴ. ϡϴϽϸϹЁϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ϻϴϷЂІЂ϶Ͼϴ «ЇІГϺϹϿϼІϹϿГ» ϼϻ ЃϿЂЅϾЂϽ ϸ϶ЂГϾЂ϶ЏЃЇϾϿЂϽ
ϷϴϿАϾϼ Ѕ ЁϴЋϴϿАЁЏЀ ϸ϶ЇЅІЂЄЂЁЁϼЀ Ѕ϶ϹЄϿϹЁϼϹЀ (ЄϼЅ. 5, 2).
ϛϴІЂ ЅЄϹϸϼ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ ϼϻ ϾϴЀЁГ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ЄϴЁЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ Ёϴ ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ ЌϼЄЂϾЂ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЏ ІϴϾ
ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴϹЀЏϹ
— ЇЅϹЋϹЁЁЂ-ϵϼϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ (L = 1,0–1,9 ЅЀ, S = 1,8–3,8 ЅЀ,
L/S = 0,4–0,7)17 Ѕ ЀéЁАЌϼЀϼ ЃЂ ϸϼϴЀϹІЄЇ ЂІ϶ϹЄЅІϼГЀϼ (0,4–0,7 ЅЀ), ЋϹЀ ЂІ϶ϹЄЅІϼГ ЅЂϵЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂ
ЃЄГЅϿϼЊ. ϕЇЅϼЁЏ-ЃЄГЅϿϼЊϴ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁЏ ϼϻ ЅІϹϴІϼІϴ (ЄϼЅ. 5, 4, 6, 8), ЀЄϴЀЂЄЂ϶ϼϸЁЂϷЂ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾϴ
(ЄϼЅ. 5, 5, 7, 24–25, 39–41, 43), ϷДІϼІϴ (?) (ЄϼЅ. 5, 21–22, 46–47, 49–50), ϴϿϹϵϴЅІЄϴ (ЄϼЅ. 5, 3, 23, 26, 42),
ЃϿЂІЁЂϷЂ ЅϹЄЂϷЂ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾϴ (ЄϼЅ. 5, 20, 37–38, 44, 48) ϼ ЅϹЄЂϷЂ ϾϴЀЁГ (ЄϼЅ. 5, 45). ϡϴϽϸϹЁЏ ІϴϾϺϹ
ϻϴϷЂІЂ϶Ͼϼ ϵЇЅϼЁ-ЃЄГЅϿϼЊ ϼϻ ϴϿϹϵϴЅІЄϴ (ЄϼЅ. 5, 27, 51).
ϖ ЂІϿϼЋϼϹ ЂІ ϸЄЇϷϼЉ ϶ϼϸЂ϶ ЃЄГЅϿϼЊ, ϵϼϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϵЇЅϼЁЏ-ЃЄГЅϿϼЊϴ ЌϼЄЂϾЂ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁЏ ϶ ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄϹ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϽ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЂ϶ ЄϴЁЁϹϽ ϼ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ (ϞϼЄЋЂ 2005ϴ: 384,
389). ϥІϹϴІϼІЂ϶ϴГ ϵЇЅϼЁϴ-ЃЄГЅϿϼЊϹ, ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁЁϴГ ІЄϹЀГ ϾЄЇϷϿЏЀϼ ЇϷϿЇϵϿϹЁϼГЀϼ (϶ЏЃЂϿЁϹЁЁЏЀϼ
ЃЂϿЏЀ Ѕ϶ϹЄϿϹЁϼϹЀ) Ёϴ ϾϴϺϸЂϽ ϼϻ ϵЂϾЂ϶ЏЉ ЅІЂЄЂЁ (ЄϼЅ. 5, 8; 7, 18), ЁϴϽϸϹЁϴ ϶Ђ ϸ϶ЂЄϹ ϔ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴ 4
ЄϴЅϾЂЃϴ 5 ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ IV. ϱІЂ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϽЌϹϹ ϶ ϲϺЁЂЀ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϹ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϹ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϹ ІϴϾЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ18. ϡϹϸϴ϶ЁЂ ϸ϶Ϲ ϵЇЅϼЁЏ-ЃЄГЅϿϼЊϴ19 ϼϻ ЀЄϴЀЂЄЂ϶ϼϸЁЂϷЂ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾϴ
ϼ ϷДІϼІϴ (?) ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ ϶ ЃЂϷЄ. 55 ϧϿЇϷ-ϸϹЃϹ (Bendezu-Sarmiento 2013: fig. 9, F), ϾЂІЂЄЂϹ, ЅЇϸГ ЃЂ
ЅЂЃЄЂ϶ЂϺϸϴВЍϼЀ ЅЂЅЇϸϴЀ, ЂІЁЂЅϼІЅГ ϾЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ IV. ϡϴЀϼ ЇϺϹ ЂІЀϹЋϴϿЂЅА, ЋІЂ
ϵЇЅϼЁЏ-ЃЄГЅϿϼЊϴ, ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂ, ЅϿЇϺϼϿϼ ЇІГϺϹϿϼІϹϿГЀϼ Ёϴ ЀϹІϴϿϿϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЅЃϼЊЏ ϼ, ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂ,
Г϶ϿГϿϼЅА ЋϴЅІАВ ЂЄЇϸϼϽ ϶ГϻϴЁϼГ (ϞϼЄЋЂ 2005ϴ: 396; ϞϼЄЋЂ ϼ ϸЄ. 2008: 106). ϡϴЃЂЀЁϼЀ, ЋІЂ ЀϹϸЁϴГ
ЅЃϼЊϴ ϸϼϴЀϹІЄЂЀ 0,5 ЅЀ ЁϴϽϸϹЁϴ Ёϴ ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ ϶ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϹ 10 ЄϴЅϾЂЃϴ 5 ϾЂЁЊϴ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂ
БЁϹЂϿϼІϴ (ϞϼЄЋЂ 2001: ЄϼЅ. 8ϔ, 31).
20
ϞϴЀϹЁЁЏϹ
— ЇЅϹЋϹЁЁЂ-ϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ, ЇЃϿЂЍϹЁЁЂ-ЅЈϹЄϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϼϿϼ ЅЈϹЄЂϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІЏ (D = 2,6–4,8 ЅЀ, H = 1,8–3,3 ЅЀ)21 Ѕ ЃЄЂϸϹϿϴЁЁЏЀ ϶ ЊϹЁІЄϹ ЁϹЅϾ϶ЂϻЁЏЀ ϾϴЁϴϿЂЀЇϷϿЇϵϿϹЁϼϹЀ ϸϼϴЀϹІЄЂЀ 0,6–1,1 ЅЀ. ϔϿϹϵϴЅІЄЂ϶ЏϹ ЇЅϹЋϹЁЁЂ-ϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ Ёϴ϶ϹЄЌϼГ (ЄϼЅ. 5, 56–57)
ϼ ЅЈϹЄϼЋϹЅϾϴГ ϻϴϷЂІЂ϶Ͼϴ (ЄϼЅ. 5, 58) ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ ϶ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЉ ЅϿЂГЉ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЄϴЁЁϹϷЂ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ IV,
ϴ ЇЃϿЂЍϹЁЁЂ-ЅЈϹЄϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ Ёϴ϶ϹЄЌϼГϼϻ ЀЄϴЀЂЄЂ϶ϼϸЁЂϷЂ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾϴ — ϶ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГЉ БІЂϷЂ ϺϹ
϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ (ЄϼЅ. 5, 28–29). ϙϸϼЁЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϹ ЅЈϹЄЂϼϸЁЂϹ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϹ (ЄϼЅ. 5, 16) ϼϻ ЀЄϴЀЂЄЂ϶ϼϸЁЂϽ ЃЂЄЂϸЏ
ЁϴϽϸϹЁЂ ϶ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϹ 4 ЄϴЅϾЂЃϴ 5 ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ IV. ϡϴϼϵЂϿϹϹ ЋϴЅІЂ ЅЄϹϸϼ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏЉ
Ёϴ϶ϹЄЌϼϽ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ЄϴЁЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ϶ЅІЄϹЋϴВІЅГ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ ЅЈϹЄЂϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ЈЂЄЀЏ ϼϻ Ѕ϶ϹІϿЂϷЂ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾϴ, «϶ϹЄЉЁГГ»22 ЋϴЅІА ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ϶ ЅϹЄϹϸϼЁϹ ЂϵЏЋЁЂ ϶ ЄϴϻЁЂϽ ЅІϹЃϹЁϼ ϶ЂϷЁЇІϴ (ЄϼЅ. 5, 9, 12,
33, 55) ϼϿϼ ЇЃϿЂЍϹЁϴ (ЄϼЅ. 5, 10–11, 32, 34). ϥЈϹЄЂϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾЂϹ Ёϴ϶ϹЄЌϼϹ ϼϻ ϷДІϼІϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ϼЀϹϿЂ
ЇϷϿЇϵϿϹЁϼϹ Ѕ϶ϹЄЉЇ (ЄϼЅ. 5, 13). ϡϴ϶ϹЄЌϼГ Ѕ ϶ЏЃЇϾϿЂϽ «϶ϹЄЉЁϹϽ» ЋϴЅІАВ ϼ ϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϵЂϾЂ϶ЂϽ
ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІАВ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁЏ ϼϻ Ѕ϶ϹІϿЂϷЂ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾϴ (ЄϼЅ. 5, 14–15), ЃϼЄЂϾЅϹЁϼІϴ (?) (ЄϼЅ. 5, 54),
ЀЄϴЀЂЄЂ϶ϼϸЁЂϷЂ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾϴ (ЄϼЅ. 5, 28–29, 31) ϼ ϸϴϺϹ ϷЂϿЇϵЂϷЂ ЉϴϿЊϹϸЂЁϴ (ЄϼЅ. 5, 30), ІЄϼ ϼϻ ЁϼЉ
ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ ϶ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏЉ ϾϴЀϹЄϴЉ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ IV (ЄϼЅ. 5, 28–30).
ϖЅϹ Ёϴ϶ϹЄЌϼГ ϼϻ Ѕ϶ϹІϿЂϷЂ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾϴ, ϾϴϾ ЃЄϴ϶ϼϿЂ, ϼЀϹВІ ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾЂ ϶ЂϷЁЇІЇВ ϵЂϾЂ϶ЇВ
ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІА, ЃЄϼЋϹЀ Ї ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ϼ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ IV БІϴ ϶ЂϷЁЇІЂЅІА ϶ЏЄϴϺϹЁϴ ϸЂ϶ЂϿАЁЂ ЅϼϿАЁЂ (ЄϼЅ. 5, 9–12, 14, 33–34), ϴ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ϼϻ ЁϼЉ ϼЀϹВІ ϼ ϶ϹЅАЀϴ ϶ЏІГЁЇІЏϹ ЃЄЂ17
L — ϸϿϼЁϴ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ (ЀϴϾЅϼЀϴϿАЁЏϽ ЄϴϻЀϹЄ ЃЂ ЂЅϼ Ѕ϶ϹЄϿϹЁϼГ); S — ЌϼЄϼЁϴ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ (ЀϴϾЅϼЀϴϿАЁЏϽ
ϸϼϴЀϹІЄ ЃЂЃϹЄϹЋЁЂϷЂ Ͼ ЂЅϼ Ѕ϶ϹЄϿϹЁϼГ ЅϹЋϹЁϼГ).
18
ϥ϶ЂϸϾЇ ϵЇЅϼЁ-ЃЄГЅϿϼЊ БЃЂЉϼ БЁϹЂϿϼІϴ ϼ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ЅЀ. ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 2013.
19
ϨЄϴЁЊЇϻЅϾϼϹ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼ, ϾϴϾ ϼ ЄГϸ ϸЄЇϷϼЉ ϻϴЄЇϵϹϺЁЏЉ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿϹϽ, ϼЀϹЁЇВІ ϵЇЅϼЁЏ-ЃЄГЅϿϼЊϴ
ЃЄЂЅІЂ ϵЇЅϼЁϴЀϼ.
20
ϖ ϻϴЄЇϵϹϺЁЂϽ ϿϼІϹЄϴІЇЄϹ Ёϴ϶ϹЄЌϼГ ЂϵЏЋЁЂ ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴϿϼ «ЌϴЄϼϾϴЀϼ» (balls), ІϴϾ ϾϴϾ Ёϴ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЂϼЄϴЁЅϾϼЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЉ V ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. — ϜЅЀϴϼϿϴϵϴϸϹ, ϬϼЄϼ-ϬϴϽЁϹ ϼ Ёϴ ϦϹЃϹ ϗϼЅЅϴЄ (ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅ ϗϼЅЅϴЄ I) — ІϴϾϼϹ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ ϼЀϹВІ ЅЈϹЄЂϼϸЁЇВ ЈЂЄЀЇ. ϖ ЁϴЅІЂГЍϹϹ ϶ЄϹЀГ Ϥ. ϘϴϽЅЂЁЂЀ ϼ Ϟ. ϦЂЄЁІЂЁЂЀ (ЅЂ ЅЅЏϿϾЂϽ Ёϴ Ϩ.
ϩϼϵϹЄІϴ) ЃЄϹϸϿЂϺϹЁ ІϹЄЀϼЁ «finial» (ϻϴ϶ϹЄЌϴВЍϹϹ ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁϼϹ), І. Ϲ. ЈϴϾІϼЋϹЅϾϼ ЃЄϼЁГІ ІϹЄЀϼЁ «Ёϴ϶ϹЄЌϼϹ»,
ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЇϹЀЏϽ ϶ ЄЇЅЅϾЂГϻЏЋЁЂϽ ϿϼІϹЄϴІЇЄϹ (Dyson, Thornton 2009: 14–16, fig. 10).
21
D — ЁϴϼϵЂϿАЌϼϽ ϸϼϴЀϹІЄ, H — ϶ЏЅЂІϴ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ.
22
ϞϴϾ ϼ ϸϿГ ЃЄГЅϿϼЊ, ІЂЋЁЂϹ ЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼϹ Ёϴ϶ϹЄЌϼϽ Ёϴ ЅЃϼЊϹ ЁϹϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЂ.
74
ЃЂЄЊϼϼ (H/D = 0,8; ЄϼЅ. 5, 14, 33). ϞЄЂЀϹ ІЂϷЂ, ІЂϿАϾЂ Ї Ёϴ϶ϹЄЌϼϽ ϼϻ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾϴ ϼ ЅЈϹЄϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ
ϼϻ ЀЄϴЀЂЄЂ϶ϼϸЁЂϷЂ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾϴ ЇϷϿЇϵϿϹЁϼГ ЅϸϹϿϴЁЏ ЃЂϿЏЀ ЊϼϿϼЁϸЄϼЋϹЅϾϼЀ Ѕ϶ϹЄϿϹЁϼϹЀ. ϧ ϶ЅϹЉ
ЃЄЂЋϼЉ Ёϴ϶ϹЄЌϼϽ, ϶ϾϿВЋϴГ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ ϼϻ ЀГϷϾЂϷЂ ϴϿϹϵϴЅІЄϴ, ЇϷϿЇϵϿϹЁϼГ ϶ЏЃЂϿЁϹЁЏ ϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾϼЀ
Ѕ϶ϹЄϿЂЀ.
ϞϴЀϹЁЁЏϹ Ёϴ϶ϹЄЌϼГ Ёϴ ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ ЃЂГ϶ϿГВІЅГ ϶ ϾЂЁЊϹ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂ БЁϹЂϿϼІϴ — БІЂ
ЅЈϹЄЂϼϸЁЏϹ, ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁЁЏϹ ϼϻ ϴϿϹϵϴЅІЄϴ ϼ ЀЄϴЀЂЄЂ϶ϼϸЁЂϷЂ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾϴ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ (ϞϼЄЋЂ 2005ϴ:
ЄϼЅ. 3, 7; ϞϼЄЋЂ ϼ ϸЄ. 2008: ІϴϵϿ. 127, 41; 153, 13–14), ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ЃЂϸϵϼϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾЂϹ Ёϴ϶ϹЄЌϼϹ ϼϻ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾϴ (ϞϼЄЋЂ ϼ ϸЄ. 2008: ІϴϵϿ. 153, 5).
ϡϴ϶ϹЄЌϼГ ϼϻ ϾϴЀЁГ ϼ ІϹЄЄϴϾЂІЏ ЌϼЄЂϾЂ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁЏ ϶ ЀϴЅЅЂ϶ЂЀ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϹ ϶ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЉ ЁϴЃϿϴЅІЂ϶ϴЁϼГЉ ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ ϼ ЃЂ ЈЂЄЀϴЀ ϵϿϼϻϾϼ Ͼ ЃЄГЅϿϼЊϴЀ, ЋІЂ ϾЂЅ϶ϹЁЁЂ ЃЂϸІ϶ϹЄϺϸϴϹІ
ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼϹ Ђϵ ϼЉ ϵЏІЂ϶ЂЀ ЁϴϻЁϴЋϹЁϼϼ. ϣЄГЅϿϼЊϴ Ѕ ϶ЂϷЁЇІЏЀϼ ϵЂϾЂ϶ЏЀϼ ЅІЂЄЂЁϴЀϼ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿГВІ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЏϽ ϾЂЀЃЂЁϹЁІ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϷЂ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ ϼ ϸЄЇϷϼЉ
ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϽ ϲϺЁЂϷЂ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ (ϠϴЅϼЀЂ϶ 1976: ЄϼЅ. 14; ϥϴЄϼϴЁϼϸϼ 1976: ЄϼЅ. 15, 5, 7; ϭϹІϹЁϾЂ
1970: 48, ЄϼЅ. 14, 9).
ϢϵЄϴϵЂІϾϴ ϾϴЀЁГ ϼ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏϹ ЂЄЇϸϼГ ϼ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ ϼϷЄϴϿϼ ϶ϴϺЁϹϽЌЇВ ЄЂϿА ϶ ЅϼЅІϹЀϹ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸЅІ϶ϴ ϼ ϶ ϵЏІЇ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЂ϶ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂ БЁϹЂϿϼІϴ — ЅЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ. ϣЄϼ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϼϼ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏЉ ЂЄЇϸϼϽ ІЄЇϸϴ ϼ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІЂ϶ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴϿϼ ЄϴϻЁЂЂϵЄϴϻЁЏϹ ЃЄϼϹЀЏ ЂϵЄϴϵЂІϾϼ:
ЄϴЅϾϴϿЏ϶ϴЁϼϹ, ЃϼϾϹІϴϺ, ЂІϺϼЀ, ЃϼϿϹЁϼϹ, ЂІІϹЅϾЇ, ЅϾЂϵϿϹЁϼϹ, Ѕ϶ϹЄϿϹЁϼϹ, ЌϿϼЈЂ϶ϾЇ ϼ ЃЂϿϼЄЂ϶ϾЇ
ϾϴЀЁГ. ϤϴЅϾϴϿЏ϶ϴЁϼϹ ϼ ЃϼϾϹІϴϺЁЇВ ЂϵЄϴϵЂІϾЇ ЂЅЇЍϹЅІ϶ϿГϿϼ Ёϴ ЅЃϹЊϼϴϿАЁЏЉ ЁϴϾЂ϶ϴϿАЁГЉ ЀЂϿЂІϾϴЀϼ ϼ ЂІϵЂϽЁϼϾϴЀϼ ЄϴϻЁЂϷЂ ϶ϹЅϴ ϼ ЈЂЄЀЏ. ϘЂЈЂЄЀЂ϶ϾЇ ϼ ЂІϸϹϿϾЇ — ЄϴϻЁЂЂϵЄϴϻЁЏЀϼ ϴϵЄϴϻϼ϶ϴЀϼ, ϾϴϾ ЃϴЅЅϼ϶ЁЏЀϼ, ІϴϾ ϼ ϴϾІϼ϶ЁЏЀϼ. ϥЄϹϸϼ ϼЁЅІЄЇЀϹЁІЂ϶ ϶ЅІЄϹЋϴϿϼЅА ІϴϾϺϹ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏϹ Ѕ϶ϹЄϿϴ
ϼ Єϴϻ϶ϹЄІϾϼ ϸϿГ ЄϴЅЌϼЄϹЁϼГ ЂІ϶ϹЄЅІϼϽ (ϞЂЄЂϵϾЂ϶ϴ 2001: 147).
ϖ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϼϼ ϴϿϹϵϴЅІЄЂ϶ЏЉ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ III — ЄϴЁЁϹϷЂ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ IV ЇЋϴЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴϿϼ ЃЄϼЄЂϸЁЏϹ ϾЂЁϾЄϹЊϼϼ ϾϴЀЁГ. ϢϵЄϴϵЂІϾϴ ϶ϾϿВЋϴϿϴ ЇϸϴϿϹЁϼϹ ϾЂЄϾϼ Ђϵϼ϶ϾЂϽ, ЃЄϼϸϴЁϼϹ ϷЄЇϵЂϽ
ЃЂϸЊϼϿϼЁϸЄϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ЈЂЄЀЏ ЂІІϹЅϾЂϽ (ІϴϾϼϹ ϻϴϷЂІЂ϶Ͼϼ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ ϶ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϹ 9 ЄϴЅϾЂЃϴ 5 ϾЂЁЊϴ
ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂ БЁϹЂϿϼІϴ — ϞϼЄЋЂ ϼ ϸЄ. 2008: ІϴϵϿ. 151, 3–5; 167ϔ), ЈЂЄЀЂ϶ϾЇ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЂϷЂ ЂϵЎϹЀϴ
ЅЂЅЇϸϴ Ѕ ЃЂЀЂЍАВ ЇϻϾЂϽ ЅІϴЀϹЅϾϼ, ϶ЏϸϹϿϹЁϼϹ ϸϹІϴϿϹϽ ЄϹϿАϹЈϴ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІϼ Ѕ ЃЂЀЂЍАВ ЃЄЂЃϼϿЂ϶
ϴϵЄϴϻϼ϶ЁЂϽ ЃϼϿϾЂϽ. ϛϴІϹЀ ϶ϹЄЉЁВВ ЋϴЅІА ϵЂϿ϶ϴЁϾϼ ЅЃϼϿϼ϶ϴϿϼ (ЄϼЅ. 6, 2, 6; ІϴЀ ϺϹ: ІϴϵϿ. 129, 16) ϼ
϶ЏЅ϶ϹЄϿϼ϶ϴϿϼ ϶ЁЇІЄϹЁЁВВ ϹЀϾЂЅІА ЅЂЅЇϸϴ (ϬϴЄЂ϶ЅϾϴГ 2002), ϾЂІЂЄϴГ ІϴϾϺϹ ϼЁЂϷϸϴ ЂЈЂЄЀϿГϿϴЅА
ϸЂЃЂϿЁϼІϹϿАЁЂ ϾЂЅЏЀϼ ЅЄϹϻϴЀϼ ЂЄЇϸϼГ Ѕ ЇϻϾϼЀ ϿϹϻ϶ϼϹЀ23. ϥ ЃЂЀЂЍАВ ЅІϴЀϹЅЂϾ ϼ ϴϵЄϴϻϼ϶ЁЏЉ
ЃϼϿЂϾ ЁϴЀϹЋϴϿϼ ϼ ϸϹϾЂЄϼЄϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼϹ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІϼ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ (϶ ϶ϼϸϹ ϶ϹЄІϼϾϴϿАЁЏЉ ϼϿϼ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴϿАЁЏЉ ϺϹϿЂϵϾЂ϶ ϼϿϼ ЃЄЂЃϼϿЂ϶) ϼ ЂЈЂЄЀϿГϿϼ ЃЄЂЈϼϿϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϽ ϶ϹЁЋϼϾ. ϢϾЂЁЋϴІϹϿАЁЇВ ЂϵЄϴϵЂІϾЇ
ЅЂЅЇϸϴ ЃЄЂ϶ЂϸϼϿϼ Ѕ ЃЂЀЂЍАВ ϴϵЄϴϻϼ϶Ђ϶, ϶ ІЂЀ ЋϼЅϿϹ ϼ ЈϼϷЇЄЁЏЉ, ϾЂІЂЄЏЀϼ ϸЂЈЂЄЀЂ϶Џ϶ϴϿϼ ЄϹϿАϹЈЁЏϹ ϸϹІϴϿϼ. ϖ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІϹ ІϴϾЂϽ ЅϿЂϺЁЂϽ, ЀЁЂϷЂϴϾІЁЂϽ, ЅЃϹЊϼϴϿϼϻϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϽ ЂϵЄϴϵЂІϾϼ ЃЂϿЇЋϴϿϼЅА ϶ϹЅАЀϴ ϼϻГЍЁЏϹ, ЃЂϿЇЃЄЂϻЄϴЋЁЏϹ ЅЂЅЇϸЏ. ϦϹЉЁЂϿЂϷϼГ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ϴϿϹϵϴЅІЄЂ϶ЏЉ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶
ЃЇІϹЀ ЅЄϹϻϴЁϼГ ϼ ЅϾЂϵϿϹЁϼГ ϾϴЀЁГ ϶ϹЅАЀϴ ϴЄЉϴϼЋЁϴ ϼ ЁϴЉЂϸϼІ Г϶ЁЏϹ ЃЄЂІЂІϼЃЏ ϶ ІϹЉЁЂϿЂϷϼϼ
ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ϸϹЄϹ϶ГЁЁЏЉ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ (ϞϼЄЋЂ 2009϶: 33–34).
ϖ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ЄϴЁЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸЅІ϶Ђ ϼϻ ϾϴЀЁГ ϾЂЅЀϹІϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶, ЃϹЋϴІϹϽ, Ѕ϶ϹІϼϿАЁϼϾЂ϶, ЅІϴІЇБІЂϾ ϼ ϵЇЅ ЃЄϼЂϵЄϹІϴϹІ ϹЍϹ ϵЂϿϹϹ ЅЃϹЊϼϴϿϼϻϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϽ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄ. ϢЅЁЂ϶ЁϴГ ЀϴЅЅϴ ІϴϾϼЉ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ IV ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϴ ϼϻ ЀЄϴЀЂЄЂ϶ϼϸЁЂϷЂ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾϴ, ЅϹЄЂϷЂ ϼ ϵϹϿЂϷЂ
ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾϴ ϼϿϼ ϾЄϴЅЁЂ϶ϴІЂ-ϾЂЄϼЋЁϹ϶ЂϷЂ ϷДІϼІϴ (?). Ϟ БІϼЀ ЃЂЄЂϸϴЀ, ϷЂЄϴϻϸЂ ϵЂϿϹϹ І϶ϹЄϸЏЀ, ЋϹЀ
ЀГϷϾϼϽ ϴϿϹϵϴЅІЄ, ϶ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂ БЁϹЂϿϼІϴ ЂϵЄϴЍϴϿϼЅА ϸЂ϶ЂϿАЁЂ ЄϹϸϾЂ.
ϘϿГ ЃЂϿЇЋϹЁϼГ ϼЅЉЂϸЁЂϽ ϻϴϷЂІЂ϶Ͼϼ ϶ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ЄϴЁЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ЌϼЄЂϾЂ ЃЄϼЀϹЁГϿϼ ІϹЉЁϼϾЇ
ЄϴЅЃϼϿϼ϶ϴЁϼГ ϾϴЀЁГ (ЄϼЅ. 6, 7), ϶ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІϹ ЋϹϷЂ ϻϴϷЂІЂ϶Ͼϴ ϼЀϹϿϴ ϾЇϵϼЋϹЅϾЇВ ЈЂЄЀЇ ϼϿϼ ЈЂЄЀЇ ЃϴЄϴϿϿϹϿϹЃϼЃϹϸϴ. ϖϹЄЂГІЁЂ, ϼЀϹЁЁЂ ІϴϾϼϹ ϻϴϷЂІЂ϶Ͼϼ ЅϿЇϺϼϿϼ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЂϽ ЃЂϸϾ϶ϴϸЄϴІЁЏЉ ЃϹЋϴІϹϽ (ЄϼЅ. 1, 1–5, 8) ϼ ϾЄЏЌϹϾ Ѕ϶ϹІϼϿАЁϼϾЂ϶ (ЄϼЅ. 3, 5, 11), Ѕ϶ϹІϼϿАЁϼϾЂ϶-ЈϴϾϹϿЂ϶ ϶ϴЄϼϴЁІϴ 3
(ЄϼЅ. 3, 10, 22) ϼ ϾЂЅЀϹІϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЈϿϴϾЂЁЂ϶ Ѕ ϾЇϵϼЋϹЅϾϼЀ ЄϹϻϹЄ϶ЇϴЄЂЀ (ЄϼЅ. 2, 8, 32). ϖ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϹЀ
ЅϿЇЋϴϹ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴϿϼ ІϴϾϺϹ ϾЇϵϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϻϴϷЂІЂ϶Ͼϼ ϼϻ ϴϿϹϵϴЅІЄϴ (ЄϼЅ. 6, 5). ϘϿГ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ϾЄЇϥЂЅЇϸ Ѕ ІϴϾЂϽ ЂϵЄϴϵЂІϾЂϽ ϶ЁЇІЄϹЁЁϹϽ ϹЀϾЂЅІϼ, ЅϿЂЀϴ϶ЌϼϽЅГ ϶ ЃЄЂЊϹЅЅϹ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϼГ, ЁϴϽϸϹЁ Ёϴ
ЄϴЅϾЂЃϹ 5 ϶ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϹ 10 ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ III (ϞϼЄЋЂ ϼ ϸЄ. 2008: ІϴϵϿ. 123, 1).
23
75
:
,
,
ϷϿЏЉ ϶ ЃЂЃϹЄϹЋЁЂЀ ЅϹЋϹЁϼϼ ϾЂЅЀϹІϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶, Ѕ϶ϹІϼϿАЁϼϾЂ϶, ЃϹЋϴІϹϽ ϼ ЂЄЇϸϼϽ ЃЄГϸϹЁϼГ
ЃЄϼЀϹЁГϿϼ, ЅϾЂЄϹϹ ϶ЅϹϷЂ, ЊϼϿϼЁϸЄϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϻϴϷЂІЂ϶Ͼϼ, ЈЂЄЀЇ ϾЂІЂЄЏЀ ЃЄϼϸϴ϶ϴϿϼ ІЍϴІϹϿАЁЂϽ
Ђϵϼ϶ϾЂϽ ϼ ЂІІϹЅϾЂϽ. ϖЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ, ЋІЂ ϶ ϾϴЋϹЅІ϶Ϲ ЂЅЁЂ϶Џ ІϴϾϼЉ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ ЅϿЇϺϼϿϼ ІϴϾϺϹ ϼ ЊϼϿϼЁϸЄϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϻϴϷЂІЂ϶Ͼϼ, ЃЂϿЇЋϹЁЁЏϹ ЃЂϿЏЀ ϴϵЄϴϻϼ϶ЁЏЀ Ѕ϶ϹЄϿϹЁϼϹЀ. ϦϴϾЂЀЇ Ѕ϶ϹЄϿϹЁϼВ ЃЂϸϸϴ϶ϴϿϼЅА
ϸϴϺϹ І϶ϹЄϸЏϹ ϷϴϿАϾϼ (ЄϼЅ. 6, 4).
ϡϴЄЇϺЁЇВ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІА ϻϴϷЂІЂ϶ЂϾ ϼϻ І϶ϹЄϸЏЉ ЃЂЄЂϸ ЃЂϸЃЄϴ϶ϿГϿϼ ЃϼϾϹІϴϺϹЀ ϼ ϻϴІϹЀ ЂϵЄϴϵϴІЏ϶ϴϿϼ ЌϿϼЈЂ϶ϾЂϽ ϼ ЃЂϿϼЄЂ϶ϾЂϽ. ϣЂϿϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁϴГ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІА ІϴϾϼЉ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ ϼ Ѕ϶ϹІϼϿАЁϼϾЂ϶
ЃϹЄϹϸϴϹІ ϼϷЄЇ ЅϿЂϼЅІЂϷЂ ϾϴЀЁГ. ϖЁЇІЄϹЁЁВВ ϹЀϾЂЅІА ϾЂЅЀϹІϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ ЂЈЂЄЀϿГϿϼ ЃЂϿЏЀ ϴϵЄϴϻϼ϶ЁЏЀ Ѕ϶ϹЄϿϹЁϼϹЀ, ϼ ЂϵЏЋЁЂ ϶ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ЂЁϴ ϼЀϹϹІ ЃЂЋІϼ ЊϼϿϼЁϸЄϼЋϹЅϾЇВ ЈЂЄЀЇ
(ЄϼЅ. 3, 2–5, 16–19, 25, 34, 37–38). ϙЀϾЂЅІϼ Ѕ϶ϹІϼϿАЁϼϾЂ϶ ϼ ЋϴЅІϼ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ ЂЈЂЄЀϿГϿϼ Ѕ ЃЂЀЂЍАВ
ЀϴЅЅϼ϶ЁЏЉ ϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ Ѕ϶ϹЄϿ. ϘϿГ ϶ЏЅ϶ϹЄϿϼ϶ϴЁϼГ ЅϾ϶ЂϻЁЏЉ ЂІ϶ϹЄЅІϼϽ ϶ ϾЄЏЌϾϴЉ Ѕ϶ϹІϼϿАЁϼϾЂ϶
. 6. ϡϴ϶ϹЄЌϼϹ ϵЇϿϴ϶Џ (1) ϼ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІЏ — Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ϴ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸЅІ϶ϴ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏЉ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ Ёϴ ЄϴЅϾЂЃϹ 5
ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЄϴЁЁϹϷЂ (1–6 — ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІ 8) ϼ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ (7 — ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІ 6) ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ IV: 2 — ЂϵϿЂЀЂϾ
ЃЂϸЊϼϿϼЁϸЄϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϻϴϷЂІЂ϶Ͼϼ ЅЂ ЅϿϹϸϴЀϼ ЅЃϼϿϴ; 3 — ϻϴϷЂІЂ϶Ͼϴ ϵЇЅϼЁЏ-ЃЄГЅϿϼЊϴ; 4 — ЂϵϿЂЀЂϾ ϾϴЀЁГ
ЅЂ ЅϿϹϸϴЀϼ ЃЂϿЂϷЂ ϴϵЄϴϻϼ϶ЁЂϷЂ Ѕ϶ϹЄϿϹЁϼГ; 5 — ЃЂϸϾЇϵϼЋϹЅϾϴГ ϻϴϷЂІЂ϶Ͼϴ ЅЂ ЅϿϹϸϴЀϼ ЃϼϿϹЁϼГ; 6 —
ϻϴЌϿϼЈЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϽ ЅЃϼϿ Ѕ ЃЂϸЊϼϿϼЁϸЄϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϵЂϿ϶ϴЁϾϼ (ϻϴϷЂІЂ϶Ͼϴ ЇІГϺϹϿϼІϹϿГ?); 7 — ЂϵϿЂЀЂϾ ЃϿϼІЏ ЅЂ
ЅϿϹϸϴЀϼ ЄϴϻЀϹІϾϼ ϸϿГ ЄϴЅЃϼϿϼ϶ϴЁϼГ Ёϴ ЃЂϸϾЇϵϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϻϴϷЂІЂ϶Ͼϼ (1 — ЃϼЄЂϾЅϹЁϼІ [?]; 2, 3, 5, 6 — ϴϿϹϵϴЅІЄ;
4 — ЄϴЅϾЂϿЂІϴГ ϷϴϿАϾϴ; 7 — ЀЄϴЀЂЄЂ϶ϼϸЁЏϽ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾ)
Fig. 6. Altyn-depe, excavation area 5, mace head (1) and other objects associated with production of stone artifacts
during the early (1–6 — horizon 8) and middle stages (7 — horizon 6) of the Namazga IV period: 2 — fragment
of a sub-cylindrical blank with traces of sawing; 3 — semi-finished bead-whorl; 4 — stone fragment with traces
of hollow abrasive drilling; 5 — sub-cubic blank with traces of sawing; 6 — polished sawn off fragment of a subcylindrical blank (weight?); 7 — fragment of a slab with traces of marking for sawing into sub-cubic blanks (1 —
pyroxenite [?]; 2, 3, 5, 6 — alabaster; 4 — split pebble; 7 — marble-like limestone)
76
(ЄϼЅ. 3, 2–3, 5–7, 9, 14, 16–17, 19–20), ϵЇЅϼЁϴЉ-ЃЄГЅϿϼЊϴЉ ϼ ϶ ϵЇЅϼЁϴЉ ЃЄϼЀϹЁГϿϼ ϶ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЂЀ ϸ϶ЇЅІЂЄЂЁЁϹϹ ϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾЂϹ Ѕ϶ϹЄϿϹЁϼϹ (ЄϼЅ. 4, 4). ϢϸЁЂЅІЂЄЂЁЁϼЀ ϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾϼЀ Ѕ϶ϹЄϿϹЁϼϹЀ ϶ЏЃЂϿЁϹЁЏ
ЂІ϶ϹЄЅІϼГ ϶ ЃЄГЅϿϼЊϴЉ (ЄϼЅ. 5, 17, 35), ЇІГϺϹϿϼІϹϿϹ ϼϻ ϴϿϹϵϴЅІЄϴ (ЄϼЅ. 5, 36), Ёϴ϶ϹЄЌϼϼ ϵЇϿϴ϶Џ ϼϻ
ЃϼЄЂϾЅϹЁϼІϴ (?) (ЄϼЅ. 5, 59; 6, 1), ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ЇϷϿЇϵϿϹЁϼГ ϶ Ёϴ϶ϹЄЌϼГЉ ϼϻ ЀЄϴЀЂЄЂ϶ϼϸЁЂϷЂ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾϴ,
ЉϴϿЊϹϸЂЁϴ, ЃϼЄЂϾЅϹЁϼІϴ (?), ϷДІϼІϴ (?) ϼ ϴϿϹϵϴЅІЄϴ (ЄϼЅ. 5, 13, 28–31, 52–54, 56–57). ϖ ІЂ ϺϹ ϶ЄϹЀГ
ЇϷϿЇϵϿϹЁϼГ ϶ЅϹЉ Ёϴ϶ϹЄЌϼϽ ϼϻ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾϴ ϼ ЂϸЁЂϷЂ ϼϻ ϴϿϹϵϴЅІЄϴ ЅϸϹϿϴЁЏ ЃЂϿЏЀ ϴϵЄϴϻϼ϶ЁЏЀ Ѕ϶ϹЄϿϹЁϼϹЀ (ЄϼЅ. 5, 9–12, 14–16, 32–34, 55). ϢЄЁϴЀϹЁІ Ѕ϶ϹІϼϿАЁϼϾϴ ϼϻ ϷДІϼІϴ (?) ЁϴЁϹЅϹЁ Ѕ ЃЂЀЂЍАВ
ЊϼЄϾЇϿАЁЂϷЂ ЄϹϻЊϴ ϼ ІЂЋϹЋЁЂϷЂ Ѕ϶ϹЄϿϹЁϼГ. ϦЂЋϹЋЁЏЀ Ѕ϶ϹЄϿϹЁϼϹЀ ϶ЏЃЂϿЁϹЁЏ ϼ ЀЂІϼ϶Џ Ёϴ ϵЂϿАЌϼЁЅІ϶Ϲ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏЉ ЃϹЋϴІϹϽ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЂ϶ ЄϴЁЁϹϽ ϼ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ. ϧЋϼІЏ϶ϴГ ϵЂϿАЌЇВ ЉЄЇЃϾЂЅІА
ϷДІϼІϴ (?), ЅϾЂЄЂЅІА ϼ Єϴ϶ЁЂЀϹЄЁЂЅІА ϶ЄϴЍϹЁϼГ Ѕ϶ϹЄϿϴ ϸЂϿϺЁЏ ϵЏϿϼ ϵЏІА ϶ЏЅЂϾϼЀϼ, ЋІЂ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿϴϷϴϹІ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴЁϼϹ ЅІϴЁϾЂ϶ЂϷЂ Ѕ϶ϹЄϿϹЁϼГ.
ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ϸϿГ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏЉ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІЂ϶ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ЄϴЁЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ЌϼЄЂϾЂ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴϿϼ ЃϼϿϹЁϼϹ ϼ Ѕ϶ϹЄϿϹЁϼϹ ЄϴϻЁЂЂϵЄϴϻЁЏЀϼ ϶ЄϴЍϴВЍϼЀϼЅГ ϼЁЅІЄЇЀϹЁІϴЀϼ.
ϦϹЉЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ЃЄЂЊϹЅЅ ϼЀϹϿ ЃЂ ЀϹЁАЌϹϽ ЀϹЄϹ ЃГІА БІϴЃЂ϶: 1) ЃЂϸϷЂІЂ϶Ͼϴ ϼЅЉЂϸЁЂϽ ϻϴϷЂІЂ϶Ͼϼ;
2) ЃЄϼϸϴЁϼϹ ϹϽ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЂϽ ЈЂЄЀЏ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ; 3) ϷЄЇϵϴГ ЂϵЄϴϵЂІϾϴ ЁϴЄЇϺЁЂϽ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІϼ; 4) ЂЈЂЄЀϿϹЁϼϹ ϶ЁЇІЄϹЁЁϹϽ ϹЀϾЂЅІϼ, ЁϴЁϹЅϹЁϼϹ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϴ ϼϿϼ ЃЄЂϸϹϿЏ϶ϴЁϼϹ ЂІ϶ϹЄЅІϼϽ ϼϿϼ ЇϷϿЇϵϿϹЁϼϽ
Ѕ϶ϹЄϿϹЁϼϹЀ ЄϴϻЁЏЉ ІϼЃЂ϶; 5) ЂϾЂЁЋϴІϹϿАЁϴГ ЌϿϼЈЂ϶Ͼϴ ϼ ЃЂϿϼЄЂ϶Ͼϴ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ. ϖϹЄЂГІЁЂ, ϻЁϴЋϼІϹϿАЁϴГ ЋϴЅІА БІϼЉ ЂЃϹЄϴЊϼϽ ЃЄЂ϶ЂϸϼϿϴЅА ЇϺϹ ЀϹІϴϿϿϼЋϹЅϾϼЀϼ ЂЄЇϸϼГЀϼ.
ϥϿЂϺЁЏϽ, ЀЁЂϷЂϴϾІЁЏϽ ІϹЉЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ЃЄЂЊϹЅЅ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϼГ Ѕ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴЁϼϹЀ ЄϴϻЁЂЂϵЄϴϻЁЏЉ ϼЁЅІЄЇЀϹЁІЂ϶ ϼ ϶ЏЅЂϾϼϽ ЉЇϸЂϺϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏϽ ЇЄЂ϶ϹЁА ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏЉ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ ЃЂϾϴϻЏ϶ϴВІ, ЋІЂ
БІЂ ϵЏϿϴ ЃЄЂϸЇϾЊϼГ ЃЄЂЈϹЅЅϼЂЁϴϿАЁЏЉ ЀϴЅІϹЄЂ϶-ϾϴЀЁϹЄϹϻЂ϶.
ϥϾЂЄϹϹ ϶ЅϹϷЂ, Ͼ ЅϹЄϹϸϼЁϹ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ЄϴЁЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ЂІЁЂЅϼІЅГ ϼ ЃЂГ϶ϿϹЁϼϹ Ёϴ ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ ІϹЉЁЂϿЂϷϼϼ ЃЂϿЇЋϹЁϼГ ϼЅϾЇЅЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЉ ϶ЏЅЂϾЂІϹЀЃϹЄϴІЇЄЁЏЉ ЀϼЁϹЄϴϿЂ϶ — ЂϵЂϺϺϹЁЁЂϷЂ ЅІϹϴІϼІϴ
ϼ Ͼ϶ϴЄЊ-ϾЄϼЅІЂϵϴϿϼІϴ. ϡϴϼϵЂϿϹϹ ЄϴЁЁϼϹ ЃЄЂЁϼϻϾϴ ϼ ϵЇЅϼЁϴ ϼϻ ЂϵЂϺϺϹЁЁЂϷЂ ЅІϹϴІϼІϴ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ ϶
ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂϽ ϾϴЀϹЄϹ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ IV (ϞϼЄЋЂ, ϞЂ϶ЁЇЄϾЂ 2003: ЄϼЅ. 1, 2–3; ІϴϵϿ. 1–2).
ϜϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϼϹ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІЂ϶ ϼϻ ЅІϹϴІϼІϴ (ІϴϿАϾϴ) Ѕ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЇВЍϼЀ ЂϵϺϼϷЂЀ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЂ ϶ ϕϹϿЇϸϺϼЅІϴЁϹ
ЁϴЋϼЁϴГ Ѕ ЁϹЂϿϼІϴ, ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ϠϹЄϷϴЄ I (Vidale 1990), ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁГϹІЅГ ϶ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ϠϹЄϷϴЄ III, ϾЂЁϹЊ V — ЃϹЄ϶ϴГ ЋϹІ϶ϹЄІА IV ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (Les cités oubliées de l’Indus… 1988: 83, fig. 28) ϼ Г϶ϿГϹІЅГ
ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЏЀ ϾЂЀЃЂЁϹЁІЂЀ ІϹЉЁЂϿЂϷϼϼ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ϵЇЅ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϼЁϸϼϽЅϾЂϽ Њϼ϶ϼϿϼϻϴЊϼϼ ϩϴЄϴЃЃЏ
III ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (Lal 1997: 179), ϷϸϹ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ ЅЃϹЊϼϴϿϼϻϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϹ ЀϴЅІϹЄЅϾϼϹ ЃЂ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸЅІ϶Ї ϵЇЅ
(Rao 1985: 580–581). ϕЇЅЏ ϼϻ ЅІϹϴІϼІϴ ϶ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϽ ϜЁϸϼϼ ϼϻϷЂІϴ϶Ͽϼ϶ϴϿϼЅА ϸ϶ЇЀГ ЅЃЂЅЂϵϴЀϼ: ЀϹЉϴЁϼЋϹЅϾϴГ ЂϵЄϴϵЂІϾϴ ЀГϷϾЂϷЂ ϾϴЀЁГ ϼϿϼ ЈЂЄЀЂ϶Ͼϴ ІЂЁϾϼЉ ЊϼϿϼЁϸЄϼϾЂ϶ ϼϻ ЃϴЅІЏ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ϸϴϿϹϹ
ЄϴϻЄϹϻϴϿϼЅА Ёϴ ϵЇЅϼЁϾϼ (Vidale 2000: 64). ϦЂЁϾЂ ЂІЀЇЋϹЁЁϴГ ЃϴЅІϴ ϷЂІЂ϶ϼϿϴЅА ϼϻ ЄϴϻЀϹϿАЋϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϶
ЃЂЄЂЌЂϾ ЅІϹϴІϼІϴ, ϴ ЊϼϿϼЁϸЄϼϾ ЈЂЄЀЂ϶ϴϿЅГ ϶ЂϾЄЇϷ ЃЄЂ϶ЂϿЂϾϼ ϼϿϼ ЁϼІϾϼ. ϣЂЅϿϹ ЈЂЄЀЂ϶Ͼϼ ϵЇЅϼЁЏ ЂϵϺϼϷϴϿϼЅА ЃЄϼ ІϹЀЃϹЄϴІЇЄϹ 900–1000 °ϥ (Kenoyer 1997: 267).
ϖЀϹЅІϹ Ѕ ϵЇЅϼЁϴЀϼ ϼϻ ЂϵЂϺϺϹЁЁЂϷЂ ЅІϹϴІϼІϴ ϶ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂϽ ϾϴЀϹЄϹ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ
ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ IV ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿϴЅА ϼ ϴЁІЄЂЃЂЀЂЄЈЁϴГ ЈϼϷЇЄϾϴ ϼϻ Ͼ϶ϴЄЊ-ϾЄϼЅІЂϵϴϿϼІϴ (ЄϼЅ. 1, 10). ϱІЂІ ϼЅϾЇЅЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏϽ ЀϼЁϹЄϴϿ ЂϵЄϴϻЇϹІЅГ ЃЄϼ ϶ЏЅЂϾЂІϹЀЃϹЄϴІЇЄЁЂЀ ЂϵϺϼϷϹ ЂЅϴϸЂЋЁЏЉ ЃЂЄЂϸ ϾЄϹЀЁϼЅІЂϷЂ
ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϴ (ЂЃЂϾϴ, ϸϼϴІЂЀϼІ, ІЄϹЃϹϿ). ϥЃϹЊϼϴϿАЁЏϹ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІЂ϶ ϼ ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁϼϽ ϼϻ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϽ ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ (ϞϼЄЋЂ, ϞЂ϶ЁЇЄϾЂ 2003) ЃЂϾϴϻϴϿϼ, ЋІЂ ϼϻ ϾЄϹЀЁϹϻϹЀЂ϶ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁЏ ЃЄϹϼЀЇЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІЏ, ϶ϹЅАЀϴ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЏϹ ϸϿГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϷЂ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴ ϲϺЁЂϷЂ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ
ЃϹЄϼЂϸЂ϶ ЄϴЁЁϹϽ ϼ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ. ϣЄϼЋϹЀ ϴЁІЄЂЃЂЀЂЄЈЁϴГ ЅІϴІЇБІϾϴ ϼ ϾЄϹЅІЂ϶ϼϸЁϴГ ЃϹЋϴІА,
ЁϹЅЂЀЁϹЁЁЂ, ϼЀϹВІ ЀϹЅІЁЂϹ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼϹ, ϴ ЃϿЂЅϾϼϹ ЃЄГЀЂЇϷЂϿАЁЏϹ ЃЄЂЁϼϻϾϼ Ѕ ϻЇϵЋϴІЏЀϼ ϾЄϴГЀϼ (ІϼЃ IA’2) ϼ ЂϾЄЇϷϿЏϹ ϵЇЅЏ (ІϼЃ IVϕ1) ЌϼЄЂϾЂ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ ϶ ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄϹ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ ϔϿІЏЁϸϹЃϹ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ V (ϞϼЄЋЂ 2005ϴ: 392, 394).
ϦϹЉЁЂϿЂϷϼГ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІЂ϶ ϼϻ ЅІϹϴІϼІϴ Ѕ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЇВЍϼЀ ЂϵϺϼϷЂЀ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁГϹІЅГ Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼВ ϜЄϴЁϴ ϼ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϔϻϼϼ ϼϻ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϽ ϜЁϸϼϼ. ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴЁϼϹ ϶ ϾϴЋϹЅІ϶Ϲ
ЅЏЄАГ ЂЅϴϸЂЋЁЏЉ ЃЂЄЂϸ Ѕ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЇВЍϼЀ ЃЂϿЇЋϹЁϼϹЀ Ͼ϶ϴЄЊ-ϾЄϼЅІЂϵϴϿϼІϴ ЃЂϾϴϻЏ϶ϴϹІ, ЋІЂ ЀϴЅІϹЄϴ
ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ ϻϴϼЀЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴϿϼ ϼЀϹЁЁЂ ІϹЉЁЂϿЂϷϼВ, ЃЄϼЀϹЁϼ϶ ϹϹ Ͼ ЀϹЅІЁЏЀ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϴЀ. ϱІϴ ІϹЉЁЂϿЂϷϼГ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ЇϹІ Ђ ϶ЏЅЂϾЂЃЄЂЈϹЅЅϼЂЁϴϿАЁЂЀ ЇЄЂ϶ЁϹ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸЅІ϶ϴ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ — ЃϹЄϹϾЄϼЅІϴϿϿϼϻϴЊϼГ ЅІϹϴІϼІϴ ϼ ϾЄϹЀЁϹϻϹЀЂ϶ ϼϸϹІ ЃЄϼ ЁϴϷЄϹ϶ϴЁϼϼ ЂϾЂϿЂ 1000 °ϥ ϼ ϶ЏЌϹ, ϴ ϸЂЅІϼϺϹЁϼϹ ІϴϾϼЉ
ІϹЀЃϹЄϴІЇЄ ϸϴϺϹ ϶ЁЇІЄϼ ЁϹϵЂϿАЌϼЉ ϷЂЄЁЂ϶ — ϶ϹЅАЀϴ ЅϿЂϺЁϴГ ІϹЉЁϼЋϹЅϾϴГ ϻϴϸϴЋϴ, ІЄϹϵЇВЍϴГ
ϼЁІϹЁЅϼ϶ЁЂϷЂ ЁϴϷЁϹІϴЁϼГ ϾϼЅϿЂЄЂϸϴ ϼϿϼ, ϾϴϾ ЀϼЁϼЀЇЀ, ЀЂЍЁЂϷЂ ЃЂϸϸЇ϶ϴ. ϦϹЉЁЂϿЂϷϼГ ЂϵϺϼϷϴ
77
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ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ ϼϻ ЂЅϴϸЂЋЁЏЉ ЃЂЄЂϸ ϸЂЅІϼϷϿϴ ЄϴЅЊ϶ϹІϴ Ёϴ ϗЂЁЇЄ-ϸϹЃϹ, ϷϸϹ Ѕ ϹϹ ЃЂЀЂЍАВ ϶ЏЃЂϿЁГϿϼЅА
ϸϹІϴϿϼ ЉЇϸЂϺϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЉ ЀЂϻϴϼϾ, ЇϾЄϴЌϴ϶ЌϼЉ ЅІϹЁЏ ϼ ϿϴЄЊЏ ϶ ЁϴϼϵЂϿϹϹ ϵЂϷϴІЏЉ «ЊϴЄЅϾϼЉ» ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГЉ (ϣϼЅϴЄϹ϶ϴ 2012; ϲЀϼЁЂ϶ 2012).
Ϥϴϻ϶ϼІϼϹ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϽ ЅϼЅІϹЀЏ ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ ϶ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ЄϴЁЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ЂϵЇЅϿЂ϶ϿϹЁЂ
϶ ЃϹЄ϶ЇВ ЂЋϹЄϹϸА ІϹЉЁϼЋϹЅϾϼЀ ϼ ІϹЉЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЀ ЃЄЂϷЄϹЅЅЂЀ ϶ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЏЉ ϶ϼϸϴЉ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸЅІ϶.
ϜЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴЁϼϹ ϶ЄϴЍϴВЍϼЉЅГ ϼЁЅІЄЇЀϹЁІЂ϶ (ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЏϹ ІϼЃЏ Ѕ϶ϹЄϿ ϼ, ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂ, ЅІϴЁϾЂ϶ЏϹ
Ѕ϶ϹЄϿϴ ϼ ЄϹϻЊЏ) ϸϿГ ЂϵЄϴϵЂІϾϼ І϶ϹЄϸЏЉ ЃЂЄЂϸ ϾϴЀЁГ ЁϹ ІЂϿАϾЂ ЂϵϹЅЃϹЋϼ϶ϴϿЂ ЄЂЅІ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸϼІϹϿАЁЂЅІϼ ІЄЇϸϴ ϾϴЀЁϹЄϹϻЂ϶, ЁЂ ϼ ЅЃЂЅЂϵЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴϿЂ ЁϴЋϴϿЇ ЅІϴЁϸϴЄІϼϻϴЊϼϼ ЃЄЂϸЇϾЊϼϼ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ
ЃЂ϶ЏЌϹЁϼВ ЇЄЂ϶ЁГ ϹϹ ϾϴЋϹЅІ϶ϴ ϼ ЂЈЂЄЀϿϹЁϼГ. ϖІЂЄЂϽ ϶ϴϺЁϹϽЌϼϽ ІϹЉЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ЈϴϾІЂЄ
ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ЄϴЁЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁ Ѕ ЃЄЂЄЏ϶ЂЀ ϶ ЂϵϿϴЅІϼ ІϹЃϿЂІϹЉЁϼϾϼ ϼ ЅϼЅІϹЀЏ ЇЃЄϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ЂϷЁϹЀ. ϢЃЏІ ЃЂϿЇЋϹЁϼГ ϶ЏЅЂϾϼЉ ІϹЀЃϹЄϴІЇЄ ЃЄϼ ЂϵϺϼϷϹ ЀϹϿϾϼЉ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏЉ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ ЃЂϾϴϻЏ϶ϴϹІ,
ЋІЂ ϶ ЄϴϻЁЏЉ ЂІЄϴЅϿГЉ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸЅІ϶ϴ ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ ЌϹϿ ЃЄЂЊϹЅЅ ЃЂϼЅϾЂ϶ ЂЃІϼЀϴϿАЁЏЉ ЄϹϺϼЀЂ϶
ЁϴϷЄϹ϶ϴЁϼГ ЅЏЄАГ ϼ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ, ϵϿϴϷЂϸϴЄГ ϾЂІЂЄЂЀЇ ϶ ϾЂЁЊϹ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ϶ ЀϹІϴϿϿЂЂϵЄϴϵЂІϾϹ ЃЂГ϶ϿГϹІЅГ ϿϼІАϹ ЃЂ ϶ЂЅϾЂ϶ЂϽ ЀЂϸϹϿϼ ϼ ϸ϶ЇЉЎГЄЇЅЁЏϹ ϷЂЁЋϴЄЁЏϹ ЃϹЋϼ ϸϿГ ЂϵϺϼϷϴ ЃЂЅЇϸЏ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ
ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϼϿϼ ЄϹЀϹЅϿϹЁЁЏϽ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸЅІ϶ϴ ЃЄЂІЂϷЂЄЂϸЅϾЂϷЂ ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ.
ϢЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁЁЏϽ ϼЁІϹЄϹЅ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿГϹІ ϶ЂЃЄЂЅ Ђ ЅЏЄАϹ϶ЂЀ ЂϵϹЅЃϹЋϹЁϼϼ ϾϴЀЁϹЄϹϻЁЂϷЂ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸЅІ϶ϴ Ёϴ ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ. ϙЅϿϼ ϸϿГ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЂϽ ЀϴЅЅЏ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏЉ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ ϼ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ
ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴϿЂЅА ЀϹЅІЁЂϹ ЅЏЄАϹ (ϾЂЁϾЄϹЊϼϼ ϼ ϷϴϿАϾϼ ϴϿϹϵϴЅІЄϴ, ЃϿϼІЏ ϸЂϿЂЀϼІϴ ϼ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾϴ),
ІЂ ϶ЂЃЄЂЅ Ђϵ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾϴЉ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ϶ϼϸЂ϶ ЃЂϸϹϿЂЋЁЏЉ ϾϴЀЁϹϽ ϸЂ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϹϷЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЂЅІϴϹІЅГ
ЁϹЄϹЌϹЁЁЏЀ. ϞϴϾ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЂ, Ͼ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴЀ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂ БЁϹЂϿϼІϴ — ЄϴЁЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ЂІЁЂЅГІЅГ ϼЁІϹЁЅϼ϶ЁЏϹ ϶ϻϴϼЀЂϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼГ ЀϹϺϸЇ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴЀϼ ϲϺЁЂϷЂ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ, ϲϷЂ-ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϷЂ ϜЄϴЁϴ24
ϼ ϲϺЁЂϷЂ ϔЈϷϴЁϼЅІϴЁϴ (ϞϼЄЋЂ 2009ϵ). ϖ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІϹ БІϼЉ ϶ϻϴϼЀЂϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼϽ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼϹ ϲϺЁЂϷЂ
ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ ϵЏϿЂ ϶ϾϿВЋϹЁЂ ϶ ЌϼЄЂϾϼϽ ЀϹϺϸЇЁϴЄЂϸЁЏϽ ЂϵЀϹЁ ЁϹ ІЂϿАϾЂ ЅЏЄАϹЀ, ЁЂ ϼ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЀϼ ϸЂЅІϼϺϹЁϼГЀϼ, Ёϴ ЂЅЁЂ϶Ϲ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ϶ ϾЂЁЊϹ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂ БЁϹЂϿϼІϴ — ЁϴЋϴϿϹ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ
ЄϴЁЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ϶ БІϼЉ ІЄϹЉ ЄϹϷϼЂЁϴЉ ЈЂЄЀϼЄЇϹІЅГ Ѕ϶ЂϹЂϵЄϴϻЁϴГ БϿϼІϴЄЁϴГ ЅЇϵϾЇϿАІЇЄϴ (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ),
ϴ ϶ ϲϺЁЂЀ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϹ ϶ЂϻЁϼϾϴϹІ ϷЂЁЋϴЄЁЏϽ ϾЄЇϷ (ϞϼЄЋЂ 2009϶: 15).
ϖϴϺЁЇВ ЄЂϿА ϶ ЃЄЂЊϹЅЅϴЉ ЂϵЀϹЁϴ ϼ ІЂЄϷЂ϶Ͽϼ (?) Ѕ ϲϷЂ-ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЏЀ ϼ ϲϺЁЏЀ ϜЄϴЁЂЀ
ϼϷЄϴϿ ЅІϹϴІϼІ (ϞϼЄЋЂ 2005ϴ: 418). ϣЄϹϸЀϹІЏ ϼϻ ЅІϹϴІϼІϴ («ϺϹϻϿ», «ϷϼЄГ», «ϾЂϿЂЁϾϴ», ЋϴЅІϼ
«ЃϿϴϾϹІϾϼ» ϼ ІЄϼ ϾЄϹЅІЂ϶ϼϸЁЏЉ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ ϼϻ «Ѕ϶ГІϼϿϼЍϴ» ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЄϴЁЁϹϷЂ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ V, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ
ЅЂЅЇϸЏ, ϾЄЇЃЁЏϹ ϵЇЅϼЁЏ, ЃϹЋϴІϼ ϼ І. ϸ.) ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ Ёϴ ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ ϾϴϾ ϶ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГЉ, ІϴϾ ϼ
ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЉ ЅϿЂГЉ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГ (ЄϼЅ. 7) ЁϹ ЄϴЁϹϹ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ϔϿІЏЁ 4 ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ IV.
ϖ ϾЂϿϿϹϾЊϼϼ Ѕ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІϼ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГ 25 ϼЀϹϹІЅГ ЂϵϿЂЀЂϾ ЁϹϻϴ϶ϹЄЌϹЁЁЂϷЂ, ЅϿЂЀϴЁЁЂϷЂ ϶ ЃЄЂЊϹЅЅϹ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ЊϼϿϼЁϸЄϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ЅЂЅЇϸϴ (ЄϼЅ. 7, 24; 8, 9). ϠϴЅІϹЄϴЀϼ ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ ЅϸϹϿϴЁЏ
ϼ ЅІϹϴІϼІЂ϶ЏϹ ЃϹЋϴІϼ (ЄϼЅ. 7, 1–5), ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЃЂ ЂЅЂϵϹЁЁЂЅІГЀ ІϹЉЁϼϾϼ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ϼ ЁϴЁϹЅϹЁϼГ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϴ Ѕ϶ϹЄϿϹЁϼϹЀ ЁϹ ЂІϿϼЋϴВІЅГ ЂІ ϸЄЇϷϼЉ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏЉ ЃϹЋϴІϹϽ БЃЂЉϼ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ϔϿІЏЁϸϹЃϹ.
ϞϴϾ ϵЏϿЂ ЇϺϹ ЅϾϴϻϴЁЂ ϶ЏЌϹ, ЀЁЂϷЂЋϼЅϿϹЁЁЏϹ ЃϹЋϴІϼ-ЃЇϷЂ϶ϼЊЏ ϼϻ ЅІϹϴІϼІϴ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ ϶ ϬϴЉЄϼ-ϥЂЉІϹ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ II26. ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ЁϴϼϵЂϿϹϹ ЌϼЄЂϾЂ ϸϿГ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ЄϴϻЁЂЂϵЄϴϻЁЏЉ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ — ЂІ ЅІϴІЇБІϾϼ ϼ ЃϹЋϴІϹϽ ϸЂ ϾЄЇЃЁЏЉ ϵЇЅϼЁ ϼ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ — ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴϿϼ ЅІϹϴІϼІ Ёϴ ϦϹЃϹ ϳЉАГ
϶ ϲϺЁЂЀ ϜЄϴЁϹ, ϷϸϹ ϶ ЅϿЂГЉ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ IVB ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ϴ ЅЃϹЊϼϴϿϼϻϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϷЂ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸЅІ϶ϴ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ ϼϻ ЅІϹϴІϼІϴ (Kohl 2001; Lamberg-Karlovsky 1970: pl. 19; 23–25; fig. 21–23; LambergKarlovsky, Tosi 1973: 46–47, fig. 96–98). ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ЀЂϺЁЂ ЃЂϿϴϷϴІА, ЋІЂ ϶ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЏ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂ
ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ IV — ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ V Ёϴ ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ ϼЀЃЂЄІϼЄЂ϶ϴϿϼЅА ϾЂЁϾЄϹЊϼϼ ЅІϹϴІϼІϴ ϼϻ ЄϴϽЂЁϴ ϦϹЃϹ
ϡϹЂϸЁЂϾЄϴІЁЂ ϶ЏЅϾϴϻЏ϶ϴϿЂЅА ϼ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼϹ Ђ ЁϹЃЂЅЄϹϸЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂЀ ЃϹЄϹϸ϶ϼϺϹЁϼϼ ϷЄЇЃЃ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϼϻ ϲϺЁЂϷЂ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ Ёϴ ϬϴЉЄϼ-ϥЂЉІϹ (ЅЀ., ЁϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ, ϠϴЅЅЂЁ 2006: 58–59).
25
Ϟ ЅЂϺϴϿϹЁϼВ, ЃЄϼ ЃϹЄ϶ЂЀ ЇЃЂЀϼЁϴЁϼϼ (ϞϼЄЋЂ 2005ϴ: 418) БІЂІ ЅЂЅЇϸ ϵЏϿ ЂЌϼϵЂЋЁЂ ЂІЁϹЅϹЁ Ͼ
ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІЇ 3 ЄϴЅϾЂЃϴ 7.
26
ϖ ЅІϴІАϹ ЁϹ ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴВІЅГ ЉЇϸЂϺϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏϹ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІЏ ϼϻ ЅІϹϴІϼІϴ, ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЁЏϹ Ёϴ ϗЂЁЇЄ-ϸϹЃϹ
ЃϹЄϼЂϸЂ϶ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϼ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ.
24
78
ϳЉАГ (Lamberg-Karlovsky, Tosi 1973: map 3) ϼϿϼ ЌϼЄϹ — ЃЄЂ϶ϼЁЊϼϼ ϞϹЄЀϴЁ, ϷϸϹ ϶ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϼϹ ϸϹЅГІϼϿϹІϼГ ЂІϾЄЏІϴ Њϼ϶ϼϿϼϻϴЊϼГ ϘϺϼЄЂЈІ (Perrot, Madjizadech 2003).
ϖ ІЂ ϺϹ ϶ЄϹЀГ ЀϹϿϾϼϹ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ ϼϻ ЅІϹϴІϼІϴ, ЃЂϸ϶ϹЄϷЁЇІЏϹ ϶ЏЅЂϾЂІϹЀЃϹЄϴІЇЄЁЂЀЇ ЂϵϺϼϷЇ,
ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ ЇϺϹ ϶ ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄϹ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂϽ ϾϴЀϹЄЏ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ IV. ϦϴϾϼϹ ϵЇЅЏ ЀЂϷϿϼ ϵЏІА ϼЀЃЂЄІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЏ ϿϼϵЂ ϼЀЃЂЄІϼЄЂ϶ϴϿЂЅА ЅЏЄАϹ — ЅІϹϴІϼІ ϶ ϶ϼϸϹ ЃЂЄЂЌϾϴ ϼϿϼ ЁϹϵЂϿАЌϼЉ
ϾЇЅЂЋϾЂ϶. ϥϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿАЁЂ, ϻЁϴϾЂЀЅІ϶Ђ ϺϼІϹϿϹϽ ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ Ѕ БІϼЀ ϾϴЀЁϹЀ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸϼϿЂ ϶ ЅϹЄϹϸϼЁϹ
ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ IV, ϴ ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ, ϼ ЄϴЁϹϹ.
. 7. ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ, ЃЄϹϸЀϹІЏ ϼϻ ЅІϹϴІϼІϴ, ЁϴϽϸϹЁЁЏϹ ϶ЁϹ ϾЂЁІϹϾЅІϴ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϽ: 1–4, 13, 24 — ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ
ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ V (?); 5, 8, 14, 15, 19, 23 — ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ V; 6, 7, 9–12, 20–22 — ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ
ЄϴЁЁϹϷЂ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ V; 16–18 — ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ IV (1–5 — ЃϹЋϴІϼ; 6, 7 — ϵЇЅϼЁЏ; 8 — Ёϴ϶ϹЄЌϼϹ
ϵЇϿϴ϶Џ; 9–11 — ЃЄГЅϿϼЊϴ; 12–18 — ϵЇЅϼЁЏ-ЃЄГЅϿϼЊϴ; 19–24 — ЅЂЅЇϸЏ) (1–3, 13, 24 — Ѕ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІϼ
ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГ; 4 — ЄϴЅϾЂЃ 12, ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІ 1; 5, 8, 19 — ЄϴЅϾЂЃ 9, ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІ 2; 6, 9 — ЄϴЅϾЂЃ 9, ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІЏ 3–4; 7 —
ЄϴЅϾЂЃ 8 (ЅІЄϴІϼϷЄϴЈϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ); 14, 15 — ЄϴЅϾЂЃ 5, ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІ 1; 16 — ЄϴЅϾЂЃ 1, ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІ 5; 17, 18 — ЄϴЅϾЂЃ 5,
ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІ 4; 10–12, 20 — ЄϴЅϾЂЃ 13, ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІ 1Ѕ; 21, 22 — ЄϴЅϾЂЃ 7, ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІ 3; 23 — ЄϴЅϾЂЃ 7, ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІ 1)
Fig. 7. Altyn-depe, steatite objects found unassociated with burials: 1–4, 13, 24 — late Namazga V (?); 5, 8, 14,
15, 19, 23 — middle Namazga V; 6, 7, 9–12, 20–22 — early Namazga V; 16–18 — late Namazga IV (1–5 — seals;
6, 7 — beads; 8 — mace head; 9–11 — spindle whorls; 12–18 — beads-whorls; 19–24 — vessels) (1–3, 13, 24 —
surface finds; 4 — excavation area 12, horizon 1; 5, 8, 19 — excavation area 9, horizon 2; 6, 9 — excavation area
9, horizon 3–4; 7 — excavation area 8; 14, 15 — excavation area 5, horizon 1; 16 — excavation area 1, horizon 5;
17, 18 — excavation area 5, horizon 4; 10–12, 20 — excavation area 13, horizon 1Ѕ; 21, 22 — excavation area 7,
horizon 3; 23 — excavation area 7, horizon 1)
79
:
,
,
. 8. ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ, ЅЂЅЇϸЏ ϼ Ѕ϶ϹІϼϿАЁϼϾϼ (3, 6) ϼϻ ЀЄϴЀЂЄЁЂϷЂ ЂЁϼϾЅϴ ϼ ЅІϹϴІϼІϴ (9): 1–3 — ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ
ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ IV (1, 2 — ЄϴЅϾЂЃ 5, ЃЂϷЄ. 626; 3 — ЄϴЅϾЂЃ 5, ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІ 4); 4–7 — ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ
ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ V (4 — ЄϴЅϾЂЃ 5, ЃЂϷЄ. 43–56; 5, 7 — ЄϴЅϾЂЃ 9, ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІ ϔϿІЏЁ 1; 6 — ЄϴЅϾЂЃ 13, ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІ 1В); 8 —
϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЄϴЁЁϹϷЂ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ V (ЄϴЅϾЂЃ 13, ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІ 1Ѕ); 9 — Ѕ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІϼ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГ
Fig. 8. Altyn-depe, vessels and lamps (3, 6) made of onyx marble and steatite (9): 1–3 — late Namazga IV (1, 2 —
excavation area 5, burial 626; 3 — excavation area 5, horizon 4); 4–7 — middle Namazga V (4 — excavation area 5,
burials 43–56; 5, 7 — excavation area 9, horizon Altyn 1; 6 — excavation area 13, horizon 1В); 8 — early Namazga
V (excavation area 13, horizon 1Ѕ); 9 — surface finds within the settlement area
ϙЍϹ ЂϸЁЂ, ЅϹ϶ϹЄЂ-϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂϹ ЁϴЃЄϴ϶ϿϹЁϼϹ ϼЀЃЂЄІϴ ЅЏЄАГ ЁϴЀϹЋϴϹІЅГ ЃЂ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϴЀ Ёϴ ϔϿІЏЁϸϹЃϹ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ ϼ Ѕ϶ϹІϼϿАЁϼϾЂ϶, ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁЁЏЉ ϼϻ ЀЄϴЀЂЄЁЂϷЂ ЂЁϼϾЅϴ. ϦЄϼ ϼϻ ЁϼЉ — ϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ
ЅІϴϾϴЁЋϼϾ ϼ ЀϼЁϼϴІВЄЁЏϽ ϸ϶ЂϽЁЂϽ ЅЂЅЇϸ (ЄϼЅ. 2, 30–31; 8, 1–2), ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ Ѕ϶ϹІϼϿАЁϼϾ-ЈϴϾϹϿ Ѕ ЇЅϹЋϹЁЁЂ-ϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϾЄЏЌϾЂϽ (ЄϼЅ. 3, 3; 8, 3) ϶ЉЂϸϼϿϼ ϶ ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄА ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϽ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ϔϿІЏЁ 4
϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ IV. ϙЍϹ ϸ϶Ϲ ЊϹϿЏϹ ЋϴЌϼ (ЄϼЅ. 2, 38; 8, 4) ϼϻ ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄГ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ,
ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ЊϼϿϼЁϸЄϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ Ѕ϶ϹІϼϿАЁϼϾ (ЄϼЅ. 8, 6) ϼ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЏ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ (ЄϼЅ. 8, 5, 7–8) ЂІЁЂЅГІАЅГ Ͼ
ЃϹЄϼЂϸЇ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЄϴЁЁϹϷЂ ϼ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ V.
ϠϼЁϹЄϴϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϹ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼϹ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏЉ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ ϼϻ ϗЂЁЇЄ-ϸϹЃϹ ЃЂϾϴϻϴϿЂ, ЋІЂ ϸϿГ ϼЉ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴЁЏ ЄϴϻЁЂЂϵЄϴϻЁЏϹ ЃЂЄЂϸЏ ϾϴЀЁГ, ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸГЍϼϹ, ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂ, ϼϻ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϷЂ
ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ, ϷϸϹ Ёϴ ϷЄϴЁϼЊϹ Ѕ ϧϻϵϹϾϼЅІϴЁЂЀ ϼ ϔЈϷϴЁϼЅІϴЁЂЀ ϶ ϸЂϿϼЁϴЉ ϞЇϷϼІϴЁЅϾЂϷЂ ЉЄϹϵІϴ
ЁϴЉЂϸГІЅГ ϾЄЇЃЁЏϹ ЀϹЅІЂЄЂϺϸϹЁϼГ ϷϼЃЅϴ, ЀЄϴЀЂЄЁЂϷЂ ЂЁϼϾЅϴ ϼ ЂІЄϴϵЂІϴЁЁЏϹ Ѕ϶ϼЁЊЂ϶ЏϹ ЄЇϸЁϼϾϼ (ϞϿϼЀϾϼЁ 2004). ϞϴЄϿВϾЅϾЂϹ ЀϹЅІЂЄЂϺϸϹЁϼϹ ЀЄϴЀЂЄЁЂϷЂ ЂЁϼϾЅϴ ЀϹϸЂ϶Ђ-ϺϹϿІЂϷЂ Њ϶ϹІϴ ϶
ϾϴЄЅІЂ϶ЏЉ ЃϹЍϹЄϴЉ ϞЇϷϼІϴЁІϴЇ — ЂϸЁЂ ϼϻ ЁϴϼϵЂϿϹϹ ϾЄЇЃЁЏЉ Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ϵЏ϶ЌϹϷЂ ϥϥϥϤ ϼ Єϴϻ80
ЄϴϵϴІЏ϶ϴϿЂЅА ϼ ϶ ЅЂ϶ϹІЅϾϼϽ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ (ϥϴЀЅЂЁЂ϶, ϦЇЄϼЁϷϹ 1985: 177–179). ϜЀϹЁЁЂ ϼϻ ЀЄϴЀЂЄЁЂϷЂ
ЂЁϼϾЅϴ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁЏ ЅЂЅЇϸ Ёϴ ЁЂϺϾϹ (϶ϴϻϴ)27, ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЁЏϽ ϶ 2006 Ϸ. Ёϴ ϗЂЁЇЄ-ϸϹЃϹ (ϘЇϵЂ϶ϴ 2008:
98, ЄϼЅ. 33), ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ, ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂ, ϷЂЄЌϾЂ϶ϼϸЁЏϽ ЅЂЅЇϸ Ёϴ ЁЂϺϾϹ Ѕ ЃЂϸЊϼϿϼЁϸЄϼЋϹЅϾϼЀ ϷЂЄϿЂЀ ϼ ЂІЂϷЁЇІЏЀ ЇЃϿЂЍϹЁЁЏЀ ϶ϹЁЋϼϾЂЀ (ϕϹЁϸϹϻЇ-ϥЇϴЄЀАϹЁІЂ 2010: ЄϼЅ. 17, ϶϶ϹЄЉЇ ϶ ЊϹЁІЄϹ) ϼ ЃЂϸЊϼϿϼЁϸЄϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ЅІϴϾϴЁ (Bendezu-Sarmiento 2013: fig. 9, D) ϼϻ ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄГ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ ϧϿЇϷ-ϸϹЃϹ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ
ЄϴЁЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ.
ϡϴЌϹ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼϹ Ђϵ ϼЀЃЂЄІϹ БІЂϷЂ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϴ ϶ ϾЂЁЊϹ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ЄϴЁЁϹϽ — ЃϹЄϼЂϸϹ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ϼϻ ϞϴЄϿВϾЅϾЂϷЂ ЀϹЅІЂЄЂϺϸϹЁϼГ ЉЂЄЂЌЂ ЅЂϷϿϴЅЇϹІЅГ ϼ Ѕ ϼЁЈЂЄЀϴЊϼϹϽ Ђ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ ϶
ЄϴϽЂЁϹ БІЂϷЂ ЀϹЅІЂЄЂϺϸϹЁϼГ ϼЀϹϹІЅГ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϼϽ Ѕ϶ϼЁЊЂ϶ЏϽ ЄЇϸЁϼϾ. ϖ Ѕ϶Гϻϼ Ѕ БІϼЀ ϶ϴϺЁЂ, ЋІЂ ϸϿГ
ЊϹϿЂϷЂ ЄГϸϴ ЉЇϸЂϺϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЉ ϿϼІЏЉ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ (ЃϹЋϴІϹϽ-ЌІϴЀЃЂ϶, ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁϼϽ, ЃЄϹϸЀϹІЂ϶ ІЇϴϿϹІϴ)
ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ (϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ V) ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁϴ ϻЁϴЋϼІϹϿАЁϴГ ЃЄϼЅϴϸϾϴ
Ѕ϶ϼЁЊϴ (ϙϷЂЄАϾЂ϶ 2001: 91, ІϴϵϿ. 1; 3; ϦϹЄϹЉЂ϶ϴ 2001: 112–113, ІϴϵϿ. 1). Ϝϻ Ѕ϶ϼЁЊϴ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁЏ ϼ
ЀϴЅЅϼ϶ЁЏϹ Ёϴ϶ϹЄЌϼГ Ёϴ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏϹ ϺϹϻϿЏ, ЁϴϽϸϹЁЁЏϹ ϶ ЀЇϺЅϾϼЉ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГЉ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴ ϗЂЁЇЄϴ
(ϥϴЄϼϴЁϼϸϼ 2001: 68, ЄϼЅ. 35, ЃЄϼϿ. 1; Sarianidi 2007: 108–109, fig. 187–190).
ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ЀЂϺЁЂ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿϴϷϴІА, ЋІЂ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЏϽ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁ ϵЏϿ ЂϸЁϼЀ ϼϻ ЄϴϽЂЁЂ϶
ϸЂϵЏЋϼ ϼ ϼЀЃЂЄІϴ Ёϴ ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ, ϗЂЁЇЄ-ϸϹЃϹ (ϼ ϸЄЇϷϼϹ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГ) ЃЂϸϹϿЂЋЁЂϷЂ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЂϷЂ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϴ ϼ Ѕ϶ϼЁЊЂ϶ЂϽ ЄЇϸЏ.
Ϝ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЊ, ϹЍϹ ЂϸϼЁ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿϴϷϴϹЀЏϽ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЂϷЂ ЅЏЄАГ — БІЂ ЀϹЅІЂЄЂϺϸϹЁϼϹ
ϠЇЌϼЅІЂЁ Ёϴ ϷЂЄϹ ϞϴϻЁЂϾ ϛϹЄϴ϶ЌϴЁЅϾЂϷЂ ЉЄϹϵІϴ, ϶ 35 ϾЀ Ͼ ϲ ЂІ Ϸ. ϣϹЁϸϺϼϾϹЁІ28. ϛϸϹЅА, ЃЂЀϼЀЂ
ЂϿЂ϶ГЁЁЂϽ ЄЇϸЏ, ϾЂІЂЄЇВ, ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ, ϸЂϵЏ϶ϴϿϼ ϶ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ, ϼЀϹВІЅГ ЁϴϼϵЂϿϹϹ ϾЄЇЃЁЏϹ Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϔϻϼϼ ϻϴϿϹϺϼ ϷДІϼІϴ. ϡϴЃЂЀЁϼЀ, ЋІЂ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ ϼϻ ЃϿЂІЁЂϷЂ, ϾЄϴЅЁЂ϶ϴІЂϾЂЄϼЋЁϹ϶ЂϷЂ ϾϴЀЁГ, ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϼІϹϿАЁЂ ϷДІϼІϴ, ЃЂГ϶ϿГВІЅГ Ёϴ ВϺЁЂ-ІЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁЅϾϼЉ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГЉ ϶ ϾЂЁЊϹ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ — ЁϴЋϴϿϹ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂ БЁϹЂϿϼІϴ (ЅЀ. ϶ЏЌϹ), І. Ϲ. ϼЀϹЁЁЂ ϶ ІЂ ϶ЄϹЀГ, ϾЂϷϸϴ ϶ ϸЂϿϼЁϹ ϛϹЄϴ϶ЌϴЁϴ ϷЄЇЃЃϴ ЃϹЄϹЅϹϿϹЁЊϹ϶ ϼϻ ϲϷЂ-ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϷЂ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴϿϴ
ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϹ ϥϴЄϴϻЀ (ϞϼЄЋЂ 2007). ϧЋϼІЏ϶ϴГ, ЋІЂ ЂЅЁЂ϶Ї БϾЂЁЂЀϼϾϼ ϥϴЄϴϻЀϴ, ЃЂЀϼЀЂ ϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿϼГ ϼ
ЅϾЂІЂ϶ЂϸЅІ϶ϴ, ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿГϿϼ ϸЂϵЏЋϴ ϼ ЂϵЄϴϵЂІϾϴ ЄЇϸЏ ϼ ϾϴЀЁГ (ϤϴϻϻЂϾЂ϶ 2008: 76, 86, 92–93), ЀЂϺЁЂ
ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿϴϷϴІА, ЋІЂ ϾϴϾϴГ-ІЂ ЋϴЅІА ϾϴЀϹЁЁЂϷЂ ЅЏЄАГ (ϼϿϼ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ?) ϸЂЅІϴ϶ϿГϿϴЅА Ёϴ ВϷ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϽ
ϔϻϼϼ ϼϻ ЀϹЅІЂЄЂϺϸϹЁϼϽ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЂ-ϛϴЃϴϸЁЂϷЂ ϦϴϸϺϼϾϼЅІϴЁϴ.
ϥЇϸГ ЃЂ ЄϴϻЁЂЂϵЄϴϻϼВ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЂϷЂ ЅЏЄАГ Ёϴ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГЉ БЃЂЉϼ БЁϹЂϿϼІϴ — ЄϴЁЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ,
ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЏϹ ІЂЄϷЂ϶Ђ-ЂϵЀϹЁЁЏϹ ЃЇІϼ — ЃЄϹϸІϹЋϼ ЇЋϴЅІϾЂ϶ ϖϹϿϼϾЂϷЂ ϬϹϿϾЂ϶ЂϷЂ ЃЇІϼ ϶ ϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϽ
ϔϻϼϼ — ЁϴЋϼЁϴВІ ЈЂЄЀϼЄЂ϶ϴІАЅГ ЇϺϹ ϶ ϾЂЁЊϹ IV–III ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (ϘϿЇϺЁϹ϶ЅϾϴГ ϼ ϸЄ. 2006: 452). ϖЂ
϶ЅГϾЂЀ ЅϿЇЋϴϹ, ЁϴЋϼЁϴГ ЅЂ ϶ІЂЄЂϽ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁЏ III ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ЌϼЄЂϾϼϹ ϾЂЁІϴϾІЏ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϲϺЁЂϷЂ
ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ, ϶ϾϿВЋϴГ, ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂ, ϸЂЅІϴ϶ϾЇ ЅЏЄАГ, ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸϼϿϼ ϵϿϴϷЂϸϴЄГ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴЁϼВ ϶ϹЄϵϿВϸЂ϶ ϶ ϾϴЋϹЅІ϶Ϲ ІЄϴЁЅЃЂЄІЁЏЉ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЏЉ (ϞϼЄЋЂ 2009ϴ: 30–31, 33). ϜϻЇЋϹЁϼϹ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ ϼϻ ϾϴЀЁГ
ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ ЃЂϾϴϻЏ϶ϴϹІ, ЋІЂ ϶ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ЄϴЁЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ЌϿЂ ϼЁІϹЁЅϼ϶ЁЂϹ Єϴϻ϶ϼІϼϹ ЃЄϼϹЀЂ϶ ϼ ІϹЉЁЂϿЂϷϼϼ ЅЃϹЊϼϴϿϼϻϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϽ ϾϴЀЁϹЂϵЄϴϵЂІϾϼ, ЂϵЇЅϿЂ϶ϿϹЁЁЂϹ ϾϴϾ ЃЄЂϷЄϹЅЅЂЀ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϽ ЅϼЅІϹЀЏ ϶ ЊϹϿЂЀ, ІϴϾ ϼ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂ-ІЂЄϷЂ϶ЏЀϼ Ѕ϶ГϻГЀϼ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϲϺЁЂϷЂ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ ϶ III ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.
ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 2013 — ё
. . ϕЇЅϼЁЏ-ЃЄГЅϿϼЊϴ ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ ϼ ϶ЂЃЄЂЅЏ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼϼ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϽ ϔϻϼϼ // ϔϖ. 2013. № 19. ϥ. 211–228.
ϕϹЁϸϹϻЇ-ϥЇϴЄЀАϹЁІЂ 2010 —
. ϣЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏϽ ЂϵЄГϸ ϼ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЂЅІϴЁϾϼ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϴ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЂϷЂ ϶ϹϾϴ ϧϿЇϷ-ϸϹЃϹ ϶ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϹ // ϡϴ ЃЇІϼ ЂІϾЄЏІϼГ Њϼ϶ϼϿϼϻϴЊϼϼ: ϥϵ. ЅІϴІϹϽ Ͼ 80-ϿϹІϼВ ϖ. Ϝ. ϥϴЄϼϴЁϼϸϼ. ϥϣϵ.: ϔϿϹІϹϽГ, 2010. ϥ. 513–535.
ϕϹЄϹϻϾϼЁ 2001 —
. . Ϟ϶ϴЄІϴϿАЁЏϽ ЊϹЁІЄ БЃЂЉϼ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ Ёϴ ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ // ϢЅЂϵϹЁЁЂЅІϼ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸЅІ϶ϴ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ ϶ БЃЂЉЇ ЃϴϿϹЂЀϹІϴϿϿϴ. ϥϣϵ.: ϜϜϠϞ Ϥϔϡ, 2001. ϥ. 40–59 (ϠϲϦϔϞϱ. ϖЏЃ. 5).
ϘϿЇϺЁϹ϶ЅϾϴГ ϼ ϸЄ. 2006 —
. .,
. .,
. . ϖϹϿϼϾϼϽ ϬϹϿϾЂ϶ЏϽ ЃЇІА
϶ ЈЂІЂϷЄϴЈϼГЉ ЄЇЅЅϾϼЉ ЃЇІϹЌϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁϼϾЂ϶ ϼ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿϹϽ ϶ІЂЄЂϽ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁЏ XIX — ЃϹЄ϶ЂϽ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁЏ
XX ϶ϹϾЂ϶ (ЃЂ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϴЀ ЈЂІЂϴЄЉϼ϶ϴ ϜϜϠϞ Ϥϔϡ) // ϱІЁЂϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϹ ϶ϻϴϼЀЂϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼϹ ϶ ϙ϶Єϴϻϼϼ. Ϡ.: ϡϴЇϾϴ,
2006. ϞЁ. 1. ϥ. 452–462.
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ϨЂЄЀϴ ЅЂЅЇϸϴ ϼЀϹϹІ ЃЄГЀЏϹ ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼϼ ЅЄϹϸϼ ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ V ϼϻ
ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϽ Ёϴ ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ (ϞϼЄЋЂ 2005ϴ: ЄϼЅ. 10, 4). ϦϴϾϼϹ ϺϹ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏϹ ЅЂЅЇϸЏ Ёϴ ЀЂЁЂϿϼІЁЂϽ ЁЂϺϾϹ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ ϶ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴЉ ϦϴЉІϴϵϴϻϴЄ (ϧϸϹЇЀЇЄϴϸЂ϶ 1993: 45, ЄϼЅ. 34, 3) ϼ ϗЂЁЇЄϴ (Sarianidi 2002: fig. on page 38),
ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ЌϼЄЂϾЂ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ Ёϴ ϸЄЇϷϼЉ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГЉ БЃЂЉϼ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ϠϴЄϷϼϴЁЏ (ϥϴЄϼϴЁϼϸϼ 1990: ІϴϵϿ. IV, 1–4).
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http://www.webmineral.ru/minerals/item.php?id=2197
81
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Stone artifacts and raw material sources in the Early
Bronze Age
(with particular reference to Altyndepe, South Turkmenistan)
L. B. Kircho
The period of Early Bronze (ca. 2700/2800–2350 BC) occupies a particular place in the history of
people who inhabited the southern part of Central Asia. It was during this time that the Late Eneolithic
culture of local farming and stock-breading communities gave rise to the early urban (proto-urban) culture
with the level of development similar to that of the ancient Near Eastern civilizations. The present work
has been carried out in the course of preparing the full publication of the excavation of Altyn-depe — one
of the biggest Eneolithic and Bronze Age sites of South Turkmenistan. This paper is devoted to the stone
84
artifacts of the early Bronze Age (Namazga IV period), such as prestige-cult objects (seals, anthropomorphic statuettes, cosmetic vessels, lamps, mace heads), ornaments, spinning and knitting tools (spindle
whorls, etc.) (fig. 1–3, 5; 6, 1), with particular attention paid to the technology of their manufacture and the
sources of raw materials. It is demonstrated that in addition to pecking, nigging, scraping, grinding and
polishing, the stone artifacts of the early Bronze Age were worked by sawing (fig. 6, 2, 5–7) and drilling
(fig. 4; 6, 4) with diverse rotating tools. In the middle of the period under consideration, the technology of
making artificial high-temperature minerals was borrowed by the Altyn-depe craftsmen from India and
applied to local materials. The complicated, multistage process of manufacture, the use of variable implements and the high-temperature technology, as well as the high artistic level of the Namazga IV stone
articles show that they were produced by professional stonecutters. The author analyzes the stratigraphic
distribution of objects made of steatite (fig. 7; 8, 9) and honey-yellow onyx marble (fig. 8, 1–8). It is supposed that during the late Early and Middle Bronze periods these raw materials were imported from the
Kerman province of southern Iran and the Karlyuk area of eastern Turkmenistan, respectively. As to redchocolate goethite it could possibly have been brought from Mushiston in northwestern Tajikistan. The
present study reveals that the Early Bronze period of South Turkmenistan witnessed an intensive development of specialized stone working techniques, caused by both the progress of production system in general
and cultural-trade (?) contacts of the III millennium BC.
85
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. . ϞϿВЋϹ϶ЏϹ ЅϿЂ϶ϴ:
,
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,
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Keywords: Late Bronze Age, Turkmenistan, ancient farmers, steppe tribes, cultural contacts, state of archaeological record.
ϣЄЂϵϿϹЀϴ ЄϹϾЂЁЅІЄЇϾЊϼϼ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЉ ϾЂЁІϴϾІЂ϶ ЅІϹЃЁЏЉ ϼ ЂЅϹϸϿЂ-ϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ ϶ БЃЂЉЇ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿГϹІ ЅЂϵЂϽ ЂϸϼЁ
ϼϻ ϸϼЅϾЇЅЅϼЂЁЁЏЉ ϶ЂЃЄЂЅЂ϶ ϶ ЂϵϿϴЅІϼ ϼϻЇЋϹЁϼГ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϼЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЂϷЂ ϶ϹϾϴ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϔϻϼϼ.
ϘϴЁЁϴГ ЄϴϵЂІϴ ЃЂЅ϶ГЍϹЁϴ ϸ϶ЇЀ ЁϴЇЋЁЏЀ ϷϼЃЂІϹϻϴЀ, ЁϹЂϸЁЂϾЄϴІЁЂ ЂϵЅЇϺϸϴϹЀЏЀ ϶ ЁϴЇЋЁЂϽ
ϿϼІϹЄϴІЇЄϹ ϶ІЂЄЂϽ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁЏ XX ϶. ϢϸЁϴ ϼϻ ЁϼЉ — ϷϼЃЂІϹϻϴ ϷϼϵϹϿϼ ЀϹЅІЁЂϽ ЂЅϹϸϿЂ-ϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ БЃЂЉϼ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ VI ϶ Ѕ϶Гϻϼ Ѕ ЃЄЂЁϼϾЁЂ϶ϹЁϼϹЀ ϶ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЂϴϻϼЅЏ
ВϷϴ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼϼ ϼϻ ЅІϹЃЁЂϽ ϻЂЁЏ ϙ϶Єϴϻϼϼ ЀЁЂϷЂЋϼЅϿϹЁЁЏЉ ϼ ϶ЂϼЁЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЉ ϾЂЋϹ϶ЏЉ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ, ЄϴϻЄЇЌϼ϶ЌϼЉ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ VI ϼ ІϹЀ ЅϴЀЏЀ ЅЃЄЂ϶ЂЊϼЄЂ϶ϴ϶ЌϼЉ ϹϹ ЇЃϴϸЂϾ. ϖІЂЄϴГ
ϷϼЃЂІϹϻϴ, ϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼ Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁЁϴГ Ѕ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϽ, ϷЂ϶ЂЄϼІ Ђϵ ЇЋϴЅІϼϼ ІϹЉ ϺϹ ЅІϹЃЁЏЉ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ ϶ ЅϿЂϺϹЁϼϼ
ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϳϻ I, ЅЀϹЁϼ϶ЌϹϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЇ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ VI Ёϴ ЄЇϵϹϺϹ II ϼ I ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϢЅЁЂ϶ЂϽ ϸϿГ ЅϿЂϺϹЁϼГ
ϸϴЁЁЏЉ ϷϼЃЂІϹϻ, ЃЂϿЇЋϼ϶ЌϼЉ ϶ Ѕ϶ЂϹ ϶ЄϹЀГ ЌϼЄЂϾЇВ ЃЂϸϸϹЄϺϾЇ ЅЂ ЅІЂЄЂЁЏ ЀЁЂϷϼЉ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿϹϽ, ЅІϴϿ ЈϴϾІ ЃЂГ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ϶ ϷϿЇϵϼЁЁЏЉ ВϺЁЏЉ ЄϴϽЂЁϴЉ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϔϻϼϼ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ Ϲ϶ЄϴϻϼϽЅϾϼЉ ЅІϹЃЁЏЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ, ЃЂϸІ϶ϹЄϺϸϴϹЀЏϽ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϴЀϼ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿЂ϶ ЅІϹЃЁЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ.
ϞϴϾ ЃЂϾϴϻЏ϶ϴВІ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾϼ, ЃЄЂЊϹЅЅ ЃЄЂЁϼϾЁЂ϶ϹЁϼГ Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼВ
ϥЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϔϻϼϼ ЅІϹЃЁЏЉ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ ϴЁϸЄЂЁЂ϶ЅϾЂϽ ϼ ЅЄЇϵЁЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЉ ЂϵЍЁЂЅІϹϽ ЁϴЋϼЁϴϹІЅГ
϶Ђ ϶ІЂЄЂϽ ЋϹІ϶ϹЄІϼ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϢЅЁЂ϶ЁϴГ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼГ ЂϵϼІϴЁϼГ ЅЄЇϵЁЂϷЂ ϼ ϴЁϸЄЂЁЂ϶ЅϾЂϷЂ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϶ ϸЄϹ϶ЁЂЅІϼ ϻϴЁϼЀϴϿϴ ЃЂЋІϼ ϶ЅВ ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЇВ ЅІϹЃЁЇВ ϼ ϿϹЅЂЅІϹЃЁЇВ ϻЂЁЇ
ϙ϶Єϴϻϼϼ — ЂІ ϵϴЅЅϹϽЁϴ ϘЁϹЃЄϴ Ёϴ ϻϴЃϴϸϹ ϸЂ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ІϹЋϹЁϼГ ϜЄІЏЌϴ Ёϴ ϶ЂЅІЂϾϹ, ЂЉ϶ϴІЏ϶ϴГ
ЃЄϴϾІϼЋϹЅϾϼ ϶ЅϹ ϖЂϿϷЂ-ϧЄϴϿАЅϾЂϹ ЀϹϺϸЇЄϹЋАϹ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЏϽ ϼ ϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЏϽ ϞϴϻϴЉЅІϴЁ.
ϖ ЉЂϻГϽЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϽ ϸϹГІϹϿАЁЂЅІϼ ЅІϹЃЁЏЉ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ ϸϴЁЁЂϷЂ ϾЄЇϷϴ ЃЄϹЂϵϿϴϸϴϿЂ ЃϴЅІЇЌϹЅϾЂϹ ЅϾЂІЂ϶ЂϸЅІ϶Ђ, ЇЅϿЂ϶ϼГ ϶ϹϸϹЁϼГ ϾЂІЂЄЂϷЂ ЅІϴϿϼ ЃЄϼЋϼЁϴЀϼ ϸϿГ ЌϼЄЂϾЂЀϴЅЌІϴϵЁЏЉ ЀϼϷЄϴЊϼЂЁЁЏЉ ЃϹЄϹϸ϶ϼϺϹЁϼϽ ЅІϹЃЁЂϷЂ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼГ, Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁЁЏЉ Ѕ ЃЂϼЅϾЂЀ ϼ ЂЅ϶ЂϹЁϼϹЀ ЁЂ϶ЏЉ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϽ.
ϡϴЋϼЁϴГ Ѕ ϾЂЁЊϴ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϽ ЋϹІ϶ϹЄІϼ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ЂІϸϹϿАЁЏϹ ЃϿϹЀϹЁЁЏϹ ϷЄЇЃЃЏ ЅϾЂІЂ϶ЂϸЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ЅЄЇϵЁЂϽ ϼ ϴЁϸЄЂЁЂ϶ЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ ϶ЏЉЂϸГІ ϻϴ ЃЄϹϸϹϿЏ Ѕ϶ЂϹϽ ϼЅϾЂЁЁЂϽ ЅІϹЃЁЂϽ
ϻЂЁЏ ЂϵϼІϴЁϼГ ϼ ЃЂЅІϹЃϹЁЁЂ ЂЅ϶ϴϼ϶ϴВІ ϲϺЁЂϹ ϛϴЇЄϴϿАϹ, ϛϴЃϴϸЁЇВ ϼ ϲϺЁЇВ ϥϼϵϼЄА, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ϥЄϹϸЁВВ ϔϻϼВ.
ϡϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϔϻϼϼ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЏ ЅІϹЃЁЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ БЃЂЉϼ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϽ
ϵЄЂЁϻЏ, ЃЂЀϼЀЂ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ, ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЏ ϶ ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЏЉ ЄϹϷϼЂЁϴЉ: Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ϧϻϵϹϾϼЅІϴЁϴ — ϶
ϲϺЁЂЀ ϣЄϼϴЄϴϿАϹ, ϷϸϹ ϵЏϿϼ ЂІϾЄЏІЏ ϼ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁЏ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ ІϴϻϴϵϴϷЎГϵЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ, ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼϹ ϾЂІЂЄЂϽ Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁЂ Ѕ ϴЁϸЄЂЁЂ϶ЅϾЂϽ ϼ ЅЄЇϵЁЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴЀϼ (ϜІϼЁϴ 1961; 1977; ϖϼЁЂϷЄϴϸЂ϶
ϼ ϸЄ. 1986), ϶ ϸЂϿϼЁϹ ϛϴЄϴ϶ЌϴЁϴ (ϔЅϾϴЄЂ϶ 1962; ϗЇϿГЀЂ϶ ϼ ϸЄ. 1966; ϔ϶ϴЁϹЅЂ϶ϴ, ϘϺЇЄϴϾЇϿЂ϶ϴ 2008),
϶ ϦϴЌϾϹЁІЅϾЂЀ ЂϴϻϼЅϹ (ϢϵЂϿϸЇϹ϶ϴ 1955) ϼ ϨϹЄϷϴЁЅϾЂϽ ϸЂϿϼЁϹ (ϗЂЄϵЇЁЂ϶ϴ 1995); Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ
ϲϺЁЂϷЂ ϼ ϲϷЂ-ϛϴЃϴϸЁЂϷЂ ϦϴϸϺϼϾϼЅІϴЁϴ (ϠϴЁϸϹϿАЌІϴЀ 1968; ϣАГЁϾЂ϶ϴ 1989; 1999; ϖϼЁЂϷЄϴϸЂ϶ϴ
2004); ϶ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂЀ, ϥϹ϶ϹЄЂ-ϛϴЃϴϸЁЂЀ ϼ ϲϷЂ-ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂЀ ϞЏЄϷЏϻЅІϴЁϹ (ϕϹЄЁЌІϴЀ 1952; ϞЂϺϹЀГϾЂ
1960; ϔϵϹІϹϾЂ϶ 1963; ϗϴϿЂЋϾϼЁϴ 1977), ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ϶ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ϸЄЇϷϼЉ ЄϴϽЂЁϴЉ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϔϻϼϼ.
86
ϣЂϸЄЂϵЁϴГ ϼЁЈЂЄЀϴЊϼГ Ђ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЉ ЅІϹЃЁЂϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϔϻϼϼ ЅЂϵЄϴЁϴ ϶
ЄϴϵЂІϴЉ ϙ. ϙ. ϞЇϻАЀϼЁЂϽ (ϞЇϻАЀϼЁϴ 1994; 2008).
ϦϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼГ ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ ϶ БЃЂЉЇ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ Г϶ϿГϿϴЅА ЅϴЀЂϽ ϾЄϴϽЁϹϽ ВϺЁЂϽ ЂϵϿϴЅІАВ ЀϼϷЄϴЊϼЂЁЁЂϷЂ ЃЄЂϸ϶ϼϺϹЁϼГ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЁЏЉ ЅІϹЃЁЏЉ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ ϶ ϥЄϹϸЁВВ ϔϻϼВ.
ϡϹЀϴϿЂϹ ϾЂϿϼЋϹЅІ϶Ђ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЁЏЉ ϻϸϹЅА ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿЂ϶ ЅІϹЃЁЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ, ϶ ЋϼЅϿЂ
ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ϶ЉЂϸГІ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏϹ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЏ, ЁϴЉЂϸϾϼ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ ϼ ЀϹІϴϿϿϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ, ϸϹЀЂЁЅІЄϼЄЇϹІ, ЋІЂ ϶ БЃЂЉЇ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ЅІϹЃЁЏϹ ЃϿϹЀϹЁϴ ЅІЄϹЀϼϿϼЅА ЌϼЄЂϾЂ ЂЅ϶ЂϼІА ϶ЁЇІЄϹЁЁϼϹ
ЄϴϽЂЁЏ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϔϻϼϼ. ϠЁЂϷЂЋϼЅϿϹЁЁЏϹ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϼ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿЂ϶ ЅІϹЃЁЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ ϶ ЁϹЃЂЅЄϹϸЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϽ
ϵϿϼϻЂЅІϼ ЂІ ϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϽ БЃЂЉϼ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ VI, ϴ ϶ ЄГϸϹ ЅϿЇЋϴϹ϶ — ϶ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЉ ЅϿЂГЉ
ЅϴЀϼЉ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϽ, ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϼ϶ϴВІ ϸЂЅІϴІЂЋЁЂ ϼЁІϹЁЅϼ϶ЁЏϽ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЉ ϾЂЁІϴϾІЂ϶ ЀϹϺϸЇ
ЃЄϼЌϿЏЀϼ ЅІϹЃЁЏЀϼ ϼ ЀϹЅІЁЏЀϼ ЂЅϹϸϿЏЀϼ ЃϿϹЀϹЁϴЀϼ.
ϢϸϼЁ ϼϻ ЃϹЄ϶ЏЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶, Ёϴ ϾЂІЂЄЂЀ ϵЏϿϼ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿЏ ЅІϹЃЁЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ, ЄϴЅЃЂϿЂϺϹЁ ЁϹϸϴϿϹϾЂ ЂІ ϔЌЉϴϵϴϸϴ. ϱІЂ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾЂϹ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϹ ϔЁϴЇ, ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϹ ϶ ЁϴЋϴϿϹ
XX ϶. ϴЀϹЄϼϾϴЁЅϾЂϽ БϾЅЃϹϸϼЊϼϹϽ ЃЂϸ ЄЇϾЂ϶ЂϸЅІ϶ЂЀ ϷϹЂϿЂϷϴ ϼ ϷϹЂϷЄϴЈϴ Ϥ. ϣϴЀЃϹϿϿϼ (Pumpelly 1908).
ϤϴЅϾЂЃϾϼ ϔЁϴЇ ϶ϹϿ ЁϹЀϹЊϾϼϽ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷ ϩ. ϬЀϼϸІ. ϖ ЁϼϺЁϼЉ ЅϿЂГЉ ϲϺЁЂϷЂ ЉЂϿЀϴ ϼЀ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ
ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾЂ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЂ϶ ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ЃЂЅЇϸЏ ЅІϹЃЁЂϷЂ ЂϵϿϼϾϴ (Schmidt 1908: 143, tabl. XV, 7–9).
ϖ 1930–1940-Ϲ ϷϷ. ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼГ Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ ЃЄЂ϶ЂϸϼϿϼЅА ЅϼϿϴЀϼ ϜЁЅІϼІЇІϴ ϼЅІЂЄϼϼ, ГϻЏϾϴ ϼ ϿϼІϹЄϴІЇЄЏ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁЅϾЂϷЂ ЈϼϿϼϴϿϴ ϔϾϴϸϹЀϼϼ ЁϴЇϾ
ϥϥϥϤ. ϖ 1937 Ϸ. ϵЏϿϴ ЅЂϻϸϴЁϴ ϩЂЄϹϻЀЅϾϴГ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷЂ-БІЁЂϷЄϴЈϼЋϹЅϾϴГ БϾЅЃϹϸϼЊϼГ, ϶ 1946 Ϸ. ЁϴЋϴϿϴ
Ѕ϶ЂВ ϸϹГІϹϿАЁЂЅІА ϲϺЁЂ-ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁЅϾϴГ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϴГ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЁϴГ БϾЅЃϹϸϼЊϼГ, ϴ ϶ 1951 Ϸ.
϶ ЅІЄЇϾІЇЄϹ ϔϾϴϸϹЀϼϼ ЁϴЇϾ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ ϵЏϿ ЂІϾЄЏІ ϜЁЅІϼІЇІ ϼЅІЂЄϼϼ, ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼϼ ϼ БІЁЂϷЄϴЈϼϼ. ϖЂ ϶ІЂЄЂϽ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁϹ 1940–1950-Љ ϷϷ. ЁϴЋϴϿϼЅА ЃϿϴЁЂЀϹЄЁЏϹ ЌϼЄЂϾЂЀϴЅЌІϴϵЁЏϹ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЄϴϵЂІЏ, ЅІϴ϶ϼ϶ЌϼϹ ϻϴϸϴЋϹϽ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЁЂϹ ϼϻЇЋϹЁϼϹ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЏЉ БЃЂЉ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϽ
ϼЅІЂЄϼϼ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ.
ϕϿϴϷЂϸϴЄГ ЄϴϵЂІϴЀ ϕ. ϔ. ϞЇЈІϼЁϴ, ϖ. Ϡ. ϠϴЅЅЂЁϴ, ϔ. Ϩ. ϗϴЁГϿϼЁϴ, ϔ. ϔ. ϠϴЄЇЍϹЁϾЂ ϼ ϸЄЇϷϼЉ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷЂ϶, ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ ЅІϹЃЁЂϷЂ ЂϵϿϼϾϴ ϵЏϿϴ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁϴ ϶ ϶ϹЄЉЁϼЉ ЅϿЂГЉ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϽ БЃЂЉϼ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ЃЂϸϷЂЄЁЂϽ ЃЂϿЂЅЏ ϞЂЃϹІϸϴϷϴ — ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ-ϸϹЃϹ, ϦϹϾϾϹЀ-ϸϹЃϹ,
ϙϿАϾϹЁ-ϸϹЃϹ, ϥϹЄЀϴЁЋϴ-ϸϹЃϹ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ϶ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЉ ЅϿЂГЉ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϽ ϸϹϿАІЏ ϠЇЄϷϴϵϴ — ϦϴЉϼЄϵϴϽ 3, ϔЇЋϼЁ-ϸϹЃϹ ϼ ϸЄЇϷϼЉ. ϕЂϿАЌЂϹ ϾЂϿϼЋϹЅІ϶Ђ ЅІϹЃЁЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼ ЅЂϵЄϴϿϼ Ѕ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІϼ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϼЉ ЅІЂГЁЂϾ, ЊϹЃЂЋϾЂϽ ЃЄЂІГЁЇ϶ЌϼЉЅГ ϶ϸЂϿА ЄЇЅϿϴ
ϧϻϵЂГ ϸЂ ϞЄϴЅЁЂ϶ЂϸЅϾЂϷЂ Ѓ-Ђ϶ϴ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ Ёϴ ЅІЂГЁϾϴЉ Ї ϸЄϹ϶ЁϼЉ ϾЂϿЂϸЊϹ϶, ЄϴЅЃЂϿЂϺϹЁЁЏЉ ϶ ϸϹϿАІϹ
ϠЇЄϷϴϵϴ (ϞЇЈІϼЁ 1954: 25; ϗϴЁГϿϼЁ 1956: 86; ϦЂϿЅІЂ϶ 1958: 57; ϜІϼЁϴ 1958: 274; ϠϴЄЇЍϹЁϾЂ 1959:
60; ϠϴЅЅЂЁ 1959: 116). ϡϴϼϵЂϿϹϹ ЃЂϿЁϴГ Ѕ϶ЂϸϾϴ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЂ϶ ЅІϹЃЁЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ, ЂІϾЄЏІЏЉ Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼϼ ϶ 1930–1950-Ϲ ϷϷ., ЂЃЇϵϿϼϾЂ϶ϴЁϴ ϙ. ϙ. ϞЇϻАЀϼЁЂϽ (ϞЇϻАЀϼЁϴ 1964).
ϖ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЇВЍϼϹ ϸϹЅГІϼϿϹІϼГ ЋϼЅϿЂ ЁϴЉЂϸЂϾ ЅІϹЃЁЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ БЃЂЉϼ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼϼ ϶ЂϻЄЂЅϿЂ. ϖ ЅϹЄϹϸϼЁϹ 1960-Љ ϷϷ. ϶ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЂ-ϻϴЃϴϸЁЏЉ ЄϴϽЂЁϴЉ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ
ϔ. Ϡ. ϠϴЁϸϹϿАЌІϴЀ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴϿ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЁЏϹ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϼ, ЂЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЁЏϹ ЅІϹЃЁЏЀϼ (ЅЄЇϵЁЏЀϼ) ЃϿϹЀϹЁϴЀϼ (ϠϴЁϸϹϿАЌІϴЀ 1966; 1967). ϕЂϿАЌЂϹ ϾЂϿϼЋϹЅІ϶Ђ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ ЅІϹЃЁЂϷЂ ЂϵϿϼϾϴ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϼϿϼ ЃЄϼ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼϼ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЂϴϻϼЅЂ϶ ϸϹϿАІЏ ϠЇЄϷϴϵϴ ϶ ϲϷЂ-ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂЀ
ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϹ. ϥІϹЃЁϴГ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ ϻϸϹЅА ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϴ ϷϿϴ϶ЁЏЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ ЃЂϸЎϹЀЁЏЀϼ ЅϵЂЄϴЀϼ Ѕ
ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІϼ Єϴϻ϶ϹГЁЁЏЉ ЅІЂГЁЂϾ, ЂϾЄЇϺϴВЍϼЉ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϴЀϼ Ёϴ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГЉ ϔЇЋϼЁ 1, 7, 10, 11, 12, 16; ϔϸϺϼ-ϞЇϼ 8; ϦϴЉϼЄϵϴϽ 3, 11, 12, 13, 14; ϗЂЁЇЄ 1;
ϦЂϷЂϿЂϾ 1, 2, 8, 12, 13; ϦϴϼЃ 1 ϼ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ϸЄЇϷϼЉ (ϥϴЄϼϴЁϼϸϼ 1975; 1990; ϠϴЅϼЀЂ϶ 1979; ϞЇϻАЀϼЁϴ,
ϟГЃϼЁ 1984; P’iankova 1993). ϖ ϾЂЁЊϹ 1990-Љ ϷϷ. ϼІϴϿАГЁЅϾϼЀϼ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϴЀϼ ϵЏϿϴ ЂЃЇϵϿϼϾЂ϶ϴЁϴ
Ѕ϶ЂϸЁϴГ ϾϴЄІϴ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϽ ϸϹϿАІЏ ϠЇЄϷϴϵϴ, Ёϴ ϾЂІЂЄЂϽ ЇϾϴϻϴЁЏ ЂІϾЄЏІЏϹ ϶ ЅϹЄϹϸϼЁϹ 1990-Љ ϷϷ. ЁЂ϶ЏϹ ЀϹЅІЂЁϴЉЂϺϸϹЁϼГ ЅІϹЃЁЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ (Cerasetti 1998). ϖ ЃЂϸϷЂЄЁЂϽ
ЃЂϿЂЅϹ ϞЂЃϹІϸϴϷϴ ЁЂ϶ЏϹ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϼ ЅІϹЃЁЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ ϶ ϶ϹЄЉЁϼЉ ϾЄЂВЍϼЉ ЅϿЂГЉ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϽ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ-ϸϹЃϹ ϼ ϦϹϾϾϹЀ-ϸϹЃϹ (ϩϿЂЃϼЁϴ 1972; Hlopina 1972; ϭϹІϹЁϾЂ,
ϞЇІϼЀЂ϶ 1999).
ϠϹІϴϿϿϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ ЅІϹЃЁЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ, ЃЂϸϴ϶ϿГВЍϹϹ ЋϼЅϿЂ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿГВІ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏϹ
ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾϼ ЅІЄϹϿ ϼ ϸЄЂІϼϾЂ϶, Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ ЄϹϸϾϼ ϼ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ ϶ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЂЀ
ЅϿЇЋϴϽЁЏЀϼ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϴЀϼ. ϢІϸϹϿАЁЏϹ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ ϼϻ ЀϹІϴϿϿϴ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸГІ ϼϻ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϽ ϔЁϴЇ, ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴϸϹЃϹ, ϦϴЉϼЄϵϴϽ 2, ϳϻ-ϸϹЃϹ ϼ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ϸЄЇϷϼЉ (ϞЇϻАЀϼЁϴ 1966).
87
:
,
,
ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ЃЄЂЊϹЅЅ ЃЄЂЁϼϾЁЂ϶ϹЁϼГ ЅІϹЃЁЏЉ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ ϶ БЃЂЉЇ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼВ ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ ϶ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂЀ ЂІЁЂЌϹЁϼϼ ЈϼϾЅϼЄЇϹІЅГ ЃЂ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϴЀ
ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϴ ЅІϹЃЁЂϷЂ ЂϵϿϼϾϴ. ϖ ЂϵЍϹϽ ЅϿЂϺЁЂЅІϼ ϶ ЁϴЅІЂГЍϹϹ ϶ЄϹЀГ Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ
ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЂ ϵЂϿϹϹ 25 ЃЇЁϾІЂ϶ ЀϹЅІЂЁϴЉЂϺϸϹЁϼϽ ЅІϹЃЁЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ БЃЂЉϼ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϽ
ϵЄЂЁϻЏ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ϵЂϿϹϹ 10 ЃЇЁϾІЂ϶ ЁϴЉЂϸЂϾ ЀϹІϴϿϿϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ БІЂϷЂ ϺϹ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ.
ϛϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾϼϹ Њϼ϶ϼϿϼϻϴЊϼϼ БЃЂЉϼ БЁϹЂϿϼІϴ-ϵЄЂЁϻЏ, ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЄϴЅЃЂϿЂϺϹЁЏ
϶ ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЏЉ ЄϴϽЂЁϴЉ ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ, ϼЀϹВІ ϸЄϹ϶ЁВВ ϼЅІЂЄϼВ, ЇЉЂϸГ ϾЂЄЁГЀϼ ϶
БЃЂЉЇ ЁϹЂϿϼІϴ, ϶ЄϹЀГ ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸϴ ЂІ ЃЄϼЅ϶ϴϼ϶ϴВЍϹϷЂ ЉЂϻГϽЅІ϶ϴ Ͼ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸГЍϹЀЇ. ϖЂϻЁϼϾЁЇ϶ ϶ ϾЂЁЊϹ VII–VI ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (ϸϺϹϽІЇЁЅϾϴГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴ), ϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГ Єϴϻ϶ϼ϶ϴВІЅГ, ЋϼЅϿϹЁЁЂЅІА ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ЃЂЅІϹЃϹЁЁЂ ЄϴЅІϹІ, ЂЅ϶ϴϼ϶ϴВІЅГ ЁЂ϶ЏϹ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ЂϵϼІϴЁϼГ. ϖ БЃЂЉЇ БЁϹЂϿϼІϴ
ЅЂ϶ϹЄЌϹЁЅІ϶ЇВІЅГ Ёϴ϶ЏϾϼ ϷЂЁЋϴЄЅІ϶ϴ ϼ ЂϵЄϴϵЂІϾϼ ϻϹЀϿϼ, ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸϼІ ЅІϴЁЂ϶ϿϹЁϼϹ ЃЄϼϸЂЀЁЂϷЂ
ЅϾЂІЂ϶ЂϸЅІ϶ϴ. ϖ БЃЂЉЇ ЄϴЁЁϹϽ ϼ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ, ϶ III ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (ЃЂ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ЌϾϴϿϹ
ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼϼ ϸϴЁЁЂϹ ϶ЄϹЀГ ЂІЁЂЅϼІЅГ Ͼ БЃЂЉϹ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ IV ϼ V), ϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾϼϹ Њϼ϶ϼϿϼϻϴЊϼϼ ВϷϴ
ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ ϸЂЅІϼϷϴВІ ЃϼϾϴ Ѕ϶ЂϹϷЂ Єϴϻ϶ϼІϼГ, ЃЄϼЂϵЄϹІϴГ ЋϹЄІЏ ЃЄЂІЂϷЂЄЂϸЂ϶ (ϔϿІЏЁ-ϸϹЃϹ).
ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ϶ БЃЂЉЇ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ЁϴЋϼЁϴГ ЅЂ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (϶ЄϹЀГ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ VI) ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸϼІ ЅЃϴϸ ϶
Єϴϻ϶ϼІϼϼ ЀϹЅІЁЂϽ ϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ: ϺϼϻЁА Ёϴ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГЉ ЃЂЅІϹЃϹЁЁЂ ЇϷϴЅϴϹІ, ЋϼЅϿϹЁЁЂЅІА ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϻЁϴЋϼІϹϿАЁЂ ЇЀϹЁАЌϴϹІЅГ, ЅЂϾЄϴЍϴВІЅГ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϽ. ϣЂ ЀЁϹЁϼВ ЄГϸϴ
ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿϹϽ, ϶ БІЂ ϶ЄϹЀГ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸϼІ ЂІІЂϾ ЋϴЅІϼ ϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϼϻ ЃЂϸϷЂЄЁЂϽ
ЃЂϿЂЅЏ ϞЂЃϹІϸϴϷϴ ϶ ϸЄЇϷϼϹ ЄϴϽЂЁЏ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϔϻϼϼ — ϶ ϲϷЂ-ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЏϽ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁ (ЂϵϿϴЅІА
ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϽ ϸϹϿАІЏ ϠЇЄϷϴϵϴ), ϷϸϹ ЈЂЄЀϼЄЇϹІЅГ ЀЇЄϷϴϵЅϾϼϽ ϶ϴЄϼϴЁІ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ VI, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ϶
ВϺЁЏϹ ЄϴϽЂЁЏ ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϧϻϵϹϾϼЅІϴЁϴ ϼ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЁЏϹ ЄϴϽЂЁЏ ϔЈϷϴЁϼЅІϴЁϴ, ϷϸϹ ЂϵЄϴϻЇВІЅГ ЀϹЅІЁЏϹ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЏ ϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ БЃЂЉϼ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ, ЄЂϸЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏϹ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϹ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ VI
(ЅϴЃϴϿϿϼЁЅϾϴГ ϼ ϸϴЌϿϼЁЅϾϴГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ) (ϠϴЅЅЂЁ 1959: 23; 1966ϵ: 169, 170; 1981: 130; ϠϴЅϼЀЂ϶ 1979:
126; ϩϿЂЃϼЁ 1988: 65, 67, 68; ϔЅϾϴЄЂ϶ 1977: 112; 1989: 160).
ϞϴϾЂ϶Џ ϺϹ ϵЏϿϼ ЃЄϼЋϼЁЏ ϸϿГ ЅІЂϿА ϷϿЇϵЂϾϼЉ ϼϻЀϹЁϹЁϼϽ ϶ ϺϼϻЁϼ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾϼЉ
ЃϿϹЀϹЁ, ЂϵϼІϴ϶ЌϼЉ ϶ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ VI Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ?
ϜЅЉЂϸГ ϼϻ ЁϴЉЂϸЂϾ ϶ ϸϴЁЁЂЀ ЄϹϷϼЂЁϹ ЅІϹЃЁЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ, ЀЁЂϷϼϹ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿϼ Ѕ϶ГϻЏ϶ϴϿϼ
ЃЄϼЋϼЁЇ ϼЅЋϹϻЁЂ϶ϹЁϼГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ VI Ѕ ЃЄϼЉЂϸЂЀ ϼϻ ЅІϹЃЁЂϽ ϻЂЁЏ ϙ϶Єϴϻϼϼ ϶ЂϼЁЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЉ
ϾЂЋϹ϶ЁϼϾЂ϶, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ϻϴ϶ЂϹ϶ϴϿϼ ЀϹЅІЁЏϹ ϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЃϿϹЀϹЁϴ. ϱІϴ ІЂЋϾϴ ϻЄϹЁϼГ ϶ЂϻЁϼϾϿϴ ϹЍϹ
϶ ЁϴЋϴϿϹ XX ϶., ϾЂϷϸϴ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЁϴГ ϶ ϶ϹЄЉЁϼЉ ЅϿЂГЉ ϲϺЁЂϷЂ ЉЂϿЀϴ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϔЁϴЇ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ
ІϼЃϴ ϳϻ I ϵЏϿϴ ЂЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄϼϻЂ϶ϴЁϴ Ϥ. ϣϴЀЃϹϿϿϼ ϾϴϾ «϶ϴЄ϶ϴЄЅϾϴГ», ϴ ϹϹ ЃЂГ϶ϿϹЁϼϹ Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁЂ Ѕ ЃЄЂЁϼϾЁЂ϶ϹЁϼϹЀ ϶ ϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾϼϽ ЂϴϻϼЅ ЃЄϼЌϿЂϷЂ «϶ϴЄ϶ϴЄЅϾЂϷЂ» ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϼ ЁϴЅІЇЃϿϹЁϼϹЀ «ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ
϶ϴЄ϶ϴЄЅϾЂϽ ЂϾϾЇЃϴЊϼϼ» (Pumpelly 1908: 49). ϖЃЂЅϿϹϸЅІ϶ϼϼ ϸϴЁЁϴГ ϷϼЃЂІϹϻϴ ϵЏϿϴ ЃЂϸϸϹЄϺϴЁϴ ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЏЀϼ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿГЀϼ. ϔ. ϔ. ϠϴЄЇЍϹЁϾЂ ЅЋϼІϴϿ, ЋІЂ ЅІϴЄϴГ ЀϹЅІЁϴГ ϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾϴГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴ ЅЀϹЌϴϿϴЅА Ѕ БϿϹЀϹЁІϴЀϼ ЃЄϼЌϿЂϽ ЅϾЂІЂ϶ЂϸЋϹЅϾЂϽ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЃЂЅІϹЃϹЁЁЂ, Ͼ ϾЂЁЊЇ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.,
ϴЅЅϼЀϼϿϼЄЇВІ ЅІϴЄЇВ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЇ ϼ ϶ϴЄ϶ϴЄϼϻϼЄЇВІ ϹϹ (ϠϴЄЇЍϹЁϾЂ 1956: 9). ϔ. Ϩ. ϗϴЁГϿϼЁ, ІϴϾϺϹ
ЇϾϴϻЏ϶ϴГ Ёϴ ЂϵЄϴϻЂ϶ϴЁϼϹ ЁЂ϶ЂϽ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ, Г϶ϿГВЍϹϽЅГ ЅϼЁІϹϻЂЀ ЀϹЅІЁЂϽ ϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϼ ЃЄϼЌϿЂϽ ЅϾЂІЂ϶ЂϸЋϹЅϾЂϽ, ϷЂ϶ЂЄϼϿ Ђ ϷϼϵϹϿϼ ϶ЂЂϵЍϹ ϶ЅϹϽ ЀϹЅІЁЂϽ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϶ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϹϽ ЋϹІ϶ϹЄІϼ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (ϗϴЁГϿϼЁ 1956: 84–86). ϢϸЁϴ ϼϻ ϾЄЇЃЁϹϽЌϼЉ
ЅЃϹЊϼϴϿϼЅІЂ϶ ϶ ЂϵϿϴЅІϼ ϼϻЇЋϹЁϼГ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ЅІϹЃЁЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ БЃЂЉϼ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϽ
ϔϻϼϼ ϙ. ϙ. ϞЇϻАЀϼЁϴ, ЂЃϼЄϴГЅА Ёϴ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ϴ ЃЂϺϴЄϼЍϴ Ёϴ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾЂЀ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϼ
ϦϹϾϾϹЀ-ϸϹЃϹ, ϷϸϹ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ ЅІϹЃЁЂϷЂ ЂϵϿϼϾϴ Ёϴ ЂϸЁЂЀ ϼϻ ЇЋϴЅІϾЂ϶ ЄϴЅϾЂЃЂϾ ϵЏϿϴ ЁϴϽϸϹЁϴ Ёϴϸ ЅϿЂϹЀ
ЃϹЃϿϴ (ЄϴЅϾЂЃϾϼ ϔ. Ϩ. ϗϴЁГϿϼЁϴ), ϸϹϿϴϹІ ϶Џ϶Ђϸ Ђ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ ϶ІЂЄϺϹЁϼϹ Ѕ ЅϹ϶ϹЄϴ ϾЂЋϹ϶ЁϼϾЂ϶-ЅϾЂІЂ϶ЂϸЂ϶ ЅЃЄЂ϶ЂЊϼЄЂ϶ϴϿЂ ϷϼϵϹϿА ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЊϹ϶ (ϞЇϻАЀϼЁϴ 1964: 150; 1994: 239; ϖϼЁЂϷЄϴϸЂ϶ϴ,
ϞЇϻАЀϼЁϴ 1986: 131).
ϕЂϿϹϹ ІЂϷЂ, ЃЂ ЀЁϹЁϼВ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿϹϽ, ЃЄЂЁϼϾЁЂ϶ϹЁϼϹ ЅІϹЃЁЏЉ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼВ ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ ϶ БЃЂЉЇ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ЅЃЂЅЂϵЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴϿЂ ЁϹ ІЂϿАϾЂ ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂϽ ϷϼϵϹϿϼ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾЂϽ Њϼ϶ϼϿϼϻϴЊϼϼ БЃЂЉϼ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ VI, ЁЂ ϼ ЈЂЄЀϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼВ ЃЄϼЁЊϼЃϼϴϿАЁЂ
ЁЂ϶ЏЉ ϶ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂЀ ЂІЁЂЌϹЁϼϼ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЂ϶ ІϼЃϴ ϳϻ I, ЅϿЂϺϹЁϼϹ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸϼІ Ёϴ ЄЇϵϹϺϹ II ϼ I ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϥІЄϴІϼϷЄϴЈϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЁϴϵϿВϸϹЁϼГ ЄϴЅϾЂЃЂϾ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЂ϶ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ІϼЃϴ ϳϻ I Ёϴ
ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ϲϺЁЂϽ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼϼ ЃЂϾϴϻϴϿϼ, ЋІЂ ϶Ђ ϶ЅϹЉ ЅϿЇЋϴГЉ ϹϹ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿЏ ЃϹЄϹϾЄЏ϶ϴВІ ЅϿЂϼ
ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ VI. ϱЃЂЉϴ ϳϻ I ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄϼϻЇϹІЅГ ϾϴϾ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ϸϴϿАЁϹϽЌϹϷЂ Єϴϻ϶ϼІϼГ ЂЅϹϸϿЂ-ϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЂϵЍϼЁ ϲϺЁЂϷЂ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ (ϠϴЅЅЂЁ 1959: 91). ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЏ БІЂϷЂ ϶ЄϹ88
ЀϹЁϼ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂ ЂІϿϼЋϴВІЅГ ЂІ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЂ϶ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ VI, ЋІЂ ϸϴϿЂ ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁϼϹ Ѕ϶ГϻϴІА
ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼϹ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϳϻ I ϿϼϵЂ Ѕ ЃЄϼЉЂϸЂЀ Ёϴ ϸϴЁЁЇВ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼВ ЁЂ϶ЂϷЂ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼГ, ϿϼϵЂ Ѕ
ІЄϴЁЅЈЂЄЀϴЊϼϹϽ ЃЄϹϸЌϹЅІ϶ЇВЍϹϽ ϹϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ VI ЃЂϸ ϶ЂϻϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼϹЀ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЁЏЉ
ЅІϹЃЁЏЉ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ. ϢϸЁϼЀ ϼϻ ЁϴϼϵЂϿϹϹ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЏЉ ЃЄϼϻЁϴϾЂ϶, ЂІϿϼЋϴВЍϼЀ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЏ ІϼЃϴ ϳϻ I
ЂІ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЂ϶ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ VI, Г϶ϿГϹІЅГ ϿϹЃЁϴГ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ ϶ЏЅЂϾЂϷЂ ϾϴЋϹЅІ϶ϴ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϼГ. ϞϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ
ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁϴ ЄϴЅЃϼЅЁЏЀ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІЂЀ, ϶ЏЃЂϿЁϹЁЁЏЀ ϾЄϴЅЁЂ-ϾЂЄϼЋЁϹ϶ЂϽ ϾЄϴЅϾЂϽ ЃЂ ϻϹϿϹЁЂ϶ϴІЂ-ϵϹϿЂЀЇ ЈЂЁЇ. ϖ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϴϿАЁЏЉ ϾЂЀЃЂϻϼЊϼГЉ ЃЄϹЂϵϿϴϸϴВІ ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЏϹ ϷϹЂЀϹІЄϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЈϼϷЇЄЏ —
ІЄϹЇϷЂϿАЁϼϾϼ, ЄЂЀϵЏ, ЃϼЄϴЀϼϸЏ, ϻϴЌІЄϼЉЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϹ ϾЂЅЂϽ ЅϹІϾЂϽ. ϖϹϸЇЍϴГ ЈЂЄЀϴ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ — ЃЂϿЇЅЈϹЄϼЋϹЅϾϴГ ЋϴЌϴ Ѕ ЄϴЅЃϼЅЁЏЀ ЈЄϼϻЂЀ.
ϙЅІϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂ, ЋІЂ ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾϴГ ЃЂЅЇϸϴ ІϴϾЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂ ЂІϿϼЋϴϿϴЅА ЂІ ЃЄϹϸЌϹЅІ϶ЇВЍϹϽ ϼ ϶ЏϷϿГϸϹϿϴ ϸЂ϶ЂϿАЁЂ ЁϹЂϺϼϸϴЁЁЂ Ёϴ ЈЂЁϹ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ ІϼЃϴ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ VI. ϢЋϹ϶ϼϸϹЁ Г϶ЁЏϽ
ЄϴϻЄЏ϶ Ѕ ЁϴЀϴϻϷϼЁЅϾϼЀϼ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЀϼ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼГЀϼ, ЁЂ ϾϴϾЂ϶Џ ЃЄϼЋϼЁЏ БІЂϷЂ ЄϴϻЄЏ϶ϴ? ϖ ϼЅІЂЄϼЂϷЄϴЈϼϼ ϶ЂЃЄЂЅϴ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼГ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЂ϶ ІϼЃϴ ϳϻ I ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶ЇВІ ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾЂ ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЏЉ
ІЂЋϹϾ ϻЄϹЁϼГ, ЂϸЁϴϾЂ ЁϴϼϵЂϿАЌϹϹ ЋϼЅϿЂ ЅІЂЄЂЁЁϼϾЂ϶ ЃЂϿЇЋϼϿϴ ϷϼЃЂІϹϻϴ Ђ ЃЂГ϶ϿϹЁϼϼ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЁЏЉ
ЅІϹЃЁЏЉ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ ϼ ЅϼЁІϹϻϴ ϼЉ Ѕ ЀϹЅІЁЂϽ ϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЂϽ. ϞϴϾ ЇϺϹ ЂІЀϹЋϴϿЂЅА, ϼϸϹГ
Ђ ЃЄϼЉЂϸϹ ϾЂЋϹ϶ЏЉ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ ϼ, ϾϴϾ ЅϿϹϸЅІ϶ϼϹ БІЂϷЂ, ЄϹϻϾЂϽ ЅЀϹЁϹ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ Ёϴ ВϷϹ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ ϵЏϿϴ ЃЄϹϸϿЂϺϹЁϴ ϶ ЁϴЋϴϿϹ XX ϶. ϴЀϹЄϼϾϴЁЅϾϼЀ ЇЋϹЁЏЀ Ϥ. ϣϴЀЃϹϿϿϼ
(Pumpelly 1908: 49). ϖ ЅϹЄϹϸϼЁϹ 1950-Љ ϷϷ. БІЇ ϷϼЃЂІϹϻЇ ЅІϴϿ Єϴϻ϶ϼ϶ϴІА ϖ. Ϡ. ϠϴЅЅЂЁ, ЅϸϹϿϴ϶ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼϹ Ђ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЂϽ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϴϿАЁЏϽ ЀЂІϼ϶ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ ІϼЃϴ ϳϻ I — ϻϴЌІЄϼЉЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϽ
ІЄϹЇϷЂϿАЁϼϾ — ЀЂϺЁЂ ЅЂЃЂЅІϴ϶ϼІА Ѕ ІЄϹЇϷЂϿАЁЏЀϼ ЀЂІϼ϶ϴЀϼ ϴЁϸЄЂЁЂ϶ЅϾЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ (ϠϴЅЅЂЁ
1956ϵ: 313). ϖ ϸϴϿАЁϹϽЌϹЀ ϖ. Ϡ. ϠϴЅЅЂЁ ЂІϾϴϻϴϿЅГ ЂІ ІϴϾЂϷЂ ЅЄϴ϶ЁϹЁϼГ, ЁϹ ЂІЄϼЊϴГ, ϶ЃЄЂЋϹЀ,
϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂϷЂ ЈϴϾІϴ ϶ϿϼГЁϼГ ЅІϹЃЁЏЉ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ Ёϴ ЀϹЅІЁЇВ ϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾЇВ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЇ (ϠϴЅЅЂЁ
1959: 121; 1966ϴ: 189). ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ϸϴЁЁϴГ ϼϸϹГ ЃЂϿЇЋϼϿϴ ЌϼЄЂϾЇВ ЃЂϸϸϹЄϺϾЇ ϶ ЄϴϵЂІϴЉ ϸЄЇϷϼЉ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿϹϽ. ϖЅϿϹϸ ϻϴ ϖ. Ϡ. ϠϴЅЅЂЁЂЀ ϵϿϼϻϾЂϹ ЅЉЂϸЅІ϶Ђ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϴЊϼϼ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ ІϼЃϴ ϳϻ I ϼ
ЃЂЅЇϸЏ ЅІϹЃЁЏЉ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ ϶ϼϸϹϿϼ ϥ. ϣ. ϦЂϿЅІЂ϶ ϼ Ϡ. ϔ. ϜІϼЁϴ, ЂІЀϹЋϴГ, ЋІЂ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴ ϳϻ I ЀЂϺϹІ
ϵЏІА ЁЂ϶ЂϽ ЅІЇЃϹЁАВ Єϴϻ϶ϼІϼГ ЅІϹЃЁЏЉ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ, ЃЄϼЌϹϸЌϼЉ ϶ ϸϹϿАІЇ ϠЇЄϷϴϵϴ Ѕ ЅϹ϶ϹЄϴ ϼ ЅЀϹЌϴ϶ЌϼЉЅГ Ѕ ЀϹЅІЁЏЀϼ ϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЊϴЀϼ (ϦЂϿЅІЂ϶, ϜІϼЁϴ 1960: 31–32). ϖ. ϔ. ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ ЃЂϿϴϷϴϹІ,
ЋІЂ ЃЂГ϶ϿϹЁϼϹ ϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЂ϶ ІϼЃϴ ϳϻ I ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸϼІ Ёϴ ЈЂЁϹ ϼЁІϹЁЅϼ϶ЁЏЉ ϾЂЁІϴϾІЂ϶ ЅІϹЃЁЂϷЂ ϼ ϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϼ ЈЂЄЀϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼϹ ГϻЂ϶ЅϾϼЉ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЂ϶, ϶ϼϸϼЀЂ,
ЅЂ϶ϹЄЌϼϿЂЅА ЁϹ ϵϹϻ ЇЋϴЅІϼГ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЁЏЉ ЅІϹЃЁЏЉ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ (ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 1989: 156). ϔЁϴϿЂϷϼЋЁЏϹ ЅЂЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼГ Ђ ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂЀ ЇЋϴЅІϼϼ ЅІϹЃЁЏЉ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ ϶ ЅϿЂϺϹЁϼϼ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЂ϶ ІϼЃϴ ϳϻ I ϶ ЄϴϻЁЏϹ
ϷЂϸЏ ϶ЏЅϾϴϻЏ϶ϴϿϼЅА ϔ. ϔ. ϔЅϾϴЄЂ϶ЏЀ, Ϡ. ϔ. ϜІϼЁЂϽ, ϡ. Ϡ. ϖϼЁЂϷЄϴϸЂ϶ЂϽ (ϔЅϾϴЄЂ϶ 1979: 36, 37;
ϜІϼЁϴ 1986: 135; ϖϼЁЂϷЄϴϸЂ϶ϴ 1987: 87–88). ϲ. ϔ. ϛϴϸЁϹЃЄЂ϶ЅϾϼϽ ϷЂ϶ЂЄϼϿ Ђϵ ϼЁІϹϷЄϴЊϼϼ ЀϹЅІЁЏЉ ЁϴЀϴϻϷϼЁЅϾϼЉ ϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЊϹ϶ Ѕ ϴЁϸЄЂЁЂ϶ЊϴЀϼ, ϶ЅϿϹϸЅІ϶ϼϹ ЋϹϷЂ ϶ЂϻЁϼϾϿϴ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴ ϳϻ I, ϶ ϾЂІЂЄЂϽ ϴЁϸЄЂЁЂ϶ЅϾϼϽ ϾЂЀЃЂЁϹЁІ ϵЏϿ ЃЂϿЁЂЅІАВ ϴЅЅϼЀϼϿϼЄЂ϶ϴЁ (ϛϴϸЁϹЃЄЂ϶ЅϾϼϽ 1994: 25–26).
ϙ. ϙ. ϞЇϻАЀϼЁϴ, ЃЂϸЋϹЄϾϼ϶ϴГ, ЋІЂ ϶ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϹ ІϼЃϴ ϳϻ I ЅЂЉЄϴЁГВІЅГ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЋϹЄІЏ, ІϼЃϼЋЁЏϹ
ϸϿГ ЅІϹЃЁЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ (ЁϴϿϹЃЁЏϹ ϶ϴϿϼϾϼ, ϾЂЅЏϹ ЁϴЅϹЋϾϼ ϼ І. ϸ.), ϷЂ϶ЂЄϼІ Ђ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϽ ЄЂϿϼ
ЅІϹЃЁЏЉ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ ϶ ЅϿЂϺϹЁϼϼ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ «БЃЂЉϼ ϶ϴЄ϶ϴЄЅϾЂϽ ЂϾϾЇЃϴЊϼϼ» (ϞЇϻАЀϼЁϴ 1966: 155). ϣЂ
ϹϹ ЀЁϹЁϼВ, ЃЄϴϾІϼЋϹЅϾϼ ϶ЅϹ ЀϹІϴϿϿϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ «ЂϵЍЁЂЅІϼ ϿϹЃЁЂϽ ЄϴЅЃϼЅЁЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ»
ϼЀϹВІ ЅІϹЃЁЂϹ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼϹ ϼ ЀЂϷЇІ ϵЏІА ІϼЃЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼ Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁЏ Ѕ ЅϴЄϷϴЄϼЁЅϾЂ-ϴϿϹϾЅϹϹ϶ЅϾЂϽ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼϹϽ ЀϹІϴϿϿЂЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸЅІ϶ϴ (ϞЇϻАЀϼЁϴ 2008: 318–320). ϨЂЄЀϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼϹ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЂ϶
ϳϻ I ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸϼϿЂ ϶ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІϹ «ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸϴ ЁЂЀϴϸЂ϶ Ͼ ЂЅϹϸϿЂЀЇ ЂϵЄϴϻЇ ϺϼϻЁϼ, ϶ЂЅЃЄϼГІϼВ ЀϹЅІЁЂϽ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿАЁЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ <…> ϣϹЄϼЂϸ ϳϻ I ϸϹЀЂЁЅІЄϼЄЇϹІ ЇϺϹ ЅϿϹϸЇВЍϼϽ БІϴЃ: ϾЂϷϸϴ ЃЄЂЊϹЅЅ ЅϼЁІϹϻϴ ϸ϶ЇЉ БІЁϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϷЄЇЃЃ ЇϺϹ ϻϴ϶ϹЄЌϼϿЅГ ϼ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸϼІ ЅϿЂϺϹЁϼϹ ЁЂ϶ЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ»
(ϦϴЀ ϺϹ: 321).
ϣЄϹϸϿϴϷϴГ ЅЂϵЅІ϶ϹЁЁЇВ ЂЊϹЁϾЇ ϶ЂЃЄЂЅϴЀ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЉ ϾЂЁІϴϾІЂ϶ ЅІϹЃЁЂϷЂ ϼ ϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϶ БЃЂЉЇ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ, ЀЏ ЉЂІϼЀ
ЄϴЅЅЀЂІЄϹІА ϸϴЁЁЇВ ЃЄЂϵϿϹЀЇ ϶ ϾЂЁІϹϾЅІϹ ϼЁІϹЄЃЄϹІϴЊϼЂЁЁЏЉ ЅЃЂЅЂϵЂ϶ ϼϻЇЋϹЁϼГ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϴ, ϶ ϸϴЁЁЂЀ ЅϿЇЋϴϹ — ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ ЅІϹЃЁЂϷЂ ЂϵϿϼϾϴ.
ϢЅЁЂ϶ЁЏЀ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЀ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿЂЀ, Ёϴ ϾЂІЂЄЂЀ ЅІЄЂϼϿϼЅА ϷϼЃЂІϹϻЏ Ђ ϷϼϵϹϿϼ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾЂϽ Њϼ϶ϼϿϼϻϴЊϼϼ БЃЂЉϼ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ VI ϶ЅϿϹϸЅІ϶ϼϹ ЃЄЂЁϼϾЁЂ϶ϹЁϼГ Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼВ
ЅІϹЃЁЏЉ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ ϼ ϼЉ ЇЋϴЅІϼϼ ϶ ЅϿЂϺϹЁϼϼ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЂ϶ ІϼЃϴ ϳϻ I, Г϶ϿГϹІЅГ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ ЅІϹЃЁЂϷЂ
ІϼЃϴ, ЀЁЂϷЂЋϼЅϿϹЁЁЏϹ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϼ ϾЂІЂЄЂϽ ϶ ЁϹЃЂЅЄϹϸЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϽ ϵϿϼϻϼ ϼ ЂІЋϴЅІϼ ϸϴϺϹ ϶ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЉ
89
:
,
,
ЅϿЂГЉ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϽ ЃЄϼ϶ϹϿϼ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿϹϽ Ͼ ІϴϾЂϷЂ ЄЂϸϴ ϻϴϾϿВЋϹЁϼГЀ.
ϞЇϿАІЇЄЁϴГ ϴІЄϼϵЇЊϼГ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ ЅІϹЃЁЂϷЂ ЂϵϿϼϾϴ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ ϶ ЄϴϻЁЏϹ ϷЂϸЏ ЁЂЅϼϿϴ
ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЏϽ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄ: ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿϼ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿГϿϼ ϹϹ ЃЄϼЁϴϸϿϹϺЁЂЅІА ϾϴϾ ϴЁϸЄЂЁЂ϶ЅϾЂ-ІϴϻϴϵϴϷЎГϵЅϾЇВ (ϠϴЅЅЂЁ 1956ϴ: 251; ϗϴЁГϿϼЁ 1956: 86), ϴЁϸЄЂЁЂ϶ЅϾЇВ (ϟϴІЏЁϼЁ 1958: 48; ϠϴЅЅЂЁ 1959:
116; ϔЅϾϴЄЂ϶ 1962: 37; ϥϴЄϼϴЁϼϸϼ 1975: 25; 1990: 63), ІϴϻϴϵϴϷЎГϵЅϾЇВ (ϗЇϿГЀЂ϶ ϼ ϸЄ. 1966: 218–219;
ϜІϼЁϴ 1959: 53; 1961: 73; ϦЂϿЅІЂ϶, ϜІϼЁϴ 1960: 29), ЅЄЇϵЁЂ-ϴЁϸЄЂЁЂ϶ЅϾЇВ (ϞЇϻАЀϼЁϴ 1964: 152–154;
ϠϴЄЇЍϹЁϾЂ 1956: 9) ϿϼϵЂ ϺϹ ЅЄЇϵЁЇВ (ϖϼЁЂϷЄϴϸЂ϶ϴ, ϞЇϻАЀϼЁϴ 1986: 131; ϞЇϻАЀϼЁϴ 1988: 49, 54;
1994: 231).
ϢϸЁϴ ϼϻ ЃЄϼЋϼЁ, ϾЂІЂЄϴГ ЃЄϼ϶ϹϿϴ ЀЁЂϷϼЉ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿϹϽ Ͼ ϶Џ϶ЂϸϴЀ Ђ ϷϼϵϹϿϼ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾЂϽ Њϼ϶ϼϿϼϻϴЊϼϼ БЃЂЉϼ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ VI ϼ ЅϿЂϺϹЁϼϼ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϳϻ I ϶ Ѕ϶Гϻϼ Ѕ ЃЂГ϶ϿϹЁϼϹЀ ЅІϹЃЁЏЉ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ, ϻϴϾϿВЋϴϹІЅГ ϶ ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾЂ ЇЁϼЈϼЊϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂЀ ЃЂϸЉЂϸϹ Ͼ ЃЄЂϵϿϹЀϹ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϽ ϴІЄϼϵЇЊϼϼ ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿЂ϶ ЅІϹЃЁЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ, ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЁЏЉ Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ.
ϢЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁϼϹ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϽ ЃЄϼЁϴϸϿϹϺЁЂЅІϼ ЅІϹЃЁЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ БЃЂЉϼ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ
Ёϴ ЃЄЂІГϺϹЁϼϼ ϶ЅϹϽ ϶ІЂЄЂϽ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁЏ XX ϶. ЃЄϴϾІϼЋϹЅϾϼ ЁϹ ϼЀϹϿЂ ϸϼЈЈϹЄϹЁЊϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϷЂ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄϴ, ЋІЂ ϶ЏЄϴϺϴϿЂЅА ϶ ЅϿϴϵЂЀ ЄϴϻϷЄϴЁϼЋϹЁϼϼ ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЏЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЉ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼϽ. ϖ ЄϴϵЂІϴЉ ЃЄϴϾІϼЋϹЅϾϼ ϶ЅϹЉ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿϹϽ, ЃЂЅ϶ГЍϹЁЁЏЉ ϶ЂЃЄЂЅϴЀ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϽ ϴІЄϼϵЇЊϼϼ ЅІϹЃЁЏЉ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЂ϶
ϥЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϔϻϼϼ, ЃЄϹЂϵϿϴϸϴϿϴ ІϹЁϸϹЁЊϼГ Ͼ ЇЁϼЈϼϾϴЊϼϼ ЅІϹЃЁЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ БЃЂЉϼ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ
ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ, ЋІЂ ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГϿЂ ЅЋϼІϴІА БІЇ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾЇ ϶ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂЀ ϼ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂЀ ЃϿϴЁϹ ЂϸЁЂЄЂϸЁЂϽ ЃЂ ϶ЅϹЀЇ ϴЄϹϴϿЇ ϹϹ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁϼГ — Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ЁϹ ІЂϿАϾЂ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ, ЁЂ ϼ
϶ ЊϹϿЂЀ ϶ЅϹϽ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϔϻϼϼ (ЁϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ, ІϴϻϴϵϴϷЎГϵЅϾЂϽ — Ϡ. ϔ. ϜІϼЁϴ, ϔ. ϔ. ϔЅϾϴЄЂ϶; ϴЁϸЄЂЁЂ϶ЅϾЂϽ — ϖ. Ϡ. ϠϴЅЅЂЁ, ϖ. Ϝ. ϥϴЄϼϴЁϼϸϼ; ЅЄЇϵЁЂϽ — ϙ. ϙ. ϞЇϻАЀϼЁϴ).
ϞЄЇϷ ЃЄЂϵϿϹЀ, Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁЁЏЉ Ѕ ϶ЂЃЄЂЅϴЀϼ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϽ ϴІЄϼϵЇЊϼϼ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ ЅІϹЃЁЂϷЂ ЂϵϿϼϾϴ
БЃЂЉϼ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ, ϵЏϿ ЄϴЁϹϹ ЄϴЅЅЀЂІЄϹЁ ϴ϶ІЂЄЂЀ ϸϴЁЁЂϽ ЅІϴІАϼ (ϞЇІϼЀЂ϶
1999). ϤϹϻЇϿАІϴІЏ ЅЄϴ϶ЁϼІϹϿАЁЂϷЂ ϴЁϴϿϼϻϴ ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϴ ЅІϹЃЁЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ, ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЁЂϷЂ Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ БІЂϽ ЅІЄϴЁЏ ϻϴ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϼϹ ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾЂ ϸϹЅГІϼϿϹІϼϽ, ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿϼϿϼ ЅϸϹϿϴІА
ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾЂ ϻϴϾϿВЋϹЁϼϽ. ϖ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϹ ϶ЏϸϹϿГВІЅГ ϸ϶Ϲ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЏϹ ЂϵϿϴЅІϼ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁϼГ
ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ ЅІϹЃЁЂϷЂ ЂϵϿϼϾϴ. ϣϹЄ϶ϴГ ЂϵϿϴЅІА ϶ϾϿВЋϴϹІ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЂ-ϻϴЃϴϸЁЏϹ ϼ ВϺЁЏϹ ЄϴϽЂЁЏ ЅІЄϴЁЏ, ϷϸϹ ЃЄϴϾІϼЋϹЅϾϼ ϶ЅГ ЀϴЅЅϴ ЅІϹЃЁЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ ЂІЁЂЅϼІЅГ Ͼ ЅϴЄϷϴЄϼЁЅϾЂ-ϴϿϹϾЅϹϹ϶ЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϽ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼϼ. ϖІЂЄϴГ ЂϵϿϴЅІА ЂЉ϶ϴІЏ϶ϴϹІ ВϷЂ-϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏϹ ЄϴϽЂЁЏ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ (ϸЄϹ϶ЁВВ
ϸϹϿАІЇ ϠЇЄϷϴϵϴ), ϷϸϹ ϶ ЄϴϻЁЂЀ ϾЂϿϼЋϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂЀ ЅЂЂІЁЂЌϹЁϼϼ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЏ ЅЄЇϵЁЏϹ, ϴϿϴϾЇϿАЅϾϼϹ,
ІϴϻϴϵϴϷЎГϵЅϾϼϹ ϼ ЈϹϸЂЄЂ϶ЅϾϼϹ ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЏ. ϖ ІϼЃЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂЀ ЂІЁЂЌϹЁϼϼ ЅІϹЃЁϴГ
ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ ЁϹЂϸЁЂЄЂϸЁϴ ЃЂ ЅЂЅІϴ϶Ї (ЅЄЇϵЁЏϽ, ϴЁϸЄЂЁЂ϶ЅϾϼϽ ϼϿϼ ІϴϻϴϵϴϷЎГϵЅϾϼϽ).
ϟЂϾϴϿАЁЂ ϻϸϹЅА ϶ЏϸϹϿГВІЅГ ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЏϹ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏϹ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЏ — ЅЄЇϵЁЏϹ, ϴϿϴϾЇϿАЅϾϼϹ, ІϴϻϴϵϴϷЎГϵЅϾϼϹ, ЈϹϸЂЄЂ϶ЅϾϼϹ ϼ ЅϴЄϷϴЄϼЁЅϾЂ-ϴϿϹϾЅϹϹ϶ЅϾϼϹ, ЃЂГ϶ϿϹЁϼϹ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ БІЂϽ
ЅІЄϴЁЏ ЂІЁЂЅϼІЅГ Ͼ ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЏЀ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЀ БІϴЃϴЀ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼГ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ ЅІϹЃЁЂϽ ϻЂЁЏ
ϙ϶Єϴϻϼϼ (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ: 322).
ϞϴϾ ЃЂϾϴϻϴϿ ЅЄϴ϶ЁϼІϹϿАЁЏϽ ϴЁϴϿϼϻ, ЁϹЂϸЁЂЄЂϸЁЂЅІА ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϴ ЅІϹЃЁЂϷЂ
ЂϵϿϼϾϴ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ ϶ЏЄϴϺϴϹІЅГ ϷϿϴ϶ЁЏЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ ϶ ЂЅЂϵϹЁЁЂЅІГЉ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁϼГ ЁϴЉЂϸЂϾ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ ІЂϷЂ ϼϿϼ ϼЁЂϷЂ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ϶ ϹϹ ϾЂϿϼЋϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂЀ ЅЂЂІЁЂЌϹЁϼϼ.
ϞЂϿϼЋϹЅІ϶Ђ ЁϴЉЂϸЂϾ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ ЅЄЇϵЁЂϽ ϼ ЈϹϸЂЄЂ϶ЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЉ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼϽ Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ
ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ ЅІЂϿА ЁϹϻЁϴЋϼІϹϿАЁЂ, ЋІЂ ϶ ϸϴЁЁЂЀ ЅϿЇЋϴϹ ЀЂϺЁЂ Ї϶ϹЄϹЁЁЂ ϷЂ϶ЂЄϼІА ІЂϿАϾЂ Ђ ЁϹϵЂϿАЌϼЉ ϼЁЈϼϿАІЄϴЊϼГЉ ЂІϸϹϿАЁЏЉ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ ЅІϹЃЁЂϷЂ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼГ БІϼЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ ϶ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЂϴϻϼЅЏ БЃЂЉϼ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ VI. ϞϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ ЅЄЇϵЁЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ (ЊϹϿЏϽ ЅЂЅЇϸ ϼ ЂІϸϹϿАЁЏϹ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЏ)
ϵЏϿϴ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁϴ Ёϴ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГЉ ϦϴϼЃ-ϸϹЃϹ ϼ ϦЂϷЂϿЂϾ 1 ϶ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϽ ϸϹϿАІϹ ϠЇЄϷϴϵϴ (ϠϴЅϼЀЂ϶ 1979:
121, ЄϼЅ. 6, 32; P’iankova 1993: 115–116, fig. 5). Ϣ ЃЄϼЅЇІЅІ϶ϼϼ ЈϹϸЂЄЂ϶ЅϾϼЉ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ Ёϴ БІЂϽ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ϶ БЃЂЉЇ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ϷЂ϶ЂЄГІ ϿϼЌА ϹϸϼЁϼЋЁЏϹ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϼ ЈϹϸЂЄЂ϶ЅϾЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ Ёϴ ЄГϸϹ
Єϴϻ϶ϹГЁЁЏЉ ЅІЂГЁЂϾ ϶ ϸϹϿАІϹ ϠЇЄϷϴϵϴ (Cerasetti 1998: pls. II, 12; III, 24).
ϡϴϼϵЂϿАЌϹϹ ЋϼЅϿЂ ЁϴЉЂϸЂϾ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ ЅІϹЃЁЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ ϶ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЂϴϻϼЅϴЉ ϸϹϿАІЏ ϠЇЄϷϴϵϴ ЂІЁЂЅϼІЅГ Ͼ ІϴϻϴϵϴϷЎГϵЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϽ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼϼ. ϦϴϻϴϵϴϷЎГϵЅϾϴГ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ ϵЏϿϴ
ϻϸϹЅА ЅЂϵЄϴЁϴ Ѕ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІϼ ІϴϾЏЄЂ϶, ЂϾЄЇϺϴ϶ЌϼЉ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϔЇЋϼЁ 1, 11, 12, ϦϴЉϼЄϵϴϽ 3, 13, 15
ϼ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ϸЄЇϷϼϹ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ Ёϴ Єϴϻ϶ϹГЁЁЏЉ ЅІЂГЁϾϴЉ ϶ЂϾЄЇϷ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϽ ϼ ЂϾЂϿЂ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϼЉ ϾЂϿЂϸЊϹ϶
90
(ϠϴЅЅЂЁ 1959: 27, ІϴϵϿ. XI; ϥϴЄϼϴЁϼϸϼ 1975: 21–25, ЄϼЅ. 1–5; 1990: 12, ІϴϵϿ. XII, 14, 15; ϞЇϻАЀϼЁϴ,
ϟГЃϼЁ 1984: 6–14, ЄϼЅ. 1, 2; Cerasetti 1998: 67–74, pls. I– IV).
ϢЅЁЂ϶ЁϴГ ЀϴЅЅϴ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ ϴϿϴϾЇϿАЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϽ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼϼ ІϴϾϺϹ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁϴ Ёϴ ВϷЂ-϶ЂЅІЂϾϹ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ, ϶ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϽ ϸϹϿАІϹ ϠЇЄϷϴϵϴ. ϔϿϴϾЇϿАЅϾϴГ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ ϻϸϹЅА ϵЏϿϴ ЁϴϽϸϹЁϴ ЃЂϵϿϼϻЂЅІϼ ЂІ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϽ ϗЂЁЇЄ-ϸϹЃϹ, ϔЇЋϼЁ, ϦϴЉϼЄϵϴϽ, ϦЂϷЂϿЂϾ, ϦϴϼЃ ϼ ϸЄЇϷϼЉ
(ϠϴЅϼЀЂ϶ 1979: 121, ЄϼЅ. 6, 30, 31, 33–36; ϞЇϻАЀϼЁϴ 1994: 231, ЄϼЅ. 50; Cerasetti 1998: pl. III, 17–19).
ϖ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂЀ ЅϿЂϹ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϦϴЉϼЄϵϴϽ 3 ЁϴϽϸϹЁ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼ ЊϹϿЏϽ ЅЂЅЇϸ ϴϿϴϾЇϿАЅϾЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ
(ϥϴЄϼϴЁϼϸϼ 1975: 24, ЄϼЅ. 4, 8). ϖ ЃЄϹϸϷЂЄЁЂϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ϞЂЃϹІϸϴϷϴ ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾЂ ЋϹЄϹЃϾЂ϶ ϴϿϴϾЇϿАЅϾЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ Ёϴ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϼ ϔЁϴЇ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ϶ ЁϼϺЁϼЉ ЅϿЂГЉ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϦϹϾϾϹЀ-ϸϹЃϹ (SЅhmidt
1908: 143, pl. 15, 7, 8, 9; ϭϹІϹЁϾЂ, ϞЇІϼЀЂ϶ 1999: 120, ЄϼЅ. 6, 1, 2).
ϡϴϼϵЂϿАЌϹϹ ϾЂϿϼЋϹЅІ϶Ђ ЅІϹЃЁЏЉ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЂ϶, ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЁЏЉ Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ,
ЂІЁЂЅГІЅГ Ͼ ЅϴЄϷϴЄϼЁЅϾЂ-ϴϿϹϾЅϹϹ϶ЅϾЂЀЇ БІϴЃЇ Єϴϻ϶ϼІϼГ ϴЁϸЄЂЁЂ϶ЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϽ ЂϵЍЁЂЅІϼ.
ϞϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ ЅϴЄϷϴЄϼЁЅϾЂ-ϴϿϹϾЅϹϹ϶ЅϾЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ ϵЏϿϴ ЁϴϽϸϹЁϴ ϶ ϶ϹЄЉЁϼЉ ϾЄЂВЍϼЉ ЅϿЂГЉ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϽ
ЃЂϸϷЂЄЁЂϽ ЃЂϿЂЅЏ ϞЂЃϹІϸϴϷϴ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ VI — ϔЁϴЇ, ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ-ϸϹЃϹ, ϦϹϾϾϹЀ-ϸϹЃϹ, ϙϿАϾϹЁϸϹЃϹ, ϥϹЄЀϴЁЋϴ-ϸϹЃϹ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ Ёϴ ЄГϸϹ ЅІЂГЁЂϾ ЅІϹЃЁЏЉ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ, ЄϴЅЃЂϿЂϺϹЁЁЏЉ ϻϸϹЅА ϺϹ. ϡϴЄГϸЇ Ѕ
ЁϴЉЂϸϾϴЀϼ Ёϴ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГЉ ϻЁϴЋϼІϹϿАЁЂϹ ЋϼЅϿЂ ЅϴЄϷϴЄϼЁЅϾЂ-ϴϿϹϾЅϹϹ϶ЅϾЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ ЅЂϵЄϴЁЂ Ѕ Єϴϻ϶ϹГЁЁЏЉ ЅІЂГЁЂϾ ϶ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЂ-ϻϴЃϴϸЁЏЉ ЄϴϽЂЁϴЉ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ — Ї ϞЏϻЏϿ-ϔЄ϶ϴІϴ, Ёϴ ϥЄϹϸЁϹЀ ϼ
ϡϼϺЁϹЀ ϧϻϵЂϹ ϼ ϸϴϿϹϹ Ёϴ ЅІЂГЁϾϴЉ, ЃЄЂІГЁЇ϶ЌϼЉЅГ ЊϹЃЂЋϾЂϽ ϶ЃϿЂІА ϸЂ ϞЄϴЅЁЂ϶ЂϸЅϾЂϷЂ Ѓ-Ђ϶ϴ
(ϞЇЈІϼЁ 1954: 25; ϗϴЁГϿϼЁ 1956: 84–86, ЄϼЅ. 9, 1–4; ϠϴЄЇЍϹЁϾЂ 1959: 60, ІϴϵϿ. V; ϞЇϻАЀϼЁϴ 1964:
142–144, ЄϼЅ. 2, 3; 1994: 231, ЄϼЅ. 49, 50, 52; ϩϿЂЃϼЁϴ 1972: 60–61, ЄϼЅ. 1, 3; ϭϹІϹЁϾЂ, ϞЇІϼЀЂ϶
1999: 115–119, ЄϼЅ. 5, 6; Hlopina 1972: 211, fig. 9). ϡϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ϲϷЂ-ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϷЂ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ
(϶ ϸϹϿАІϹ ϠЇЄϷϴϵϴ) ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЏ ϿϼЌА ϹϸϼЁϼЋЁЏϹ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϼ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ ЅϴЄϷϴЄϼЁЅϾЂ-ϴϿϹϾЅϹϹ϶ЅϾЂϷЂ ЂϵϿϼϾϴ (ϞЇϻАЀϼЁϴ, ϟГЃϼЁ 1984: 14–15; ϞЇІϼЀЂ϶ 1999: 315, 321).
ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ϾЂϿϼЋϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϹ ЅЂЂІЁЂЌϹЁϼϹ ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿЂ϶ ЅІϹЃЁЂϷЂ ЂϵϿϼϾϴ ϼ
ϷϹЂϷЄϴЈϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϴЄϹϴϿЏ ϼЉ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁϼГ ЇϾϴϻЏ϶ϴВІ, ЋІЂ ЃЄЂЁϼϾЁЂ϶ϹЁϼϹ ЅІϹЃЁЏЉ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ ІЂϷЂ
ϼϿϼ ϼЁЂϷЂ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ ϶ БЃЂЉЇ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼВ ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ
ЁЂЅϼϿЂ ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЏϽ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄ.
ϕЂϿАЌϼЁЅІ϶Ђ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЂ϶ ЅІϹЃЁЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ БЃЂЉϼ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ ЂІЁЂЅϼІЅГ Ͼ ϴЁϸЄЂЁЂ϶ЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϽ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼϼ. ϛϸϹЅА ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿЏ ІЄϹЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂ-ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ БІϴЃЂ϶ Єϴϻ϶ϼІϼГ ϴЁϸЄЂЁЂ϶ЅϾЂϽ ЂϵЍЁЂЅІϼ: ϴϿϴϾЇϿАЅϾЂϽ,
ЈϹϸЂЄЂ϶ЅϾЂϽ ϼ ЅϴЄϷϴЄϼЁЅϾЂ-ϴϿϹϾЅϹϹ϶ЅϾЂϽ.
ϖ ϴϿϴϾЇϿАЅϾЂϹ ϶ЄϹЀГ (XVII–XVI ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.) ϴЁϸЄЂЁЂ϶ЅϾЂϹ ЃЄϼЅЇІЅІ϶ϼϹ ЈϼϾЅϼЄЇϹІЅГ ϵЂϿАЌϹϽ ЋϴЅІАВ Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ϲϷЂ-ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϷЂ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ, ϴ ϼЀϹЁЁЂ ϶ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾϼЉ
ЂϴϻϼЅϴЉ ϸϹϿАІЏ ϠЇЄϷϴϵϴ. ϡϹϵЂϿАЌЂϹ ϾЂϿϼЋϹЅІ϶Ђ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ ϴϿϴϾЇϿАЅϾЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ, ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЁЂϽ Ёϴ
ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГЉ ϔЁϴЇ ϼ ϦϹϾϾϹЀ-ϸϹЃϹ, ЇϾϴϻЏ϶ϴВІ ϿϼЌА Ёϴ ЁϹϻЁϴЋϼІϹϿАЁЂϹ ЃЄЂЁϼϾЁЂ϶ϹЁϼϹ ϴϿϴϾЇϿАЅϾϼЉ
ЃϿϹЀϹЁ ϶ ϸЄЇϷϼϹ ЂϵϿϴЅІϼ ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ.
ϘϿГ ЈϹϸЂЄЂ϶ЅϾЂϷЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ (XV ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.) ЃЂϾϴ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЏ ϿϼЌА ϹϸϼЁϼЋЁЏϹ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϼ ϴЁϸЄЂЁЂ϶ЅϾЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ Ёϴ ЄГϸϹ ЅІЂГЁЂϾ, ЂЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЁЏЉ ЅІϹЃЁЏЀϼ ЃϿϹЀϹЁϴЀϼ ϶ ϸϹϿАІϹ ϠЇЄϷϴϵϴ. ϣЂ ϶ЅϹϽ
϶ϼϸϼЀЂЅІϼ, ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼГ ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ ϶ БЃЂЉЇ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ЁϹ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿГϿϴ
ϻЁϴЋϼІϹϿАЁЂϷЂ ϼЁІϹЄϹЅϴ ϸϿГ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ ЈϹϸЂЄЂ϶ЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ. ϞϴϾ ЃЂϾϴϻЏ϶ϴВІ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿЏ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼϽ ϸЄЇϷϼЉ ЂϵϿϴЅІϹϽ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϔϻϼϼ, ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЏϹ ЀϼϷЄϴЊϼЂЁЁЏϹ ЃЇІϼ ЈϹϸЂЄЂ϶ЅϾϼЉ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ ϿϹϺϴϿϼ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁϹϹ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ. ϕЂϿАЌϼЁЅІ϶Ђ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ЈϹϸЂЄЂ϶ЅϾЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ ϶ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϔϻϼϼ ϾЂЁЊϹЁІЄϼЄЇϹІЅГ Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ
ϞЏЄϷЏϻЅІϴЁϴ ϼ ϦϴϸϺϼϾϼЅІϴЁϴ.
ϖ ЅϴЄϷϴЄϼЁЅϾЂ-ϴϿϹϾЅϹϹ϶ЅϾЂϹ ϶ЄϹЀГ (XIV–XIII ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.) ϴЁϸЄЂЁЂ϶ЅϾϼϹ ЃϿϹЀϹЁϴ ЌϼЄЂϾЂ
ЂЅ϶ϴϼ϶ϴВІ ЃЄϴϾІϼЋϹЅϾϼ ϶ЅВ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼВ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЂ-ϛϴЃϴϸЁЂϷЂ ϼ ϲϺЁЂϷЂ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ. ϘϹϿАІϴ
ϠЇЄϷϴϵϴ ϶ БІЂІ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ, ЅЇϸГ ЃЂ ЁϹϻЁϴЋϼІϹϿАЁЂЀЇ ЋϼЅϿЇ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЁЂϽ ϻϸϹЅА ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ БІЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ,
ЁϹ ϶ЉЂϸϼϿϴ ϶ ϻЂЁЇ ϼЁІϹЄϹЅϴ ЅІϹЃЁЏЉ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ ϸϴЁЁЂϷЂ ϾЄЇϷϴ. ϜЉ ЀϼϷЄϴЊϼЂЁЁЂϹ ϸ϶ϼϺϹЁϼϹ, ϷϿϴ϶ЁЏЀ
ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ϵЏϿЂ ЁϴЃЄϴ϶ϿϹЁЂ Ͼ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾϼЀ ЂϴϻϼЅϴЀ ЃЂϸϷЂЄЁЂϽ ЃЂϿЂЅЏ ϞЂЃϹІϸϴϷϴ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ VI.
ϔЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿЏ ϸϹЀЂЁЅІЄϼЄЇВІ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЂϽ ϼЁІϹЄϹЅ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ ІϴϻϴϵϴϷЎГϵЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ (ϾЂЁϹЊ XVI–ЁϴЋϴϿЂ XV ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.), Єϴ϶ЁЂ ϾϴϾ ϼ ϸϿГ ЄЂϸЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЉ ϼЀ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ ϴϿϴϾЇϿАЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϽ ЂϵЍЁЂЅІϼ Ͼ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾϼЀ ЂϴϻϼЅϴЀ ϸϹϿАІЏ ϠЇЄϷϴϵϴ, ϷϸϹ ЂІЀϹЋϴϹІЅГ ЁϴϼϵЂϿАЌϴГ
91
:
,
,
ϾЂЁЊϹЁІЄϴЊϼГ ЁϴЉЂϸЂϾ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ ІϴϻϴϵϴϷЎГϵЅϾЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ. ϦЂ ϺϹ ЅϴЀЂϹ ЀЂϺЁЂ ЅϾϴϻϴІА ϼ ϶ ЂІЁЂЌϹЁϼϼ
ЅІϹЃЁЏЉ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ ЅЄЇϵЁЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ (XVIII–XVI ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.), ЃЄϼЅЇІЅІ϶ϼϹ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ϶ ЁϹЃЂЅЄϹϸЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϽ ϵϿϼϻЂЅІϼ ЂІ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϽ Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ
ЈϼϾЅϼЄЇϹІЅГ ϿϼЌА ЃЂ ϹϸϼЁϼЋЁЏЀ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϴЀ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ ЅЄЇϵЁЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ Ёϴ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЉ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϽ ϸϹϿАІЏ
ϠЇЄϷϴϵϴ.
ϦЄЇϸЁЂ ЅϾϴϻϴІА, Г϶ϿГϿЂЅА Ͽϼ Ёϴ ЅϴЀЂЀ ϸϹϿϹ ϶ІЂЄϺϹЁϼϹ ЅІϹЃЁЏЉ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ ϷϿϴ϶ϹЁЅІ϶ЇВЍϼЀ
ЈϴϾІЂЄЂЀ ЇЃϴϸϾϴ ЀϹЅІЁЏЉ ϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ. ϖЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ, ЋІЂ ЂϾЂЁЋϴІϹϿАЁЂЀЇ ϼЅЋϹϻЁЂ϶ϹЁϼВ ϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼІϹϿАЁЂ ЅЃЂЅЂϵЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴϿЂ ЃЂГ϶ϿϹЁϼϹ ЃЄϼЌϿЏЉ ЅІϹЃЁЏЉ
ЃϿϹЀϹЁ. ϥ ЂϸЁЂϽ ЅІЂЄЂЁЏ, ЇЄЂ϶ϹЁА ϺϼϻЁϹϸϹГІϹϿАЁЂЅІϼ Ёϴ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГЉ ϻЁϴЋϼІϹϿАЁЂ ЅЁϼϺϴϹІЅГ,
ϼ ϶ БІЂЀ, ЁϹЅЂЀЁϹЁЁЂ, ϾЄЂϹІЅГ ϾϴϾϴГ-ІЂ ЃЄϼЋϼЁϴ. ϡЂ Ѕ ϸЄЇϷЂϽ ЅІЂЄЂЁЏ, ЀЂϺЁЂ Ͽϼ ЁϴϽІϼ БІЂЀЇ ЂϵЎϹϾІϼ϶ЁЏϹ ϸЂϾϴϻϴІϹϿАЅІ϶ϴ, ϼЅЉЂϸГ ϼϻ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϻϸϹЅА ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϴ? ϖ ЅЄЇϵЁЂϹ, ϴϿϴϾЇϿАЅϾЂϹ ϼ ІϴϻϴϵϴϷЎГϵЅϾЂϹ ϶ЄϹЀГ (XVIII–XV ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.) ЂІЀϹЋϴϹІЅГ ϿϼЌА
ЁϹϻЁϴЋϼІϹϿАЁЂϹ ЃЄЂЁϼϾЁЂ϶ϹЁϼϹ ЂІϸϹϿАЁЏЉ ЁϹϵЂϿАЌϼЉ ϷЄЇЃЃ ЅІϹЃЁЂϷЂ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼГ Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼВ ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ. ϥІϹЃЁϴГ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ ϶ ϸϹϿАІϹ ϠЇЄϷϴϵϴ ϶ ЀϴЅЅϹ Ѕ϶ЂϹϽ ϵЏϿϴ
ЅЂϵЄϴЁϴ Ѕ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІϼ Єϴϻ϶ϹГЁЁЏЉ ЅІЂГЁЂϾ, ЂϾЄЇϺϴ϶ЌϼЉ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГ.
ϡϹЃЂЅЄϹϸЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂ ϶ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЉ ЅϿЂГЉ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϽ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ ϿϼЌА ϹϸϼЁϼЋЁЏϹ ЂϵЄϴϻЊЏ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ
ЅІϹЃЁЂϷЂ ЂϵϿϼϾϴ. ϠϴЅЅЂ϶ϴГ БϾЅЃϴЁЅϼГ ЅІϹЃЁЏЉ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ ϶ БІϼ ϾЄϴГ ЁϴЋϼЁϴϹІЅГ ІЂϿАϾЂ ϶ ЅϴЄϷϴЄϼЁЅϾЂ-ϴϿϹϾЅϹϹ϶ЅϾЂϹ ϶ЄϹЀГ (XIV–XIII ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.), ЃЄϼ БІЂЀ ЂϵϿϴЅІАВ ϼЉ ϼЁІϹЄϹЅϴ Г϶ϿГϿϴЅА ЇϺϹ ЁϹ
ϸϹϿАІϴ ϠЇЄϷϴϵϴ, ϴ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЂϴϻϼЅЏ ЃЂϸϷЂЄЁЂϽ ЃЂϿЂЅЏ ϞЂЃϹІϸϴϷϴ. ϡϴ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГЉ
БЃЂЉϼ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ VI ЅϴЄϷϴЄϼЁЅϾЂ-ϴϿϹϾЅϹϹ϶ЅϾϴГ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁϴ ϶ ϶ϹЄЉЁϼЉ, ϾЄЂВЍϼЉ ЅϿЂГЉ.
ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ЃЂГ϶ϿϹЁϼϹ ЅІϹЃЁЏЉ ЅϴЄϷϴЄϼЁЅϾЂ-ϴϿϹϾЅϹϹ϶ЅϾϼЉ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ ЂІЁЂЅϼІЅГ Ͼ ϻϴϾϿВЋϼІϹϿАЁЂЀЇ БІϴЃЇ Єϴϻ϶ϼІϼГ ϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ БЃЂЉϼ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ VI, ϾЂϷϸϴ ϺϼϻЁϹϸϹГІϹϿАЁЂЅІА Ёϴ
ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГЉ ϸЂЅІϼϷϿϴ ЅІϴϸϼϼ ЄϹϷЄϹЅЅϴ.
ϖ. ϔ. ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ Ёϴ ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁϼϼ ЂϵЅІЂГІϹϿАЁЂϷЂ ϴЁϴϿϼϻϴ ϸϴЁЁЏЉ ЅІЄϴІϼϷЄϴЈϼϼ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϽ ϦϹϾϾϹЀ-ϸϹЃϹ ϼ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ-ϸϹЃϹ, ЂЃЇϵϿϼϾЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЉ ϔ. ϳ. ϭϹІϹЁϾЂ (ϭϹІϹЁϾЂ
1999; 2000; 2002; 2006), ЃЄϼЌϹϿ Ͼ ϶Џ϶ЂϸЇ, ЋІЂ ЅІϹЃЁϴГ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ ЅϴЄϷϴЄϼЁЅϾЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ ЁϴЉЂϸϼІЅГ ІЂϿАϾЂ ϶ ЅϴЀЏЉ ϶ϹЄЉЁϼЉ ϾЄЂВЍϼЉ ЅϿЂГЉ БІϼЉ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϽ — ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІ ϦϹϾϾϹЀ 6 ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГ
ϦϹϾϾϹЀ-ϸϹЃϹ ϼ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІ ϖЏЌϾϴ 10 ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ-ϸϹЃϹ, ЃЂБІЂЀЇ ЅІϹЃЁЏϹ ЃϿϹЀϹЁϴ ЃЂГ϶ϼϿϼЅА Ёϴ БІϼЉ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГЉ ϼ ЂЄϷϴЁϼϻЂ϶ϴϿϼ ІϴЀ ϾЄϴІϾЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЏϹ ЅІЂГЁϾϼ ЇϺϹ ЃЂЅϿϹ ІЂϷЂ, ϾϴϾ
ϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЊЏ ЂЅІϴ϶ϼϿϼ ЀϹЅІϴ ЂϵϼІϴЁϼГ (ϔϿДϾЌϼЁ 2012: 282; 2013: 124). ϖЏ϶ЂϸЏ ϖ. ϔ. ϔϿДϾЌϼЁϴ
ЀЂϷЇІ ϼЀϹІА ЃЄϼЁЊϼЃϼϴϿАЁЂϹ ϻЁϴЋϹЁϼϹ ϸϿГ ЄϹϾЂЁЅІЄЇϾЊϼϼ ϾϴЄІϼЁЏ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЉ Ѕ϶ГϻϹϽ, ІϴϾ ϾϴϾ
ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿϴϷϴВІ ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂϹ ЃЂϿЁЂϹ ЂІЅЇІЅІ϶ϼϹ ϾϴϾϼЉ-ϿϼϵЂ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЉ ϾЂЁІϴϾІЂ϶ ЀϹϺϸЇ ЂЅϹϸϿЏЀϼ ЃϿϹЀϹЁϴЀϼ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ VI ϼ ЅІϹЃЁЏЀϼ ЅϴЄϷϴЄϼЁЅϾЂ-ϴϿϹϾЅϹϹ϶ЅϾϼЀϼ ЃϿϹЀϹЁϴЀϼ, ЃЂ ϾЄϴϽЁϹϽ
ЀϹЄϹ Ёϴ ЇϾϴϻϴЁЁЏЉ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГЉ. ϖ Ѕ϶Гϻϼ Ѕ БІϼЀ ϶ϹЅАЀϴ ϼЁІϹЄϹЅЁϴ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϴ ϼϻ ϾЂϿϿϹϾЊϼϼ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ ЅІϹЃЁЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϦϹϾϾϹЀ-ϸϹЃϹ.
ϱІЂ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ϿϹЃЁЂϷЂ ЅЂЅЇϸϴ Ѕ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІЂЀ ϶ ϶ϼϸϹ ІЄϹЇϷЂϿАЁϼϾЂ϶, ЂЃЇЍϹЁЁЏЉ
϶ϹЄЌϼЁϴЀϼ ϶Ёϼϻ Ѕ ЀϴϿϹЁАϾϼЀϼ ϾϴЃϿϹ϶ϼϸЁЏЀϼ ЁϴЅϹЋϾϴЀϼ, ЄϴЅЃЂϿЂϺϹЁЁЏЉ ϶ϸЂϿА ϶ЁϹЌЁϼЉ ЅІЂЄЂЁ ІЄϹЇϷЂϿАЁϼϾЂ϶ — «ϵϴЉЄЂЀЂϽ». ϖЁЇІЄϹЁЁВВ ϼ ϶ЁϹЌЁВВ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІА ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІϴ ЃЂϾЄЏ϶ϴϹІ ЉЂЄЂЌЂ ЅЂЉЄϴЁϼ϶ЌϼϽЅГ ϴЁϷЂϵ (ϭϹІϹЁϾЂ, ϞЇІϼЀЂ϶ 1999: 120, ЄϼЅ. 6, 6). ϥЃЂЅЂϵ
϶ЏϸϹϿϾϼ, ЈϴϾІЇЄϴ ϼ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІ Ёϴ ϸϴЁЁЂЀ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІϹ ЂІЁЂЅГІЅГ Ͼ ЅІϹЃЁЂϽ ЅϴЄϷϴЄϼЁЅϾЂ-ϴϿϹϾЅϹϹ϶ЅϾЂϽ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼϼ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ЃЂЅЇϸЏ, ϴ ЁϴЁϹЅϹЁϼϹ ϸ϶ЇЅІЂЄЂЁЁϹϷЂ ϴЁϷЂϵϴ — Ͼ ϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾЂϽ ЁϴЀϴϻϷϼЁЅϾЂϽ. ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, Ї ЁϴЅ ϹЅІА ϸϴЁЁЏϹ, Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ЇВЍϼϹ Ђ ЅЂЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼϼ Ёϴ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁЁЂЀ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂЀ ЃЄЂЀϹϺЇІϾϹ ϸ϶ЇЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЉ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼϽ, ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІЂЀ
ϾЂІЂЄЂϷЂ ЅІϴϿЂ ϻϴϼЀЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼϹ ІϹЉЁϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЃЄϼϹЀЂ϶ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ЃЂЅЇϸЏ. ϘϿГ ЂϵЎϹϾІϼ϶ЁЂϽ
ЂЊϹЁϾϼ ЅІЄϴІϼϷЄϴЈϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ϾЂЁІϹϾЅІϴ ЅІϹЃЁЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ ϶ ЅϿЂГЉ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϽ ϲϺЁЂϽ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼϼ ЁϹЂϵЉЂϸϼЀϴ ϵЂϿϹϹ ϸϹІϴϿАЁϴГ ϼЁЈЂЄЀϴЊϼГ, ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁЁϴГ Ёϴ ІЍϴІϹϿАЁЏЉ ЄϴЅϾЂЃϾϴЉ.
ϖЄГϸ Ͽϼ ϹЅІА ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ϷЂ϶ЂЄϼІА Ђ ϷϼϵϹϿϼ ϶ЅϹϽ ϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾЂϽ Њϼ϶ϼϿϼϻϴЊϼϼ БЃЂЉϼ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ЃЂϸ ϶ЂϻϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼϹЀ ЃЄϼЌϿЏЉ ЅІϹЃЁЏЉ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ. ϣЂЅϿϹϸЁϼϽ, ЅϴЄϷϴЄϼЁЅϾЂ-ϴϿϹϾЅϹϹ϶ЅϾϼϽ
БІϴЃ ЀϼϷЄϴЊϼЂЁЁЏЉ ЃϹЄϹϸ϶ϼϺϹЁϼϽ ЅІϹЃЁЂϷЂ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼ ЅЂ϶ЃϴϸϴϹІ Ѕ ϾЄϼϻϼЅЂЀ
ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ЂЅϹϸϿЂ-ϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЂϴϻϼЅЂ϶ ϶ ϾЂЁЊϹ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ VI. ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ЃЂЅІϹЃϹЁЁЏϽ ЇЃϴϸЂϾ ϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾϼЉ Њϼ϶ϼϿϼϻϴЊϼϽ ЁϴЋϴϿЅГ ϹЍϹ ϶ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЏ ЄϴЁЁϹϷЂ ϼ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ VI, ϾЂϷϸϴ
ЃЄϼЅЇІЅІ϶ϼϹ ЅІϹЃЁЏЉ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ Ёϴ ϸϴЁЁЂϽ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ϵЏϿЂ ЁϹϻЁϴЋϼІϹϿАЁЏЀ. ϣЂБІЂЀЇ ЃЄϹϾЄϴЍϹЁϼϹ
92
ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼГ ϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ ІϼЃϴ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ VI ϶ БЃЂЉЇ ϾЂЁЊϴ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ЅϿϹϸЇϹІ
ЂϵЎГЅЁГІА ϸЄЇϷϼЀϼ ЃЄϼЋϼЁϴЀϼ, ЅϾЂЄϹϹ ϶ЅϹϷЂ Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁЁЏЀϼ Ѕ ϶ϿϼГЁϼϹЀ ЃЄϼЄЂϸЁЂ-ϾϿϼЀϴІϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϼ
ЅЂЊϼϴϿАЁЂ-БϾЂЁЂЀϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЈϴϾІЂЄЂ϶.
ϨϼЁϴϿАЁϴГ ЅІϴϸϼГ БЃЂЉϼ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ VI Ёϴ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЉ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ ЃЄϹϸЌϹЅІ϶ЇϹІ ϼϿϼ ЋϴЅІϼЋЁЂ ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁϼϻϼЄЇϹІЅГ Ѕ ЅϴЄϷϴЄϼЁЅϾЂ-ϴϿϹϾЅϹϹ϶ЅϾϼЀ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϹЀ. ϖ ІЂ ϺϹ ϶ЄϹЀГ Ёϼ Ёϴ ЂϸЁЂЀ ϼϻ
ВϺЁЂІЇЄϾЀϹЁЅϾϼЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ Ёϼ ЄϴϻЇ ЁϹ ϻϴЈϼϾЅϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЂ ЅЂ϶ЀϹЅІЁЂϷЂ ЁϴЉЂϺϸϹЁϼГ ϶ ЂϸЁЂЀ ЅϿЂϹ
ЅІϹЃЁЂϽ ϼ ГϻЂ϶ЅϾЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ, ЉЂІГ ϾЄЇϷ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ІϼЃϴ ϳϻ Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ϲϺЁЂϽ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼϼ
ϸЂЅІϴІЂЋЁЂ ЂϵЌϼЄϹЁ ϼ ЂЉ϶ϴІЏ϶ϴϹІ ЁϹ ІЂϿАϾЂ ϹϹ ЃЄϼϾЂЃϹІϸϴϷЅϾЇВ ЋϴЅІА, ЁЂ ϼ ВϷЂ-϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏϹ ЂϵϿϴЅІϼ (ϸϹϿАІϴ ϠЇЄϷϴϵϴ).
Ϟ ЅЂϺϴϿϹЁϼВ, ЅІЄϴІϼϷЄϴЈϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϸϴЁЁЏЉ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЀЂϷϿϼ ЂϵЎϹϾІϼ϶ЁЂ ЃЄЂϸϹЀЂЁЅІЄϼЄЂ϶ϴІА
ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂ-ϼЅІЂЄϼЋϹЅϾЇВ ЅϼІЇϴЊϼВ ϶ ϾЂЁЊϹ БЃЂЉϼ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ϲϺЁЂϷЂ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ,
ЁϹЀЁЂϷЂ. ϞЄЂЀϹ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϔЁϴЇ, ϷϸϹ ЅІЄϴІϼϷЄϴЈϼЋϹЅϾϴГ ЌϾϴϿϴ ЁϹϸЂЅІϴІЂЋЁЂ ϼЁЈЂЄЀϴІϼ϶Ёϴ, ЅЃϿЂЌЁϴГ ЅІЄϴІϼϷЄϴЈϼЋϹЅϾϴГ ϾЂϿЂЁϾϴ ЅϿЂϹ϶ ЂІ БЃЂЉϼ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ϸЂ
ЄϴЁЁϹϷЂ ϺϹϿϹϻЁЂϷЂ ϶ϹϾϴ ϼЀϹϹІЅГ Ёϴ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϼ ϙϿАϾϹЁ-ϸϹЃϹ. ϥϿЂϼ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ VI Ёϴ ϸϴЁЁЂЀ
ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϹ (ϙϿАϾϹЁ I) ЅЂϸϹЄϺϴІ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾЇ ЅІϹЃЁЂϷЂ ЅϴЄϷϴЄϼЁЅϾЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ ϶ ϶ϼϸϹ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЂ϶ ЃЂЅЇϸЏ
Ѕ ЃЄЂЋϹЄЋϹЁЁЏЀ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІЂЀ, ЁϴϿϹЃЁЏЀϼ ϶ϴϿϼϾϴЀϼ ϼ ЁϴЅϹЋϾϴЀϼ ЃЂ ϶ϹЁЋϼϾЇ (ϠϴЄЇЍϹЁϾЂ 1959: 60,
ІϴϵϿ. V). CϿЂϽ ϙϿАϾϹЁ II, ϶ ϾЂІЂЄЂЀ ЃЂГ϶ϿГϹІЅГ ЀЁЂϺϹЅІ϶Ђ ϿϹЃЁЂϽ ЄϴЅЃϼЅЁЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ ІϼЃϴ ϳϻ
I, ЁϹ ЅЂϸϹЄϺϼІ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ ЅІϹЃЁЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ, ЉЂІГ Ёϴ ЂІϸϹϿАЁЏЉ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІϴЉ ГϻЂ϶ЅϾЂϽ (?) ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ
϶ЅІЄϹЋϴВІЅГ ϷϿϴϸϾϼϹ ЁϴϿϹЃЁЏϹ ϶ϴϿϼϾϼ (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ: 63, ІϴϵϿ. XVIII). ϥϿЂϽ ϙϿАϾϹЁ II ЃϹЄϹϾЄЏ϶ϴϹІ ЅϿЂϽ
ϙϿАϾϹЁ I, ЃЄϼ БІЂЀ ϶ ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁϼϼ ЅϿЂГ ϙϿАϾϹЁ II ϿϹϺϼІ ЀЂЍЁϴГ ЃϿϴІЈЂЄЀϴ ϼϻ ϷϿϼЁГЁЏЉ ϾϼЄЃϼЋϹϽ
(ϦϴЀ ϺϹ: 63). ϜЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿА ϙϿАϾϹЁ-ϸϹЃϹ ϔ. ϔ. ϠϴЄЇЍϹЁϾЂ ЅЋϼІϴϿ, ЋІЂ ЀϹϺϸЇ ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾϼЀϼ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϴЀϼ ϙϿАϾϹЁ I ϼ ϙϿАϾϹЁ II ϼЀϹВІЅГ ЃϴЄϴϿϿϹϿϼ «ЁϹЅЀЂІЄГ Ёϴ ЄϹϻϾЂϹ ЂІϿϼЋϼϹ ϶ ЂϵЍϹЀ ЂϵϿϼϾϹ»
(ϦϴЀ ϺϹ: 64).
ϣЄϼЄЂϸЁЏϹ ЇЅϿЂ϶ϼГ ЂϵϼІϴЁϼГ ϶ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϔϻϼϼ ϶ БЃЂЉЇ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ЅІϼЀЇϿϼЄЂ϶ϴϿϼ
϶ϻϴϼЀЂϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼϹ ϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ϼ ЅϾЂІЂ϶ЂϸЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼГ. ϞЂЋϹ϶ЁϼϾϼ, ϻϴЁГ϶ ЇϸЂϵЁЏϹ
ЃϴЅІϵϼЍϴ ϶ϵϿϼϻϼ ϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЂϴϻϼЅЂ϶, ЃЂϿЇЋϴϿϼ ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂЅІА Єϴϻ϶ϼ϶ϴІА ЅЂЊϼϴϿАЁЂ-БϾЂЁЂЀϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЂІЁЂЌϹЁϼГ Ѕ ЂЅϹϸϿЏЀ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼϹЀ. ϜЁІϹЁЅϼ϶ЁЂЅІА ϼ ЈЂЄЀЏ ϾЂЁІϴϾІЂ϶ ϶ϿϼГϿϼ
Ёϴ ЈЂЄЀϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼϹ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϽ ЅЄϹϸЏ ЂϵϹϼЉ ϷЄЇЃЃ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼГ. ϕϹϻЇЅϿЂ϶ЁЂ, ЅІϹЃЁЏϹ ЃϿϹЀϹЁϴ ϶
ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁЁЂϽ ЅІϹЃϹЁϼ ЂϾϴϻϴϿϼ ϶ϿϼГЁϼϹ Ёϴ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏϹ ЃЄЂЊϹЅЅЏ ϶ ϾЂЁЊϹ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЂϷЂ ϶ϹϾϴ Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ϲϺЁЂϽ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼϼ. ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ЅϴЀ ЀϹЉϴЁϼϻЀ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϽ ІЄϴЁЅЈЂЄЀϴЊϼϼ
ЂЅІϴϹІЅГ ЁϹГЅЁЏЀϼ, ϶ ЃϹЄ϶ЇВ ЂЋϹЄϹϸА ϼϻ-ϻϴ ЁϹϸЂЅІϴІЂЋЁЂЅІϼ ЈϴϾІϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿЂ϶ ϼ ЀϴϿЂЋϼЅϿϹЁЁЂЅІϼ ϸЂЅІЂ϶ϹЄЁЏЉ ЅІЄϴІϼϷЄϴЈϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЁϴϵϿВϸϹЁϼϽ. ϜЅІЂϾϼ ϼЁЁЂ϶ϴЊϼЂЁЁЂϽ ІϹЉЁϼϾϼ
ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ЄϴЅЃϼЅЁЂϽ ЃЂЅЇϸЏ, ЁϹЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЂϽ ϾϴϾ ϸϿГ ЂЅϹϸϿЂ-ϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ ІϼЃϴ
ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ VI, ІϴϾ ϼ ЅІϹЃЁЏЉ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ, ЁϹ ЁϴЉЂϸГІ ЂϵЎГЅЁϹЁϼГ ϶ ϾЂЁЊϹЃЊϼϼ ЅϿϼГЁϼГ ϸ϶ЇЉ ЄϴϻЁЂЄЂϸЁЏЉ ϷЄЇЃЃ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϼ ϼЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϽ ІЄϴЁЅЈЂЄЀϴЊϼϼ. ϖ Ѕ϶Гϻϼ Ѕ БІϼЀ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼГ, ЋІЂ
ϾЂЁІϴϾІЏ ЅІϹЃЁЏЉ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ Ѕ ЂЅϹϸϿЂ-ϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾϼЀ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼϹЀ ІϼЃϴ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ VI ЃЄϼ϶ϹϿϼ
Ͼ ЅϿЂϺϹЁϼВ ЁЂ϶ЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϽ ϷЄЇЃЃЏ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ ϿϹЃЁЂϽ ЄϴЅЃϼЅЁЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ ϶ ϾЂЁЊϹ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂ
ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЂϷЂ ϶ϹϾϴ Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ϲϺЁЂϷЂ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ, ЁЇϺϸϴВІЅГ ϶ ϸЂЃЂϿЁϼІϹϿАЁЏЉ ЂϵЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁϼГЉ.
ϔЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЈϴϾІЏ ЃЂϾϴϻЏ϶ϴВІ, ЋІЂ ЂЅϹϸϿЂ-ϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϼ ЅІϹЃЁЏϹ ЃϿϹЀϹЁϴ ϾЂЁІϴϾІϼЄЂ϶ϴϿϼ Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ ϶ БЃЂЉЇ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ Ёϴ ЃЄЂІГϺϹЁϼϼ ϸϿϼІϹϿАЁЂϷЂ
ЃЄЂЀϹϺЇІϾϴ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ (ЂϾЂϿЂ 400 ϿϹІ). ϧЋϼІЏ϶ϴГ ЅІЂϿА ЃЄЂϸЂϿϺϼІϹϿАЁЏϽ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ϼЉ ϾЂЁІϴϾІЂ϶,
ЀЂϺЁЂ ϵЏϿЂ ϵЏ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿϴϷϴІА, ЋІЂ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁϴГ ІЄϴЁЅЈЂЄЀϴЊϼГ, ϾЂІЂЄϴГ ϶ ϼІЂϷϹ ЃЄϼ϶ϹϿϴ Ͼ ЂϵЄϴϻЂ϶ϴЁϼВ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЂ϶ ІϼЃϴ ϳϻ I, ЀЂϷϿϴ ϵЏ ЃЄЂϼϻЂϽІϼ ϶ ϵЂϿϹϹ ЄϴЁЁϹϹ ϶ЄϹЀГ, ϾЂϷϸϴ ϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾϼϹ
ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϡϴЀϴϻϷϴ VI ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿϼЅА ϹЍϹ ϶ ЅІϴϸϼϼ ЄϴЅЊ϶ϹІϴ ϼ ЀϴϾЅϼЀϴϿАЁЂϽ ϺϼϻЁϹϸϹГІϹϿАЁЂЅІϼ.
ϥІЄϹЀϿϹЁϼГ ЅІϹЃЁЂϷЂ ϾЂЋϹ϶ЂϷЂ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼГ Ͼ ЂЅϹϸϿЂЀЇ ЂϵЄϴϻЇ ϺϼϻЁϼ ϶ ЇЅϿЂ϶ϼГЉ ЇЃϴϸϾϴ ϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϼ ЂЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ЀϹЅІ ЂϵϼІϴЁϼГ ϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЊϴЀϼ ЀϴϿЂ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЏ.
ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ϶ЂЃЄЂЅ Ђϵ ЇЋϴЅІϼϼ ЅІϹЃЁЏЉ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ ϶ ЅϿЂϺϹЁϼϼ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЂ϶ ІϼЃϴ ϳϻ I ϶ ЁϴЅІЂГЍϹϹ ϶ЄϹЀГ, ϶϶ϼϸЇ ЂϵЎϹϾІϼ϶ЁЏЉ ЅϿЂϺЁЂЅІϹϽ, ϶ЄГϸ Ͽϼ ЀЂϺϹІ ϵЏІА ЄϹЌϹЁ Ёϴ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϴЉ ϼЅϾϿВЋϼІϹϿАЁЂ ϲϺЁЂϽ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼϼ. ϣЄЂϵϿϹЀϴ ЈЂЄЀϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЂ϶ ІϼЃϴ
ϳϻ I Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϴ ϸЂϿϺЁϴ ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴІАЅГ ϶ ЂϸЁЂЀ ϾЂЁІϹϾЅІϹ Ѕ ЃЄЂϵϿϹЀϴІϼϾЂϽ
ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼГ ЂϵЍЁЂЅІϼ ϿϹЃЁЂϽ ЄϴЅЃϼЅЁЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ БЃЂЉϼ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ — ЄϴЁЁϹϷЂ ϺϹϿϹϻϴ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϔϻϼϼ, ϶ ϾЂІЂЄЇВ ϶ЉЂϸГІ ІϴϾϺϹ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЏ ЋЇЅІЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϨϹЄϷϴЁЅϾЂϽ ϸЂϿϼЁЏ,
93
:
,
,
ϵЇЄϷЇϿВϾЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϦϴЌϾϹЁІЅϾЂϷЂ ЂϴϻϼЅϴ, ϾЇЋЇϾЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ВϷϴ ϧϻϵϹϾϼЅІϴЁϴ, ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂЉЂЄЂЅϴЁЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ (ϦϼϿϿГ-ІϹЃϹ) ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϷЂ ϔЈϷϴЁϼЅІϴЁϴ. ϬϼЄЂϾЂϹ ϷϹЂϷЄϴЈϼЋϹЅϾЂϹ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁϼϹ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЂ϶ ЂϵЍЁЂЅІϼ ϿϹЃЁЂϽ ЄϴЅЃϼЅЁЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ ϶ ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЏЉ ЄϹϷϼЂЁϴЉ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϔϻϼϼ ϶
ϾЂЁЊϹ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЂϷЂ ϶ϹϾϴ ϷЂ϶ЂЄϼІ Ђ ЅϿЂϺЁЏЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂ-ϼЅІЂЄϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЃЄЂЊϹЅЅϴЉ, ЅІϹЃϹЁА
ЇЋϴЅІϼГ ϶ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЅІϹЃЁЏЉ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ ІЄϹϵЇϹІ ϶ЅϹЅІЂЄЂЁЁϹϷЂ ϼϻЇЋϹЁϼГ.
ϔϵϹІϹϾЂ϶ 1963 —
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ϞЇϿАІЇЄϴ ЁЂЀϴϸЂ϶ ϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϽ ϔϻϼϼ: ϠϴІϹЄϼϴϿЏ ЀϹϺϸЇЁϴЄ. ϾЂЁЈ. ϥϴЀϴЄϾϴЁϸ: ϠϹϺϸЇЁϴЄЂϸЁЏϽ ϜЁЅІϼІЇІ
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To the question of cultural contacts
between herders and farmers
in the Late Bronze Age of Turkmenistan
Yu. G. Kutimov
The paper considers two hypotheses that were repeatedly discussed in the archaeological literature
of the second half of the XX century. One of them is the hypothesis suggesting that the decline and demise
of the sedentary farming culture of the Namazga VI period was caused by the arrival of numerous and belligerent nomadic tribes, who destroyed the Namazga VI settlements. According to the second hypothesis,
logically connected with the first one, the steppe tribes participated in the formation of the Yaz I culture,
which replaced Namazga VI at the turn of the II and I millennia BC. Both hypotheses, which at some
point enjoyed widespread support, were based on the fact of appearance in the southern regions of Central
Asia of Eurasian steppe tribes, as evidenced by the finds of steppe pottery in Turkmenistan. Throughout
the whole area of its distribution, this pottery was uniformly identified by researchers as the steppe one
(or Andronovo one), without further subdivision into specific cultural types. Currently these ceramic
materials in Turkmenistan can be classified to a number of different of assemblages, associated with the
Timber-grave, Alakul’, Tazabagyab, Fedorovo, and Sargary-Alexeevka cultures. They differ both quantitatively (with Tazabagyab and Sargary-Alexeevka complexes being the richest ones) and geographically.
The cultural and chronological heterogeneity of the steppe pottery materials, together with differences in
their distribution over the territory of Turkmenistan, testify to rather limited and peaceful contacts between the Late Bronze Age herders and farmers. The scarcity of reliable stratigraphic observations for the
Late Bronze and Early Iron Age sites, as well as the absence of transitional complexes, make it difficult
to build a model of cultural transformations that had led to the formation of the Yaz I type assemblages.
96
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,
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,
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,
,
,
.
Keywords: Central Asia, Iran, Sakas, Achaemenids, Parthians, Indo-Sakas, Yüeh-chih/Tochari, Kushans,
Sasanians, Sogdia, Xinjiang, battle and ceremonial hatchets.
ϖ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϽ ϼЅІЂЄϼϼ ϼ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϹ ϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϽ ϔϻϼϼ ϼ ϜЄϴЁЅϾЂϷЂ ЁϴϷЂЄАГ ϶ЏϸϴВЍϹϹЅГ ЀϹЅІЂ ЃЄϼЁϴϸϿϹϺϴϿЂ ϼЄϴЁЂГϻЏЋЁЏЀ ϼ ІЂЉϴЄЂГϻЏЋЁЏЀ ЃϿϹЀϹЁϴЀ. ϘЂЅІϴІЂЋЁЂ ЅϾϴϻϴІА, ЋІЂ ЃϹЄ϶ЏϹ
ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴϿϼ ЋϹІЏЄϹ ЀЂϷЇЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЉ ϷЂЅЇϸϴЄЅІ϶ϴ — ϠϼϸϼϽЅϾЂϹ, ϔЉϹЀϹЁϼϸЅϾЂϹ, ϣϴЄЈГЁЅϾЂϹ ϼ
ϥϴЅϴЁϼϸЅϾЂϹ, ϴ ϶ІЂЄЏϹ ЅІЂГϿϼ Ї ϼЅІЂϾЂ϶ ϹЍϹ ЂϸЁЂϽ ϾЄЇЃЁϹϽЌϹϽ ϸϹЄϺϴ϶Џ — ϞЇЌϴЁЅϾЂϽ. ϖ ЃЂ϶ЅϹϸЁϹ϶ЁЂϽ ϺϼϻЁϼ БІϼЉ ϶ЂϼЁЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЉ ЁϴЄЂϸЂ϶ ЂϷЄЂЀЁЇВ ЄЂϿА ϼϷЄϴϿЂ ЂЄЇϺϼϹ, ЋІЂ ЃЄЂГ϶ϿГϿЂЅА
ЁϹ ІЂϿАϾЂ ϶ ЃЄϴϾІϼϾϹ ϼЉ ϶ЂϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϸϹϿϴ, ЁЂ ϼ ϶ ϾЇϿАІЂ϶Ђ-ЊϹЄϹЀЂЁϼϴϿАЁЂϽ ЅЈϹЄϹ. ϥЂϷϿϴЅЁЂ ЇϵϹϸϼІϹϿАЁЂϽ ІЄϴϾІЂ϶ϾϹ Ϙ. ϥ. ϤϴϹ϶ЅϾЂϷЂ, ЃϹЄЅЂЁϴϺ ϶ ϾЂЋϹ϶ЁϼЋϹЅϾЂЀ ЂϸϹГЁϼϼ, ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁЁЏϽ Ёϴ ЄϹ϶ϹЄЅϹ ϵЂϿАЌϼЁЅІ϶ϴ ЃϴЄЈГЁЅϾϼЉ ЀЂЁϹІ ЅϼϸГЍϼЀ Ёϴ ІϴϵЇЄϹІϹ ϼ ϸϹЄϺϴЍϼЀ ϶ ϶ЏІГЁЇІЂϽ ЄЇϾϹ ϿЇϾ —
ϷЄЂϻЁЂϹ ЂЄЇϺϼϹ ЅІϹЃЁЂϷЂ ϶ЂϼЁЅІ϶ϴ (϶ϹЄЂГІЁϹϹ ϶ЅϹϷЂ, БІЂ ЂϵЄϴϻ ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴІϹϿГ ϣϴЄЈГЁЅϾЂϷЂ ЊϴЄЅІ϶ϴ
ϔЄЌϴϾϴ I, ЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴ϶ЌϹϷЂЅГ ЁϹЃЄϹЄϹϾϴϹЀЏЀ ϴ϶ІЂЄϼІϹІЂЀ ЅЄϹϸϼ ЃϴЄЈГЁ), ЅϹЀϴЁІϼЋϹЅϾϼ Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁ Ѕ
ϵЏІЂ϶ϴ϶ЌϼЀϼ ϶ ЅϾϼЈЂ-ЅϴϾЅϾЂЀ ЀϼЄϹ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГЀϼ Ђ ϿЇϾϹ ϾϴϾ ЅϼЀ϶ЂϿϹ ϵЂϷЂϸϴЁЁЂЅІϼ ЊϴЄЅϾЂϽ
϶ϿϴЅІϼ (ϤϴϹ϶ЅϾϼϽ 1977ϴ; 1977ϵ: 125–128). ϖ Ѕ϶ЂВ ЂЋϹЄϹϸА, ЁϼϺϹ Г ЃЏІϴВЅА ЃЂϾϴϻϴІА, ЋІЂ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϹ ϻЁϴЋϹЁϼϹ ϶ ϶ЂϼЁЅϾЂЀ ϴЄЅϹЁϴϿϹ ϼ ϼϸϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϶ЂϻϻЄϹЁϼГЉ ϼЄϴЁЊϹ϶2 ϼ ІЂЉϴЄЂ϶ ϼЀϹϿ
ІϴϾЂϽ ϶ϼϸ ЁϴЅІЇЃϴІϹϿАЁЂϷЂ ϶ЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼГ, ϾϴϾ ІЂЃЂЄЏ, ϶ЂЂϵЍϹ ЁϹ ЃЄϼ϶ϿϹϾϴ϶ЌϼϽ ЂЅЂϵЂϷЂ ϶ЁϼЀϴЁϼГ
ЅЂ ЅІЂЄЂЁЏ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿϹϽ, ϹЅϿϼ ЁϹ ЅЋϼІϴІА ЃЇϵϿϼϾϴЊϼϽ ϕ. ϔ. ϟϼІ϶ϼЁЅϾЂϷЂ, ϶ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЂЁ ЃЄϹϼЀЇЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂ ϾϴЅϴϿЅГ ЂЄЇϺϼГ ЃϴЀϼЄЅϾϼЉ ЅϴϾЂ϶ (ϟϼІ϶ϼЁЅϾϼϽ 1968: 70–77; 1972: 120–125; 2001:
418–424; Litvinskij 1984: 46–48; Litvinsky s. a.), ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ЄϴϵЂІ ϔ. ϜЁ϶ϹЄЁϼЊЊϼ ϼ ϴ϶ІЂЄϴ БІϼЉ ЅІЄЂϾ,
϶ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЄϹЋА ϼϸϹІ Ђ ЃϴЄϴϸЁЂЀ ІЂЃЂЄϼϾϹ ϼϻ ϥІϴЄЂϽ ϡϼЅЏ ϼ ϹϷЂ ϼЅІЂЄϼϾЂ-ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϽ ϴІЄϼϵЇЊϼϼ
(Invernizzi 1999: 129–138; Nikonorov 2014).
ϣЂГ϶ϿϹЁϼϹ ϵЂϹ϶ЏЉ ІЂЃЂЄЂ϶ ϼ ϼЉ ЅϴϾЄϴϿϼϻϴЊϼГ ЂІЁЂЅГІЅГ Ͼ ЅϴЀЂЀЇ ЄϴЁЁϹЀЇ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЇ
ϼЅІЂЄϼϼ ϼЄϴЁЂГϻЏЋЁЏЉ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ. ϥϿϹϸЏ ЄϼІЇϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ЃЂЋϼІϴЁϼГ ІЂЃЂЄЂ϶ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϼ϶ϴВІЅГ ЇϺϹ ϶
«ϠϼЉЄ-ГЌІϹ», ϶ЂЅЃϹ϶ϴВЍϹЀ ϵЂϺϹЅІ϶Ђ ϠϼІЄЇ, ЃЄϼ ϾЂϿϹЅЁϼЊϹ ϾЂІЂЄЂϷЂ ЁϴЉЂϸϼІЅГ «ІЏЅГЋϴ ЅІϴϿАЁЏЉ ІЂЃЂЄЂ϶ ЂϵЂВϸЂЂЅІЄЏЉ, ЉЂЄЂЌЂ ЅϸϹϿϴЁЁЏЉ (hazaŋrəm čakušanąm haosafnaēnąm bitaēΰanąm
hukoərətanąm). ϣЂ ЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁЅІ϶Ї ϸЇЉЂ϶ [ЂЁϼ] ϿϹІГІ, ЃЂ ЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁЅІ϶Ї ϸЇЉЂ϶ ЃϴϸϴВІ Ёϴ ϷЂϿЂ϶Џ
1
ϱІϴ ЅІϴІАГ ЁϴЃϼЅϴЁϴ ϶ ЄϴЀϾϴЉ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿАЅϾЂϷЂ ЃЄЂϹϾІϴ (№ NN108205640) «ϖЂϹЁЁЂϹ ϸϹϿЂ ЃϴЄЈГЁЅϾЂϷЂ ϜЄϴЁϴ (247 Ϸ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. — 224 Ϸ. Ё. Б.)», ЃЂϸϸϹЄϺϴЁЁЂϷЂ ϡϴЊϼЂЁϴϿАЁЏЀ ЁϴЇЋЁЏЀ ЊϹЁІЄЂЀ ϶ ϞЄϴϾЂ϶Ϲ
(ϣЂϿАЌϴ). ϔ϶ІЂЄ ЅЋϼІϴϹІ Ѕ϶ЂϼЀ ϸЂϿϷЂЀ ЅϹЄϸϹЋЁЂ ЃЂϵϿϴϷЂϸϴЄϼІА ϾЂϿϿϹϷ ϼ ϸЄЇϻϹϽ ϶ ϥϴЁϾІ-ϣϹІϹЄϵЇЄϷϹ —
ϖ. ϥ. ϕЂЋϾϴЄД϶ϴ, ϙ. Ϡ. ϘϹЁϼЅЂ϶Ї ϼ ϥ. ϖ. ϟϹϵϹϸϼЁЅϾЂϷЂ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЂϾϴϻϴϿϼ ϹЀЇ ЃЂЀЂЍА ϶ ЃЂϸϷЂІЂ϶ϾϹ БІЂϽ ЄϴϵЂІЏ. ϔ϶ІЂЄ ІϴϾϺϹ ЂЋϹЁА ЃЄϼϻЁϴІϹϿϹЁ ϔ.-ϣ. ϨЄϴЁϾЈЂЄЇ, ЅІϴЄЌϹЀЇ ЁϴЇЋЁЂЀЇ ЅЂІЄЇϸЁϼϾЇ ϡϴЊϼЂЁϴϿАЁЂϷЂ
ЊϹЁІЄϴ ЁϴЇЋЁЏЉ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼϽ ϨЄϴЁЊϼϼ (CNRS), ϼ ϘϺ. ϔ. ϤϼЋЋϼ, ϴЅЃϼЄϴЁІЇ ϣЄϼЁЅІЂЁЅϾЂϷЂ ЇЁϼ϶ϹЄЅϼІϹІϴ
(ϡАВ-ϘϺϹЄЅϼ, ϥϬϔ), ϻϴ ЅЂϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼϹ ϶ ЃЂϿЇЋϹЁϼϼ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ϶ϴϺЁЏЉ ϻϴЄЇϵϹϺЁЏЉ ЃЇϵϿϼϾϴЊϼϽ ЃЂ ІϹЀϹ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼГ.
2
ϥЃϹЊϼϴϿАЁЂ ЂϵЄϴЍϴВ ϶ЁϼЀϴЁϼϹ Ёϴ ІЂ, ЋІЂ ϶ ЁϴЅІЂГЍϹϽ ЄϴϵЂІϹ ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴВІЅГ ІЂϿАϾЂ ІϹ ϼЄϴЁЅϾϼϹ
ЁϴЄЂϸЏ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ϺϼϿϼ ϶ ЃЄϹϸϹϿϴЉ ϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϽ ϔϻϼϼ ϼ ϜЄϴЁϴ. ϫІЂ ϺϹ ϾϴЅϴϹІЅГ ЄЂϸЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЉ ϼЀ ϾϼЀЀϹЄϼϽЊϹ϶, ЅϾϼЈЂ϶ ϼ ЅϴЄЀϴІЂ϶, ЃЂЂЋϹЄϹϸЁЂ ЃЄϼЌϹϸЌϼЉ ϼϻ ϔϻϼϼ ϶ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϹ ϣЄϼЋϹЄЁЂЀЂЄАϹ ϼ ЂϵЂЅЁЂ϶ϴ϶ЌϼЉЅГ ІϴЀ,
ІЂ ЀЁЂВ ЇϺϹ ϵЏϿϼ ЃЄЂϴЁϴϿϼϻϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЏ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿЏ ЃЂ ϾЇϿАІЇ ϵЂϹ϶ЏЉ ІЂЃЂЄЂ϶ ϶ ϼЉ ЅЄϹϸϹ (ЅЀ. Nikonorov 2014:
208–217), ϴ ϸЂЃЂϿЁϹЁЁЏϽ ϶ϴЄϼϴЁІ БІЂϷЂ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ϷЂІЂ϶ϼІЅГ ϸϿГ ЃЇϵϿϼϾϴЊϼϼ Ёϴ ЄЇЅЅϾЂЀ ГϻЏϾϹ.
97
:
,
,
ϸБ϶Ђ϶» (Yt. X. 130)3. ϥЋϼІϴϹІЅГ, ЋІЂ «ϠϼЉЄ-ГЌІ», ϾϴϾ ϼ ϸЄЇϷϼϹ ГЌІЏ «ϠϿϴϸЌϹϽ ϔ϶ϹЅІЏ», ϵЏϿ
ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁ ϶ ЃϼЅАЀϹЁЁЂϽ ЈЂЄЀϹ ϶Ђ ϶ІЂЄЂϽ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁϹ V ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (Gershevitch 1959: 3, 13–22).
ϦϹЀ ЁϹ ЀϹЁϹϹ ϸϴϺϹ ϹЅϿϼ БІϴ ϸϴІϴ ЃϼЅАЀϹЁЁЂϽ ЈϼϾЅϴЊϼϼ ϴ϶ϹЅІϼϽЅϾЂϷЂ ϷϼЀЁϴ ϠϼІЄϹ ϵЂϿϹϹ ϼϿϼ
ЀϹЁϹϹ ϶ϹЄЁϴ, ІЂ ЃЂ Ѕ϶ЂϹЀЇ ЅЂϸϹЄϺϴЁϼВ ЂЁ, ЁϹЅЂЀЁϹЁЁЂ, ϶ЂЅЉЂϸϼІ Ͼ ϵЂϿϹϹ ЄϴЁЁϹЀЇ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ.
ϙϷЂ ЂЄϼϷϼЁϴϿАЁϴГ ϶ϹЄЅϼГ ЀЂϷϿϴ ЃЂГ϶ϼІАЅГ ϹЍϹ ϶ БЃЂЉЇ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ, Ёϴ ЋІЂ ЇϾϴϻЏ϶ϴВІ, ϶ ЋϴЅІЁЂЅІϼ,
ϸ϶ϴ ЃϴЅЅϴϺϴ, ϶ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЇІ϶ϹЄϺϸϴϹІЅГ, ЋІЂ ϵЇϿϴ϶ϴ (vazra-) ϠϼІЄЏ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϴ ϼϻ ϺϹϿІЂϷЂ ЀϹІϴϿϿϴ (zarōiš ayaŋhō frahixtəm) (Yt. X. 96; 132), І. Ϲ., ϶ϹЄЂГІЁϹϹ ϶ЅϹϷЂ, ϼϻ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ (ІϴϾЂ϶Ђ ЀЁϹЁϼϹ ϖ. ϕ. ϩϹЁЁϼЁϷϴ: ЅЀ. Boyce 1969: 16, note 31; ЅЀ. ІϴϾϺϹ Malandra 1983: 70, 74; ЅЄ. ϥІϹϵϿϼЁϞϴЀϹЁЅϾϼϽ 1990: 157, ЃЄϼЀϹЋ. 24), ϴ ЁϹ ϼϻ ϻЂϿЂІϴ (ϥЂϾЂϿЂ϶ϴ 2013: 307, 342) ϼϿϼ ЃЂϻЂϿЂЋϹЁЁЂϷЂ
ϺϹϿϹϻϴ (Gershevitch 1959: 121, 139, 245). ϱІЂІ ЃϹЄ϶ЂЁϴЋϴϿАЁЏϽ, Г϶ЁЂ ϸЂϴЉϹЀϹЁϼϸЅϾϼϽ ІϹϾЅІ, ϸЂϿϷЂ
ЃϹЄϹϸϴ϶ϴ϶ЌϼϽЅГ ЇЅІЁЂ, ЃЄϹІϹЄЃϹϿ ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾЂ ЄϹϸϴϾЊϼϽ, ϶ϾϿВЋϴ϶ЌϼЉ, ЂЋϹ϶ϼϸЁЂ, ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁЁЏϹ ϼЀ
ϼЁІϹЄЃЂϿГЊϼϼ, ϼ ЃЂІЂЀЇ ϹϷЂ ϸЂЌϹϸЌϼϽ ϸЂ ЁϴЌϹϷЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ϶ϴЄϼϴЁІ ЅЂϸϹЄϺϼІ ϶ ЅϹϵϹ ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾЂ
ЄϴϻЁЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЏЉ ЅϿЂϹ϶ (ЅЀ. Christensen 1931: 15)4.
ϥЂϷϿϴЅЁЂ «ϠϼЉЄ-ГЌІЇ» ІЂЃЂЄЏ, ЁϴЄГϸЇ ϵЇϿϴ϶ЂϽ, ϿЇϾϴЀϼ, ЅІЄϹϿϴЀϼ, ϾЂЃАГЀϼ, ЀϹЋϴЀϼ ϼ ЃϴϿϼЊϴЀϼ, ЅϿЇϺϼϿϼ ϠϼІЄϹ ϸϿГ ЁϴϾϴϻϴЁϼГ ϹϷЂ ϶ЄϴϷЂ϶ ϶ ϿϼЊϹ ϻϿЏЉ ϸϹЀЂЁЂ϶-ϸБ϶Ђ϶ ϼ ІϹЉ ϼϻ ϿВϸϹϽ, ϾІЂ
϶ЅІϴϿ Ёϴ ЅІЂЄЂЁЇ ϿϺϼ (Yt. X. 96; 128–133). ϖ ϷϿϴϻϴЉ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϼЉ ϼЄϴЁЊϹ϶ ϶ЅϹ БІϼ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІЏ ϶ЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼГ,
ЁϹЅЂЀЁϹЁЁЂ, ϼЀϹϿϼ ЅІϴІЇЅ ϵЂϺϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЉ, Ѕ϶ϹЄЉЎϹЅІϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЉ ϴІЄϼϵЇІЂ϶.
ϦЂЃЂЄ (čakuš-) ІϴϾϺϹ ЈϼϷЇЄϼЄЇϹІ ϶ ЅЃϼЅϾϹ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІЂ϶ ϶ЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼГ ϹЍϹ ϶ ЂϸЁЂЀ ϴ϶ϹЅІϼϽЅϾЂЀ
ϷϼЀЁϹ, «ϢЄЀϴϻϸ-ГЌІϹ» (Yt. I. 18), ЂϸЁϴϾЂ БІЂІ ЅЃϼЅЂϾ ЃЄϼ϶ЂϸϼІЅГ ϶ЁϹ ϾϴϾЂϷЂ-ϿϼϵЂ ϶ЂϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϾЂЁІϹϾЅІϴ (Bartholomae 1904: 575; Malandra 1973: 266, note 2; 1983: 53; Tafazzoli 1994: 188).
ϱІϼ ϸЂ϶ЂϿАЁЂ ЅϾЇϸЁЏϹ Ѕ϶ϹϸϹЁϼГ «ϔ϶ϹЅІЏ» Ђ ϵЂϹ϶ЏЉ ІЂЃЂЄϴЉ ЀЂϷЇІ ϵЏІА ϸЂЃЂϿЁϹЁЏ, ЉЂІГ
ϼ Ѕ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЂϽ ϸЂϿϹϽ ЂЅІЂЄЂϺЁЂЅІϼ, ϸϴЁЁЏЀϼ ϼϻ ϶ϹϸϼϽЅϾЂϽ ϼ БЃϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϿϼІϹЄϴІЇЄЁЏЉ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼϽ
ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϽ ϜЁϸϼϼ. ϣϹЄ϶ϴГ ϼϻ ЁϼЉ ϶ЂϻЁϼϾϿϴ ϶ ЅЄϹϸϹ ЃЄϼЌϿЏЉ ϼЁϸЂϴЄϼϽЅϾϼЉ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ (ЄЂϸЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЉ
ЃЂ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼВ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϽЌϼЀ ϼЄϴЁЊϴЀ) ϷϸϹ-ІЂ Ёϴ ЄЇϵϹϺϹ II ϼ I ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б., ϴ ϶ІЂЄϴГ ϶ ЇЅІЁЂϽ
ЈЂЄЀϹ ЅϿЂϺϼϿϴЅА ϶ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЂЀ ЂϾЂϿЂ ЅϹЄϹϸϼЁЏ I ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϼ ϵЏϿϴ ЃϼЅАЀϹЁЁЂ ϻϴЈϼϾЅϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϴ ϶
ЃϹЄ϶ЂϽ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁϹ I ІЏЅ. Ё. Б. (ϕЂЁϷϴЄϸ-ϟϹ϶ϼЁ 2007: 14–17, 21–22). ϖϴϺЁЂ ЃЂϸЋϹЄϾЁЇІА, ЋІЂ БЃϼЋϹЅϾϴГ ϿϼІϹЄϴІЇЄϴ ЀЁЂϷϼЀϼ ЁϼІГЀϼ Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁϴ Ѕ ϶ϹϸϼϽЅϾЂϽ ϼ Ͼ ІЂЀЇ ϺϹ ϾЂЅ϶ϹЁЁЂ ЂІЄϴϺϴϹІ ЅЂϵЏІϼГ,
ЅЂЃЇІЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴ϶ЌϼϹ ЄϴЅЅϹϿϹЁϼВ ϼЁϸЂϴЄϼϹ϶ ϶ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϽ ϜЁϸϼϼ (ϗЄϼЁЊϹЄ 1974: 148–162). ϖ «ϤϼϷ϶ϹϸϹ»
ІЂЃЂЄЏ ϼЀϹВІ ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾЂ ЁϴϼЀϹЁЂ϶ϴЁϼϽ (para u, kuli a ϼ ϸЄ.) ϼ ЇЃЂЀϼЁϴВІЅГ ϾϴϾ ЄϴϵЂЋϼϹ ϼЁЅІЄЇЀϹЁІЏ, ІϴϾ ϼ ЂЄЇϺϼϹ. ϖЅϹ ЂЁϼ, ϶ ЂІϿϼЋϼϹ ЂІ ІЂЃЂЄЂ϶ ЃЄϹϸЌϹЅІ϶ЇВЍϼЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ ϸЂϿϼЁЏ ϜЁϸϴ, ϵЏϿϼ
ЃЄЂЇЌЁЏЀϼ, ЋІЂ ϸϴ϶ϴϿЂ ϼЁϸЂϴЄϼГЀ ϸЂЃЂϿЁϼІϹϿАЁЂϹ ЃЄϹϼЀЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ ϶ ЅІЂϿϾЁЂ϶ϹЁϼГЉ Ѕ ЀϹЅІЁЏЀ
ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼϹЀ. ϡϴЄГϸЇ Ѕ ϿЇϾЂЀ ІЂЃЂЄ ϵЏϿ ϷϿϴ϶ЁЏЀ ϶ϼϸЂЀ ЁϴЅІЇЃϴІϹϿАЁЂϷЂ ϶ЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼГ ϸϿГ ϾЂϿϹЅЁϼЋЁЏЉ ϶ЂϼЁЂ϶ (Hopkins 1889: 234, 235; Singh 1989: 96; Sandhu 2000: 108). ϖ «ϠϴЉϴϵЉϴЄϴІϹ», ϾϴϾ ϼ ϶
ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ϸЄЇϷϼЉ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾϴЉ ЃЂЅІ϶ϹϸϼϽЅϾЂϽ БЃЂЉϼ, ϵЂϹ϶ЏϹ ІЂЃЂЄЏ ІϴϾϺϹ ϼЀϹВІ ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾЂ ЂϵЂϻЁϴЋϹЁϼϽ — para u, para vadha, kuli a, ku h ra ϼ pa i a (pa a a), ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ϼϻ ϾЂЁІϹϾЅІϴ ЅϿϹϸЇϹІ, ЋІЂ
ЂЁϼ ϵЏϿϼ ЃЄϹϼЀЇЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂ ЂЄЇϺϼϹЀ ϻЁϴІϼ (Hopkins 1889: 249, n. *, 285, n. §, 289, 291, 293, 294, 299,
302, n. ¶, 312, n. *, 326, n. †; Chakravarti 1972: 170–171; Singh 1989: 110; Sandhu 2000: 155). ϣЂЅϿϹϸЁϹϹ
ЂϵЅІЂГІϹϿАЅІ϶Ђ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ЇϹІ Ђ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ ЅϹϾϼЄЏ ЅϼЀ϶ЂϿϼϻϼЄЂ϶ϴϿϼ ϶ЏЅЂϾЂϹ ЂϵЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϹ ЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼϹ ϼЉ ϶ϿϴϸϹϿАЊϹ϶. ϞϴϾ ЅϿϹϸЅІ϶ϼϹ, ЀЂϺЁЂ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϼІА, ЋІЂ ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼЋЁЂϹ ЂІЁЂЌϹЁϼϹ Ͼ ϵЂϹ϶ЏЀ ІЂЃЂЄϴЀ ϼЀϹϿЂ ЀϹЅІЂ ϼ ЅЄϹϸϼ ϼЄϴЁЊϹ϶, ϼϸϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ϸЂϿϺЁЏ ϵЏϿϼ
ϵЏІА ϵϿϼϻϾϼЀϼ ϼЁϸЂϴЄϼϽЅϾϼЀ.
ϥϴЀЏϹ ЄϴЁЁϼϹ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ϴ Ђ ϾЇϿАІϹ ІЂЃЂЄЂ϶ Ї ϼЄϴЁЅϾϼЉ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ ϛϴЃϴϸЁЂϷЂ ϜЄϴЁϴ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸГІ ϼϻ ϟЇЄϼЅІϴЁϴ — ЂϵϿϴЅІϼ, ϻϴЁϼЀϴВЍϹϽ ЊϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЇВ ЋϴЅІА ϷЂЄ ϛϴϷЄЂЅϴ. ϖЂ ϶ЄϹЀГ ЄϴϵЂІ
ϵϹϿАϷϼϽЅϾϼЉ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷЂ϶ Ёϴ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴЉ ϶ ϛϴЃϴϸЁЂЀ ϟЇЄϼЅІϴЁϹ (ϣЇЌІ-ϼ ϞЇЉϹ), ЂІЁЂЅГЍϼЉЅГ Ͼ ЃϹ3
ϦϹϾЅІ: Gershevitch 1959: 138; ЃϹЄϹ϶Ђϸ: ϥЂϾЂϿЂ϶ϴ 2013: 340. ϳ ϻϴЀϹЁϼϿ ϶ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϹЀ ІЂϿАϾЂ ЂϸЁЂ ЅϿЂ϶Ђ,
ϴ ϼЀϹЁЁЂ, «ЀЂϿЂІЂ϶» Ёϴ «ІЂЃЂЄЂ϶», ЃЂЅϾЂϿАϾЇ ІϹЄЀϼЁ čakuš- ЂϵЂϻЁϴЋϴϹІ ϼЀϹЁЁЂ ІЂЃЂЄ (Jackson 1894: 116;
Bartholomae 1904: 575; Olmstead 1948: 26; Gershevitch 1959: 139; ϟϼІ϶ϼЁЅϾϼϽ, ϣАГЁϾЂ϶ 1966: 39; Malandra
1973: 273, 288; 1983: 74; ϥІϹϵϿϼЁ-ϞϴЀϹЁЅϾϼϽ 1990: 86), ІϹЀ ϵЂϿϹϹ ЋІЂ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁϼϹ «ЂϵЂВϸЂЂЅІЄЏϽ» ЃЂϸЉЂϸϼІ
ϼЀϹЁЁЂ ІЂЃЂЄЇ, ϴ ЁϹ ЀЂϿЂІЇ.
4
ϣЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼГ Ђ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ «ϠϼЉЄ-ГЌІ» ϶ ϹϷЂ ЁЏЁϹЌЁϹЀ ϶ϼϸϹ ϵЏϿ, ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂ, ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁ ϶ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϼϹ ϷЂϸЏ ЃЄϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ЃϴЄЈГЁЅϾЂϷЂ ЊϴЄГ ϠϼІЄϼϸϴІϴ I (ЂϾЂϿЂ 171–ЂϾЂϿЂ 138 ϷϷ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.) (Debevoise 1938: 27)
ϼϿϼ ϺϹ ЃЂϸ϶ϹЄϷЅГ ЅϹЄАϹϻЁЂЀЇ ЄϹϸϴϾІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼВ ϶ БϿϿϼЁϼЅІϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϕϴϾІЄϼϼ, ЃЄϹϸЃЄϼЁГІЂЀЇ ϾϹЀ-ІЂ ϼϻ ЀϹЅІЁЂϽ ϼЄϴЁЅϾЂϽ ЂЃЃЂϻϼЊϼϼ ЄϹϺϼЀЇ ϷЄϹϾЂ-ϵϴϾІЄϼϽЅϾϼЉ ЊϴЄϹϽ (ϟϹϿϹϾЂ϶ 1979: 62; 1982: 40), ЁϹ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿГВІЅГ
ЅϾЂϿАϾЂ-ЁϼϵЇϸА ЂϵЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЀϼ ϼ ЇϵϹϸϼІϹϿАЁЏЀϼ.
98
ЄϼЂϸЇ «ϺϹϿϹϻЁЏϽ ϶ϹϾ III» (ЂϾЂϿЂ 800/750 — ЂϾЂϿЂ 650/600 ϷϷ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.), ϵЏϿϼ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ ЇЁϼϾϴϿАЁЏϹ, ЄϴЁϹϹ ЁϹϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЏϹ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏϹ ϶ІЇϿАЋϴІЏϹ ІЂЃЂЄϼϾϼ, ЂϵЇЌϾЂ϶ϴГ ЋϴЅІА ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЂЈЂЄЀϿϹЁϴ ϶
϶ϼϸϹ ІϹЅϿϴ, ЃЄϼ БІЂЀ ϶ϹЄЉЁГГ ЋϴЅІА ϶ІЇϿЂϾ ϸ϶ЇЉ ϼϻ ЁϼЉ ϸϹϾЂЄϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϴ ЄϹϿАϹЈЁЏЀϼ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼГЀϼ
ϵЂЄЂϸϴІЏЉ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϿϼЊ (ϖϴЁϸϹЁ-ϕϹЄϷϹ 1992: 35; Vanden Berghe 1987: 234, fig. 20; Haerinck,
Overlaet 2004: 134, fig. 6, 20; Overlaet 2005: 16, pl. 13, 10; 2013: 387, fig. 18, 8, left; Calmeyer 1969: 147,
Abb. 146a) (ЄϼЅ. 1, 1–2). ϞЄЂЀϹ ІЂϷЂ, ϶ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГЉ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ ІϴϾϺϹ ЃϹЄ϶ЏϹ ϸϿГ ϿЇЄϼЅІϴЁЅϾЂϷЂ ϺϹϿϹϻЁЂϷЂ ϶ϹϾϴ ЃЄЂЇЌЁЏϹ ІЂЃЂЄЏ, ЅϸϹϿϴЁЁЏϹ ϼϻ ϺϹϿϹϻϴ (Vanden Berghe 1987: 232, fig. 15, 7;
Haerinck, Overlaet 2004: 134, fig. 6, 22; Overlaet 2005: 16, pl. 13, 9) (ЄϼЅ. 1, 3). ϥϴЀ ЈϴϾІ ЃЂЀϹЍϹЁϼГ
ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴϹЀЏЉ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІЂ϶ ϶ЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼГ ϶ ЀЂϷϼϿЏ ϾЄϴЅЁЂЄϹЋϼ϶Ђ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ЇϹІ Ђϵ ϼЉ ЅϴϾЄϴϿϼϻϴЊϼϼ5. ϡϹЂϵЉЂϸϼЀЂ ЂІЀϹІϼІА, ЋІЂ ЃЂЋІϼІϹϿАЁЂϹ ЂІЁЂЌϹЁϼϹ Ͼ ІЂЃЂЄϴЀ ϾϴϾ ϻЁϴϾϴЀ ЀЂϷЇЍϹЅІ϶ϴ
ϼ ЃЄϹЅІϼϺϴ ϵЏϿЂ Ѕ϶ЂϽЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂ ЀЁЂϷϼЀ ЁϴЄЂϸϴЀ Ϲ϶ЄϴϻϼϽЅϾЂϷЂ ϾЂЁІϼЁϹЁІϴ Ѕ ϷϿЇϵЂϾЂϽ ϸЄϹ϶ЁЂЅІϼ.
ϣЂЅϾЂϿАϾЇ ϶ ЂЅЁЂ϶Ϲ ІϴϾЂϷЂ ЂІЁЂЌϹЁϼГ ϿϹϺϴϿЂ ЅІЂϽϾЂϹ (ЃЂ ЅЇІϼ ЅЇϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϹ) ЇϵϹϺϸϹЁϼϹ ϶ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ
БІЂІ ϶ϼϸ ЂЄЇϺϼГ ЁϴϸϹϿϹЁ ЂЅЂϵЏЀϼ ϵЂϺϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЀϼ ЅϼϿϴЀϼ ϼ ϶ЂϿЌϹϵЁЏЀϼ Ѕ϶ЂϽЅІ϶ϴЀϼ, ϶ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂϽ ЂϵЄГϸЁЂЅІϼ ЂЁ ϼϷЄϴϿ ЄЂϿА ϾϴϾ ЃЄϹЅІϼϺЁЂϷЂ ЅϼЀ϶ЂϿϴ (ЃЄϼЁϴϸϿϹϺЁЂЅІА Ͼ БϿϼІϹ ЂϵЍϹЅІ϶ϴ ϼ
϶ЂϼЁЅϾЂЀЇ ЅЂЅϿЂ϶ϼВ), ІϴϾ ϼ ЀϴϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ЂϵϹЄϹϷϴ (ЅЀ. ϘϴЄϾϹ϶ϼЋ 1961; ϠϴϾϴЄЂ϶ 1992).
ϣЂ ЀЁϹЁϼВ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϷЂ ЄЇϾЂ϶ЂϸϼІϹϿГ ЄϴЅϾЂЃЂϾ ϶ ϻϴЃϴϸЁЂϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ϟЇЄϼЅІϴЁϴ ϟ. ϖϴЁϸϹЁ-ϕϹЄϷϹ,
ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏϹ ЅϹϾϼЄЏ-ІϹЅϿϴ ϵЏϿϼ ЁϹ ϵЂϹ϶ЏЀ, ϴ ЃϴЄϴϸЁЏЀ ЂЄЇϺϼϹЀ (ϖϴЁϸϹЁ-ϕϹЄϷϹ 1992: 24–25, 28;
Vanden Berghe 1987: 233–234). ϢЁ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϼϿ, ЋІЂ, ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂ, «϶ ЁϴЋϴϿϹ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ “ϺϹϿϹϻЁЏϽ
϶ϹϾ III” ϼЄϴЁЅϾϼϹ ЃϿϹЀϹЁϴ ЃЄЂЁϼϾϴВІ ϶ ϣЇЌІ-ϼ ϞЇЉ» (ϖϴЁϸϹЁ-ϕϹЄϷϹ 1992: 28). ϧЋϼІЏ϶ϴГ ЅϹЄАϹϻЁЏϹ
ϼϻЀϹЁϹЁϼГ, ЃЄЂϼϻЂЌϹϸЌϼϹ ϶ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂЀ ЂϵЄГϸϹ ϼ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿАЁЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϹ ϟЇЄϼЅІϴЁϴ ϼЀϹЁЁЂ ϶
ЃϹЄϼЂϸ «ϺϹϿϹϻЁЏϽ ϶ϹϾ III» (Ϛϖ III), ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ Г϶ЁЏϽ ϸϹЀЂϷЄϴЈϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ЃЂϸЎϹЀ ϻϸϹЅА ϶ БІЂ ϺϹ ϶ЄϹЀГ
(ϖϴЁϸϹЁ-ϕϹЄϷϹ: 23–28; Overlaet 2005: 14–16; 2013: 383–384), ІϴϾЂϽ ϶Џ϶Ђϸ ϶ЏϷϿГϸϼІ ЇϵϹϸϼІϹϿАЁЏЀ.
ϢЁ ЉЂЄЂЌЂ ЅЂϷϿϴЅЇϹІЅГ ϼ Ѕ ЂϵЍϹϽ БІЁЂϿϼЁϷ϶ϼЅІϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ЅϼІЇϴЊϼϹϽ Ёϴ ϻϴЃϴϸϹ ϜЄϴЁϴ, ϷϸϹ ϶ IX ϼ
VIII ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ЃϼЅАЀϹЁЁЏϹ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾϼ ЈϼϾЅϼЄЇВІ ЃЄϼЅЇІЅІ϶ϼϹ ϻЁϴЋϼІϹϿАЁЂϷЂ ϼЄϴЁЂГϻЏЋЁЂϷЂ
ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼГ (ЅЀ. ϗЄϴЁІЂ϶ЅϾϼϽ 2007), ЋϴЅІА ϾЂІЂЄЂϷЂ ЂϵЂЅЁЂ϶ϴϿϴЅА ϶ ϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂЀ ϛϴϷЄЂЅϹ, ϷϸϹ, ЃЂ϶ϼϸϼЀЂЀЇ, ϼ ЅϿϹϸЇϹІ ϿЂϾϴϿϼϻЂ϶ϴІА ЂϵϿϴЅІА ЃЄЂϺϼ϶ϴЁϼГ ϼЄϴЁЊϹ϶ ЃЂϸ Ёϴϻ϶ϴЁϼϹЀ ϣϴЄЅЇϴ, ϶ЃϹЄ϶ЏϹ
ЃЂЃϴ϶ЌЇВ ϶ ЃЂϿϹ ϻЄϹЁϼГ ϴЅЅϼЄϼϽЅϾϼЉ ϴЁЁϴϿЂ϶ ϶ 843 Ϸ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (Levine 1974: 106–112). ϢϵЏЋЁЂ
ЅЋϼІϴϹІЅГ, ЋІЂ ϷϸϹ-ІЂ ЂϾЂϿЂ 800 Ϸ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ЃϹЄЅЏ ЂІϸϹϿϼϿϼЅА ЂІ ЀϼϸϼϽЅϾϼЉ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ ϼ ЃЄϼЌϿϼ ЅЁϴЋϴϿϴ ϶ ϷЂЄЏ ϛϴϷЄЂЅϴ, ϴ ϻϴІϹЀ ЂІІЇϸϴ ЃЂЅІϹЃϹЁЁЂ ϸ϶ϼЁЇϿϼЅА ϸϴϿϹϹ ϶ ВϷЂ-϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂЀ ЁϴЃЄϴ϶ϿϹЁϼϼ,
ϸЂЅІϼϷЁЇ϶, ЁϴϾЂЁϹЊ, ϣϴЄЅϴ (ϣϹЄЅϼϸЏ, ЅЂ϶Є. ϨϴЄЅϴ) ϼ ЂϾЂЁЋϴІϹϿАЁЂ ЂЅϹ϶ ІϴЀ (ϘϴЁϸϴЀϴϹ϶, ϟЇϾЂЁϼЁ
1980: 41). ϖЃЄЂЋϹЀ, ϶ Ѕ϶ϹІϹ ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂϽ ЃϹЄ϶ЂЁϴЋϴϿАЁЂϽ ϿЂϾϴϿϼϻϴЊϼϼ ϣϴЄЅЇϴ («ЅІЄϴЁЏ ЃϹЄЅЂ϶»)
ϼЀϹЁЁЂ ϶ ϷЂЄϴЉ ϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ϛϴϷЄЂЅϴ ЄϴϻϸϹϿϹЁϼϹ ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾϼЉ ϼ ЀϼϸϼϽЅϾϼЉ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ ϸЂϿϺЁЂ ϵЏϿЂ
ЃЄЂϼϻЂϽІϼ ЄϴЁАЌϹ — ЁϹ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϹ ЅϹЄϹϸϼЁЏ IX ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϖ ІϴϾЂЀ ЅϿЇЋϴϹ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЇ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ Ϛϖ III
϶ ϛϴЃϴϸЁЂЀ ϟЇЄϼЅІϴЁϹ ЀЂϺЁЂ ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴІА, ЃЇЅІА ϼ ϷϼЃЂІϹІϼЋϹЅϾϼ, ϾϴϾ ЅЈЂЄЀϼЄЂ϶ϴ϶ЌЇВЅГ ϶
ЅЄϹϸϹ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϽЌϼЉ ЃϹЄЅЂ϶ ϹЍϹ ϸЂ ЂϵЄϹІϹЁϼГ ϼЀϼ ЄЂϸϼЁЏ ϶ ϣϴЄЅϹ. ϣЄϴ϶ϸϴ, ϸϿГ БІЂϷЂ ЁϹЂϵЉЂϸϼЀЂ
ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾЂ ЇϸЄϹ϶ЁϼІА ЁϼϺЁВВ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЇВ ϷЄϴЁϼЊЇ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ Ϛϖ III ϶ ϟЇЄϼЅІϴЁϹ, ЇЅІϴЁЂ϶ϿϹЁЁЇВ ϵϹϿАϷϼϽЅϾϼЀϼ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϴЀϼ ЂϾЂϿЂ 800/750 ϷϷ. ϸЂ Ё. Б., ϸЂ ЂϾЂϿЂ 850 Ϸ. ϾϴϾ ЅϴЀЇВ ЃЂϻϸЁВВ.
ϘЂЅІЂ϶ϹЄЁЏϹ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ϴ Ђ ϵЏІЂ϶ϴЁϼϼ ІЂЃЂЄЂ϶ ϶ ϸЄЇϷϼЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴЉ Ϛϖ III ϛϴЃϴϸЁЂϷЂ
ϜЄϴЁϴ, ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼϹ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ, ϼЅЉЂϸГ ϼϻ ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂϷЂ ЇЄЂ϶ЁГ ЁϴЌϼЉ ϻЁϴЁϼϽ, ЀЂϺϹІ ϵЏІА ϵЂϿϹϹ
ϼϿϼ ЀϹЁϹϹ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁЁЂ Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁЂ Ѕ ЃЄϼЌϿЏЀϼ ϼЄϴЁЂГϻЏЋЁЏЀϼ ЃϿϹЀϹЁϴЀϼ (ϘϴЁϸϴЀϴϹ϶, ϟЇϾЂЁϼЁ
1980: 51), ЋЄϹϻ϶ЏЋϴϽЁЂ ЅϾЇϸЁЏ. ϦϴϾ, ϼϻ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГ ί6/B10a ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴ ϘϼЁЉϴ ϦϹЃϹ ϶ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЂϛϴЃϴϸЁЂЀ ϜЄϴЁϹ, ϶ ϾЂІЂЄЂЀ ϵЏϿ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁ ϻЁϴІЁЏϽ ϶ЂϼЁ, ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸϼІ ϺϹϿϹϻЁЏϽ ЃЄЂЇЌЁЏϽ ІЂЃЂЄ Ѕ
ϾЂЄЂІϾϼЀ ЀϴЅЅϼ϶ЁЏЀ ЂϵЇЉЂЀ ϼ ЂϵϿЂЀϴЁЁЏЀ ϾϿϼЁϾЂЀ (Muscarella 2013: 222, fig. 36, 1033) (ЄϼЅ. 1, 4).
ϱІЂ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϹ ϻϴЅϿЇϺϼ϶ϴϹІ ЃЄϼЅІϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ϶ЁϼЀϴЁϼГ. ϕЇϸЇЋϼ ЂϸЁϼЀ ϼϻ ЅϴЀЏЉ ϵЂϷϴІЏЉ Ёϴ ЁϹϾЄЂЃЂϿϹ, ЂЁЂ ϵЏϿЂ ЅЂ϶ϹЄЌϹЁЂ ϶ ϵЂϿАЌЂϽ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЂϽ ϷЄЂϵЁϼЊϹ Ѕ ЀЁЂϷЂЋϼЅϿϹЁЁЏЀ ϼ ϶ЏЄϴϻϼІϹϿАЁЏЀ ЅЂЃЄЂ϶ЂϸϼІϹϿАЁЏЀ ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄϹЀ, ϶ϾϿВЋϴГ 15 ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶, ЃЄϹϸЀϹІЏ ϶ЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼГ
ϼ ϵЏІϴ, ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁϼГ ϼ ϸЄ. (Muscarella 1968: 189, 191–192, fig. 13–14; 2013: 209, 214, 222, 232–233, 245,
fig. 35–37). ϧЁϼϾϴϿАЁЂЅІА БІЂϷЂ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГ ЅЂЅІЂϼІ ϶ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ ϻϴ ЃЄϹϸϹϿϴЀϼ ϷЄЂϵЁϼЊЏ ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿЅГ
ЄϴЅЋϿϹЁϹЁЁЏϽ ϾЂЁЅϾϼϽ ЅϾϹϿϹІ, ϴ ϶ ЁϹϽ ЅϴЀЂϽ ϵЏϿϼ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏϹ ϼ ϺϹϿϹϻЁЏϹ ЇϸϼϿϴ. ϖЁϹ
϶ЅГϾЂϷЂ ЅЂЀЁϹЁϼГ, БІЂ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϹ ϶ЅϴϸЁϼϾϴ, ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ϹϸϼЁЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϹ Ёϴ ϘϼЁЉϴ ϦϹЃϹ. ϔ϶ІЂЄ ЃЇϵϿϼϾϴЊϼϼ ϸϴІϼЄЇϹІ ϹϷЂ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЂЀ ϘϼЁЉϴ II (= Ϛϖ II), І. Ϲ. ϶ ЃЄϹϸϹϿϴЉ X–IX ϶϶., ЁЂ ЅϴЀ ϺϹ ЂϷЂ϶ϴЄϼ϶ϴϹІЅГ,
ϥЀ., ЁϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ, ϕϹЅЅЂЁЂ϶ϴ 1984, ϷϸϹ ЄϹЋА ϼϸϹІ Ђ ЅϹЀϴЁІϼϾϹ ЂЄЇϺϼГ ϶ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏЉ ЂϵЄГϸϴЉ Ёϴ ЃЄϼЀϹЄϹ ЅϾϼЈЂ϶ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϷЂ ϣЄϼЋϹЄЁЂЀЂЄАГ.
5
99
:
,
,
. 1. 1, 2 — ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏϹ ІЂЃЂЄЏ-ІϹЅϿϴ ϼϻ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾЂ϶ ϫϴЀϺϼ-ϠЇЀϴ ϼ ϖϴЄ ϞϴϵЇϸ ϶ ϟЇЄϼЅІϴЁϹ (1 —
ЃЂ Haerinck, Overlaet 2004; 2 — ЃЂ Overlaet 2005); 3 — ϺϹϿϹϻЁЏϽ ІЂЃЂЄ ϼϻ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴ ϖϴЄ ϞϴϵЇϸ (ЃЂ
Overlaet 2005); 4 — ϺϹϿϹϻЁЏϽ ІЂЃЂЄ ϼϻ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴ ϘϼЁЉϴ ϦϹЃϹ ϶ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЂ-ϛϴЃϴϸЁЂЀ ϜЄϴЁϹ (ЃЂ Muscarella
2013); 5, 5ϴ — ϵϼЀϹІϴϿϿϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ЋϹϾϴЁ ϼ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏϽ ϶ІЂϾ ϼϻ ЅϴϾЅϾЂϷЂ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴ ϧϽϷϴЄϴϾ ϶ ЁϼϻЂ϶АГЉ
ϥЏЄϸϴЄАϼ (ЃЂ ϖϼЌЁϹ϶ЅϾϴГ 1973); 6–13 — ϺϹϿϹϻЁЏϹ ІЂЃЂЄЏ ϼϻ ЅϴϾЅϾϼЉ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ Ёϴ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂЀ ϣϴЀϼЄϹ
(ЃЂ ϟϼІ϶ϼЁЅϾϼϽ 1972)
Fig. 1. 1, 2 — bronze axes-adzes from the graveyards at Chamzhi-Mumah and War Kabud in Luristan (1 —
after Haerinck, Overlaet 2004; 2 — after Overlaet 2005); 3 — iron axe from the graveyard at War Kabud (after
Overlaet 2005); 4 — iron axe from the graveyard at Dinkha Tepe in North-Western Iran (after Muscarella 2013);
5, 5ϴ — bimetallic pick-chekan and bronze capping (vtok) from the Saka burial ground at Uygarak in the Lower
Syr Darya area (after ϖϼЌЁϹ϶ЅϾϴГ 1973); 6–13 — iron battleaxes from Saka burials in the Eastern Pamirs (after
ϟϼІ϶ϼЁЅϾϼϽ 1972)
100
ЋІЂ ЃЂϸЂϵЁЏϹ ϶ЅϴϸЁϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ ϾϴϾ ϵЇϸІЂ ϵЏ ЁϹ ϸЂϿϺЁЏ ϵЏϿϼ ЃЂГ϶ϼІАЅГ ϶ ϜЄϴЁϹ ϸЂ ЃЄϼЉЂϸϴ ІЇϸϴ ЅϾϼЈЂ϶ ϼ ЄЂϸЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЉ ϼЀ ЁϴЄЂϸЁЂЅІϹϽ ϶ ϾЂЁЊϹ VIII — ЁϴЋϴϿϹ VII ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (Muscarella
1968: 92). ϖЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ, ЋІЂ БІЂ БϾЅІЄϴЂЄϸϼЁϴЄЁЂϹ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϹ, ϶ЏϸϹϿГВЍϹϹЅГ ϼϻ ϶ЅϹЉ ϸЄЇϷϼЉ, ЂІЁЂЅГЍϼЉЅГ Ͼ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЇ ϘϼЁЉϴ II (϶ЅϹϷЂ ϼЉ ЄϴЅϾЂЃϴЁЂ ЂϾЂϿЂ 70), ЂϸЁЂ ϼϻ ЅϴЀЏЉ ЃЂϻϸЁϼЉ ϼ ЂЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЂ
ЃЄϼЌϹϿАЊϴЀϼ ϼЄϴЁЅϾЂϷЂ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼГ. ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ϶ ϿВϵЂЀ ЅϿЇЋϴϹ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЁЏϽ ϶ ЁϹЀ ІЂЃЂЄ ϸϴϹІ
϶ЃЂϿЁϹ ЁϴϷϿГϸЁЂϹ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϼϹ Ђ ϸϴЁЁЂЀ ϶ϼϸϹ ЇϸϴЄЁЂ-ЄЇϵГЍϹϷЂ ЂЄЇϺϼГ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ ϶ ЅЀЇІЁЇВ
БЃЂЉЇ ϻϴЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϻϴЃϴϸЁЂϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ϜЄϴЁЅϾЂϷЂ ЁϴϷЂЄАГ ЂЄϸϴЀϼ ϼЄϴЁЂГϻЏЋЁЏЉ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴϿЅГ
ϾϴϾ ϶ ϶ЂϹЁЁЏЉ ЅІЂϿϾЁЂ϶ϹЁϼГЉ, ІϴϾ ϼ ϶ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂϽ ЂϵЄГϸЁЂЅІϼ6.
ϫІЂ ϾϴЅϴϹІЅГ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏЉ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϽ, ІЂ ϶ ЅІϹЃГЉ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϔϻϼϼ (ϻϴЃϴϸЁЂϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϽ
ϔϻϼϼ), ЁϴЋϼЁϴГ Ѕ ЄϴЁЁϹϷЂ ϺϹϿϹϻЁЂϷЂ ϶ϹϾϴ, ЂϵϼІϴϿϼ ϾЂЋϹ϶ЏϹ ϼ ЃЂϿЇϾЂЋϹ϶ЏϹ ϼЄϴЁЂГϻЏЋЁЏϹ ЁϴЄЂϸЏ,
ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴϹЀЏϹ ϷЄϹЋϹЅϾϼЀϼ ϼ ϿϴІϼЁЅϾϼЀϼ ϴ϶ІЂЄϴЀϼ ЀϴЅЅϴϷϹІϴЀϼ (Μα αΰΫ αδ/Massagetae) ϼ ЅϴϾϴЀϼ
(΢Ϊεαδ/Sacae). ϠϴЅЅϴϷϹІЅϾЂϹ ЂϵЎϹϸϼЁϹЁϼϹ ЅϿЂϺϼϿЂЅА, ЃЂ-϶ϼϸϼЀЂЀЇ, ЁϹ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϹ ϾЂЁЊϴ VIII ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.
(ϗЄϴЁІЂ϶ЅϾϼϽ 1975: 85) Ёϴ ЅІϹЃЁЏЉ ЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁЅІ϶ϴЉ ЂІ ϲϺЁЂϷЂ ϧЄϴϿϴ ϸЂ ϣЄϼϴЄϴϿАГ ϼ ϻϴІϹЀ ЄϴЅЌϼЄϼϿЂ ЀϹЅІϴ ЂϵϼІϴЁϼГ ϸЂ ЂϵϿϴЅІϹϽ ЀϹϺϸЇ ϞϴЅЃϼϽЅϾϼЀ ЀЂЄϹЀ ϼ ϔЀЇϸϴЄАϹϽ (ЅЀ. ϣАГЁϾЂ϶ 1975).
ϞЇϿАІЇЄϴ ЅϴϾЅϾϼЉ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ, ЅЂϷϿϴЅЁЂ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЀ ϸϴЁЁЏЀ, ϶ЂϻЁϼϾϿϴ ЁϹ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϹ VII ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.
Ёϴ ЂϷЄЂЀЁЂϽ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ, ϶ϾϿВЋϴ϶ЌϹϽ ЁϼϻЂ϶АГ ЄϹϾ ϔЀЇϸϴЄАϼ ϼ ϥЏЄϸϴЄАϼ, ϨϹЄϷϴЁЅϾЇВ ϸЂϿϼЁЇ,
ϥϹЀϼЄϹЋАϹ, ϦГЁА-ϬϴЁА, ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЏϽ ϣϴЀϼЄ, ЄϴϽЂЁЏ ϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ϼ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϷЂ ϞϴϻϴЉЅІϴЁϴ ϼ
ϥϼЁАЊϻГЁϴ (ЃЂϸЄЂϵЁЂ ЅЀ. ϟϼІ϶ϼЁЅϾϼϽ 1972: 156–187; Yablonsky 1995: 201–239). ϡϴϸЃϼЅϼ ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾϼЉ ЊϴЄϹϽ ϘϴЄϼГ I (521–486) ϼϻ ϣϹЄЅϹЃЂϿГ, ϡϴϾЌ-ϼ ϤЇЅІϴЀϴ, ϥЇϻ ϼ ϩϴЀϴϸϴЁϴ, ϞЅϹЄϾЅϴ (486–465/4)
ϼ ϔЄІϴϾЅϹЄϾЅϴ II (404–359/8) ϼϿϼ ϔЄІϴϾЅϹЄϾЅϴ III (359/8–338) ϼϻ ϣϹЄЅϹЃЂϿГ (DB. V. 22; DPh. 5–6;
DNa. 25–26, 28–29; DNe. 15; DSe. 24–25; DHa. 4–5; XPh. 26–27; A?P/A3Pb. 14–15, 24 — ЅЀ. Kent 1953:
133, 134, 136, 137, 140, 141, 147, 151, 156; Schmitt 2009: 90, 98, 102, 113, 119, 125, 166, 198; Schmidt
1970: 108–116; Vogelsang 1992: 98–99; ЁϴϸЃϼЅА Ёϴ ЅІϴІЇϹ ϘϴЄϼГ ϼϻ ϥЇϻ — Roaf 1974: 75, 118–121;
Vogelsang 1992: 99, 104–105, 143) ЇЃЂЀϼЁϴВІ ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾЂ ϵЂϿАЌϼЉ ЃϿϹЀϹЁЁЏЉ ЂϵЎϹϸϼЁϹЁϼϽ ЅϴϾЂ϶
(Sak ): haumavarg («ЃАВЍϼϹ/ЃЄϼϷЂІЂ϶ϿГВЍϼϹ» ЉϴЂЀЇ»), tigraxaud («϶ ЂЅІЄЂϾЂЁϹЋЁЏЉ ЌϴЃϾϴЉ»),
tyaiy para Sugdam («ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ϻϴ ϥЂϷϸЂЀ») ϼ tyaiy paradraya («ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ϻϴ ЀЂЄϹЀ»). Ϝϻ ЁϼЉ ІЄϼ ЃϹЄ϶ЏЉ
ϿЂϾϴϿϼϻЇВІЅГ ϶ ЊϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϴϻϼϴІЅϾЂЀ ЄϹϷϼЂЁϹ, ϴ ЋϹІ϶ϹЄІЂϹ ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ЇϹІ ЃЄϼЋϹЄЁЂЀЂЄЅϾϼЀ ЅϾϼЈϴЀ. ϖ ЃϹЄϹЋϼЅϿϹЁЁЏЉ ϴЉϹЀϹЁϼϸЅϾϼЉ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾϴЉ, Ёϴ ЃϹЄ϶ЏϽ ϶ϻϷϿГϸ, ЂІЅЇІЅІ϶ЇВІ ЀϴЅЅϴϷϹІЏ, ЁЂ
ЂЋϹЁА ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ, ЋІЂ ЂЁϼ ЅϾЄЏ϶ϴВІЅГ ІϴЀ ЃЂϸ ϸЄЇϷϼЀ БІЁЂЁϼЀЂЀ. ϣЂ ЀЁϹЁϼВ ЂϸЁϼЉ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿϹϽ (ϣАГЁϾЂ϶ 1968: 17; ϟϼІ϶ϼЁЅϾϼϽ 1972: 174), ЀϴЅЅϴϷϹІЏ ϴЁІϼЋЁЂϽ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼϼ ϸЂϿϺЁЏ ϵЏІА ІЂϺϸϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏ ϶ЏЌϹЁϴϻ϶ϴЁЁЏЀ ЅϴϾϴЀ tigraxaud . ϥЂϷϿϴЅЁЂ ϸЄЇϷЂϽ ІЂЋϾϹ ϻЄϹЁϼГ (ϞϿГЌІЂЄЁЏϽ, ϥЇϿІϴЁЂ϶
2009: 48–52), БІЂ ϵЏϿϼ ϸϴЉϼ (Dah ), ЈϼϷЇЄϼЄЇВЍϼϹ ϶ ЁϴϸЃϼЅϼ ϞЅϹЄϾЅϴ ϼϻ ϣϹЄЅϹЃЂϿГ (XPh 26 —
ЅЀ. Kent 1953: 151; Schmitt 2009: 166), — ϾЂЋϹ϶ЂϽ ЁϴЄЂϸ, ЂϵϼІϴ϶ЌϼϽ ϶ ЅІϹЃГЉ ЀϹϺϸЇ ϞϴЅЃϼϽЅϾϼЀ ϼ
ϔЄϴϿАЅϾϼЀ ЀЂЄГЀϼ ϼ ЅІϴ϶ЌϼϽ ЉЂЄЂЌЂ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЏЀ ϷЄϹϾЂ-ϿϴІϼЁЅϾЂϽ ЃϼЅАЀϹЁЁЂϽ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼϼ ЃЂϸ ЁϴϼЀϹЁЂ϶ϴЁϼϹЀ Ϊαδ/Dahae, ЁϴЋϼЁϴГ ЅЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂϷЂ ЃЂЉЂϸϴ ϔϿϹϾЅϴЁϸЄϴ ϠϴϾϹϸЂЁЅϾЂϷЂ. Ϝϻ ϼЉ
ЅЄϹϸЏ ϶ III ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϶ЏЌϿϼ ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴІϹϿϼ ЀЂϷЇЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϽ ϸϹЄϺϴ϶Џ ЃϴЄЈГЁЅϾϼЉ ϔЄЌϴϾϼϸЂ϶.
ϖ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅ ϶ЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼГ ϾϴϾ ЀϴЅЅϴϷϹІЂ϶, ІϴϾ ϼ ЅϴϾЂ϶, ϶ЉЂϸϼϿϼ ϵЂϹ϶ЏϹ ІЂЃЂЄЏ, ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴϹЀЏϹ
ϷЄϹЋϹЅϾϼЀϼ ϴ϶ІЂЄϴЀϼ Ϊΰαλδμ. ϗϹЄЂϸЂІ ϼ ϥІЄϴϵЂЁ ϷЂ϶ЂЄГІ Ђ ЅϴϷϴЄϼЅϴЉ ЀϴЅЅϴϷϹІЂ϶, ЅϸϹϿϴЁЁЏЉ ϼϻ
ϵЄЂЁϻЏ (ЃЄϼЋϹЀ, ЃЂ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЀ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϷЂ, ϶ ЅІЄϴЁϹ ЀϴЅЅϴϷϹІЂ϶ ϺϹϿϹϻϴ ЁϹ ϵЏϿЂ ϶ЂЂϵЍϹ, ϴ ϶ІЂЄЂϽ ЇІ϶ϹЄϺϸϴϹІ, ЋІЂ ϹϷЂ ϵЏϿЂ ЀϴϿЂ) (Hdt. I. 215; Strabo XI. 8. 6). ϗϹЄЂϸЂІ ϶ Ѕ϶ЂϹЀ ЂЃϼЅϴЁϼϼ ϴЄЀϼϼ ϞЅϹЄϾЅϴ,
ϸ϶ϼϷϴ϶ЌϹϽЅГ ϶ 480 Ϸ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϶ ϗЄϹЊϼВ, ϷЂ϶ЂЄϼІ Ђϵ ЂЄЇϺϼϼ ЃЄϼЁГ϶ЌϼЉ ЇЋϴЅІϼϹ ϶ БІЂЀ ЃЂЉЂϸϹ
ϴЀϼЄϷϼϽЅϾϼЉ ЅϴϾЂ϶, ϶ϾϿВЋϴ϶ЌϹЀ «ІЇϻϹЀЁЏϹ ϿЇϾϼ ϼ ϾϼЁϺϴϿЏ, ϴ ϶ϸЂϵϴ϶ЂϾ Ͼ ЁϼЀ ϼ ІЂЃЂЄЏ [ϼЀϹЁЇϹЀЏϹ ϼЀϼ?] ЅϴϷϴЄϼЅ» ( όια ὲ ἐπδχώλδα εα ἐΰχ δλ δα, πλ μ ὲ εα ἀιίθαμ Ϊΰαλδμ) (Hdt. VII. 64).
ϱІϼЉ ЅϴϾЂ϶ ЂϵЏЋЁЂ ЂІЂϺϸϹЅІ϶ϿГВІ Ѕ ЅϴϾϴЀϼ haumavarg ϴЉϹЀϹЁϼϸЅϾϼЉ ЁϴϸЃϼЅϹϽ ϼ ϿЂϾϴϿϼϻЇВІ
Ёϴ ВϷЂ-϶ЂЅІЂϾϹ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϔϻϼϼ, ЄГϸЂЀ Ѕ ϕϴϾІЄϼϹϽ ϼ ϜЁϸϼϹϽ (ϟϼІ϶ϼЁЅϾϼϽ 1972: 173–174, 186–187;
ϗЄϴЁІЂ϶ЅϾϼϽ 1975: 86; ϣАГЁϾЂ϶ 1968: 16; P’iankov 1996: 37–39; Vogelsang 1992: 192; Schmitt 2004).
ϠϹІϴϿϿ, ϼϻ ϾЂІЂЄЂϷЂ ϵЏϿϼ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁЏ ϴЀϼЄϷϼϽЅϾϼϹ ЅϴϷϴЄϼЅЏ, ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾ ЁϹ ЇЃЂЀϼЁϴϹІ, ЁЂ ЀЂϺЁЂ
6
ϘЂϵϴ϶ϿВ, ЋІЂ Ϣ. ϠЇЅϾϴЄϹϿϿϴ ЃϹЄ϶ЂЁϴЋϴϿАЁЂ (϶ ЃЇϵϿϼϾϴЊϼϼ 1971 Ϸ.) ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴϿ ІЄϼ ІЂЃЂЄϴ ϼϻ ЂϷЄϴϵϿϹЁЁЂϽ ϵЂϷϴІЂϽ ϷЄЂϵЁϼЊЏ ϾЇЄϷ. IV ϶ ϥϼ ϗϼЄϸϴЁϹ (ϥϹ϶ϹЄЂ-ϛϴЃϴϸЁЏϽ ϜЄϴЁ, ЁϹϸϴϿϹϾЂ ЂІ Ђϻ. ϧЄЀϼГ) VII–VI ϶϶.
ϸЂ Ё. Б. (Muscarella 2013: 55, 56, 80, fig. 14), ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ϶ ІЂ ϶ЄϹЀГ ЂЁ ЅЋϼІϴϿ ϼЉ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏЀϼ, ІЂϷϸϴ ϾϴϾ ЂЁϼ ЂϾϴϻϴϿϼЅА ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁЁЏЀϼ ϼϻ ЀЏЌАГϾЂ϶ϼЅІЂϽ ЀϹϸϼ (Ibid.: 90–91). ϣЂϻϸЁϹϹ (϶ 2003 Ϸ.), ϶϶ϼϸЇ ЅϹЄАϹϻЁЂϽ ϼ ϴЄϷЇЀϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϽ ϾЄϼІϼϾϼ ЅЂ ЅІЂЄЂЁЏ Ѕ϶ЂϼЉ ЂЃЃЂЁϹЁІЂ϶ (Ϛ. ϘϹϽϹ ϼ ЂЅЂϵϹЁЁЂ ϖ. ϔ. ϦЄϼЈЂЁЂ϶ϴ ϼ ϔ. Ϙ. ϤϹϻϹЃϾϼЁϴ)
ЂЁ ЃЄϼϻЁϴϿ Ѕ϶ЂВ ЂЌϼϵϾЇ ϼ ЂІЁϹЅ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ ϥϼ ϗϼЄϸϴЁϴ Ͼ БЃЂЉϹ ЄϴЁЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ (Ibid.: 83–96).
101
:
,
,
ϸЂЃЇЅІϼІА, ЋІЂ ϶ ЂІϿϼЋϼϹ ЂІ ЀϴЅЅϴϷϹІЅϾϼЉ ЂЁϼ ϵЏϿϼ ϺϹϿϹϻЁЏЀϼ. ϣЂ ϾЄϴϽЁϹϽ ЀϹЄϹ, ϶ЅϹ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЏϹ ЀЁϹ Ёϴ ЅϹϷЂϸЁГ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϼ ІЂЃЂЄЂ϶ ϼϻ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ЅϴϾЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϔϻϼϼ ЅϸϹϿϴЁЏ ϼϻ
ϺϹϿϹϻϴ. ϥϴЀЏϽ ЄϴЁЁϼϽ ϼϻ ЁϼЉ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁ ϶ ЃЂϷЄ. 84 ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴ ϧϽϷϴЄϴϾ ϶ ЁϼϻЂ϶АГЉ ϥЏЄϸϴЄАϼ.
ϱІЂ ϵϼЀϹІϴϿϿϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ІЂЃЂЄϼϾ, ϾϿϼЁЂϾ ϾЂІЂЄЂϷЂ ϺϹϿϹϻЁЏϽ, ϼ ІЂϿАϾЂ ϹϷЂ ϶ІЇϿϾϴ ϼ ϶ІЂϾ ЄЇϾЂГІϼ
ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏϹ (ϖϼЌЁϹ϶ЅϾϴГ 1973: 97–98, ІϴϵϿ. XX, 1, 2) (ЄϼЅ. 1, 5–5 ). ϔ϶ІЂЄ ЃЇϵϿϼϾϴЊϼϼ ϸϴІϼЄЇϹІ БІЂ
ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϹ VI ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ: 98, 123). ϣЄϼЀϹЋϴІϹϿАЁЂ, ЋІЂ ЇϷЂϿ ЀϹϺϸЇ ϾϿϼЁϾЂЀ ϼ ϶ІЇϿϾЂϽ
БІЂϷЂ ІЂЃЂЄϼϾϴ ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏЀ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼϹЀ ϷЂϿЂ϶Ͼϼ ЉϼЍЁЂϽ ЃІϼЊЏ. ϣЄϼЁϼЀϴГ ϶Ђ ϶ЁϼЀϴЁϼϹ БІЇ ЂЅЂϵϹЁЁЂЅІА, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼВ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЁЏЉ ϶ БІЂЀ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϼ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏЉ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾЂ϶
ЅІЄϹϿ, ІЂЃЂЄϼϾ ЀЂϺϹІ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴІАЅГ VII ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (ЅЀ. ϞЇЄЂЋϾϼЁ, ϥЇϵϵЂІϼЁ 1992: 59). ϡϹϵЂϿАЌϴГ,
ЁЂ ЄϴϻЁЂЂϵЄϴϻЁϴГ ЅϹЄϼГ ϺϹϿϹϻЁЏЉ ІЂЃЂЄЂ϶ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸϼІ ϼϻ ЀЂϷϼϿ V–III ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б., ЄϴЅϾЂЃϴЁЁЏЉ
Ёϴ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂЀ ϣϴЀϼЄϹ (ϟϼІ϶ϼЁЅϾϼϽ 1968: 70–77, ІϴϵϿ. 1; 1972: 120–125, ІϴϵϿ. 43; 2001: 418–424,
ІϴϵϿ. 83; Litvinskij 1984: 46–48, Abb. 10). ϖ ЁϹϽ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ ІЂЃЂЄЏ-ЅϹϾϼЄЏ Ѕ ЂϵЇЉϴЀϼ ЄϴϻЁЏЉ
ЈЂЄЀ (ЄϼЅ. 1, 7, 9–10), ϸ϶ЇϿϹϻ϶ϼϽЁϴГ ЅϹϾϼЄϴ (ЄϼЅ. 1, 6) ϼ ЋϹϾϴЁЏ (ЄϼЅ. 1, 8, 11–13).
ϦϴϾЂϽ ϶ϼϸ ϵЂϹ϶ЏЉ ІЂЃЂЄЂ϶, ϾϴϾ ЋϹϾϴЁЏ, ϻϴЅϿЇϺϼ϶ϴϹІ ЅЃϹЊϼϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ϶ЁϼЀϴЁϼГ. ϢЁ ϵЏϿ ϶ϹЅАЀϴ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄϹЁ ϸϿГ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴ ЁϴЅІЇЃϴІϹϿАЁЂϷЂ ϶ЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼГ Ϲ϶ЄϴϻϼϽЅϾϼЉ ϾЂЋϹ϶ЁϼϾЂ϶ ЅϾϼЈЂ-ЅϴϾЅϾЂϷЂ ϾЄЇϷϴ. ϕЂϹ϶ϴГ ЋϴЅІА (ϵЂϹϾ) ЋϹϾϴЁЂ϶ ЅЂЅІЂГϿϴ ϼϻ ЃЄГЀЂϷЂ ЇϻϾЂϷЂ ϻϴЂЅІЄϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϾϿϼЁϾϴ ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЂϷЂ ЃЂЃϹЄϹЋЁЂϷЂ ЅϹЋϹЁϼГ (ϾЄЇϷϿЏϽ, ϷЄϴЁϹЁЏϽ, ЇЃϿЂЍϹЁЁЏϽ) ϼ, ϾϴϾ ЃЄϴ϶ϼϿЂ, ϵЂϿϹϹ ϾЂЄЂІϾЂϷЂ, ЃЂ-ЄϴϻЁЂЀЇ ЂЈЂЄЀϿϹЁЁЂϷЂ ЂϵЇЉϴ Ѕ ІЇЃЏЀ, ЂϾЄЇϷϿЏЀ, ϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾϼЀ ϼϿϼ Єϴϻϸ϶ЂϹЁЁЏЀ ϾЂЁЊЂЀ.
ϕЂϽϾϼ ϵЂϹ϶ЏЉ ЋϹϾϴЁЂ϶ ϶ ЅЄϹϸЁϹЀ ϸЂЅІϼϷϴϿϼ ϸϿϼЁЏ ЂІ 18 ϸЂ 30 ЅЀ. ϦЂЃЂЄϼϾϼ, ЋАГ ϵЂϹ϶ϴГ ЋϴЅІА
ϼЀϹϿϴ ϸϿϼЁЇ ЀϹЁϹϹ 18 ЅЀ, ЂϵЏЋЁЂ ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴВІЅГ ϶ ϾϴЋϹЅІ϶Ϲ ϶ЂІϼ϶ЁЏЉ ЀЂϸϹϿϹϽ, ϴ ЁϹ ЂЄЇϺϼГ
(ЅЀ. ϞЂЋϹϹ϶ 1988: 147). ϦϼЃЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼ ЋϹϾϴЁϴЀ ϵϿϼϻϾϼ ϾϿϹ϶ЊЏ — ЂЄЇϺϼϹ Ѕ ІЂϽ ϺϹ ЅϴЀЂϽ ϾϼЄϾЂЂϵЄϴϻЁЂϽ ϾЂЁЅІЄЇϾЊϼϹϽ ϵЂϽϾϴ, ЂϸЁЂ- ϼϿϼ ϸ϶ЇϿϹϻ϶ϼϽЁЏϽ ϾϿϼЁЂϾ ϾЂІЂЄЂϷЂ, ϶ ϵЂϿАЌϼЁЅІ϶Ϲ ЅϿЇЋϴϹ϶
ЃϿЂЅϾϼϽ, ϵЏϿ ϵЂϿϹϹ ϼϿϼ ЀϹЁϹϹ ϾϿВ϶Ђ϶ϼϸЁЂ ϻϴϷЁЇІ. ϙЅϿϼ ЋϹϾϴЁЂЀ ЁϴЁЂЅϼϿϼЅА ІЂϿАϾЂ ϾЂϿВЍϼϹ
ЇϸϴЄЏ, ІЂ ϾϿϹ϶ЊЂЀ — ϾЂϿВЍϹ-ЄϹϺЇЍϼϹ. ϤϴϻЁϼЊϴ ЀϹϺϸЇ ϸ϶ЇЀГ ϶ϴЄϼϴЁІϴЀϼ ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴϹЀЂϷЂ ϶ϼϸϴ
ϵЂϹ϶ЏЉ ІЂЃЂЄЂ϶ ϸϴ϶ЁЂ ЅЈЂЄЀЇϿϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϴ Ϡ. ϣ. ϗЄГϻЁЂ϶ЏЀ: «ЋϹϾϴЁ — ЂЄЇϸϼϹ Ѕ ЃЄГЀЏЀ ЂЅІЄϼϹЀ,
ϾϿϹ϶ϹЊ — Ѕ ЂЅІЄϼϹЀ, ϾϿВ϶Ђ϶ϼϸЁЂ ϻϴϷЁЇІЏЀ» (ϗЄГϻЁЂ϶ 1956: 39). ϥІЄЂϷЂϹ ЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼϹ БІЂЀЇ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁϼВ ϶ ϸЂЅІϴІЂЋЁЂϽ ЀϹЄϹ ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГϹІ ϼϻϵϹϺϴІА ІЂϽ ІϹЄЀϼЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ЃЇІϴЁϼЊЏ, ϾЂІЂЄϴГ ϸЂ ЅϼЉ
ЃЂЄ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶ЇϹІ ϶ ЄЇЅЅϾЂГϻЏЋЁЂϽ ЁϴЇЋЁЂϽ ϿϼІϹЄϴІЇЄϹ, ϷϸϹ ІϹЄЀϼЁЏ «ЋϹϾϴЁ» ϼ «ϾϿϹ϶ϹЊ» ϻϴЋϴЅІЇВ
϶ЏЅІЇЃϴВІ ϾϴϾ ЅϼЁЂЁϼЀЏ, ЁϹ ϷЂ϶ЂЄГ ЇϺϹ Ђ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ ЄϴϻЁЏϹ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿϼ ЃЂЄЂϽ ЃЂЁϼЀϴВІ БІϼ
ІϹЄЀϼЁЏ ЃЂ-ЄϴϻЁЂЀЇ. ϥЇϸГ ЃЂ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЀ ϸϴЁЁЏЀ, ϴ ϼЀϹЁЁЂ ЃЂ ЅЂЂІЁЂЌϹЁϼВ ЁϴЉЂϸЂϾ ЋϹϾϴЁЂ϶ ϼ ϾϿϹ϶ЊЂ϶, ЃϹЄ϶ЏϹ ϼЀϹϿϼ ϻЁϴЋϼІϹϿАЁЂ ϵЂϿАЌϹϹ ЃЄϼЀϹЁϹЁϼϹ. ϫϹϾϴЁЏ ϼ ϾϿϹ϶ЊЏ ЁϴЁЂЅϼϿϼ Ѕ϶ЂϼЀϼ ϻϴЂЅІЄϹЁЁЏЀϼ ϾϿϼЁϾϴЀϼ ϾЂЁЊϹЁІЄϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϹ ЇϸϴЄЏ Ёϴ ЀϴϿЂϽ ЃϿЂЍϴϸϼ, ЋІЂ ЅЃЂЅЂϵЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴϿЂ
ϼЉ ϶ЏЅЂϾЂϽ ЃЄЂϵϼ϶ЁЂϽ ЅЃЂЅЂϵЁЂЅІϼ. ϖ϶ϼϸЇ ЀϴϿЏЉ ЄϴϻЀϹЄЂ϶ ϼ ϶ϹЅϴ ЂЁϼ ϵЏϿϼ ЂЋϹЁА ЇϸЂϵЁЏЀϼ ϸϿГ
ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ϶ ϵЂВ ЂϸЁЂϽ ЄЇϾЂϽ, ЂЅ϶ЂϵЂϺϸϴГ ϶ІЂЄЇВ ϸϿГ ϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼϽ ϸЄЇϷϼЀ ЂЄЇϺϼϹЀ (ЁϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ,
ЍϼІЂЀ) ϼϿϼ ϸϿГ ЇЃЄϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ϾЂЁϹЀ. ϣЂЅϿϹϸЁϹϹ ЂϵЅІЂГІϹϿАЅІ϶Ђ ϵЏϿЂ ЂЅЂϵϹЁЁЂ ϶ϴϺЁЏЀ: ЅЄϴ϶ЁϼІϹϿАЁЂ ϾЂЄЂІϾϼϹ ЄЇϾЂГІϼ ЋϹϾϴЁЂ϶ ϼ ϾϿϹ϶ЊЂ϶ (60–80 ЅЀ) ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГϿϼ ЃЄϼЀϹЁГІА ϼЉ ϶ Ͼϴ϶ϴϿϹЄϼϼ —
ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЂЀ ЄЂϸϹ ϶ЂϽЅϾ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϼЉ ЁЂЀϴϸЂ϶ ϙ϶Єϴϻϼϼ (ЃЂϸЄЂϵЁЂ Ђ ЋϹϾϴЁϴЉ ϼ ϾϿϹ϶ЊϴЉ ЅЀ. Nikonorov 2014).
ϘЂЃЂϿЁϼІϹϿАЁϴГ ϼЁЈЂЄЀϴЊϼГ Ђ ϵЂϹ϶ЏЉ ІЂЃЂЄϴЉ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϴϻϼϴІЅϾϼЉ ϾЂЋϹ϶ЁϼϾЂ϶ ϼЀϹϹІЅГ
϶ ϴЉϹЀϹЁϼϸЅϾЂϽ ϼϾЂЁЂϷЄϴЈϼϼ. ϦϴϾ, Ёϴ ϸ϶ЇЉ ЄϹϿАϹЈϴЉ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϽ ϼ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ϿϹЅІЁϼЊ ϔЃϴϸϴЁЏ ϶
ϣϹЄЅϹЃЂϿϹ, ЃЂЅІЄЂϹЁЁЂϽ ϶ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϽ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁϹ V ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б., ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϴ ІϴϾ ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴϹЀϴГ ϸϹϿϹϷϴЊϼГ
№ 17, ϶ ЋϼЅϿϹ ϸЄЇϷϼЉ ϸϴЁЁϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЃЄЂЊϹЅЅϼϽ ЂІ ЃЂϸ϶ϿϴЅІЁЏЉ ϔЉϹЀϹЁϼϸϴЀ ϻϹЀϹϿА ЁϹЅЇЍϴГ ϸϴЄЏ
ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾЂЀЇ ЊϴЄВ. ϙϹ ЋϿϹЁЏ ЂϸϹІЏ ϶ ІϼЃϼЋЁЇВ ϸϿГ ЁЂЀϴϸЂ϶ ϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϽ ϔϻϼϼ ϶ЅϴϸЁϼЋϹЅϾЇВ
ЂϸϹϺϸЇ ІϴϾ ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴϹЀЂϷЂ ЀϼϸϼϽЅϾЂϷЂ (϶ЅϴϸЁϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ) ІϼЃϴ, ЅЂЅІЂГЍЇВ ϼϻ ϸϿϼЁЁЂϽ, ЃЂϸЃЂГЅϴЁЁЂϽ
ЄϹЀЁϹЀ ЄЇϵϴЉϼ Ѕ ϸϿϼЁЁЏЀϼ ЄЇϾϴ϶ϴЀϼ ϼ ЃϿЂІЁЂ ЂϵϿϹϷϴВЍϼЉ ЌІϴЁЂ϶7. ϥЄϹϸϼ ЃЄЂЋϼЉ ЃЂϸЁЂЌϹЁϼϽ
ЀЂϺЁЂ Ї϶ϼϸϹІА ЋϹϾϴЁЏ (Schmidt 1953: 88–89, pl. 43; Walser 1966: 93–94, Taf. 24; Trümpelmann 1990:
88, Abb. 11; Head 1992: fig. 32, d; Koch 1992: Abb. 65; Tourovets 2002: 245, 247, fig. 8, 1; Potts 2012:
460, fig. 5) (ЄϼЅ. 2, 1). ϜЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿϼ ЃЂ-ЄϴϻЁЂЀЇ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿГϿϼ БІЁϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ ϸϹϿϹϷϴЊϼϼ № 17,
ЃЂϿϴϷϴГ, ЋІЂ БІЂ ЀЂϷϿϼ ϵЏІА ЅЂϷϸϼϽЊЏ, ЉЂЄϹϻЀϼϽЊЏ ϼϿϼ ЊϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϴϻϼϴІЅϾϼϹ ЅϾϼЈЏ/ЅϴϾϼ, ϶ϾϿВЋϴГ ЄЂϸЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЉ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϼЀ ϾЂЋϹ϶ЁϼϾЂ϶ ϲϺЁЂϽ ϥϼϵϼЄϼ (ЅЀ. ЂϵϻЂЄ ЀЁϹЁϼϽ Potts 2012: 466–467).
Ϣ «ЀϼϸϼϽЅϾЂϽ» ЂϸϹϺϸϹ ЅЀ. Widengren 1956: 228–241; Stronach 2011; Calmeyer 1987: 11–12; ϦϹЄЀϼЁ
«ЀϼϸϼϽЅϾϼϽ» ϻϸϹЅА Ёϼ ϶ ϾЂϹЀ ЅϿЇЋϴϹ ЁϹ БІЁϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ, ϴ ЋϼЅІЂ ЇЅϿЂ϶ЁЏϽ, ЃЂЅϾЂϿАϾЇ ЂϸϹГЁϼГ БІЂϷЂ ЅІϼϿГ ϵЏϿϼ
ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЏ ϸϿГ ЀЁЂϷϼЉ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϼЉ ЁϴЄЂϸЂ϶, ЃЄϹϺϸϹ ϶ЅϹϷЂ, ϼЄϴЁЅϾЂϷЂ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼГ. Ϣ ЄϹϷϼЂЁϴϿАЁЏЉ ЄϴϻϿϼЋϼГЉ «ЀϼϸϼϽЅϾЂϷЂ» ϾЂЅІВЀϴ ЅЀ. Vogelsang 1992: 136–143.
7
102
ϔЁϴϿϼϻϼЄЇГ ϸϴЁЁЇВ ЃЄЂϵϿϹЀЇ, ЂЋϹ϶ϼϸЁЂ, ЁϹ ЅϿϹϸЇϹІ ЇЃЇЅϾϴІА ϼϻ ϶ϼϸЇ ІЂІ ЈϴϾІ, ЋІЂ ϶ ϴЄЀϼϼ ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾЂϷЂ ЊϴЄГ ϞЅϹЄϾЅϴ ϴЀϼЄϷϼϽЅϾϼϹ ЅϴϾϼ ϵЏϿϼ ϹϸϼЁЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЀ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϴϻϼϴІЅϾϼЀ ϾЂЁІϼЁϷϹЁІЂЀ,
ϼЀϹ϶ЌϼЀ ІЂЃЂЄЏ-ЅϴϷϴЄϼЅЏ (Hdt. VII. 64), ІЂϷϸϴ ϾϴϾ ЅЂϷϸϼϽЊЏ ϼ ЉЂЄϹϻЀϼϽЊЏ ϵЏϿϼ ϶ЂЂЄЇϺϹЁЏ ЃЂ
ЂϵЄϴϻЊЇ ϵϴϾІЄϼϽЊϹ϶ (Hdt. VII. 66), І. Ϲ. ІЂϿАϾЂ ϿЇϾϴЀϼ ϼ ϾЂЃАГЀϼ (Hdt. VII. 64). ϣЂ БІЂϽ ЃЄϼЋϼЁϹ Г
ЅϾϿЂЁϹЁ ϶ϼϸϹІА ϶ ϸϹϿϹϷϴЊϼϼ № 17 ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϼІϹϿϹϽ ϾϴϾЂϷЂ-ІЂ ЅϴϾЅϾЂϷЂ ЃϿϹЀϹЁϼ ϼϿϼ ЃϿϹЀϹЁЁЂϷЂ ЂϵЎϹϸϼЁϹЁϼГ. ϥЂϵϿϴϻЁϼІϹϿАЁЂ, ϾЂЁϹЋЁЂ ϺϹ, ЁϴЃЄГЀЇВ ϼϸϹЁІϼЈϼЊϼЄЂ϶ϴІА ϼЉ Ѕ ϴЀϼЄϷϼϽЅϾϼЀϼ ЅϴϾϴЀϼ,
ЂϸЁϴϾЂ БІЂЀЇ ϾϴϾ ϵЇϸІЂ ЃЄЂІϼ϶ЂЄϹЋϼІ ЂϸϼЁ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏϽ ЀЂЀϹЁІ: ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϼϹ, ЃЂ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЀ ϗϹЄЂϸЂІϴ
(Hdt. VII. 64), ЁЂЅϼϿϼ ЃЄГЀЂЅІЂГЍϼϹ (϶ ЅЀЏЅϿϹ ϶ЏЅЂϾϼϹ) ЌϴЃϾϼ-ϾϼЄϵϴЅϼϼ (ευλία ίαδ ὀλγαί), ІЂϷϸϴ
ϾϴϾ ЋϿϹЁЏ ϸϹϿϹϷϴЊϼϼ № 17 ϼЀϹВІ ЁϹ ЂЋϹЁА ϶ЏЅЂϾϼϹ ϷЂϿЂ϶ЁЏϹ ЇϵЂЄЏ. ϡϴ БІЂ ЂЃϼЅϴЁϼϹ ϗϹЄЂϸЂІЂЀ
ϷЂϿЂ϶ЁЏЉ ЇϵЂЄЂ϶ ϴЀϼЄϷϼϽЅϾϼЉ ЅϴϾЂ϶ ЇϺϹ ЂϵЄϴЍϴϿ ϶ЁϼЀϴЁϼϹ ϱ. ϬЀϼϸІ, ЂІЀϹІϼ϶ЌϼϽ, ЋІЂ ЂЁЂ
ϵЂϿАЌϹ ЃЂϸЉЂϸϼІ ЁϹ «ЃАВЍϼЀ ЉϴЂЀЇ» ЅϾϼЈϴЀ (ϴ ЂЁ ЂІЂϺϸϹЅІ϶ϿГϹІ Ђϵϴ БІϼЉ ЁϴЄЂϸϴ), ϴ ϸ϶ЇЀ ϸЄЇϷϼЀ ЅϾϼЈЅϾϼЀ ЃϿϹЀϹЁϴЀ — «϶ ЂЅІЄЂϾЂЁϹЋЁЏЉ ЌϴЃϾϴЉ» ϼ ІϹЀ, «ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ϻϴ ЀЂЄϹЀ» (Schmidt 1970:
113, note 177). ϣЂ ϹϷЂ ЀЁϹЁϼВ, ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴϹЀЏϽ ЃϴЅЅϴϺ ϗϹЄЂϸЂІϴ «ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾЂ ϻϴЃЇІϴЁ ϼ ϾϴЅϴϹІЅГ
ϾϴϾ ЅϾϼЈЂ϶ “϶ ЂЅІЄЂϾЂЁϹЋЁЏЉ ЌϴЃϾϴЉ”, ІϴϾ ϼ “ЃАВЍϼЉ ЉϴЂЀЇ” <…> ЅϾϼЈЂ϶» (Ibid.: 156, note 106).
ϣЄϼ ЁЏЁϹЌЁϹЀ ЅЂЅІЂГЁϼϼ ЁϴЌϹϽ ϵϴϻЏ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾЂ϶ ЁϹ ЂЅІϴϹІЅГ ЁϼЋϹϷЂ ϼЁЂϷЂ, ϾϴϾ ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴІА
ϼϿϼ ЁϹ ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴІА «ЌϴЃЂЋЁЏϽ ϴЄϷЇЀϹЁІ» ЃЄЂІϼ϶ ЂІЂϺϸϹЅІ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ϸϹϿϹϷϴЊϼϼ № 17 Ѕ ϴЀϼЄϷϼϽЅϾϼЀϼ ЅϴϾϴЀϼ ϶ ϾϴЋϹЅІ϶Ϲ ϵЂϿϹϹ ϶ϹЅЂЀЂϷЂ, ЋϹЀ ЃЂϸІ϶ϹЄϺϸϹЁЁЏϽ ϗϹЄЂϸЂІЂЀ ЈϴϾІ ЁϴϿϼЋϼГ ϵЂϹ϶ЏЉ
ІЂЃЂЄЂ϶ ІЂϿАϾЂ Ї ЁϼЉ ЂϸЁϼЉ ϼϻ ϶ЅϹЉ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϴϻϼϴІЅϾϼЉ ЁϴЄЂϸЂ϶, ЇЋϴЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴ϶ЌϼЉ ϶ ЃЂЉЂϸϹ Ёϴ ϗЄϹЊϼВ.
ϖ ЃЄϼЁЊϼЃϹ, ЁϹϿАϻГ ϼЅϾϿВЋϴІА ϼ Ѕ϶ГϻА ϸϹϿϹϷϴЊϼϼ № 17 Ѕ ЀϴЅЅϴϷϹІϴЀϼ, ЁЂ ІЂϷϸϴ ЃЄϼϸϹІЅГ ЃЄϼЁГІА ЅІЂЄЂЁЇ ЂϸЁЂϽ ϼϻ ЃЄϼ϶ϹϸϹЁЁЏЉ ϶ЏЌϹ ϷϼЃЂІϹϻ Ђ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ БІЁЂЁϼЀ «ЀϴЅЅϴϷϹІЏ» Ї ϴЁІϼЋЁЏЉ ЃϼЅϴІϹϿϹϽ ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴϿ ϿϼϵЂ ЅϴϾϴЀ tigraxaud , ϿϼϵЂ ϸϴЉϴЀ ϴЉϹЀϹЁϼϸЅϾϼЉ ЁϴϸЃϼЅϹϽ. ϖЃЄЂЋϹЀ, ϸϴϺϹ
ϹЅϿϼ ϼ ЅЂϷϿϴЅϼІАЅГ ЅЂ ϶ІЂЄЂϽ ІЂЋϾЂϽ ϻЄϹЁϼГ (ϾϴϾ ЁϴϼϵЂϿϹϹ ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂϽ), ІЂ ϾϴϺϹІЅГ ЅЂЀЁϼІϹϿАЁЏЀ
ЇЋϴЅІϼϹ ϸϴЉЂ϶/ЀϴЅЅϴϷϹІЂ϶, ЇЃЂЀϼЁϴВЍϼЉЅГ ϾϴϾ ЃЂϸϸϴЁЁЏϹ ЃϹЄЅЂ϶ ІЂϿАϾЂ ϶ ЊϴЄЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼϹ ϞЅϹЄϾЅϴ,
϶ ϹϷЂ ІϴϾ ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴϹЀЂϽ ϔЁІϼϸБ϶Ђ϶ЅϾЂϽ ЁϴϸЃϼЅϼ (XPh 26, ЅЀ. Kent 1937: 294, 296, 298, 303; 1953: 151;
ϔϵϴϹ϶ 1945: 135–137; Schmitt 2009: 166), ϶ ЃЄЂЊϹЅЅϼϼ ЃЂϸ϶ϿϴЅІЁЏЉ ϔЉϹЀϹЁϼϸϴЀ ЁϴЄЂϸЂ϶, ϻϴЃϹЋϴІϿϹЁЁЂϽ Ёϴ ЄϹϿАϹЈϴЉ ϔЃϴϸϴЁЏ. ϘϹϿЂ ϶ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ ЅІЄЂϼІϹϿАЅІ϶Ђ ϔЃϴϸϴЁЏ ϵЏϿЂ ϻϴϸЇЀϴЁЂ ϼ ЁϴЋϴϿЂЅА
϶ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϼϹ ϷЂϸЏ ϺϼϻЁϼ ϘϴЄϼГ I (ЇЀϹЄ ϶ 486 Ϸ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.), ϴ ϻϴ϶ϹЄЌϹЁЂ ϶ ЃϹЄ϶ЏϹ ϷЂϸЏ ЃЄϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ϹϷЂ
ЅЏЁϴ ϼ ЁϴЅϿϹϸЁϼϾϴ ϞЅϹЄϾЅϴ (Roaf 1974: 90–91; 1983: 138–139, 157; ϘϴЁϸϴЀϴϹ϶, ϟЇϾЂЁϼЁ 1980: 250;
ϘϴЁϸϴЀϴϹ϶ 2013: 217), ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ϶ЄϹЀГ ЅЂϻϸϴЁϼГ ЄϹϿАϹЈЂ϶ Ёϴ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ϼ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϽ ϿϹЅІЁϼЊϴЉ ϔЃϴϸϴЁЏ
ϸЂϿϺЁЂ ϵЏІА ЂϷЄϴЁϼЋϹЁЂ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЂЀ ЀϹϺϸЇ ϶ІЂЄϺϹЁϼГЀϼ ϘϴЄϼГ ϼ ϞЅϹЄϾЅϴ ϶ ϗЄϹЊϼВ, І. Ϲ. 490–480 ϷϷ.
(Tilia 1972: 204). ϩЂІГ, ϾϴϾ ЅϿϹϸЇϹІ ϼϻ ϴЁϴϿϼϻϴ ЅЂϸϹЄϺϴЁϼГ «ϔЁІϼϸБ϶Ђ϶ЅϾЂϽ ЁϴϸЃϼЅϼ», ϸϴЉϼ/ЀϴЅЅϴϷϹІЏ ϵЏϿϼ ЃЂϸЋϼЁϹЁЏ ϞЅϹЄϾЅЂЀ ЃЄϼЀϹЄЁЂ ϶ ІЂ ϺϹ ЅϴЀЂϹ ϶ЄϹЀГ — ЀϹϺϸЇ 486 ϼ 480 ϷϷ. (Kent 1937: 305),
϶ЅϹ ϺϹ ЁϹІ Ї϶ϹЄϹЁЁЂЅІϼ, ЋІЂ ЂЈЂЄЀϼІϹϿϼ ϔЃϴϸϴЁЏ ЀЂϷϿϼ ЇЅЃϹІА ϶ЁϹЅІϼ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼГ БІϼЉ ЁЂ϶ЏЉ
ЃЂϸϸϴЁЁЏЉ ϶ ЄϹЃϹЄІЇϴЄ ЇϾЄϴЌϴВЍϼЉ ϹϹ ЅІϹЁЏ ЄϹϿАϹЈЂ϶ (ϹЅϿϼ ЂЁϼ ϶ЂЂϵЍϹ ϼЀϹϿϼ ЃЄϴ϶Ђ ϶ЀϹЌϼ϶ϴІАЅГ ϶ ϹϷЂ ЃϹЄ϶ЂЁϴЋϴϿАЁЏϽ ϻϴЀЏЅϹϿ, ЃЄϼЁϴϸϿϹϺϴ϶ЌϼϽ ϘϴЄϼВ). ϘЄЇϷЂϹ ϸϹϿЂ ЅϴϾϼ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЈϼϷЇЄϼЄЇВІ ϶ ϴЉϹЀϹЁϼϸЅϾϼЉ ЃЄЂ϶ϼЁЊϼϴϿАЁЏЉ ЅЃϼЅϾϴЉ, ЁϴЋϼЁϴГ Ѕ ЃЄϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ϘϴЄϼГ I ϸЂ IV ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϕЂϿϹϹ
ІЂϷЂ, ϗϹЄЂϸЂІ ЅЂЂϵЍϴϹІ (Hdt. III. 93), ЋІЂ ЅϴϾϼ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿГϿϼ ϶ЀϹЅІϹ Ѕ ϾϴЅЃϼГЀϼ 15-Ͻ ЃЂϸϴІЁЏϽ ЂϾЄЇϷ
ϣϹЄЅϼϸЅϾЂϽ ϼЀЃϹЄϼϼ. ϣЄϹϸЃЂϿϴϷϴϹІЅГ, ЋІЂ ϾϴЅЃϼϼ ЃЄЂϺϼ϶ϴϿϼ Ͼ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЇ ЂІ ЅЂ϶Є. ϞϴϵЇϿϴ, ϶ ЄϴϽЂЁϹ
ϞϴЃϼЅЏ (Vogelsang 1992: 195–196, 202), ϸЄЇϷϼЀϼ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЀϼ, ЃЂϵϿϼϻЂЅІϼ ЂІ ϴЀϼЄϷϼϽЅϾϼЉ ЅϴϾЂ϶ (= Sak
haumavarg ?), ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ, ϗϹЄЂϸЂІ, ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ, ϼ ЃЂϸЄϴϻЇЀϹ϶ϴϿ ϶ ЇϾϴϻϴЁЁЂЀ ЃϴЅЅϴϺϹ. ϙЍϹ Єϴϻ ЃЂϸЋϹЄϾЁЇ, ЋІЂ БІЂІ ϺϹ ϴ϶ІЂЄ ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴϹІ ϵЂϹ϶ЏϹ ІЂЃЂЄЏ-ЅϴϷϴЄϼЅЏ ЂЄЇϺϼϹЀ ϼЀϹЁЁЂ ϴЀϼЄϷϼϽЅϾϼЉ ЅϴϾЂ϶.
ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, Г ЅϾϿЂЁГВЅА Ͼ ЅϴϾЅϾЂϽ ϴІЄϼϵЇЊϼϼ ЃϹЄЅϹЃЂϿАЅϾЂϽ ϸϹϿϹϷϴЊϼϼ № 17. ϦЂ ϺϹ
ЅϴЀЂϹ ЀЂϷЇ ЅϾϴϻϴІА ϼ Ђ ϸϹЄϺϴІϹϿϹ ІЄЂЁϴ № 22 Ёϴ ЄϹϿАϹЈϴЉ ϼϻ «ϛϴϿϴ ϥЂ϶ϹІϴ/ϛϴϿϴ Ѕ ІЄϹЀГ ϶ЂЄЂІϴЀϼ» ϣϹЄЅϹЃЂϿГ, ЋϹϽ ЋϹϾϴЁ ЃЂϾϴϻϴЁ ЃЂϸ϶ϹЌϹЁЁЏЀ Ͼ ЃЂГЅЇ ЃЄϼ ЃЂЀЂЍϼ Y-ЂϵЄϴϻЁЂϷЂ ЄϹЀϹЌϾϴ ϼ
ϾЂІЂЄЂϷЂ ϱ. ϬЀϼϸІ ЃЂЅЋϼІϴϿ ЅЂϷϸϼϽЊϹЀ (Schmidt 1953: 119, pl. 80–81, no. 22). ϦЂ, ЋІЂ ЅϴϾϼ Ёϴ БІϼЉ
ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЉ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁЏ Ѕ ЂЄЇϺϼϹЀ, ϶ ЂІϿϼЋϼϹ ЂІ ЃЂϸϴ϶ϿГВЍϹϷЂ ϵЂϿАЌϼЁЅІ϶ϴ ϸЄЇϷϼЉ ЁϴЄЂϸЂ϶,
ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЁЏЉ Ёϴ ЄϹϿАϹЈϴЉ ϣϹЄЅϹЃЂϿГ, ϷЂ϶ЂЄϼІ Ђϵ ЂЅЂϵЂЀ, ϶ ІЂЀ ЋϼЅϿϹ ϸЂ϶ϹЄϼІϹϿАЁЂЀ, Ͼ ЁϼЀ ЂІЁЂЌϹЁϼϼ ЅЂ ЅІЂЄЂЁЏ ЃϹЄЅЂ϶. Ϝ ϸϹϿЂ ϻϸϹЅА, ϾЂЁϹЋЁЂ, ЁϹ ІЂϿАϾЂ ϶ ϼЉ БІЁϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϵϿϼϻЂЅІϼ ϼ ЄЂϸЅІ϶Ϲ
ϼЉ ГϻЏϾЂ϶, ϵϿϴϷЂϸϴЄГ ϾЂІЂЄЂЀЇ ЂЁϼ ЃЂЁϼЀϴϿϼ ϸЄЇϷ ϸЄЇϷϴ ϵϹϻ ЃϹЄϹ϶ЂϸЋϼϾϴ. ϜЅϾϿВЋϼІϹϿАЁЂ ϶ϴϺЁЏЀ ϵЏϿЂ ІЂ ЂϵЅІЂГІϹϿАЅІ϶Ђ, ЋІЂ, ЅЂϷϿϴЅЁЂ ϸϴЁЁЏЀ ϴЁІϼЋЁЏЉ ЃϼЅАЀϹЁЁЏЉ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾЂ϶, ϶ЂϼЁЅϾϼϹ
ϾЂЁІϼЁϷϹЁІЏ ЅϴϾЂ϶ (ϼЀϹЁЇϹЀЏЉ ϶ ЁϼЉ ІϴϾϺϹ ЅϾϼЈϴЀϼ) ϴϾІϼ϶ЁЂ ЃЄϼ϶ϿϹϾϴϿϼЅА ϶ ϴЄЀϼϼ ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾϼЉ
ЊϴЄϹϽ (Hdt. VI. 113; VII. 64; 184; VIII. 113; IX. 31; 71; Arr. Anab. III. 8. 3; 11. 4; 6; 13. 3–4; 19. 3–4;
Curt. IV. 9. 2; 13. 5; 15. 12–13; 18; Diod. XI. 7. 2; XVII. 59. 5–6; 8; ЅЀ. ІϴϾϺϹ Barkworth 1992: 151–153,
103
:
,
,
. 2. ϜϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼГ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϴϻϼϴІЅϾϼЉ ϾЂЋϹ϶ЁϼϾЂ϶ ϼ ЃϹЄЅЂ϶ Ёϴ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЉ ϼЅϾЇЅЅІ϶ϴ Ѕ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ
ϔЉϹЀϹЁϼϸЅϾЂϽ ϼЀЃϹЄϼϼ: 1 — ЄϹϿАϹЈ ϔЃϴϸϴЁЏ ϶ ϣϹЄЅϹЃЂϿϹ (ЃЂ Trümpelmann 1990); 2–6 — ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЏϹ
ЂІІϼЅϾϼ ЊϼϿϼЁϸЄϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЃϹЋϴІϹϽ (2–5 — ЃЂ ϡϼϾЇϿϼЁϴ 1994; 6 — ЃЂ Curtis et al. 2005); 7 —
ЄϹϾЂЁЅІЄЇϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁϴГ ЄЂЅЃϼЅА ϸϹЄϹ϶ГЁЁЂϷЂ ЈЄϼϻϴ ϼϻ ϷЄЂϵЁϼЊЏ ϶Ђ ϨЄϼϷϼϼ (ЃЂ Summerer 2011); 8, 9 —
ЂІІϼЅϾ Ёϴ ϷϿϼЁГЁЂϽ ϵЇϿϿϹ ϼϻ ϣϹЄЅϹЃЂϿГ (ЃЂ Schmidt 1957); 10 — ЂІІϼЅϾ ЃϹЋϴІϼ Ёϴ ІϴϵϿϼЋϾϹ ϼϻ «ϔЄЉϼ϶ϴ
ϾЄϹЃЂЅІЁЂϽ ЅІϹЁЏ» ϣϹЄЅϹЃЂϿГ (ЃЂ Garrison, Root 2001); 11 — ϻЂϿЂІϴГ ЃϿϴЅІϼЁϴ ϼϻ «ϔЀЇϸϴЄАϼЁЅϾЂϷЂ
ϾϿϴϸϴ» (ЃЂ Dalton 1905)
Fig. 2. Representations of Central Asian nomads and Persians on works of art from within the Achaemenid empire:
1 — relief of the Apadana at Persepolis (after Trümpelmann 1990); 2–6 — modern impressions of cylinder seals
(2–5 — after ϡϼϾЇϿϼЁϴ 1994; 6 — after Curtis et al. 2005); 7 — reconstructed painting of a wooden frieze from
a tomb in Phrygia (after Summerer 2011); 8, 9 — impression on a clay bulla from Persepolis (after Schmidt 1957);
10 — seal impression on a tablet from the Persepolis Fortification Archive (after Garrison, Root 2001); 11 — golden
plaque from the «Treasure of the Oxus» (after Dalton 1905)
104
158–159, 166; Vogelsang 1992: 191–192, 209–210, 221–224; Head 1992: 48–49), ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ЁϹ ІЂϿАϾЂ ϸϿГ
ЇЋϴЅІϼГ ϶ ϶ЂϹЁЁЏЉ ϾϴЀЃϴЁϼГЉ, ϷϸϹ ЂЁϼ ЃЄЂГ϶ϼϿϼ ЅϹϵГ Ѕ ЅϴЀЂϽ ϿЇЋЌϹϽ ЅІЂЄЂЁЏ, ЁЂ ϼ ϸϿГ ЁϹЅϹЁϼГ
ϷϴЄЁϼϻЂЁЁЂϽ ЅϿЇϺϵЏ ϶ ЄϴϻЁЏЉ ЋϴЅІГЉ ϼЀЃϹЄϼϼ ϔЉϹЀϹЁϼϸЂ϶ (ϘϴЁϸϴЀϴϹ϶, ϟЇϾЂЁϼЁ 1980: 229–230;
ϘϴЁϸϴЀϴϹ϶ 2013: 189; Dandamayev 2012: 44–45).
ϥЄϹϸЁϹϴϻϼϴІЅϾϼϹ ϾЂЋϹ϶ЁϼϾϼ (ЅϾЂЄϹϹ ϶ЅϹϷЂ, ЅϴϾϼ), ϶ЂЂЄЇϺϹЁЁЏϹ ϵЂϹ϶ЏЀϼ ІЂЃЂЄϴЀϼ, ЁϹЂϸЁЂϾЄϴІЁЂ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϴϿϼЅА Ёϴ ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾϼЉ ЊϼϿϼЁϸЄϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЃϹЋϴІГЉ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϹϽ ЋϹІ϶ϹЄІϼ VI — ЃϹЄ϶ЂϽ
ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁЏ V ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (Ward 1910: 328, fig. 1051–1052; Ghirshman 1964: fig. 331; Head 1992: fig. 32, h;
ϡϼϾЇϿϼЁϴ 1994: ϼϿ. 537; Curtis et al. 2005, 228–229, cat. no. 415; Summerer 2007: 9, fig. 2, 3; Schmidt
1939: 38, fig. 24, PT4 655; 1957: 11, 29–30, pl. 9, seal no. 30; Wu 2010: 551–553, fig. 51, 4–5, 9; 2014: 239–
240, 245, 266, pl. 4, C; 5, A; 10, B) (ЄϼЅ. 2, 4, 6, 9) ϼ ЄЂЅЃϼЅϼ Ёϴ ϸϹЄϹ϶ГЁЁЂϽ ϸЂЅϾϹ ϼϻ ϷЄЂϵЁϼЊЏ ЁϴЋϴϿϴ
V ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б., ЂІϾЄЏІЂϽ ϵϿϼϻ ϦϴІϴЄϿϼ ϶ ϦЇЄЊϼϼ, ϶ ЃЄϹϸϹϿϴЉ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϽ ϨЄϼϷϼϼ (Summerer
2007: 19–20, fig. I–II, VII; 2011: 36, 38–41, Abb. 4–5; Wu 2014: 216, 239, pl. 3, B) (ЄϼЅ. 2, 7).
ϞϴϾ ЀЏ ϶ϼϸϼЀ, ЃϼЅАЀϹЁЁЏϹ ϼ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϻϼІϹϿАЁЏϹ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾϼ ϶ϾЇЃϹ Ѕ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЀϼ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϴЀϼ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ЇВІ Ђ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ ϶ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϹ ϶ЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼГ ϼЄϴЁЂГϻЏЋЁЏЉ ϾЂЋϹ϶ЁϼϾЂ϶ ϻϴЃϴϸЁЂϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϽ ϔϻϼϼ ІЂЃЂЄЏ ϻϴЁϼЀϴϿϼ ϶ϴϺЁЂϹ ЀϹЅІЂ. ϥЄϴ϶ЁϼІϹϿАЁЂ ЁϹϵЂϿАЌϴГ ϾЂϿϿϹϾЊϼГ
ϵЂϹ϶ЏЉ ІЂЃЂЄЂ϶ ϼϻ ЅϴϾЅϾϼЉ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾЂ϶ ϶ ЁϼϻЂ϶АГЉ ϥЏЄϸϴЄАϼ ϼ Ёϴ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂЀ ϣϴЀϼЄϹ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϴ ІϹЀ ЁϹ ЀϹЁϹϹ ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾϼЀϼ ϼЉ ІϼЃϴЀϼ (ЄϼЅ. 1, 5–13). ϙЅІϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂ, ϶ЂϻЁϼϾϴϹІ ϶ЂЃЄЂЅ: ϾϴϾЂϽ
ϺϹ ϼϻ ЁϼЉ ЈϼϷЇЄϼЄЇϹІ ϶ ϷЄϹЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾϴЉ ϾϴϾ Ϊΰαλδμ? ϧϺϹ ϸЂ϶ЂϿАЁЂ ϸϴ϶ЁЂ ϱ. ϬЀϼϸІ ϶ЏЅϾϴϻϴϿ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼϹ, ЋІЂ ϵЂϹ϶ЏϹ ІЂЃЂЄЏ ϶ ЄЇϾϴЉ ЂϸЁЂϷЂ ϼϻ ЋϿϹЁЂ϶ ϸϹϿϹϷϴЊϼϼ № 17 Ёϴ ЄϹϿАϹЈϴЉ
ϔЃϴϸϴЁЏ ϶ ϣϹЄЅϹЃЂϿϹ (ЄϼЅ. 2, 1), ЅЂЅІЂГ϶ЌϹϽ, ЃЂ ϹϷЂ ЀЁϹЁϼВ, ϼϻ «ЃАВЍϼЉ ЉϴЂЀЇ» ЅϾϼЈЂ϶, ϼ ϹЅІА
ЅϴϷϴЄϼЅЏ, ЇЃЂЀГЁЇІЏϹ ϗϹЄЂϸЂІЂЀ (Schmidt 1970: 113, 156; ЅЄ. Olmstead 1948: 218, 240). ϣЄϴ϶ϸϴ, ЃЄϼ
БІЂЀ ЂЁ ЁϹ ЃЄϼ϶ϹϿ ЁϼϾϴϾϼЉ ϴЄϷЇЀϹЁІЂ϶ ϶ ЃЂϸϸϹЄϺϾЇ Ѕ϶ЂϹϽ ϼϸϹϼ, ϴ Г϶ЁЂ ЃЂϿЂϺϼϿЅГ Ёϴ ϼЁІЇϼЊϼВ,
ϾЂІЂЄϴГ ϼ ϶ ЅϴЀЂЀ ϸϹϿϹ ϹϷЂ ЁϹ ЃЂϸ϶ϹϿϴ, ЋІЂ, ϶ЃЄЂЋϹЀ, ЅІϴϿЂ ГЅЁЂ ІЂϿАϾЂ ЃЂЅϿϹ ЅϹЄАϹϻЁЂϷЂ ϴЁϴϿϼϻϴ
϶ЅϹЉ ϸЂЅІЇЃЁЏЉ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾЂ϶ ЃЂ БІЂϽ ЃЄЂϵϿϹЀϹ, ЃЄЂϸϹϿϴЁЁЂϷЂ ЀЁЂВ ϶ ЅЃϹЊϼϴϿАЁЂϽ ЃЂϸϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁЁЂϽ
Ͼ ЃЇϵϿϼϾϴЊϼϼ ЅІϴІАϹ. ϣЂЅϾЂϿАϾЇ ϼϻ-ϻϴ Ѕ϶ЂϹϷЂ ЂϵЎϹЀϴ ЂЁϴ ЁϹ ЀЂϺϹІ ϵЏІА ϶ЂЅЃЄЂϼϻ϶ϹϸϹЁϴ ϻϸϹЅА ϶
ϵЂϿϹϹ ϼϿϼ ЀϹЁϹϹ ЃЂϿЁЂЀ ϶ϼϸϹ, ЁϼϺϹ Г ϾЄϴІϾЂ ЄϹϻВЀϼЄЇВ Ѕ϶Ђϼ ЁϴϵϿВϸϹЁϼГ ϼ ϶Џ϶ЂϸЏ.
ϥЂϷϿϴЅЁЂ ϸϴЁЁЏЀ ϴЁІϼЋЁЂϽ ЃϼЅАЀϹЁЁЂϽ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼϼ, ІЂЃЂЄϴЀϼ-ЅϴϷϴЄϼЅϴЀϼ ϵЏϿϼ ЂЅЁϴЍϹЁЏ ІЂϿАϾЂ ЁϴЄЂϸЏ, Ϻϼ϶ЌϼϹ Ёϴ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ЃϹЄϼЈϹЄϼϼ БϿϿϼЁЅϾЂϷЂ ЀϼЄϴ, — ЀϴЅЅϴϷϹІЏ (Hdt. I. 215;
Strabo XI. 8. 6), ЅϴϾϼ (Hdt. VII. 64), ЅϾϼЈЏ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϷЂ ϣЄϼЋϹЄЁЂЀЂЄАГ (Hdt. IV. 5; 70; Aristarch.
Comment. Hdt. 10–12 [= Grenfell, Hunt 1901: 3–4]; Pollux I. 138), ЃϹЄЅЏ (Xen. Anab. IV. 4. 16 [= Suid.
s. v. Ϊΰαλδμ]; Xen. Cyr. I. 2. 9; II. 1. 9; 16; IV. 2. 22; VIII. 8. 23; Strabo XV. 3. 19), ϿϹϷϹЁϸϴЄЁЏϹ ϴЀϴϻЂЁϾϼ (Xen. Anab. IV. 4. 16 [= Suid. s. v. Ϊΰαλδμ]; Aristarch. Comment. Hdt. 10–12 [= Grenfell, Hunt
1901: 3–4]) ϼ ЀϴϿЂϴϻϼϽЅϾЂϹ ЃϿϹЀГ ЀϴЅЅϼЁЂϽϾЂ϶ (Xen. Anab. V. 4. 14). ϖ ІЂ ϺϹ ЅϴЀЂϹ ϶ЄϹЀГ ϶ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϷЄϹЋϹЅϾЂЀ ГϻЏϾϹ ϷЂЄϴϻϸЂ ЋϴЍϹ ЇЃЂІЄϹϵϿГϿϼЅА ϸЄЇϷϼϹ ІϹЄЀϼЁЏ ϸϿГ ЂϵЂϻЁϴЋϹЁϼГ ϵЂϹ϶ЏЉ ІЂЃЂЄЂ϶ — ЃЄϹϺϸϹ ϶ЅϹϷЂ, πΫζ ευμ ϼ ἀιίθβ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ϻϴ ЄϹϸϾϼЀϼ ϼЅϾϿВЋϹЁϼГЀϼ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴϿϼЅА ϸϿГ ЁϴϼЀϹЁЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ЂЄЇϺϼГ ЁϴЄЂϸЂ϶ ϥЄϹϸϼϻϹЀЁЂЀЂЄАГ (ϷЄϹϾЂ϶, ЄϼЀϿГЁ ϼ ϸЄ.). ϔЁϴϿϼϻ ϼϾЂЁЂϷЄϴЈϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ
ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿЂ϶ БЃЂЉϼ ϷЄϹϾЂ-ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾϼЉ ϶ЂϽЁ — ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼϽ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϴϻϼϴІЅϾϼЉ ϼ ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾϼЉ ϶ЂϼЁЂ϶
Ёϴ ϴЉϹЀϹЁϼϸЅϾϼЉ ЄϹϿАϹЈϴЉ ϼ ЃϹЋϴІГЉ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ϶ ϴІІϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϶ϴϻЂЃϼЅϼ (ЅЀ., ϶ ЋϴЅІЁЂЅІϼ, ЄϼЅ. 2, 1–11;
3, 1–1 , 2–2 , 3–4; 4, 1–4), ЃЂϾϴϻЏ϶ϴϹІ, ЋІЂ ІϹЄЀϼЁ Ϊΰαλδμ ϶ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϷЄϹЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾϴЉ ЂϻЁϴЋϴϿ
ЁϹ ϵЂϹ϶ЏϹ ІЂЃЂЄЏ ϶ЂЂϵЍϹ, ϴ ϼЉ ЅЃϹЊϼЈϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ϶ϼϸ, ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЏϽ ϼЅϾϿВЋϼІϹϿАЁЂ ϸϿГ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏЉ
ЁϴЄЂϸЁЂЅІϹϽ, ϴ ϼЀϹЁЁЂ ϾϼЄϾЂ϶ϼϸЁЏϹ ІЂЃЂЄϼϾϼ Ѕ ЃЄГЀЏЀϼ ϼ ϼϻЂϷЁЇІЏЀϼ ЇϻϾϼЀϼ ϾϿϼЁϾϴЀϼ — ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂ, ЋϹϾϴЁЏ ϼ ϾϿϹ϶ЊЏ ЃЂ ІϹЄЀϼЁЂϿЂϷϼϼ Ϡ. ϣ. ϗЄГϻЁЂ϶ϴ (ЅЀ. ϶ЏЌϹ).
ϖ ϾЂЋϹ϶ЂϽ ЅЄϹϸϹ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϽ ϙ϶Єϴϻϼϼ ЅϴϷϴЄϼЅЏ ϶ ЁϹϵЂϹ϶ЂϽ ЂϵЅІϴЁЂ϶ϾϹ ЁЂЅϼϿϼЅА, ϾϴϾ ЃЄϴ϶ϼϿЂ, Ёϴ
ϵЂϾЇ, ЃЂϸ϶ϹЌϹЁЁЏЀϼ Ͼ ЃЂГЅЇ ЄЇϾЂГІАВ ϶Ёϼϻ ЃЄϼ ЃЂЀЂЍϼ ЅЃϹЊϼϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ЄϹЀϹЌϾϴ, ЋІЂ ϻϴЅ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁЂ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼ (ϞЂЋϹϹ϶ 1988: 151, ЄϼЅ. 5, 2; ϩЇϸГϾЂ϶, ϱЄϸϹЁϹ-ϢЋϼЄ 2011: 134) ϼ ϼϾЂЁЂϷЄϴЈϼЋϹЅϾϼ (ϢϿАЉЂ϶ЅϾϼϽ, ϙ϶ϸЂϾϼЀЂ϶ 1994: 71, ϼϿ. 48, 83; 87, 149; Schmidt 1953: 119, pl. 80–81, no. 22;
Summerer 2007: 19–20, fig. I–II, VII) (ЄϼЅ. 2, 7). ϥ ϸЄЇϷЂϽ ЅІЂЄЂЁЏ, Ї ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾϼЉ ϶ЂϼЁЂ϶ ЅϴϷϴЄϼЅЏ
ϾЄϹЃϼϿϼЅА ϻϴ ЅЃϼЁЂϽ (ЅЀ. ЁϼϺϹ).
ϔЁІϼЋЁЏϹ ϴ϶ІЂЄЏ ЁϼЋϹϷЂ ЁϹ ϷЂ϶ЂЄГІ Ђ ϾЇϿАІϹ ϵЂϹ϶ЏЉ ІЂЃЂЄЂ϶ Ї ЅЄϹϸЁϹϴϻϼϴІЅϾϼЉ ЁϴЄЂϸЂ϶. ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ϗϹЄЂϸЂІ ϶ ЄϴЅЅϾϴϻϹ Ђ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼϼ ЃЄϼЋϹЄЁЂЀЂЄЅϾϼЉ ЅϾϼЈЂ϶ ЅЂЂϵЍϴϹІ, ЋІЂ ІЂЃЂЄ
( Ϊΰαλδμ) ЇЃϴϿ Ͼ ЁϼЀ Ѕ ЁϹϵϴ ϶ЀϹЅІϹ Ѕ ϸЄЇϷϼЀϼ Ѕ϶ГЍϹЁЁЏЀϼ ϻЂϿЂІЏЀϼ ϸϴЄϴЀϼ (ЃϿЇϷЂЀ, ГЄЀЂЀ ϼ ЋϴЌϹϽ), ϼ ЅϾϼЈЅϾϼϹ ЊϴЄϼ ϶ЅϹ БІϼ ЁϹϵϹЅЁЏϹ ϸϴЄЏ ІЍϴІϹϿАЁЂ ЉЄϴЁϼϿϼ, ϵϿϴϷЂϷЂ϶ϹϽЁЂ ЋІϼϿϼ ϼЉ ϼ ЃЄϼЁЂЅϼϿϼ ϼЀ ϹϺϹϷЂϸЁЏϹ ϺϹЄІ϶Џ (Hdt. IV. 5; 7). ϖ ϸЄЇϷЂЀ ЀϹЅІϹ Ѕ϶ЂϹϷЂ ІЄЇϸϴ «ϢІϹЊ ϼЅІЂЄϼϼ» ЇϾϴϻЏ϶ϴϹІ,
105
:
,
,
ЋІЂ ЃЄϼ ϻϴϾϿВЋϹЁϼϼ ϸЂϷЂ϶ЂЄЂ϶ ЅϾϼЈЏ ЂЃЇЅϾϴϿϼ ЀϹЋ, ІЂЃЂЄ ( Ϊΰαλδμ) ϼ ϾЂЃАϹ ϶ ЅЃϹЊϼϴϿАЁЇВ ϵЂϿАЌЇВ ЋϴЌЇ, ЁϴЃЂϿЁϹЁЁЇВ ϶ϼЁЂЀ, ЅЀϹЌϴЁЁЏЀ Ѕ ϾЄЂ϶АВ ЇЋϴЅІЁϼϾЂ϶ ϸЂϷЂ϶ЂЄϴ (Hdt. IV. 70). ϢϵЍϹϹ
ϼЄϴЁЅϾЂϹ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼϹ ЅϾϼЈЂ϶, ЅϴϾЂ϶ ϼ ЀϴЅЅϴϷϹІЂ϶ ЁϹ ϶ЏϻЏ϶ϴϹІ ЁϼϾϴϾϼЉ ЅЂЀЁϹЁϼϽ, ЃЂБІЂЀЇ
ϼЉ ЄϹϿϼϷϼЂϻЁЂ-ЀϼЈЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГ Ϲϸ϶ϴ Ͽϼ ЀЂϷϿϼ ЅϹЄАϹϻЁЂ ЂІϿϼЋϴІАЅГ ϸЄЇϷ ЂІ ϸЄЇϷϴ.
ϡϴЂϵЂЄЂІ, ϾϴϾ ЇϵϹϸϼІϹϿАЁЂ ЃЂϾϴϻϴϿ Ϙ. ϥ. ϤϴϹ϶ЅϾϼϽ (1977ϵ: 123–132), ϶ ЁϼЉ ϵЏϿЂ ЂЋϹЁА ЀЁЂϷЂ ЂϵЍϹϷЂ. ϣЂБІЂЀЇ ЀЂϺЁЂ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϼІА, ЋІЂ ЅϴϾϼ ϼ ЀϴЅЅϴϷϹІЏ ІϴϾϺϹ ЂІЁЂЅϼϿϼЅА Ͼ Ѕ϶ЂϼЀ ІЂЃЂЄϴЀ ϾϴϾ
ЂϵЎϹϾІϴЀ ϾЇϿАІЂ϶ЂϷЂ ЃЂЋϼІϴЁϼГ. ϥЂϵЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂ, БІЂ ЃЂЁГІЁЂ ЇϺϹ ϼϻ ЅϴЀЂϷЂ ІЂϷЂ ЈϴϾІϴ, ЋІЂ ϶ЅϹ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЏϹ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϼ ЅϴϾЅϾϼЉ ϵЂϹ϶ЏЉ ІЂЃЂЄЂ϶ (ЄϼЅ. 1, 5–13) ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸГІ ϼϻ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏЉ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЂ϶.
ϕЂϿϹϹ ІЂϷЂ, ϶ ϾЇЄϷ. 94 ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴ ϔϾϵϹϼІ Ёϴ ϣϴЀϼЄϹ ϵЏϿЂ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЂ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЂϹ ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁϼϹ «϶ ϶ϼϸϹ
ЀϼЁϼϴІВЄЁЂϷЂ ІЂЃЂЄϼϾϴ» (ϟϼІ϶ϼЁЅϾϼϽ 1972: 9), ϾЂІЂЄЂϹ Г϶ЁЂ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴϿЂЅА ϶ ϾϴЋϹЅІ϶Ϲ ϴЀЇϿϹІϴЂϵϹЄϹϷϴ, ЋІЂ ЉЂЄЂЌЂ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЂ ЃЂ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϴЀ Ѕ ϸЄЇϷϼЉ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϽ ϼ ϸЄЇϷϼЉ БЃЂЉ (ЅЀ. ϘϴЄϾϹ϶ϼЋ
1961; ϠϴϾϴЄЂ϶ 1992). ϖ ϾЇЄϷ. 11 ϹЍϹ ЂϸЁЂϷЂ ЃϴЀϼЄЅϾЂϷЂ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴ, ϦϹϷϹЄЀϴЁЅЇ II, ϺϹϿϹϻЁЏϽ
ЋϹϾϴЁ (ЄϼЅ. 1, 13) ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁ Ёϴϸ ϸϹЄϹ϶ГЁЁЏЀ ЃϹЄϹϾЄЏІϼϹЀ, ЃЂϸ ϾЂІЂЄЏЀ ϿϹϺϴϿ ЃЂϾЂϽЁЏϽ, ϴ ЁϹ
϶ЀϹЅІϹ Ѕ ЁϼЀ, ϾϴϾ ЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴϿЂ ϵЏ ЂϺϼϸϴІА (ϟϼІ϶ϼЁЅϾϼϽ 1972: 22, ІϴϵϿ. 75, III), ЋІЂ, ЁϹ ϼЅϾϿВЋϹЁЂ,
ІϴϾϺϹ Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁЂ Ѕ ϾϴϾϼЀϼ-ІЂ ЂЅЂϵϹЁЁЂЅІГЀϼ ϸϴЁЁЂϷЂ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ЄϼІЇϴϿϴ. ϡϴϾЂЁϹЊ, ЄЂϿА ϵЂϹ϶ЂϷЂ ІЂЃЂЄϴ-ϾϿϹ϶Њϴ ϾϴϾ ЅϼЀ϶ЂϿϴ ϶ϿϴЅІϼ ϼ ЀЂϷЇЍϹЅІ϶ϴ ЅЄϹϸϼ ЅϴϾЅϾϼЉ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ ЂІЋϹІϿϼ϶Ђ ЃЄЂЅІЇЃϴϹІ
Ёϴ ЃЄϼЀϹЄϹ ЀЂЁϹІЁЂϽ ϼϾЂЁЂϷЄϴЈϼϼ ϼЁϸЂ-ЅϴϾЂ϶ (ЅЀ. ЁϼϺϹ).
ϢϵЄϴІϼЀЅГ ІϹЃϹЄА Ͼ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ϴЀ Ђϵ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴЁϼϼ ϵЂϹ϶ЏЉ ІЂЃЂЄЂ϶ ϶ ϜЄϴЁϹ ЄϴЁЁϹϼЀЃϹЄЅϾЂϽ БЃЂЉϼ. ϘϿГ ЀϼϸϼϽЅϾЂϷЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ (ЂϾЂϿЂ 670–550 ϷϷ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.) Ђ ЅЂϵЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂ ϼЄϴЁЅϾЂЀ ЂЄЇϺϼϼ БІЂϷЂ ϶ϼϸϴ ЁϼЋϹϷЂ ЁϹ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЂ. ϤϼІЇϴϿАЁЏϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏϽ ІЂЃЂЄ, ϸϹϾЂЄϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϽ ЄϹϿАϹЈЁЏЀ
ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼϹЀ ϿА϶ϴ, ЁϴϽϸϹЁЁЏϽ ϶ ϩϴЀϴϸϴЁϹ (І. Ϲ. Ёϴ ЀϹЅІϹ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϽ ЅІЂϿϼЊЏ Ϡϼϸϼϼ ϱϾϵϴІϴЁЏ)
ϼ Ѕ 1880 Ϸ. ЉЄϴЁГЍϼϽЅГ ϶ ϕЄϼІϴЁЅϾЂЀ ЀЇϻϹϹ (Read 1904: 128, fig. 124; Maxwell-Hyslop 1949: 104,
pl. XXXVI, 9; Barnett 1968: 46–47, pl. VII, 5; Calmeyer 1969: 40–41, Abb. 42), ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ ϵЏϿ ϵϹϻЂЅЁЂ϶ϴІϹϿАЁЂ ЂІЁϹЅϹЁ Ͼ VI ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (Barnett 1968: 47; ЅЄ. Maxwell-Hyslop 1949: 104), Ёϴ ЅϴЀЂЀ ϸϹϿϹ
ϷЂЄϴϻϸЂ ϵЂϿϹϹ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϼϽ ϼ ϸЂϿϺϹЁ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴІАЅГ ЁϹ ЄϴЁϹϹ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (ЅЀ. Calmeyer 1969: 39–41;
Muscarella 2013: 1016). ϠЂϺЁЂ ЇІ϶ϹЄϺϸϴІА, ЋІЂ ϵЂϹ϶ЏϹ ІЂЃЂЄЏ ЃЂϿЇЋϼϿϼ ϸЂЅІϴІЂЋЁЂ ЌϼЄЂϾЂϹ
ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁϼϹ ϶ ϴЉϹЀϹЁϼϸЅϾЂЀ ϜЄϴЁϹ. ϖЏЌϹ ЇϺϹ ЂІЀϹЋϴϿЂЅА, ЋІЂ ϶ Ѕ϶ϹІϹ ϸϴЁЁЏЉ ϷЄϹЋϹЅϾЂϽ
ЃϼЅАЀϹЁЁЂϽ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼϼ ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾЂϹ ϶ЂϼЁЅІ϶Ђ ϼЀϹϿЂ Ёϴ ϶ЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼϼ ЅϴϷϴЄϼЅЏ (Xen. Anab. IV. 4. 16
[= Suid. s. v. Ϊΰαλδμ]; Xen. Cyr. I. 2. 9; II. 1. 9; 16; IV. 2. 22; VIII. 8. 23; Strabo XV. 3. 19), ЃЂϸ Ёϴϻ϶ϴЁϼϹЀ
ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЅϿϹϸЇϹІ ЃЂЁϼЀϴІА ЋϹϾϴЁЏ ϼ ϾϿϹ϶ЊЏ. ϜЉ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼГ ϶ЅІЄϹЋϴВІЅГ Ёϴ ЀЁЂϷϼЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЉ
ϼЅϾЇЅЅІ϶ϴ ІЂϷЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ. ϦϴϾ, Ёϴ ϴЉϹЀϹЁϼϸЅϾϼЉ ЊϼϿϼЁϸЄϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЃϹЋϴІГЉ ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾϼϹ ЃϹЉЂІϼЁЊЏ ϶
ІГϺϹϿЂЀ ϻϴЍϼІЁЂЀ ЅЁϴЄГϺϹЁϼϼ ЁЂЅГІ Ѕ϶Ђϼ ЋϹϾϴЁЏ, ЃЄϼϾЄϹЃϿϹЁЁЏЀϼ Ͼ ЁϴЅЃϼЁЁЂϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ЃϴЁЊϼЄϹϽ (ЃЂ-϶ϼϸϼЀЂЀЇ, ϶ ЇϻϾϼЉ ЈЇІϿГЄϴЉ ЁϴЃЂϸЂϵϼϹ ϾЂϿЋϴЁЂ϶), ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ϵЂϹ϶ϴГ ЋϴЅІА ІЂЃЂЄϼϾЂ϶ ϶Ђϻ϶ЏЌϴϹІЅГ Ёϴϸ ϼЉ ϷЂϿЂ϶ϴЀϼ (Ward 1910: 327, 328, fig. 1051; 1053; Ghirshman 1964: fig. 331; Head 1992:
fig. 14, a–b; 32, h; ϡϼϾЇϿϼЁϴ 1994: ϼϿ. 536–537; 539; Curtis et al. 2005, 230–231, cat. no. 423; Summerer
2007: 9, fig. 3; Schmidt 1939: 38, fig. 24, PT4 655; 1957: 11, 29–30, pl. 9, seal no. 30; Wu 2010: 551–552,
fig. 51, 4–5; 2014: 245, 266, pl. 4, C; 5, A) (ЄϼЅ. 2, 2–3, 5, 8). ϕЂϹ϶ЂϽ ІЂЃЂЄ ІϼЃϴ ЋϹϾϴЁϴ ϸϹЄϺϼІ ϷϹЄЂϽ,
ЅЄϴϺϴВЍϼϽЅГ ЅЂ ϿА϶ЂЀ, Ёϴ ЂІІϼЅϾϹ ЃϹЋϴІϼ ЁϴЋϴϿϴ V ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б., ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ ЅЂЉЄϴЁϼϿЅГ Ёϴ ЂϸЁЂϽ ϼϻ
ІϴϵϿϼЋϹϾ (PFS 503), ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЁЏЉ Ёϴ БϿϴЀЅϾЂЀ ГϻЏϾϹ. ϱІϼ ІϴϵϿϼЋϾϼ ϵЏϿϼ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ ϶ ϾЄϹЃЂЅІЁЂϽ
ЅІϹЁϹ ϶ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЂ-϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂЀ ЇϷϿЇ ϣϹЄЅϹЃЂϿАЅϾЂϽ ІϹЄЄϴЅЏ (Garrison, Root 2001: 434–435, cat. no. 307,
pl. 171, g; 245, c; 258, f ) (ЄϼЅ. 2, 10). ϡϴ ϻЂϿЂІЂϽ ЃϿϴЅІϼЁϹ, ϸϴІϼЄЇϹЀЂϽ V ϼϿϼ IV ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б., ϼϻ ІϴϾ ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴϹЀЂϷЂ ϔЀЇϸϴЄАϼЁЅϾЂϷЂ ϾϿϴϸϴ, ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸГЍϹϷЂ Ѕ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϽ ϕϴϾІЄϼϼ, ϶ЏϷЄϴ϶ϼЄЂ϶ϴЁ
϶ЂϼЁ, ЂϵϿϴЋϹЁЁЏϽ ϶ ϸЂЅЃϹЉϼ — ЌϿϹЀ, ЃϴЁЊϼЄА, ІЄЇϵЋϴІЏϹ ЁϴЄЇЋϼ ϼ ЁϴϵϹϸЄϹЁЁϼϾ-ЃІϹЄϼϷϼ, Ѕ ϾЂЃАϹЀ ϶ ϿϹ϶ЂϽ ЄЇϾϹ ϼ ЋϹϾϴЁЂЀ ϶ ЃЄϴ϶ЂϽ (Dalton 1905: 99, pl. XIV, cat. no. 84; Barnett 1968: 37, pl. II, 2
(right); ϛϹϽЀϴϿА 1979: 56, ϾϴІ. № 84; Curtis et al. 2005: 163, 165, 169, cat. no. 253; ϗЂЄϹϿϼϾ 1982: 92,
95, 99, ІϴϵϿ. I, 4; Head 1992: fig. 32, f; Nikonorov 1997: vol. 2, fig. 4, c) (ЄϼЅ. 2, 11). ϕЏϿϼ ϶ЏЅϾϴϻϴЁЏ
ЀЁϹЁϼГ, ЋІЂ БІЂ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼГ ЅϴϾϴ (Barnett 1968: 37; Head 1992: 47), ЃϹЄЅϴ (ϗЂЄϹϿϼϾ 1982: 92, ЃЄϼЀϹЋ. 10, 95) ϼϿϼ ϵϴϾІЄϼϽЊϴ (Nikonorov 1997: vol. 1, 26–27). ϥϿЂϺЁЂЅІА БІЁϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϴІЄϼϵЇЊϼϼ БІЂϷЂ
ЃϹЄЅЂЁϴϺϴ ϻϴϾϿВЋϴϹІЅГ ϶ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ ЂЁ ЃЂϾϴϻϴЁ ϵϹϻϵЂЄЂϸЏЀ, ІЂϷϸϴ ϾϴϾ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϼϹ ϼЄϴЁЊЏ ЂϵЏЋЁЂ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϴϿϼЅА Ѕ ϵЂЄЂϸϴЀϼ Ёϴ ϿϼЊϴЉ. ϦϹЀ ЁϹ ЀϹЁϹϹ ЃЂ Ѕ϶ЂϹЀЇ ϵЂϹ϶ЂЀЇ ЂϵϿϴЋϹЁϼВ ЂЁ ϶ЏϷϿГϸϼІ ЅϾЂЄϹϹ
ЃϹЄЅЂЀ ϼϿϼ ϺϹ ϼЉ ϵϴϾІЄϼϽЅϾϼЀ ЅЂВϻЁϼϾЂЀ, ЋϹЀ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϴϻϼϴІЅϾϼЀ ЅϴϾЂЀ.
ϜϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼГ ЃϹЄЅЂ϶, ϶ЂЂЄЇϺϹЁЁЏЉ ϾϿϹ϶ЊϴЀϼ, ϼЀϹВІЅГ Ёϴ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ϴІІϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϾЄϴЅЁЂЈϼϷЇЄЁЏЉ ЅЂЅЇϸϴЉ, ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁЁЏЉ ϶ 470–460-Љ ϷϷ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (Sekunda 1992: 52; Head 1992: fig. 12, h;
106
26, c; Curtis et al. 2005: 239, fig. 65; Miller 2006: 132, fig. 8; 2011: 149, fig. 20–21; Wiesehöfer 2009: 88,
Abb. 1; Bovon 1963: 584, fig. 10; Head 1992: fig. 26, c) (ЄϼЅ. 4, 1–3) ϼ ЂϾЂϿЂ 380 Ϸ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (ϖϼЁЂϷЄϴϸЂ϶
2007: 13–14, 19, 26–27; ϦЂϿЅІЂϽ, ϞЂЁϸϴϾЂ϶ 1889: 76–77, ЄϼЅ. 109; Wiesehöfer 2009: Abb. 4) (ЄϼЅ. 4, 4).
ϤϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴІА БІϼЉ ϶ЂϼЁЂ϶ ϾϴϾ ЃϹЄЅЂ϶ ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГВІ ЁϹ ІЂϿАϾЂ ϼЉ ЂϸϹГЁϼГ ϼЄϴЁЅϾЂϷЂ («ЀϼϸϼϽЅϾЂϷЂ»)
ІϼЃϴ, ЁЂ ϼ ϵЂЄЂϸЏ Ёϴ ϼЉ ϿϼЊϴЉ. ϣЂЅϿϹϸЁГГ ЂЅЂϵϹЁЁЂЅІА ЂЋϹЁА ϶ϴϺЁϴ ϶϶ϼϸЇ ІЂϷЂ, ЋІЂ ϶Ђ ϶ІЂЄЂϽ
ЋϹІ϶ϹЄІϼ V ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϶ ϷЄϹЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϶ϴϻЂЃϼЅϼ ЃЂГ϶ϿГВІЅГ ϸЄЇϷϼϹ ϶ЂϼЁЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏϹ ЃϹЄЅЂЁϴϺϼ, ЂϸϹІЏϹ
϶ ЌІϴЁЏ «ЀϼϸϼϽЅϾЂϷЂ» ЂϵЄϴϻЊϴ ϼ ϶ЂЂЄЇϺϹЁЁЏϹ ϾϴϾ ЃϹЄЅЏ, ϿϼЊϴ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ, ЂϸЁϴϾЂ, ϵϹϻϵЂЄЂϸЏϹ ϼ
ЂІϿϼЋϴВІЅГ ϺϹЁЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂЅІАВ (Furtwängler, Reichhold 1909: 88–92, 109–111, 145, 150–152, 158–159,
277–282, 297–303, Abb. 46–47; 49–50; 53; Taf. 78; 81; 113; 116; Gerhard 1847: 42–45, 47–48, Taf. CLXIII;
CLXV, 4; Head 1992: fig. 27, c; 28; Bittner 1987: 175, Taf. 7, 1; Sekunda 1992: 60; Koch 1992: 219,
Abb. 160) (ЄϼЅ. 4, 7–9). ϦϴϾЂ϶ЏЀ ЅІϴϿ ЁЂ϶ЏϽ БІЁЂϷЄϴЈϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ЂϵϿϼϾ ϷЄЂϻЁЏЉ ϶ЂϼІϹϿАЁϼЊ-ϴЀϴϻЂЁЂϾ, ЃЂЃЇϿГЄЁЏЉ ϶ БϿϿϼЁЅϾЂϽ ЀϼЈЂϿЂϷϼϼ, ϼ ЅϿЂϺϼϿЅГ ЂЁ ϾϴϾ Єϴϻ ЃЂϸ ϶ϿϼГЁϼϹЀ ϷЄϹϾЂ-ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾЂϷЂ
ЃЄЂІϼ϶ЂЅІЂГЁϼГ (ЅЀ. Miller 2008: 115, 122; 2011: 137–138, 152).
ϡϹЂϵЉЂϸϼЀЂ ЃЂϸЋϹЄϾЁЇІА, ЋІЂ ІЂЃЂЄЏ-ЅϴϷϴЄϼЅЏ ϼϷЄϴϿϼ ϶ϹЅАЀϴ ϻЁϴЋϼІϹϿАЁЇВ ЄЂϿА ϶ ЊϹЄϹЀЂЁϼϴϿАЁЂϽ ЃЄϴϾІϼϾϹ ϔЉϹЀϹЁϼϸЂ϶, ЁϴЋϼЁϴГ Ѕ ϘϴЄϼГ I. ϖЂ ϶ЄϹЀГ ЄϴϻЁЂϷЂ ЄЂϸϴ ЂЈϼЊϼϴϿАЁЏЉ ЀϹЄЂЃЄϼГІϼϽ ЄГϸЂЀ Ѕ ЊϴЄϹЀ ЂϵГϻϴІϹϿАЁЂ ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿЅГ ЂЄЇϺϹЁЂЅϹЊ, ϾϴϾ БІЂ ЃЂϾϴϻϴЁЂ Ёϴ ЃϹЄЅϹЃЂϿАЅϾϼЉ
ЄϹϿАϹЈϴЉ ЅЂ ЅЊϹЁϴЀϼ ϴЇϸϼϹЁЊϼϼ ϼϻ «ϥЂϾЄЂ϶ϼЍЁϼЊЏ» (Schmidt 1939: 26–27, 29, fig. 14; 16; 1953:
165–166, 169, pl. 119; 121; 123; Ghirshman 1964: fig. 255; 443; Tilia 1972: fig. 3; pl. XCVII; XCIX; CIII;
Gall 1975: Taf. 31, 1; Walser 1980: Taf. 40; 42; 44; 53; Shahbazi 1980: fig. 13; Roaf 1983: 116, fig. 122–124;
Trümpelmann 1990: 83–84, Abb. 1–3; Koch 1992: 93, 97, 259, Abb. 44; 49; 185; Moorey 1985: 27, fig. 3;
Stronach 2011: 475–476, 479, fig. 1; 3; Head 1992: fig. 13, b; 16, g; Curtis et al. 2005: fig. 61; Potts 2012: 461,
fig. 4)8 (ЄϼЅ. 3, 1–1 , 2–2 ) ϼ «ϛϴϿϴ ЅЂ 100 ϾЂϿЂЁЁϴЀϼ/ϦЄЂЁЁЂϷЂ ϻϴϿϴ» (Schmidt 1953: 133–134, pl. 96–
99; Ghirshman 1964: fig. 254; Tilia 1972: pl. CXI, fig. 32; Gall 1975: Taf. 31, 2)9. ϦϴЀ ЂЁ ЅІЂϼІ Ёϴ ЃЂЋϹІЁЂЀ ІЄϹІАϹЀ (϶ «ϥЂϾЄЂ϶ϼЍЁϼЊϹ») ϼ ϸϴϺϹ ϶ІЂЄЂЀ (϶ «ϛϴϿϹ ЅЂ 100 ϾЂϿЂЁЁϴЀϼ») ЀϹЅІϹ ϻϴ ЊϴЄЅϾϼЀ ІЄЂЁЂЀ, ЂϸϹІЏϽ ϶ «ЀϼϸϼϽЅϾϼϽ» ϾЂЅІВЀ ϼ ϸϹЄϺϴЍϼϽ ЂϸЁЂϽ ЄЇϾЂϽ ЃЄϼ ЃЂЀЂЍϼ ЄϹЀЁГ ϵЂϿАЌЂϽ ϷЂЄϼІ
(ϻϴϾЄЏІЏϽ ЈЇІϿГЄ ϸϿГ ϿЇϾϴ ϼ ЅІЄϹϿ) ϻϴ Ѕ϶ЂϹϽ ЅЃϼЁЂϽ, ϴ ϸЄЇϷЂϽ ЄЇϾЂϽ — ЋϹϾϴЁ; Ёϴ ϹϷЂ ЃЄϴ϶ЂЀ ϵЂϾЇ
϶ϼЅϼІ ϾЂЄЂІϾϼϽ ЀϹЋ-ϴϾϼЁϴϾ. ϖІЂЄЏЀ ϻϴ ЅϼϸГЍϼЀ Ёϴ ІЄЂЁϹ ЊϴЄϹЀ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁ ЂЄЇϺϹЁЂЅϹЊ ϼ ϶ ЅЊϹЁϹ
ϴЇϸϼϹЁЊϼϼ, ϻϴЃϹЋϴІϿϹЁЁЂϽ Ёϴ ϸ϶ϹЁϴϸЊϴІϼ ϵЇϿϿϴЉ ϼϻ ϘϴЅϾϼϿϹϼ (ЅЂ϶Є. ϱЄϷϼϿϼ ϶ ϦЇЄЊϼϼ) — ЅІЂϿϼЊЏ
ϴЉϹЀϹЁϼϸЅϾЂϽ ЅϴІЄϴЃϼϼ ϗϹϿϿϹЅЃЂЁІЅϾϴГ ϨЄϼϷϼГ, ЂІІϼЅϾϼ Ёϴ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ϵЏϿϼ ЅϸϹϿϴЁЏ ЊϼϿϼЁϸЄϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ЃϹЋϴІАВ DS 4 (ϼϿϼ ІЄϹЀГ ϼϸϹЁІϼЋЁЏЀϼ ЃϹЋϴІГЀϼ) ϶Ђ ϶ЄϹЀГ ЊϴЄЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼГ ϔЄІϴϾЅϹЄϾЅϴ I ϼϿϼ
ϔЄІϴϾЅϹЄϾЅϴ II. ϖ ЊϹϿЂЀ ЂϵЄϴϻ БІЂϷЂ ЃЄϼϸ϶ЂЄЁЂϷЂ ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ЇϹІ ЂЄЇϺϹЁЂЅЊϴЀ Ёϴ ЃϹЄЅϹЃЂϿАЅϾϼЉ
ЊϹЄϹЀЂЁϼϴϿАЁЏЉ ЄϹϿАϹЈϴЉ, ϹЅϿϼ ЁϹ ЃЄϼЁϼЀϴІА ϶Ђ ϶ЁϼЀϴЁϼϹ ϹϷЂ ЅЉϹЀϴІϼЋЁЂЅІА, ЂϵЇЅϿЂ϶ϿϹЁЁЇВ
ЀϴϿЏЀϼ ЄϴϻЀϹЄϴЀϼ ЃЂϿГ ЃϹЋϴІϼ (Kaptan 2002: vol. I, 31–40, 113–115; vol. II, 50–55, pl. 47–59).
ϪϴЄЅϾϼϹ ЂЄЇϺϹЁЂЅЊЏ ϶ ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼЋЁЏЉ ЂϸϹГЁϼГЉ ϼ Ѕ ІϹЀ ϺϹ ЅϴЀЏЀ ЁϴϵЂЄЂЀ ЂЄЇϺϼГ ϶ЏЅϹЋϹЁЏ
ІϴϾϺϹ Ёϴ ЄϹϿАϹЈϴЉ ЈϴЅϴϸЂ϶ ϷЄЂϵЁϼЊ ϘϴЄϼГ I, ϞЅϹЄϾЅϴ, ϔЄІϴϾЅϹЄϾЅϴ I (465/4–425) ϼ ϘϴЄϼГ II (424–
404) ϶ ϡϴϾЌ-ϼ ϤЇЅІϴЀϹ ϼ ϔЄІϴϾЅϹЄϾЅϴ II ϼ ϔЄІϴϾЅϹЄϾЅϴ III ϶ ϣϹЄЅϹЃЂϿϹ (Schmidt 1970: 84, 86, 92, 95,
98, 100, 106, pl. 19; 22, A; 24, B; 25; 41; 43, A; 49–51; 57; 63; 71, A; Ghirshman 1964: fig. 280; Calmeyer
1987: 12, fig. 1; 1990: 14, Abb. 6; 2009: Taf. 2, 1; 5, 1; 19, 1; 20, 2; 21, 3; Stronach 2011: 478–481, fig. 2)
(ЄϼЅ. 3, 3–4). ϖЅϹ ЂЁϼ ЃЂϾϴϻϴЁЏ ЅІЂГЍϼЀϼ ЅϿϹ϶ϴ ЂІ ЈϼϷЇЄЏ ЊϴЄГ, ϶ ЅЄϹϸЁϹЀ ЄϹϷϼЅІЄϹ ϶ϹЄІϼϾϴϿАЁЂϽ ϾЂЀЃЂϻϼЊϼϼ, ЅЂЅІЂГЍϹϽ ϼϻ ІЄϹЉ ϶ЂЂЄЇϺϹЁЁЏЉ ЃϹЄЅЂЁϴϺϹϽ10. ϡϴ ϷЄЂϵЁϼЊϹ ϘϴЄϼГ I ЅЂЉЄϴЁϼϿϴЅА
Ϙ϶ϴ ЄϹϿАϹЈϴ ЅЂ ЅЊϹЁϴЀϼ ϴЇϸϼϹЁЊϼϼ ЃϹЄ϶ЂЁϴЋϴϿАЁЂ ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿϼЅА ϶ ϔЃϴϸϴЁϹ, ЁЂ ϹЍϹ ϶ ϴЉϹЀϹЁϼϸЅϾЂϹ ϶ЄϹЀГ ϵЏϿϼ ЃϹЄϹЀϹЍϹЁЏ ϶ «ϥЂϾЄЂ϶ϼЍЁϼЊЇ» (Tilia 1972: 191–208). ϥЇЍϹЅІ϶ЇВІ ϸ϶Ϲ ІЂЋϾϼ ϻЄϹЁϼГ
Ёϴ ІЂ, Ͼ ЃЄϴ϶ϿϹЁϼВ ϾϴϾЂϷЂ ϼϻ ЊϴЄϹϽ ЅϿϹϸЇϹІ ϼЉ ЂІЁϹЅІϼ: ЅЂϷϿϴЅЁЂ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϽ, ϘϴЄϼГ I (Schmidt 1939: 21–33;
1953: 162–169; Tilia 1972: 191–208), ЅЂϷϿϴЅЁЂ ϶ІЂЄЂϽ — ϹϷЂ ЅЏЁϴ ϞЅϹЄϾЅϴ (Frye 1974: 383; Gall 1975: 151–
153; Shahbazi 1976; ЅЄ. Tritsch 1943: 105–106). ϥϴЀЇ «ϥЂϾЄЂ϶ϼЍЁϼЊЇ», ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ, ЁϴЋϴϿϼ ϶Ђϻ϶ЂϸϼІА ЃЄϼ
ϘϴЄϼϼ I, ІЂϷϸϴ ϾϴϾ ϻϴϾϿВЋϼІϹϿАЁϴГ (ІЄϹІАГ) Јϴϻϴ ϹϹ ЈЇЁϾЊϼЂЁϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ЃЄϼЉЂϸϼІЅГ Ёϴ ϶ЄϹЀГ ЃЄϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГ
ϞЅϹЄϾЅϴ (ЅЀ. Roaf 1983: 157).
9
ϥЋϼІϴϹІЅГ, ЋІЂ ЅІЄЂϼІϹϿАЅІ϶Ђ «ϛϴϿϴ ЅЂ 100 ϾЂϿЂЁЁϴЀϼ» ϵЏϿ ЁϴЋϴІЂ ϞЅϹЄϾЅЂЀ, ϴ ϻϴ϶ϹЄЌϹЁЂ
ϔЄІϴϾЅϹЄϾЅЂЀ I (Roaf 1983: 158).
10
ϣЂ ЀЁϹЁϼВ ϔ. ϬϴЉϵϴϻϼ, ЂЁϼ ЃϹЄϹϸϴВІ ЂϵЄϴϻЏ ІЄϹЉ ϼϻ ЌϹЅІϼ ЃЂЀЂЍЁϼϾЂ϶ ϘϴЄϼГ I ϶ ϸϹϿϹ Ёϼϻ϶ϹЄϺϹЁϼГ ЀϴϷϴ ϗϴЇЀϴІЏ (ϣЅϹ϶ϸЂ-ϥЀϹЄϸϼЅϴ) Ѕ ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾЂϷЂ ЃЄϹЅІЂϿϴ ϶ 522 Ϸ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (Shahbazi 1980: 125–126;
1987: 786–787). ϥϿϹϸЇϹІ ЂІЀϹІϼІА, ЋІЂ ϾЂЀЃЂϻϼЊϼЂЁЁϴГ ЅЉϹЀϴ ЄϹϿАϹЈЁЂϷЂ ϸϹϾЂЄϴ ЈϴЅϴϸЁЂϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ϷЄЂϵЁϼЊЏ
ϘϴЄϼГ I ϵЏϿϴ ϶ ЊϹϿЂЀ ЃЂ϶ІЂЄϹЁϴ ϶ЅϹЀϼ ϸЄЇϷϼЀϼ ϴЉϹЀϹЁϼϸЅϾϼЀϼ ЀЂЁϴЄЉϴЀϼ, ЃЂЅІЄЂϼ϶ЌϼЀϼ Ѕ϶Ђϼ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏϹ ЅЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼГ ϶ ϡϴϾЌ-ϼ ϤЇЅІϴЀϹ ϼ ϣϹЄЅϹЃЂϿϹ.
8
107
:
,
,
. 3. 1 — ЄϹϾЂЁЅІЄЇϾЊϼГ ЄϹϿАϹЈϴ ϼϻ «ϥЂϾЄЂ϶ϼЍЁϼЊЏ» ϶ ϣϹЄЅϹЃЂϿϹ (ЃЂ Tilia 1972); 1a, 2, 2ϴ — ЊϴЄЅϾϼϽ
ЂЄЇϺϹЁЂЅϹЊ ϼ ϹϷЂ ІЂЃЂЄϼϾ-ЋϹϾϴЁ Ёϴ ЄϹϿАϹЈϴЉ ϼϻ ЃϹЄЅϹЃЂϿАЅϾЂϽ «ϥЂϾЄЂ϶ϼЍЁϼЊЏ» (ЃЂ Trümpelmann 1990); 3 —
ϔЅЃϴЋϴЁϴ/ϔЅЃϴІϼЁ Ёϴ ЄϹϿАϹЈϹ ϷЄЂϵЁϼЊЏ ϘϴЄϼГ I ϶ ϡϴϾЌ-ϼ ϤЇЅІϴЀϹ (ЃЂ Stronach 2011); 4 — ЊϴЄЅϾϼϽ ЂЄЇϺϹЁЂЅϹЊ
Ёϴ ЄϹϿАϹЈϹ ϷЄЂϵЁϼЊЏ ϔЄІϴϾЅϹЄϾЅϴ III ϶ ϣϹЄЅϹЃЂϿϹ (ЃЂ Calmeyer 2009); 5 — ϴЀϴϻЂЁϾϴ Ёϴ ϻЂϿЂІЂϽ ЂϵϾϿϴϸϾϹ ЁЂϺϹЁ
ЀϹЋϴ ϼϻ ЅϾϼЈЅϾЂϷЂ ϾЇЄϷϴЁϴ ϫϹЄІЂЀϿЏϾ ϶ ϡϼϺЁϹЀ ϣЂϸЁϹЃЄЂ϶АϹ (ЃЂ ϔϿϹϾЅϹϹ϶ 2012); 6 — ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏϽ ЋϹϾϴЁ ϼϻ
ϣϹЄЅϹЃЂϿГ (ЃЂ Schmidt 1957); 7 — ϺϹϿϹϻЁЏϽ ЋϹϾϴЁ ϼϻ ϖϴЅϾϹ ϶ ϗϼϿГЁϹ (ЃЂ Potts 2012); 8, 8a — ϺϹϿϹϻЁЏϽ ϾϿϹ϶ϹЊ ϼϻ
ϘϹ϶Ϲ-ϗЇВϾ ϶ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϽ ϥϼЄϼϼ (ЃЄЂЄϼЅЂ϶Ͼϴ ЃЂ Moorey 1975, ЈЂІЂ ϼϻ ϿϼЋЁЂϷЂ ЈЂІЂϴЄЉϼ϶ϴ ϡ. ϖ. ϥϹϾЇЁϸЏ)
Fig. 3. 1 — reconstructed representation on a relief from the «Treasury» at Persepolis (after Tilia 1972); 1a, 2, 2ϴ —
weapon-bearer of the king and his pick-chekan on reliefs from the «Treasury» at Persepolis (after Trümpelmann 1990);
3 — Aspachana/Aspathines on Darius I’s tomb relief at Naqsh-i Rustam (after Stronach 2011); 4 — weapon-bearer
on Artaxerxes III’s tomb relief at Persepolis (after Calmeyer 2009); 5 — Amazon on a golden sword sheath from the
Scythian barrow of Chertomlyk in the Lower Dnieper area (after ϔϿϹϾЅϹϹ϶ 2012); 6 — bronze pick-chekan from
Persepolis (after Schmidt 1957); 7 — iron pick-chekan from Vaske in Gilan (after Potts 2012); 8, 8a — iron pick-klevets
from Deve Hüyük in Northern Syria (drawing after Moorey 1975, photo from Nicholas V. Sekunda’s personal archives)
108
ЁϴϸЃϼЅА-ІЄϼϿϼЁϷ϶ϴ (ЋϼІϴВІЅГ ЃЂϿЁЂЅІАВ ϹϹ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾϴГ ϼ БϿϴЀЅϾϴГ ϶ϹЄЅϼϼ, ϴϾϾϴϸЅϾϴГ —
ϿϼЌА ЋϴЅІϼЋЁЂ), ЅЂЃЄЂ϶ЂϺϸϴВЍϴГ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼϹ ϸϹЄϺϴЍϹϷЂ ϷЂЄϼІ ϼ ІЂЃЂЄ ЂЄЇϺϹЁЂЅЊϴ (ЄϼЅ. 3, 3),
ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ ЁЂЅϼϿ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹЃϹЄЅ. ϼЀГ ϔЅЃϴЋϴЁϴ («ϟВϵϼІϹϿА ϿЂЌϴϸϹϽ», ЅЀ. Kent 1953: 173; ЅЄ. Hinz 1973:
126). ϙϹ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾϼϽ ϶ϴЄϼϴЁІ ϷϿϴЅϼІ: Aspacan vaçabara D rayavahauš xš yaγiyahy isuv m
d rayatiy (DNd, ЅЀ. Kent 1945: 233; 1953: 140; Schmitt 2009: 112). ϢϸЁϼ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿϼ ЃϹЄϹ϶ЂϸГІ
ϹϷЂ ϿϼϵЂ ІϴϾ: «ϔЅЃϴЋϴЁϴ, ЁЂЅϼІϹϿА ϿЇϾϴ (ϷЂЄϼІϴ), ϸϹЄϺϼІ ϵЂϹ϶ЂϽ ІЂЃЂЄ ЊϴЄГ ϘϴЄϼГ» (Kent 1945:
233; 1953: 140; Briant 2002: 898; Brosius 2007: 27; Stronach 2011: 478, no. 3), ϿϼϵЂ ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾЂ ϼЁϴЋϹ:
«ϔЅЃϴЋϴЁϴ, ЁЂЅϼІϹϿА ϵЂϹ϶ЂϷЂ ІЂЃЂЄϴ, ϸϹЄϺϼІ ϿЇϾ (ϷЂЄϼІ) ЊϴЄГ ϘϴЄϼГ» (Olmstead 1948: 229; Schmidt
1939: 27; 1953: 169; 1970: 86, note 51). ϘЄЇϷϼϹ ЇЋϹЁЏϹ, ЂЅЁЂ϶Џ϶ϴГЅА Ёϴ БϿϴЀЅϾЂϽ ϶ϹЄЅϼϼ ϸϴЁЁЂϽ ЁϴϸЃϼЅϼ, ЃЄϹϸϿϴϷϴВІ ϼЁЂϽ ϶ϴЄϼϴЁІ ЃϹЄϹ϶Ђϸϴ. ϣЂ ϼЉ ЀЁϹЁϼВ, ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹЃϹЄЅ. ІϹЄЀϼЁ vaçabara ЁϹ ϸЂϿϺϹЁ ЃЂЁϼЀϴІАЅГ ϾϴϾ «ЁЂЅϼІϹϿА ϵЂϹ϶ЂϷЂ ІЂЃЂЄϴ» (ЂІ ЅϿЂ϶ϴ vaça- — «ІЂЃЂЄ», Ђ ІϴϾЂЀ ϹϷЂ ϻЁϴЋϹЁϼϼ
ЅЀ. Tritsch 1943: 105; Kent 1945: 233; Gershevitch 1962: 78–79, note 8; Malandra 1973: 271, 281, 288),
ЃЂЅϾЂϿАϾЇ ϹϷЂ БϿϴЀЅϾϼϽ БϾ϶ϼ϶ϴϿϹЁІ — lipte ku(k)tir(a) — ϸЂЅϿЂ϶ЁЂ ЂϻЁϴЋϴϹІ «ЁЂЅϼІϹϿА ЂϸϹГЁϼϽ»,
І. Ϲ. ϾϴЀϹЄϷϹЄ (Hinz 1973: 57–59; Borger 1972: 390–391; Henkelman 2003: 117–120; Schmitt 2009: 112;
Tavernier 2014: 308–310, 317). ϥЂϷϿϴЅЁЂ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϹЀЇ ЋІϹЁϼВ, ϔЅЃϴЋϴЁϴ ϼЅЃЂϿЁГϿ ЃЂЋϹІЁЇВ ϸЂϿϺЁЂЅІА ЊϴЄЅϾЂϷЂ ϾϴЀϹЄϷϹЄϴ, ЂЅІϴ϶ϴГЅА ЃЄϼ БІЂЀ ϼ ЁЂЅϼІϹϿϹЀ ЊϴЄЅϾЂϷЂ ϷЂЄϼІϴ ϶Ђ ϶ЄϹЀГ ЂЈϼЊϼϴϿАЁЏЉ
ЊϹЄϹЀЂЁϼϽ. ϦЂЃЂЄ ϺϹ ϵЏϿ ϹϷЂ ϿϼЋЁЏЀ ЂЄЇϺϼϹЀ, ЅϼЀ϶ЂϿϼϻϼЄЂ϶ϴ϶ЌϼЀ ϶ЏЅЂϾЂϹ ЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼϹ ЃЄϼ ϸ϶ЂЄϹ ϘϴЄϼГ I (Henkelman 2003: 120–128; Tavernier 2014: 315–317).
ϡϹϻϴ϶ϼЅϼЀЂ ЂІ ІЂϷЂ, ϾϴϾЂϽ ϼϻ БІϼЉ ϸ϶ЇЉ ІЂЋϹϾ ϻЄϹЁϼГ ЅϿϹϸЇϹІ ЂІϸϴІА ЃЄϹϸЃЂЋІϹЁϼϹ, ГЅЁЂ
ЂϸЁЂ: ІЂЃЂЄЏ-ЋϹϾϴЁЏ Ёϴ ЇϾϴϻϴЁЁЏЉ ЄϹϿАϹЈϴЉ ϼϻ ϣϹЄЅϹЃЂϿГ ϼ ϡϴϾЌ-ϼ ϤЇЅІϴЀϴ (ЄϼЅ. 3, 1–4) ϶ЏЅІЇЃϴВІ ϶ ϾϴЋϹЅІ϶Ϲ ϴІЄϼϵЇІЂ϶ ϶ϿϴЅІϼ ϼ ϶ЏЅЂϾЂϷЂ ЅІϴІЇЅϴ ϼЉ ЁЂЅϼІϹϿϹϽ (ϸϴϺϹ ϶ ІЂЀ ЅϿЇЋϴϹ, ϹЅϿϼ БІЂ
ЂЄЇϺϼϹ, ЃЂϸЂϵЁЂ ϷЂЄϼІЇ Ѕ ϿЇϾЂЀ ϼ ЅІЄϹϿϴЀϼ, ЃЄϼЁϴϸϿϹϺϴϿЂ ЊϴЄВ). ϖЂϻ϶ЄϴЍϴГЅА ϺϹ Ͼ ϔЅЃϴЋϴЁϹ,
ЁϹЂϵЉЂϸϼЀЂ ЂІЀϹІϼІА, ЋІЂ ϹϷЂ ЃЄϼ϶ϼϿϹϷϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϽ ЃЄϼϸ϶ЂЄЁЏϽ ЅІϴІЇЅ ЃЂϸІ϶ϹЄϺϸϴϹІЅГ ϼ ϶ ϷЄϹЋϹЅϾЂϽ ЁϴЄЄϴІϼ϶ЁЂϽ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼϼ, ЃЂ ϸϴЁЁЏЀ ϾЂІЂЄЂϽ, ЂЁ ЃЂϸ ϼЀϹЁϹЀ ϔЅЃϴІϼЁϴ ϶ЉЂϸϼϿ ϶ ЋϼЅϿЂ ЅϹЀϹЄЏЉ ϶ϼϸЁϹϽЌϼЉ ЃϹЄЅЂ϶, ЇЅІЄЂϼ϶ЌϼЉ ϻϴϷЂ϶ЂЄ ЃЄЂІϼ϶ ЇϻЇЄЃϴІЂЄϴ ЀϴϷϴ ϗϴЇЀϴІЏ/ϣЅϹ϶ϸЂ-ϥЀϹЄϸϼЅϴ
(Hdt. III. 70), ϼ ϶Ђ ϶ЄϹЀГ ЁϴЃϴϸϹЁϼГ Ёϴ ЀϴϷϴ ϵЏϿ ЄϴЁϹЁ ϾЂЃАϹЀ ϶ ϵϹϸЄЂ (Hdt. III. 78)11. ϞЄЂЀϹ ІЂϷЂ,
ЅЂЂϵЍϴϹІЅГ, ЋІЂ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϹ, ЃЄϼ ЊϴЄϹ ϞЅϹЄϾЅϹ, ЅЏЁ ϔЅЃϴІϼЁϴ ϣЄϹϾЅϴЅЃ ϵЏϿ ЂϸЁϼЀ ϼϻ ϾЂЀϴЁϸЇВЍϼЉ ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾϼЀ ЈϿЂІЂЀ (Hdt. VII. 97). ϖЃЂϿЁϹ ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ, ЋІЂ ϔЅЃϴЋϴЁϴ/ϔЅЃϴІϼЁ, ЃЂЀϼЀЂ ϷЄЂϵЁϼЊЏ ϘϴЄϼГ I, ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁ ІϴϾϺϹ Ёϴ ЊϹЄϹЀЂЁϼϴϿАЁЏЉ ЄϹϿАϹЈϴЉ ϼϻ ЃϹЄЅϹЃЂϿАЅϾЂϽ «ϥЂϾЄЂ϶ϼЍЁϼЊЏ»
(ЉЂІГ ϹЅІА ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼϹ, ЋІЂ БІЂ ϵЏϿ ϹϷЂ ЅЏЁ ϣЄϹϾЅϴЅЃ, ЅЀ. Shahbazi 1976: 154). ϥЇϸГ ЃЂ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏЀ БϿϴЀЅϾϼЀ ϸЂϾЇЀϹЁІϴЀ, ЁϴϽϸϹЁЁЏЀ ϶ ЋϹЄІϹ ЈЂЄІϼЈϼϾϴЊϼЂЁЁЏЉ ЇϾЄϹЃϿϹЁϼϽ ϣϹЄЅϹЃЂϿАЅϾЂϽ
ІϹЄЄϴЅЏ (Hallock 1969: 24, 51, 53, 237, 406, 509, 670/s. v. Ašbazana) ϼ ϶ «ϥЂϾЄЂ϶ϼЍЁϼЊϹ» (Cameron
1948: 57 [type 14, no. 12, 12a–12b, 14], 58, 102–104, 108–109, pl. VII; Schmidt 1957: 9, 13, 24, pl. 6, seal
no. 14), ϶ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЈϼϷЇЄϼЄЇϹІ ϔЅЃϴЋϴЁϴ (БϿϴЀЅϾ. ϔЌϵϴϻϴЁϴ) ϼ ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ϼЀϹВІ Ёϴ ЅϹϵϹ ЂІІϼЅϾϼ ϹϷЂ
ЃϹЋϴІϹϽ, ЂЁ ϵЏϿ ϾЄЇЃЁЏЀ ϴϸЀϼЁϼЅІЄϴІЂЄЂЀ ϶ ϣϹЄЅϹЃЂϿϹ, ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ЁϹ ІЂϿАϾЂ ЃЄϼ ϘϴЄϼϼ I (϶ЃϹЄ϶ЏϹ
ЂЁ ЇЃЂЀϼЁϴϹІЅГ ЃЂϸ 28-Ѐ ϷЂϸЂЀ ЃЄϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϹϷЂ), ЁЂ ϼ, ЃЂ ЀϹЁАЌϹϽ ЀϹЄϹ, ϶ ЃϹЄ϶ЏϹ ІЄϼ ϷЂϸϴ
ЃЄϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ϞЅϹЄϾЅϴ (Garrison 1998; Hallock 1985: 590; Shahbazi 1987: 787; Henkelman 2003: 123–124).
ϤϴЁϹϹ ЅЋϼІϴϿЂЅА, ЋІЂ ϶ ЁϴϸЃϼЅϼ Ёϴ ЃϹЋϴІϼ ϔЅЃϴЋϴЁЏ/ϔЅЃϴІϼЁϴ (PTS 14*) ЃЄϼЅЇІЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴϿ ϹϷЂ ЃϴІЄЂЁϼЀ — «ЅЏЁ ϣЄϹϾЅϴЅЃϴ», І. Ϲ. ЂЁ ЀЂϷ ϵЏІА ЅЏЁЂЀ ІЂϷЂ ϣЄϹϾЅϴЅЃϴ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ ϶ЉЂϸϼϿ ϶ ϵϿϼϺϴϽЌϹϹ
ЂϾЄЇϺϹЁϼϹ ЊϴЄГ ϞϴЀϵϼϻϴ II (530–522) ϼ ϵЏϿ ЂϵϿϹЋϹЁ ϹϷЂ ЂЅЂϵЏЀ ϸЂ϶ϹЄϼϹЀ (Shahbazi 1987: 787;
Briant 2002: 898; Ђϵ БІЂЀ ϣЄϹϾЅϴЅЃϹ ЅЀ. ϘϴЁϸϴЀϴϹ϶ 1985: 65, 69), ЂϸЁϴϾЂ ІϹЃϹЄА ЃЄϴ϶ϼϿАЁЂЅІА ІϴϾЂϷЂ ЋІϹЁϼГ БІЂϽ ЁϴϸЃϼЅϼ ЂЅЃϴЄϼ϶ϴϹІЅГ (Garrison 1998: 125, note 21; Henkelman 2003: 124, note 28)12.
ϖϴϺЁЂ ЃЂϸЋϹЄϾЁЇІА, ЋІЂ ІЂЃЂЄЏ-ЅϴϷϴЄϼЅЏ ϶ ϾϴЋϹЅІ϶Ϲ ЊϹЄϹЀЂЁϼϴϿАЁЏЉ ϴІЄϼϵЇІЂ϶ ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾϼЉ ЊϴЄϹϸ϶ЂЄЊϹ϶ ЃЂГ϶ϼϿϼЅА ЁϹ ЄϴЁϹϹ ЃЄϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ϘϴЄϼГ I, ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ЁϹ Ѕ ЅϴЀЂϷЂ ϹϷЂ ЁϴЋϴϿϴ. ϣЂ ϾЄϴϽЁϹϽ ЀϹЄϹ, ϾϴϾЂϷЂ-ϿϼϵЂ ϵЂϹ϶ЂϷЂ ІЂЃЂЄϴ ЁϹІ Ёϼ Ї ЂϸЁЂϷЂ ϼϻ ϸ϶ЇЉ ЂЄЇϺϹЁЂЅЊϹ϶ ϘϴЄϼГ, ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁЁЏЉ
ϣЄϴ϶ϸϴ, ϶ ϕϹЉϼЅІЇЁЅϾЂϽ ЁϴϸЃϼЅϼ ϘϴЄϼГ I ϔЅЃϴЋϴЁϴ/ϔЅЃϴІϼЁ ЂІЅЇІЅІ϶ЇϹІ ϶ ЋϼЅϿϹ ϻϴϷЂ϶ЂЄЍϼϾЂ϶ ЃЄЂІϼ϶ ϗϴЇЀϴІЏ/ϥЀϹЄϸϼЅϴ, ϶ЀϹЅІЂ ЁϹϷЂ ІϴЀ ЇЃЂЀϼЁϴϹІЅГ ЁϹϾϼϽ ϔЄϸЇЀϴЁϼЌ, ЅЏЁ ϖϴЉϴЇϾϼ (DB. IV. 83–86, ЅЀ. Kent
1953: 130, 132; Schmitt 2009: 86), ЃЂ ϸЄЇϷϼЀ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾϴЀ ЁϹϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЏϽ. ϥЇϸГ ЃЂ ЁϴЃϼЅϴЁϼГЀ ϼЉ ϼЀϹЁ, БІЂ ϸЂϿϺЁЏ
ϵЏϿϼ ϵЏІА ϸ϶ϴ ЄϴϻЁЏЉ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹϾϴ. ϣЂ БІЂЀЇ ЃЂ϶ЂϸЇ ϵЏϿЂ ϶ЏЅϾϴϻϴЁЂ ЀЁϹЁϼϹ, ЋІЂ ϔЅЃϴІϼЁ «ЂЋϹ϶ϼϸЁЂ, ϵЏϿ ϶ϾϿВЋϹЁ ϗϹЄЂϸЂІЂЀ ϶ ЅЃϼЅЂϾ ϻϴϷЂ϶ЂЄЍϼϾЂ϶ ЃЂϸ ϶ϿϼГЁϼϹЀ ІЂϷЂ ЂϵЅІЂГІϹϿАЅІ϶ϴ, ЋІЂ ЂЁ ϻϴЁϼЀϴϿ ϶ЏЅЂϾЂϹ ЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼϹ
ЃЄϼ ϘϴЄϼϼ», ϴ ϔЄϸЇЀϴЁϼЌ, ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ, «ϵЏϿ ЇϵϼІ ЃЄϼ ЁϴЃϴϸϹЁϼϼ Ёϴ ϗϴЇЀϴІЇ» (ϘϴЁϸϴЀϴϹ϶ 1985: 77, 79).
12
ϖ ϿВϵЂЀ ЅϿЇЋϴϹ ЅЏЁ БІЂϷЂ ϣЄϹϾЅϴЅЃϴ, ЅϿЇϺϼ϶ЌϼϽ ЊϴЄЅϾϼЀ ϶ϼЁЂЋϹЄЃϼϹЀ (κἰθχόκμ) ЃЄϼ ϸ϶ЂЄϹ
ϞϴЀϵϼϻϴ, ЁϹ ЀЂϷ ϵЏІА ϔЅЃϴІϼЁЂЀ, ϾϴϾ БІЂ ЃЂϿϴϷϴϿ ϔ. ϬϴЉϵϴϻϼ (Shahbazi 1987: 787), ЃЂЅϾЂϿАϾЇ ЅЏЁ ϣЄϹϾЅϴЅЃϴ
ϹЍϹ ϶ ЂЋϹЁА ЀЂϿЂϸЂЀ ϶ЂϻЄϴЅІϹ ϵЏϿ ЇϵϼІ ϞϴЀϵϼϻЂЀ (Hdt. III. 34–35).
11
109
:
,
,
Ёϴ ЀЂЁЇЀϹЁІϴϿАЁЂЀ ЄϹϿАϹЈϹ, ϶ЏϵϼІЂЀ ЂϾЂϿЂ 520 Ϸ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. Ёϴ ЅϾϴϿϹ ϕϹЉϼЅІЇЁ (ϕϼЅЇІЇЁ) ЁϹЃЂϸϴϿϹϾЇ ЂІ ϞϹЄЀϴЁЌϴЉϴ Ёϴ ϻϴЃϴϸϹ ϜЄϴЁϴ ϶ ЋϹЅІА ЃЂϵϹϸ, ЂϸϹЄϺϴЁЁЏЉ ϘϴЄϼϹЀ Ёϴϸ ϶ЂЅЅІϴ϶ЌϼЀϼ ЃЄЂІϼ϶ ЁϹϷЂ ЁϴЄЂϸϴЀϼ. ϕϿϼϺЁϼϽ Ͼ ЊϴЄВ ЂЄЇϺϹЁЂЅϹЊ ϸϹЄϺϼІ ЊϹЄϹЀЂЁϼϴϿАЁЏϽ ϿЇϾ (ϵЂϹ϶ЂϽ, ЁϴϸЂ ЃЂϿϴϷϴІА, ϶ БІЂІ ЀЂЀϹЁІ ЁϴЉЂϸϼІЅГ ϶ ЄЇϾϹ Ї ϘϴЄϼГ), ϴ ϸЄЇϷЂϽ — ϾЂЃАϹ (Luschey 1968: 68–71, Abb. 5,
Taf. 26–27; 35–36; 40, 3; Koch 1992: 14–20, Abb. 5–7; ϘϴЁϸϴЀϴϹ϶ 2013: 50, 194; Sekunda 1992: 10).
ϫϹϾϴЁЏ ϺϹ ϶ ЋϼЅϿϹ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІЂ϶ ЃϴЄϴϸЁЂϽ БϾϼЃϼЄЂ϶Ͼϼ ЊϴЄЅϾϼЉ ЂЄЇϺϹЁЂЅЊϹ϶ ЈϼϷЇЄϼЄЇВІ Ёϴ ϵЂϿϹϹ
ЃЂϻϸЁϼЉ ϴЉϹЀϹЁϼϸЅϾϼЉ ЀЂЁЇЀϹЁІϴЉ, ЇЃЂЀГЁЇІЏЉ ϶ЏЌϹ, — ϷЄЂϵЁϼЊϹ ϘϴЄϼГ I ϶ ϡϴϾЌ-ϼ ϤЇЅІϴЀϹ ϼ
ЊϹЄϹЀЂЁϼϴϿАЁЏЉ ЄϹϿАϹЈϴЉ ϼϻ «ϥЂϾЄЂ϶ϼЍЁϼЊЏ» ϼ «ϛϴϿϴ ЅЂ 100 ϾЂϿЂЁЁϴЀϼ» ϶ ϣϹЄЅϹЃЂϿϹ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ
Ёϴ ЂІІϼЅϾϴЉ ЃϹЋϴІϼ DS 4 ϼϻ ϘϴЅϾϼϿϹϼ, Ёϴ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ БІЂ ЂЄЇϺϼϹ ϶ЂЅЃЄЂϼϻ϶ϹϸϹЁЂ ЂЋϹЁА ЅЉϹЀϴІϼЋЁЂ.
Ϥ. ϩϴϿϿЂϾ, ϼϻϸϴ϶ЌϼϽ БϿϴЀЅϾϼϹ ϸЂϾЇЀϹЁІЏ ϼϻ ЃϹЄЅϹЃЂϿАЅϾЂϷЂ «ϔЄЉϼ϶ϴ ϾЄϹЃЂЅІЁЂϽ ЅІϹЁЏ»,
϶ ІЂЀ ЋϼЅϿϹ ЂЃЇϵϿϼϾЂ϶ϴϿ ІϴϵϿϼЋϾЇ (PF 1560), ϶ ϾЂІЂЄЂϽ ЄϹЋА ϼϸϹІ Ђ ЁЂЅϼІϹϿϹ ϵЂϹ϶ЂϷЂ ІЂЃЂЄϴ (apti
kutira) ЃЂ ϼЀϹЁϼ ϔЌЌϴЌІЇЄЄϴЁϴ, ЃЂϿЇЋϼ϶ЌϹЀ ЂІ ЊϴЄЅϾЂϷЂ ЉЂϻГϽЅІ϶ϴ ϶ϼЁЂ ϶ ϾϴЋϹЅІ϶Ϲ Ѕ϶ЂϹϷЂ ϸЂ϶ЂϿАЅІ϶ϼГ (Hallock 1969: 436, 670, 719). ϖЃЄЂЋϹЀ, ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴІА БІЂІ ЃϹЄЅЂЁϴϺ ϾϴϾ ϶ЂϼЁϴ, ϶ЂЂЄЇϺϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϵЂϹ϶ЏЀ ІЂЃЂЄЂЀ (ϘϴЁϸϴЀϴϹ϶, ϟЇϾЂЁϼЁ 1980: 235; ϘϴЁϸϴЀϴϹ϶ 2013: 197), ϼϿϼ ϾϴϾ ЊϴЄЅϾЂϷЂ
ЂЄЇϺϹЁЂЅЊϴ ϶ЄЂϸϹ ϔЅЃϴЋϴЁЏ/ϔЅЃϴІϼЁϴ ЁϹІ ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁϼϽ, ЃЂЅϾЂϿАϾЇ ЅϴЀ ϼϻϸϴІϹϿА БІЂϷЂ ϸЂϾЇЀϹЁІϴ,
ЂЋϹ϶ϼϸЁЂ, ЁϹ ϼЀϹГ ЇϺϹ ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂЅІϼ ϶ЁϹЅІϼ ϼЅЃЄϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ϶ ЅϸϴЁЁЏϽ ϶ ϼϻϸϴІϹϿАЅІ϶Ђ ІϹϾЅІ ϾЁϼϷϼ,
ЂІϾϴϻϴϿЅГ ϶ ЃЄϹϸϼЅϿЂ϶ϼϼ Ͼ ЁϹϽ ЂІ Ѕ϶ЂϹϷЂ ЃϹЄ϶ЂЁϴЋϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ЋІϹЁϼГ БϿϴЀЅϾ. ІϹЄЀϼЁϴ apti ϾϴϾ «ϵЂϹ϶ЂϽ
ІЂЃЂЄ» ϶ ЃЂϿАϻЇ ЋІϹЁϼГ «ϾЂϿЋϴЁ» (Hallock 1969: v; ЅЀ. ІϴϾϺϹ Borger 1972: 389–393).
ϱ. ϬЀϼϸІ, ЅЋϼІϴ϶ЌϼϽ ϔЅЃϴЋϴЁЇ/ϔЅЃϴІϼЁϴ ЁЂЅϼІϹϿϹЀ ЊϴЄЅϾЂϷЂ ІЂЃЂЄϴ, ЃЂϿϴϷϴϿ, ЋІЂ ϘϴЄϼϽ I,
϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ, ϵЏϿ ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁϹЁ ϶ Ѕ϶ЂϹϽ ϷЄЂϵЁϼЊϹ «϶ ЃЂϿЁЂЀ ЃϴЄϴϸЁЂЀ ЂϵϿϴЋϹЁϼϼ, ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁЁЏϽ ϸϼϴϸϹЀЂϽ, ЁϴЌϹϽЁЏЀ ЂϺϹЄϹϿАϹЀ ϼ ϵЄϴЅϿϹІϴЀϼ, ϼ ЅЂ Ѕ϶ЂϼЀϼ ϾЂЃАϹЀ, ϿЇϾЂЀ ϼ ϵЂϹ϶ЏЀ ІЂЃЂЄЂЀ» (Schmidt
1970: 90). ϪϹЄϹЀЂЁϼϴϿАЁϴГ ЈЇЁϾЊϼГ ІЂЃЂЄϴ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁЁЂ ЃЄЂЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴϹІЅГ Ёϴ ІϴϾ ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴϹЀЂЀ
ϕЂϿАЌЂЀ ϿϹϾϼЈϹ ϞЅϹЁЂЈϴЁІϴ, ϷϸϹ ЂϸϼЁ ϼϻ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁЁЏЉ Ёϴ ЁϹЀ ЃϹЄЅЂ϶, Г϶ЁЂ ϶ЏЅЂϾЂϷЂ ЅЂЊϼϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ЅІϴІЇЅϴ (Ёϴ ЋІЂ ЇϾϴϻЏ϶ϴϹІ ϷЄϼ϶Ёϴ Ёϴ ϹϷЂ ЌϹϹ), ϸϹЄϺϼІ ϶ ЃЄϴ϶ЂϽ ЄЇϾϹ ІЂЃЂЄϼϾ-ϾϿϹ϶ϹЊ, ϴ ϿϹ϶ЇВ
ЃЂϸЁГϿ ϶ ϻЁϴϾ ЃЄϼ϶ϹІЅІ϶ϼГ Ѕ ϶ЏЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЁЏЀ ϶ЃϹЄϹϸ ЇϾϴϻϴІϹϿАЁЏЀ ЃϴϿАЊϹЀ (ЄϼЅ. 4, 4), І. Ϲ. ϶ ЃЂϿЁЂЀ ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ϼϼ Ѕ ЃЄϼЁГІЂϽ ϶ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϼЄϴЁЅϾЂЀ ЀϼЄϹ ЊϹЄϹЀЂЁϼϴϿАЁЂ-ЄϼІЇϴϿАЁЂϽ ϺϹЅІϼϾЇϿГЊϼϹϽ (ЅЀ. Bromberg 1992). ϖ ϾϴЋϹЅІ϶Ϲ ϵϿϼϺϴϽЌϼЉ ЃϴЄϴϿϿϹϿϹϽ Ͼ ЃЂЋϼІϴЁϼВ ІЂЃЂЄЂ϶ ϶ ϴЉϹЀϹЁϼϸЅϾЂЀ
ϜЄϴЁϹ ϾϴϾ ЃϴЄϴϸЁЂ-ϾЇϿАІЂ϶ЏЉ ЂϵЎϹϾІЂ϶ ЃЂЄЂϽ ϶ϼϸГІ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿЏ ЃЄϼϸ϶ЂЄЁЂϷЂ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄϴ
XX ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (!) ϼϻ ϱϿϴЀϴ (ЅЀ. Henkelman 2003: 125). ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ϹϷЂ ϼЅІЂϾϼ, ϸЇЀϴϹІЅГ, ϾЂЄϹЁГІЅГ ϶ ЂϵЍϹϼЄϴЁЅϾЂϽ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼϼ, ЂІϷЂϿЂЅϾϼ ϾЂІЂЄЂϽ ЅЂЉЄϴЁϼϿϼЅА ϶ ЊϼІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЉ ϶ЏЌϹ Ѕ϶ϹϸϹЁϼГЉ ϗϹЄЂϸЂІϴ
Ђ ЅϴϾЄϴϿАЁЂЀ ϻЁϴЋϹЁϼϼ ІЂЃЂЄЂ϶-ЅϴϷϴЄϼЅЂ϶ ϸϿГ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЂЃЄϼЋϹЄЁЂЀЂЄЅϾϼЉ ЅϾϼЈЂ϶ (Hdt. IV. 5; 7; 70).
ϧЋϼІЏ϶ϴГ ІЂ ЂϵЅІЂГІϹϿАЅІ϶Ђ, ЋІЂ ЃϹЄЅЏ, ЅϾЂЄϹϹ ϶ЅϹϷЂ, ϻϴϼЀЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴϿϼ ЅϴϷϴЄϼЅЏ Ї ЅЄϹϸЁϹϴϻϼϴІЅϾϼЉ
ϾЂЋϹ϶ЁϼϾЂ϶ (ЅЀ. ЁϼϺϹ), ϼЉ ЂІЁЂЌϹЁϼϹ Ͼ БІϼЀ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІϴЀ ϶ЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼГ ϾϴϾ ϴІЄϼϵЇІϴЀ ϶ϿϴЅІϼ ЀЂϷϿЂ
϶ЂϻЁϼϾЁЇІА ЃЂϸ ϶ϿϼГЁϼϹЀ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϼЉ.
ϥ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ϜЄϴЁϴ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸГІ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϼ ϸ϶ЇЉ ЃЄЂЇЌЁЏЉ Ѕ ϾЂЄЂІϾЂϽ ϶ІЇϿϾЂϽ ІЂЃЂЄЂ϶-ЋϹϾϴЁЂ϶
ϴЉϹЀϹЁϼϸЅϾЂϷЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ. ϢϸϼЁ, ϸϿϼЁЂϽ 24 ЅЀ, ЂІϿϼІЏϽ ϼϻ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ, ϵЏϿ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁ ϶ «ϛϴϿϹ ЅЂ 100 ϾЂϿЂЁЁϴЀϼ» ϣϹЄЅϹЃЂϿГ (Schmidt 1939: 49, 93–94, fig. 30, PT4 1094; 1957: 97, 100, 149, pl. 78, 1, 79, 1; Curtis
et al. 2005: 234, cat. no. 436; Bittner 1987: 176, Anm. 6, Taf. 14, 4; Trümpelmann 1990: 84, Abb. 4; Head 1992:
fig. 16, e; Potts 2012: 459–461, fig. 2; 3) (ЄϼЅ. 3, 6). ϣЂЅϾЂϿАϾЇ ЂЁ ϵЏϿ ЁϴϽϸϹЁ ϶ ЅЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼϼ, ЅІЄЂϼІϹϿАЅІ϶Ђ
ϾЂІЂЄЂϷЂ ϵЏϿЂ ЁϴЋϴІЂ ϞЅϹЄϾЅЂЀ, ϴ ϻϴϾЂЁЋϹЁЂ ϔЄІϴϾЅϹЄϾЅЂЀ I (ЅЀ. ϶ЏЌϹ, ЃЄϼЀϹЋ. 9), ІЂ ЀЂϺЁЂ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϼІА ϸϴІЇ ϸϿГ БІЂϷЂ ЋϹϾϴЁϴ ЁϹ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϹ ϶ІЂЄЂϽ-ІЄϹІАϹϽ ЋϹІ϶ϹЄІϼ V ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ЂЁ Ёϴ϶ϹЄЁГϾϴ
ЅІϴЄЌϹ, ІϴϾ ϾϴϾ Ёϴ ϹϷЂ ϶ІЇϿϾϹ ЃЂϸ ϵЂϽϾЂЀ ϼЀϹϹІЅГ ЅІϼϿϼϻЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϹ ЀϼЁϼϴІВЄЁЂϹ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼϹ ϷЂϿЂ϶Ͼϼ
ЉϼЍЁЂϽ ЃІϼЊЏ, ЋІЂ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЂ ϸϿГ ЋϹϾϴЁЂ϶, ϵЏІЂ϶ϴ϶ЌϼЉ ϹЍϹ ϸЂ V ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. Ёϴ ЂϷЄЂЀЁЂϽ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ Ϲ϶ЄϴϻϼϽЅϾЂϽ ЅІϹЃϼ ϼ ϿϹЅЂЅІϹЃϼ ЂІ ϲϺЁЂϽ ϥϼϵϼЄϼ ϸЂ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϖЂϿϷϼ (ЅЀ. ϞЇЄЂЋϾϼЁ, ϥЇϵϵЂІϼЁ
1992). ϞϿϼЁЂϾ ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴϹЀЂϷЂ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІϴ ϶ЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼГ ЂІϿϼЋϴϹІЅГ ЂІ ϾϿϼЁϾϴ ЋϹϾϴЁϴ, ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁЁЂϷЂ
Ёϴ ЃϹЄЅϹЃЂϿАЅϾϼЉ ЄϹϿАϹЈϴЉ, ІЂϷϸϴ ϾϴϾ ϼЉ ЂϵЇЉϼ ЃЂЉЂϺϼ (ЄϼЅ. 3, 2 ). ϣЄϹϸЃЂϿϴϷϴϹІЅГ, ЋІЂ ЂЁ ϶ЂЂϵЍϹ
ЀЂϷ ЂϾϴϻϴІАЅГ ϶ ϣϹЄЅϹЃЂϿϹ «ЋϹЄϹϻ ЅϴϾЂ϶ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϔϻϼϼ ϿϼϵЂ ϾϴϾ ϸϴЄ, ϿϼϵЂ ϾϴϾ ІЄЂЈϹϽ, ϿϼϵЂ ϾϴϾ ϾЂϿϿϹϾЊϼЂЁЁЂϹ ЂЄЇϺϼϹ» (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ: 63). ϠЁϹЁϼϹ ϺϹ Ђ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ ЋϹϾϴЁЏ ϸϴЁЁЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ ЃЄЂϼϻЂЌϿϼ «ϼϻ ϾϴϾϼЉІЂ ЄϴϽЂЁЂ϶, ЃЂϸ϶ϿϴЅІЁЏЉ ϴЉϹЀϹЁϼϸЅϾЂЀЇ ϜЄϴЁЇ» ϼ ϻϴІϹЀ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϼϿϼЅА ϶ ϲϺЁЇВ ϥϼϵϼЄА «ЋϹЄϹϻ
ϥЄϹϸЁВВ ϔϻϼВ ϼ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЏϽ ϞϴϻϴЉЅІϴЁ» (ϫϿϹЁЂ϶ϴ 1967: 37), ЁϹ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿГϹІЅГ ЇϵϹϸϼІϹϿАЁЏЀ.
ϖІЂЄЂϽ ЋϹϾϴЁ, ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁЁЏϽ ϼϻ ϺϹϿϹϻϴ ϼ ϼЀϹВЍϼϽ ϸϿϼЁЇ 25,8 ЅЀ, ϶ЉЂϸϼϿ ϶ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ ЅЂЃЄЂ϶ЂϸϼІϹϿАЁЂϷЂ ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄГ ϵЂϷϴІЂϷЂ ϶ЂϼЁЅϾЂϷЂ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГ (№ 3), ЄϴЅϾЂЃϴЁЁЂϷЂ ϶ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϹ ϖϴЅϾϹ ϶
ϗϼϿГЁϹ — ЂϵϿϴЅІА Ёϴ ВϷЂ-ϻϴЃϴϸЁЂЀ ЃЂϵϹЄϹϺАϹ ϞϴЅЃϼϽЅϾЂϷЂ ЀЂЄГ (Potts 2012: 459, fig. 1) (ЄϼЅ. 3, 7).
110
ϥϿϹϸЇϹІ ЂІЀϹІϼІА, ЋІЂ ЇЃЂЀГЁЇІЏϽ ϣ. ϠЇЄϼ (Moorey 1985: 27) ЋϹϾϴЁ (ϼϿϼ ϾϿϹ϶ϹЊ?) Ѕ ϺϹϿϹϻЁЂϽ ϵЂϹ϶ЂϽ ЋϴЅІАВ ϼ ЅϹЄϹϵЄГЁЂϽ ϶ІЇϿϾЂϽ, ϸϴІϼЄЇϹЀЏϽ ϼЀ V ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б., ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ ГϾЂϵЏ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸϼІ
ϼϻ ϛϴЃϴϸЁЂϷЂ ϜЄϴЁϴ ϼ ЉЄϴЁϼІЅГ ЁЏЁϹ ϶ ϠϹІЄЂЃЂϿϼІϹЁ-ЀЇϻϹϹ ϶ ϡАВ-ϝЂЄϾϹ (ЅЀ. Crawford 1975: 36;
Ϝ϶ϴЁЋϼϾ 2001: 46, ЄϼЅ. 22, 4), ЁϹ ЀЂϺϹІ ϵЏІА ЇЋІϹЁ ϶ ЁϴЅІЂГЍϹϽ ЄϴϵЂІϹ ϶ Ѕ϶Гϻϼ Ѕ ЂІЅЇІЅІ϶ϼϹЀ ЅϾЂϿАϾЂ-ЁϼϵЇϸА ЁϴϸϹϺЁЏЉ Ѕ϶ϹϸϹЁϼϽ Ђ ЀϹЅІϹ ϹϷЂ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁϼГ.
ϚϹϿϹϻЁЏϽ ЃЄЂЇЌЁЏϽ ІЂЃЂЄ-ϾϿϹ϶ϹЊ ϸϿϼЁЂϽ 25,2 Ѐ ϵЏϿ ЁϴϽϸϹЁ Ёϴ ЁϹϾЄЂЃЂϿϹ ϘϹ϶Ϲ-ϗЇВϾ II ϶
ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϽ ϥϼЄϼϼ, ϶ ЅІЄϴІϼϷЄϴЈϼЋϹЅϾЂЀ ϾЂЁІϹϾЅІϹ V ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (Moorey 1975: 114, fig. 3, 7; 1980: 67,
fig. 10, 220; Trümpelmann 1990: 84, Abb. 5; Head 1992: fig. 16, f ) (ЄϼЅ. 3, 8–8 ). ϣЂ ϶ЅϹϽ ϶ϼϸϼЀЂЅІϼ,
ЂЁ ЃЂЃϴϿ ІЇϸϴ ϶ЀϹЅІϹ Ѕ ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾϼЀ ЂϾϾЇЃϴЊϼЂЁЁЏЀ ϾЂЁІϼЁϷϹЁІЂЀ. ϖ Ѕ϶Гϻϼ Ѕ БІϼЀ ϼЁІϹЄϹЅЁЂ ЂІЀϹІϼІА, ЋІЂ ЃϹЄЅЏ, ϶ЂЂЄЇϺϹЁЁЏϹ ϾϿϹ϶ЊϴЀϼ, ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁЏ Ёϴ ϴІІϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϾЄϴЅЁЂЈϼϷЇЄЁЏЉ ЅЂЅЇϸϴЉ
϶ІЂЄЂϽ ЋϹІ϶ϹЄІϼ V ϶. ϼ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϽ ЋϹІ϶ϹЄІϼ IV ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (ЄϼЅ. 4, 1–4).
ϥЋϼІϴϹІЅГ, ЋІЂ ЃϹЄ϶ЏЀϼ, ϾІЂ ЃЄϼЁϹЅ ϶ ϛϴЃϴϸЁЇВ ϔϻϼВ ϾϼЄϾЂ϶ϼϸЁЏϹ ϵЂϹ϶ЏϹ ІЂЃЂЄЏ, ϵЏϿϼ
ϾϼЀЀϹЄϼϽЊЏ ϼ ЄϴЁЁϼϹ ЅϾϼЈЏ ϼϻ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϷЂ ϣЄϼЋϹЄЁЂЀЂЄАГ, ЂІ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЂЁϼ ЃϹЄϹЌϿϼ Ͼ ЀϼϸϼϽЊϴЀ
ϼ ϸЄЇϷϼЀ ЀϹЅІЁЏЀ ЁϴЄЂϸϴЀ (Moorey 1975: 114; 1980: 67; 1985: 27). ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ЁϹІ ЁϼϾϴϾϼЉ ϸЂЅІЂ϶ϹЄЁЏЉ
ϸϴЁЁЏЉ Ђ ϻϴϼЀЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼϼ БІЂϷЂ ϶ϼϸϴ ϵЂϹ϶ЏЉ ІЂЃЂЄЂ϶ ЀϹЅІЁЏЀ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼϹЀ ϼЀϹЁЁЂ ϶ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІϹ ϾϼЀЀϹЄϼϽЅϾЂ-ЅϾϼЈЅϾЂϷЂ ЃЄϹϵЏ϶ϴЁϼГ Ёϴ ϕϿϼϺЁϹЀ ϖЂЅІЂϾϹ. ϣЂГ϶ϿϹЁϼϹ ЋϹϾϴЁЂ϶ ϼ ϾϿϹ϶ЊЂ϶ ϶ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϹ
϶ЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼГ ϴЄЀϼϽ ϜЄϴЁϴ, ЁϹЅЂЀЁϹЁЁЂ, ϵЏϿЂ Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁЂ Ѕ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏЀ ϶ϿϼГЁϼϹЀ — ЅЂ ЅІЂЄЂЁЏ ϾЂЋϹ϶ЏЉ
ЁϴЄЂϸЂ϶ ϻϴЃϴϸЁЂϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϽ ϔϻϼϼ, ЃЄϹϺϸϹ ϶ЅϹϷЂ ЅϴϾЂ϶. ϣЄЂϼϻЂЌϿЂ БІЂ ЇϺϹ ЃЂЅϿϹ ЃЂϾЂЄϹЁϼГ ЋϴЅІϼ ЅϴϾЅϾϼЉ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ ϘϴЄϼϹЀ I, ϾЂϷϸϴ ϼЉ ЂІЄГϸЏ ЁϴЋϴϿϼ ϶Ͽϼ϶ϴІАЅГ ϶ ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾϼϹ ϶ЂϽЅϾϴ, І. Ϲ. ϷϸϹІЂ ϵϿϼϺϹ Ͼ ЄЇϵϹϺЇ VI–V ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. Ϝ ЉЂІГ ϸϿГ ϴЉϹЀϹЁϼϸЅϾЂϷЂ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ϾϿϹ϶ЊЏ, ϶ ЂІϿϼЋϼϹ ЂІ ЋϹϾϴЁЂ϶,
ЁϹ ϻϴЅ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁЏ ϶ ϸЂЌϹϸЌϼЉ ϸЂ ЁϴЅ ϶ϹЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЉ ϼ ϼϾЂЁЂϷЄϴЈϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϴЉ, ϼЀϹВЍϼЉ ЂІЁЂЌϹЁϼϹ Ͼ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϴϻϼϴІЅϾЂЀЇ ЄϹϷϼЂЁЇ, ϾЂЅ϶ϹЁЁЂ БІЂ ЃЂϸІ϶ϹЄϺϸϴϹІЅГ ϼЉ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼГЀϼ ϶
ϷЄϹЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϾЄϴЅЁЂЈϼϷЇЄЁЂϽ ϶ϴϻЂЃϼЅϼ (ЅЀ. ϶ЏЌϹ) ϼ Ёϴ ϼЁϸЂ-ЅϴϾЅϾϼЉ ЀЂЁϹІϴЉ I ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (ЅЀ. ЁϼϺϹ).
ϞЄЂЀϹ ЋϹϾϴЁЂ϶ ϼ ϾϿϹ϶ЊЂ϶, ϴЉϹЀϹЁϼϸЅϾЂϹ ϶ЂϼЁЅІ϶Ђ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴϿЂ ІϴϾϺϹ ϸЄЇϷЂϽ ІϼЃ ϵЂϹ϶ЏЉ
ІЂЃЂЄЂ϶. ϤϹЋА ϼϸϹІ Ђ ЅϹϾϼЄϴЉ Ѕ ЄϴЅЌϼЄГВЍϼЀϼЅГ Ͼ ϿϹϻ϶ϼВ ЃϿЂЅϾϼЀϼ ϾϿϼЁϾϴЀϼ ϶ ϶ϼϸϹ ЃЂϿЇЀϹЅГЊϴ
ϼ ϻϴЂЅІЄϹЁЁЏЀϼ ЃЄГЀЏЀϼ ϼϿϼ ϻϴϷЁЇІЏЀϼ ϶Ёϼϻ ЂϵЇЌϾϴЀϼ. ϜЀϼ ϶ЂЂЄЇϺϹЁЏ ЃϹЄЅЏ ϼ ϴЀϴϻЂЁϾϼ Ёϴ
ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЉ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϷЄϹЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ϼЅϾЇЅЅІ϶ϴ: ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЅЂЅЇϸϴЉ V ϼ IV ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (Furtwängler,
Reichhold 1909: 88–92, 109–111, 145, 150–152, 158–159, 222–226, 277–282, 297–303, Abb. 46–47; 49–50;
53; Taf. 75/76; 81; 103; 113; 116; Gerhard 1847: 42–45, 47–48, 50–52, Taf. CLXIII; CLXV, 4; CLXVI, 1, 2;
Bovon 1963: 582, 584, 587, fig. 7; 10; 15; ϖϼЁЂϷЄϴϸЂ϶ 2007: 14, 26; ϦЂϿЅІЂϽ, ϞЂЁϸϴϾЂ϶ 1889: ЄϼЅ. 109;
Head 1992: fig. 9, c; 27, c; 28; Bittner 1987: 175, Taf. 7, 1; Sekunda 1992: 60; Koch 1992: 219, Abb. 160)
(ЄϼЅ. 4, 5–9), ϻЁϴЀϹЁϼІЂЀ «ϥϴЄϾЂЈϴϷϹ ϔϿϹϾЅϴЁϸЄϴ» ϾЂЁЊϴ IV ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϼϻ ϥϼϸЂЁϴ (Winter 1912:
Taf. 11; 12; 16; Graeve 1970: Taf. 39–42; 44–45; Bittner 1987: 175, 176, Taf. 14, 2; 39, 2; Ghirshman 1964:
fig. 447) (ЄϼЅ. 4, 10–10 ) ϼ ІϴϾϼЉ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ϹϸϹЁϼГЉ ІЂЄϹ϶ІϼϾϼ ϶ІЂЄЂϽ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁЏ IV ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϼϻ
ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϷЂ ϣЄϼЋϹЄЁЂЀЂЄАГ, ϾϴϾ ϻЂϿЂІϴГ ЁϴϾϿϴϸϾϴ Ёϴ ЁЂϺЁЏ ЀϹЋϴ ϼϻ ЅϾϼЈЅϾЂϷЂ ϾЇЄϷϴЁϴ ϫϹЄІЂЀϿЏϾ
϶ ϣЄϼϸЁϹЃЄЂ϶АϹ (ϔϿϹϾЅϹϹ϶ 2012: 218; ϔϿϹϾЅϹϹ϶ ϼ ϸЄ. 1991: 239, 243) (ЄϼЅ. 3, 5) ϼ ϻЂϿЂІЂϽ ϾϴϿϴЈ
ϼϻ ϵЂЅЃЂЄЅϾЂϷЂ ϾЇЄϷϴЁϴ ϕЂϿАЌϴГ ϕϿϼϻЁϼЊϴ Ёϴ ϦϴЀϴЁϼ (ϦЂϿЅІЂϽ, ϞЂЁϸϴϾЂ϶ 1889: 48–49, ЄϼЅ. 66;
ϔЄІϴЀЂЁЂ϶ 1966: 68, ІϴϵϿ. 292; Schwarzmaier 1996: 130, Abb. 18) (ЄϼЅ. 4, 11). ϖ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϷЄϹЋϹЅϾЂЀ
ГϻЏϾϹ ϵЂϹ϶ЏϹ ЅϹϾϼЄЏ ЂϵЂϻЁϴЋϴϿϼЅА ІϹЄЀϼЁϴЀϼ πΫζ ευμ ϼ ἀιίθβ, ϼ, ЂЋϹ϶ϼϸЁЂ, ϼЀϹЁЁЂ БІЂ ЂЄЇϺϼϹ
ϼЀϹϿЂЅА ϶ ϶ϼϸЇ ϶ ЄϴЅЅϾϴϻϹ ϗϹЄЂϸЂІϴ Ђ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ ϶ ϵϼІ϶Ϲ ЃЄϼ ϠϴЄϴЈЂЁϹ ЂϸЁЂЀЇ ϼϻ ϴЈϼЁЅϾϼЉ ЅІЄϴІϹϷЂ϶ ϞϼЁϹϷϼЄЇ ϾІЂ-ІЂ ϼϻ ЃϹЄЅЂ϶ ЂІЄЇϵϼϿ ЄЇϾЇ ЅϹϾϼЄЂϽ (π ζΫε δ), ϾЂϷϸϴ ІЂІ ϶Ђ ϶ЄϹЀГ ЃЄϹЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼГ
ЂІЅІЇЃϴВЍϼЉ ϶ЄϴϷЂ϶ ЃЂЃЏІϴϿЅГ ϻϴЉ϶ϴІϼІА ϼЉ ϾЂЄϴϵϿА (Hdt. VI. 114).
ϦЂЃЂЄЏ-ЅϹϾϼЄЏ, ϾϴϾ ϼ ЋϹϾϴЁЏ, Ї ЃϹЄЅЂ϶ ІϴϾϺϹ ЀЂϷϿϼ ϵЏІА ϴІЄϼϵЇІϴЀϼ ϶ϿϴЅІϼ ϼ ϶ЏЅЂϾЂϷЂ ЅЂЊϼϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ЅІϴІЇЅϴ. ϡϴϷϿГϸЁЏЀ ЃЂϸІ϶ϹЄϺϸϹЁϼϹЀ БІЂЀЇ ЅϿЇϺϼІ ЇϺϹ ЇЃЂЀϼЁϴ϶ЌϼϽЅГ ϶ЏЌϹ
«ϕЂϿАЌЂϽ ϿϹϾϼЈ» ϞЅϹЁЂЈϴЁІϴ, Ёϴ ϾЂІЂЄЂЀ ЂϸϼЁ ϼϻ ϷϿϴ϶ЁЏЉ ЃϹЄЅЂЁϴϺϹϽ, ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴϹЀЏϽ ϶ ЅЂЃЄЂ϶ЂϸϼІϹϿАЁЂϽ ЃЂϸЃϼЅϼ ϞϼЄЂЀ (ϞϼЄ II ϖϹϿϼϾϼϽ?), ЁϹЅϹІ ЅϹϾϼЄЇ ϶ ϿϹ϶ЂϽ ЄЇϾϹ, ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ЁϹ ϶ ϵЂϹ϶ЂЀ, ϴ ЊϹЄϹЀЂЁϼϴϿАЁЂЀ ЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼϼ, ЂϸЁЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂ ЃЄЂІГЁЇ϶ ЃЄϴ϶ЇВ ЄЇϾЇ ϶ ЃЄϼ϶ϹІЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂЀ ϺϹЅІϹ (ЄϼЅ. 4, 5;
ϖϼЁЂϷЄϴϸЂ϶ 2007: 14, 26–28).
ϢϵЄϴІϼЀЅГ ІϹЃϹЄА Ͼ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϴЀ ϼϻ ϻϹЀϹϿА ϼЁϸЂ-ϼЄϴЁЅϾЂϷЂ ЃЄϼϷЄϴЁϼЋАГ, ϷϸϹ ϶ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϼϹ
϶ϹϾϴ ϸЂ ЁϴЌϹϽ БЄЏ — ЃϹЄ϶ЏϹ ϶ϹϾϴ ЁϴЌϹϽ БЄЏ ЃЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ϾЂЁІЄЂϿА ЂЅЇЍϹЅІ϶ϿГϿϼ ЃЄϼЌϹϸЌϼϹ Ѕ ЅϹ϶ϹЄϴ ϾЂЋϹ϶ЏϹ ЁϴЄЂϸЏ ϼЄϴЁЅϾЂϷЂ ϼ ІЂЉϴЄЅϾЂϷЂ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼГ. ϢЁϼ ЁϹ ІЂϿАϾЂ ЅЂϾЄЇЌϼϿϼ
϶ϿϴЅІА ϷЄϹЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЃЄϴ϶ϼІϹϿϹϽ ϶ ϕϴϾІЄϼϼ ϼ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЂ-ϛϴЃϴϸЁЂϽ ϜЁϸϼϼ, ЁЂ ϼ ЂЄϷϴЁϼϻЂ϶ϴϿϼ ІϴЀ Ѕ϶Ђϼ
ϷЂЅЇϸϴЄЅІ϶ϴ, ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЏϹ ϾϴϾ ϜЁϸЂ-ϥϴϾЅϾЂϹ (ϜЁϸЂ-ϥϾϼЈЅϾЂϹ) ϼ ϞЇЌϴЁЅϾЂϹ. ϣϹЄ϶ЂϹ ЄϴЅЃЂϿϴϷϴϿЂЅА
111
:
,
,
. 4. ϜϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼГ ЃϹЄЅЂ϶ ϼ ϴЀϴϻЂЁЂϾ ϶ ϷЄϹЋϹЅϾЂЀ ϼЅϾЇЅЅІ϶Ϲ: 1–9 — ϾЄϴЅЁЂЈϼϷЇЄЁЏϹ ЅЂЅЇϸЏ (1, 2 — ЃЂ
Curtis et al. 2005; 3 — ЃЂ Wiesehöfer 2009; 4, 5 — ЃЂ ϖϼЁЂϷЄϴϸЂ϶ 2007; 6 — ЃЂ Gerhard 1847; 7 — ЃЂ Koch
1992; 8, 9 — ЃЂ Furtwängler, Reichhold 1909); 10, 10a — ЅϴЄϾЂЈϴϷ ϼϻ ϥϼϸЂЁϴ (10 — ЃЂ Ghirshman 1964; 10ϴ —
ЃЂ Bittner 1987); 11 — ϻЂϿЂІЂϽ ϺϹЁЅϾϼϽ ϷЂϿЂ϶ЁЂϽ ЇϵЂЄ-ϾϴϿϴЈ ϼϻ ϾЇЄϷϴЁϴ ϕЂϿАЌϴГ ϕϿϼϻЁϼЊϴ Ёϴ ϦϴЀϴЁЅϾЂЀ
Ѓ-Ђ϶Ϲ (ЃЂ ϦЂϿЅІЂϽ, ϞЂЁϸϴϾЂ϶ 1889)
Fig. 4. Representations of Persians and Amazons in Greek art: 1–9 — red-figure vessels (1, 2 — after Curtis et al.
2005; 3 — after Wiesehöfer 2009; 4, 5 — after ϖϼЁЂϷЄϴϸЂ϶ 2007; 6 — after Gerhard 1847; 7 — after Koch 1992;
8, 9 — after Furtwängler, Reichhold 1909); 10, 10a — Alexander Sarcophagus from Sidon (10 — after Ghirshman
1964; 10ϴ — after Bittner 1987); 11 — golden female headdress-kalathos from the Bol’shaya Bliznitsa barrow on
the Taman Peninsula (after ϦЂϿЅІЂϽ, ϞЂЁϸϴϾЂ϶ 1889)
112
϶ ϣϹЁϸϺϴϵϹ ϼ ϸЂϿϼЁϹ ϜЁϸϴ ϼ ϵЏϿЂ ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁЂ ЅϴϾϴЀϼ, ЃЄϼϵЏ϶ЌϼЀϼ ϼϻ ЅІϹЃЁЂϷЂ ϴЄϹϴϿϴ ЀϹϺϸЇ
ϞϴЅЃϼϽЅϾϼЀ ЀЂЄϹЀ ϼ ϷЂЄЁЏЀϼ ЅϼЅІϹЀϴЀϼ ϣϴЀϼЄϴ ϼ ϦГЁА-ϬϴЁГ (ЅЀ. Puri 1994; Neelis 2007: 56–
79; Fröhlich 2008: 14–47). ϡϴ ϴ϶ϹЄЅϹ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЀЂЁϹІЁЏЉ ЅϹЄϼϽ ϼЁϸЂ-ЅϴϾЅϾϼЉ ЊϴЄϹϽ ϥЃϴϿϼЄϼЅϴ
ϼ ϔϻϴ I, ЃЄϴ϶ϼ϶ЌϼЉ ϶ I ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б., ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁЏ ЅϴЀϼ ϷЂЅЇϸϴЄϼ Ѕ ІЂЃЂЄϼϾϴЀϼ ϶ ϶ЏІГЁЇІЏЉ ЄЇϾϴЉ:
ЃϹЄ϶ЏϽ ЃЂϾϴϻϴЁ ϼϸЇЍϼЀ ϶ϿϹ϶Ђ (Gardner 1886: 101, no. 1–5, pl. XXII, 2; Mitchiner 1978: 311, no. 2169–
2170; Senior 2001: iss. 73; Fröhlich 2008: 92–93, sér. 1 = no. 53–60, pl. 5; Nikonorov 1997: vol. 1, 53;
vol. 2, 11, fig. 26, b) (ЄϼЅ. 5, 1), ϶ІЂЄЂϽ — ЅϼϸГЍϼЀ Ёϴ ϶ϹЄϵϿВϸϹ ϶ЃЄϴ϶Ђ (Gardner 1886: 88, no. 178–180,
pl. XIX, 9, Mitchiner 1978: 323, no. 2242, 2243; Senior 2001: iss. 81; Bopearachchi 2003: 20, fig. 1, B;
Bopearachchi, Sachs 2003: 335, fig. 1; Fröhlich 2005: 71–72, fig. 10; 2008: 103, sér. 11 = no. 149–155,
pl. 11, sér. 11) (ЄϼЅ. 5, 2–2 ). ϩЂІГ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ ЂЁϼ ϸϹЄϺϴІ, ϼЁЂϷϸϴ ЃЄϼЁϼЀϴВІ ϻϴ ЅІЄϹϾϴϿЂ ЃЂϷЂЁЍϼϾϴ ЅϿЂЁϴ (aṅku a) ϼϿϼ ЁϴϷϴϽϾЇ (Mitchiner 1978: 311, 323; Invernizzi 1999: 138), БІЂ, ϶ЁϹ ϶ЅГϾЂϷЂ
ЅЂЀЁϹЁϼГ, ІЂЃЂЄϼϾ Ѕ ϼϻЂϷЁЇІЏЀ ϿϹϻ϶ϼϹЀ, І. Ϲ. ϾϿϹ϶ϹЊ.
ϥЇЍϹЅІ϶ЇϹІ ЀЁϹЁϼϹ, ЋІЂ ІϹЀϼ ЅϴϾϴЀϼ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ϶Ђ II–I ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ЃЄϼЌϿϼ ϶ ϜЁϸϼВ ϼ Ёϴ
϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЇВ ЋϴЅІА ϜЄϴЁЅϾЂϷЂ ЁϴϷЂЄАГ, ϵЏϿϼ ϴЀϼЄϷϼϽЅϾϼϹ ЅϴϾϼ ϼϻ ϨϹЄϷϴЁЏ (P’iankov 1996: 38–39).
ϖЏЌϹ ЇϺϹ ϷЂ϶ЂЄϼϿЂЅА Ђ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ ϴЀϼЄϷϼϽЅϾϼϹ ЅϴϾϼ ϴЉϹЀϹЁϼϸЅϾЂϷЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ϵЏϿϼ ϶ЂЂЄЇϺϹЁЏ ϵЂϹ϶ЏЀϼ ІЂЃЂЄϴЀϼ-ЅϴϷϴЄϼЅϴЀϼ. ϱІЂ ϺϹ ЂЄЇϺϼϹ ЀЏ ϶ϼϸϼЀ ϼ Ёϴ ЀЂЁϹІϴЉ ϥЃϴϿϼЄϼЅϴ ϼ ϔϻϴ I, ЋІЂ Г϶ϿГϹІЅГ ϸЂЃЂϿЁϼІϹϿАЁЏЀ ϴЄϷЇЀϹЁІЂЀ ϶ ЃЂϿАϻЇ ІϹЂЄϼϼ Ђ ЄЂϸЅІ϶Ϲ ϼЁϸЂ-ЅϴϾЂ϶ Ѕ ϴЀϼЄϷϼϽЊϴЀϼ.
ϢϸϼЁ ϼϻ ЃϹЄ϶ЏЉ ϾЇЌϴЁЅϾϼЉ ϷЂЅЇϸϴЄϹϽ, ϿϼЋЁЂϹ ϼЀГ ϾЂІЂЄЂϷЂ ЁϹϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЂ, ЁЂ ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ ϷЂЄϸЂ ϼЀϹЁЂ϶ϴϿ ЅϹϵГ Ёϴ Ѕ϶ЂϼЉ ЀЁЂϷЂЋϼЅϿϹЁЁЏЉ ЀЂЁϹІϴЉ ІϼІЇϿЂЀ
΢ΙΛ Τ΢
΢ΙΛ ΩΝ ΢ΩΣΗΡ
Μ Γ ΢ («ϪϴЄА ϪϴЄϹϽ — ϖϹϿϼϾϼϽ ϥЃϴЅϼІϹϿА»), ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϴϿЅГ Ёϴ ЁϼЉ ϶ ϶ϼϸϹ ϶ЅϴϸЁϼϾϴ Ѕ ϶ЏЅЂϾЂ
ЃЂϸЁГІЏЀ ϶ ЃЄϴ϶ЂϽ ЄЇϾϹ ІЂЃЂЄϼϾЂЀ ϾϼЄϾЂ϶ϼϸЁЂϽ ЈЂЄЀЏ (Gardner 1886: 114–116, no. 1–22, 26–27,
pl. XXIV, 1–4, 6; ϠϴЅЅЂЁ 1950: 18–25; MacDowall 1968: 29–33; Mitchiner 1978: 399–404, no. 2915–
2924, 2928–3002; ϛϹϽЀϴϿА 1983: 160–162, pl. 19–20; Narain 1997: 48–49) (ЄϼЅ. 5, 3–4). ϱІЂ ЂЄЇϺϼϹ, ϾϴϾ
ϼ ϶ ЅϿЇЋϴϹ Ѕ ЀЂЁϹІϴЀϼ ϥЃϴϿϼЄϼЅϴ ϼ ϔϻϴ I, ЁϹ϶ϹЄЁЂ ϼЁІϹЄЃЄϹІϼЄЇϹІЅГ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏЀϼ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿГЀϼ ϾϴϾ ЅІЄϹϾϴϿЂ-ϴṅku a ϼϿϼ ЁϴϷϴϽϾϴ (ЅЀ. ЃЄϼ϶ϹϸϹЁЁЏϹ ϶ЏЌϹ ЄϴϵЂІЏ ϣ. ϗϴЄϸЁϹЄϴ, Ϙ. ϠϴϾϸЂЇБϿϿϴ,
Ϡ. ϠϼІЋϼЁϹЄϴ, ϔ. Ϟ. ϡϴЄϴϽЁϴ). Ϡ. ϙ. ϠϴЅЅЂЁ ϼ ϙ. ϖ. ϛϹϽЀϴϿА, ϵϹϻЇЅϿЂ϶ЁЂ, ЃЄϴ϶ϼϿАЁЂ ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴϿϼ ϹϷЂ ϾϴϾ ІЂЃЂЄϼϾ. ϥЇϸГ ЃЂ ϹϷЂ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼГЀ, ЂЁ ϼЀϹϹІ ЀϴЅЅϼ϶ЁЏϹ ЂϵЇЉ ϼ Ёϴ϶ϹЄЌϼϹ, ϴ Ёϴ ЂІϸϹϿАЁЏЉ ЀЂЁϹІϴЉ ЃЂЉЂϸϼІ Ёϴ ϾϿϹ϶ϹЊ (ЄϼЅ. 5, 3), ϹЅϿϼ, ϾЂЁϹЋЁЂ, ϾϴϺЇЍϴГЅГ ϾЄϼ϶ϼϻЁϴ ϾϿϼЁϾϴ ІЂЃЂЄϼϾϴ
ЁϹ ЂϵЇЅϿЂ϶ϿϹЁϴ ϻϴϾЄЇϷϿϹЁЁЂЅІАВ ЀЂЁϹІЁЂϷЂ ЃЂϿГ. ϡϴ ЃЄЂЋϼЉ, ϵЂϿϹϹ ЀЁЂϷЂЋϼЅϿϹЁЁЏЉ ЀЂЁϹІЁЏЉ
϶ЏЃЇЅϾϴЉ ІЂЃЂЄϼϾ ЃЂϾϴϻϴЁ Ѕ ЃЄГЀЏЀ ϾϿϼЁϾЂЀ (ЄϼЅ. 5, 4) — І. Ϲ. ЂЁ ϶ЏϷϿГϸϼІ ϾϴϾ ЋϹϾϴЁ. ϤϴϻЇЀϹϹІЅГ,
ЁϹϵЂϿАЌϼϹ ЄϴϻЀϹЄЏ ЀЂЁϹІ ЁϹ ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГϿϼ ЄϹϻЋϼϾϴЀ ϶ЂЅЃЄЂϼϻ϶ϹЅІϼ ЊϴЄЅϾЂϹ ЂЄЇϺϼϹ Ѕ ϵЂϿАЌЂϽ ЅІϹЃϹЁАВ ІЂЋЁЂЅІϼ. ϖЃЂϿЁϹ ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂ, ЋІЂ ϶ ЄϹϴϿАЁЂЅІϼ «ϪϴЄА ϪϴЄϹϽ — ϖϹϿϼϾϼϽ ϥЃϴЅϼІϹϿА» ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴϿ ϶ ϾϴЋϹЅІ϶Ϲ Ѕ϶ЂϼЉ ϼЁЅϼϷЁϼϽ ϾϴϾ ЋϹϾϴЁ, ІϴϾ ϼ ϾϿϹ϶ϹЊ.
ϱІЂІ ϴЁЂЁϼЀЁЏϽ ϷЂЅЇϸϴЄА, ϶ϿϴЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴ϶ЌϼϽ Ёϴϸ ϕϴϾІЄϼϹϽ, ϣϹЁϸϺϴϵЂЀ ϼ ЂϵϿϴЅІАВ ϞϴϵЇϿϴ
ϼ ЅЋϼІϴВЍϼϽЅГ ЃϹЄ϶ЏЀ ϾЇЌϴЁЅϾϼЀ ЊϴЄϹЀ, ЃЄЂЋЁЂ ЂϵЂЅЁЂ϶ϴ϶ЌϼЀЅГ ϶ ϻϹЀϿГЉ ЃЂ ЂϵϹ ЅІЂЄЂЁЏ
ϗϼЁϸЇϾЇЌϴ, ϼ «ϷϿϴ϶ЁЏЀ ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴІϹϿϹЀ ϞЇЌϴЁЅϾЂϽ ϼЀЃϹЄϼϼ ϶ ϜЁϸϼϼ» (MacDowall 1968: 48), Г϶ϿГϿЅГ,
ϾϴϾ ЁϹϸϴ϶ЁЂ ЇϵϹϸϼІϹϿАЁЂ ЃЂϾϴϻϴϿ Ϣ. ϕЂЃϹЄϴЋЋϼ, ЇϻЇЄЃϴІЂЄЂЀ Ёϴ ϾЇЌϴЁЅϾЂЀ ІЄЂЁϹ, ЃЄϴ϶ϼ϶ЌϹЀ ЂϾЂϿЂ
92/97–110 ϷϷ. Ё. Б. (Bopearachchi 2006; 2008). ϕϿϼϻϾЂϽ ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼϹϽ ϹϷЂ ϾЂЁЁЏЀ ЃЂЄІЄϹІϴЀ Ёϴ ЀЂЁϹІϴЉ
Г϶ϿГϹІЅГ ϾЇЌϴЁЅϾϴГ ϷϹЀЀϴ ϼϻ ЅЂϵЄϴЁϼГ ϕЄϼІϴЁЅϾЂϷЂ ЀЇϻϹГ, ϸϴІϼЄЇϹЀϴГ II ϶. Ё. Б. (ЁϴϸЃϼЅА ϼ ЀЂЁЂϷЄϴЀЀϴ ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГВІ ЂІЁϹЅІϼ ϹϹ ϾЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЊϴЄЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼГ ϞϴЁϼЌϾϼ I ϼϿϼ ϩЇ϶ϼЌϾϼ). ϡϴ ЁϹϽ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁ
϶ЅϴϸЁϼϾ Ѕ ϸϼϴϸϹЀЂϽ Ёϴ ϷЂϿЂ϶Ϲ, ЅϺϼЀϴВЍϼϽ ϶ ϿϹ϶ЂϽ ЄЇϾϹ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІ ϶ ϶ϼϸϹ ϾЄϹЅІϴ (White 1964: 15, fig. 1;
Rosenfield 1967: 101–102, pl. XVI, seal 1; Bivar 1968: pl. I, 4; Nikonorov 1997: vol. 1, 53; vol. 2, 14, fig. 37, e)
(ЄϼЅ. 5, 5) — ЃЂ ϶ЅϹϽ ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂЅІϼ, БІЂ ІЂЃЂЄϼϾ-ЋϹϾϴЁ Ѕ Ёϴ϶ϹЄЌϼϹЀ, ЁϴЃЂЀϼЁϴВЍϼЀ ЃЂϿЇЀϹЅГЊ.
ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ЅІϴЁЂ϶ϼІЅГ ЂЋϹ϶ϼϸЁЏЀ ІЂІ ЈϴϾІ, ЋІЂ ϾϿϹ϶ЊЏ ϼ ЋϹϾϴЁЏ ϻϴЁϼЀϴϿϼ ЂЋϹЁА ϶ϴϺЁЂϹ
ЀϹЅІЂ ϶ ЊϹЄϹЀЂЁϼϴϿАЁЂϽ ϴІЄϼϵЇІϼϾϹ ϼЁϸЂ-ЅϴϾЅϾϼЉ ϼ ϾЇЌϴЁЅϾϼЉ ЃЄϴ϶ϼІϹϿϹϽ. ϡϹЂϵЉЂϸϼЀЂ ЃЂϸЋϹЄϾЁЇІА, ЋІЂ БІЂ ϵЏϿЂ ϹЅІϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂ ЁϹ ІЂϿАϾЂ ϸϿГ ЃϹЄ϶ЏЉ — ϶ЏЉЂϸЊϹ϶ ϼϻ ЅϴϾЅϾЂϽ ЅЄϹϸЏ, ϶ ϾЂІЂЄЂϽ ϵЂϹ϶ЏϹ
ІЂЃЂЄЏ (ϾϴϾ ЃЂϾϴϻϴЁЂ ϶ЏЌϹ) ϼЀϹϿϼ ЌϼЄЂϾЂϹ ЃЄϼЀϹЁϹЁϼϹ, ЁЂ ϼ ϸϿГ ϶ІЂЄЏЉ. ϞϴϾ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЂ, ϾЇЌϴЁЏ ϵЏϿϼ
ЂϸЁϼЀ ϼϻ ЃГІϼ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ, ϶ЉЂϸϼ϶ЌϼЉ ϶ ЂϵЎϹϸϼЁϹЁϼϹ ЁЂЀϴϸЂ϶ ϼЁϸЂϹ϶ЄЂЃϹϽЅϾЂϷЂ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼГ, ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴϹЀЂϹ ϕЂϿАЌϼЀϼ ВϹЋϺϴЀϼ ϶ ϾϼІϴϽЅϾϼЉ ϴЁЁϴϿϴЉ ϼ ІЂЉϴЄϴЀϼ ϶ ϴЁІϼЋЁЏЉ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾϴЉ. ϜϸϹЁІϼЋЁЂЅІА БІЁЂЁϼЀЂ϶ «ВϹЋϺϼ» ϼ «ІЂЉϴЄЏ» ЅϹϽЋϴЅ ЀЂϺЁЂ ЅЋϼІϴІА ϶ЃЂϿЁϹ ϸЂϾϴϻϴЁЁЂϽ (ЅЀ. Beckwith 2009: 380–383;
Benjamin 2007: 186–187). ϖЂ ϶ІЂЄЂϽ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁϹ II ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϕЂϿАЌϼϹ ВϹЋϺϼ/ІЂЉϴЄЏ, ϸ϶ϼϷϴГЅА ϶ ϻϴЃϴϸЁЂЀ
ЁϴЃЄϴ϶ϿϹЁϼϼ ЅЂ Ѕ϶ЂϹϽ ЄЂϸϼЁЏ ϶ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ЊϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϴϻϼϴІЅϾϼЉ ЅІϹЃϹϽ, ЃЄϼЌϿϼ ϶ ϕϴϾІЄϼВ,
ϷϸϹ ЃЄϼЁГϿϼ ЇЋϴЅІϼϹ ϶ ϵЂЄАϵϹ ϻϴ ϷЄϹϾЂ-ϵϴϾІЄϼϽЅϾЂϹ ЁϴЅϿϹϸЅІ϶Ђ ϼ ЃϹЄ϶ЂЁϴЋϴϿАЁЂ ЂЅϹϿϼ ϶ ϹϹ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϽ
113
:
,
,
ЋϴЅІϼ, ЄϴЅЃЂϿЂϺϹЁЁЂϽ Ͼ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЇ ЂІ Є. ϢϾЅϴ (ϔЀЇϸϴЄАГ). ϣЂϻϸЁϹϹ ЂЁϼ ЃϹЄϹЌϿϼ ϢϾЅ ϼ ϻϴЁГϿϼ ϲϺЁЇВ
ϕϴϾІЄϼВ. Ϟ ЅϹЄϹϸϼЁϹ I ϶. Ё. Б. ϾЇЌϴЁЏ ЃЂϸЋϼЁϼϿϼ ЅϹϵϹ ЂЅІϴϿАЁЏϹ ЃϿϹЀϹЁϴ ϕЂϿАЌϼЉ ВϹЋϺϹϽ/ІЂЉϴЄЂ϶
ϼ ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴϿϼ ЀЂЍЁЇВ ϼЀЃϹЄϼВ, ϾЂІЂЄϴГ ϶ ϻϹЁϼІϹ Ѕ϶ЂϹϷЂ ЀЂϷЇЍϹЅІ϶ϴ, ЃЄϼ ϞϴЁϼЌϾϹ I, ЊϴЄЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴ϶ЌϹЀ
϶ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϽ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁϹ II ϶. Ё. Б., ЂЉ϶ϴІЏ϶ϴϿϴ ЂϷЄЂЀЁЏϹ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ϶ ϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϽ ϼ ϲϺЁЂϽ ϔϻϼϼ — ЂІ
ϵϴЅЅϹϽЁϴ Є. ϦϴЄϼЀ Ёϴ ЅϹ϶ϹЄϹ ϸЂ ϜЁϸЂ-ϗϴЁϷЅϾЂϽ Єϴ϶ЁϼЁЏ Ёϴ ВϷϹ (Ђϵ ϼЅІЂЄϼϼ ВϹЋϺϹϽ/ІЂЉϴЄЂ϶ ЃЂϸЄЂϵЁЂ ЅЀ. Benjamin 2007; ϞЄВϾЂ϶ 1988: 236–241; Narain 1990; Enoki et. al. 1994; Liu 2001; Neelis 2007: 79–91).
ϣЂϸЂϵЁЂ ϼЁϸЂ-ЅϴϾϴЀ, ВϹЋϺϼ/ІЂЉϴЄЏ ϼЀϹϿϼ ϶ Ѕ϶ЂϹЀ ϴЄЅϹЁϴϿϹ ІЂЃЂЄЏ ϾϼЄϾЂ϶ϼϸЁЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ ϹЍϹ
ϻϴϸЂϿϷЂ ϸЂ Ѕ϶ЂϹϷЂ ЇЉЂϸϴ ϶ ϕϴϾІЄϼВ. ϢЁϼ ЁϹ ІЂϿАϾЂ ЃЄϼЀϹЁГϿϼ ϼЉ ϶ ϵЂВ, ЁЂ ϼ ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴϿϼ БІϼ
114
ЃЄϹϸЀϹІЏ ϶ЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼГ ϼ ϼЉ ЇЀϹЁАЌϹЁЁЏϹ ϾЂЃϼϼ ϶ ϾϴЋϹЅІ϶Ϲ ЄϼІЇϴϿАЁЏЉ ϼ ЅІϴІЇЅЁЏЉ ϴІЄϼϵЇІЂ϶. ϱІЂ
ϸϹЀЂЁЅІЄϼЄЇВІ, ϶ ЋϴЅІЁЂЅІϼ, ЁϴЉЂϸϾϼ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏЉ ϼ ϺϹϿϹϻЁЏЉ ЋϹϾϴЁЂ϶ ϵЂϹ϶ЏЉ ЄϴϻЀϹЄЂ϶ (ЄϼЅ. 5, 10–
11), ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ϼЉ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏЉ ЇЀϹЁАЌϹЁЁЏЉ ЀЂϸϹϿϹϽ ϼ ЅЂ϶ЅϹЀ ЀϼЁϼϴІВЄЁЏЉ ϾЂЃϼϽ, ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁЁЏЉ
ϼϻ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ, ϾЂЅІϼ ϼ ϸϹЄϹ϶ϴ13, ϶ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГЉ ЃϴϻЏЄЏϾЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ (VI–III ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.) Ёϴ ϔϿІϴϹ
(ϞЂЋϹϹ϶ 1988; 1999: 75–76; ϥϴЀϴЌϹ϶ ϼ ϸЄ. 2008: 62). ϖ ϿϼІϹЄϴІЇЄϹ ЇϺϹ ϶ЏЅϾϴϻЏ϶ϴϿЂЅА ϸЂЅІϴІЂЋЁЂ
ϴЄϷЇЀϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϹ ЀЁϹЁϼϹ Ђ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ ϶ IV–III ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϔϿІϴϽ ϶ЉЂϸϼϿ ϶ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ ЂϵЌϼЄЁϹϽЌϹϷЂ ϷЂЅЇϸϴЄЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϷЂ ЂϵЄϴϻЂ϶ϴЁϼГ, ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϷЂ ВϹЋϺϴЀϼ/ІЂЉϴЄϴЀϼ, ϾЂІЂЄЂϹ ϶ϾϿВЋϴϿЂ ϶ ЅϹϵГ ϥϼЁАЊϻГЁ
(ϞϼІϴϽЅϾϼϽ ϼϿϼ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЏϽ ϦЇЄϾϹЅІϴЁ), ϠЂЁϷЂϿϼВ, ϾϼІϴϽЅϾЇВ ЃЄЂ϶ϼЁЊϼВ ϗϴЁАЅЇ ϼ ЅЂЅϹϸЁϼϹ ЄϹϷϼЂЁЏ (ϞϿГЌІЂЄЁЏϽ, ϥϴ϶ϼЁЂ϶ 1998; 2005: 21–25). ϱІЂ ϷЂЅЇϸϴЄЅІ϶Ђ ЃЄЂЊ϶ϹІϴϿЂ ϸЂ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϽ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁЏ
II ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б., ϾЂϷϸϴ ϵЏϿЂ ЅЂϾЄЇЌϹЁЂ ЅВЁЁЇ (ϴϻϼϴІЅϾϼЀϼ ϷЇЁЁϴЀϼ). ϞЄЂЀϹ ІЂϷЂ, ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏϹ ЋϹϾϴЁЏ ЅϾϼЈЂ-ЅϴϾЅϾЂϷЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ, ϶ϾϿВЋϴГ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЏ ϸ϶ЇЉ ЀϼЁϼϴІВЄЁЏЉ ЊϹЄϹЀЂЁϼϴϿАЁЏЉ, ϵЏϿϼ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ
϶ ϩЂІϴЁЅϾЂЀ ϼ ϦЇЄЈϴЁЅϾЂЀ ЂϴϻϼЅϴЉ ϥϼЁАЊϻГЁϴ (Stein 1928: vol. I, 99, 114; vol. III, pl. X, Badr. 0115–0116;
ϣЂϷЄϹϵЂ϶ϴ, ϤϴϹ϶ЅϾϼϽ 1988: 171–173, ЄϼЅ. 21; ϗЂЄϹϿϼϾ 1995: 382–383; ϩЇϸГϾЂ϶ 1995: 11, ЄϼЅ. III, 2–3)
(ЄϼЅ. 5, 12). ϖ Ѕ϶ϹІϹ ϶ЃЂϿЁϹ ЂϵЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϷЂ ЈϴϾІϴ, ЋІЂ ϵϿϼϺϹ Ͼ ϾЂЁЊЇ ЅϾϼЈЂ-ЅϴϾЅϾЂϽ БЃЂЉϼ ϵϴЅЅϹϽЁ
ϦϴЄϼЀϴ ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿЅГ ЃЂϸ ϶ϿϴЅІАВ ВϹЋϺϹϽ/ІЂЉϴЄЂ϶, БІϼ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϼ, ЁϴϸЂ ЃЂϿϴϷϴІА, Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁЏ ϿϼϵЂ Ѕ ЁϼЀϼ
ЅϴЀϼЀϼ, ϿϼϵЂ Ѕ ЀϹЅІЁЏЀ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼϹЀ, ЄЂϸЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЀ ϼϿϼ ЅЂВϻЁЏЀ ϼЀ. ϦЂ ϺϹ ЅϴЀЂϹ ЀЂϺЁЂ ЅϾϴϻϴІА ϼ Ђ
ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏЉ ϼ ϺϹϿϹϻЁЏЉ ЋϹϾϴЁϴЉ ϼϻ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ ЋϴЁϸЀϴЁАЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ (V–III ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.) ϶ ϛϴЃϴϸЁЂϽ
ϠЂЁϷЂϿϼϼ (ϩЇϸГϾЂ϶, ϱЄϸϹЁϹ-ϢЋϼЄ 2011: 131–134; ϡЂ϶ϷЂЄЂϸЂ϶ϴ 1989: 263, 274–275) (ЄϼЅ. 5, 13).
ϖϴϺЁЂ ЂІЀϹІϼІА, ЋІЂ ϶ ϼЁϸЂ-ЅϴϾЅϾϼϽ ϼ ϾЇЌϴЁЅϾϼϽ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЏ ϾϿϹ϶ЊЏ ϼ ЋϹϾϴЁЏ, ϵЇϸЇЋϼ ЊϹЄϹЀЂЁϼϴϿАЁЏЀϼ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІϴЀϼ ϼ ϴІЄϼϵЇІϴЀϼ ϶ϿϴЅІϼ Ї ЁϴЄЂϸЂ϶ ЊϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϴϻϼϴІЅϾЂϷЂ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼГ, ЃЄЂϸЂϿϺϴϿϼ ІϴϾϺϹ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴІАЅГ ϶ ϼЉ ЅЄϹϸϹ ϶ ϾϴЋϹЅІ϶Ϲ ϵЂϹ϶ЂϷЂ ЂЄЇϺϼГ, ЉЂІГ ϼ ЁϹ ϶ ЅІЂϿА ϻЁϴЋϼІϹϿАЁЂЀ
ЀϴЅЌІϴϵϹ, ϾϴϾ ЃЄϹϺϸϹ. ϱІЂ ЃЂϸІ϶ϹЄϺϸϴϹІЅГ ϹϸϼЁЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЀ, ЁЂ ЋЄϹϻ϶ЏЋϴϽЁЂ ϼЁІϹЄϹЅЁЏЀ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂЀ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϻϼІϹϿАЁЂϷЂ ϼЅϾЇЅЅІ϶ϴ, ЅЂϻϸϴЁЁЏЀ ϶ ϥЂϷϸϹ ϼϿϼ ЃЄϼϿϹϺϴЍϼЉ Ͼ ЁϹЀЇ ЅІϹЃГЉ, — ϵϴІϴϿАЁЂϽ ЅЊϹЁЂϽ, ϶ЏϷЄϴ϶ϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϽ Ёϴ ϵЂϿАЌЂϽ ϾЂЅІГЁЂϽ ЃϿϴЅІϼЁϹ ϼϻ ϾЇЄϷ. 2 ϢЄϿϴІЅϾЂϷЂ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴ ϶
ϥϴЀϴЄϾϴЁϸЅϾЂϽ ЂϵϿ. ϢЁϴ ЅЂЅІЂϼІ ϼϻ ЋϹІЏЄϹЉ ϸЇБϿϹϽ ЀϹϺϸЇ ϻϴϾЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЀϼ ϶ ϸЂЅЃϹЉϼ ϶ϼІГϻГЀϼ ЂϸЁЂϷЂ
ϼ ІЂϷЂ ϺϹ БІЁϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ЂϵϿϼϾϴ, ϾϴϾ ϾЂЁЁЏЀϼ, ІϴϾ ϼ ЅЃϹЌϹЁЁЏЀϼ. ϧЋϴЅІЁϼϾ ЂϸЁЂϽ ϼϻ ЁϼЉ ЃЂϾϴϻϴЁ ϶
ІЂІ ЀЂЀϹЁІ, ϾЂϷϸϴ ЂЁ, ЅІЂГ Ёϴ ϻϹЀϿϹ, ЃЄЂϵϼ϶ϴϹІ Ѕ϶ЂϼЀ ϾϼЄϾЂ϶ϼϸЁЏЀ ІЂЃЂЄϼϾЂЀ ЌϿϹЀ ϾЂЁЁЂϷЂ ЃЄЂІϼ϶ЁϼϾϴ, ϴ ІЂІ ЂϸЁЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂ ЁϴЁЂЅϼІ ϹЀЇ ЄϴϻГЍϼϽ ЇϸϴЄ ЀϹЋЂЀ ϶ ϷЄЇϸА (ϣЇϷϴЋϹЁϾЂ϶ϴ 1987: 57; 1989:
150, ЄϼЅ. 71; ϕϹЄЁϴЄ, ϔϵϸЇϿϿϴϹ϶ 1997: 80, ЄϼЅ. 2; Ilyasov, Rusanov 1998: 119, pl. IV, 1; XIII; ϡϼϾЂЁЂЄЂ϶,
13
ϣЂЀϹЍϹЁϼϹ ЇЀϹЁАЌϹЁЁЏЉ (϶ЂІϼ϶ЁЏЉ) ЀЂϸϹϿϹϽ ЂЄЇϺϼГ ϶ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ ЀЂϺϹІ ϼЁІϹЄЃЄϹІϼЄЂ϶ϴІАЅГ
ϾϴϾ ϼЀϼІϴЊϼГ ЄϹϴϿАЁЏЉ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІЂ϶ ϶ЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼГ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЃЂ ІϹЀ ϼϿϼ ϼЁЏЀ ЃЄϼЋϼЁϴЀ (ЅІЄϴЉ ЃϹЄϹϸ ЀϹЄІ϶ϹЊϴЀϼ, «БϾЂЁЂЀϼГ» ϼ І. Ѓ.) ЁϹ ЉЂІϹϿϼ ϾϿϴЅІА ϶ЀϹЅІϹ Ѕ ЇЀϹЄЌϼЀϼ (ЅЀ. ϖϴϸϹЊϾϴГ 1987: 68), ЃЄϼ БІЂЀ ЃЄϹϼЀЇЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂ ЅϴϾЄϴϿАЁЏϽ ЅЀЏЅϿ ІϴϾЂϷЂ ЂϵЏЋϴГ, ϾϴϾ ϼ ϶ ЅϿЇЋϴϹ ЁϴϿϼЋϼГ ϶ ЅЂЃЄЂ϶ЂϸϼІϹϿАЁЂЀ ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄϹ ϵЂϹ϶ЂϷЂ
ЂЄЇϺϼГ, ЁϹ ϶ЏϻЏ϶ϴϹІ ЅЂЀЁϹЁϼϽ.
. 5. 1 — ЀЂЁϹІϴ ϼЁϸЂ-ЅϴϾЅϾЂϷЂ ЃЄϴ϶ϼІϹϿГ ϥЃϴϿϼЄϼЅϴ (ЃЂ Gardner 1886); 2, 2a — ЀЂЁϹІϴ ϼЁϸЂ-ЅϴϾЅϾЂϷЂ
ЊϴЄГ ϔϻϴ I (ЃЂ Fröhlich 2005); 3, 4 — ЀЂЁϹІЏ ϵϹϻЏЀГЁЁЂϷЂ ϾЇЌϴЁЅϾЂϷЂ ЃЄϴ϶ϼІϹϿГ Ѕ ІϼІЇϿЂЀ «ϪϴЄА ϪϴЄϹϽ —
ϖϹϿϼϾϼϽ ϥЃϴЅϼІϹϿА» (3 — ЃЂ Gardner 1886; 4 — ЃЂ Bopearachchi 2006); 5 — ϾЇЌϴЁЅϾϴГ ϷϹЀЀϴ ϼϻ ϾЂϿϿϹϾЊϼϼ
ϕЄϼІϴЁЅϾЂϷЂ ЀЇϻϹГ (ЃЂ Bivar 1968); 6 — ϸϹІϴϿА ϵϴІϴϿАЁЂϽ ЅЊϹЁЏ Ёϴ ϾЂЅІГЁЂϽ ЃϿϴЅІϼЁϹ ϼϻ ϢЄϿϴІЅϾЂϷЂ
ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴ ϶ ϥϴЀϴЄϾϴЁϸЅϾЂϽ ЂϵϿϴЅІϼ (ЃЄЂЄϼЅЂ϶Ͼϴ ϔ. Ϡ. ϥϴ϶ϼЁϴ); 7 — ЂϵϿЂЀЂϾ ϾЇЌϴЁЅϾЂϷЂ ϺϹϿϹϻЁЂϷЂ ІЂЃЂЄϴ
ϼϻ ϘϼϿАϵϹЄϸϺϼЁϴ ϶ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂЀ ϔЈϷϴЁϼЅІϴЁϹ (ЃЂ ϞЄЇϷϿϼϾЂ϶ϴ 1986), ЁϹ ϶ ЀϴЅЌІϴϵϹ; 8 — ϺϹϿϹϻЁЏϽ ІЂЃЂЄ ϼϻ
ϞϴЀЃЏЄІϹЃϴ ϶ ϲϺЁЂЀ ϧϻϵϹϾϼЅІϴЁϹ; 9 — ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁϴГ БϾϼЃϼЄЂ϶Ͼϴ ϺϹЁЍϼЁЏ ϼϻ ЀЂϷϼϿЏ № 2 ϦϼϿϿГІϹЃϹ ϶
ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂЀ ϔЈϷϴЁϼЅІϴЁϹ, ЄϹϾЂЁЅІЄЇϾЊϼГ ϥ. ϔ. ϳЊϹЁϾЂ (8, 9 — ЃЂ Nikonorov 1997); 10, 11 — ϺϹϿϹϻЁЏϽ ϼ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏϽ
ЋϹϾϴЁЏ Ѕ ϤЇЅЅϾЂϷЂ ϔϿІϴГ (ЃЂ ϞЂЋϹϹ϶ 1999); 12 — ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏϽ ЀϼЁϼϴІВЄЁЏϽ ЋϹϾϴЁ ϼϻ ϩЂІϴЁЅϾЂϷЂ ЂϴϻϼЅϴ ϶
ϥϼЁАЊϻГЁϹ (ЃЂ Stein 1928); 13 — ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏϽ ЋϹϾϴЁ ϼϻ ϛϴЃϴϸЁЂϽ ϠЂЁϷЂϿϼϼ (ЃЂ ϩЇϸГϾЂ϶, ϱЄϸБЁБ-ϢЋϼЄ 2011)
Fig. 5. 1 — coin of the Indo-Saka king Spalirises (after Gardner 1886); 2, 2a — coin of the Indo-Saka king Azes I
(after Fröhlich 2005); 3, 4 — coins of the anonymous Kushan ruler entitled the «King of Kings — Great Saviour»
(3 — after Gardner 1886; 4 — after Bopearachchi 2006); 5 — Kushan gem from the British Museum collection
(after Bivar 1968); 6 — battle episode on the large bone plate from Orlat in the Samarkand region (drawing
by A. M. Savin); 7 — fragment of a Kushan pick (?) from Dil’berjin in Northern Afghanistan (after Kruglikova
1986), not to scale; 8 — iron axe from Kampyrtepa in Southern Uzbekistan; 9 — funerary outfit of a woman from
the grave no. 2 of Tillyatepe in Northern Afghanistan, as reconstructed by Serguei A. Yatsenko (8, 9 — after
Nikonorov 1997); 10, 11 — iron and bronze picks-chekans from the Russian Altai (after ϞЂЋϹϹ϶ 1999); 12 —
bronze miniature pick-chekan from the Hotan oasis in Xinjiang (after Stein 1928); 13 — bronze pick-chekan from
Western Mongolia (after ϩЇϸГϾЂ϶, ϱЄϸБЁБ-ϢЋϼЄ 2011)
115
:
,
,
ϩЇϸГϾЂ϶ 1999: 145, ЄϼЅ. 3, 4) (ЄϼЅ. 5, 6). ϞϿϼЁЂϾ ІЂЃЂЄϼϾϴ ЁϴЅІЂϿАϾЂ ϷϿЇϵЂϾЂ ЃЄЂЁϼϾ ϶ ϷЂϿЂ϶Ї ϶ЅϴϸЁϼϾϴ, ЋІЂ ЁϹ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ ЃЂЁГІА, ЃЄГЀЂϽ ЂЁ ϼϿϼ ϼϻЂϷЁЇІЏϽ, І. Ϲ. ϾϿϹ϶ϹЊ БІЂ ϼϿϼ ЋϹϾϴЁ.
ϖЅϹ ϶ϼІГϻϼ, ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁЁЏϹ Ёϴ БІЂϽ ЃϿϴЅІϼЁϹ, ЃЂ-϶ϼϸϼЀЂЀЇ, ЃЄϼЁϴϸϿϹϺϴϿϼ Ͼ ϶ЂϼЁЅϾЂϽ БϿϼІϹ
ЀЂЍЁЂϷЂ ϷЂЅЇϸϴЄЅІ϶ϴ ϞϴЁϷВϽ, ЂϵЎϹϸϼЁГ϶ЌϹϷЂ ЀЁЂϷϼϹ ϾЂЋϹ϶ЏϹ ϼ ЂЅϹϸϿЏϹ ЃϿϹЀϹЁϴ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϔϻϼϼ
ϼ ЃЄЂЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴ϶ЌϹϷЂ ЃЂϸ ϷϿϴ϶ϹЁЅІ϶ЂЀ ЁЂЀϴϸЂ϶ Ёϴ ЂϵЌϼЄЁЂϽ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ, ϾЂІЂЄϴГ ЂЉ϶ϴІЏ϶ϴϿϴ
ЂϵϿϴЅІА ЃЂ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϥЏЄϸϴЄАϹ, ЄϴϽЂЁЏ ϦϴЌϾϹЁІЅϾЂϷЂ ЂϴϻϼЅϴ ϼ ЋϴЅІА ϻϹЀϹϿА ЀϹϺϸЇ ϔЀЇϸϴЄАϹϽ ϼ
ϥЏЄϸϴЄАϹϽ ЅЂ II ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϸЂ ϾЂЁЊϴ III ϶. Ё. Б. (ЅЀ. Zadneprovskiy 1994: 463–464; ϛϴϸЁϹЃЄЂ϶ЅϾϼϽ 1997:
18–21). ϱІЁЂϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏϽ ЈЂЁ ϾϴЁϷВϽЊϹ϶, ЂЅІϴ϶ϼ϶ЌϼЉ ϢЄϿϴІЅϾϼϽ ЁϹϾЄЂЃЂϿА, ЂЊϹЁϼ϶ϴϹІЅГ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿГЀϼ ЃЂ-ЄϴϻЁЂЀЇ. ϦϴϾ, ϗ. ϔ. ϣЇϷϴЋϹЁϾЂ϶ϴ (1987: 62–63), ЂІЀϹІϼϿϴ ЅЉЂϸЅІ϶Ђ ϼЉ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿАЁЂϽ
ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ Ѕ ЅϴЄЀϴІЅϾЂϽ, ЃЂ ЀЁϹЁϼВ ϘϺ. ϳ. ϜϿАГЅЂ϶ϴ ϼ Ϙ. ϖ. ϤЇЅϴЁЂ϶ϴ, ЂЁϼ ϵЏϿϼ ЃЂІЂЀϾϴЀϼ ЅϴϾЂ϶
(Ilyasov, Rusanov 1998: 131), ϴ Ѕ ІЂЋϾϼ ϻЄϹЁϼГ ϣ. ϕϹЄЁϴЄϴ ϼ Ϟ. ϔϵϸЇϿϿϴϹ϶ϴ (1997: 84) — ВϹЋϺϴЀϼ.
ϥЂ϶ЅϹЀ ЁϹϸϴ϶ЁЂ ϔ. ϡ. ϣЂϸЇЌϾϼЁ (2012) Ѕ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЂϽ ϸЂϿϹϽ ЂЅІЂЄЂϺЁЂЅІϼ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϼϿ, ЋІЂ ϵЂϿАЌϴГ
ϾЂЅІГЁϴГ ЃϿϴЅІϼЁϴ ϼϻ ϢЄϿϴІЅϾЂϷЂ ϾЇЄϷ. 2, Г϶ϿГГЅА, ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂ, ϸϹІϴϿАВ ЅϿЂϺЁЂЅЂЅІϴ϶ЁЂϷЂ ЃЂГЅϴ, ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁЁЂϷЂ ЅВЁЁЇЅϾϼЀϼ ЀϴЅІϹЄϴЀϼ, ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϴϹІ ЅВЁЁЇЅϾϼЉ ϺϹ ϶ϼІГϻϹϽ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ϵЏϿϼ ϶Ђ϶ϿϹЋϹЁЏ
϶ ЅЂϵЏІϼГ, ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸϼ϶ЌϼϹ ϶ ϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϽ ϔϻϼϼ ϶ I ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϦϴϾϴГ ϷϼЃЂІϹϻϴ ϶ЅϹ ϺϹ ЀϴϿЂ϶ϹЄЂГІЁϴ: ϸϹϿЂ ϶ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ ЂЄϿϴІЅϾϼϹ ϶ЂϼЁЏ ЃЂϾϴϻϴЁЏ ІГϺϹϿЂ϶ЂЂЄЇϺϹЁЁЏЀϼ ϶ЅϴϸЁϼϾϴЀϼ-ϾϴІϴЈЄϴϾІϴЀϼ,
ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ЂϸϼЁ ϼϻ ЁϼЉ ЅЄϴϺϴϹІЅГ ІЂЃЂЄϼϾЂЀ, ϴ БІЂ ЃЄЂІϼ϶ЂЄϹЋϼІ ІЂЀЇ, ЋІЂ ЀЏ ϻЁϴϹЀ Ђ ϶ЂϹЁЁЂЀ ϸϹϿϹ
ϴϻϼϴІЅϾϼЉ ϷЇЁЁЂ϶, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЁϼϾЂϷϸϴ ЁϹ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴϿϼ Ёϼ ІГϺϹϿЇВ ϾЂЁЁϼЊЇ, Ёϼ ϾϴϾϼϹ-ϿϼϵЂ ϵЂϹ϶ЏϹ
ІЂЃЂЄЏ (ЅЀ. ϩЇϸГϾЂ϶ 1986: 25–52; ϡϼϾЂЁЂЄЂ϶, ϩЇϸГϾЂ϶ 2004: 45–69). ϥϾЂЄϹϹ ϶ЅϹϷЂ, ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϼІϹϿϼ
ϾϴЁϷВϽЅϾЂϽ ϶ЂϹЁЁЂϽ БϿϼІЏ ϼЀϹϿϼ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂϼЄϴЁЅϾЂϹ ϼϿϼ ВϹЋϺϼϽЅϾЂϹ/ІЂЉϴЄЅϾЂϹ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼϹ.
ϗ. ϔ. ϣЇϷϴЋϹЁϾЂ϶ϴ, ϴ϶ІЂЄ ЃϹЄ϶ЏЉ ЃЇϵϿϼϾϴЊϼϽ ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴϹЀЂϽ ϾЂЅІГЁЂϽ ЃϿϴЅІϼЁЏ ϼϻ
ϢЄϿϴІЅϾЂϷЂ ϾЇЄϷ. 2, ЂІЁϹЅϿϴ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅ ЁϴЉЂϸЂϾ ϼϻ ЁϹϷЂ, ϷϿϴ϶ЁЏЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ϾЂ II–I ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (ϣЇϷϴЋϹЁϾЂ϶ϴ
1987: 62; 1989: 147–148, 152). ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾЂ ϵЂϿϹϹ ЃЂϻϸЁϼϹ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶Ͼϼ, ЃЄϹϸϿЂϺϹЁЁЏϹ ϸЄЇϷϼЀϼ ЇЋϹЁЏЀϼ, ϴ ϼЀϹЁЁЂ, I–II ϶϶. Ё. Б. (Ilyasov, Rusanov 1998: 123–130; Ilyasov 2003: 274–299; ϠϴЅϿЂ϶ 1999) ϼ
ϸϴϺϹ III ϶. Ё. Б. (Litvinsky 2001: 150–155; ϟϼІ϶ϼЁЅϾϼϽ 2002: 195–201), ϶ЅϹ ϺϹ ϼЀϹВІ ϵЂϿϹϹ ϶ϹЅЂЀЇВ
ϴЄϷЇЀϹЁІϴЊϼВ.
ϦЄϼ ϺϹϿϹϻЁЏЉ ІЂЃЂЄϴ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ Ёϴ ϵϴϾІЄϼϽЅϾϼЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЉ ϾЇЌϴЁЅϾЂϽ БЃЂЉϼ. ϢϸϼЁ ϼϻ ЁϼЉ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸϼІ Ѕ ЊϼІϴϸϹϿϼ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϴ ϞϴЀЃЏЄІϹЃϴ, ЄЇϼЁЏ ϾЂІЂЄЂϷЂ ϿϹϺϴІ Ёϴ ВϷϹ ϧϻϵϹϾϼЅІϴЁϴ, Ї ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϷЂ ЃЄϴ϶ЂϷЂ (ЅϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϷЂ) ϵϹЄϹϷϴ ϔЀЇϸϴЄАϼ, ϶ 30 ϾЀ Ͼ ϛ ЂІ Ϸ. ϦϹЄЀϹϻϴ (Nikonorov 1997: vol. 1, 47; vol. 2, 10, fig. 25, b)
(ЄϼЅ. 5, 8). ϘϿϼЁϴ ЅЂЉЄϴЁϼ϶ЌϹϽЅГ ЋϴЅІϼ БІЂϷЂ БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄϴ ЋЇІА ϵЂϿАЌϹ 20 ЅЀ, ЂϵЇЌЁϴГ ЋϴЅІА ЇІЄϴЋϹЁϴ.
ϦЄЇϸЁЂ ЅϾϴϻϴІА, Г϶ϿГϿЅГ Ͽϼ ЂЁ ϵЂϹ϶ЏЀ ЂЄЇϺϼϹЀ ϼϿϼ ϺϹ ЃϿЂІЁϼЊϾϼЀ ϼЁЅІЄЇЀϹЁІЂЀ, ЉЂІГ ЂЁ ϶ЃЂϿЁϹ ЀЂϷ
ЅЂЋϹІϴІА ϶ ЅϹϵϹ ЂϵϹ ЈЇЁϾЊϼϼ. ϘϴІϴ ϾϴЀЃЏЄІϹЃϼЁЅϾЂϷЂ ІЂЃЂЄϴ (ЅЂ ЅϿЂ϶ ЁϴЌϹϸЌϹϷЂ ϹϷЂ ϥ. ϔ. ϥϴ϶ЋЇϾϴϞЇЄϵϴЁЂ϶ϴ) — II–I ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б., ЉЂІГ ЅІЄϴІϼϷЄϴЈϼЋϹЅϾϼ ЂЁϴ ЀЂϺϹІ ϵЏІА ЂЀЂϿЂϺϹЁϴ ϸЂ I ϶. Ё. Б.
ϚϹϿϹϻЁЏϽ ЃЄЂЇЌЁЏϽ ІЂЃЂЄϼϾ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁ ЅЄϹϸϼ ϸЄЇϷϼЉ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІЂ϶ ЅЂЃЄЂ϶ЂϸϼІϹϿАЁЂϷЂ
ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄГ ϶ ϺϹЁЅϾЂϽ ЀЂϷϼϿϹ 2 ϻЁϴЀϹЁϼІЂϷЂ ЁϹϾЄЂЃЂϿГ ϦϼϿϿГІϹЃϹ ϵϿϼϻ Ϸ. ϬϼϵϹЄϷϴЁ ϶ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂЀ
ϔЈϷϴЁϼЅІϴЁϹ (Sarianidi 1985: 23; ϥϴЄϼϴЁϼϸϼ 1989: 56, 66). ϡϴЃЂЀЁВ, ЋІЂ ІϴЀ ϵЏϿϼ ЂІϾЄЏІЏ ЌϹЅІА
ЋЄϹϻ϶ЏЋϴϽЁЂ ϵЂϷϴІЏЉ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϼІϹϿϹϽ ЄϴЁЁϹϾЇЌϴЁЅϾЂϽ ЃЄϴ϶ГЍϹϽ БϿϼІЏ, ЃЂІЂЀϾЂ϶
ВϹЋϺϼϽЅϾϼЉ/ІЂЉϴЄЅϾϼЉ ϻϴ϶ЂϹ϶ϴІϹϿϹϽ ϕϴϾІЄϼϼ. ϦЂ ЂϵЅІЂГІϹϿАЅІ϶Ђ, ЋІЂ ЇЃЂЀГЁЇІЏϽ ІЂЃЂЄϼϾ ϵЏϿ
ЁϴЀϹЄϹЁЁЂ ЃЂЀϹЍϹЁ ϶ЀϹЅІϹ Ѕ ϸ϶ЇЀГ ϺϹϿϹϻЁЏЀϼ ЅϹЄЃЂ϶ϼϸЁЏЀϼ ЁЂϺϴЀϼ ВϺЁЂЅϼϵϼЄЅϾЂϷЂ ЅІϼϿГ ϶
ЃϿϹІϹЁЇВ ϾЂЄϻϼЁϾЇ, ЃЂЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЁЇВ ϶ ЁЂϷϴЉ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁЁЂϽ ϺϹЁЍϼЁЏ, ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁЁЂ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ЇϹІ Ђ ϹϷЂ ЅϴϾЄϴϿАЁЂЀ ЃЄϹϸЁϴϻЁϴЋϹЁϼϼ. Ϟ ЅЂϺϴϿϹЁϼВ, ϶ ЃЇϵϿϼϾϴЊϼГЉ, ЃЂЅ϶ГЍϹЁЁЏЉ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІϴЀ
ЄϴЅϾЂЃЂϾ Ёϴ ϦϼϿϿГІϹЃϹ, ЁϹІ ЁϼϾϴϾϼЉ ϶ЂЅЃЄЂϼϻ϶ϹϸϹЁϼϽ БІЂϷЂ Г϶ЁЂ ЄϼІЇϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ЂЄЇϺϼГ. ϖ ЁϼЉ ЂЁ
ϼЀϹЁЇϹІЅГ ϾϴϾ «ϾϼЄϾϴ (pick)» (Sarianidi 1985: 23) ϼ «ЅϼϿАЁЂ ϾЂЄЄЂϻϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϽ ЃЄЂЇЌЁЏϽ ІЂЃЂЄϼϾϾϿϹ϶ϹЊ, ЂϵЇЉ ϾЂІЂЄЂϷЂ ϶ЏϸϹϿϹЁ ЃϹІϿϹ϶ϼϸЁЏЀ Ёϴ϶ϹЄЌϼϹЀ» (ϥϴЄϼϴЁϼϸϼ 1989: 66). ϙϸϼЁЅІ϶ϹЁЁϴГ ϹϷЂ
ЃЄЂЄϼЅЂ϶Ͼϴ, ЃЂϿЇЋϹЁЁϴГ ЀЁЂВ ϵϿϴϷЂϸϴЄГ ϿВϵϹϻЁЂЅІϼ ϥ. ϔ. ϳЊϹЁϾЂ (Nikonorov 1997: vol. 2, fig. 32, i;
ЅЀ. ІϴϾϺϹ Yatsenko 2001: pl. 8) (ЄϼЅ. 5, 9), ЁϹ ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГϹІ ЂІЁϹЅІϼ БІЂІ ІЂЃЂЄϼϾ Ͼ ϾϿϹ϶ЊϴЀ (϶ЃЄЂЋϹЀ,
ϹϹ ІЂЋЁЂЅІА ЂЅІϴϹІЅГ ЁϹГЅЁЂϽ). ϕЏϿЂ ϶ЏЅϾϴϻϴЁЂ ϼЁІϹЄϹЅЁЂϹ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼϹ, ЋІЂ ϦϼϿϿГІϹЃϼЁЅϾЂϹ
ЃЂϷЄ. 2 ЃЄϼЁϴϸϿϹϺϴϿЂ ϺϹЁЍϼЁϹ-϶ЂϼІϹϿАЁϼЊϹ, ϶ЏЃЂϿЁГ϶ЌϹϽ ϺЄϹЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЈЇЁϾЊϼϼ (Davis-Kimball
2000: 227). ϢЁЂ ЀЂϺϹІ ϵЏІА ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЂ ІЄϹІАϹϽ ЋϹІ϶ϹЄІАВ I ϶. Ё. Б. (Zeymal 1999: 242–243).
ϖ ІϴϾ ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴϹЀЂЀ ϩЄϴЀϹ ϘϼЂЅϾЇЄЂ϶ Ёϴ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϹ ϘϼϿАϵϹЄϸϺϼЁ, ЄϴЅЃЂϿЂϺϹЁЁЂЀ ϶ 40 ϾЀ Ͼ ϥϖ ЂІ
Ϸ. ϕϴϿЉϴ (ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЏϽ ϔЈϷϴЁϼЅІϴЁ), ϵЏϿ ЁϴϽϸϹЁ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІ ϾЇЌϴЁЅϾЂϷЂ ϺϹϿϹϻЁЂϷЂ ϾϼЄϾЂ϶ϼϸЁЂϷЂ (?) ІЂЃЂЄϴ
(ϞЄЇϷϿϼϾЂ϶ϴ 1986: 74, ЄϼЅ. 52, 23) (ЄϼЅ. 5, 7). ϜЁЈЂЄЀϴЊϼГ Ђ ϸϴЁЁЂЀ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІϹ ϶ЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼГ ЃЄϹϸϹϿАЁЂ
ϿϴϾЂЁϼЋЁϴ: ЇϾϴϻϴЁЂ, ЋІЂ БІЂ «ЂϵϿЂЀЂϾ ϵЂϹ϶ЂϷЂ ІЂЃЂЄϴ-ϾϿϹ϶Њϴ ІϼЃϴ ЁϴЉЂϸϼЀЏЉ ϶ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂЃϴЀϼЄЅϾϼЉ
116
ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴЉ» ЅЂ ЅЅЏϿϾЂϽ Ёϴ ЀЂЁЂϷЄϴЈϼВ ϕ. ϔ. ϟϼІ϶ϼЁЅϾЂϷЂ (1972: 121, ІϴϵϿ. 43, 6–7) (ЅЀ. ЄϼЅ. 1, 10–11).
ϣϿЂЉϴГ ЅЂЉЄϴЁЁЂЅІА ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ ϶ЀϹЅІϹ Ѕ ЂЋϹ϶ϼϸЁЂϽ ЁϹϸЂЅІϴІЂЋЁЂЅІАВ ЂЃϼЅϴЁϼГ ϼ ЁϼϻϾϼЀ ϾϴЋϹЅІ϶ЂЀ ϶ЂЅЃЄЂϼϻ϶ϹϸϹЁϼГ ϶ ЃЇϵϿϼϾϴЊϼϼ ЁϹ ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГВІ ЃЄϼϽІϼ Ͼ ЅϾЂϿАϾЂ-ЁϼϵЇϸА ЇϸЂ϶ϿϹІ϶ЂЄϼІϹϿАЁЂЀЇ ϻϴϾϿВЋϹЁϼВ ЂІЁЂЅϼІϹϿАЁЂ ЃϹЄ϶ЂЁϴЋϴϿАЁЂϽ ЈЂЄЀЏ БІЂϷЂ ЂЄЇϺϼГ. Ϙϴ ϼ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶Ͼϴ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ϾЂЁІϹϾЅІϴ,
϶ ϾЂІЂЄЂЀ ЂЁЂ ϵЏϿЂ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЂ («ЋϹІ϶ϹЄІЏϽ ЅІЄЂϼІϹϿАЁЏϽ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ»), ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϹЀ ЃЄϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ϾЇЌϴЁЅϾЂϷЂ ЊϴЄГ ϖϴЅЇϸϹ϶Џ I, І. Ϲ. ЂϾЂϿЂ 188–224 ϷϷ. (ϞЄЇϷϿϼϾЂ϶ϴ 1986: 75), ЃЂ-϶ϼϸϼЀЂЀЇ, ЁЇϺϸϴϹІЅГ ϶ ЅϹЄАϹϻЁЂϽ
ЄϹ϶ϼϻϼϼ — ϸЂ VII–VIII ϶϶. (ЅЀ. Fitzsimmons 1996)14. ϦϹЀ ЁϹ ЀϹЁϹϹ ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴϹЀЏϽ ІЂЃЂЄ ϵЏϿ Ёϴ϶ϹЄЁГϾϴ ϷЂЄϴϻϸЂ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϹ, ЃЂЃϴ϶ ϶ ϶ϹЄЉЁϼϹ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏϹ ЅϿЂϼ ЉЄϴЀЂ϶ЂϷЂ ЅЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼГ ϼϻ ЁϼϺЁϼЉ, ЂІЁЂЅГЍϼЉЅГ Ͼ ϾЇЌϴЁЅϾЂϽ БЃЂЉϹ. ϦϴϾϼϹ ЃϹЄϹЀϹЍϹЁϼГ ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІЂ϶ (ЅЁϼϻЇ ϶϶ϹЄЉ ϼ ϶ ЂϵЄϴІЁЂЀ ЁϴЃЄϴ϶ϿϹЁϼϼ) ϵЏϿϼ
ЂϵЏЋЁЏЀ ϸϹϿЂЀ ϶ ЉЂϸϹ ЅІЄЂϼІϹϿАЁЂϽ ϸϹГІϹϿАЁЂЅІϼ Ёϴ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϼЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЉ ϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϽ ϔϻϼϼ, ϷϸϹ
ϴЄЉϼІϹϾІЇЄЁЏϹ ЅЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼГ ϶Ђϻϸ϶ϼϷϴϿϼЅА ϼϻ ЅЏЄЊЂ϶ЏЉ ϾϼЄЃϼЋϹϽ ϼ ЃϴЉЅЏ, ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁЁЏЉ, ϶ Ѕ϶ЂВ ЂЋϹЄϹϸА, ϼϻ ϿϹЅЅϴ ϼ ЅІЄЂϼІϹϿАЁЏЉ ЂЅІϴІϾЂ϶, ϻϴЋϴЅІЇВ ϶ϻГІЏЉ ЃЄГЀЂ Ёϴ ЀϹЅІϹ ЃЄϹϸЏϸЇЍϼЉ ϻϸϴЁϼϽ. ϨϴϾІ
ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁϼГ ЂϵϿЂЀϾϴ ϵЂϹ϶ЂϷЂ ІЂЃЂЄϴ ϶ ϸϼϿАϵϹЄϸϺϼЁЅϾЂЀ «ϩЄϴЀϹ ϘϼЂЅϾЇЄЂ϶» ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГϹІ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϼІА, ЋІЂ ЂЁ ϵЏϿ ЃЄϼЁϹЅϹЁ ІЇϸϴ (ЇϺϹ ϶Ђ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІϴЄЁЂЀ ЅЂЅІЂГЁϼϼ?) ϶ ϾϴЋϹЅІ϶Ϲ ϶ЂІϼ϶ЁЂϷЂ ЃЂϸЁЂЌϹЁϼГ.
ϙЅϿϼ ϶ϹЄЁЇІАЅГ Ͼ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼГЀ ϼЁϸЂ-ЅϴϾЅϾϼЉ ϼ ϾЇЌϴЁЅϾϼЉ ϷЂЅЇϸϴЄϹϽ Ѕ ЊϹЄϹЀЂЁϼϴϿАЁЏЀϼ
ІЂЃЂЄϼϾϴЀϼ ϾϼЄϾЂ϶ϼϸЁЂϽ ЈЂЄЀЏ ϶ ЄЇϾϴЉ (ЄϼЅ. 5, 1–5), ІЂ ЂЅЂϵЏϽ ϼЁІϹЄϹЅ ϶ Ѕ϶Гϻϼ Ѕ ЁϼЀϼ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿГϹІ ϶ІЇϿАЋϴІЏϽ ϾϿϹ϶ϹЊ, ЁϴϽϸϹЁЁЏϽ ϶ 1950 Ϸ. ϶ ЃЂЀϹЍϹЁϼϼ 1 ІϴϾ ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴϹЀЂϷЂ «ϕЂϿАЌЂϷЂ Ͼ϶ϴϸЄϴІЁЂϷЂ ϸЂЀϴ» (ЈЇЁϾЊϼЂЁϼЄЂ϶ϴ϶ЌϹϷЂ ϶ ϸЄϹ϶ЁЂЅІϼ ϶ ϾϴЋϹЅІ϶Ϲ ЅЂϾЄЂ϶ϼЍЁϼЊЏ) Ёϴ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϹ ϥІϴЄϴГ ϡϼЅϴ
϶ ϲϺЁЂЀ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϹ, Г϶ϿГ϶ЌϹϽЅГ ЄϹϻϼϸϹЁЊϼϹϽ ЃϴЄЈГЁЅϾϼЉ ЊϴЄϹϽ, ϼЀϹЁЇϹЀЂϽ ϠϼЉЄϸϴІϾϼЄІ
(«ϞЄϹЃЂЅІА ϠϼІЄϼϸϴІϴ») Ёϴ ϼЉ ЄЂϸϼЁϹ ϶ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϽ ϣϴЄЈϼϹЁϹ. ϱІЂІ ЇЁϼϾϴϿАЁЏϽ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІ (ЄϼЅ. 6, 1)
ϼЀϹϿ Г϶ЁЂ ЃϴЄϴϸЁЂϹ ЁϴϻЁϴЋϹЁϼϹ, Ёϴ ЋІЂ ЇϾϴϻЏ϶ϴϹІ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿ, ϼϻ ϾЂІЂЄЂϷЂ ЂЁ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁ, — ЅϹЄϹϵЄЂ
Ѕ ЋϴЅІϼЋЁЂϽ ЃЂϻЂϿЂІЂϽ (ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЏϹ ЃЇϵϿϼϾϴЊϼϼ: ϞЂЌϹϿϹЁϾЂ 1977: 122, ϼϿ. 52–53; Invernizzi 1999: 129–
135, tav. H, a–b; ϣϼϿϼЃϾЂ 2001: 318, ЄϼЅ. 227; Pilipko 2006: 263–264, 270–271, fig. 11; 12, 1; Nikonorov
2014: 183, fig. 2, 1–3). ϤϴϻЀϹЄЏ ϹϷЂ ϵЏϿϼ ЅϴЀЏЀϼ ЋІЂ Ёϼ Ёϴ ϹЅІА ϵЂϹ϶ЏЀϼ: ϸϿϼЁϴ ЇϸϴЄЁЂϽ ЋϴЅІϼ — 25 ЅЀ,
϶ϾϿВЋϴГ 3,5 ЅЀ ϸϿϼЁЏ ЂϵЇЌϾϴ; ϸϿϼЁϴ ЊϼϿϼЁϸЄϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϶ІЇϿϾϼ (ϹϹ ϶ЁϹЌЁϼϽ ϸϼϴЀϹІЄ 1,4 ЅЀ) ϶ЀϹЅІϹ Ѕ
Ёϴ϶ϹЄЌϼϹЀ — 11 ЅЀ. ϘЄЇϷϼЀϼ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЀϼ, БІЂ ϵЏϿϴ ЃЂϿЁЂЄϴϻЀϹЄЁϴГ ЄϹЃϿϼϾϴ ϺϹϿϹϻЁЂϷЂ ІЂЃЂЄϼϾϴ-ϾϿϹ϶Њϴ, ЃЄϼЀϹЁГ϶ЌϹϷЂЅГ ϶ ϵЂВ (ϻϴ ϼЅϾϿВЋϹЁϼϹЀ, ЃЂϺϴϿЇϽ, ϶ЁЇІЄϹЁЁϹϷЂ ϸϼϴЀϹІЄϴ ϶ІЇϿϾϼ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ Ї ЁϼЅϼϽЅϾЂϷЂ БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄϴ ϼЀϹϹІ ϶ЅϹϷЂ ϿϼЌА ЂϾЂϿЂ 1 ЅЀ ϶ЀϹЅІЂ ЅІϴЁϸϴЄІЁЂϷЂ ϸϼϴЀϹІЄϴ ЂІ 2 ЅЀ). ϣϿЂЅϾЂЀЇ
ϾϿϼЁϾЇ ЁϼЅϼϽЅϾЂϷЂ ϾϿϹ϶Њϴ Ѕ ϸ϶ЇЀГ ЂЅІЄϼГЀϼ Ёϴ ϾЂЁЊϹ ЃЄϼϸϴЁϴ ϶ЏЋЇЄЁϴГ ϼϻЂϷЁЇІϴГ ЈЂЄЀϴ, ЅЁϼϻЇ ЂЁ
ϸϹϾЂЄϼЄЂ϶ϴЁ ϸ϶ЇЀГ ЃЂϿЇЀϹЅГЊϴЀϼ ϼ ϶ЂЅАЀϼϿϹЃϹЅІϾЂ϶ЂϽ ЄЂϻϹІϾЂϽ, ϴ ϹЍϹ ϸ϶Ϲ ЄЂϻϹІϾϼ (ЌϹЅІϼϿϹЃϹЅІϾЂ϶ЏϹ) ЇϾЄϴЌϴВІ ϹϷЂ ϵЂϾЂ϶ЏϹ ЃϿЂЅϾЂЅІϼ ϵϿϼϺϹ Ͼ ϶ІЇϿϾϹ. ϞЂЁϹЊ ЃЄГЀЂϷЂ ϼ ЃЄГЀЂЇϷЂϿАЁЂϷЂ ϶ ЄϴϻЄϹϻϹ
ЂϵЇЌϾϴ ϼЀϹϹІ ϶ϼϸ ЇЅϹЋϹЁЁЂϽ ЅІЇЃϹЁЋϴІЂϽ ЃϼЄϴЀϼϸЏ. ϣЂϸЂϵЁЏЀ ϺϹ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ ЂЈЂЄЀϿϹЁЂ ϼ ЁϴЋϴϿЂ
ϾϿϼЁϾЂ϶ЂϽ ЋϴЅІϼ, ЀϹϺϸЇ ϾЂІЂЄЏЀ ϼ ЌϹЅІϼϿϹЃϹЅІϾЂ϶ЏЀϼ ЄЂϻϹІϾϴЀϼ ЉЂЄЂЌЂ ЃЄЂЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴϹІЅГ ЌЂ϶,
ЂϵЄϴϻЂ϶ϴ϶ЌϼϽЅГ, ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ, ϶ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІϹ ЃЂϿЂЀϾϼ ІЂЃЂЄϼϾϴ ϼ ϹϷЂ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЇВЍϹϷЂ ЄϹЀЂЁІϴ. ϡϴ ϶ІЇϿϾϹ
ЁϼϺϹ ϵЂϽϾϴ ЄϴЅЃЂϿϴϷϴВІЅГ ϸϹϾЂЄϴІϼ϶ЁЏϹ БϿϹЀϹЁІЏ ϶ ϶ϼϸϹ ІЂЋϹЋЁЏЉ ϼЁϾЄЇЅІϴЊϼϽ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ЁϹϵЂϿАЌϼϹ
ІЄϹЇϷЂϿАЁЏϹ ϶ ЅϹЋϹЁϼϼ ϶ЏЅІЇЃЏ, ЅϿЇϺϼ϶ЌϼϹ, ЃЂ-϶ϼϸϼЀЂЀЇ, ϸϿГ ЃЂϸ϶ϹЅϾϼ ІЂЃЂЄϼϾϴ Ͼ ЃЂГЅЇ. ϖІЇϿϾЇ
϶ϹЁЋϴϹІ Ёϴ϶ϹЄЌϼϹ, ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿГВЍϹϹ ЅЂϵЂϽ ϸϼЅϾ ϶ ЅЂЋϹІϴЁϼϼ Ѕ ϾЇЃЂϿЂЂϵЄϴϻЁЏЀ ЁϴϵϴϿϸϴЌЁϼϾЂЀ.
ϘЂ ЁϹϸϴ϶ЁϹϷЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЁϼЅϼϽЅϾϼϽ ІЂЃЂЄϼϾ-ϾϿϹ϶ϹЊ ЃЂЋІϼ ЁϹ ЃЄϼ϶ϿϹϾϴϿ Ͼ ЅϹϵϹ ϶ЁϼЀϴЁϼϹ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿϹϽ. ϣϹЄ϶ЏЀ, ϾІЂ ЂϵЅІЂГІϹϿАЁЂ ϼϻЇЋϼϿ БІЂІ ЁϹЂЄϸϼЁϴЄЁЏϽ ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІ, ϵЏϿϔ. ϜЁ϶ϹЄЁϼЊЊϼ,
ЃЄϹ϶ЂЅЉЂϸЁЂ ЃЄЂϴЁϴϿϼϻϼЄЂ϶ϴ϶ЌϼϽ ϹϷЂ ЉЇϸЂϺϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϹ ЂЈЂЄЀϿϹЁϼϹ (Invernizzi 1999: 129–138).
ϡϹЅϾЂϿАϾϼЀϼ ϷЂϸϴЀϼ ЃЂϻϺϹ ϖ. ϡ. ϣϼϿϼЃϾЂ ЂІ϶ϹϿ ϸϴЁЁЂЀЇ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІЇ ЃϴЄϴϸЁЂϷЂ ϶ЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼГ
ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁЁЂϹ ЀϹЅІЂ ϶ Ѕ϶ЂϹϽ ЅІϴІАϹ Ђϵ ЂЄЇϺϼϼ ϼϻ ϥІϴЄЂϽ ϡϼЅЏ (Pilipko 2006: 263–264, 270–271,
fig. 11; 12, 1), ЂϸЁϴϾЂ ЃЄϹϸϿЂϺϹЁЁϴГ ІϴЀ ϴЄϷЇЀϹЁІϴЊϼГ ЂІЁЂЅϼІϹϿАЁЂ ϹϷЂ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼГ ЂϾϴϻϴϿϴЅА
϶ϹЅАЀϴ ЇГϻ϶ϼЀЂϽ ϸϿГ ϾЄϼІϼϾϼ (ЅЀ. Nikonorov 2014: 196–197).
ϡϴϾЂЁϹЊ, ϴ϶ІЂЄ БІϼЉ ЅІЄЂϾ ЃЂЅ϶ГІϼϿ ЁϼЅϼϽЅϾЂЀЇ ϾϿϹ϶ЊЇ ЅІϴІАВ (Ibid.), ϾЄϼІϼЋϹЅϾϼ ЄϴЅЅЀЂІЄϹ϶
ЃЄϹϸЌϹЅІ϶ЇВЍϼϹ ІЂЋϾϼ ϻЄϹЁϼГ Ёϴ ϹϷЂ ϼЅІЂЄϼϾЂ-ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЇВ ϼЁІϹЄЃЄϹІϴЊϼВ ϼ ЃЄϹϸϿЂϺϼ϶ Ѕ϶ЂВ,
ϾЂІЂЄϴГ ЀЂϺϹІ ϵЏІА ЅЇЀЀϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϴ ЅϿϹϸЇВЍϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ (Ibid.: 220–221). ϣЂ ϶ЅϹϽ ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂЅІϼ, БІЂ
ЊϹЄϹЀЂЁϼϴϿАЁЂϹ ЂЄЇϺϼϹ ЂϾϴϻϴϿЂЅА ϶ ϠϼЉЄϸϴІϾϼЄІϹ ϶ ϾϴЋϹЅІ϶Ϲ ІЄЂЈϹГ, ϻϴЉ϶ϴЋϹЁЁЂϷЂ ЃϴЄЈГЁϴЀϼ ϶
ЉЂϸϹ ϵЂϹ϶ЏЉ ϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼϽ ЃЄЂІϼ϶ ЊϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϴϻϼϴІЅϾϼЉ ϾЂЋϹ϶ЁϼϾЂ϶, ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴϹЀЏЉ ϶ ЃϼЅАЀϹЁЁЏЉ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾϴЉ ЅϾϼЈϴЀϼ/ЅϴϾϴЀϼ ϼ ВϹЋϺϴЀϼ/ІЂЉϴЄϴЀϼ, ЋАϼ ЂЄϸЏ ϶ІЂЄϷϿϼЅА ϶ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏϹ ЃЄϹϸϹϿЏ ϣϴЄЈГЁЅϾЂϷЂ
14
ϦЂ ϺϹ ЅϴЀЂϹ ЅϿϹϸЇϹІ ЅϾϴϻϴІА ϼ Ђ ϸϴІϹ ϶Ђϻ϶ϹϸϹЁϼГ «ϩЄϴЀϴ ϘϼЂЅϾЇЄЂ϶», ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ ϵЏϿ ЃЂЅІЄЂϹЁ ЁϹ
϶Ђ II ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б., ЃЄϼ ϷЄϹϾЂ-ϵϴϾІЄϼϽЅϾЂЀ ЊϴЄϹ ϙ϶ϾЄϴІϼϸϹ I, ϾϴϾ ЃЂϿϴϷϴϿϴ Ϝ. Ϧ. ϞЄЇϷϿϼϾЂ϶ϴ (1986: 106), ϴ ЅϴЀЂϹ
ЄϴЁЁϹϹ ϶Ђ I–II ϶϶. Ё. Б., І. Ϲ. ЃЄϼ ϖϹϿϼϾϼЉ ϞЇЌϴЁϴЉ (ЅЀ. Lo Muzio 1999: 44–50).
117
:
,
,
. 6. 1 — ЅϹЄϹϵЄГЁЏϽ ϾϿϹ϶ϹЊ ϼϻ ϥІϴЄЂϽ ϡϼЅЏ ϶ ϲϺЁЂЀ ϦЇЄϾЀϹЁϼЅІϴЁϹ (ЃЂ Nikonorov 2014); 2 —
ϷЄϴЈЈϼІϼ ϼϻ ϘЇЄϴ-ϙ϶ЄЂЃЂЅ (ЃЂ Rostovtzeff 1932); 3 — ϺϹϿϹϻЁϴГ ЅϹϾϼЄϴ ϼϻ ϤϴЌϼ ϶ ϗϼϿГЁϹ (ЃЂ Moshtagh
Khorasani 2006); 4 — ϸϹІϴϿА ЁϴЅϾϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ЄϹϿАϹЈϴ ϶ ϦϴЁϷ-ϼ ϥϴЄ϶ϴϾϹ ϶ ϲϷЂ-ϛϴЃϴϸЁЂЀ ϜЄϴЁϹ (ЃЂ Gall 1990);
5 — ϸϹІϴϿА ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼГ Ёϴ ЅϹЄϹϵЄГЁЂЀ ϵϿВϸϹ ϼϻ ϸ. ϞϿϼЀЂ϶ЂϽ ϣϹЄЀЅϾЂϽ ϷЇϵ. (ЃЂ ϢЄϵϹϿϼ, ϦЄϹ϶ϹЄ 1935);
6 — ϺϹϿϹϻЁЏϽ ІЂЃЂЄ ϼϻ ϕЉϼЄ ϠϴЇЁϸϴ ϶ ϦϴϾЅϼϿϹ (ЃЂ Marshall 1951); 7 — ϺϹϿϹϻЁЏϽ ІЂЃЂЄ ϼϻ ϥІϴЄЂϽ ϡϼЅЏ
(ЃЂ Pilipko 2006)
Fig. 6. 1 — silver pick-klevets from Old Nisa in Southern Turkmenistan (after Nikonorov 2014); 2 — graffiti
from Dura-Europos (after Rostovtzeff 1932); 3 — iron axe from Rashi in Gilan (after Moshtagh Khorasani
2006); 4 — detail of the combat rock relief at Tang-i Sarvak in South-Western Iran (after Gall 1990); 5 —
detail of the depiction on a silver plate from the village of Klimova of the Perm Governorate (after ϢЄϵϹϿϼ,
ϦЄϹ϶ϹЄ 1935); 6 — iron axe from Bhir Mound at Taxila (after Marshall 1951); 7 — iron axe from Old Nisa
(after Pilipko 2006)
118
ϷЂЅЇϸϴЄЅІ϶ϴ ϶ ЁϴЋϴϿϹ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϹϽ ІЄϹІϼ II ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϱІϼ ϶ЂϽЁЏ ЂϾϴϻϴϿϼЅА ϼЅϾϿВЋϼІϹϿАЁЂ ϾЄЂ϶ЂЃЄЂϿϼІЁЏЀϼ. ϣЄϼЋϹЀ ϶ ЁϼЉ ЃЂϷϼϵϿϼ ϸ϶ϴ ЃϴЄЈГЁЅϾϼЉ ЀЂЁϴЄЉϴ: ϨЄϴϴІ II (ЂϾЂϿЂ 138/7–128) ϵЏϿ ЇϵϼІ ϶
ЅЄϴϺϹЁϼϼ ЅЂ ЅϾϼЈϴЀϼ ϶ЅϾЂЄϹ ЃЂЅϿϹ Ѕ϶ЂϹϽ ЃЂϵϹϸЏ Ёϴϸ ЅϹϿϹ϶ϾϼϸЅϾϼЀ ЊϴЄϹЀ ϔЁІϼЂЉЂЀ VII, ϴ ϔЄІϴϵϴЁ I
(ЂϾЂϿЂ 127–123) ЇЀϹЄ ЂІ ЄϴЁЏ, ЃЂϿЇЋϹЁЁЂϽ ϶ ϵϼІ϶Ϲ Ѕ ІЂЉϴЄϴЀϼ. ϦЂϿАϾЂ ЅЏЁЇ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϹϷЂ, ϠϼІЄϼϸϴІЇ II
(ЂϾЂϿЂ 123–88/7), ЇϸϴϿЂЅА ЄϴϻϵϼІА БІϼЉ ϶ЂϼЁЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЉ ЁЂЀϴϸЂ϶ ϶ ЃϹЄ϶ЏϹ ϷЂϸЏ Ѕ϶ЂϹϷЂ ЃЄϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ϼ ІϹЀ
ЅϴЀЏЀ ϶ЂЅЅІϴЁЂ϶ϼІА ЃЂЄГϸЂϾ Ёϴ ϶ЂЅІЂϾϹ ϼЀЃϹЄϼϼ ϔЄЌϴϾϼϸЂ϶ (Iust. XLII. 1. 1–2. 5; ЅЀ. ІϴϾϺϹ Olbrycht
2010: 150–155). ϠЂϺЁЂ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϼІА, ЋІЂ ϾϿϹ϶ϹЊ, ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЁЏϽ ϶ ϥІϴЄЂϽ ϡϼЅϹ, ЅϿЇϺϼϿ ЅϼЀ϶ЂϿЂЀ
϶ЂϹЁЁЂϽ ϶ϿϴЅІϼ ϸϿГ ЅϴϾЅϾЂϷЂ ϼϿϼ ІЂЉϴЄЅϾЂϷЂ ϶ЂϺϸГ, ЃЂϵϹϺϸϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϠϼІЄϼϸϴІЂЀ II, ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ ЂІЃЄϴ϶ϼϿ ϹϷЂ ϾϴϾ ϶ϴϺЁЇВ ЋϴЅІА ϻϴЉ϶ϴЋϹЁЁЂϽ ϸЂϵЏЋϼ ϶ Ѕ϶ЂВ ЄϹϻϼϸϹЁЊϼВ ϶ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϽ ϣϴЄЈϼϹЁϹ, ЄϴЅЃЂϿЂϺϹЁЁЇВ ЁϹ ІϴϾ ϸϴϿϹϾЂ ЂІ ІϹϴІЄϴ ϵЂϹ϶ЏЉ ϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼϽ. ϦϴЀ БІЂІ ϴІЄϼϵЇІ ЁϹЃЄϼГІϹϿАЅϾЂϽ ЃϴЄϴϸЁЂϽ БϾϼЃϼЄЂ϶Ͼϼ ϶ ІϹЋϹЁϼϹ ϾϴϾЂϷЂ-ІЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЀЂϷ ϵЏІА ϶ЏЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁ Ёϴ ϶ЅϹЂϵЍϹϹ ЂϵЂϻЄϹЁϼϹ, ϴ ϻϴІϹЀ ЃЂЀϹЍϹЁ
϶ ЀϹЅІЁЇВ «ϥЂϾЄЂ϶ϼЍЁϼЊЇ», ϷϸϹ ϹϷЂ ϼ ЁϴЌϿϼ ЅЂ϶ϹІЅϾϼϹ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼ ϵЂϿϹϹ ЋϹЀ ϸ϶Ϲ ІЏЅГЋϼ ϿϹІ ЅЃЇЅІГ.
ϥϿϹϸЇϹІ ЅЂϷϿϴЅϼІАЅГ Ѕ ϔ. ϜЁ϶ϹЄЁϼЊЊϼ, ЋІЂ, ЅЇϸГ ЃЂ ϸϹϾЂЄЇ ϼ ϸϼϻϴϽЁЇ ЁϼЅϼϽЅϾЂϷЂ ІЂЃЂЄϼϾϴ,
ЂЁ ϵЏϿ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁ ϶ ϷЄϹϾЂ-ϼЄϴЁЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϽ ЅЄϹϸϹ ϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϽ ϔϻϼϼ (Invernizzi 1999: 138).
ϢϸЁϴϾЂ, ϶ЂЃЄϹϾϼ ϹϷЂ ЀЁϹЁϼВ, ЀϹЅІЂЀ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸЅІ϶ϴ БІЂϷЂ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІϴ ϶ЄГϸ Ͽϼ ϵЏϿϴ ϥІϴЄϴГ ϡϼЅϴ ϼϿϼ
ϾϴϾЂϽ-ІЂ ϸЄЇϷЂϽ ЊϹЁІЄ ϶ ЃЄϹϸϹϿϴЉ ϣϴЄЈГЁЅϾЂϷЂ ЊϴЄЅІ϶ϴ. ϞϴϾ ϵЇϸϹІ ЃЂϾϴϻϴЁЂ ЁϼϺϹ, ЁϹІ ϸЂЅІЂ϶ϹЄЁЏЉ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ ІЂϷЂ, ЋІЂ ЃϴЄЈГЁϹ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴϿϼ ϾϼЄϾЂ϶ϼϸЁЏϹ ІЂЃЂЄЏ ϶ ϾϴЋϹЅІ϶Ϲ ЂЄЇϺϼГ ϼϿϼ
ϾЇϿАІЂ϶ЂϷЂ ЅϼЀ϶ЂϿϴ, ЂϸЁϴϾЂ ϼЁϴЋϹ ЂϵЅІЂГϿЂ ϸϹϿЂ Ѕ ЊϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϴϻϼϴІЅϾϼЀϼ ϾЂЋϹ϶ЁϼϾϴЀϼ, ϶ІЂЄϷЁЇ϶ЌϼЀϼЅГ ϶Ђ ϶ϿϴϸϹЁϼГ ϔЄЌϴϾϼϸЂ϶ ϶Ђ ϶ІЂЄЂϽ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁϹ II ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. Ϟ ІЂЀЇ ϺϹ ЃЄϼ ЃϴЄЈГЁЅϾЂϽ ϴІЄϼϵЇЊϼϼ ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴϹЀЂϷЂ ϾϿϹ϶Њϴ ІЄЇϸЁЂ ЂϵЎГЅЁϼІА ІЂІ ЈϴϾІ, ЋІЂ ЂЁ ϵЏϿ ЃЂЀϹЍϹЁ ϶ «ϥЂϾЄЂ϶ϼЍЁϼЊЇ»
ϠϼЉЄϸϴІϾϼЄІϴ ϶ЀϹЅІϹ ЅЂ ЀЁЂϷϼЀϼ ϸЄЇϷϼЀϼ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІϴЀϼ, ϶ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЂϽ ЀϴЅЅϹ ϼЀϹ϶ЌϼЀϼ ϼЁЂϻϹЀЁЂϹ
ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼϹ (ЅЀ. ϣϼϿϼЃϾЂ 2001: 163, 313–333), ϶ЀϹЅІЂ ІЂϷЂ ЋІЂϵЏ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴІАЅГ ЃЄϼ ϸ϶ЂЄϹ
ϔЄЌϴϾϼϸЂ϶ ЃЂ Ѕ϶ЂϹЀЇ ЃЄГЀЂЀЇ ЁϴϻЁϴЋϹЁϼВ.
ϘЇЀϴϹІЅГ, ЋІЂ ЄϴЅЃЂϿЂϺϹЁЁϴГ Ͼ ϶ЂЅІЂϾЇ ЂІ ϣϴЄЈϼϼ ϕϴϾІЄϼГ ϶ЃЂϿЁϹ ЀЂϷϿϴ ϵЏІА ІϹЀ ЀϹЅІЂЀ,
ϷϸϹ ϵЏϿ ЅϸϹϿϴЁ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЁЏϽ ϶ ϥІϴЄЂϽ ϡϼЅϹ ϾϿϹ϶ϹЊ, ІϹЀ ϵЂϿϹϹ ЋІЂ ІϴЀ Ѕ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϽЌϼЉ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁ ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿЅГ ЊϹЁІЄ ϶ЏЅЂϾЂЉЇϸЂϺϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϽ ЂϵЄϴϵЂІϾϼ ЊϹЁЁЏЉ ЀϹІϴϿϿЂ϶ (ЅЀ. ϥϴЄϼϴЁϼϸϼ 1989: 135–162),
ϼ БІЂ ЄϹЀϹЅϿЂ, ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂ, ЃЄЂϸЂϿϺϴϿЂ ЃЄЂЊ϶ϹІϴІА ϼ ϶ БЃЂЉЇ ϷЄϹЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ϶ϿϴϸЏЋϹЅІ϶ϴ ϶ ϕϴϾІЄϼϼ (327–
ЂϾЂϿЂ 145/140 ϸЂ Ё. Б.). ϗϸϹ-ІЂ ЀϹϺϸЇ 145 ϼ 140 ϷϷ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁϴГ ϕϴϾІЄϼГ ϵЏϿϴ ЂІЂϵЄϴЁϴ Ї ϷЄϹϾЂ϶
ϾЂЋϹ϶ЁϼϾϴЀϼ-ЅϴϾϴЀϼ (ЅϴϾϴЄϴ϶ϿϴЀϼ), ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ, ϶ Ѕ϶ЂВ ЂЋϹЄϹϸА, ЃЄϼϵϿϼϻϼІϹϿАЁЂ ϸϹЅГІϼϿϹІϼϹЀ ЃЂϻϺϹ (ЂϾЂϿЂ 130 Ϸ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.) ϵЏϿϼ ЃЂϵϹϺϸϹЁЏ ϼ ϼϻϷЁϴЁЏ ϸЄЇϷϼЀϼ ϾЂЋϹ϶ЁϼϾϴЀϼ, ІϴϾϺϹ ЃЄϼЌϹϸЌϼЀϼ ϼϻ
ЅІϹЃϹϽ ϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϽ ϔϻϼϼ, — ВϹЋϺϴЀϼ/ІЂЉϴЄϴЀϼ (ЅЀ. Benjamin 2007: 181–189). Ϣϵϴ БІϼЉ ЃЄϼЌϿЏЉ
ЁϴЄЂϸϴ ЃЂϿЇЋϼϿϼ ϸЂЅІЇЃ Ͼ ЀϹЅІЁЂϽ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϽ ϵϴϻϹ ЉЇϸЂϺϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϽ ЀϹІϴϿϿЂЂϵЄϴϵЂІϾϼ,
ϴ ϼЉ ϶ЂϺϸϼ — ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂЅІА ϻϴϾϴϻЏ϶ϴІА Ї ϵϴϾІЄϼϽЅϾϼЉ ЄϹЀϹЅϿϹЁЁϼϾЂ϶ ЃϴЄϴϸЁЂϹ ЂЄЇϺϼϹ ЁϴЃЂϸЂϵϼϹ
ϾϿϹ϶Њϴ, ЁϴϽϸϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϶ ϥІϴЄЂϽ ϡϼЅϹ.
ϥЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼϹ ϺϹ ϾЇϿАІϴ ϵЂϹ϶ЏЉ ІЂЃЂЄЂ϶ ЅЄϹϸϼ ЅϴЀϼЉ ЃϴЄЈГЁ ЅЂЀЁϼІϹϿАЁЂ. ϡϴ ЃϹЄ϶ЏϽ
϶ϻϷϿГϸ, БІЂЀЇ ЇІ϶ϹЄϺϸϹЁϼВ ЃЄЂІϼ϶ЂЄϹЋϼІ ϷЄϴЈЈϼІЂ, ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЁЂϹ ϶ ІϴϾ ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴϹЀЂЀ ϩЄϴЀϹ ЃϴϿАЀϼЄЅϾϼЉ ϵЂϷЂ϶ ϶ ϾЄϹЃЂЅІϼ ϘЇЄϴ-ϙ϶ЄЂЃЂЅ Ёϴ ϙ϶ЈЄϴІϹ. ϡϴ ЁϹЀ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁ ϶ЏЅЂϾЂЃЂЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЁЏϽ ϶ϹϿАЀЂϺϴ, ЅϼϸГЍϼϽ Ёϴ ϶ЏЅЂϾЂЀ ϾЄϹЅϿϹ ϼϿϼ ІЄЂЁϹ, ϻϴ ϾЂІЂЄЏЀ ЃЂϾϴϻϴЁϴ ϴЄϾϴ (Cumont 1926a: 267–270,
pl. XCIX, 2; 1926b: 181–185, fig. 1; Rostovtzeff 1932: 193, 196, fig. 1; Goldman 1990: 18–22, fig. 2; 2000:
42–43, cat. no. C. 6; ϕϹϿϹЁϼЊϾϼϽ 1959: 38, ЄϼЅ. 5) (ЄϼЅ. 6, 2). ϙϷЂ ЂϵЄϴϻ ЃϹЄϹϸϴЁ ϶Ђ ϶ЃЂϿЁϹ ЄϹϴϿϼЅІϼЋЁЂϽ ϼ ϸϹІϴϿАЁЂϽ ЀϴЁϹЄϹ: ЂЁ ЂϸϹІ ϶ ІϼЃϼЋЁЏϽ ϼЄϴЁЅϾϼϽ («ЀϼϸϼϽЅϾϼϽ») ϾЂЅІВЀ — ϸϿϼЁЁЏϽ ЄϴЅЃϴЌЁЂϽ ϾϴЈІϴЁ ϼ ЌІϴЁЏ; ϹϷЂ ϷЂϿЂ϶ЁЂϽ ЇϵЂЄ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿГϹІ ЅЂϵЂϽ ЅϹϷЀϹЁІЁЏϽ (?) ЌϿϹЀ, ЅЁϴϵϺϹЁЁЏϽ
ЄЂϷϴЀϼ ϿϼϵЂ ЁϴЍϹЋЁϼϾϴЀϼ, ЃЂϸЁГІЏЀϼ ϶϶ϹЄЉ; ϹϷЂ ϿϼЊЂ ЂϵЄϴЀϿϹЁЂ ϵЂЄЂϸЂϽ Ѕ ЇЅϴЀϼ; Ёϴ ЌϹϹ ЃЂϾϴϻϴЁϴ ϷЄϼ϶Ёϴ, ϴ ЃЂϻϴϸϼ ЌϹϼ ϼ ϷЂϿЂ϶Џ — ϾЄЇϷ Ѕ ϾЇЄЋϴ϶ЂϽ ЂϾϴЁІЂ϶ϾЂϽ, ЃϹЄϹϸϴВЍϼϽ ЃЄϼЋϹЅϾЇ ϼϿϼ ЁϼЀϵ;
ЃЄϹϸЀϹІϴЀϼ ϹϷЂ ϶ЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼГ Г϶ϿГВІЅГ ϾϼЁϺϴϿ, ϻϴІϾЁЇІЏϽ ϻϴ ЃЂГЅ, ϼ ІЂЃЂЄϼϾ Ѕ ϵЂϹ϶ЂϽ ЋϴЅІАВ, ЁϴЃЂЀϼЁϴВЍϹϽ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾϼϹ ϵЂϹ϶ЏϹ ІЂЃЂЄЏ Ёϴ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЉ ϷЄϹЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ϼЅϾЇЅЅІ϶ϴ ϾϿϴЅЅϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ (ЄϼЅ. 3, 5; 4, 5–6, 8–9), ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ ЂЁ ϸϹЄϺϼІ ϶ ЃЄϴ϶ЂϽ ЄЇϾϹ. ϦЂЃЂЄϼϾ БІЂІ, ЁϹЅЂЀЁϹЁЁЂ,
ЊϹЄϹЀЂЁϼϴϿАЁЏϽ, ЃЂϸЋϹЄϾϼ϶ϴВЍϼϽ ϶ЏЅЂϾϼϽ ЄϴЁϷ ϹϷЂ ЂϵϿϴϸϴІϹϿГ. ϣЂЅϿϹϸЁϼϽ ϼϸϹЁІϼЈϼЊϼЄЇϹІЅГ
ЃЂ-ЄϴϻЁЂЀЇ: ϾϴϾ ЂϸϼЁ ϼϻ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϼЉ ϴЄЌϴϾϼϸЅϾϼЉ ϼϿϼ ЃϹЄ϶ЏЉ ЅϴЅϴЁϼϸЅϾϼЉ ЀЂЁϴЄЉЂ϶ (Cumont 1926a:
269), ЂϵЂϺϹЅІ϶ϿϹЁЁЏϽ ЃϴЄЈГЁЅϾϼϽ ЊϴЄА (Rostovtzeff 1932: 193) ϼϿϼ ϻЁϴІЁЏϽ ЅϴЅϴЁϼϸЅϾϼϽ ϶ϼϻϼІϹЄ
(Goldman 1990: 20–22; 2000: 42). ϞϴϻϴϿЂЅА ϵЏ, ЃϴЄЈГЁЅϾϴГ ϴІЄϼϵЇЊϼГ БІЂϷЂ ЃϹЄЅЂЁϴϺϴ ϶ЏϷϿГϸϼІ ϵЂϿϹϹ ЃЄϹϸЃЂЋІϼІϹϿАЁЂϽ, ЃЂ ϾЄϴϽЁϹϽ ЀϹЄϹ Ѕ ЈЂЄЀϴϿАЁЂϽ ІЂЋϾϼ ϻЄϹЁϼГ. ϖ ЅϴЀЂЀ ϸϹϿϹ, ϾЄϹЃЂЅІА ϘЇЄϴϙ϶ЄЂЃЂЅ ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿϴЅА ЃЂϸ ϶ϿϴЅІАВ ЃϴЄЈГЁ ϶ ІϹЋϹЁϼϹ ϸЂ϶ЂϿАЁЂ ϸЂϿϷЂϷЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ — Ѕ ϾЂЁЊϴ II ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.
119
:
,
,
ϸЂ 160 Љ ϷϷ. Ё. Б., ϾЂϷϸϴ ЂЁϴ ϵЏϿϴ ϻϴЉ϶ϴЋϹЁϴ ЄϼЀϿГЁϴЀϼ. ϥϴЅϴЁϼϸЏ ϺϹ ϵЄϴϿϼ ϹϹ ϸ϶ϴϺϸЏ — ЁϹЁϴϸЂϿϷЂ
϶ 253 Ϸ. ϼ ІЄϼ ϷЂϸϴ ЅЃЇЅІГ, ЋІЂϵЏ ЂϾЂЁЋϴІϹϿАЁЂ ЄϴϻЄЇЌϼІА. ϦϹЀ ЁϹ ЀϹЁϹϹ ϶ЅϹ ϺϹ ϵЂϿАЌϹ ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁϼϽ ЅЋϼІϴІА ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴϹЀЂϹ ϷЄϴЈЈϼІЂ ЁϹ ЃϴЄЈГЁЅϾϼЀ, ϴ ЅϴЅϴЁϼϸЅϾϼЀ. ϘϹϿЂ ϶ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ ϼЀϹЁЁЂ
϶ ЂЈϼЊϼϴϿАЁЂϽ ϼϾЂЁЂϷЄϴЈϼϼ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏЉ (ЃЂ ЀϹЁАЌϹϽ ЀϹЄϹ ІЄϹЉ) ЅϴЅϴЁϼϸЅϾϼЉ ЃЄϴ϶ϼІϹϿϹϽ ІЂЃЂЄ
϶ЏЅІЇЃϴϿ ϶ ЄЂϿϼ ϴІЄϼϵЇІϴ ϶ϿϴЅІϼ. ϜЁЈЂЄЀϴЊϼГ Ђϵ БІЂЀ ЅЂϸϹЄϺϼІЅГ ϶ ЄГϸϹ ЅЄϹϸЁϹ϶ϹϾЂ϶ЏЉ ϴЄϴϵЅϾϼЉ ϼ ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾϼЉ ЅЂЋϼЁϹЁϼϽ, ЇІ϶ϹЄϺϸϴВЍϼЉ, ЋІЂ ЊϴЄА ϬϴЃЇЄ II (309–379) ϼ ЊϴЄϼЊЏ ϕЇЄϴЁϸЇЉІ
(630–631) ϼ ϔϻϴЄЀϼϸЇЉІ (631–632) ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϴϿϼЅА ЅϼϸГЍϼЀϼ Ёϴ ІЄЂЁϹ ϼ ϸϹЄϺϴЍϼЀϼ ІЂЃЂЄ ϶ ЄЇϾϹ
(Mohl 1841: 262, 266; Sarre 1938: 595–596, note 2). ϜϿϿВЅІЄϴЊϼϹϽ Ͼ ІϴϾЂϷЂ ЄЂϸϴ ЂЈϼЊϼϴϿАЁЏЀ ЃЂЄІЄϹІϴЀ, ЉЂІГ ϼ ЁϹ ЅЂ϶ЃϴϸϴВЍϹϽ Ѕ ϼЉ ЂЃϼЅϴЁϼϹЀ ϶Ђ ϶ЅϹЉ ϸϹІϴϿГЉ, ЀЂϺϹІ ЅϿЇϺϼІА ЅϹЄϹϵЄГЁЂϹ ϵϿВϸЂ
VII ϼϿϼ ЁϴЋϴϿϴ VIII ϶. Ё. Б., ЁϴϽϸϹЁЁЂϹ ϶ 1907 Ϸ. ϶ ϸϹЄ. ϞϿϼЀЂ϶ЂϽ ϣϹЄЀЅϾЂϽ ϷЇϵ. (ϢЄϵϹϿϼ, ϦЄϹ϶ϹЄ 1935:
ІϴϵϿ. 19; Belenizki 1980: Abb. 12; Harper, Meyers 1981: XVI, 117–119; pl. 35; Marschak 1986: 292–294,
437, Abb. 195; ϦЄϹ϶ϹЄ, ϟЇϾЂЁϼЁ 1987: 111, ϾϴІ. № 15, 143–144, ІϴϵϿ. 29–31), ϶ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ϾЂІЂЄЂϷЂ ЃЂϾϴϻϴЁ ЀЇϺЅϾЂϽ ЃϹЄЅЂЁϴϺ ϶ ϼЄϴЁЅϾЂϽ ЂϸϹϺϸϹ, ЅϼϸГЍϼϽ ЅЂ ЅϾЄϹЍϹЁЁЏЀϼ ЁЂϷϴЀϼ Ёϴ ІЄЂЁϹ ϶
϶ϼϸϹ ϾЇЌϹІϾϼ ϼ ЂЃϼЄϴВЍϼϽЅГ Ёϴ ϸϿϼЁЁЏϽ ЀϹЋ; ЅϿϹ϶ϴ ЂІ ЁϹϷЂ, ЃЂϻϴϸϼ ЅІЂЃϾϼ ЃЂϸЇЌϹϾ ϶Ђϻ϶ЏЌϴϹІЅГ
ІЂЃЂЄ-ЅϹϾϼЄϴ (ЄϼЅ. 6, 5). ϖЁϹ ϶ЅГϾЂϷЂ ЅЂЀЁϹЁϼГ, БІЂ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼϹ ЊϴЄГ, ϼ ІЂЃЂЄ Г϶ϿГϹІЅГ ЂϸЁЂϽ ϼϻ
ϹϷЂ ϼЁЅϼϷЁϼϽ. ϞϿϼЀЂ϶ЅϾЂϹ ϵϿВϸЂ ЂϵЏЋЁЂ ЂІЁЂЅГІ Ͼ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ϹϸϹЁϼГЀ ϻЁϴЀϹЁϼІЂϽ ЉЇϸЂϺϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϽ
ЌϾЂϿЏ ЅϴЅϴЁϼϸЅϾЂϷЂ ЅϹЄϹϵЄϴ, ЉЂІГ ЂЁЂ, ЅЇϸГ ЃЂ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏЀ ϼϾЂЁЂϷЄϴЈϼЋϹЅϾϼЀ ϼ ЅІϼϿϼЅІϼЋϹЅϾϼЀ
ЂЅЂϵϹЁЁЂЅІГЀ, ЀЂϷϿЂ ϵЏІА ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁЂ Ͼ ϶ЂЅІЂϾЇ ЂІ ЅЂϵЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂ ϜЄϴЁϴ (ЅЀ. Harper, Meyers 1981: 119).
ϖЂϻ϶ЄϴЍϴГЅА Ͼ ЃϴЄЈГЁϴЀ, ЅϿϹϸЇϹІ ЂІЀϹІϼІА, ЋІЂ ϵЂϹ϶ЏϹ ІЂЃЂЄЏ ЃЂЋІϼ ЁϹϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЏ ϸϿГ ϼЉ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴ ϶ЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼГ. ϥЄϹϸϼ ϸЂЌϹϸЌϼЉ ϸЂ ЁϴЅ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼϽ ϴЄЌϴϾϼϸЅϾЂϷЂ ϶ЂϼЁЅІ϶ϴ ІЂЃЂЄ ϶ЅІЄϹЋϴϹІЅГ ІЂϿАϾЂ ЂϸЁϴϺϸЏ — Ёϴ ϵϴІϴϿАЁЂЀ ЄϹϿАϹЈϹ (ІϴϾ ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴϹЀЂЀ ϠЂЁЇЀϹЁІϹ D/III) ϶ ϦϴЁϷ-ϼ ϥϴЄ϶ϴϾϹ
Ёϴ ВϷЂ-ϻϴЃϴϸϹ ϜЄϴЁϴ, ϶ ЃЄϹϸϹϿϴЉ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϽ ϱϿϼЀϴϼϸЏ (Henning 1952: 161–162, pl. XX; Vanden Berghe,
Schippmann 1985: 79–81, pl. 47–48; fig. 12; Kawami 1987: 105–109, 201–205, cat. no. 41, pl. 49; fig. 19;
Gall 1990: 13–19, Abb. 1; Taf. 3–4; Mathiesen 1992: 132–133, cat. no. 9), ϸϴІϼЄЇϹЀЂЀ ЂϾЂϿЂ 200–225 ϷϷ.
(ЅЀ. Mathiesen 1992: 57–70). ϙϷЂ ЊϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЇВ ЋϴЅІА ϻϴЁϼЀϴϹІ ЈϼϷЇЄϴ ϷϿϴ϶ЁЂϷЂ ϷϹЄЂГ, БϾϼЃϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϷЂ
ϾϴϾ ϾϴІϴЈЄϴϾІ (І. Ϲ. ϶ЅϴϸЁϼϾ, ЃЂϿЁЂЅІАВ ϻϴϾЄЏІЏϽ ϶ЀϹЅІϹ ЅЂ Ѕ϶ЂϼЀ ϾЂЁϹЀ ϸЂЅЃϹЉϴЀϼ) ϼ ϴІϴϾЇВЍϹϷЂ
ЃЄЂІϼ϶ЁϼϾϴ Ѕ ІГϺϹϿЂϽ ЃϼϾЂϽ ЁϴЃϹЄϹ϶ϹЅ (ЄϼЅ. 6, 4). ϛϴ ЁϼЀ, ϶ ϿϹ϶ЂЀ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹЀ ЇϷϿЇ ЄϹϿАϹЈϴ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁЏ ϸ϶ϴ ЃϹЌϼЉ ϶ЂϼЁϴ, ЂϸϼЁ ϼϻ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ, ϵϿϼϺϴϽЌϼϽ Ͼ ϾϴІϴЈЄϴϾІЇ, ЅЂϵϼЄϴϹІЅГ ϵЄЂЅϼІА ЃЂϸЁГІЏϽ Ёϴϸ
ϷЂϿЂ϶ЂϽ ϵЂϿАЌЂϽ ϾϴЀϹЁА. ϣЂϻϴϸϼ ϹϷЂ ЁЂϷ ϶ϼϸϹЁ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴϿАЁЂ ϿϹϺϴЍϼϽ ϵЂϹ϶ЂϽ ІЂЃЂЄ — БІЂ, ЃЂ ϶ЅϹϽ
϶ϼϸϼЀЂЅІϼ, ЅϹϾϼЄϴ Ѕ ϻϴЂЅІЄϹЁЁЏЀ ЃЄГЀЏЀ ЂϵЇЉЂЀ ϼ ϾϿϼЁϾЂЀ, ЋϴЅІϼЋЁЂ ϻϴϾЄЏІЏЀ ЀϴЅЅϼ϶ЁЏЀ ϸЄϹ϶ϾЂЀ ЃϼϾϼ. ϣЄϼЀϹЋϴІϹϿАЁЂ, ЋІЂ ϾЂЁϹЊ ЄЇϾЂГІϼ ЅϹϾϼЄЏ ЅЁϴϵϺϹЁ ϾЂϿАЊЂЀ ϸϿГ ЃЂϸ϶ϹЌϼ϶ϴЁϼГ Ͼ ЃЂГЅЇ
(Henning 1952: 162) ϼϿϼ Ͼ ЅϹϸϿЇ. ϣЂЅϿϹϸЁϹϹ ϵЂϿϹϹ ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂ, ϼϵЂ, ЅЂϷϿϴЅЁЂ ϸϴЁЁЏЀ ЅЄϹϸЁϹ϶ϹϾЂ϶ЂϽ
ЃϼЅАЀϹЁЁЂϽ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼϼ ϼ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϴЀ ϼϻ ЀЇϻϹϽЁЏЉ ϾЂϿϿϹϾЊϼϽ, ЃЄϼЅϹϸϹϿАЁЏϽ ІЂЃЂЄ (ЃϹЄЅ. tabarz n)
ϵЏϿ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁЁЏЀ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІЂЀ ϶ЅϴϸЁϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ϶ЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼГ ϶ ϜЄϴЁϹ ЂІ БЃЂЉϼ ЄϴЁЁϹϷЂ ϼЅϿϴЀϴ ϸЂ
ϡЂ϶ЂϷЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ (ЅЀ. Melikian-Chirvani 1979; Moshtagh Khorasani 2006: 264–266, 663–665). ϞϴϾ ϸϹЀЂЁЅІЄϼЄЇВІ ЄϹϿАϹЈ ϶ ϦϴЁϷ-ϼ ϥϴЄ϶ϴϾϹ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ϺϹϿϹϻЁЏϽ ІЂЃЂЄ-ЅϹϾϼЄϴ, ЁϴϽϸϹЁЁЏϽ ЃЄϼ ЄϴЅϾЂЃϾϴЉ Ёϴ
ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϹ ϕЉϼЄ ϠϴЇЁϸ ϶ ϦϴϾЅϼϿϹ (ϣϹЁϸϺϴϵ) (ЄϼЅ. 6, 6; Melikian-Chirvani 1979: 117–118, ЅЂ ЅЅЏϿϾЂϽ Ёϴ
Marshall 1951: 551–552, pl. 166, no. 103)15, ЃϹЄ϶ЏϹ ІϴϵϴЄϻϼЁЏ ЀЂϷϿϼ ЃЂГ϶ϼІАЅГ ЇϺϹ ϶ ЃϴЄЈГЁЅϾЂϹ ϶ЄϹЀГ.
ϣЄϴ϶ϸϴ, ЂЅІϴϹІЅГ ЁϹГЅЁЏЀ, ЃЄϼЁϴϸϿϹϺϴϿϼ Ͽϼ БІϼ ЅϹϾϼЄЏ ϼЀϹЁЁЂ ϾЂЁЁЏЀ ϶ЂϼЁϴЀ. ϕЂϿϹϹ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁЁϴГ ϼЁЈЂЄЀϴЊϼГ ЃЄϼЉЂϸϼІ ϼϻ ϴЄϴϵЅϾϼЉ ϼ ЁЂ϶ЂЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾϼЉ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾЂ϶, ЂЅ϶ϹЍϴВЍϼЉ ϼЅІЂЄϼВ ЅϴЅϴЁϼϸЅϾЂϷЂ ϜЄϴЁϴ ϶ ЃЄϴ϶ϿϹЁϼϹ ϩЂЅЄЂ϶ϴ I (531–579), ϷϸϹ ІЂЃЂЄ-ІϴϵϴЄϻϼЁ ЇЃЂЀϼЁϴϹІЅГ ЅЄϹϸϼ ЅЁϴЄГϺϹЁϼГ
ІГϺϹϿЂ϶ЂЂЄЇϺϹЁЁЂϷЂ ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾЂϷЂ ϶ЅϴϸЁϼϾϴ (Bosworth 1999: 262–263; Bivar 1972: 276, 291).
ϠϴЅЅϼ϶ЁЏϽ ϺϹϿϹϻЁЏϽ ЃЄЂЇЌЁЏϽ ІЂЃЂЄ ϸϿϼЁЂϽ 33,5 ЅЀ (ЅЇϸГ ЃЂ ЄϴϻЀϹЄϴЀ, ЅϾЂЄϹϹ ЄϴϵЂЋϼϽ,
ЋϹЀ ϵЂϹ϶ЂϽ ϼЁЅІЄЇЀϹЁІ — ЅЀ. ЁϼϺϹ, ЃЄϼЀϹЋ. 16) ϵЏϿ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁ ϶ ЃЂЀϹЍϹЁϼϼ 3 «ϕЂϿАЌЂϷЂ Ͼ϶ϴϸЄϴІЁЂϷЂ ϸЂЀϴ» ϶ ϥІϴЄЂϽ ϡϼЅϹ (Pilipko 2006: 263, 270, fig. 2, 6; 10, 1; ϣϼϿϼЃϾЂ 2001: 160, ЄϼЅ. 224, 6)
(ЄϼЅ. 6, 7). ϡϴϸЂ ЃЂϿϴϷϴІА, ЋІЂ ЂЁ, ϾϴϾ ϼ ЃϴЄϴϸЁЏϽ ЅϹЄϹϵЄГЁЏϽ ϾϿϹ϶ϹЊ, ЃЂЃϴϿ ІЇϸϴ ϶ ϾϴЋϹЅІ϶Ϲ ϶ЂϹЁЁЂϷЂ ІЄЂЈϹГ ϼ ϶ЄГϸ Ͽϼ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴϿЅГ ЅϴЀϼЀϼ ЃϴЄЈГЁϴЀϼ.
Ϝϻ ЄϴЅϾЂЃЂϾ ϶ ϤϴЌϼ (ЃЄЂ϶ϼЁЊϼГ ϗϼϿГЁ) ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸϼІ ϺϹϿϹϻЁЏϽ ϶ІЇϿАЋϴІЏϽ ІЂЃЂЄ-ЅϹϾϼЄϴ
Ѕ ϾЂЄЂІϾϼЀ ЂϵЇЉЂЀ, ЁЏЁϹ ЉЄϴЁГЍϼϽЅГ ϶ ϜЄϴЁЅϾЂЀ ЁϴЊϼЂЁϴϿАЁЂЀ ЀЇϻϹϹ ϼ ϴІЄϼϵЇІϼЄЇϹЀЏϽ ϾϴϾ
ЂІЁЂЅГЍϼϽЅГ Ͼ ЃϴЄЈГЁЅϾЂЀЇ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЇ; ϸϿϼЁϴ ϹϷЂ ϵЂϹ϶ЂϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿГϹІ 13,5 ЅЀ, ϶ІЇϿϾϼ —
15
ϥϿϹϸЇϹІ ϼЀϹІА ϶ ϶ϼϸЇ, ЋІЂ ϸϼЄϹϾІЂЄ ЄϴЅϾЂЃЂϾ ϶ ϦϴϾЅϼϿϹ ϘϺ. ϠϴЄЌϴϿϿ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴϿ БІЂІ ІЂЃЂЄ III
ϼϿϼ II ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (Marshall 1951: 551), ІЂϷϸϴ ϾϴϾ ϔ. ϠϹϿϼϾГЁ-ϬϼЄ϶ϴЁϼ ϵϹϻ ϾϴϾϼЉ-ϿϼϵЂ ЂϵЎГЅЁϹЁϼϽ ЂІЁϹЅ ϹϷЂ ϾЂ
II ϶. Ё. Б. (Melikian-Chirvani 1979: 118).
120
4,5 ЅЀ (Moshtagh Khorasani 2006: 264, 662, cat. no. 349, fig. 333) (ЄϼЅ. 6, 3). ϖЃЄЂЋϹЀ, ϹϷЂ ЃЄϼЁϴϸϿϹϺЁЂЅІА Ͼ ЅЂϵЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂ ЃϴЄЈГЁЅϾЂЀЇ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЇ ϶ЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼГ ЀϴϿЂ϶ϹЄЂГІЁϴ, ЅϾЂЄϹϹ ϶ЅϹϷЂ,
ЂЁ ϵЏϿ ЂЄЇϺϼϹЀ ЀϹЅІЁЂϷЂ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼГ. ϖ ϸЄϹ϶ЁЂЅІϼ ϶ ϷЂЄЁЂϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ϗϼϿГЁϴ ϺϼϿϼ ϶ЂϼЁЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏϹ
ϼ Ѕ϶ЂϵЂϸЂϿВϵϼ϶ЏϹ ϸϹϽϿϹЀϼІЏ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЅϿϴ϶ϼϿϼЅА Ѕ϶ЂϹϽ ЃϹЉЂІЂϽ ϼ ЁϹЂϸЁЂϾЄϴІЁЂ ϶ЏЅІЇЃϴϿϼ
϶ ϾϴЋϹЅІ϶Ϲ ЅЂВϻЁϼϾЂ϶ ϼ ЁϴϹЀЁϼϾЂ϶ Ёϴ ЅІЂЄЂЁϹ ϔЄЌϴϾϼϸЂ϶ (ϡϼϾЂЁЂЄЂ϶ 2005: 145) ϼ ϥϴЅϴЁϼϸЂ϶
(Bosworth 1999: 160, note 405; ϠϴІ϶ϹϹ϶ 2005: 229–230; ϡϼϾЂЁЂЄЂ϶ 2005: 145, ЃЄϼЀϹЋ. 17), ϴ ϻϴІϹЀ
ϴЄϴϵЅϾϼЉ ЉϴϿϼЈЂ϶, ϕЇϼϸЂ϶, ϗϴϻЁϹ϶ϼϸЂ϶ ϼ ϥϹϿАϸϺЇϾϼϸЂ϶ (Bosworth 1960; 1967; ϠϴІ϶ϹϹ϶ 2005:
225–228, 230–235). Ϝϻ϶ϹЅІЁЂ, ЋІЂ ЂЁϼ ϵЏϿϼ ϶ЂЂЄЇϺϹЁЏ ϵЂϹ϶ЏЀϼ ІЂЃЂЄϴЀϼ — ЃЂ ϾЄϴϽЁϹϽ ЀϹЄϹ,
ІϹ ЈϼϷЇЄϼЄЇВІ ϾϴϾ ЂЄЇϺϼϹ ϸϹϽϿϹЀϼІЅϾϼЉ ϶ЂϼЁЂ϶, ϶ЉЂϸϼ϶ЌϼЉ ϶ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ ϴЄЀϼϼ ϕЇϼϸЂ϶ (X–XI ϶϶.)
ϼ Ϸ϶ϴЄϸϼϼ ІϹϿЂЉЄϴЁϼІϹϿϹϽ ЈϴІϼЀϼϸЅϾЂϷЂ ЉϴϿϼЈϴ ϴϿ-ϠЇЅІϴЁЅϼЄϴ (XI ϶.) (Bosworth 1967: 149, 151,
158–159; ϠϴІ϶ϹϹ϶ 2005: 231). ϙЅϿϼ ϶ЅЃЂЀЁϼІА ЋϹϾϴЁ ϼϻ ϖϴЅϾϹ (ЅЀ. ϶ЏЌϹ ϼ ЄϼЅ. 3, 7), ІЂ ЀЂϺЁЂ
ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϼІА, ЋІЂ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼГ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ϵЂϹ϶ЏЉ ІЂЃЂЄЂ϶ ϶ ϗϼϿГЁϹ ϶ЂЅЉЂϸϼІ Ͼ ϴЉϹЀϹЁϼϸЅϾЂЀЇ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ. ϱІЁϼЋϹЅϾЂϹ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼϹ ϸϹϽϿϹЀϼІЂ϶ ЁϹ ЀЂϺϹІ ϵЏІА ІЂЋЁЂ ЇЅІϴЁЂ϶ϿϹЁЂ ϼ
ІЄϴϾІЇϹІЅГ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿГЀϼ ЃЂ-ЄϴϻЁЂЀЇ: ЂϸЁϼ ЅЋϼІϴВІ ϼЉ ϼЄϴЁЊϴЀϼ (Fishbein 1990: 90, note
336), ϸЄЇϷϼϹ — ϴ϶ІЂЉІЂЁЁЏЀ ЁϴЄЂϸЂЀ, Ϻϼ϶ЌϼЀ ϶ ϲϺЁЂЀ ϣЄϼϾϴЅЃϼϼ ϹЍϹ ϸЂ ЃЄϼЉЂϸϴ ϼЄϴЁЅϾϼЉ
ЃϿϹЀϹЁ (Minorsky 1991: 190).
ϘЂЅІϴІЂЋЁЂ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϼІϹϿАЁϴГ ϾЂϿϿϹϾЊϼГ ϼϻ ϶ЂЅАЀϼ ϺϹϿϹϻЁЏЉ ІЂЃЂЄЂ϶-ЅϹϾϼЄ ϵЏϿϴ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁϴ ϶ ЉЂϸϹ ЄϴЅϾЂЃЂϾ Ёϴ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϹ ϥϼЄϾϴЃ ϶ ϦϴϾЅϼϿϹ (Marshall 1951: 551–552, pl. 166, no. 104–111)
(ЄϼЅ. 7, 1–8). ϖЅϹ ЂЁϼ ЃЄЂЇЌЁЏϹ, ϴ ЁϹ ϶ІЇϿАЋϴІЏϹ («socketed»), ϾϴϾ ЇϾϴϻϴЁЂ ϶ ЃЇϵϿϼϾϴЊϼϼ, ϼЉ ϸϿϼЁϴ
϶ϴЄАϼЄЇϹІ ЂІ 9,2 ϸЂ 17,2 ЅЀ. ϢІϿϼЋϼІϹϿАЁϴГ ЂЅЂϵϹЁЁЂЅІА БІϼЉ ЂЄЇϸϼϽ — ЃЂЋІϼ ЃЂϿЁЂϹ ЂІЅЇІЅІ϶ϼϹ Ї
ЁϼЉ ϶ЏЅІЇЃϴВЍϹϽ ЂϵЇЌϾЂ϶ЂϽ ЋϴЅІϼ, ЋІЂ ЅϴЀЂ ЃЂ ЅϹϵϹ ЀЂϺϹІ ЅϿЇϺϼІА ЇϾϴϻϴЁϼϹЀ Ёϴ ϼЉ ЃЄϹϼЀЇЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂ ЉЂϻГϽЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϹ ЇЃЂІЄϹϵϿϹЁϼϹ. ϙЅϿϼ ЃЄϼЀϹЁϼІА Ͼ ЁϼЀ ϾϿϴЅЅϼЈϼϾϴЊϼВ, ЄϴϻЄϴϵЂІϴЁЁЇВ ϸϿГ
ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹЄЇЅЅϾϼЉ ІЂЃЂЄЂ϶ IX–XIII ϶϶. (ЅЀ. ϞϼЄЃϼЋЁϼϾЂ϶ 1966: 28–29)16, ІЂ ЂЁϼ ϸЂϿϺЁЏ ϵЏІА ЂІЁϹЅϹЁЏ
ϾЂ ϶ІЂЄЂϽ ϼ ІЄϹІАϼЀ ϷЄЇЃЃϴЀ — ЅϹϾϼЄϴЀ ІϴϾ ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴϹЀЏЉ ЀϴϿЏЉ ЈЂЄЀ (ЇЀϹЁАЌϹЁЁЏϹ ϾЂЃϼϼ ЄϴϵЂЋϼЉ ІЂЃЂЄЂ϶, ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴ϶ЌϼϹЅГ ϶ ЉЂϸϹ ϶ЂϹЁЁЏЉ ϾϴЀЃϴЁϼϽ ЇЁϼ϶ϹЄЅϴϿАЁЂ — ϼ ϾϴϾ ϵЂϹ϶ЂϹ ЂЄЇϺϼϹ,
ϼ ϾϴϾ ЉЂϻГϽЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏϹ ϼЁЅІЄЇЀϹЁІЏ) ϼ ЄϴϵЂЋϼЀ ІЂЃЂЄϴЀ. ϦЂЃЂЄЏ ϼϻ ϥϼЄϾϴЃϴ ϸϴІϼЄЇВІЅГ ϴ϶ІЂЄЂЀ
ЃЇϵϿϼϾϴЊϼϼ I ϶. Ё. Б. (Marshall 1951: 551), ϼ ϹЅϿϼ ЃЄϹϸϿЂϺϹЁЁϴГ ϼЀ ϸϴІϴ ϶ϹЄЁϴ, ІЂ ЂЁϴ ЃЄϼЉЂϸϼІЅГ
Ёϴ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЏ ϶ϿϴϸЏЋϹЅІ϶ϴ ϶ ϦϴϾЅϼϿϹ ЃЂϻϸЁϼЉ ϼЁϸЂ-ЅϴϾЂ϶, ϼЁϸЂ-ЃϴЄЈГЁ (ЃϴЉϿϴ϶Ђ϶) ϼ ЄϴЁЁϼЉ ϾЇЌϴЁ
(ЅЀ. Ibid.: 85). ϣЂ БІЂϽ ЃЄϼЋϼЁϹ ϸϴЁЁЏϹ ЂЄЇϸϼГ ЀЂϷЇІ ϵЏІА Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁЏ Ѕ ЃϴЄЈГЁϴЀϼ ϼϿϼ ϿВϵЏЀ ϸЄЇϷϼЀ ϼϻ ЃϹЄϹЋϼЅϿϹЁЁЏЉ ЁϴЄЂϸЂ϶ ϶ ϿЇЋЌϹЀ ЅϿЇЋϴϹ ϿϼЌА ϷϼЃЂІϹІϼЋϹЅϾϼ, ЁϹ ϷЂ϶ЂЄГ ЇϺϹ Ђ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ ϼЉ
ϼЁЂϻϹЀЁЂϹ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼϹ Ёϴ ЁЏЁϹЌЁϹЀ ЇЄЂ϶ЁϹ ЁϴЌϼЉ ϻЁϴЁϼϽ Ђ ЅϴϾЅϾϼЉ, ЃϴЄЈГЁЅϾϼЉ ϼ ϾЇЌϴЁЅϾϼЉ ІЂЃЂЄϴЉ-ЅϹϾϼЄϴЉ ЁϹ ЀЂϺϹІ ϵЏІА ϸЂϾϴϻϴЁЂ.
ϣЄϼ ЄϴЅЅЀЂІЄϹЁϼϼ Ѕ϶ϹϸϹЁϼϽ Ђ ІЂЃЂЄϴЉ ЃϴЄЈГЁ ЁϴЀϹЄϹЁЁЂ ϵЏϿϼ ϼЅϾϿВЋϹЁЏ ІϹ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϻϼІϹϿАЁЏϹ ϸϴЁЁЏϹ Ђϵ БІЂЀ ϶ϼϸϹ ϶ЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼГ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁЏ Ѕ ϷЄϹЋϹЅϾϼЀ ϼ ЅϹЀϼІЅϾϼЀ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼϹЀ ϜЄϴЁϴ ϼ ϠϹЅЂЃЂІϴЀϼϼ ϴЄЌϴϾϼϸЅϾЂϽ БЃЂЉϼ. ϢϷЄϴЁϼЋЇЅА ІЂϿАϾЂ ϾЄϴІϾϼЀ ЃϹЄϹЋϼЅϿϹЁϼϹЀ
ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ϼЅϾЇЅЅІ϶ϴ Ѕ ϼЉ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼГЀϼ: БІЂ ϾЂЅІГЁЏϹ ЄϼІЂЁЏ ϼϻ «ϥЂϾЄЂ϶ϼЍЁϼЊЏ» ϥІϴЄЂϽ
ϡϼЅЏ (ϠϴЅЅЂЁ, ϣЇϷϴЋϹЁϾЂ϶ϴ 1959: 90–91, 107, 133, 144–145, 148, 181, 183, ЄϼЅ. 35)17, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ
16
ϔ. ϡ. ϞϼЄЃϼЋЁϼϾЂ϶ЏЀ ϶ЏϸϹϿГВІЅГ ІЄϼ ϷЄЇЃЃЏ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹЄЇЅЅϾϼЉ ІЂЃЂЄЂ϶: «1. ϥЃϹЊϼϴϿАЁЂ ϵЂϹ϶ЏϹ
ІЂЃЂЄϼϾϼ-ЀЂϿЂІϾϼ, ІЂЃЂЄϼϾϼ Ѕ ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁϼГЀϼ, ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЏϹ ЃЂ ϾЂЁЅІЄЇϾЊϼϼ ϼ ЁϹϻЁϴЋϼІϹϿАЁЏϹ ЃЂ Ѕ϶ЂϹЀЇ ЄϴϻЀϹЄЇ. ϕЂϿАЌϼЁЅІ϶Ђ ϼϻ ЁϼЉ <…> ЁϹ ϼЀϹϹІ ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼϽ Ѕ ЈЂЄЀϴЀϼ ЄϴϵЂЋϼЉ ІЂЃЂЄЂ϶. 2. ϥϹϾϼЄЏ «ЀϴϿЏЉ ЈЂЄЀ»,
ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴϿϼЅА ϶ ϶ЂϹЁЁЏЉ ЊϹϿГЉ ϾϴϾ ЇЁϼ϶ϹЄЅϴϿАЁЏϽ ϼЁЅІЄЇЀϹЁІ ϶Ђ ϶ЄϹЀГ ЃЂЉЂϸϴ ϼ ϵЂГ <…> ϢЁϼ
ЃЂ ЈЂЄЀϹ ЂЋϹЁА ЃЂЉЂϺϼ Ёϴ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏϹ ІЂЃЂЄЏ, Г϶ϿГГЅА ϾϴϾ ϵЏ ЀϼЁϼϴІВЄЁЂϽ ϾЂЃϼϹϽ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϼЉ. 3.
ϦГϺϹϿЏϹ ϼ ЀϴЅЅϼ϶ЁЏϹ ЄϴϵЂЋϼϹ ІЂЃЂЄЏ. ϡϴ ϶ЂϽЁϹ, ЃЂ-϶ϼϸϼЀЂЀЇ, ЇЃЂІЄϹϵϿГϿϼЅА ЄϹϸϾЂ» (ϞϼЄЃϼЋЁϼϾЂ϶ 1966:
29). ϡϴЅЋϹІ ϼЉ ЄϴϻЀϹЄЂ϶ ЁϴЃϼЅϴЁЂ ЅϿϹϸЇВЍϹϹ: «ϥЂІЁϼ ЃЄЂϸϹϿϴЁЁЏЉ ϼϻЀϹЄϹЁϼϽ ЃЂϾϴϻЏ϶ϴВІ ЂϵЏЋЁЏϹ ЄϴϻЀϹЄЏ ϵЂϹ϶ЏЉ ІЂЃЂЄЂ϶ (ϻϴ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏЀϼ ϼЅϾϿВЋϹЁϼГЀϼ): ϸϿϼЁϴ ϿϹϻ϶ϼГ 9–15 ЅЀ, ЌϼЄϼЁϴ ϸЂ 10–12 ЅЀ, ϸϼϴЀϹІЄ
ЂϵЇЌЁЂϷЂ ЂІ϶ϹЄЅІϼГ 2–3 ЅЀ, ϶ϹЅ ϸЂ 450 Ϸ. ϱІϼ ϼϻЀϹЄϹЁϼГ ЃЂ϶ІЂЄГВІЅГ Ёϴ ЅЃϹЊϼϴϿАЁЂ ϵЂϹ϶ЏЉ ІЂЃЂЄϼϾϴЉ,
ϼЀϹВЍϼЉ, ЃЄϴ϶ϸϴ, ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾЂ ЀϹЁАЌϼϽ ϶ϹЅ (϶ ЅЄϹϸЁϹЀ 200–350 Ϸ). ϧЅІϴЁЂ϶ϿϹЁЁЏϹ ϶ЏЌϹ ЄϴϻЀϹЄЏ ЃЄϼЅЇЍϼ
ϵЂϿАЌϼЁЅІ϶Ї ЅϹϾϼЄ, ЁϴϽϸϹЁЁЏЉ ϶ ϸЄЇϺϼЁЁЏЉ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГЉ. ϖ Ѕ϶ЂВ ЂЋϹЄϹϸА ЁϴЉЂϺϸϹЁϼϹ ІϴϾϼЉ ІЂЃЂЄЂ϶ ϶
ϾЇЄϷϴЁϴЉ ϶ЂϼЁЂ϶ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ЇϹІ Ђϵ ϼЉ ϵЂϹ϶ЂЀ ЁϴϻЁϴЋϹЁϼϼ. ϖ ЂІϿϼЋϼϹ ЂІ ϵЂϹ϶ЏЉ ЄϴϻЀϹЄЏ ЄϴϵЂЋϼЉ ІЂЃЂЄЂ϶
ЅϿϹϸЇВЍϼϹ: ϸϿϼЁϴ 15–22 ЅЀ (ЋϴЍϹ 17–18 ЅЀ), ЌϼЄϼЁϴ ϿϹϻ϶ϼГ 9–14,5 ЅЀ, ϸϼϴЀϹІЄ ϶ІЇϿϾϼ 3–4,5 ЅЀ, ЂϵЏЋЁЏϽ
϶ϹЅ 600–800 Ϸ» (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ: 28).
17
ϣϹЄ϶ЂЁϴЋϴϿАЁϴГ ϴІЄϼϵЇЊϼГ БІϼЉ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІЂ϶ ϾϴϾ ЃϴЄЈГЁЅϾϼЉ, ϵϴϻϼЄЇВЍϴГЅГ, ЃЂ ЅЇІϼ, ІЂϿАϾЂ Ёϴ
ЈϴϾІϹ ϼЉ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁϼГ Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϽ ϣϴЄЈϼϹЁЏ, ЇϺϹ ϸϴ϶ЁЂ ϵЏϿϴ ЃЂϸ϶ϹЄϷЁЇІϴ ЅЃЄϴ϶ϹϸϿϼ϶ЂϽ ϾЄϼІϼϾϹ. ϣЂ ϶ЅϹϽ ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂЅІϼ, ЂЁϼ ϵЏϿϼ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁЏ ϶ ϗЄϹϾЂ-ϕϴϾІЄϼϼ (ЅЀ. Ghirshman 1962: 30; Barnett 1968: 49,
Bernard 1985: 89–91).
121
:
,
,
ЄϹϿАϹЈЏ ϼϻ ϩϴІЄЏ (Winkelmann 2004: 248–253, 274–279, Kat. Nr. 102–103, 111–113; Ghirshman
1962: fig. 98; Safar, Mustafa 1974: 190–193, 200, fig. 183; 191; Salihi 1971: 113, pl. XXXIII; 1983:
141, 144, pl. XVII, b–c; XVIII, b), ϘЇЄϴ-ϙ϶ЄЂЃЂЅ (Perkins 1973: 100–101, fig. 41) ϼ ϾЂϿϿϹϾЊϼϼ Ϡ.
ϨЂЄЇϷϼ (Ghirshman 1975: 229, pl. I). ϡϴϸЂ ЃЂϿϴϷϴІА, ЋІЂ ϶ЅϹ ЂЁϼ ЂІЄϴϺϴВІ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼϼ ϶ЂϹЁЁЂϷЂ,
ϵЏІЂ϶ЂϷЂ ϼ ϾЇϿАІЂ϶ЂϷЂ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄϴ, ϼϻϸЄϹ϶ϿϹ ЅϿЂϺϼ϶ЌϼϹЅГ ϶ ЅЄϹϸϹ ЁϹϼЄϴЁЅϾϼЉ ЁϴЄЂϸЂ϶, ЂϾϴϻϴ϶ЌϼЉЅГ ϶ ЅЂЅІϴ϶Ϲ ϣϴЄЈГЁЅϾЂϽ ϼЀЃϹЄϼϼ.
. 7. ϚϹϿϹϻЁЏϹ ІЂЃЂЄЏ ϼϻ ϥϼЄϾϴЃϴ ϶ ϦϴϾЅϼϿϹ (ЃЂ Marshall 1951)
Fig. 7. Iron axes from Sirkap at Taxila (after Marshall 1951)
122
ϣЂϸ϶ЂϸГ ϼІЂϷ ЅϾϴϻϴЁЁЂЀЇ ϶ЏЌϹ, ЀЂϺЁЂ Ѕ ЃЂϿЁЂϽ Ї϶ϹЄϹЁЁЂЅІАВ ϷЂ϶ЂЄϼІА, ЋІЂ ІЂЃЂЄЏ ЁϹ
ЃЂϿЇЋϼϿϼ ЅϾЂϿАϾЂ-ЁϼϵЇϸА ϻЁϴЋϼІϹϿАЁЂϷЂ ЃЄϼЀϹЁϹЁϼГ Ёϼ ϶ ϶ЂϹЁЁЂЀ ϸϹϿϹ, Ёϼ ϶ ЄϼІЇϴϿАЁЂ-ЊϹЄϹЀЂЁϼϴϿАЁЂϽ ЃЄϴϾІϼϾϹ ЃϴЄЈГЁ. ϥϼІЇϴЊϼГ ϶ ϜЄϴЁϹ ЃЄϼ ϥϴЅϴЁϼϸϴЉ ϵЏϿϴ ЇϺϹ ϼЁЂϽ: ЁϹ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϹ
ЅϹЄϹϸϼЁЏ III ϶. ІЂЃЂЄ ЅІϴЁЂ϶ϼІЅГ ЃϴЄϴϸЁЏЀ ϴІЄϼϵЇІЂЀ ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾϼЉ ЊϴЄϹϽ (ЄϼЅ. 6, 2), ϼ ЁϹ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϹ
VI ϶. ϵЂϹ϶ϴГ ЅϹϾϼЄϴ-ІϴϵϴЄϻϼЁ ЃЄЂЋЁЂ ϶ЉЂϸϼІ ϶ ϴЄЅϹЁϴϿ ϶ЂϼЁϴ ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾЂϽ ІГϺϹϿЂϽ Ͼϴ϶ϴϿϹЄϼϼ.
ϥϿϹϸЇВЍϼϽ ϵϿЂϾ ϼЁІϹЄϹЅЇВЍϹϽ ЁϴЅ ϼЁЈЂЄЀϴЊϼϼ Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁ Ѕ ϥЂϷϸЂЀ — ϼЅІЂЄϼϾЂ-ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϽ
ЂϵϿϴЅІАВ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϔϻϼϼ, ЄϴЅЃЂϿϴϷϴ϶ЌϹϽЅГ ϶ ϸЂϿϼЁϴЉ Є. ϛϹЄϴ϶ЌϴЁ ϼ ϞϴЌϾϴϸϴЄАГ, ϾЂЄϹЁЁЂϹ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼϹ ϾЂІЂЄЂϽ ϷЂ϶ЂЄϼϿЂ Ёϴ ЂϸЁЂЀ ϼϻ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂϼЄϴЁЅϾϼЉ ГϻЏϾЂ϶. ϜϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼГ ІЂЃЂЄЂ϶ ϶ЅІЄϹЋϴВІЅГ
Ёϴ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЉ ЅЂϷϸϼϽЅϾЂϷЂ ϼЅϾЇЅЅІ϶ϴ БЃЂЉϼ ЄϴЁЁϹϷЂ ЅЄϹϸЁϹ϶ϹϾЂ϶АГ ЅЄϴ϶ЁϼІϹϿАЁЂ ЋϴЅІЂ. ϦϴϾ, БІЂІ
ЃЄϹϸЀϹІ ϶ЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼГ ϸϹЄϺϼІ ϶ ЃЄϴ϶ЂϽ ЃЂϸЁГІЂϽ ЄЇϾϹ ЀЇϺЅϾЂϽ ϵЂЄЂϸϴІЏϽ ЃϹЄЅЂЁϴϺ Ёϴ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІϹ
ЂЅЅЇϴЄϼГ VI ϼϿϼ VII ϶. ϼϻ ϕϼГ-ϡϴϽЀϴЁϴ ϶ ϥϴЀϴЄϾϴϸЅϾЂϽ ЂϵϿ. (ϣЇϷϴЋϹЁϾЂ϶ϴ 1987: 112, 114/ϕЁ-2; ϗЄϹЁБ
1987: 47, 51, ЄϼЅ. 7) (ЄϼЅ. 8, 1) — ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ, БІЂ ϬϴЉЄϹ϶ϴЄ, ЂϸϼЁ ϼϻ ϔЀϹЌϴ ϥЃϹЁІϴ (ϵЂϺϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЉ
ЅЇЍЁЂЅІϹϽ ϶ ϻЂЄЂϴЅІЄϼϻЀϹ), ЋϹϽ ЂϵЄϴϻ ϶ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂЀ ϜЄϴЁϹ ϵЏϿ ЁϴϸϹϿϹЁ ϶ЂϹЁЁЂϽ ЈЇЁϾЊϼϹϽ ϹЍϹ ϶
ϸЂЅϴЅϴЁϼϸЅϾЂϹ ϶ЄϹЀГ (ЅЀ. ϗЄϹЁБ 1987: 51). ϖ ЁϼϺЁϹϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ЅЊϹЁЏ ЃЂϹϸϼЁϾϴ ϸ϶ЇЉ ЃϹЌϼЉ ϶ϼІГϻϹϽ Ёϴ
ЅЂϷϸϼϽЅϾЂЀ ЅϹЄϹϵЄГЁЂЀ ϵϿВϸϹ VII ϶., ЁϴϽϸϹЁЁЂЀ ϶ 1893 Ϸ. ϶ ϸϹЄ. ϞЇϿϴϷЏЌ ϣϹЄЀЅϾЂϽ ϷЇϵ., ЃЂϾϴϻϴЁЏ ϸ϶Ϲ ϵЄЂЌϹЁЁЏϹ ЁϴϻϹЀА ЅϹϾϼЄЏ Ѕ ϻϴЂЅІЄϹЁЁЏЀϼ ЃЄГЀЏЀϼ ЂϵЇЉϴЀϼ ϼ ЅϿЂЀϴЁЁЏЀϼ ІЂЃЂЄϼЍϴЀϼ (ϢЄϵϹϿϼ, ϦЄϹ϶ϹЄ 1935: ІϴϵϿ. 21; Belenizki 1980: Abb. 13; Marschak 1986: 284–285, 437, Abb. 198;
ϠϴЄЌϴϾ 2009: 61, 63) (ЄϼЅ. 9, 1). ϜϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼϹ ϵЂϹ϶ЂϽ ЅϹϾϼЄЏ ЅЂЉЄϴЁϼϿЂЅА Ёϴ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІϹ ЅІϹЁЂЃϼЅϼ
϶ІЂЄЂϽ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁЏ VII ϶. ϼϻ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϴ ϔЈЄϴЅϼϴϵ ϶ ϥϴЀϴЄϾϴЁϸϹ, ϷϸϹ ЉЂЄЂЌЂ ϶ϼϸЁЏ ЄЇϾЂГІА ϼ ϾϿϼЁЂϾ
ЂЄЇϺϼГ (ϔϿАϵϴЇЀ 1975: 83, ІϴϵϿ. L) (ЄϼЅ. 8, 2). ϦЂЃЂЄϼϾЂЀ Ѕ ІЄϹЇϷЂϿАЁЏЀ ϾϿϼЁϾЂЀ (ЈЂЄЀϴ ϹϷЂ ЂϵЇЉϴ ЁϹ ГЅЁϴ ϼϻ-ϻϴ ЃϿЂЉЂϽ ЅЂЉЄϴЁЁЂЅІϼ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼГ) ЅЄϴϺϴϹІЅГ Ѕ ЈϴЁІϴЅІϼЋϹЅϾϼЀ ϻ϶ϹЄϹЀ ЅϼϸГЍϼϽ
Ёϴ ЅϿЂЁϹ ϷϹЄЂϽ (ϵЂϺϹЅІ϶Ђ?), ϻϴЃϹЋϴІϿϹЁЁЏϽ ϶ ЁϴЅІϹЁЁЂϽ Ϻϼ϶ЂЃϼЅϼ ϾЂЁЊϴ VII — ЃϹЄ϶ЂϽ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁЏ VIII ϶. ϼϻ ϸ϶ЂЄЊϴ ЃЄϴ϶ϼІϹϿϹϽ ϕЇЉϴЄЏ ϶ ϖϴЄϴЉЌϹ (ϬϼЌϾϼЁ 1963: 156, 218, ІϴϵϿ. XI) (ЄϼЅ. 9, 2).
ϦЂЃЂЄЏ ϶ЅІЄϹЋϴВІЅГ ІϴϾϺϹ Ёϴ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ϼϻ ЅЂЉЄϴЁϼ϶ЌϼЉЅГ ЈЄϹЅЂϾ ЁϴЋϴϿϴ VIII ϶. ϼϻ
ϣϹЁϸϺϼϾϹЁІϴ. ϦϴϾ, ϶ ϾϴЋϹЅІ϶Ϲ ЅϼЀ϶ЂϿϴ ϶ϿϴЅІϼ ІЂЃЂЄ ЈϼϷЇЄϼЄЇϹІ ϶ ЄЇϾϹ ЃϹЄЅЂЁϴϺϴ Г϶ЁЂ ϶ЏЅЂϾЂϷЂ
ЄϴЁϷϴ Ёϴ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІϹ ЅІϹЁЂЃϼЅϼ ϼϻ ЂϵЎϹϾІϴ XXIII/50 (Raspopova 2006: fig. 18) (ЄϼЅ. 8, 7). Ϙ϶ϴ (ϼϿϼ
ІЄϼ) ІЂЃЂЄϴ ЃЂϾϴϻϴЁЏ Ёϴ ЄЂЅЃϼЅГЉ ϼϻ ЃЂЀϹЍϹЁϼГ VI/1 (ЅЀ. ϘАГϾЂЁЂ϶ 1954: 119–120, ІϴϵϿ. XXXV–
XXXVI; XXXIX; ϕϹϿϹЁϼЊϾϼϽ 1959: 15–16, ІϴϵϿ. VII, ; VIII, – ; 1973: 18–21; Belenizki 1980: 78–
80, 82–83; ϤϴЅЃЂЃЂ϶ϴ 1980: ЄϼЅ. 57; Marshak 2002: 145, 147, 149, fig. 97–98; 100; pl. 16). ϗϿϴ϶ЁЂϹ ϸϹϽЅІ϶ЇВЍϹϹ ϿϼЊЂ ЂϸЁЂϽ ϼϻ ЁϼЉ, ЄϴЅЃЂϿϴϷϴ϶ЌϹϽЅГ Ёϴ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЁЂЀ ϾЂЁЊϹ ϻϴЃϴϸЁЂϽ ЅІϹЁЏ, — ЃЄϴ϶ϼІϹϿА
϶ ϾЄЏϿϴІЂϽ ϾЂЄЂЁϹ, ЅϼϸГЍϼϽ Ёϴ ЅϾϿϴϸЁЂЀ ЅІЇϿϹ, ϸϹЄϺϼІ ІЂЃЂЄϼϾ ϻϴ ϵЂϹ϶ЇВ ЋϴЅІА ЃϴϿАЊϴЀϼ ϿϹ϶ЂϽ
ЄЇϾϼ (ЄϼЅ. 8, 3). ϢЄЇϺϼϹ БІЂ Г϶ЁЂ ЊϹЄϹЀЂЁϼϴϿАЁЂϹ, ЃЂϸЋϹЄϾϼ϶ϴВЍϹϹ ЊϴЄЅϾЂϹ ϸЂЅІЂϼЁЅІ϶Ђ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁЁЂϷЂ ЃϹЄЅЂЁϴϺϴ. ϡϴ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІϹ ЅІϹЁЂЃϼЅϼ ϵϴІϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ЅЂϸϹЄϺϴЁϼГ Ёϴ ВϺЁЂϽ ЅІϹЁϹ ϶ϼϸϹЁ ϿϹϺϴЍϼϽ Ёϴ ϻϹЀϿϹ ϵЂϹ϶ЂϽ ІЂЃЂЄ Ѕ ϼϻЂϷЁЇІЏЀ ϶Ёϼϻ ЂϵЇЉЂЀ ϼ ЃϿЂЉЂ ЄϴϻϿϼЋϼЀЂϽ ЈЂЄЀЂϽ ϾϿϼЁϾϴ, ЅϾЂЄϹϹ
϶ЅϹϷЂ ЅϿЂЀϴЁЁЂϷЂ; ІЂЄϹЊ ЄЇϾЂГІϼ ЅЁϴϵϺϹЁ ϾЄЇϷϿЏЀ ЁϴϵϴϿϸϴЌЁϼϾЂЀ, ϶ЏЌϹ ϾЂІЂЄЂϷЂ ЄϴЅЃЂϿϴϷϴϹІЅГ
ϸЄЇϷЂϽ ЁϹϵЂϿАЌЂϽ ϾЄЇϷϿЏϽ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІ — ЂЋϹ϶ϼϸЁЂ, ЈϼϾЅϴІЂЄ ϸϿϼЁЏ Љ϶ϴІϴ. ϠϹϺϸЇ ϸ϶ЇЀГ ЈϼϷЇЄϴЀϼ,
ЅІЂГЍϼЀϼ ЃЄϴ϶ϹϹ, ϻϴЀϹІЁϴ ЁϼϺЁГГ ЋϴЅІА ЄЇϾЂГІϼ Ѕ ЁϴϵϴϿϸϴЌЁϼϾЂЀ ϼ ЈϼϾЅϴІЂЄЂЀ, ЃЄϼЁϴϸϿϹϺϴ϶ЌϹϽ, ЅЇϸГ ЃЂ ϶ЅϹЀЇ, ϸЄЇϷЂЀЇ ІЂЃЂЄЇ, ІϴϾϺϹ ЅϿЂЀϴ϶ЌϹЀЇЅГ ϶Ђ ϶ЄϹЀГ ϵЂГ (ЄϼЅ. 8, 5). ϥϹϾϼЄϴ, ЂІϵЄЂЌϹЁЁϴГ ϻϴ ЁϹЁϴϸЂϵЁЂЅІАВ ϼϻ-ϻϴ ϹϹ ЃЂϿЂЀϾϼ, ЃЄϼЅЇІЅІ϶ЇϹІ ϼ ϶ ЅЊϹЁϹ ϹϸϼЁЂϵЂЄЅІ϶ϴ ϸ϶ЇЉ ϶ϼІГϻϹϽ ϼϻ
ЃЂЀϹЍϹЁϼГ XXIII/50 (Marshak 2002: 111, fig. 58) (ЄϼЅ. 8, 4). ϙЍϹ ЂϸϼЁ ІЂЃЂЄ ЀЏ ϶ϼϸϼЀ ϶ ϿϹ϶ЂϽ ЄЇϾϹ
ВЁЂЌϼ Ёϴ ЄЂЅЃϼЅϼ ϼϻ ЃЂЀϹЍϹЁϼГ VI/41 (Ibid.: 91–92, fig. 43; ϕϹϿϹЁϼЊϾϼϽ 1973: 26, 28) (ЄϼЅ. 8, 6).
ϩЂІГ ϻϸϹЅА ЂЁ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁ ϾϴϾ ϼЁЅІЄЇЀϹЁІ ϸϿГ ЄЇϵϾϼ ϸϹЄϹ϶ϴ, ЁϴϿϼЋϼϹ Ї ЁϹϷЂ ЀϴЅЅϼ϶ЁЂϷЂ ϻϴЂЅІЄϹЁЁЂϷЂ ЂϵЇЉϴ ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГϹІ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿϴϷϴІА ϼ ϹϷЂ ϵЂϹ϶ЂϹ ЃЄϹϸЁϴϻЁϴЋϹЁϼϹ.
ϡϴ ЅϹЄϹϵЄГЁЂЀ ϵϿВϸϹ ЅЂ ЅЊϹЁЂϽ ЂЅϴϸЏ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϴϻϼϴІЅϾЂϷЂ ϻϴЀϾϴ-ϾϹЌϾϴ, ϾЂІЂЄЂϹ ϵЏϿЂ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁЂ, ЃЂ ЀЁϹЁϼВ ϕ. Ϝ. ϠϴЄЌϴϾϴ, ϶ ϥϹЀϼЄϹЋАϹ ϶ IX ϼϿϼ X ϶. ЃЂ ЅЂϷϸϼϽЅϾЂЀЇ ЂϵЄϴϻЊЇ VIII ϶. ϼ
ЁϴϽϸϹЁЂ ϶ 1909 Ϸ. ϶ ϸϹЄ. ϔЁϼϾЂ϶ЅϾЂϽ ϣϹЄЀЅϾЂϽ ϷЇϵ. (Marschak 1986: 322, 438, Abb. 209–211; ϠϴЄЌϴϾ
2009: 60, 63; ϢЄϵϹϿϼ, ϦЄϹ϶ϹЄ 1935: ІϴϵϿ. 20), ЂϸϼЁ ϼϻ ЂϾЄЇϺϼ϶ЌϼЉ ϻϴЀЂϾ ϶ЅϴϸЁϼϾЂ϶, ЅϴЀЏϽ ϶ϹЄЉЁϼϽ
ЅЃЄϴ϶ϴ, ϸϹЄϺϼІ ϶ ϿϹ϶ЂϽ ЄЇϾϹ ЅϹϾϼЄЇ Ѕ ЃЄГЀЏЀ ϻϴЂЅІЄϹЁЁЏЀ ЂϵЇЉЂЀ (ЄϼЅ. 9, 3). ϣЂϸЁГ϶ ЃЄϴ϶ЇВ ЄЇϾЇ,
ЂЁ ϾϴϾ ϵЇϸІЂ ϵЏ ЂϵЄϴЍϴϹІЅГ Ͼ ЂЅϴϺϸϹЁЁЏЀ Ѕ ЄϹЋАВ. ϣЂ ϶ЅϹϽ ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂЅІϼ, ЃϹЄϹϸ ЁϴЀϼ ЃЂϿϾЂ϶ЂϸϹЊ
ЂЅϴϺϸϴВЍϹϽ ϴЄЀϼϼ, ϴ ϹϷЂ ЅϹϾϼЄϴ (ЂІЅЇІЅІ϶ЇВЍϴГ, ϾЅІϴІϼ, Ї ϸЄЇϷϼЉ ЅІЂГЍϼЉ Ї ϶ЄϴϺϹЅϾϼЉ ЅІϹЁ ϶ЂϼЁЂ϶) — ϻЁϴϾ ϹϷЂ ϸЂЅІЂϼЁЅІ϶ϴ ϾϴϾ ϶ЂϹЁϴЋϴϿАЁϼϾϴ. ϜЁІϹЄϹЅЁЂ, ЋІЂ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼГ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ІЂЃЂЄϼϾЂ϶ ϶ ϾϴЋϹЅІ϶Ϲ ЃϴЄϴϸЁЏЉ ϴІЄϼϵЇІЂ϶ ϶ЂϽЅϾЂ϶ЏЉ ϾЂЀϴЁϸϼЄЂ϶ ϼ ϶ЏЅЂϾЂЃЂЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЁЏЉ ЃЄϼϸ϶ЂЄЁЏЉ
ЋϼЁЂ϶ ЃЄЂЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴϿϴ ϶ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϔϻϼϼ ЂЋϹЁА ϸЂϿϷЂ. ϖ ЋϴЅІЁЂЅІϼ, БІЂ ϻϴЅ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁЂ ϸϿГ
123
:
,
,
. 8. 1 — ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІ ЂЅЅЇϴЄϼГ ϼϻ ϕϼГ-ϡϴϽЀϴЁϴ ϶ ϥϴЀϴЄϾϴЁϸЅϾЂϽ ЂϵϿ. (ЃЂ ϣЇϷϴЋϹЁϾЂ϶ϴ 1987); 2 — ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІ
ЁϴЅІϹЁЁЂϽ Ϻϼ϶ЂЃϼЅϼ Ѕ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϴ ϔЈЄϴЅϼϴϵ ϶ ϥϴЀϴЄϾϴЁϸϹ (ЃЂ ϔϿАϵϴЇЀ 1975); 3–7 — ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЏ ЁϴЅІϹЁЁЏЉ
ЄЂЅЃϼЅϹϽ ϼϻ ϣϹЁϸϺϼϾϹЁІϴ ϶ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЂ-ϛϴЃϴϸЁЂЀ ϦϴϸϺϼϾϼЅІϴЁϹ (3 — ЃЂ ϘАГϾЂЁЂ϶ 1954; 4, 6 — ЃЂ Marshak
2002; 5 — ЃЂ ϤϴЅЃЂЃЂ϶ϴ 1980; 7 — ЃЂ Raspopova 2006)
Fig. 8. 1 — ossuary fragment from Biya-Naiman in the Samarkand region (after Pugachenkova 1987); 2 — mural
fragment from the site of Afrasiab in Samarkand (after ϔϿАϵϴЇЀ 1975); 3–7 — mural fragments from Penjikent in
North-Western Tajikistan (3 — after ϘАГϾЂЁЂ϶ 1954; 4, 6 — after Marshak 2002; 5 — after ϤϴЅЃЂЃЂ϶ϴ 1980; 7 —
after Raspopova 2006)
124
ϕЇЉϴЄЅϾЂϷЂ БЀϼЄϴІϴ (϶ЂϻЁϼϾЌϹϷЂ ϶ 1785 ϼ ЇЃЄϴϻϸЁϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϶ 1920 Ϸ.), ϶ ІЂЀ ЋϼЅϿϹ ϼ ЅЂЉЄϴЁϼ϶ЌϼЀϼЅГ
БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄϴЀϼ Ѕ ϵЂϷϴІЂ ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁЁЏЀϼ ЄЇϾЂГІϾϴЀϼ ϼ ϾϿϼЁϾϴЀϼ (Olufsen 1911: 477–478; ϬϼЌϾϼЁ
1963: 218, ЃЄϼЀϹЋ. 284) (ЄϼЅ. 9, 10–11).
Ϝϻ϶ϹЅІЁЏ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϼ ϺϹϿϹϻЁЏЉ ЃЄЂЇЌЁЏЉ ІЂЃЂЄЂ϶ Ёϴ ЄϴЁЁϹЅЄϹϸЁϹ϶ϹϾЂ϶ЏЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЉ
ϥЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϔϻϼϼ. ϣЄϼ ЄϴЅϾЂЃϾϴЉ ЉЂϿЀϴ ϔϾІϹЃϴ ϲЁЇЅϴϵϴϸЅϾЂϹ ϶ ϦϴЌϾϹЁІЅϾЂЀ ЂϴϻϼЅϹ (ϸЄϹ϶ЁϼϽ ϫϴЋ),
϶ ЅϿЂГЉ VI–VII ϶϶. ϵЏϿ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁ ІЂЃЂЄ «ЁϹϵЂϿАЌϼЉ ЄϴϻЀϹЄЂ϶, ЉЂЄЂЌϹϽ ЅЂЉЄϴЁЁЂЅІϼ. ϞϿϼЁ ІЂЃЂЄϴ ЇϻϾϼϽ Ѕ ЄϴЅЌϼЄϹЁЁЏЀ ЁϹЀЁЂϷЂ ЂϾЄЇϷϿϹЁЁЏЀ ϿϹϻ϶ϼϹЀ; ЂϵЇЌЂϾ ЋϹІЏЄϹЉЇϷЂϿАЁЏϽ, ϾЂЄЂІϾϼϽ,
ЅϿϹϷϾϴ ЂІІГЁЇІЏϽ. ϢІ϶ϹЄЅІϼϹ ЁϹϵЂϿАЌЂϷЂ ϸϼϴЀϹІЄϴ, ϾЄЇϷϿЂϹ, ϻϴЃЂϿЁϹЁЁЂϹ ЂІЅІϴІϾϴЀϼ ЄЇϾЂГІϼ;
ЅЁϴЄЇϺϼ ЄЇϾЂГІА ϻϴϾϿϼЁϹЁϴ ϺϹϿϹϻЁЂϽ ЂϵЂϽЀЂϽ <…> ϘϿϼЁϴ ІЂЃЂЄϴ 12,4 ЅЀ, ЌϼЄϼЁϴ ϿϹϻ϶ϼГ 4,4 ЅЀ,
ϸϼϴЀϹІЄ ЂІ϶ϹЄЅІϼГ ϸϿГ ЄЇϾЂГІϾϼ 1,6 ЅЀ» (ϦϹЄϹЁЂϺϾϼЁ 1948: 123–124, ЄϼЅ. 25, 7) (ЄϼЅ. 9, 5). ϥЇϸГ
ЃЂ ЄϴϻЀϹЄϴЀ ϼ ЈЂЄЀϹ ϵЂϹ϶ЂϽ ЋϴЅІϼ, БІЂ ЂЄЇϸϼϹ ϼЀϹϿЂ ЇЁϼ϶ϹЄЅϴϿАЁЂϹ ЁϴϻЁϴЋϹЁϼϹ, І. Ϲ. ЀЂϷϿЂ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴІАЅГ ϾϴϾ Ѕ ϶ЂϹЁЁЏЀϼ, ІϴϾ ϼ ЉЂϻГϽЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЀϼ ЊϹϿГЀϼ. ϣЄϴ϶ϸϴ, ЁϹЀЁЂϷЂ ЅЀЇЍϴϹІ ЀϴϿϹЁАϾϼϽ
ϸϼϴЀϹІЄ ЂІ϶ϹЄЅІϼГ ЃЂϸ ЄЇϾЂГІА, ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ ϾϴϾ ϵЇϸІЂ ϵЏ ЁϴЀϹϾϴϹІ Ёϴ ЊϹЄϹЀЂЁϼϴϿАЁЇВ, ϴ ЁϹ ЃЄϴϾІϼЋϹЅϾЇВ ЈЇЁϾЊϼВ ϴϾІϹЃϼЁЅϾЂϷЂ ІЂЃЂЄϼϾϴ (ϸϿГ ϶ЏЃЂϿЁϹЁϼГ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϹϽ ϵЏϿЂ ЁϹЂϵЉЂϸϼЀЂ ϵЂϿϹϹ
϶ЁЇЌϼІϹϿАЁЂϹ ЃЂ ІЂϿЍϼЁϹ ІЂЃЂЄϼЍϹ).
ϦЂЃЂЄ ІϼЃϴ ϾЂϿЇЁϴ ϵЏϿ ЁϴϽϸϹЁ ϶ ϣϹЁϸϺϼϾϹЁІϹ, ϶ ЃЄϼЃЂϿАЁЂЀ ЅϿЂϹ ЃЂЀϹЍϹЁϼГ XX/7, ϶ЀϹЅІϹ Ѕ ϴЄϴϵЅϾЂϽ ЀЂЁϹІЂϽ, ϸϴІϼЄЇϹЀЂϽ 761/762 Ϸ. ϘϿϼЁϴ ϹϷЂ ϾϿϼЁϾϴ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿГϹІ 19 ЅЀ, ЌϼЄϼЁϴ —
7 ЅЀ (ϤϴЅЃЂЃЂ϶ϴ 1980: 58, ЄϼЅ. 36, 19) (ЄϼЅ. 9, 4). ϣЂЉЂϺϼϽ ІЂЃЂЄ, ЁЂ ЀϹЁАЌϼЉ ЄϴϻЀϹЄЂ϶ (ЅЂϷϿϴЅЁЂ
ЀϴЅЌІϴϵЇ ϶ ЃЇϵϿϼϾϴЊϼϼ, ϸϿϼЁϴ ϹϷЂ ϾϿϼЁϾϴ — ЂϾЂϿЂ 15 ЅЀ) ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸϼІ ϼϻ Ѕ϶ГІϼϿϼЍϴ ϞϴϽЄϴϷϴЋ ϶
ϲϷЂ-ϛϴЃϴϸЁЂϽ ϨϹЄϷϴЁϹ, ϾЇϸϴ ЂЁ ϵЏϿ ЃЂЀϹЍϹЁ (϶ЀϹЅІϹ Ѕ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІϴЀϼ ϸЄЇϷϼЉ ІЂЃЂЄЂ϶) ϶ ϾϴЋϹЅІ϶Ϲ
ϾЇϿАІЂ϶ЂϷЂ ЂϵЎϹϾІϴ (ϕЄЏϾϼЁϴ 1982: 84, 111, ІϴϵϿ. 38, 2). ϖЃЄЂЋϹЀ, БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄЏ ϼϻ ϣϹЁϸϺϼϾϹЁІϴ ϼ
ϞϴϽЄϴϷϴЋϴ ЃЂϸЃϴϸϴВІ ЃЂϸ ϾϴІϹϷЂЄϼВ ЁϹ ϵЂϹ϶ЏЉ, ϴ ЄϴϵЂЋϼЉ ІЂЃЂЄЂ϶ (ЅЀ. ЃЄϼЀϹЋ. 16).
ϖ ЄϴЁЁϹЅЄϹϸЁϹ϶ϹϾЂ϶ЏЉ ЃϼЅАЀϹЁЁЏЉ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾϴЉ Ёϴ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϼЄϴЁЅϾϼЉ ГϻЏϾϴЉ ϵЂϹ϶ЏϹ ІЂЃЂЄЏЅϹϾϼЄЏ ϶ЏЅІЇЃϴВІ ЃЂϸ ІϹЄЀϼЁϴЀϼ taš (϶ ЅЂϷϸϼϽЅϾЂЀ, ЅЀ. Benveniste 1940: 16; Gharib 1995: 392,
no. 9694), tabar ϼ tabarzēn (϶ ЃϴЄЈГЁЅϾЂЀ ϼ ЅЄϹϸЁϹЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾЂЀ, ЅЀ. Henning 1947: 40; Tafazzoli 1994:
192, 197; Durkin-Meisterernst 2004: 323). ϢЅЂϵϹЁЁЂ ϶ЏЄϴϻϼІϹϿАЁЂ ЇЃЂЀϼЁϴЁϼϹ БІЂϷЂ ЂЄЇϺϼГ ϶ ЂϸЁЂЀ ЀϴЁϼЉϹϽЅϾЂЀ ІϹϾЅІϹ ЀϴϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ЅЂϸϹЄϺϴЁϼГ, ϷϸϹ ЅІЄϴϺ-ϻϴЍϼІЁϼϾ ϸЂЀϴ ϻϴГ϶ϿГϹІ ЃϹЄϹϸ ϿϼЊЂЀ ЇϷЄЂϻЏ ЅЂ ЅІЂЄЂЁЏ ϻϿЂϷЂ ϷϹЁϼГ: «ϖ ЄЇϾϴЉ Г ϸϹЄϺЇ ЂЅІЄЏϽ ϼ ЃЂЄϴϺϴВЍϼϽ ІЂЃЂЄ (tabar tēǰ
ud wišōb g pad dast d rēm)» (Henning 1947: 40; Tafazzoli 1994: 192; ϕϹϿϹЁϼЊϾϼϽ 1954: 72). ϥϹϾϼЄϴ
ЈϼϷЇЄϼЄЇϹІ ϻϸϹЅА ϾϴϾ ЂЄЇϺϼϹ-ЂϵϹЄϹϷ ЃЄЂІϼ϶ ІϹЀЁЏЉ ЅϼϿ.
ϖ БЃЂЉЇ ЄϴЁЁϹϷЂ ЅЄϹϸЁϹ϶ϹϾЂ϶АГ ІЂЉϴЄЂГϻЏЋЁЏϹ ϺϼІϹϿϼ ϥϼЁАЊϻГЁϴ, Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁЁЏϹ ЄЂϸЅІ϶ЂЀ
Ѕ ІϹЀϼ ВϹЋϺϴЀϼ/ІЂЉϴЄϴЀϼ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЃЂϸ ЁϴϼЀϹЁЂ϶ϴЁϼϹЀ «ϕЂϿАЌϼЉ ВϹЋϺϹϽ» ЀЁЂϷЂ ϶ϹϾЂ϶ Ёϴϻϴϸ
ЃЂϾϼЁЇϿϼ ЄЂϸЁЏϹ ЀϹЅІϴ ϼ ЂІЃЄϴ϶ϼϿϼЅА ϶ ЅІЂЄЂЁЇ ϕϴϾІЄϼϼ (ЅЀ. ϶ЏЌϹ), ЁϹ ІЂϿАϾЂ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴϿϼ
ϵЂϹ϶ЏϹ ІЂЃЂЄЏ ϶ ϶ЂϹЁЁЏЉ ϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼГЉ, ЁЂ ϼ, ЃЂϸЂϵЁЂ Ѕ϶ЂϼЀ ϸϴϿϹϾϼЀ ЃЄϹϸϾϴЀ, ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴϿϼ ϼЉ
ϾϴϾ ϶ϴϺЁЏϹ ϴІЄϼϵЇІЏ ϶ϿϴЅІϼ ϼ ϶ЏЅЂϾЂϷЂ ЂϵЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϷЂ ЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼГ. Ϣϵ БІЂЀ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ЇВІ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЁϴЅІϹЁЁЏϹ ЄЂЅЃϼЅϼ ϼϻ ЃϹЍϹЄЁЂϷЂ ЉЄϴЀЂ϶ЂϷЂ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴ ϬϼϾЌϼЁ (ϬЂЄЋЇϾ) ϶
ϞϴЄϴЌϴЄЅϾЂЀ ЂϴϻϼЅϹ. ϡϴ ЂϸЁЂϽ ϼϻ ЁϼЉ, ЋϴЅІϼЋЁЂ ЅЂЉЄϴЁϼ϶ЌϹЀЅГ ЃϴЁЁЂ VIII ϶. ϼϻ ЃϹЍϹЄЏ № 9/1118,
ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϴ ЂЅϴϸϴ ϞЇЌϼЁϴϷϴЄЏ — ϼϿϿВЅІЄϴЊϼГ Ͼ ϻЁϴЀϹЁϼІЂϽ ϿϹϷϹЁϸϹ Ђ ЅЂϵЏІϼГЉ, ЃЂЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴ϶ЌϼЉ ЃЂЅϿϹ ІЂϷЂ, ϾϴϾ ϕЇϸϸϴ ϬϴϾАГЀЇЁϼ ЇЌϹϿ ϶ ЃϴЄϼЁϼЄ϶ϴЁЇ, ϴ ϹϷЂ ІϹϿЂ ϵЏϿЂ ϾЄϹЀϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЂ ϶ ϷЂЄЂϸϹ ϞЇЌϼЁϴϷϴЄϹ. ϥЂϷϿϴЅЁЂ БІЂϽ ϿϹϷϹЁϸϹ, ЃЄϴ϶ϼІϹϿϼ ІϹЉ ϼЁϸϼϽЅϾϼЉ ϷЂЄЂϸЂ϶, ϷϸϹ ЃЄЂЃЂ϶ϹϸЂ϶ϴϿ
ϕЇϸϸϴ, ЇЅϿЏЌϴ϶ Ђ ϹϷЂ ϾЂЁЋϼЁϹ, ЃЄϼЌϿϼ Ѕ ϶ЂϽЅϾϴЀϼ Ͼ ϞЇЌϼЁϴϷϴЄϹ, ІЄϹϵЇГ ЂІϸϴІА ϼЀ ϹϷЂ ЂЅІϴЁϾϼ.
Ϟ ЅЋϴЅІАВ, ϸϴЁЁЏϽ ϶ЂЃЄЂЅ ЄϴϻЄϹЌϼϿЅГ ϵϹϻ ЃЄϼЀϹЁϹЁϼГ ЁϴЅϼϿϼГ. ϔЄЀϼВ ЂЅϴϺϸϴВЍϼЉ ϶ЂϻϷϿϴ϶ϿГϿϼ ϶ϼІГϻϼ ϼϻ ЊϴЄЅϾЂϷЂ ЄЂϸϴ ϬϴϾАГ, ЃЄϴ϶ϼ϶ЌϹϷЂ ϶ ϞϴЃϼϿϴ϶ϴЅІЇ, Ͼ ϾЂІЂЄЂЀЇ ЃЄϼЁϴϸϿϹϺϴϿ ϼ
ЅϴЀ ϕЇϸϸϴ (ЅЀ. ϘАГϾЂЁЂ϶ϴ 1984: 98). ϢϵЄϴϻЏ ϶ϼІГϻϹϽ-ϬϴϾАϹ϶ ϵЏϿϼ ЂЋϹЁА ЃЂЃЇϿГЄЁЏ ϶ ϼЅϾЇЅЅІ϶Ϲ
ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϷЂ ϦЇЄϾϹЅІϴЁϴ V–VIII ϶϶., ϷϸϹ ЂЁϼ БϾϼЃϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЏ ЀϹЅІЁЏЀ ЂЄЇϺϼϹЀ ϼ ϸЂЅЃϹЉϴЀϼ. ϡϴ
ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴϹЀЂϽ ЄЂЅЃϼЅϼ ЂЁϼ ЃЂϾϴϻϴЁЏ ϾϴϾ ЃϴЁЊϼЄЁЏϹ ϶ЅϴϸЁϼϾϼ, ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ϼϻ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ϸϹЄϺϴІ
ϵЂϹ϶ЂϽ ІЂЃЂЄϼϾ ϶ ЃЄϴ϶ЂϽ ЄЇϾϹ (ϘАГϾЂЁЂ϶ϴ 1984: 102–104, 216, ЄϼЅ. 11–12; 1995: 93, ІϴϵϿ. XXXII;
XXXIV) (ЄϼЅ. 9, 6–7). ϙЍϹ ЂϸϼЁ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІ ЅІϹЁЂЃϼЅϼ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ, ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂ, ІϴϾϺϹ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϴϹІ ϶ϼІГϻϹϽ-ϬϴϾАϹ϶ ϶ ϶ϼϸϹ ϻЁϴІЁЏЉ ІЂЉϴЄЅϾϼЉ ϶ЂϼЁЂ϶, ЂЅЁϴЍϹЁЁЏЉ ϵЂϹ϶ЏЀϼ ІЂЃЂЄϴЀϼ, ϵЏϿ ЂІϾЄЏІ ϶
ЃϹЍϹЄϹ № 5/7 (Grünwedel 1912: 201, Fig. 451) (ЄϼЅ. 9, 8–9). ϱІϴ ЈЄϹЅϾϴ ϼϻ-ϻϴ ЂЅЂϵϹЁЁЂЅІϹϽ ЃЂϾЄЂГ
18
ϣϹЄ϶ϴГ ЊϼЈЄϴ ϸ϶ЂϽЁЂϽ ЁЇЀϹЄϴЊϼϼ ЃϹЍϹЄ ϬϼϾЌϼЁϴ ЂϵЂϻЁϴЋϴϹІ ЁЂЀϹЄ, ЃЄϼЅ϶ЂϹЁЁЂϽ ϹϽ ЁϹЀϹЊϾЂϽ БϾЅЃϹϸϼЊϼϹϽ 1906 Ϸ. (ЅЀ. Grünwedel 1912: 194–211), ϶ІЂЄϴГ — ЄЇЅЅϾЂϽ БϾЅЃϹϸϼЊϼϹϽ 1909 Ϸ. (ϢϿАϸϹЁϵЇЄϷ
1914: 11–21).
125
:
,
,
ЃϴЁЊϼЄϹϽ ϹϹ ЃϹЄЅЂЁϴϺϹϽ ϼ ЅІϼϿГ ЉЇϸЂϺϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϼЅЃЂϿЁϹЁϼГ ϶ЏϷϿГϸϼІ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼ ϵЂϿϹϹ ЄϴЁЁϹϽ, ЋϹЀ ЃϴЁЁЂ ϼϻ ЃϹЍϹЄЏ № 9/11, ϼ ЃЂБІЂЀЇ ЀЂϺϹІ ϵЏІА ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϴ VI ϼϿϼ VII ϶. ϖЅϹ
ІЂЃЂЄϼϾϼ Ёϴ ЄЂЅЃϼЅГЉ ϼϻ ϬϼϾЌϼЁϴ ЅЁϴϵϺϹЁЏ ϾЂЄЂІϾϼЀ ЂϵЇЉЂЀ. ϖ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЂЀ ϼЉ ϾϿϼЁϾϼ ϼЀϹВІ
ЃЄГЀЇВ ЄϹϺЇЍЇВ ϾЄЂЀϾЇ (ЄϼЅ. 9, 6–7, 9), ЋІЂ ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ЇϹІ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏЀ ϼЄϴЁЅϾϼЀ ϼ ЅЂϷϸϼϽЅϾϼЀ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼГЀ (ЄϼЅ. 6, 5; 8, 3; 9, 1–3), ЁЂ ϶ ЂϸЁЂЀ ЅϿЇЋϴϹ ЀЏ ϶ϼϸϼЀ ІЂЃЂЄ ІϴϾ ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴϹЀЂϷЂ
ϵЂЄЂϸЂ϶ϼϸЁЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ — Ѕ «ЂЃЇЍϹЁЁЏЀ» ϿϹϻ϶ϼϹЀ ϼ ЃЄГЀЂϽ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹϽ ϷЄϴЁАВ (ЄϼЅ. 9, 8), ϾЂІЂЄЂЀЇ
ЁϹІ ϴЁϴϿЂϷЂ϶ ϶ ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁЁЏЉ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϴЉ ϼϻ ϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϽ ϔϻϼϼ ϼ ϜЄϴЁϴ, ЁЂ ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ ϵЏϿ ЉЂЄЂЌЂ
126
ϼϻ϶ϹЅІϹЁ ϶ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϽ ϼ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ϙ϶ЄЂЃϹ ϶ VII/VIII–XIII ϶϶. (ІϼЃ V ЃЂ ϔ. ϡ. ϞϼЄЃϼЋЁϼϾЂ϶Ї; ЅЀ.
ϞϼЄЃϼЋЁϼϾЂ϶ 1966: 29–30, 37–38).
ϦЂЃЂЄЏ ϶ϼІГϻϹϽ-ϬϴϾАϹ϶ Ёϴ ЌϼϾЌϼЁЅϾϼЉ ЁϴЅІϹЁЁЏЉ ЄЂЅЃϼЅГЉ ϸЂϿϺЁЏ ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴІАЅГ ЁϹ
ІЂϿАϾЂ ϾϴϾ ϵЂϹ϶ЂϹ ЂЄЇϺϼϹ, ЁЂ ϼ ϾϴϾ ЅϼЀ϶ЂϿЏ ϻЁϴІЁЂϷЂ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼГ ϼ ϶ЂϼЁЅϾЂϷЂ ϸЂЅІЂϼЁЅІ϶ϴ ϼЉ
϶ϿϴϸϹϿАЊϹ϶, ЋІЂ, ЁϹЅЂЀЁϹЁЁЂ, ЂІЄϴϺϴϹІ ϼϸϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ІЂЉϴЄЂГϻЏЋЁЂϷЂ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼГ
ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϷЂ ϥϼЁАЊϻГЁϴ.
ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ЃЄЂ϶ϹϸϹЁЁЏϽ ϶ЏЌϹ ϴЁϴϿϼϻ ϶ϹЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЉ, ϼϻЂϵЄϴϻϼІϹϿАЁЏЉ ϼ ЃϼЅАЀϹЁЁЏЉ
ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾЂ϶ ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГϹІ ЇІ϶ϹЄϺϸϴІА, ЋІЂ ϵЂϹ϶ЏϹ ІЂЃЂЄЏ ЄϴϻЁЏЉ ϶ϼϸЂ϶ (ЋϹϾϴЁЏ, ϾϿϹ϶ЊЏ ϼ ЅϹϾϼЄЏ)
ϼϷЄϴϿϼ ϻЁϴЋϼІϹϿАЁЇВ ЄЂϿА ϶ ϶ЂϹЁЁЂЀ ϸϹϿϹ ϼ ϾЇϿАІЂ϶Ђ-ЊϹЄϹЀЂЁϼϴϿАЁЂϽ ЂϵЄГϸЁЂЅІϼ ϾЂЋϹ϶ЏЉ ϼ
ЂЅϹϸϿЏЉ ЁϴЄЂϸЂ϶ ϼЄϴЁЅϾЂϷЂ ϼ ІЂЉϴЄЅϾЂϷЂ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼГ, ЂϵϼІϴ϶ЌϼЉ ЂІ ЄϴЁЁϹϷЂ ϺϹϿϹϻЁЂϷЂ ϶ϹϾϴ
ϸЂ ЄϴЁЁϹЅЄϹϸЁϹ϶ϹϾЂ϶ЂϷЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ Ёϴ ЂϵЌϼЄЁЏЉ ЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁЅІ϶ϴЉ ϜЄϴЁЅϾЂϷЂ ЁϴϷЂЄАГ ϼ ϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϽ
ϔϻϼϼ (ϹϸϼЁЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϹ ϼЅϾϿВЋϹЁϼϹ — ЃϴЄЈГЁЅϾϼϽ ϜЄϴЁ). ϢЅЁЂ϶Џ϶ϴГЅА Ёϴ ϸϴЁЁЏЉ, Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁЁЏЉ, ϶ ЃϹЄ϶ЇВ ЂЋϹЄϹϸА, Ѕ ϼЄϴЁЂГϻЏЋЁЂϽ БІЁϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ЅЄϹϸЂϽ, ЀЂϺЁЂ Ѕ Ї϶ϹЄϹЁЁЂЅІАВ ϷЂ϶ЂЄϼІА Ђ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ Ѕ
ЈЇЁϾЊϼЂЁϴϿАЁЂϽ ІЂЋϾϼ ϻЄϹЁϼГ ϻЁϴЋϹЁϼϹ ϵЂϹ϶ЂϷЂ ЃЄϼЀϹЁϹЁϼГ ІЂЃЂЄЂ϶, ϸЂЅІϼϷЁЇ϶ Ѕ϶ЂϹϷЂ ЃϼϾϴ ϶
ϴЉϹЀϹЁϼϸЅϾϼϽ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ, ϻϴІϹЀ ЁϹЇϾϿЂЁЁЂ ЅЁϼϺϴϿЂЅА, ІЂϷϸϴ ϾϴϾ ϶ЏЅЂϾϼϽ ЅϴϾЄϴϿАЁЂ-ЃЄϹЅІϼϺЁЏϽ
ЅϼЀ϶ЂϿϼϻЀ БІЂϷЂ ϶ϼϸϴ ϶ЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼГ ϶ЅϹϷϸϴ ЂЅІϴ϶ϴϿЅГ ЁϹϼϻЀϹЁЁЏЀ.
ϔϵϴϹ϶ 1945 —
. . ϔЁІϼϸБ϶Ђ϶ЅϾϴГ ЁϴϸЃϼЅА ϞЅϹЄϾЅϴ // ϦЄ. ϜЁЅІϼІЇІϴ ГϻЏϾϴ ϼ ЀЏЌϿϹЁϼГ ϼЀ.
ϡ. ϳ. ϠϴЄЄϴ ϔϡ ϥϥϥϤ. ϥϹЄϼГ Iranica: ϠϴІϹЄϼϴϿЏ ϼ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ЃЂ ϼЄϴЁЅϾϼЀ ГϻЏϾϴЀ. Ϡ.; ϟ.: 1945. № 3.
ϥ. 134–140 (ϜЄϴЁЅϾϼϹ ГϻЏϾϼ. 1).
ϔϿϹϾЅϹϹ϶ 2012 —
. . ϛЂϿЂІЂ ЅϾϼЈЅϾϼЉ ЊϴЄϹϽ ϶ ЅЂϵЄϴЁϼϼ ϱЄЀϼІϴϺϴ. ϥϣϵ.: Ϝϻϸ-϶Ђ ϗϱ,
2012. 272 Ѕ.
. .,
. .,
. ϫϹЄІЂЀϿЏϾ (ϥϾϼЈЅϾϼϽ ЊϴЄЅϾϼϽ ϾЇЄϷϴЁ
ϔϿϹϾЅϹϹ϶ ϼ ϸЄ. 1991 —
IV ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.). ϞϼϹ϶: ϡϴЇϾЂ϶ϴ ϸЇЀϾϴ, 1991. 415 Ѕ.
ϔϿАϵϴЇЀ 1975 —
. . Ϛϼ϶ЂЃϼЅА ϔЈЄϴЅϼϴϵϴ. ϦϴЌϾϹЁІ: Ϩϔϡ, 1975. 158 Ѕ.
ϔЄІϴЀЂЁЂ϶ 1966 —
. . ϥЂϾЄЂ϶ϼЍϴ ЅϾϼЈЅϾϼЉ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЂ϶ ϶ ЅЂϵЄϴЁϼϼ ϗЂЅЇϸϴЄЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϷЂ
ϱЄЀϼІϴϺϴ. ϣЄϴϷϴ: ϔЄІϼГ; ϟ.: ϥЂ϶ϹІЅϾϼϽ ЉЇϸЂϺЁϼϾ, 1966. 120 Ѕ.
ϕϹϿϹЁϼЊϾϼϽ 1954 —
. . ϖЂЃЄЂЅЏ ϼϸϹЂϿЂϷϼϼ ϼ ϾЇϿАІЂ϶ ϥЂϷϸϴ (ϣЂ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϴЀ ЃГЁϸϺϼϾϹЁІЅϾϼЉ ЉЄϴЀЂ϶) // Ϛϼ϶ЂЃϼЅА ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϷЂ ϣГЁϸϺϼϾϹЁІϴ. Ϡ.: Ϝϻϸ-϶Ђ ϔϡ ϥϥϥϤ, 1954. ϥ. 25–82.
ϕϹϿϹЁϼЊϾϼϽ 1959 —
. . ϡЂ϶ЏϹ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ ϼЅϾЇЅЅІ϶ϴ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϷЂ ϣГЁϸϺϼϾϹЁІϴ. ϢЃЏІ ϼϾЂЁЂϷЄϴЈϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ϼЅІЂϿϾЂ϶ϴЁϼГ // ϥϾЇϿАЃІЇЄϴ ϼ Ϻϼ϶ЂЃϼЅА ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϷЂ ϣГЁϸϺϼϾϹЁІϴ. Ϡ.: Ϝϻϸ-϶Ђ ϔϡ ϥϥϥϤ, 1959. ϥ. 11–86.
ϕϹϿϹЁϼЊϾϼϽ 1973 —
. . ϠЂЁЇЀϹЁІϴϿАЁЂϹ ϼЅϾЇЅЅІ϶Ђ ϣϹЁϸϺϼϾϹЁІϴ: Ϛϼ϶ЂЃϼЅА. ϥϾЇϿАЃІЇЄϴ.
Ϡ.: ϜЅϾЇЅЅІ϶Ђ, 1973. 68 Ѕ., 54 Ͽ. ϼϿ.
ϕϹЄЁϴЄ, ϔϵϸЇϿϿϴϹ϶ 1997 —
.,
. ϡЂЀϴϸЏ Ёϴ ϷЄϴЁϼЊϹ ϕϴϾІЄϼϼ (Ͼ ϶ЂЃЄЂЅЇ БІЁϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϼ
ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϽ ϼϸϹЁІϼЈϼϾϴЊϼϼ) // ϤЂЅЅϼϽЅϾϴГ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼГ. 1997. № 1. ϥ. 68–86.
ϕϹЅЅЂЁЂ϶ϴ 1984 —
. . Ϣ ϾЇϿАІϹ ЂЄЇϺϼГ Ї ЅϾϼЈЂ϶ // ϖЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼϹ ЅϾϼЈЂ϶ ϼ ЅϴЄЀϴІЂ϶. ϞϼϹ϶:
ϡϴЇϾЂ϶ϴ ϸЇЀϾϴ, 1984. ϥ. 3–21.
ϕЂЁϷϴЄϸ-ϟϹ϶ϼЁ 2007 —
. . ϘЄϹ϶ЁϹϼЁϸϼϽЅϾϴГ Њϼ϶ϼϿϼϻϴЊϼГ: ϼЅІЂЄϼГ, ЄϹϿϼϷϼГ, ЈϼϿЂЅЂЈϼГ, БЃЂЅ, ϿϼІϹЄϴІЇЄϴ, ЁϴЇϾϴ, ϶ЅІЄϹЋϴ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ. Ϡ.: ϖЂЅІЂЋЁϴГ ϿϼІϹЄϴІЇЄϴ Ϥϔϡ, 2007. 494 Ѕ.
ϕЄЏϾϼЁϴ 1982 —
. . ϲϷЂ-ϛϴЃϴϸЁϴГ ϨϹЄϷϴЁϴ ϶ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϽ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁϹ I ІЏЅГЋϹϿϹІϼГ ЁϴЌϹϽ БЄЏ. Ϡ.:
ϡϴЇϾϴ, 1982. 197 Ѕ.
. 9. 1 — ЅϹЄϹϵЄГЁЂϹ ϵϿВϸЂ ϼϻ ϸ. ϞЇϿϴϷЏЌ ϣϹЄЀЅϾЂϽ ϷЇϵ. (ЃЂ ϢЄϵϹϿϼ, ϦЄϹ϶ϹЄ 1935); 2 — ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІ
ЁϴЅІϹЁЁЂϽ Ϻϼ϶ЂЃϼЅϼ ϼϻ ϖϴЄϴЉЌϼ ϶ ϕЇЉϴЄЅϾЂϽ ЂϵϿ. (ЃЂ ϬϼЌϾϼЁ 1963); 3 — ϸϹІϴϿА ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼГ Ёϴ
ЅϹЄϹϵЄГЁЂЀ ϵϿВϸϹ ϼϻ ϸ. ϔЁϼϾЂ϶ЅϾЂϽ (ЃЄЂЄϼЅЂ϶Ͼϴ ЃЂ Marschak 1986); 4 — ϺϹϿϹϻЁЏϽ ІЂЃЂЄ ϼϻ ϣϹЁϸϺϼϾϹЁІϴ
(ЃЂ ϤϴЅЃЂЃЂ϶ϴ 1980); 5 — ϺϹϿϹϻЁЏϽ ІЂЃЂЄ ϼϻ ϔϾІϹЃϴ ϲЁЇЅϴϵϴϸЅϾЂϷЂ ϶ ϦϴЌϾϹЁІϹ (ЃЂ ϦϹЄϹЁЂϺϾϼЁ 1948);
6–9 — ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЏ ЁϴЅІϹЁЁЏЉ ЄЂЅЃϼЅϹϽ ϼϻ ЃϹЍϹЄ № 9/11 (6, 7 — ЃЂ ϘАГϾЂЁЂ϶ϴ 1984) ϼ 5/7 (8, 9 — ЃЂ
Grünwedel 1912) ϶ ϬϼϾЌϼЁϹ (ϬЂЄЋЇϾϹ) ϶ ϥϼЁАЊϻГЁϹ; 10, 11 — ЊϹЄϹЀЂЁϼϴϿАЁЏϹ ІЂЃЂЄϼϾϼ (ЁϹ ЃЂϻϺϹ XIX ϶.)
ϼϻ ϕЇЉϴЄЏ (ЃЂ Olufsen 1911), ЁϹ ϶ ЀϴЅЌІϴϵϹ
Fig. 9. 1 — silver plate from the village of Kulagysh of the Perm Governorate (after ϢЄϵϹϿϼ, ϦЄϹ϶ϹЄ 1935); 2 —
mural fragment from Varakhsha in the Bukhara region (after ϬϼЌϾϼЁ 1963); 3 — detail of the representation on a
silver plate from the village of Anikovskaya of the Perm Governorate (drawing after Marschak 1986); 4 — iron axe
from Penjikent (after ϤϴЅЃЂЃЂ϶ϴ 1980); 5 — iron axe from Aktepa of Yunusabad in Tashkent (after ϦϹЄϹЁЂϺϾϼЁ
1948); 6–9 — mural fragments from the caves no. 9/11 (6, 7 — after ϘАГϾЂЁЂ϶ϴ 1984) and 5/7 (8, 9 — after
Grünwedel 1912) in Shikshin (Shorchuk) in Xinjiang; 10, 11 — ceremonial hatchets (no later than 19th century)
from Bukhara (after Olufsen 1911), not to scale
127
:
,
,
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. . ϠЂϸϹϿϼ ЂЄЇϺϼГ ІϴЌІЏϾЅϾЂϽ БЃЂЉϼ // ϖЂϹЁЁЂϹ ϸϹϿЂ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϷЂ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼГ
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ϔϻϼГ ϶ ϾЇЌϴЁЅϾЇВ БЃЂЉЇ: ϦЄ. ϠϹϺϸЇЁϴЄ. ϾЂЁЈ. ЃЂ ϼЅІЂЄϼϼ, ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼϼ ϼ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϹ ϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϽ ϔϻϼϼ ϶
ϾЇЌϴЁЅϾЇВ БЃЂЉЇ (ϘЇЌϴЁϵϹ, 27 ЅϹЁІГϵЄГ–6 ЂϾІГϵЄГ 1968 Ϸ.). Ϡ.: ϡϴЇϾϴ, ϗϿϴ϶ЁϴГ ЄϹϸϴϾЊϼГ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ϿϼІϹЄϴІЇЄЏ, 1975. Ϧ. 2. C. 76–92.
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ϗЄϹЁБ 1987 —
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ϾЂϿϿЂϾ϶ϼЇЀϴ (ϥϴЀϴЄϾϴЁϸ, 1986). ϦϴЌϾϹЁІ: Ϩϔϡ, 1987. ϥ. 42–53.
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ϗЄГϻЁЂ϶ 1956 —
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Combat hatchets and their cult among the ancient peoples
of Central Asia and Iran
(from the Early Iron Age thought Early Medieval Period)
V. P. Nikonorov
The paper deals with the use of combat hatchets and their hold in reverence as cultic and prestigious objects among the Iranian and Tocharian peoples living in Antiquity within the Iranian plateau
and Central Asia. The earliest pieces of evidence concerning the Iranians, both written (Yt. I. 18; X. 130)
and archaeological (fig. 1, 1–4), date from pre-Achaemenid times. The Classical narrative tradition has
preserved information that the western Central Asian nomadic tribes, the Massagetae and the Sakas,
exploited combat hatchets made of bronze, which were called in Greek Ϊΰαλδμ (Hdt. I. 215; VII. 64;
Strabo XI. 8. 6). This term seems to have designated pick-like hatchets of two kinds — chekans (with
straight blades) and klevetses (with curved ones). Combat hatchets with iron war-heads have been discovered in Saka graves of the 7/6th–3rd centuries AD, some of them are picks-chekans (fig. 1, 5, 5a, 8, 11–13)
and the others are axes (fig. 1, 6, 7, 9, 10). Representations of chekan-armed Central Asians (most likely,
the Sakas) are met on works of Achaemenid art (fig. 2, 1, 4, 6, 7, 9). Under the Saka influence, picks of
both kinds appeared in the Persian armament, where they are fixed by material (fig. 3, 6–8a), iconographic (fig. 2, 2, 3, 5, 8, 10, 11; 3, 1, 1a, 2, 2a, 3, 4; 4, 1–4), and written (Xen. Anab. IV. 4. 16 [= Suid.
s. v. Ϊΰαλδμ]; Xen. Cyr. I. 2. 9; II. 1. 9; 16; IV. 2. 22; VIII. 8. 23; Strabo XV. 3. 19) sources. The Sakas
and Massagetae must have revered their combat hatchets as symbols of cult and dignity, like the Pontic
Scythians did (Hdt. IV. 5; 7; 70). The same was among the Persians, as it is in particular demonstrated by
royal audience and tomb reliefs at Persepolis and Naqsh-i Rustam (fig. 3, 1, 1a, 2, 2a, 3, 4).
It should be borne in mind that from a functional point of view the significance of the military
use of axes, having reached its peak in the Achaemenid period, then was steadily declining, while the
high prestigious and sacred symbolism of this type of weaponry always remained unchanged. So, picks
held the high-esteemed position in the midst of the Indo-Sakas and Kushans — scions of those Central
Asian nomads who took part in the conquest of Greek Bactria in the second half of the 2nd century BC.
The former were natives of the Saka milieu, and in the 1st century BC–early 1st century AD they dominated over the Punjab and the Indus valley. Two of the Indo-Saka kings, Spalirises and Azes I, depicted
themselves on some coins as armed with curve-bladed klevetses (fig. 5, 1, 2, 2a). The Kushans were
one of the five Great Yüeh-chih/Tocharian tribes coming from eastern Central Asia, and it is they who
subdued the other four and established by the late 1st–early 2nd century AD the mighty Kushan empire
embracing Bactria and North-Western India. Some of their rulers were officially represented with picks
in the hands (fig. 5, 3–5). Besides, the parade hatchet-klevets made of silver, which has been found in the
«Treasury-House» at Old Nisa (fig. 6, 1) — a dynastic cultic center of the Parthian Arsacids in Northern
Parthyena — must have belonged to a Saka or Yüeh-chih/Tocharian chieftain who was defeated in the
last quarter of the 2nd century BC by the Parthian king Mithradates II during the latter’s struggle against
Saka and Yüeh-chih/Tocharian hordes intruding into Eastern Parthia. At the same time, there is no sufficient evidence of any wide employment of axes at war and of their cult in Iran under the Parthians. On
the other hand, in Sasanian Iran combat hatchets were certainly among the arms of the Persian heavy
cavalry, and axes were as well royal insignia, as witnessed by both pictorial data (fig. 6, 3, 5) and some
medieval Arabic and Persian writings.
Further materials testifying to the significance of combat hatchets for the Iranian and Tocharian
ethnic environment go back to Early Medieval times and come from the art of Sogdia (fig. 8, 1–7; 9, 1–3)
and Xinjiang (fig. 9, 6–9) respectively.
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ϞϿВЋϹ϶ЏϹ ЅϿЂ϶ϴ:
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Key words: Middle East, Rus, Middle Ages, trade connections, Arabian and Persian written records, lexical
borrowings in Russian.
ϖϹϿϼϾϼϽ ϬϹϿϾЂ϶ЏϽ ЃЇІА ϼЀϹϿ ϵЂϿАЌЂϹ ϻЁϴЋϹЁϼϹ ϸϿГ ϶ϻϴϼЀЂϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ ЄϴϻЁЏЉ ЁϴЄЂϸЂ϶, ЃЄϼ БІЂЀ ϶ϴϺЁЇВ ЄЂϿА ϼϷЄϴϿЂ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼϹ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϔϻϼϼ ϼ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ϖЂЅІЂϾϴ. ϥЇϸГ ЃЂ ЃϼЅАЀϹЁЁЏЀ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾϴЀ ϼ ϸϴЁЁЏЀ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼϼ, Єϴϻ϶ϼІϼϹ ϷЂЄЂϸЂ϶, ЄϹЀϹЅϹϿ, ЁϴЇϾϼ ϼ ϼЅϾЇЅЅІ϶ϴ ϶ БІϼЉ
ЄϹϷϼЂЁϴЉ ϵЏϿЂ ϸЂЅІϼϷЁЇІЂ ϵϿϴϷЂϸϴЄГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЀ ϼ ІЂЄϷЂ϶ЏЀ Ѕ϶ГϻГЀ, ЃЄϹϺϸϹ ϶ЅϹϷЂ Ѕ ϛϴЃϴϸЁЂϽ ϼ
ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ϙ϶ЄЂЃЂϽ, ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏϽ ϶ϾϿϴϸ ϶ Єϴϻ϶ϼІϼϹ ІϴϾϼЉ ϾЂЁІϴϾІЂ϶ ϶ЁϹЅϿϴ ϘЄϹ϶ЁГГ ϤЇЅА.
ϘЂ ЁϴЋϴϿϴ X ϶. Ёϴ ϤЇЅА ϼϻ ВϺЁЏЉ ЅІЄϴЁ ϶ϹϿϼ ϸ϶ϴ ІЂЄϷЂ϶ЏЉ ЃЇІϼ. ϣϹЄ϶ЏϽ ϼϻ ЁϼЉ, ЁϴЋϼЁϴ϶ЌϼϽЅГ Ёϴ ϥЄϹϸЁϹЀ ϖЂЅІЂϾϹ, ЃЄЂϿϹϷϴϿ ЋϹЄϹϻ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻ ϼ ϩϴϻϴЄϼВ (ЄϼЅ. 1), ϶ІЂЄЂϽ, ЃЄЂЉЂϸϼ϶ЌϼϽ ЃЂ
ϥЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϔϻϼϼ (ЃЂ ϔЀЇϸϴЄАϹ ϸЂ ϞГІϴ, ϸϴϿϹϹ ϶ ϧЄϷϹЁЋ), ϶ϹϿ ЋϹЄϹϻ ϱЀϵЇ ϶ ϕЇϿϷϴЄЅϾЂϹ ЊϴЄЅІ϶Ђ ϼ ϸϴϿϹϹ — Ёϴ ϤЇЅА. ϖ ЁϴЋϴϿϹ X ϶. ЃЄϼ ЉϴϿϼЈϹ ϠЇϾІϴϸϼЄϹ ЂІЁЂЌϹЁϼГ ЀϹϺϸЇ ϕϴϷϸϴϸЂЀ ϼ ϩϴϻϴЄЅϾϼЀ ϾϴϷϴЁϴІЂЀ ϼЅЃЂЄІϼϿϼЅА, ϼ ЀЇЅЇϿАЀϴЁЅϾϼϹ ϾЇЃЊЏ ЂІϾϴϻϴϿϼЅА ЂІ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϷЂ ЀϴЄЌЄЇІϴ. ϖϸЂϿА ІЂЄϷЂ϶ЏЉ
ϸЂЄЂϷ ϵЏϿϼ ЃЂЅІЄЂϹЁЏ ϾϴЄϴ϶ϴЁ-ЅϴЄϴϼ — ЃЂЅІЂГϿЏϹ ϸ϶ЂЄЏ (ЃЂ-ϴЄϴϵЅϾϼ «ϴЄ-ЄϼϵϴІϼ»), ϷϸϹ ϾЇЃЊЏ
ЂЅІϴЁϴ϶Ͽϼ϶ϴϿϼЅА Ёϴ ЂІϸЏЉ (ІЂЃЂЁϼЀ «ϔЄϵϴІ» — ЇϿϼЊϴ ϼ ЃϿЂЍϴϸА ϶ ЊϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ϠЂЅϾ϶Џ —
ЇϾϴϻЏ϶ϴϹІ, ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ, Ёϴ ІЂ, ЋІЂ ЁϹϾЂϷϸϴ ϻϸϹЅА ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿЅГ ЂϸϼЁ ϼϻ ІϴϾϼЉ ЃЂЅІЂГϿЏЉ ϸ϶ЂЄЂ϶).
Ϝϻ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϔϻϼϼ ϼ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ϖЂЅІЂϾϴ Ёϴ ϤЇЅА ϶ϹϻϿϼ ЄϼЅ, ЅЇЉЂЈЄЇϾІЏ, ЃЄГЁЂЅІϼ, ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏϹ
ЅϿϴϸЂЅІϼ, ІϾϴЁϼ ϼϻ ЌϹϿϾϴ, ЃϴЄЋϼ ϼ ЉϿЂЃϾϴ (ϗϴЈЇЄЂ϶ 1989: 76–77; ϳϾЇϵЂ϶ЅϾϼϽ 1932), ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ϵЂϿАЌЂϹ ϾЂϿϼЋϹЅІ϶Ђ ЅϹЄϹϵЄГЁЏЉ ЀЂЁϹІ — ϸϼЄЉϹЀЂ϶ «ϼЅЀϴϼϿϼ» (ЄϼЅ. 2–4), Ёϴϻ϶ϴЁЁЏЉ ІϴϾ ЃЂ ϼЀϹЁϼ
ЃЄϴ϶ϼІϹϿГ ϜЅЀϴϼϿϴ ϥϴЀϴЁϼ (892–914), ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴІϹϿГ ϸϹЄϺϴ϶Џ ϥϴЀϴЁϼϸЂ϶ ϶ Ϡϴ϶ϹЄϴЁЁϴЉЄϹ. ϖ ІЂ ϶ЄϹЀГ ϸϼЄЉϹЀЏ ϶ЏЃЂϿЁГϿϼ ЈЇЁϾЊϼВ ЀϼЄЂ϶ЏЉ ϸϹЁϹϷ (ϗϴЈЇЄЂ϶ 1989: 74–75), Ђ ЋϹЀ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ЇϹІ
ϼЉ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁϼϹ ϶ЃϿЂІА ϸЂ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ϼ ϛϴЃϴϸЁЂϽ ϙ϶ЄЂЃЏ. ϠЁЂϷЂЋϼЅϿϹЁЁЏϹ ϾϿϴϸЏ ЅϴЀϴЁϼϸЅϾϼЉ ЅϹЄϹϵЄГЁЏЉ ЀЂЁϹІ ϵЏϿϼ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ЁЏЁϹЌЁϹϽ ϤЂЅЅϼϼ (ϳЁϼЁ 2009: 68–159).
ϥϿϹϸЇϹІ ЂІЀϹІϼІА, ЋІЂ ЃЄЂЁϼϾЁЂ϶ϹЁϼϹ ϾЇЈϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЀЇЅЇϿАЀϴЁЅϾϼЉ ЅϹЄϹϵЄГЁЏЉ ЀЂЁϹІ ϼ ЇЅІϴЁЂ϶ϿϹЁϼϹ ІЂЄϷЂ϶ЏЉ Ѕ϶ГϻϹϽ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ϙ϶ЄЂЃЏ ϼ ϤЇЅϼ ЅЂ ЅІЄϴЁϴЀϼ ϩϴϿϼЈϴІϴ ЁϴЋϼЁϴϹІЅГ Ѕ 70–80-Љ ϷϷ.
VIII ϶. ϼ ЃЄЂϸЂϿϺϴϹІЅГ ϸЂ ЁϴЋϴϿϴ XI ϶. (ϦϼϻϹЁϷϴЇϻϹЁ 1853; 1869; 1873; ϨϴЅЀϹЄ 1933; ϳЁϼЁ 2009:
15–99). ϞЇЈϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЀЇЅЇϿАЀϴЁЅϾϼϹ ЅϹЄϹϵЄГЁЏϹ ЀЂЁϹІЏ ЋϴЅІЂ ЁϴЉЂϸГІ ІϴϾϺϹ ЃЄϼ ЄϴЅϾЂЃϾϴЉ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹЄЇЅЅϾϼЉ ϷЂЄЂϸЂ϶ (ϳЁϼЁ 2009: 100–146). ϞЄЂЀϹ ЀЇЅЇϿАЀϴЁЅϾϼЉ ЅϹЄϹϵЄГЁЏЉ ЀЂЁϹІ, Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ
ϤЂЅЅϼϼ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЂ ЀЁЂϺϹЅІ϶Ђ ϾϿϴϸЂ϶ Ѕ ЅϹЄϹϵЄГЁЂϽ ЃЂЅЇϸЂϽ (ЄϼЅ. 5), ЃЄϼ϶ϹϻϹЁЁЂϽ ІЂЄϷЂ϶ЏЀϼ ϾϴЄϴ϶ϴЁϴЀϼ ϼϻ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϔϻϼϼ ϼ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ϖЂЅІЂϾϴ (ϘϴЄϾϹ϶ϼЋ 1976: 5–166).
ϡϴЋϼЁϴГ Ѕ IX ϶. ϶ ϴЄϴϵЅϾϼЉ ϼ ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾЂ-ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾϼЉ ЃϼЅАЀϹЁЁЏЉ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾϴЉ ЃЂГ϶ϿГВІЅГ
ЃϹЄ϶ЏϹ Ѕ϶ϹϸϹЁϼГ Ђ ЅϿϴ϶ГЁϴЉ ϼ ЅІЄϴЁϹ ϤЇЅА (ϕϴЄІЂϿАϸ 1963; ϗϴЄϾϴ϶ϼ 1870: 260–264; ϗϴЈЇЄЂ϶ 1989:
75–80; ϡЂ϶ЂЅϹϿАЊϹ϶ 1965; ϩЇϸЇϸ-ЇϿ-ЂϿϴЀ 1983: 109–110; ϳϾЇϵЂ϶ЅϾϼϽ 1928; 1932). ϱІϼ Ѕ϶ϹϸϹЁϼГ ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГВІ ϵЂϿϹϹ ІЂЋЁЂ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϼІА ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼВ ЄϴЅЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ЅϿϴ϶ГЁ, ЄЇЅЅЂ϶ ϼ ϼЉ ЅЂЅϹϸϹϽ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ
ϸϴІА ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄϼЅІϼϾЇ ϼЉ ϵЏІϴ, ЁЄϴ϶Ђ϶ ϼ ЂϵЏЋϴϹ϶. ϦϴϾ, ϴ϶ІЂЄ IX ϶. ϜϵЁ-ϩЂЄϸϴϸϵϹЉ ЃϼЅϴϿ, ЋІЂ ЄЇЅЅЏ ϼЀϹВІ ЅϿϴ϶ГЁЅϾЂϹ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼϹ, ϴ ϼЉ ЊϴЄϼ ЁЂЅГІ ІϼІЇϿ «ϾЁГϻА» (϶ ІϹϾЅІϹ «ϾЁϴϸ», «ϾЁϴϸϻ»).
ϘϴϿϹϹ ЂЁ ЅЂЂϵЍϴϹІ Ђ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ ЄЇЅЅϾϼϹ ϾЇЃЊЏ ІЂЄϷЂ϶ϴϿϼ ЀϹЉϴЀϼ ϶ЏϸЄЏ, ЋϹЄЁЂ-ϵЇЄЏЉ ϿϼЅϼЊ ϼ ЀϹЋϴЀϼ. ϜЉ ІЂЄϷЂ϶ЏϽ ЃЇІА ЃЄЂЉЂϸϼϿ ЃЂ ЅϿϴ϶ГЁЅϾЂϽ ЄϹϾϹ (ϖЂϿϷϴ) ϶ ЉϴϻϴЄЅϾЇВ ЅІЂϿϼЊЇ ϜІϼϿА, ϴ ЂІІЇϸϴ ЃЂ ВϷЂ-϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂЀЇ ЃЂϵϹЄϹϺАВ ϞϴЅЃϼϽЅϾЂϷЂ ЀЂЄГ ϶ ϘϺЇЄϸϺϴЁ, ϻϴІϹЀ Ёϴ ϶ϹЄϵϿВϸϴЉ ϶ ϕϴϷϸϴϸ
(ϗϴЄϾϴ϶ϼ 1870: 44–56). ϘЄЇϷЂϽ ЀЇЅЇϿАЀϴЁЅϾϼϽ ϴ϶ІЂЄ ϜϵЁ-ϨϴϸϿϴЁ, ЃЂϵЏ϶ϴ϶ЌϼϽ ϶ ЅЂЅІϴ϶Ϲ ЃЂЅЂϿАЅІ϶ϴ (921–922) ЉϴϿϼЈϴ ϠЇϾІϴϸϼЄϴ Ͼ ЊϴЄВ ϕЇϿϷϴЄ, ЂІЀϹІϼϿ, ЋІЂ ЄЏϺϹ϶ЂϿЂЅЏϹ ϾЇЃЊЏ ЄЇЅЅЂ϶ ϼЀϹВІ
138
ЉЂЄЂЌϹϹ ІϹϿЂЅϿЂϺϹЁϼϹ. ϢЁϼ ЁЂЅГІ ЃЄЂЅІЇВ ЂϸϹϺϸЇ ϼ ϶ЂЂЄЇϺϹЁЏ ЌϼЄЂϾϼЀϼ ϼ ϶ЂϿЁЂЂϵЄϴϻЁЏЀϼ
ЀϹЋϴЀϼ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ЁЂϺϴЀϼ ϼ ЅϹϾϼЄϴЀϼ (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ: 93). ϖ ϴЁЂЁϼЀЁЂЀ ЃϹЄЅЂГϻЏЋЁЂЀ ϷϹЂϷЄϴЈϼЋϹЅϾЂЀ ЅЂЋϼЁϹЁϼϼ X ϶. «ϩЇϸЇϸ-ЇϿ-ЂϿϴЀ» («ϗЄϴЁϼЊЏ ЀϼЄϴ») ϹЅІА Ѕ϶ϹϸϹЁϼГ Ђ ЀϹЅІЂЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼϼ ЅІЄϴЁЏ ЄЇЅЅЂ϶,
Ђ ϹϹ ЃЄϼЄЂϸЁЏЉ ЄϹЅЇЄЅϴЉ, Ђ ЁЄϴ϶ϴЉ ϼ ϶ϹЄЂ϶ϴЁϼГЉ ϹϹ ϺϼІϹϿϹϽ. ϖ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾϹ Ёϴϻ϶ϴЁЏ ϷЂЄЂϸϴ ЄЇЅЅЂ϶, ІϴϾϼϹ ϾϴϾ ϞЇДϵϴ, ϥϴϿЂϵϴ, ϔЄІϴϵ ϼ ϸЄЇϷϼϹ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ЃϹЄϹЋϼЅϿϹЁЏ ϶Џ϶ЂϻϼЀЏϹ ЂІІЇϸϴ ІЂ϶ϴЄЏ —
ЃЇЌЁϼЁϴ, ЌϹЄЅІГЁϴГ ЃЄГϺϴ ϼ ЉЂЄЂЌϼϹ ЀϹЋϼ (ϩЇϸЇϸ-ЇϿ-ЂϿϴЀ 1983: 110). ϖ ϸЄЇϷЂЀ, ϵЂϿϹϹ ЃЂϻϸЁϹЀ
. 1. ϣϹЄϹ϶Ђϸ Ѕ ЈϴЄЅϼ «ϥЇЄϴІϼ ϸϴЄϽϴϼ ϩϴϻϴЄ» («ϾϴЄІϴ ϞϴЅЃϼϽЅϾЂϷЂ ЀЂЄГ») ϴ϶ІЂЄϴ XIII ϶. ϴІ-ϦЇЅϼ
(ЃЂ ϕϿϼЁЂ϶ ϼ ϸЄ. 2012)
Fig. 1. At-Tusi’s «Map of the Caspian Sea», translation from Farsi (after ϕϿϼЁЂ϶ ϼ ϸЄ. 2012)
139
:
,
,
ЃϹЄЅЂГϻЏЋЁЂЀ ЃϼЅАЀϹЁЁЂЀ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾϹ «ϫЇϸϹЅϴ ЀϼЄϴ» (XIII ϶.) ϷЂ϶ЂЄϼІЅГ Ђ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ ϤЇЅА БІЂ ϵЂϿАЌϴГ ЅІЄϴЁϴ Ѕ ЀЁЂϷЂЋϼЅϿϹЁЁЏЀ Ѕ϶ϹІϿЂ϶ЂϿЂЅЏЀ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼϹЀ. ϢІІЇϸϴ ϶Џ϶ЂϻГІ ϿϹЁ, ЃЄГϺЇ, ЄϴϵЂ϶ ϼ ЄϴϵЏЁА (ϥЀϼЄЁЂ϶ϴ 1993: 206). ϠЇϺϹЅІ϶Ђ ϼ ЉЄϴϵЄЂЅІА ЄЇЅЅϾϼЉ ЁϴϹЀЁЏЉ ϶ЂϼЁЂ϶, ЅϿЇϺϼ϶ЌϼЉ ϶ ϶ЂϽЅϾϴЉ
϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏЉ ЃЄϴ϶ϼІϹϿϹϽ, ϶ЂЅЃϹ϶ϴϿϼ ЅЄϹϸЁϹ϶ϹϾЂ϶ЏϹ ЃЂБІЏ. ϖ ЋϴЅІЁЂЅІϼ, ϾϿϴЅЅϼϾ ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾЂ-ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂϽ ϿϼІϹЄϴІЇЄЏ XII ϶. ϡϼϻϴЀϼ ЃϼЅϴϿ: «ϞϴЌϼϸϴЁ ЅϴЈ ϾϴϿϵϸЂЄЂЁϼ ЄЇЅ» / ϥІЄЂϼϿϼЅА ϶ ЄГϸ ЄЇЅЅϾϼϹ
ϾϴϿϵϸϴЄϼ (ϡϼϻϴЀϼ 1965: 35), І. Ϲ. ЉЄϴϵЄЏϹ ϶ЂϼЁЏ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЅϿϹϸϼϿϼ ϻϴ ЃЂЄГϸϾЂЀ ϶ ЊϹЁІЄϹ ϶ЂϽЅϾϴ.
ϪϹЁЁЏϹ Ѕ϶ϹϸϹЁϼГ Ђ ІЂЄϷЂ϶ЏЉ Ѕ϶ГϻГЉ ЅІЄϴЁ ϖЂЅІЂϾϴ ϼ ϤЇЅϼ ϸϴВІ ІϴϾϼϹ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿЏ, ϾϴϾ ЅІϹϾϿГЁЁϴГ ЃЂЅЇϸϴ (ϕЇЅГІЅϾϴГ 1972), ЃЂϿϼ϶ЁϴГ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ, ІϾϴЁϼ ϼϻ ЉϿЂЃϾϴ ϼ ЌϹϿϾϴ
(ϨϹЉЁϹЄ 1973) (ЄϼЅ. 6).
ϦЂЄϷЂ϶ЏϹ ϾЂЁІϴϾІЏ Ѕ ϖЂЅІЂϾЂЀ ЂϾϴϻϴϿϼ ϵЂϿАЌЂϹ ϶ϿϼГЁϼϹ Ёϴ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿАЁЇВ ϼ ϸЇЉЂ϶ЁЇВ
ϾЇϿАІЇЄЇ ϤЇЅϼ. ϤϹϻЇϿАІϴІЂЀ БІϼЉ ϾЂЁІϴϾІЂ϶ ЅІϴϿЂ ЃЂГ϶ϿϹЁϼϹ ϶ ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂЀ ЄЇЅЅϾЂЀ ГϻЏϾϹ ϴЄϴϵЅϾϼЉ, ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾЂ-ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾϼЉ ϼ ІВЄϾЅϾϼЉ ЅϿЂ϶. ϜϻЇЋϹЁϼϹ ІВЄϾϼϻЀЂ϶ ϶ ЄЇЅЅϾЂЀ ГϻЏϾϹ ЁϴЋϴϿЂЅА
ϹЍϹ ϶ XIX ϶., БІϴ ЃЄЂϵϿϹЀϴ ЂЅІϴϹІЅГ ϴϾІЇϴϿАЁЂϽ ϸЂ ЁϴЅІЂГЍϹϷЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ (ϘЀϼІЄϼϹ϶ 1962: 142–143;
ϤϴϸϿЂ϶ 1963: 384–385; ϬЇЀЂ϶ЅϾϼϽ 2004: 335–336).
ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ϶ ЊϹϿЂЀ ЃЄЂϵϿϹЀϴ ЃЄЂЁϼϾЁЂ϶ϹЁϼГ ϴЄϴϵЅϾЂϽ, ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾЂ-ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂϽ ϼ ІВЄϾЅϾЂϽ
ϿϹϾЅϼϾϼ ϶ ЄЇЅЅϾϼϽ ГϻЏϾ ϼϻЇЋϹЁϴ ЁϹϸЂЅІϴІЂЋЁЂ. ϣЂБІЂЀЇ ЁϴЀϼ ϶ЃϹЄ϶ЏϹ ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴВІЅГ ϶ЂЃЄЂЅЏ
Ђ ІЂЀ, ϾЂϷϸϴ ϼ ϾϴϾ ϶ ЄЇЅЅϾϼϽ ГϻЏϾ ϶ЂЌϿϼ ϴЄϴϵЅϾϼϹ, ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾЂ-ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾϼϹ ϼ ІВЄϾЅϾϼϹ ГϻЏϾЂ϶ЏϹ
ϹϸϼЁϼЊЏ, ЅЂЉЄϴЁГВІ Ͽϼ ЂЁϼ Ѕ϶ЂϹ ЃϹЄ϶ЂЁϴЋϴϿАЁЂϹ ϻЁϴЋϹЁϼϹ ϼ, ϹЅϿϼ ЁϹІ, ІЂ Ѕ ЋϹЀ Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁЂ ϼϻЀϹЁϹЁϼϹ ЅЀЏЅϿϴ БІϼЉ ЅϿЂ϶. ϜЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼϹ ϶ЂЃЄЂЅϴ ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁЂ Ёϴ Ѕ϶ϹϸϹЁϼГЉ ЅЄϹϸЁϹ϶ϹϾЂ϶ЏЉ (X–XVIII ϶϶.)
ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾϼЉ ІЂϿϾЂ϶ЏЉ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄϹϽ (ϗϼДЅ-ЇϿ-ϿЇϷЂІ 1987–1989; ϥϿЂ϶ϴЄА ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂϷЂ ГϻЏϾϴ… 1969;
ϧϵϴЉϼ 1992), ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ϹϸϹЁϼϽ ϾϿϴЅЅϼϾЂ϶ ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾЂ-ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂϽ ϿϼІϹЄϴІЇЄЏ IX–XIII ϶϶.
(ϘϹЉϿϹ϶ϼ 1968; ϡϼϻϴЀϼ 1965; ϤЇϸϴϾϼ 1958; ϥϴϴϸϼ 1970; ϨϼЄϸϴ϶Ѕϼ 1960–1971; ϩϴϽГЀ 1986; ϼ ϸЄ.).
ϞЄЂЀϹ ІЂϷЂ, ϸϿГ ЅЄϴ϶ЁϹЁϼГ ϴЄϴϵЅϾϼЉ, ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾЂ-ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾϼЉ ϼ ІВЄϾЅϾϼЉ ЅϿЂ϶, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ϶ЂЌϿϼ ϶
ЄЇЅЅϾϼϽ ГϻЏϾ ϼ ϸЂ ЅϼЉ ЃЂЄ ЇЃЂІЄϹϵϿГВІЅГ ϶ ЄϴϻϷЂ϶ЂЄЁЂϽ ЄϹЋϼ, ЁϴЀϼ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴЁЏ ІЂϿϾЂ϶ЏϹ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄϼ ЄЇЅЅϾЂϷЂ ГϻЏϾϴ XVIII–XX ϶϶. (ϕЄЂϾϷϴЇϻ, ϙЈЄЂЁ 1890–1896; ϕЇϸϴϷЂ϶ 1869–1871; ϘϴϿА 1880–
1888; ϢϺϹϷЂ϶ 2008; ϥϿЂ϶ϴЄА ЄЇЅЅϾЂϷЂ ГϻЏϾϴ… 1975–1996; ϧЌϴϾЂ϶ 1935–1940; ϨϴЅЀϹЄ 1986–1987).
ϡϹϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ІЂϿϾЂ϶ЏϹ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄϼ ЄЇЅЅϾЂϷЂ ГϻЏϾϴ ЁϹ ϿϼЌϹЁЏ ЁϹІЂЋЁЂЅІϹϽ. ϦϴϾ, ϶ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄϹ ϖ. ϘϴϿГ
ЁϹ ϶ЅϹϷϸϴ ϸϴЁЂ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼϹ ϻϴϼЀЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁЁЏЉ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏЉ ЅϿЂ϶, ϵЂϿАЌЇВ ЋϴЅІА ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ϴ϶ІЂЄ
϶Ђϻ϶ЂϸϼІ Ͼ ІϴІϴЄЅϾЂЀЇ ГϻЏϾЇ (ϘϴϿА 1880–1888). ϖ ІЂϿϾЂ϶ЂЀ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄϹ ЃЂϸ ЄϹϸϴϾЊϼϹϽ Ϙ. ϧЌϴϾЂ϶ϴ
ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼϹ ЄГϸϴ ϿϹϾЅϹЀ ϸϴЁЂ ЁϹ϶ϹЄЁЂ. ϡϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ, ЅϿЂ϶Ђ «ЅϴЄϴϽ» Г϶ϿГϹІЅГ ЁϹ ІВЄϾЅϾϼЀ, ϴ ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾϼЀ (ϧЌϴϾЂ϶ 1940, І. IV: 51), ЅϿЂ϶Ђ «ЌϴϿА», ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾЂ-ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂϷЂ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼГ, ЁϹ ЀЂϷϿЂ
ϵЏІА ϻϴϼЀЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼϹЀ ϼϻ ЈЄϴЁЊЇϻЅϾЂϷЂ ГϻЏϾϴ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ, ЃЂ ЀЁϹЁϼВ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϼІϹϿГ, ϶ Ѕ϶ЂВ ЂЋϹЄϹϸА,
϶ЂЅЃЄϼЁГϿ БІЂ ЅϿЂ϶Ђ ϼϻ ϴЄϴϵЅϾЂϷЂ (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ: 1315). ϧ БІЂϷЂ ϴ϶ІЂЄϴ ϼЀϹВІЅГ ІϴϾϺϹ ЁϹІЂЋЁЂЅІϼ ϶ ϼЅІЂϿϾЂ϶ϴЁϼϼ ϻЁϴЋϹЁϼГ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ϿϹϾЅϹЀ.
ϖ ЁϴЅІЂГЍϹϽ ЄϴϵЂІϹ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЂ 123
,
,
ϼ ϸЂ ЅϼЉ ЃЂЄ ЇЃЂІЄϹϵϿГϹЀЏЉ ϶ ЄϴϻϷЂ϶ЂЄЁЂϽ ЄϹЋϼ. ϕЂϿАЌЇВ ϼЉ ЋϴЅІА (ЃЂЋІϼ 80 %) ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿГВІ ϴЄϴϵЅϾϼϹ ϼ ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾЂ-ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾϼϹ ГϻЏϾЂ϶ЏϹ ϹϸϼЁϼЊЏ.
(38
)
— ϴϿϷϹϵЄϴ; — ϴϿϾЂϷЂϿА; — ϴϿЉϼЀϼГ; — ϴϿАЀϴЁϴЉ;
— ϼЀϵϼЄА;
— ϵϴϾϴϿϹГ;
— ϵГϻА;
— ϵϼЅϹЄ;
— ϴЄЅϹЁϴϿ;
—
ЌЇϵϴ;
— ЌϴЈЄϴЁ;
— ϾϴϵϴϿϴ;
— ϾϴЁϸϴϿЏ;
— ϾЂЈϹ;
— ϾϴϽЈ;
— ϾϴЄϴІ;
— ЀϴϷϴЄЏЋ;
— ЀϴЁϷϴϿ;
— ЀЇЅЅЂЁ;
— ЀϴϷϴϻϼЁ;
— ЀЇЀϼГ;
— ЀϴϾЄϴЀϹ;
— ЁϴϵϴІ;
— ЁϴЌϴІЏЄА;
— ЅЇЁϸЇϾ;
,
— ЌϴЄЂ϶ϴЄЏ;
— ІϴЄϼЈ;
— ϾϴϻЁϴ;
— ЉϴϿ϶ϴ;
— ϾϼЁϺϴϿ;
— ϷϴЄϹЀ;
— ϷϴЌϼЌ;
— ЉϴϿϴІ;
— ЉЇЄЀϴ;
— ЅϴІϴЁϴ;
— ЌϹЄϵϹІ;
— БϿϼϾЅϼЄ;
— ГЌЀϴ.
—
— ϴЄЌϼЁ;
140
(50
— ϴϿЏЋϴ;
—
—
— ϵϴЉЋϴ;
— ϴЀϵϴЄ;
—
)
—
— ϼЁϺϼЄ;
— ϵϴϾϿϴϺϴЁ;
—
—
—
ϵϴϻϴЄ;
—
—
— ϵϴϿϾЂЁ;
—
— ϵЂϷϴІЏЄА;
—
— ϷϼІϴЄϴ;
— ϷВЄϻϴ;
—
— ϸϹЁАϷϼ;
—
— ЋϹЀЂϸϴЁ;
— ϾϴϿϴЁЋϴ;
—
— ϾϴЄϴ϶ϴЁ;
—
— ϾЂЄІϼϾ;
—
— ϾЇЁϺЇІ;
—
— ϾϼЂЅϾ;
—
— ϿϴϸϴЁ;
—
— ϿϴϻЇЄϼІ;
—
—
ЁϹЈІА;
—
— ЃϼϺϴЀϴ,
—
— ЃϴЄЋϴ;
—
— ϵЂϿ϶ϴЁ;
—
— ЃϿЂ϶;
—
— ЃϴϿϴЅ;
—
— ϵϼЄВϻϴ;
—
— ЈϼЅІϴЌϾϴ;
—
— ЅϴЄϴϽ;
—
— ЅϴЄϴЈϴЁ;
—
— ЅЇЄАЀϴ;
—
— ϴЄϵЇϻ;
—
— ІϹЅАЀϴ;
—
— ІЂЃЂЄ;
—
— ІЇЀϴЁ;
—
— ІВЄϵϴЁ;
—
— ІϴϽЈЇЁ;
—
— ϵЇϿϴІ;
—
— ЈϴІϴ;
—
— ЉϴЁϴ;
—
— ϾϴЈІϴЁ;
—
— ЋϹЄІЂϷ;
—
— ЌϴІДЄ;
—
— ЋϹЄϸϴϾ;
,
— ЌϴϿА;
—
—
ЌϴЉЀϴІЏ;
—
— ЌϴЌϿЏϾ;
—
— ЌϴϾϴϿ;
—
— ЅϴЉϴЄ;
—ё
— ϺϴЅЀϼЁ.
. 2. ϤϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁϼϹ ϸϼЄЉϹЀϴ ϸЂ 833 Ϸ. (ЃЂ ϳЁϼЁ 2009): 1 — ϞЄϼ϶ГЁЅϾϴГ, 806 Ϸ.; 2 — ϛϴ϶ϴϿϼЌϼЁЂ, 810 Ϸ.;
3 — ϡϼϺЁГГ ϥЏЄЂ϶ϴІϾϴ, 813 Ϸ.; 4 — ϣϴЄϼЅІЂ϶ЅϾϼϽ ЉЇІЂЄ; 5 — ϳЄЏϿЂ϶ϼЋϼ, 821 Ϸ.; 6 — ϟϼІ϶ϼЁЂ϶ϼЋϼ, 824 Ϸ.;
7 — ϠЂϷϼϿД϶, 815 Ϸ.; 8 — ϠϼЁЅϾϴГ ϷЇϵ., 816 Ϸ.; 9 — ϟϴЃЂІϾЂ϶Ђ, 817 Ϸ.; 10 — ϕϴЅϾϴЋ; 11 — ϕЂЄϾϼ, 817 Ϸ.; 12 —
ϥϾЂЃϼЁЅϾϼϽ Ї.; 13 — ϥϴЄЅϾЂϹ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϹ; 14 — ϧϷЂϸϼЋϼ, 813 Ϸ.; 15 — ϧϷϿϼЋ, 829 Ϸ.; 16 — ϛϴϷЂЄЂϸАϹ, 831 Ϸ.;
17 — ϥϹЀДЁЂ϶ ϗЂЄЂϸЂϾ; 18 — ϘϹЀГЁЅϾ, 825 Ϸ.; 19 — ϡϴϵϴІЂ϶Ђ; 20 — ϖЏϿϹϷϼ; 21 — ϦϴЄІЇ; 22 — ϥІϴЄϴГ
ϟϴϸЂϷϴ, 786 Ϸ.; 23 — ϞЁГЍϼЁЂ, 808 Ϸ.; 24 — ϱϿЀϹϸ, 821 Ϸ.; 25 — ϟϹϿϹϾϼ
Fig. 2. Distribution area of dirham before 833 (after ϳЁϼЁ 2009): 1 — Krivyanskaya, 806; 2 — Zavalishino, 810;
3 — Nizhnyaya Syrovatka, 813; 4 — Paristovskiy farm stead; 5 — Yarylovichi, 821; 6 — Litvinovichi, 824; 7 —
Mogilev, 815; 8 — Minsk region, 816; 9 — Lapotkovo, 817; 10 — Baskach; 11 — Borki, 817; 12 — Skopino area;
13 — Sarskoe settlement; 14 — Ugodichi, 813; 15 — Uglich, 829; 16 — Zagorodie, 831; 17 — Semenov Gorodok;
18 — Demyansk, 825; 19 — Nabatovo; 20 — Vylegi; 21 — Tartu; 22 — Old Ladoga, 786; 23 — Knyashchino, 808;
24 — Elmed, 821; 25 — Leleki
141
:
,
(35
,
)
— ϴϿЏϽ;
— ϴϿІЏЁ;
— ϹЄϴϿϴЌ;
— ϴЄϾϴЁ;
,
— ЂІϹЊ;
—
ϴІϴЀϴЁ;
— ϵϴϿЏϾ;
— ϵϴЌϾϴ;
— ϵϴЌЀϴϾ;
— ϵϹϿАЀϹЅ;
— ϵϹЄϾЇІ;
— ϾϴϻϴϾ;
— ϾϴϽЀϴ;
— ϾϴЀЏЌ;
— ϾϴЃϾϴЁ;
— ϾϴЄϼϽ;
— ϾϴЄϴЇϿ;
,
— ϾϴЄϴЁϸϴЌ;
— ϾϴЄϷϴ;
— ϾЇЄϷϴЁ;
,
— ЂЋϴϷ;
—
ЃϴϽ;
— ІϴϵЇЁ;
— ІϴЀϷϴ;
— ІϴЀЂϺϹЁЁϼϾ;
— ІЂϿЀϴЋ;
— ϼϻВЀ;
,
— ЇЄϴ;
— ЇЄВϾ;
— ЋЇϿϴЁ;
— ϾϴϻЁϴЋϹϽ;
— ЌϴϿϴЌ;
— ϶АВϾ;
— ГЄϿϼϾ;
— ϹЅϴЇϿ.
ϖ ЊϹϿЂЀ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏϹ ЅϿЂ϶ϴ, ϶ЂЌϹϸЌϼϹ ϶ ЄЇЅЅϾϼϽ ГϻЏϾ, ЂЉ϶ϴІЏ϶ϴВІ ЃЂЋІϼ ϶ЅϹ ЅІЂЄЂЁЏ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿАЁЂϽ ϼ ϸЇЉЂ϶ЁЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ЂϵЍϹЅІ϶ϴ.
. 3. ϤϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁϼϹ ϸϼЄЉϹЀϴ ϶ 833–900 ϷϷ. (ЃЂ ϳЁϼЁ 2009): 1 — ϩϹЄЅЂЁϹЅ, 870 Ϸ.; 2 — ϡЂ϶ϴГ ϟϴϻϴЄϹ϶Ͼϴ,
893 Ϸ.; 3 — ϖϹЌϹЁЅϾϴГ; 4 — ϣЂϿІϴ϶ϴ, 883 Ϸ.; 5 — ϣЂϷЄϹϵЁЂϹ, 876 Ϸ.; 6 — ϠЂϼЅϹϹ϶Ђ; 7 — ϕЂϵЏϿϼ, 876 Ϸ.;
8 — ϘϹ϶ϼЊϴ, 838 Ϸ.; 9 — ϣЄЂІϴЅЂ϶Ђ; 10 — ϠϼЌЁϹ϶Ђ, 869 Ϸ.; 11 — ϢЅІЄЂϷЂ϶, 870 Ϸ.; 12 — ϤϴЅІЂ϶ϹЊ, 864 Ϸ.;
13 — ϗЄЇЋϼЁЂ; 14 — ϩϼІЄЂ϶Ͼϴ, 873 Ϸ.; 15 — ϚϹϿϹϻЁϼЊЏ, 878 Ϸ.; 16 — ϕЂЄϾϼ; 17 — ϕЂЄϾϼ; 18 — ϠЂЅϾ϶ϴ; 19 —
ϣϴЁϾϼЁЂ, 863 Ϸ.; 20 — ϣЂІϹЄЃϹϿАЊЏ, 866 Ϸ.; 21 — ϞЇϻЁϹЊϾЂϹ, 870 Ϸ.; 22 — ϬЇЀϼϿЂ϶Ϲ, 871 Ϸ.; 23 — ϡЂ϶ϷЂЄЂϸ,
864 Ϸ.; 24 — ϥІϴЄϴГ ϟϴϸЂϷϴ, 847 Ϸ.; 25 — ϣϹϽЃЇЅ, 862 Ϸ.; 26 — ϟϼЈϿГЁϸЅϾϴГ ϷЇϵ., 872 Ϸ.; 27 — ϗЄЂϵϼЁ; 28 —
ϞЂЉІϹϿА, 838 Ϸ.; 29 — ϔЉЄϹЀЊЏ, 852 Ϸ.; 30 — ϥЂϵЂϿϹ϶Ђ, 857 Ϸ.; 31 — ϖϼІϹϵЅϾϴГ ϷЇϵ.; 32 — ϟЇЋϹЅЏ; 33 —
ϣЅϾЂ϶ЅϾϼϽ ЇϹϻϸ; 34 — ϳϷЂЌЇЄЏ, 843 Ϸ.; 35 — ϖГІϾϴ, 835 Ϸ.
Fig. 3. Distribution area of dirham in 833–900 (after ϳЁϼЁ 2009): 1 — Chersonesos, 870; 2 — Novaya Lazarevka,
893; 3 — Veshenskaya; 4 — Poltava, 883; 5 — Pogrebnoe, 876; 6 — Moiseevo; 7 — Bobyli, 876; 8 — Devitsa, 838;
9 — Protasovo; 10 — Mishnevo, 869; 11 — Ostrogov, 870; 12 — Rastovetz, 864; 13 — Gruchino; 14 — Khitrovka,
873; 15 — Zheleznitsa, 878; 16 — Borki; 17 — Borki; 18 — Moscow; 19 — Pankino, 863; 20 — Poterpel’tsy, 866;
21 — Kuznetskoe, 870; 22 — Shumilove, 871; 23 — Novgorod, 864; 24 — Old Ladoga, 847; 25 — Peipus, 862; 26 —
Liflandia, 872; 27 — Grobin; 28 — Kohtel’, 838; 29 — Akhremtsy, 852; 30 — Sobolevo, 857; 31 — Vitebsk region;
32 — Luchesy; 33 — Pskov region; 34 — Yagoshury, 843; 35 — Vyatka, 835
142
. 4. ϤϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁϼϹ ϸϼЄЉϹЀϴ ϶ 900–970 ϷϷ. (ЃЂ ϳЁϼЁ 2009): 1 — ϞЂЃϼϹ϶Ͼϴ, 953 Ϸ.; 2–3 — ϞϼϹ϶,
906 Ϸ.; 4 — ϞϼϹ϶, 936 Ϸ.; 5 — ϫϹЄЁϼϷЂ϶ЅϾϼϽ Ї.; 6 — ϟВϵϹЋ, 933 Ϸ.; 7 — ϥІЄЇЃЂ϶Ђ, 912 Ϸ.; 8 — ϗЂЀϹϿА,
943 Ϸ.; 9 — ϕЂϿАЌЂϽ ϞЄϼ϶ϹϽ; 10 — ϕϹЄϹϻϴ, 950-Ϲ ϷϷ.; 11 — ϕϹϻϿВϸЂ϶Ͼϴ; 12 — ϥϴЄϾϹϿ; 13 — ϦϴЄЇЅЅϾϼϽ
Ї.; 14 — ϕϹϿЂЂЀЇІ; 15 — ϕЂЄЂϻϸϹЁЂϾ; 16 — ϠЇЄЂЀ, 939 Ϸ.; 17 — ϤϺϹ϶, 953 Ϸ.; 18 — ϖϴϿϸϴϽЅϾϼϽ Ї., 951 Ϸ.;
19 — ϣϴϿАЊϹ϶Ђ, 914 Ϸ.; 20 — ϦЂЄЂЃϹЊ; 21 — ϖϹϿϼϾЂϿЇϾЅϾϼϽ Ї.; 22 — ϘЇϵЄЂ϶ϼЁϾϴ, 961 Ϸ.; 23 — ϗЁϹϻϸЂ϶Ђ,
928 Ϸ.; 24 — ϗЁϹϻϸЂ϶Ђ, 948 Ϸ.; 25 — ϗЁϹϻϸЂ϶Ђ, 960 Ϸ.; 26 — ϖϹІА; 27 — ϘϼЅЁϹЁЅϾϼϽ Ї., 944 Ϸ.; 28 —
ϗϴЄϼЊϴ, 906 Ϸ.; 29 — ϟϹЁЊϼϾЂ϶ЍϼЁϴ, 912 Ϸ.; 30 — ϠϼЁЅϾ; 31 — ϫϴЃϿϹ-Ϣϵ-ЄϹЀЃϴϿϾϴ, 900-Ϲ ϷϷ.; 32 —
ϗЄЂϵϼЁ, 946 Ϸ.; 33 — ϗЄЂϵϼЁ, 952 Ϸ.; 34 — ϥЂЅЁϼЊϾϼϽ Ї., 914 Ϸ.; 35 — ϣЂϿϹЅАϹ; 36 — ϕЂЄЂ϶ϼϾЂ϶Ђ, 905 Ϸ.;
37 — ϣЅϾЂ϶, 958 Ϸ.; 38 — ϕЇϿϴϹ϶Ђ, 936 Ϸ.; 39 — ϦЂЄЀϴ, 947 Ϸ.; 40 — ϗϴϻϹϿϴЇ, 959 Ϸ.; 41 — ϤϴІЅϷЂЈ, 952 Ϸ.;
42 — ϦϴϿϿϼЁ, 942 Ϸ.; 43 — ϨЄϼϸЄϼЉЅϷЂЈ, 955 Ϸ.; 44 — ϥϴЄϹЀϴ; 45 — ϛϴЇϹ, 936 Ϸ.; 46 — ϥІϴ϶ЄЂЃЂϿА,
939 Ϸ.; 47 — ϕϼϿГЄЅϾ, 906 Ϸ.; 48 — ϞϴϻϴЁЅϾϴГ ϷЇϵ., 914 Ϸ.; 49 — ϕЂϿϷϴЄЏ, 946 Ϸ.; 50 — ϞЂϾЄГІ, 900 Ϸ.;
51 — ϕЂϿϷϴЄЏ; 52 — ϕϴϿЏЀϹЄ; 53 — ϕЂϷϸϴЁЂ϶ЅϾЂϹ, 920 Ϸ.; 54 — ϔЁϼϾЂ϶Ђ; 55 — ϖϹЄЉЂІЇЄАϹ, 909 Ϸ.; 56 —
ϣϹІЄЂϻϴ϶ЂϸЅϾ, 946 Ϸ.; 57 — ϡЂ϶ϷЂЄЂϸ, 953 Ϸ.; 58 — ϞЂϻϹϿАЅϾ, 953 Ϸ.; 59 — ϥϴ϶ϼЁ; 60 — ϖϹϽЅϹЁЌІϹϽЁ,
955 Ϸ.; 61 — ϫЇϸЅϾЂϽ ϷЂЄЂϸЂϾ, 960 Ϸ.; 62 — ϞЂ϶ϴЅІ, 969 Ϸ.; 63 — ϖϹЅЁϹЄЅϷЂЈ, 951 Ϸ.; 64 — ϗЂЄЂϸЁϼЁЅϾϼϽ
Ї.; 65 — ϥІϴЄЂЅϹϿЏ
Fig. 4. Distribution area of dirham in 900–970 (after ϳЁϼЁ 2009): 1 — Kopievka, 953; 2–3 — Kiev, 906;
4 — Kiev, 936; 5 — Chernigov district; 6 — Lyubech, 933; 7 — Strupovo, 912; 8 — Gomel’, 943; 9 — Bolshoi
Krivei; 10 — Bereza, 950-es; 11 — Bezlyudovka; 12 — Sarkel; 13 — Tarusa district; 14 — Beloomut; 15 —
Borozdenok; 16 — Murom, 939; 17 — Rzhev, 953; 18 — Valdai districk, 951; 19 — Paltsevo, 914; 20 —
Toropetz; 21 — Velikie Luki district; 22 — Dubrovinka, 961; 23 — Gnezdovo, 928; 24 — Gnezdovo, 948;
25 — Gnezdovo, 960; 26 — Vet’; 27 — Disnensky district, 944; 28 — Garitsa, 906; 29 — Lentsikovshchina,
912; 30 — Minsk; 31 — Chaple-Obrempalka, 900-es; 32 — Grobin, 946; 33 — Grobin, 952; 34 — Sosnitsa
district, 914; 35 — Polesye; 36 — Borovikovo, 905; 37 — Pskov, 958; 38 — Bulaevo, 936; 39 — Torma, 947;
40 — Gazelau, 959; 41 — Ratshoff, 952; 42 — Tallin, 942; 43 — Fridrihshoff, 955; 44 — Sarema; 45 — Zaue,
936; 46 — Stavropol’, 939; 47 — Bilyarsk, 906; 48 — Kazan’ region, 914; 49 — Bolgary, 946; 50 — Kokryat;
51 — Bolgary; 52 — Balymer; 53 — Bogdanovskoe, 920; 54 — Anikovo; 55 — Verkhoturie, 909; 56 —
Petrozavodsk, 946; 57 — Novgorod, 953; 58 — Kozelsk, 953; 59 — Savin; 60 — Weisenschtein, 955; 61 —
Chudskoi gorodok, 960; 62 — Kovast, 969; 63 — Wesnershoff, 951; 64 — Gorodnya district; 65 — Starosely
143
:
,
,
. 5. ϥϹЄϹϵЄГЁЏϹ ЅЂЅЇϸЏ (ЃЂ ϘϴЄϾϹ϶ϼЋ 1976): 1–5 — ϕЂϿАЌϹ-ϔЁϼϾЂ϶ЅϾϴГ (№ 43); 6–8 — ϥϹϿГЁϼЁЂ ϢϻϹЄЂ
(№ 20); 9 — ϞϴЄϴЅϹ϶Ђ (№ 11); 10 — ϠϴϿϴГ ϬϴϾЌϹЄϴ (№ 48)
Fig. 5. Silver vessels (after ϘϴЄϾϹ϶ϼЋ 1976): 1–5 — Bol’she-Anikovskaya (No. 43); 6–8 — Selyanino Ozero
(No. 20); 9 — Karasevo (No. 11); 10 — Malaya Shakshera (No. 48)
144
,
Ϟ БІЂϽ ϿϹϾЅϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϷЄЇЃЃϹ ЂІЁЂЅГІЅГ ЅϿЂ϶ϴ «ϴІϴЀϴЁ», «ϵЂϷϴІЏЄА», «ϹЅϴЇϿ», «ϾϴϻϴϾ», «ϾϴЄϴЇϿ», «ϾϼЁϺϴϿ», «ϾЂЄІϼϾ», «ІЂЃЂЄ».
ϥϿЂ϶Ђ «ϴІϴЀϴЁ», ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ, ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸϼІ ЂІ ІВЄϾЅϾЂϷЂ «ЂІϴ, ϴІϴ, ϴІϴϿЏϾ». ϖ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄϹ ϟ. ϕЇϸϴϷЂ϶ϴ
ЃЄϼ϶ϹϸϹЁЂ ЅϿϹϸЇВЍϹϹ ϹϷЂ ϻЁϴЋϹЁϼϹ: «ЂІϹЊ» ϼϿϼ «ЃЂЃϹЋϼІϹϿА». ϡϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ, ϶ЂЅЃϼІϴІϹϿϼ ϸϹІϹϽ ЅЇϿІϴЁЂ϶ ϼϻ ϸϼЁϴЅІϼϼ ϥϹϿАϸϺЇϾϼϸЂ϶ (XI ϶.) ЃЂϿЇЋϴϿϼ ІϼІЇϿ ϕϼϽЇϾ ϔІϴϾϴ — «ЂІϹЊ, ϷϿϴ϶ϴ ЅϹЀϹϽЅІ϶ϴ»
(ϕЇϸϴϷЂ϶ 1869, І. 1: 8–9). ϖ ІЂϿϾЂ϶ЏЉ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄГЉ ЄЇЅЅϾЂϷЂ ГϻЏϾϴ ϴІϴЀϴЁЂЀ Ёϴϻ϶ϴЁ ϶ЏϵЂЄЁЏϽ ЃЄϹϸ϶ЂϸϼІϹϿА, ЁϴЋϴϿАЁϼϾ ϶ЂϿАЁЂϽ ϾϴϻϴЋАϹϽ ϸЄЇϺϼЁЏ. ϖ ϸЂЄϹ϶ЂϿВЊϼЂЁЁЂϽ ϤЂЅЅϼϼ ЁϴϻЁϴЋϴϹЀЏϽ ϼϿϼ ϶ЏϵЂЄЁЏϽ ЁϴЋϴϿАЁϼϾ ϶ ϾϴϻϴЋАϼЉ ϶ЂϽЅϾϴЉ ϼ ЅϹϿϹЁϼГЉ, ϶ЏЃЂϿЁГ϶ЌϼϽ ϶ЂϹЁЁЏϹ, ЃЂϿϼЊϹϽЅϾϼϹ ϼ ϴϸЀϼЁϼЅІЄϴІϼ϶ЁЏϹ ЈЇЁϾЊϼϼ, Г϶ϿГϿЅГ ЅІϴЁϼЋЁЏЀ ϼϿϼ ϶ЂϽЅϾЂ϶ЏЀ ϴІϴЀϴЁЂЀ. ϟϼЌА ϶ ЂϸЁЂЀ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄϹ ЄϴЅЅЀЂІЄϹЁ
϶ЂЃЄЂЅ Ђ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼϼ БІЂϽ ϿϹϾЅϹЀЏ, ϾЂІЂЄЇВ ϴ϶ІЂЄЏ ϶Ђϻ϶ЂϸГІ Ͼ ϴЁϷϿЂЅϴϾЅϾЂЀЇ ϼ ЅϾϴЁϸϼЁϴ϶ЅϾЂЀЇ «headman» — «ϷϹІЀϴЁ» ϼ ЁϹЀϹЊϾЂЀЇ «Hauptman» — «ϾϴЃϼІϴЁ» (ϕЄЂϾϷϴЇϻ, ϙЈЄЂЁ 1891, І. 2:
412). ϥЂϻϸϴІϹϿϼ БІЂϷЂ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄГ ЅЋϼІϴВІ, ЋІЂ ϸϴЁЁЂϹ ЅϿЂ϶Ђ ϻϴϼЀЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁЂ ϶ ЄЇЅЅϾϼϽ ГϻЏϾ ϼϻ ЃЂϿАЅϾЂϷЂ.
ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ЅϿϹϸЇϹІ ЂІЀϹІϼІА, ЋІЂ ЈЂЁϹІϼЋϹЅϾϼ ϻ϶ЇϾ «h» ϶ ЄЇЅЅϾЂЀ ГϻЏϾϹ ЀЂϺϹІ ІЄϴЁЅЈЂЄЀϼЄЂ϶ϴІАЅГ ϶
ϻ϶ЇϾ «Ϸ», ЁЂ ЁϹ ϶ ϻ϶ЇϾ «ϴ». ϥϾЂЄϹϹ ϶ЅϹϷЂ ϿϹϾЅϹЀϴ «ϴІϴЀϴЁ» ЅЂЅІЂϼІ ϼϻ ϸ϶ЇЉ ϾЂЄЁϹϽ: ІВЄϾЅϾЂϷЂ («ϴІϴ»,
«ЂІϴ» — ЂІϹЊ) ϼ ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾЂ-ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂϷЂ («ЀϴЁ» — Г) ϼ ЂϻЁϴЋϴϹІ «Г ЂІϹЊ, ЂІϹЊ ЅϹЀАϼ, ЂІϹЊ ЁϴЄЂϸϴ».
ϥϿЂ϶Ђ «ϵЂϷϴІЏЄА» ϶ЂЅЉЂϸϼІ Ͼ ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂЀЇ «ϵϴЉЂϸЇЄ», ϾЂІЂЄЂϹ ЃϹЄϹ϶ЂϸϼІЅГ ϾϴϾ ЉЄϴϵЄЏϽ,
ЅЀϹϿЏϽ, ϷϹЄЂϽ (ϦϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂ-ЄЇЅЅϾϼϽ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄА 1954: 53). ϱІϴ ГϻЏϾЂ϶ϴГ ϹϸϼЁϼЊϴ, ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ, ϻϴϼЀЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϴ ϶ XII–XIII ϶϶. ϶ ЀЂЁϷЂϿАЅϾϼϽ ГϻЏϾ (ЀЂЁϷЂϿАЅϾЂϹ «ϵϴЉϴϸЇЄ»), ϼ ϶ ЅЂϾЄϴЍϹЁЁЂЀ ϶ϼϸϹ ϶ ІВЄϾЅϾϼϹ
ГϻЏϾϼ (ϾϴϻϴЉЅϾЂϹ «ϵϴІϼЄ» ϼ ϾϼЄϷϼϻЅϾЂϹ «ϵϴІЇЄ») — ϵЂϷϴІЏЄА, ЉЄϴϵЄЏϽ, ϷϹЄЂϽ (ϕЇϸϴϷЂ϶ 1869, І. 1:
296–297). ϖ ІЂϿϾЂ϶ЏЉ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄГЉ ЄЇЅЅϾЂϷЂ ГϻЏϾϴ ϸϴЁЁϴГ ϿϹϾЅϹЀϴ ЂϵЂϻЁϴЋϴϹІ ϷϹЄЂГ, ЉЄϴϵЄϹЊϴ, ЅЂ϶ϹЄЌϴ϶ЌϹϷЂ ϶ЂϼЁЅϾϼϹ ЃЂϸ϶ϼϷϼ.
ϢЅЂϵЂϹ ЀϹЅІЂ ϶ ЅЂЅІϴ϶Ϲ ЄЂЅЅϼϽЅϾЂϽ ϴЄЀϼϼ ϻϴЁϼЀϴϿϼ ϾϴϻϴϾϼ. ϡϴϻ϶ϴЁϼϹ БІЂϷЂ ϶ЂϹЁЁЂϷЂ ЅЂЅϿЂ϶ϼГ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸϼІ ЂІ ІВЄϾЅϾЂϷЂ ЅϿЂ϶ϴ «ϾϴϻЂϾ». ϥЇϸГ ЃЂ Ѕ϶ϹϸϹЁϼГЀ ϠЇЉϴЀЀϴϸϴ ϩϴϽϸϴЄϴ, ϴ϶ІЂЄϴ
ІЄϴϾІϴІϴ «ϦϴЄϼЉ-ϼ ϤϴЌϼϸϼ» (ЃϹЄ϶ϴГ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁϴ XVI ϶.), ϾЏЄϷЏϻЏ ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴϿϼ ЅϹϵГ «ϾϴϻЂϾ» (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ,
І. 2: 54). ϖ ϦЇЄϾϹЅІϴЁϹ ϶ЅϹ ϾЂЋϹ϶ЏϹ ЃϿϹЀϹЁϴ ЁЂЅϼϿϼ ϼЀГ «ϾϴϻЂϾ», ϴ ЅІϹЃЁЏϹ ϾЏЄϷЏϻЏ — «ϾЏЄϷЏϻ-ϾϴϻЂϾ» (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ). ϖ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄϹ ϟ. ϕЇϸϴϷЂ϶ϴ ЅϾϴϻϴЁЂ, ЋІЂ ЅϿЂ϶Ђ «ϾϴϻϴϾ» ϼЀϹϹІ ϸϺϴϷϴІϴϽЅϾЂϹ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼϹ ϼ ЂϻЁϴЋϴϹІ «ϵЄЂϸГϷϴ», «϶ЂϿАЁЏϽ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹϾ» (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ). ϖ ІЂϿϾЂ϶ЏЉ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄГЉ ЄЇЅЅϾЂϷЂ
ГϻЏϾϴ ϿϹϾЅϹЀϴ «ϾϴϻϴϾ» ЇϾϴϻЏ϶ϴϹІ Ёϴ ЃЄϼЁϴϸϿϹϺЁЂЅІА ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹϾϴ Ͼ ϶ЂϹЁϼϻϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϽ ЂϵЍϼЁϹ ϶ЂϿАЁЏЉ ϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЊϹ϶, ЃЂЅϹϿϼ϶ЌϼЉЅГ Ёϴ ЃЄϼϷЄϴЁϼЋЁЏЉ ϻϹЀϿГЉ. ϞϴϻϴϾϼ Г϶ϿГϿϼЅА ϿϹϷϾЂ϶ЂЂЄЇϺϹЁЁЏЀϼ
ϾЂЁЁЏЀϼ ϶ЂϼЁϴЀϼ, ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ, ϶ ЅϿЇЋϴϹ ЁϹЂϵЉЂϸϼЀЂЅІϼ, ЃЄϼЁϼЀϴϿϼ Ёϴ ϷЂЅЇϸϴЄЅІ϶ϹЁЁЇВ ЅϿЇϺϵЇ,
ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ϾϴϻϴϾϼ ϸЂϿϺЁЏ ϵЏϿϼ ЅϴЀϼ ЂϵϹЅЃϹЋϼІА ЅϹϵГ ϿЂЌϴϸАЀϼ ϼ ϶ЅϹϽ ЁϹЂϵЉЂϸϼЀЂϽ ϸϿГ ЃЂЉЂϸϴ
БϾϼЃϼЄЂ϶ϾЂϽ. ϥЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴϿϼ, ЂϸЁϴϾЂ, ϼ ЃϹЌϼϹ ϾϴϻϴϾϼ. ϥϿϹϸЇϹІ ЂІЀϹІϼІА, ЋІЂ ϶ЅϹ ЃϹЄϹЋϼЅϿϹЁЁЏϹ
ЃЂ϶ϼЁЁЂЅІϼ ϵЏϿϼ ІϴϾϺϹ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЏ ϼ ϸϿГ ІВЄЂϾ-ϾЂЋϹ϶ЁϼϾЂ϶, Ї ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ϵЏϿЂ ЃЄϼЁГІЂ ϸϹϿϹЁϼϹ
϶ЂϽЅϾϴ Ёϴ ЂІЄГϸЏ, ЅЂЅІЂГЍϼϹ ϼϻ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϾЂϿϼЋϹЅІ϶ϴ ϶ЂϼЁЂ϶ — 10, 50, 100 ϼ 1000. ϞЂЀϴЁϸϼЄ
ЃЂϸЄϴϻϸϹϿϹЁϼГ ϼЀϹϿ ϻ϶ϴЁϼϹ, ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ЇВЍϹϹ ЋϼЅϿЇ «ϾϴϻϴϾЂ϶» ϶ ЂІЄГϸϹ. ϧ ІВЄЂϾ БІϼ ϾЂЀϴЁϸЁЏϹ
ϸЂϿϺЁЂЅІϼ ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴϿϼЅА
(ϸϹЅГІЁϼϾ),
(ЃГІϼϸϹЅГІЁϼϾ),
(ЅЂІЁϼϾ) ϼ
(ІЏЅГЋЁϼϾ).
ϥϿЂ϶Ђ «ϾϴЄϴЇϿ» ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸϼІ ЂІ ІВЄϾЅϾЂϷЂ «ϾϴЄϴ϶ЇϿ». ϖ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄϹ ϟ. ϕЇϸϴϷЂ϶ϴ ЂІЀϹЋϹЁЂ, ЋІЂ
БІϴ ϿϹϾЅϹЀϴ ϼЀϹϹІ ϸϺϴϷϴІϴϽЅϾЂϹ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼϹ ϼ ЂϻЁϴЋϴϹІ «ЅІЄϴϺ» ϼϿϼ «ЃϹЄϹϸЂ϶ЂϽ ЅІЂЄЂϺϹ϶ЂϽ
ЂІЄГϸ», ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ ЁϴЋϼЁϴϹІ ЅЄϴϺϹЁϼϹ ϼϿϼ ЂЃЂ϶ϹЍϴϹІ Ѕ϶ЂϹ ϶ЂϽЅϾЂ Ђ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ ЃЂϾϴϻϴϿЅГ ϶ЄϴϷ (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ:
48). ϳϻЏϾЂ϶ϴГ ϹϸϼЁϼЊϴ «ϾϴЄϴЇϿ», ϶ϼϸϼЀЂ, ϶ЂЌϿϴ ϶ ЄЇЅЅϾϼϽ ГϻЏϾ ЃЂЅϿϹ XIII ϶. ϖ ІЂϿϾЂ϶ЏЉ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄГЉ ЄЇЅЅϾЂϷЂ ГϻЏϾϴ ІϴϾ ϼЀϹЁЇВІ ϶ЂϼЁЅϾЂϹ ЃЂϸЄϴϻϸϹϿϹЁϼϹ, ЁϹЅЇЍϹϹ ЂЉЄϴЁЇ ЋϹϷЂ-ЁϼϵЇϸА (϶ЂϹЁЁЏϽ
ЂϵЎϹϾІ) ϼϿϼ ϾЂϷЂ-ЁϼϵЇϸА (ϿϼЋЁЏϽ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ ϶ЂϼЁЅϾϼЉ ЃЂϸЄϴϻϸϹϿϹЁϼϽ), ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ЃЄϹϸЁϴϻЁϴЋϹЁЁЂϹ ϸϿГ
϶ЅІЄϹЋ ϷЂЅЇϸϴЄЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЉ ϸϹГІϹϿϹϽ (ЃЂЋϹІЁЏϽ ϾϴЄϴЇϿ). ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ϶ ЄЂЅЅϼϽЅϾЂϽ ϴЄЀϼϼ ϾϴЄϴЇϿ
ϼЀϹϹІ ϵЂϿАЌϹ ЈЇЁϾЊϼϽ, ЋϹЀ ϶ ϶ЂϽЅϾϴЉ ЅЄϹϸЁϹ϶ϹϾЂ϶ЏЉ ІВЄЂϾ.
ϥϿЂ϶Ђ «ϾϼЁϺϴϿ», ЂІ ϴЄϴϵЅϾЂϷЂ «ЉϴЁϸϺϴЄ», ЂϻЁϴЋϴϹІ ЉЂϿЂϸЁЂϹ ЂЄЇϺϼϹ, ϸϿϼЁЁЏϽ ЂϵЂВϸЂЂЅІЄЏϽ ЁЂϺ. ϖ ІЂϿϾЂ϶ЏЉ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄГЉ ЄЇЅЅϾЂϷЂ ГϻЏϾϴ ЅϿЂ϶Ђ «ϾϼЁϺϴϿ» ϼЀϹϹІ ІЂ ϺϹ ϻЁϴЋϹЁϼϹ, ЋІЂ ϼ ϶
ϴЄϴϵЅϾϼЉ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄГЉ.
ϥϿЂ϶Ђ «ϾЂЄІϼϾ», ϶ϼϸϼЀЂ, ϶ЂЅЉЂϸϼІ Ͼ ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾЂ-ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂЀЇ «ϾЂЄϸϴϾ», ЋІЂ ЂϻЁϴЋϴϹІ ϾЂЄЂІϾϼϽ ЁЂϺ Ѕ ЂϵЂВϸЂЂЅІЄЏЀ ϿϹϻ϶ϼϹЀ. ϥϹЀϴЁІϼϾϴ БІЂϽ ϿϹϾЅϹЀЏ ϶ ІЂϿϾЂ϶ЏЉ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄГЉ ЄЇЅЅϾЂϷЂ ГϻЏϾϴ
ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ЇϹІ ЅЀЏЅϿЇ ЅϿЂ϶ϴ «ϾЂЄϸϴϾ».
145
:
,
,
ϥϿЂ϶Ђ «ІЂЃЂЄ» ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸϼІ ЂІ ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾЂ-ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂϷЂ «ІϴϵϴЄ». ϖ ЁϴЅІЂГЍϹϹ ϶ЄϹЀГ ІЂЃЂЄ
(ІϴϵϴЄ) ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЇВІ ϿϼЌА ϶ ЉЂϻГϽЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЉ ЊϹϿГЉ. ϡЂ ϶ ЅЄϹϸЁϼϹ ϶ϹϾϴ ІЂЃЂЄ Г϶ϿГϿЅГ ЂϸЁϼЀ ϼϻ ϷϿϴ϶ЁЏЉ ϶ϼϸЂ϶ ЂЄЇϺϼГ ϵϿϼϺЁϹϷЂ ϵЂГ. ϙϷЂ ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴϿϼ ϵЂϹ϶ЂϽ ІЂЃЂЄ (ЅϹϾϼЄϴ), ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾЂ-ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾϼϽ «ІϴϵϴЄϻϼЁ». ϖЂϼЁЏ ЃЄϼІЂЄϴЋϼ϶ϴϿϼ БІЂ ЂЄЇϺϼϹ Ͼ ЅϹϸϿЇ ϾЂЁГ.
ϥϿЂ϶Ђ «ϹЅϴЇϿ», Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁЁЂϹ Ѕ ІВЄϾЅϾϼЀ «ГЅϴ϶ЇϿ», ЂϻЁϴЋϴϹІ ЇЅІϴ϶ЍϼϾϴ, ЅϿЇϷЇ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ ЁϹЅϹІ
ϻЂϿЂІЂϽ ϼϿϼ ЅϹЄϹϵЄГЁЏϽ ЃЂЅЂЉ ϶ЃϹЄϹϸϼ ЃЄϴ϶ϼІϹϿГ (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ: 329–330). ϖ ІЂϿϾЂ϶ЏЉ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄГЉ ЄЇЅЅϾЂϷЂ ГϻЏϾϴ ϹЅϴЇϿЂЀ ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴВІ ЃЂЀЂЍЁϼϾϴ, ϼЅЃЂϿЁϼІϹϿГ ЃЄϼϾϴϻϴЁϼϽ. Ϩ. ϕЄЂϾϷϴЇϻ ϼ Ϝ. ϙЈЄЂЁ ЃϼЌЇІ,
ЋІЂ БІЂІ ЋϼЁ ϼϿϼ ϻ϶ϴЁϼϹ ϵЏϿ ϶϶ϹϸϹЁ ϶ 1576 Ϸ. ЃЂϿАЅϾϼЀ ϾЂЄЂϿϹЀ ϥІϹЈϴЁЂЀ ϕϴІЂЄϼϹЀ ϶ ЀϴϿЂЄЂЅЅϼϽЅϾϼЉ ϾϴϻϴЋАϼЉ ϶ЂϽЅϾϴЉ. ϙЅϴЇϿЏ ϵЏϿϼ ЃЂϿϾЂ϶ЏϹ, ϴЄІϼϿϿϹЄϼϽЅϾϼϹ ϼ ЅІϹЃЁЏϹ. ϢЁϼ ЂϵГϻϴЁЏ ϵЏϿϼ
ЂϵЎϹϻϺϴІА ϼ ϼЁЅЃϹϾІϼЄЂ϶ϴІА ЃЂϿϾϼ. ϖ ϶ЂϹЁЁЂϹ ϶ЄϹЀГ ϹЅϴЇϿЏ ϾЂЀϴЁϸЂ϶ϴϿϼ ϶ЂϹЁЁЏЀϼ ЂІЄГϸϴЀϼ
(ϕЄЂϾϷϴЇϻ, ϙЈЄЂЁ 1894, І. 11: 682–683). ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ϶ ЄЇЅЅϾЂϽ ϴЄЀϼϼ ЈЇЁϾЊϼϼ ϹЅϴЇϿϴ ЅІϴϿϼ
ЌϼЄϹ, ЋϹЀ ϶ ІВЄϾЅϾϼЉ ϶ЂϽЅϾϴЉ.
,
Ϟ БІЂϽ ϿϹϾЅϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϷЄЇЃЃϹ ЂІЁЂЅГІЅГ ЅϿЂ϶ϴ «ϵϴϻϴЄ», «ϸϹЁАϷϼ», «ϾϴϻЁϴ», «ϾϴЄϴ϶ϴЁ», «ЀϴϷϴϻϼЁ».
ϥϿЂ϶Ђ «ϵϴϻϴЄ» ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸϼІ ЂІ ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾЂ-ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂϷЂ «ϵϴϻϴЄ», «ϵЂϻЂЄ». ϖ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄϹ ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂϷЂ ГϻЏϾϴ X — ЁϴЋϴϿϴ XX ϶. ЂЁЂ ЂϻЁϴЋϴϹІ «ЅЃϹЊϼϴϿАЁЂϹ ЀϹЅІЂ, ЂІ϶ϹϸϹЁЁЂϹ ϸϿГ ІЂЄϷЂ϶Ͽϼ»
(ϥϿЂ϶ϴЄА ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂϷЂ ГϻЏϾϴ… 1969, І. 1: 196). ϔЁϴϿЂϷϼЋЁЇВ ЅϹЀϴЁІϼϾЇ БІϴ ГϻЏϾЂ϶ϴГ ϹϸϼЁϼЊϴ
ϼЀϹϹІ ϼ ϶ ϸЄЇϷϼЉ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄГЉ (ϗϼДЅ-ЇϿ-ϿЇϷЂІ 1987, Ћ. 1: 110; ϦϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂ-ЄЇЅЅϾϼϽ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄА 1954: 75).
ϖ ЄЇЅЅϾЂЀ ГϻЏϾϹ ЅЀЏЅϿ ЅϿЂ϶ϴ «ϵϴϻϴЄ» ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ЇϹІ ϹϷЂ ϻЁϴЋϹЁϼВ ϶ ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾЂЀ ϼ ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂЀ
ГϻЏϾϴЉ. ϖ ІЂϿϾЂ϶ЂЀ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄϹ ϖ. ϘϴϿГ ІϹЄЀϼЁЂЀ «ϵϴϻϴЄ» Ёϴϻ϶ϴЁϴ ІЂЄϷЂ϶ϿГ Ёϴ ЂІϾЄЏІЂЀ ЀϹЅІϹ (ϘϴϿА
1880, І. 1: 38). ϖ ІЂϿϾЂ϶ЂЀ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄϹ ЄЇЅЅϾЂϷЂ ГϻЏϾϴ ϿϹϾЅϹЀϴ «ϵϴϻϴЄ» ЃЄϼ϶ϹϸϹЁϴ ϶ ϻЁϴЋϹЁϼϼ ІЂЄϷϴ Ёϴ
ЃϿЂЍϴϸϼ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸϼІ ЃЂ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁЁЏЀ ϸЁГЀ (ϧЌϴϾЂ϶ 1935, І. 1: 77). ϖ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄϹ ЄЇЅЅϾЂϷЂ
ГϻЏϾϴ XI–XVII ϶϶. ЇϾϴϻϴЁЂ ϸ϶ϴ ЅЀЏЅϿϴ БІЂϷЂ ЅϿЂ϶ϴ: 1) «ϾЂЄЀϼІЊϴ ЂЁЎ ϾЂϿЂЌЁЏЀЎ ЃЄЂЀЏЅϿЂЀЎ, Ёϴ
ϵϴϻϴЄЎ ϾϴϿϴЋϼ ЃϹЋϹІЎ»; 2) «ІЂ϶ϴЄ, ЅϾЂІ, ϼ І. Ѓ. ЃЄϹϸЁϴϻЁϴЋϹЁЁЏϽ ϸϿГ ЃЄЂϸϴϺϼ Ёϴ ϵϴϻϴЄϹ» (ϥϿЂ϶ϴЄА
ЄЇЅЅϾЂϷЂ ГϻЏϾϴ… 1975–1996, ϶ЏЃ. 1: 65).
ϥϿЂ϶Ђ «ϸϹЁАϷϼ» ϶ЂЅЉЂϸϼІ Ͼ ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾЂ-ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂЀЇ «ϸϹЁϷ», «ϸЂЁϷ» (ЀϹϿϾϴГ ЀϹϸЁϴГ ЀЂЁϹІϴ) (ϥϿЂ϶ϴЄА ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂϷЂ ГϻЏϾϴ… 1969, І. 1: 388). ϣЂЋІϼ ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼЋЁЂϹ ϻЁϴЋϹЁϼϹ БІЂϽ ГϻЏϾЂ϶ЂϽ
146
. 6. I. ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЏϹ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ ϼϻ ЀϹІϴϿϿϴ X–XIII ϶϶. ϶ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ϙ϶ЄЂЃϹ (ЃЂ ϘϴЄϾϹ϶ϼЋ 1976): — ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏϹ
ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ X–XI ϶϶.; — ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏϹ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ XII–XIII ϶϶.; — ЅϹЄϹϵЄГЁЏϹ ϼ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏϹ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ ϥϼЄϼϼ,
ϣϴϿϹЅІϼЁЏ, ϠϴϿЂϽ ϔϻϼϼ ϼ ϔЄЀϹЁϼϼ (XII–XIII ϶϶.); — ЅϹЄϹϵЄГЁЏϹ ЅЂЅЇϸЏ X–XI ϶϶.; — ЅϹЄϹϵЄГЁЏϹ
ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁϼГ X–XI ϶϶.; — ЅϹЄϹϵЄГЁЏϹ ϼ ϻЂϿЂІЏϹ ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁϼГ XII–XIII ϶϶.; — ЃЇІϼ ЅЂЂϵЍϹЁϼГ; —
ϿЂϾϴϿϼϻϴЊϼГ ЁϹІЂЋЁϴГ. 1 — ϕЂϿϷϴЄЏ; 2 — ϞЇϿАϵϴϹ϶ϴ ϠЇЄϴЅϴ; 3 — ϔϿАЀϹІАϹ϶Ђ; 4 — ϞϴЌϼЄϴ; 5 — ϟГϸϼЁЅϾϼϽ
ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾ; 6 — ϡЂ϶ЂЅϹϿϾϼ (ϕϹϿЂϷЂЅІϼЊϾϼϽ ϾϿϴϸ); 7 — ϣϹϾЇЁЂ϶Ђ; 8 — ϡЂ϶ϷЂЄЂϸ; 9 — ϖϹϿϼϾϼϹ ϟЇϾϼ;
10 — ϦЂЄЂЃϹЊ; 11 — ϗЁϹϻϸЂ϶Ђ; 12 — ϞϼϹ϶, 1889 Ϸ.; 13 — ϞϼϹ϶, 1936 Ϸ.; 14 — ϞϼϹ϶; 15 — ϠЏЌϹϿЂ϶Ͼϴ; 16 —
ϥϴЉЁЂ϶Ͼϴ; 17 — ϬЃϼϿϹ϶Ͼϴ; 18–21 — ϩϹЄЅЂЁϹЅ; 22 — ϕϹЄϸГЁЅϾ; 23 — ϤϺϼЍϹ϶; 24 — ϦϴІϴЄЅϾϼϽ ϦЂϿϾϼЌ II.
ϣЂϿϼ϶ЁϴГ ϼ ЅІϹϾϿГЁЁϴГ ЃЂЅЇϸϴ ϼ ϵЇЅЏ ϖЂЅІЂϾϴ ϶ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ϙ϶ЄЂЃϹ (ЃЂ ϘϴЄϾϹ϶ϼЋ 1976): — ЃЂϿϼ϶ЁϴГ
ЃЂЅЇϸϴ ϕϴϷϸϴϸЅϾЂϷЂ ЉϴϿϼЈϴІϴ IX–X ϶϶.; — ЅЄϹϸЁϹϴϻϼϴІЅϾϴГ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ Ѕ ϿВЅІЄЂ϶ϼϸЁЂϽ ϼ ЃЂϸϷϿϴϻЇЄЁЂϽ
ЄЂЅЃϼЅАВ Iϩ–X ϶϶.; — ЅϼЄЂ-ϹϷϼЃϹІЅϾϴГ ЅІϹϾϿГЁЁϴГ ЃЂЅЇϸϴ ϼ ЃЂЅЇϸϴ Ѕ ЄЂЅЃϼЅАВ ϿВЅІЄЂЀ X–XI ϶϶.;
— ЅϼЄϼϽЅϾϴГ (ϤϴϾϾϴ, ϔϿϹЃЃЂ) ϼ ϹϷϼЃϹІЅϾϴГ ЅІϹϾϿГЁЁϴГ ЃЂЅЇϸϴ XI–XIII ϶϶.; — ЈϴГЁЅЂ϶ϴГ ЃЂЅЇϸϴ Ѕ
ϿВЅІЄЂ϶ЂϽ ϼ ϿВЅІЄЂ϶ϼϸЁЂϽ ЄЂЅЃϼЅАВ XII–XIII ϶϶. (ϜЄϴЁ); — ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼГ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁϼГ ϻЂϿЂІЂ- ϼ
ЅϹЄϹϵЄЂЅІϹϾϿГЁЁЏЉ ϵЇЅ ϶ ϾЂЁЊϹ X — ЁϴЋϴϿϹ XII ϶϶.; — ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼГ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁϼГ ϵЇЅ ϼϻ ЅϹЄϸЂϿϼϾϴ,
ϷЂЄЁЂϷЂ ЉЄЇЅІϴϿГ ϼ ϴЀϹІϼЅІϴ ϶ X–XII ϶϶. ( , — ЃЂ ϨϹЉЁϹЄ 1973); — ЃЇІϼ ЅЂЂϵЍϹЁϼГ; — ЂϵϿϴЅІϼ,
ЂІϾЇϸϴ ϶Џ϶ЂϻϼϿϴЅА ЃЂϿϼ϶ЁϴГ ϼ ЅІϹϾϿГЁЁϴГ ЃЂЅЇϸϴ. 1 — ϛЀϹϽЅϾϴГ; 2 — ϦЀЇІϴЄϴϾϴЁА; 3 — ϩϹЄЅЂЁϹЅ;
4 — ϥϴЄϾϹϿ-ϕϹϿϴГ ϖϹϺϴ; 5 — ϕЇϿϷϴЄ; 6 — ϕϼϿГЄ; 7 — ϥІϴЄϴГ ϤГϻϴЁА; 8 — ϥІϴЄϴГ ϟϴϸЂϷϴ; 9 — ϡЂ϶ϷЂЄЂϸ;
10 — ϥЀЂϿϹЁЅϾ; 11 — ϠЅІϼЅϿϴ϶ϿА; 12 — ϞϼϹ϶; 13 — ϗЂЄЂϸЅϾ; 14 — ϦЇЄЂ϶; 15 — ϥϿЂЁϼЀ; 16 — ϖЂϿϾЂ϶ЏЅϾ;
17 — ϗЄЂϸЁЂ; 18 — ϡЂ϶ЂϷЄЇϸЂϾ; 19 — ϟЇϾЂЀϿА; 20 — ϢЃЂϿϹ; 21 — ϗϸϴЁАЅϾ; 22 — ϗЂІϿϴЁϸ; 23 — ϕϼЄϾϴ;
24 — ϕϹϿЂЂϻϹЄЂ; 25 — ϧЃЃϿϴЁϸ; 26 — ϥЇϻϸϴϿА; 27 — ϠЂЅϾ϶ϴ
Fig. 6. I. Metal artifacts of oriental origin dated to the X–XIII cc. and found in Eastern Europe (after ϘϴЄϾϹ϶ϼЋ
1976): — bronze objects of the X–XI cc.; — bronze objects of the XII–XIII cc.; — silver and bronze objects
from Syria, Palestine, Asia Minor, and Armenia (XII–XIII cc.); — silver vessels of the X–XI cc.; — silver
adornments of the X–XI cc.; — silver and gold adornments of the XII–XIII cc.; — roads; — conjectural
localization. 1 — Bolgary; 2 — Kul’baeva Murasa; 3 — Almetievo; 4 — Kashira; 5 — Lyadinsky cemetery;
6 — Novoselki (Belogostitsky hoard); 7 — Pekunovo; 8 — Novgorod; 9 — Velikie Luki; 10 — Toropetz; 11 —
Gnezdovo; 12 — Kiev, 1889; 13 — Kiev, 1936; 14 — Kiev; 15 — Myshelovka; 16 — Sakhnovka; 17 — Shpilevka;
18–21 — Chersonesos; 22 — Berdyansk; 23 — Rzhishchev; 24 — Tatarskiy Tolkish
II. Oriental glazed and glass ware, and beads in Eastern Europe (after ϘϴЄϾϹ϶ϼЋ 1976): — glazed ware from
the Baghdad caliphate, IX–X cc.; — Central Asian pottery with luster and underglaze painting, Iϩ–X cc.; —
Syrian-Egyptian glass ware, and luster painted ware, X–XI cc.; — Syrian (Rakka, Aleppo) and Egyptian glass
ware, XI–XIII cc.; — faience ware with luster and underglaze painting, XII–XIII cc. (Iran); — distribution area
of gold- and silverglass beads at the late X–early XII c.; — distribution area of the beads made of cornelian, rock
crystal, and amethyst in the X–XII cc. ( , — after ϨϹЉЁϹЄ 1973); — roads; — regions where the glazed and
glass ware was imported from. 1 — Zmeiskaya; 2 — Tmutarakan’; 3 — Chersonesos; 4 — Sarkel-Belaya Vezha;
5 — Bulgar; 6 — Bilyar; 7 — Old Ryazan’; 8 — Old Ladoga; 9 — Novgorod; 10 — Smolensk; 11 — Mstislavl’;
12 — Kiev; 13 — Gorodsk; 14 — Turov; 15 — Slonim; 16 — Volkovysk; 17 — Grodno; 18 — Novogrudok; 19 —
Lukoml’; 20 — Opole; 21 — Gdansk; 22 — Gotland; 23 — Birka; 24 — Beloozero; 25 — Uppland; 26 — Suzdal’;
27 — Moscow
ϹϸϼЁϼЊЏ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЂ ϶ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄϹ ϘϴϿГ, ϷϸϹ ЇϾϴϻϴЁЂ, ЋІЂ «ϸϹЁАϷϴ» — ЃЂϿϾЂЃϹϽϾϼ, ϸ϶Ϲ ЃЂϿЇЌϾϼ
(ϘϴϿА 1880, І. 1: 439). ϖ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄϹ ЃЂϸ ЄϹϸϴϾЊϼϹϽ Ϙ. Ϝ. ϧЌϴϾЂ϶ϴ ЁϹ϶ϹЄЁЂ ЅЂЂϵЍϴϹІЅГ Ђ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ ϸϴЁЁЂϹ ЅϿЂ϶Ђ ІВЄϾЅϾЂϹ: «tamga» — ϾϿϹϽЀЂ, ЃϹЋϴІА / ЀϹІϴϿϿϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϼ ϵЇЀϴϺЁЏϹ ϻЁϴϾϼ, Г϶ϿГВЍϼϹЅГ
ЀϹЄЂϽ ЅІЂϼЀЂЅІϼ ЃЄϼ ϾЇЃϿϹ-ЃЄЂϸϴϺϹ (ϧЌϴϾЂ϶ 1935, І. 1: 689). ϦϴϾЂϹ ϺϹ ϻЁϴЋϹЁϼϹ ЃЄϼ϶ϹϸϹЁЂ ϶
ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄϹ ϥ. Ϝ. ϢϺϹϷЂ϶ϴ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ, ЂϸЁϴϾЂ, ЁϹ ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴϹІ ϶ЂЃЄЂЅ Ђ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼϼ БІЂϽ ϿϹϾЅϹЀЏ (ϢϺϹϷЂ϶ 2008: 203).
ϥϿЂ϶Ђ «ϾϴϻЁϴ», ЂІ ϴЄϴϵЅϾЂϷЂ «xϴϻϼЁϴ», — ЀϹЅІЂ ϸϿГ ЉЄϴЁϹЁϼГ ϸϹЁϹϷ ϼ ЅЂϾЄЂ϶ϼЍ (ϥϿЂ϶ϴЄА
ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂϷЂ ГϻЏϾϴ… 1969, І. 2: 455; ϦϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂ-ЄЇЅЅϾϼϽ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄА 1954: 417). Ϙ. Ϝ. ϧЌϴϾЂ϶ ІЂϺϹ
ЅЋϼІϴϿ, ЋІЂ БІϴ ϿϹϾЅϹЀϴ ϶ЂЅЉЂϸϼІ Ͼ ϴЄϴϵЅϾЂЀЇ «hazina» ϼ ЂϻЁϴЋϴϹІ, ϶Ђ-ЃϹЄ϶ЏЉ, ЅЂ϶ЂϾЇЃЁЂЅІА
ϼЀЇЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЉ ЅЄϹϸЅІ϶ ϷЂЅЇϸϴЄЅІ϶ϴ, ϴ ϶Ђ-϶ІЂЄЏЉ — ϼЀЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ, ϸϹЁАϷϼ (ϧЌϴϾЂ϶ 1938, І. 2:
1282). ϔЁϴϿЂϷϼЋЁЇВ ϼЁІϹЄЃЄϹІϴЊϼВ ϸϴЁЁЂϽ ГϻЏϾЂ϶ЂϽ ϹϸϼЁϼЊЏ ϸϴϹІ ϼ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄА ϥ. Ϝ. ϢϺϹϷЂ϶ϴ
(ϢϺϹϷЂ϶ 2008: 334).
ϥϿЂ϶Ђ «ϾϴЄϴ϶ϴЁ» ϶ЂЅЉЂϸϼІ Ͼ ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾЂ-ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂЀЇ «ϾϴЄ϶ϴЁ», «ϾЂЄ϶ЂЁ». ϦϴϾ ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴϿϼ
ϷЄЇЃЃЇ ϾЇЃЊЂ϶ ϼϿϼ ЃЇІϹЌϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁϼϾЂ϶, ЃϹЄϹ϶Ђϻϼ϶ЌϼЉ Ѕ϶Ђϼ ІЂ϶ϴЄЏ Ёϴ ϶ϹЄϵϿВϸϴЉ, ϿЂЌϴϸГЉ ϼ Ёϴ
ϸЄЇϷϼЉ ϶АВЋЁЏЉ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЏЉ. «ϕϴЄ ЂЁ ϾЇЉ — ϵϴЄ ϾЂЄ϶ЂЁЉЂ ϷЇϻϴЌІ» / ϫϹЄϹϻ БІϼ ϷЂЄЏ ЃЄЂЌϿϼ ϾϴЄϴ϶ϴЁЏ (ϨϼЄϸϴ϶Ѕϼ X ϶.) (ϥϿЂ϶ϴЄА ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂϷЂ ГϻЏϾϴ… 1969, І. 1: 563). ϖ. ϘϴϿА ЁϹ ЃЄЂЅϿϹϺϼ϶ϴϹІ
147
:
,
,
ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼϹ БІЂϽ ϿϹϾЅϹЀЏ ϼ ЂІЀϹЋϴϹІ, ЋІЂ ЂЁϴ ЂϻЁϴЋϴϹІ ІЂϿЃЇ ϼϿϼ ϶ϴІϴϷЇ, ЅϵЂЄϼЍϹ ЃЇІЁϼϾЂ϶,
ЂЅЂϵϹЁЁЂ ϶ ϴϻϼϴІЅϾϼЉ ЅІϹЃГЉ. ϖ ϹϷЂ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄϹ ЇЃЂЀГЁЇІЏ ІЂЄϷЂ϶ЏϽ ϼ ϶АВЋЁЏϽ ϾϴЄϴ϶ϴЁЏ, ϶ϹЄϵϿВϸ Ѕ
ϾϿϴϸАВ (ϘϴϿА 1882, І. 2: 90). Ϙ. Ϝ. ϧЌϴϾЂ϶ ϶Ђϻ϶ЂϸϼІ ϸϴЁЁЇВ ГϻЏϾЂ϶ЇВ ϹϸϼЁϼЊЇ ІϴϾϺϹ Ͼ ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾЂЀЇ «karvan», ЃЂϸ ϾЂІЂЄЏЀ ЃЂϸЄϴϻЇЀϹ϶ϴϿЅГ ϾЇЃϹЋϹЅϾϼϽ ЂϵЂϻ Ѕ ІЂ϶ϴЄϴЀϼ Ёϴ ϶АВЋЁЏЉ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЏЉ ϶
ЃЇЅІЏЁϹ ϼϿϼ ЅІϹЃГЉ, ϼϿϼ ЃϴЄІϼГ, ϷЄЇЃЃϴ ЃЇІϹЌϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁϼϾЂ϶, ЁϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ: «ϷЇЅϹϽ ϾЄϼϾϿϼ϶ЏЉ ϾϴЄϴ϶ϴЁ
ІГЁЇϿЅГ Ͼ ВϷЇ» (ϔ. ϣЇЌϾϼЁ) (ϧЌϴϾЂ϶ 1938, І. 2: 1316). ϣЂЋІϼ ІϴϾЂϹ ϺϹ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁϼϹ ЅϿЂ϶Ї «ϾϴЄϴ϶ϴЁ»
ϸϴϹІ ϼ ϥ. Ϝ. ϢϺϹϷЂ϶ (2006: 342).
ϥϿЂ϶Ђ «ЀϴϷϴϻϼЁ», ЂІ ϴЄϴϵЅϾЂϷЂ «ЀϴЉϴϻϼЁ», ЂϻЁϴЋϴϹІ ϴЀϵϴЄ, ЅϾϿϴϸ, ЀϹЅІЂ ЉЄϴЁϹЁϼГ ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЏЉ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІЂ϶: «Ͼϴϻ϶ϼЁϼϹ ІϴϵϴЄϹ ϸЂЌІ, ЉϴЄ Ќϴϵ ϸϴЄ ЀϴЉϻϴЁ ЀϹϷЇϻЂЌІ» / Ͼϴϻ϶ϼЁϹЊ Ѕ϶ЂϽ ІЂЃЂЄ
ϾϴϺϸЇВ ЁЂЋА ЂЅІϴ϶ϿГϿ ϶ ЀϴЉϻϴЁϹ (ϧ. ϛЂϾЂЁϼ, XIII–XIV ϶϶.) (ϥϿЂ϶ϴЄА ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂϷЂ ГϻЏϾϴ… 1969,
І. 1: 659; ϗϼДЅ-ЇϿ-ϿЇϷЂІ 1988, Ћ. 2: 243). ϖ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄϹ ϖ. ϘϴϿГ ЁϼЋϹϷЂ ЁϹ ЅϾϴϻϴЁЂ Ђ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼϼ
БІЂϽ ϿϹϾЅϹЀЏ, ϾЂІЂЄϴГ, ЃЂ ϹϷЂ ЀЁϹЁϼВ, ЃЂϸЄϴϻЇЀϹ϶ϴϹІ ϻϸϴЁϼϹ ϼϿϼ ЃЂЀϹЍϹЁϼϹ ϸϿГ ЅϾϿϴϸϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼГ
ϼ ЉЄϴЁϹЁϼГ ϾϴϾϼЉ-ϿϼϵЂ ϻϴЃϴЅЂ϶, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ Ͽϴ϶ϾЇ, ЅϾϿϴϸ ϸϿГ ЃЄЂϸϴϺϼ (ϘϴϿА 1880, І. 1: 393). ϖ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄϹ Ϙ. Ϝ. ϧЌϴϾЂ϶ϴ ЂІЀϹЋϹЁЂ, ЋІЂ ϸϴЁЁϴГ ГϻЏϾЂ϶ϴГ ϹϸϼЁϼЊϴ ϶ЂЅЉЂϸϼІ Ͼ ϴЄϴϵЅϾЂЀЇ «mahazin» ϼ ЂϻЁϴЋϴϹІ: 1) ЃЂЀϹЍϹЁϼϹ, ЃЄϼЅЃЂЅЂϵϿϹЁЁЂϹ ϸϿГ ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЂϽ ЃЄЂϸϴϺϼ ІЂ϶ϴЄЂ϶, ϵЂϿАЌϴГ Ͽϴ϶Ͼϴ; 2) ЅϾϿϴϸ,
ЃЂЀϹЍϹЁϼϹ ϸϿГ ЉЄϴЁϹЁϼГ ϻϴЃϴЅЂ϶ ЃЄЂϸЂ϶ЂϿАЅІ϶ϼГ, ЂϷЁϹЅІЄϹϿАЁЏЉ ЃЄϼЃϴЅЂ϶ ϼ ϸЄ., ЉϿϹϵЁЏϽ ЀϴϷϴϻϼЁ, ЇЁϼ϶ϹЄЅϴϿАЁЏϽ ЀϴϷϴϻϼЁ (ϧЌϴϾЂ϶ 1938, І. 2: 111). ϖ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄϹ ϥ. Ϝ. ϢϺϹϷЂ϶ϴ ЃЄϼ϶ϹϸϹЁЏ ІЄϼ ϶ϴЄϼϴЁІϴ ЅϹЀϴЁІϼϾϼ ЅϿЂ϶ϴ «ЀϴϷϴϻϼЁ»: 1) ЃЂЀϹЍϹЁϼϹ ϸϿГ ІЂЄϷЂ϶Ͽϼ ЋϹЀ-ϿϼϵЂ (ЃЄЂϸЇϾІЂ϶ЏϽ ЀϴϷϴϻϼЁ);
2) ЅϾϿϴϸ ϸϿГ ЉЄϴЁϹЁϼГ ЋϹϷЂ-ϿϼϵЂ (ϴЄІϼϿϿϹЄϼϽЅϾϼϽ ЀϴϷϴϻϼЁ); 3) ϾЂЄЂϵϾϴ ϼϿϼ ІЄЇϵϾϴ ϶ ϴЃЃϴЄϴІϹ, ЃЄϼϵЂЄϹ ϸϿГ ϶ϾϿϴϸЏ϶ϴЁϼГ ЋϹϷЂ-ЁϼϵЇϸА, ЁϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ ЃϴІЄЂЁЂ϶ ϶ ЅϾЂЄЂЅІЄϹϿАЁЂЀ ЂЄЇϺϼϼ (ϢϺϹϷЂ϶ 2008:
427). ϖ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄϹ ЄЇЅЅϾЂϷЂ ГϻЏϾϴ XI–XVII ϶϶. ЅЀЏЅϿ БІЂϽ ϿϹϾЅϹЀЏ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁ ϾϴϾ ЅϾϿϴϸ, ЉЄϴЁϼϿϼЍϹ
(ЃЄЂ϶ϼϴЁІϴ, ϶ЂϹЁЁЂϷЂ ЅЁϴЄГϺϹЁϼГ, ІЂ϶ϴЄЂ϶ ϼ І. Ѓ.): ЀϴϷϴϻϼЁЎ — ϺϼІЁЂϽ ϸ϶ЂЄ, ϼ ЃЂϷЄϹϵЎ ЃϼІϹϽЁЂϽ
(ϥϿЂ϶ϴЄА ЄЇЅЅϾЂϷЂ ГϻЏϾϴ… 1975–1996, ϶ЏЃ. 9: 1).
,
Ϟ БІЂϽ ϿϹϾЅϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϷЄЇЃЃϹ ЂІЁЂЅГІЅГ ЅϿЂ϶ϴ «ϴЀϵϴЄ», «ЅϴЄϴϽ», «ЋϹЄІЂϷ», «ЌϴІϹЄ».
ϥϿЂ϶Ђ «ϴЀϵϴЄ», ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸГЍϹϹ ЂІ ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾЂ-ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂϷЂ «ϴЁϵϴЄ», «ϴЁϵЂЄ», ЂϻЁϴЋϴϹІ ϸЂЀ,
ϻϸϴЁϼϹ ϼϿϼ ЃЂϸ϶ϴϿ, ϷϸϹ ЉЄϴЁГІ ϻϹЄЁЂ, ЀЇϾЇ, ϴ ϼЁЂϷϸϴ ϼ ϸЄЇϷϼϹ ІЂ϶ϴЄЏ. «ϕϼЄϹϻϴЀ ϻϼ ІϴЁ ЉЇЁϼ ϴЁϵЂЄϸЂЄ» / ϣЄЂϿАВ ϾЄЂ϶А ϴЁϵЂЄϸЂЄϴ (ϨϼЄϸϴ϶Ѕϼ X ϶.) (ϥϿЂ϶ϴЄА ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂϷЂ ГϻЏϾϴ… 1969, І. 1: 68).
ϛϸϹЅА ЃЂϸ ϿϹϾЅϹЀЂϽ «ϴЁϵЂЄϸЂЄ» ЃЂϸЄϴϻЇЀϹ϶ϴВІ ϸϹЄϺϴІϹϿГ ϾЄЇЃЁЏЉ ϻϴЃϴЅЂ϶ ϻϹЄЁϴ, ІЂЄϷЂ϶Њϴ ϻϹЄЁЂЀ. ϣЂЋІϼ ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼЋЁϴГ ЅϹЀϴЁІϼϾϴ БІЂϽ ГϻЏϾЂ϶ЂϽ ϹϸϼЁϼЊЏ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϴ ϶ ϗϼДЅ-ЇϿ-ϿЇϷЂІ (1987,
Ћ. 1: 93). ϖ ІЂϿϾЂ϶ЂЀ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄϹ ϖ. ϘϴϿГ, ϷϸϹ ϶ЂЃЄЂЅ Ђ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼϼ ϸϴЁЁЂϷЂ ЅϿЂ϶ϴ ЁϹ ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴϹІЅГ, ЂЁЂ ІϴϾϺϹ ІЄϴϾІЇϹІЅГ ϾϴϾ ЅІЄЂϹЁϼϹ ϸϿГ ЅϾϿϴϸϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ϻϹЄЁϴ, ЀЇϾϼ, ϴ ϼЁЂϷϸϴ ϼ ϸЄЇϷϼЉ ІЂ϶ϴЄЂ϶
(ϘϴϿА 1880, І. 1: 14). ϖ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄϹ Ϙ. Ϝ. ϧЌϴϾЂ϶ϴ ЅϾϴϻϴЁЂ, ЋІЂ ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴϹЀϴГ ϿϹϾЅϹЀϴ, ϶ЂЅЉЂϸГЍϴГ
Ͼ ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾЂЀЇ «anbar», Г϶ϿГϹІЅГ Ёϴϻ϶ϴЁϼϹЀ ЅІЄЂϹЁϼГ ϸϿГ ЉЄϴЁϹЁϼГ ϻϹЄЁϴ, ЃЄϼЃϴЅЂ϶, ϶ϹЍϹϽ ϼϿϼ
ІЂ϶ϴЄЂ϶ (ϧЌϴϾЂ϶ 1935, І. I: 82). ϖ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄϹ ЄЇЅЅϾЂϷЂ ГϻЏϾϴ XI–XVII ϶϶. ϴЀϵϴЄ ЂϻЁϴЋϴϹІ ЃЂЅІЄЂϽϾЇ
ϸϿГ ЉЄϴЁϹЁϼГ ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЏЉ ІЂ϶ϴЄЂ϶: «϶ ЂЁϵϴЄϹ ЇЅІЄЂϼІϼ ЅϴЁϼ, ІϹϿЎϷϼ, ϾЂϿϹЅϴ, ЂϸЄЏ, ЉЂЀЇІЏ, ЂϷϿЂϵϼ»
(ϥϿЂ϶ϴЄА ЄЇЅЅϾЂϷЂ ГϻЏϾϴ… 1975–1996, ϶ЏЃ. 1: 56). ϖ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄϹ ϥ. Ϝ. ϢϺϹϷЂ϶ϴ БІϴ ГϻЏϾЂ϶ϴГ ϹϸϼЁϼЊϴ
ϼЅІЂϿϾЂ϶ϴЁϴ ϾϴϾ ЅІЄЂϹЁϼϹ ϸϿГ ЉЄϴЁϹЁϼГ ϻϹЄЁϴ, ЀЇϾϼ, ЃЄϼЃϴЅЂ϶, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ІЂ϶ϴЄЂ϶ (ϢϺϹϷЂ϶ 2008: 28).
ϥϿЂ϶Ђ «ЅϴЄϴϽ», ЂІ ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾЂ-ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂϷЂ «ЅϴЄϴϽ», «ЅϴЄЂϽ», ЂϻЁϴЋϴϹІ ϸ϶ЂЄϹЊ, ЊϴЄЅϾϼϽ ϸ϶ЂЄ,
ϾЄЇЃЁЇВ ЃЂЅІЄЂϽϾЇ, ϸЂЀ. «ϩϴЀϴ ЋЂϼ Ї ЅϴЄЂϽЉЂ ϶ϴ ϵЂϷЉЂ ϶ϴ ЋϴЀϴЁЉЂ ϶ϴ ϵЇЅІЂЁЉЂ ϶ϴ ЂϵЉЂϼ Єϴ϶ЂЁ» /
ϖЅГ БІϴ ЀϹЅІЁЂЅІА ϵЏϿϴ ЂϵЇЅІЄЂϹЁϴ ϸ϶ЂЄЊϴЀϼ, ЃϴЄϾϴЀϼ, ЅϴϸϴЀϼ ϼ ЃЄЂІЂЋЁЏЀϼ ϶ЂϸϴЀϼ (ϦϴЎЄϼЉϼ
ϡϴϻЌЃЉϼ X ϶.) (ϥϿЂ϶ϴЄА ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂϷЂ ГϻЏϾϴ… 1969, І. 2: 208). ϗϼДЅ-ЇϿ-ϿЇϷЂІ (1988, Ћ. 2: 208) ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿГϹІ БІЇ ϿϹϾЅϹЀЇ ϾϴϾ ϸ϶ЂЄϹЊ, ϸЂЀ, ЃЂЅІЂГϿЏϽ ϸ϶ЂЄ. ϖ ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂ-ЄЇЅЅϾЂЀ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄϹ ЂЁϴ ІЄϴϾІЇϹІЅГ
ϾϴϾ ϸ϶ЂЄϹЊ, ϸЂЀ, ЃЂЅІЂГϿЏϽ ϸ϶ЂЄ, ІЂЄϷЂ϶ЏϽ ϸ϶ЂЄ (ϦϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂ-ЄЇЅЅϾϼϽ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄА 1954: 346). ϖ ІЂϿϾЂ϶ЂЀ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄϹ ϖ. ϘϴϿГ, ϶ ϾЂІЂЄЂЀ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼϹ ϸϴЁЁЂϽ ГϻЏϾЂ϶ЂϽ ϹϸϼЁϼЊЏ ЂЌϼϵЂЋЁЂ Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁЂ Ѕ
ІϴІϴЄЅϾϼЀ ГϻЏϾЂЀ, ЅϴЄϴϹЀ Ёϴϻ϶ϴЁЂ ЂϸЁЂ ϼϻ ЉЂϿЂϸЁЏЉ, ЉЂϿЂЅІЏЉ ЇЉЂϺϹϽ ЃЄϼ ϸЂЀϹ ϸϿГ ЇϵЂЄϾϼ ІЇϸϴ
ЃЂ϶ЂϻЂϾ, ЇЃЄГϺϼ, ϼЁЂϷϸϴ ϸϿГ ЅϹЁϴ, ЅЂϿЂЀЏ ϼϿϼ ϸϿГ ЅϾϿϴϸϾϼ ІϴϾЂ϶ЏЉ ІЂ϶ϴЄЂ϶ (ϘϴϿА 1883, І. 4: 140).
Ϙ. Ϝ. ϧЌϴϾЂ϶ ІϴϾϺϹ ЁϹ϶ϹЄЁЂ ЅЋϼІϴϿ, ЋІЂ БІЂ ЅϿЂ϶Ђ ϶ЂЅЉЂϸϼІ Ͼ ІВЄϾЅϾЂЀЇ «sarai». ϢЁ ϼЅІЂϿϾЂ϶Џ϶ϴϿ
ϹϷЂ ϾϴϾ ϾЄЏІЂϹ ϺϼϿЂϹ ЃЂЀϹЍϹЁϼϹ ϸϿГ ЉЄϴЁϹЁϼГ ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЂϷЂ ϼЀЇЍϹЅІ϶ϴ: ЅϴЄϴϽ ϸϿГ ϸЄЂ϶, ϾϴЄϹІЁЏϽ
ЅϴЄϴϽ (ϧЌϴϾЂ϶ 1940, І. 4: 51). ϖ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄϹ ЄЇЅЅϾЂϷЂ ГϻЏϾϴ XI–XVII ϶϶. ϸϴЁЂ ϸ϶ϴ ϻЁϴЋϹЁϼГ ϸϴЁЁЂϽ
ϿϹϾЅϹЀЏ: 1) ϸЂЀ, ϸ϶ЂЄϹЊ; 2) ЁϹϺϼϿϴГ ЃЂЅІЄЂϽϾϴ ЉЂϻГϽЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϷЂ ЁϴϻЁϴЋϹЁϼГ ϸϿГ ЉЄϴЁϹЁϼГ ЋϹϷЂ148
ϿϼϵЂ, ϸϿГ ЅЂϸϹЄϺϴЁϼГ ЅϾЂІϴ ϼ І. Ѓ. «ϧ ϦЄЇЃϹЉЂ϶ЏЉЎ Ї ЃЄϿϹ϶ЏЉЎ ϶ЂЄЂІЎ ЂЅІϴ 5 ϸ϶ЂЄЂ϶Ў ϸϴ ЅϴЄϴϼ
Ёϴ ϾЂЁϹ϶Ђϼ ЃϿЂЍϴϸϼ» (ϥϿЂ϶ϴЄА ЄЇЅЅϾЂϷЂ ГϻЏϾϴ… 1975–1996, ϶ЏЃ. 23: 55). ϖ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄϹ ϥ. Ϝ. ϢϺϹϷЂ϶ϴ
ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴϹЀϴГ ГϻЏϾЂ϶ϴГ ϹϸϼЁϼЊϴ ІЄϴϾІЇϹІЅГ ϾϴϾ ϾЄЏІЂϹ ЅІЄЂϹЁϼϹ ϸϿГ ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЂϷЂ ϼЀЇЍϹЅІ϶ϴ,
ЂϵЏЋЁЂ ϵϹϻ ЃЂІЂϿЂЋЁЏЉ ЃϹЄϹϾЄЏІϼϽ (ϢϺϹϷЂ϶ 2008: 911).
ϥϿЂ϶Ђ «ЋϹЄІЂϷ», ЂІ ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾЂ-ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂϷЂ «ЋϴЄІϴϾ», «ЋЂЄІЂϾ», ЂϻЁϴЋϴϹІ ϸ϶ЂЄϹЊ, ЂІϾЄЏІЇВ
ϷϴϿϹЄϹВ, ϵϹЅϹϸϾЇ, Ёϴ϶ϹЅ (ϥϿЂ϶ϴЄА ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂϷЂ ГϻЏϾϴ… 1969, І. 2: 547). ϣЂЋІϼ ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼЋЁЂϹ ІЂϿϾЂ϶ϴЁϼϹ БІЂϽ ϿϹϾЅϹЀЏ ϼЀϹϹІЅГ ϶ ϗϼДЅ-ЇϿ-ϿЇϷЂІϹ (ϗϼДЅ-ЇϿ-ϿЇϷЂІ 1987, Ћ. 2: 104–105). ϖ ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂЄЇЅЅϾЂЀ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄϹ ЂЁϴ ЇЃЂЀГЁЇІϴ ϾϴϾ ЃЂЀϹЍϹЁϼϹ Ѕ ЋϹІЏЄАЀГ ЃЂϿЇЅ϶ЂϸЋϴІЏЀϼ ЁϼЌϴЀϼ (ϦϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂЄЇЅЅϾϼϽ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄА 1954: 446). ϖ. ϘϴϿА (1883, І. 4: 615), ЁϹ ЂЅІϴ϶ϼ϶ЌϼϽ ЅЇϺϸϹЁϼϽ Ђϵ ϼЅІЂϾϴЉ ϸϴЁЁЂϽ
ГϻЏϾЂ϶ЂϽ ϹϸϼЁϼЊЏ, ЅЋϼІϴϿ, ЋІЂ ІϴϾ ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴϿϼ ЃϴϿϴІЇ, ϵЂϿАЌЂϽ ЃЏЌЁЏϽ ЃЂϾЂϽ, ϾЂЀЁϴІЇ ϶ϹϿϼϾЂϿϹЃЁЂϷЂ ЇϵЄϴЁЅІ϶ϴ. ϖ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄϹ ϥ. Ϝ. ϢϺϹϷЂ϶ϴ ЋϹЄІЂϷ ЂϻЁϴЋϴϹІ ϶ϹϿϼϾЂϿϹЃЁЂϹ ЃЏЌЁЂϹ ЃЂЀϹЍϹЁϼϹ
ϼϿϼ ϻϸϴЁϼϹ, ϸ϶ЂЄϹЊ (ϢϺϹϷЂ϶ 2008: 1155).
ϥϿЂ϶Ђ «ЌϴІϹЄ», ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸГЍϹϹ ЂІ ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾЂ-ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂϷЂ ЅϿЂ϶ϴ «ЋϹІЄ», «ЋϴІЄ», ЂϻЁϴЋϴϹІ ЃϴϿϴІϾЇ, ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЇВ ϿϹϷϾЇВ ЃЂЅІЄЂϽϾЇ ϼϻ ІϾϴЁϹϽ ϼ ϾЂϺϼ (ϥϿЂ϶ϴЄА ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂϷЂ ГϻЏϾϴ… 1969, І. 2:
530). ϖ. ϘϴϿА, ЂЌϼϵЂЋЁЂ Ѕ϶ГϻЏ϶ϴ϶ЌϼϽ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼϹ БІЂϽ ϿϹϾЅϹЀЏ Ѕ ІϴІϴЄЅϾϼЀ ГϻЏϾЂЀ, ϼЅІЂϿϾЂ϶Џ϶ϴϿ ϹϹ ϾϴϾ ЃϴϿϴІϾЇ, ϵЂϿАЌЇВ ЉЂϿЍϹ϶ЇВ ЃϴϿϴІϾЇ (ϘϴϿА 1883, І. 4: 643). Ϙ. Ϝ. ϧЌϴϾЂ϶ (1940, І. 4:
1323) ϶Ђϻ϶ЂϸϼϿ ϸϴЁЁЇВ ГϻЏϾЂ϶ЇВ ϹϸϼЁϼЊЇ Ͼ ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾЂЀЇ «catr» ϼ ЃЂϿϴϷϴϿ, ЋІЂ ІϴϾ ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴϿϼ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂϹ ϿϹϷϾЂϹ ЅІЄЂϹЁϼϹ ϸϿГ ϺϼϿАГ, ЄЂϸ ЃϴϿϴІϾϼ ϼϻ ІϾϴЁϹϽ, ϾЂϺϼ ϼϿϼ ϶ϹІ϶ϹϽ. ϥϿЂ϶ϴЄА ϥ. Ϝ. ϢϺϹϷЂ϶ϴ
ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿГϹІ ЌϴІϹЄ ϾϴϾ ϵЂϿАЌЇВ ЃϴϿϴІϾЇ, ϾЄЏІЇВ ЂϵЏЋЁЂ ІϾϴЁАВ (ϢϺϹϷЂ϶ 2008: 1167).
,
,
Ϟ БІЂϽ ϿϹϾЅϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϷЄЇЃЃϹ ЂІЁЂЅГІЅГ ЅϿЂ϶ϴ «ϵϴЌЀϴϾ», «ϾϴЈІϴЁ», «ЃϴЄЋϴ», «ЅϴЄϴЈϴЁ», «ЅЇЁϸЇϾ», «ЉϴϿϴІ», «ЋϹЀЂϸϴЁ», «ЌϴϿА», «ЌϴЄЂ϶ϴЄЏ».
ϥϿЂ϶Ђ «ϵϴЌЀϴϾ», ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸГЍϹϹ ЂІ ІВЄϾЅϾЂϷЂ «ϵϴЌЀϴϾ», «ЃϴЌЀϴϾ», ЂϻЁϴЋϴϹІ ЂϵЇ϶А ϼϻ ϾЂϺϼ ϼϿϼ
ϸϹЄϹ϶ϴ (ϥϿЂ϶ϴЄА ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂϷЂ ГϻЏϾϴ… 1969, І. 2: 47). ϖ. ϘϴϿА ϼ Ϙ. Ϝ. ϧЌϴϾЂ϶ ЅЋϼІϴϿϼ, ЋІЂ БІϴ ГϻЏϾЂ϶ϴГ
ϹϸϼЁϼЊϴ ϼЀϹϹІ ІϴІϴЄЅϾЂϹ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼϹ. ϣЂ ЀЁϹЁϼВ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϷЂ ϴ϶ІЂЄϴ, ϵϴЌЀϴϾ Г϶ϿГϹІЅГ ЂϵЇ϶АВ, ЅЌϼІЂϽ ϼϻ ϾЂϺϼ ϼϿϼ ІϾϴЁϼ. «ϡϴ ϵЂЅЇВ ЁЂϷЇ ϶ЅГϾϼϽ ϵϴЌЀϴϾ ϶ЃЂЄЇ» (ϘϴϿА 1880, І. 1: 55). ϣЂ ЀЁϹЁϼВ ϶ІЂЄЂϷЂ,
ϵϴЌЀϴϾЂЀ ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴВІ ЁϼϻϾЇВ, ЃЄϹϼЀЇЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂ, ϾЂϺϴЁЇВ, ϺϹЁЅϾЇВ ϼ ϸϹІЅϾЇВ ЂϵЇ϶А (ϧЌϴϾЂ϶ 1935,
І. 1: 98). ϖ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄϹ ϥ. Ϝ. ϢϺϹϷЂ϶ϴ БІϴ ϿϹϾЅϹЀϴ ІЄϴϾІЇϹІЅГ ϾϴϾ ϵЂІϼЁЂϾ, ЃЂϿЇϵЂІϼЁЂϾ (ϢϺϹϷЂ϶ 2008: 46).
ϥϿЂ϶Ђ «ϾϴЈІϴЁ», ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸГЍϹϹ ЂІ ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾЂ-ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂϷЂ «ЉϹЈІϴЁ», «ЉϴЈІϴЁ», ЂϻЁϴЋϴϹІ
ϷЄЇϵЇВ ϶ϴІЁЇВ ЂϸϹϺϸЇ, ϾЂІЂЄЇВ ϶ЂϼЁЏ ЂϸϹ϶ϴϿϼ ЃЂϸ ϾЂϿАЋЇϷЇ (ϥϿЂ϶ϴЄА ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂϷЂ ГϻЏϾϴ… 1969,
І. 2: 472). ϣЂ БІЂЀЇ ЃЂ϶ЂϸЇ ϡϼϻϴЀϼ ЃϼЌϹІ: «ϕϼЃЇЌϼϸ ЉϴЈІϴЁϹ ϴϻ ϾϴЄϾϴϸϴЁ»/ ϢϸϹϿЅГ ЂЁ ϶ ϾϴЈІϴЁ
ϼϻ ϾЂϺϼ ЁЂЅЂЄЂϷϴ (ϡϼϻϴЀϼ 1965: 47). ϖ ϗϼДЅ-ЇϿ-ϿЇϷЂІ БІϴ ГϻЏϾЂ϶ϴГ ϹϸϼЁϼЊϴ ϼЅІЂϿϾЂ϶ϴЁϴ ϾϴϾ ЄϴϻЁЂ϶ϼϸЁЂЅІА ϶ЂϼЁЅϾЂϷЂ ЂϵЀЇЁϸϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼГ (ϗϼДЅ-ЇϿ-ϿЇϷЂІ 1987, Ћ. 1: 309). ϖ. ϘϴϿА ЃЂϿϴϷϴϿ, ЋІЂ ϸϴЁЁϴГ
ϿϹϾЅϹЀϴ ϼЀϹϹІ ІϴІϴЄЅϾЂϹ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼϹ. ϢЁϴ ІЄϴϾІЇϹІЅГ ϾϴϾ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹϹ, ϸЂϿϷЂЃЂϿЂϹ ЀЇϺЅϾЂϹ ЃϿϴІАϹ ЄϴϻЁЂϷЂ ЃЂϾЄЂГ: ϻЁϴІЁЂϹ Ѕ ϾЂЅЏЀ ϶ЂЄЂІЂЀ, ЋϴЃϴЁ, ЅϹЄЀГϷϴ, ЅЇϾЂЁϼϾ, ϴЄЀГϾ. ϢϵЏЋЁЂ «ϾϴЈІϴЁ»
ЌАϹІЅГ ЁϹ ϼϻ ϸЂЀЂІϾϴЁϼЁЏ, ϴ ϼϻ ЅϼЁϹϷЂ ЅЇϾЁϴ (ϘϴϿА 1881, І. 2: 99). Ϙ. Ϝ. ϧЌϴϾЂ϶ ЅЋϼІϴϿ, ЋІЂ ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴϹЀЂϹ ЅϿЂ϶Ђ ϶ЂЅЉЂϸϼІ Ͼ ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾЂЀЇ «haftan». ϦϴϾ ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴВІ ϶ЏЉЂϸГЍЇВ — ϶ ϷЂЄЂϸϴЉ ЇϺϹ
϶ЏЌϹϸЌЇВ — ϼϻ ЇЃЂІЄϹϵϿϹЁϼГ ЀЇϺЅϾЇВ ϸЂϿϷЂЃЂϿЇВ ϶ϹЄЉЁВВ ЂϸϹϺϸЇ (ϧЌϴϾЂ϶ 1935, І. 1: 1338).
ϖ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄϹ ϥ. Ϝ. ϢϺϹϷЂ϶ϴ ϾϴЈІϴЁ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄϼϻЇϹІЅГ ϾϴϾ ЄЇЅЅϾϴГ ЅІϴЄϼЁЁϴГ ЀЇϺЅϾϴГ ϸЂϿϷЂЃЂϿϴГ ϶ϹЄЉЁГГ ЂϸϹϺϸϴ (ϢϺϹϷЂ϶ 2008: 347).
ϥϿЂ϶Ђ «ЃϴЄЋϴ», ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸГЍϹϹ ЂІ ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾЂϷЂ «ЃϴЄЋϹ» ϼ ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂϷЂ «ЃϴЄЋϴ», ЂϻЁϴЋϴϹІ
ЇϻЂЄЋϴІЇВ ЋϴЅІА ЌϹϿϾЂ϶ЂϷЂ, ЉϿЂЃϾЂ϶ЂϷЂ, ЌϹЄЅІГЁЂϷЂ ϼ ІЂЀЇ ЃЂϸЂϵЁЂϷЂ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϴ (ϥϿЂ϶ϴЄА ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂϷЂ ГϻЏϾϴ… 1969, І. 2: 42). ϖ ϗϼДЅ-ЇϿ-ϿЇϷЂІ (1988, Ћ. 2: 104) БІϴ ГϻЏϾЂ϶ϴГ ϹϸϼЁϼЊϴ ІЄϴϾІЇϹІЅГ ϾϴϾ ЇϻЂЄЋϴІϴГ ЋϴЅІА ЋϹϷЂ-ϿϼϵЂ. ϦϴϾЂϽ ϺϹ ЅЀЏЅϿ ϿϹϾЅϹЀϴ ϼЀϹϹІ ϶ ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂ-ЄЇЅЅϾЂЀ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄϹ
(ϦϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂ-ЄЇЅЅϾϼϽ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄА 1954: 311). ϖ ІЂϿϾЂ϶ЂЀ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄϹ ϖ. ϘϴϿГ ЅϿЂ϶Ђ ЂІЅЇІЅІ϶ЇϹІ, ϴ ϶ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄϹ Ϙ. Ϝ. ϧЌϴϾЂ϶ϴ ЂЁЂ ϼЅІЂϿϾЂ϶ϴЁЂ ϾϴϾ ЀϴІϹЄϼГ Ѕ ЌϹϿϾЂ϶ЂϽ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЂϽ, ϻϴІϾϴЁЁϴГ ϻЂϿЂІЏЀϼ ϼϿϼ
ЅϹЄϹϵЄГЁЏЀϼ ЁϼІГЀϼ. ϔ϶ІЂЄ ЃЂϿϴϷϴϿ, ЋІЂ БІϴ ГϻЏϾЂ϶ϴГ ϹϸϼЁϼЊϴ ϶ЂЅЉЂϸϼІ Ͼ ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾЂЀЇ «parca»
(ϧЌϴϾЂ϶ 1938, І. 3: 57). ϖ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄϹ ϥ. Ϙ. ϢϺϹϷЂ϶ϴ ЃϴЄЋЂϽ Ёϴϻ϶ϴЁϴ ЃϿЂІЁϴГ ЇϻЂЄЋϴІϴГ ЌϹϿϾЂ϶ϴГ ІϾϴЁА,
϶ЏІϾϴЁЁϴГ ϻЂϿЂІЏЀϼ ϼϿϼ ЅϹЄϹϵЄГЁЏЀϼ ЁϼІГЀϼ (ϢϺϹϷЂ϶ 2008: 635).
ϥϿЂ϶Ђ «ЅϴЄϴЈϴЁ», ЂІ ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾЂϷЂ «ЅϹЄϴЃϴ» ϼ ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂϷЂ «ЅϴЄЇЃЂ», ЂϻЁϴЋϴϹІ ЂϸϹϺϸЇ, ЉϴϿϴІ,
ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾІ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹϽ ЂϸϹϺϸЏ (϶ϾϿВЋϴГ ϷЂϿЂ϶ЁЂϽ ЇϵЂЄ ϼ ЂϵЇ϶А), ЃЂϸϴЄϹЁЁЏϽ ϾЂЀЇ-ЁϼϵЇϸА,
149
:
,
,
ЁϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ ЃЄϼϵϿϼϺϹЁЁЂЀЇ ЂІ БЀϼЄϴ, ϺϹЁϼЉЇ ЂІ ЄЂϸϼІϹϿϹϽ ЁϹ϶ϹЅІЏ (ϥϿЂ϶ϴЄА ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂϷЂ ГϻЏϾϴ…
1969, І. 2: 212). ϖ ϗϼДЅ-ЇϿ-ϿЇϷЂІ (1987, Ћ. 1: 417) БІϴ ГϻЏϾЂ϶ϴГ ϹϸϼЁϼЊϴ ϼЅІЂϿϾЂ϶ϴЁϴ ϾϴϾ ЉϴϿϴІ. ϖ ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂ-ЄЇЅЅϾЂЀ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄϹ ЂЁϴ ІЄϴϾІЇϹІЅГ ϾϴϾ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾІ ЂϸϹϺϸЏ (ϦϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂ-ЄЇЅЅϾϼϽ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄА 1954:
342). ϖ ІЂϿϾЂ϶ЂЀ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄϹ ϖ. ϘϴϿГ Ђ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼϼ ϸϴЁЁЂϽ ϿϹϾЅϹЀЏ ЁϼЋϹϷЂ ЁϹ ЅϾϴϻϴЁЂ. ϥЂϷϿϴЅЁЂ
ϹЀЇ ІϴϾ ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴВІ ЀЇϺЅϾЂϽ ϸЂϿϷϼϽ ϾϴЈІϴЁ ЂЅЂϵЂϷЂ ЃЂϾЄЂГ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ϵϹϻЄЇϾϴ϶ЁЇВ ϺϹЁЅϾЇВ ЄЇЅЅϾЇВ ЂϸϹϺϸЇ Ѕ ЃЄЂϽЀϴЀϼ ϸϿГ ЄЇϾ ϼ Ѕ ЃЂГЅЂЀ. ϥϴЄϴЈϴЁЏ ϵЏ϶ϴВІ ЂϸЁЂЄГϸЁЏϹ, ϸ϶ЇЄГϸЁЏϹ, ϻϴϾЄЏІЏϹ, ЂІϾЄЏІЏϹ (ϷЄЇϸА), ϾЄЇϷϿЏϹ (ЇϻϾϼϹ), ЃЄГЀЏϹ, ϾϿϼЁЋϴІЏϹ, ЄϴЅІϹϷϴЁЏϹ (ЄϴЅЃϴЌЁЏϹ), ЌЇϵϾϼ (ЀЂЅϾЂ϶ЅϾϼϹ), Ѕ ЄЇϾϴ϶ϴЀϼ, Ѕ ЃЄЂϽЀϴЀϼ (Ѕ ЃЂЀЂЋϴЀϼ), ЅϵЂЄЋϴІЏϹ, ϷϿϴϸϾϼϹ, Ѕ ϿϼЈЂЀ, ϵϹϻ ϿϼЈϴ. ϣЂ ІϾϴЁϼ:
ЉЂϿЍϹ϶ϼϾϼ, ϸЇϵϿϹЁϾϼ, ϾЇЀϴЋЁϼϾϼ, ЅЇϾЂЁЁϼϾϼ, ЅІϴЀϹϸЁϼϾϼ. Ϟ ЅϴЄϴЈϴЁЇ ϶ЅϹϷϸϴ ϼϸϹІ ЃЂГЅЂϾ, ϴ ϶
ЃЄϴϻϸЁϼЋЁЏϹ ЀЂϸϹϿϼ ϶Ќϼ϶ϴВІЅГ ІЂЁϾϼϹ, ЄЇϵϴЌϹЋЁЏϹ, ЄЇϾϴ϶ϴ (ϘϴϿА 1883, І. 4: 140). Ϙ. Ϝ. ϧЌϴϾЂ϶
Ѕ϶ГϻЏ϶ϴϹІ ЅϿЂ϶Ђ «ЅϴЄϴЈϴЁ» Ѕ ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾϼЀ «sarapa». ϥϴЄϴЈϴЁ ЄЇЅЅϾϼЉ ϾЄϹЅІАГЁЂϾ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿГϹІ ЅЂϵЂϽ ϸϿϼЁЁЇВ ЂϸϹϺϸЇ Ѕ ЃЂГЅϾЂЀ, Ѕ ϻϴЅІϹϺϾЂϽ ЅЃϹЄϹϸϼ, ϵϹϻ ЄЇϾϴ϶Ђ϶ (ϼϿϼ Ѕ ϶ЌϼІЏЀϼ ЄЇϾϴ϶ϴЀϼ ϼϻ
ϵϹϿАϹ϶ЂϽ ІϾϴЁϼ) ϼ Ѕ ЁϴЃϿϹЋАГЀϼ. ϥϴЄϴЈϴЁЂЀ ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴВІ ϼ ϿϹϷϾЂϹ, ϿϹІЁϹϹ ϺϹЁЅϾЂϹ ЃϿϴІАϹ ІϴϾЂϷЂ ϺϹ
ЃЂϾЄЂГ (ϧЌϴϾЂ϶ 1940, І. 4: 52). ϖ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄϹ ϥ. Ϙ. ϢϺϹϷЂ϶ϴ БІϴ ГϻЏϾЂ϶ϴГ ϹϸϼЁϼЊϴ ІЄϴϾІЇϹІЅГ ϾϴϾ ЄЇЅЅϾϴГ ϺϹЁЅϾϴГ ϾЄϹЅІАГЁЅϾϴГ ЂϸϹϺϸϴ, ЄЂϸ ЃϿϴІАГ ϵϹϻ ЄЇϾϴ϶Ђ϶, ЁϴϸϹ϶ϴϹЀЂϷЂ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉ ЄЇϵϴЌϾϼ Ѕ ϸϿϼЁЁЏЀϼ ЄЇϾϴ϶ϴЀϼ, ЄЂϸ ϺϹЁЅϾЂϷЂ ЃϿϴІАГ ϵϹϻ ЄЇϾϴ϶Ђ϶ (ϢϺϹϷЂ϶ 2008: 911).
ϥϿЂ϶Ђ «ЅЇЁϸЇϾ», ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸГЍϹϹ ЂІ ϴЄϴϵЅϾЂϷЂ «ЅϴЁϸЇϾ», ЂϻЁϴЋϴϹІ ϵЂϿАЌЂϽ ГЍϼϾ, ϾЇϸϴ ϾϿϴϸЇІ ЄϴϻЁЏϹ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІЏ. ϱІϴ ϿϹϾЅϹЀϴ ϶ЅІЄϹЋϴϹІЅГ ϶ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ϹϸϹЁϼГЉ ϾϿϴЅЅϼϾЂ϶ ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾЂ-ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂϽ
ϿϼІϹЄϴІЇЄЏ ϜϵЁ-ϥϼЁϴ ϼ ϨϼЄϸϴ϶Ѕϼ ЁϴЋϼЁϴГ Ѕ X ϶. (ϥϿЂ϶ϴЄА ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂϷЂ ГϻЏϾϴ… 1969, І. 2: 190).
ϖ ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂ-ЄЇЅЅϾЂЀ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄϹ ЂЁϴ ϼЅІЂϿϾЂ϶ϴЁϴ ϾϴϾ ГЍϼϾ, ϿϴЄϹЊ, ЌϾϴІЇϿϾϴ (ϦϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂ-ЄЇЅЅϾϼϽ
ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄА 1954: 341). ϣЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼϹ ЅϿЂ϶ϴ «ЅЇЁϸЇϾ» ϖ. ϘϴϿА ЁϹ϶ϹЄЁЂ Ѕ϶ГϻЏ϶ϴϿ Ѕ ІϴІϴЄЅϾϼЀ ГϻЏϾЂЀ. ϢЁ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿГϿ ЅЇЁϸЇϾ ϾϴϾ ϶ЂϿАЁЏϽ ГЍϼϾ Ѕ ϾЄЏЌϾЂВ Ёϴ Ёϴ϶ϹЅϴЉ, ЂϵЏЋЁЂ Ѕ ϻϴЀϾЂЀ, ЁϹЄϹϸϾЂ,
ЂϾЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϽ ϼ ЅЂ ЅϾЂϵϴЀϼ (ϘϴϿА 1883, І. 4: 370). Ϙ. Ϝ. ϧЌϴϾЂ϶ ϶Ђϻ϶ЂϸϼϿ ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴϹЀЂϹ ЅϿЂ϶Ђ Ͼ
ϴЄϴϵЅϾЂЀЇ «sandug» ϼ ІЄϴϾІЂ϶ϴϿ ϹϷЂ ϾϴϾ ГЍϼϾ Ѕ ϾЄЏЌϾЂϽ Ёϴ ЃϹІϿГЉ ϼ ϻϴЀϾЂЀ, ЂϵЏЋЁЂ ЂϾЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЀϼ
ЅЂ ЅϾЂϵϴЀϼ, ϸϿГ ЉЄϴЁϹЁϼГ ϶ϹЍϹϽ (ϧЌϴϾЂ϶ 1940, І. 4: 593). ϖ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄϹ ϥ. Ϙ. ϢϺϹϷЂ϶ϴ ЅЇЁϸЇϾЂЀ Ёϴϻ϶ϴЁ
ϵЂϿАЌЂϽ ГЍϼϾ Ѕ ϾЄЏЌϾЂϽ Ёϴ ЃϹІϿГЉ ϼ Ѕ ϻϴЀϾЂЀ ϸϿГ ЉЄϴЁϹЁϼГ ϶ϹЍϹϽ (ϢϺϹϷЂ϶ 2008: 1021).
ϥϿЂ϶Ђ «ЉϴϿϴІ», ЂІ ϴЄϴϵЅϾЂϷЂ «ЉϼϿЎϴІ», ЂϻЁϴЋϴϹІ ϸϿϼЁЁЇВ ЃЂЋІϼ ϸЂ ЃГІ ЌϼЄЂϾЇВ ϶ϹЄЉЁВВ
ЂϸϹϺϸЇ. ϜЁЂϷϸϴ БЀϼЄЏ ϼ ЃϴϸϼЌϴЉϼ ϸϴЄϼϿϼ Ѕ϶ЂϼЀ ЃЄϼϵϿϼϺϹЁЁЏЀ ϸЂЄЂϷϼϹ ЉϴϿϴІЏ ϶ЀϹЅІϹ Ѕ ЋϴϿЀЂϽ
ϼ ЃЂГЅЂЀ (ϥϿЂ϶ϴЄА ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂϷЂ ГϻЏϾϴ… 1969, І. 2: 478). ϖ ϗϼДЅ-ЇϿ-ϿЇϷЂІ (1987, Ћ. 1: 310) ІϴϾ Ёϴϻ϶ϴЁϴ
ϸϿϼЁЁϴГ, ЌϼЄЂϾϴГ ϶ϹЄЉЁГГ ЂϸϹϺϸϴ, ЃЄϹϸЁϴϻЁϴЋϹЁЁϴГ ϸϿГ ϸϴЄϹЁϼГ. ϖ. ϘϴϿА ЂЌϼϵЂЋЁЂ ЅЋϼІϴϿ, ЋІЂ
БІϴ ϿϹϾЅϹЀϴ ϼЀϹϹІ ІϴІϴЄЅϾЂϹ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼϹ. ϢЁ ϼЅІЂϿϾЂ϶Џ϶ϴϿ ϸϴЁЁЇВ ГϻЏϾЂ϶ЇВ ϹϸϼЁϼЊЇ ϾϴϾ
ϾЂЀЁϴІЁЇВ, ЌϼЄЂϾЇВ ЂϸϹϺϸЇ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂϷЂ ЃЂϾЄЂГ (ϘϴϿА 1883, І. 4: 537). Ϙ. Ϝ. ϧЌϴϾЂ϶ ϶Ђϻ϶ЂϸϼϿ ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴϹЀЂϹ ЅϿЂ϶Ђ Ͼ ϴЄϴϵЅϾЂЀЇ «hilat» ϼ ІЄϴϾІЂ϶ϴϿ ϹϷЂ ϾϴϾ ϸϿϼЁЁЇВ ϸЂ ЃГІ ЌϼЄЂϾЇВ ϶ϹЄЉЁВВ
ЂϸϹϺϸЇ Ї ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЁϴЄЂϸЂ϶ ϖЂЅІЂϾϴ (ЇϻϵϹϾЅϾϼϽ ϼϿϼ ϵЇЉϴЄЅϾϼϽ ЉϴϿϴІ), ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ϾϴϾ ЂϸϹϺϸЇ ІϴϾЂϷЂ
ϺϹ ЃЂϾЄЂГ, ЃЄϹϸЁϴϻЁϴЋϹЁЁЇВ ЂϵЏЋЁЂ ϸϿГ ϸЂЀϴ, ϸϿГ ϵЂϿАЁϼЊ ϼ ϸϿГ ЄϴϵЂІЏ. ϖ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϹЀ ЅϿЇЋϴϹ
ЉϴϿϴІ ЁЂЅГІ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉ ЂϵЏЋЁЂϷЂ ЃϿϴІАГ (ϧЌϴϾЂ϶ 1940, І. 4: 1130). ϖ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄϹ ϥ. Ϙ. ϢϺϹϷЂ϶ϴ ЅϾϴϻϴЁЂ,
ЋІЂ ЉϴϿϴІ Г϶ϿГϹІЅГ ϸϿϼЁЁЂϽ ЂϸϹϺϸЂϽ, ЂϵЏЋЁЂ ЁϴϸϹ϶ϴϹЀЂϽ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉ ϵϹϿАГ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉ ЂϵЏЋЁЂϷЂ
ЃϿϴІАГ ϼϿϼ ЁϹЃЂЅЄϹϸЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂ Ёϴ ІϹϿЂ (ϵЇЉϴЄЅϾϼϽ ЃϹЅІЄЏϽ ЉϴϿϴІ, ϸЂЀϴЌЁϼϽ ЉϴϿϴІ, ЄϴϵЂЋϼϽ ЉϴϿϴІ,
ϵЂϿАЁϼЋЁЏϽ ЉϴϿϴІ, ϾЇЃϴϿАЁЏϽ ЉϴϿϴІ) (ϢϺϹϷЂ϶ 2008: 1126).
ϥϿЂ϶Ђ «ЋϹЀЂϸϴЁ», ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸГЍϹϹ ЂІ ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾЂϷЂ («ϸϺϴЀϹϸϴЁ») ϼ ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂϷЂ («ϸϺЂЀϴϸЂЁ»)
ГϻЏϾЂ϶, ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿГϹІ ЂϸЁЇ ϼϻ ЄϴϻЁЂ϶ϼϸЁЂЅІϹϽ ЅЇЁϸЇϾϴ ϸϿГ ЂϸϹϺϸЏ (ϥϿЂ϶ϴЄА ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂϷЂ ГϻЏϾϴ…
1969, І. 2: 787). ϔЁϴϿЂϷϼЋЁЇВ ЅϹЀϴЁІϼϾЇ БІϴ ГϻЏϾЂ϶ϴГ ϹϸϼЁϼЊϴ ϼЀϹϹІ ϼ ϶ ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂ-ЄЇЅЅϾЂЀ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄϹ (ϦϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂ-ЄЇЅЅϾϼϽ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄА 1954: 517). ϥЂϷϿϴЅЁЂ ϖ. ϘϴϿВ, ЋϹЀЂϸϴЁ БІЂ ϾЂϺϴЁЏϽ, ϸЂЄЂϺЁЏϽ
ϵϴЇϿ, ЅЇЁϸЇϾ, ЇϾϿϴϸϾϴ (ϘϴϿА 1883, І. 4: 607). Ϙ. Ϝ. ϧЌϴϾЂ϶ ϶Ђϻ϶ЂϸϼϿ ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴϹЀЂϹ ЅϿЂ϶Ђ Ͼ ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾЂЀЇ «zamedan» ϼ ІЄϴϾІЂ϶ϴϿ ϹϷЂ ϾϴϾ ЄЂϸ ЄϴЅϾϼϸЁЂϷЂ ЅЇЁϸЇϾϴ (ϼϻ ϾЂϺϼ, ЈϼϵЄЏ, ЀϴІϹЄϼϼ ϼ І. Ѓ.),
ЇЃЂІЄϹϵϿГϹЀЂϷЂ ϶ ϸЂЄЂϷϹ ϸϿГ ϶ϹЍϹϽ, ϵϴϷϴϺϴ (ϧЌϴϾЂ϶ 1940, І. 4: 1219). ϖ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄϹ ϥ. Ϙ. ϢϺϹϷЂ϶ϴ ЋϹЀЂϸϴЁЂЀ Ёϴϻ϶ϴЁϴ І϶ϹЄϸϴГ ЃЄГЀЂЇϷЂϿАЁϴГ ϾЂЄЂϵϾϴ (ϼϻ ϾЂϺϼ, ЈϼϵЄЏ ϼ І. Ѓ.) Ѕ ЃЄϼϾЄϹЃϿϹЁЁЂϽ ϻϴЃϼЄϴВЍϹϽЅГ ϾЄЏЌϾЂϽ, ЇЃЂІЄϹϵϿГϹЀϴГ ϶ ϸЂЄЂϷϹ ϸϿГ ϶ϹЍϹϽ (ϢϺϹϷЂ϶ 2008: 1151).
ϥϿЂ϶Ђ «ЌϴϿА», ЂІ ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾЂ-ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂϷЂ «ЌϴϿ», «ЌЂϿ», ЂϻЁϴЋϴϹІ ЌϹЄЅІГЁЇВ ϼϿϼ ЌϹϿϾЂ϶ЇВ ІϾϴЁА. «Ϟϼ ϾϴЅЅϹ ЌЂϿ ϸϺЇЅІЇ ϸϹϵЂ ϹЈІ» / ϞІЂ-ІЂ ϼЅϾϴϿ ЌϴϿ, ϴ ЁϴЌϹϿ ЃϴЄЋЇ (ϧЁЅЇЄϼ
X–XI ϶϶.) (ϥϿЂ϶ϴЄА ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂϷЂ ГϻЏϾϴ… 1969, І. II: 596). ϖ ϗϼДЅ-ЇϿ-ϿЇϷЂІ (1987, Ћ. 1: 452) БІϴ
ГϻЏϾЂ϶ϴГ ϹϸϼЁϼЊϴ ϼЅІЂϿϾЂ϶ϴЁϴ ϾϴϾ ЃϿϴІЂϾ ϼϻ Ђ϶ϹЋАϹϽ ЌϹЄЅІϼ. ϖ ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂ-ЄЇЅЅϾЂЀ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄϹ
ЂЁϴ ϺϹ ЃϹЄϹ϶ϹϸϹЁϴ ϾϴϾ ϸЂЀЂІϾϴЁЏϽ ЃϴϿϴЅ ϼϻ ϷЄЇϵЂϽ ЌϹЄЅІϼ; ϷЄЇϵЂЌϹЄЅІЁϴГ ϸЂЀЂІϾϴЁϴГ ІϾϴЁА,
150
ϼϸЇЍϴГ Ёϴ ЃϿϴІϾϼ ϼ ЉϴϿϴІЏ (ϦϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂ-ЄЇЅЅϾϼϽ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄА 1954: 460). Ϙ. Ϝ. ϧЌϴϾЂ϶ (1940, І. 4:
1815) ЂЌϼϵЂЋЁЂ ϶Ђϻ϶ЂϸϼϿ ЅϿЂ϶Ђ Ͼ ϴЄϴϵЅϾЂЀЇ «chal», ІЄϴϾІЇГ ϹϷЂ ϾϴϾ ϵЂϿАЌЂϽ ϶ГϻϴЁЁЏϽ ϼϿϼ
ІϾϴЁЏϽ ЃϿϴІЂϾ. ϖ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄϹ ϥ. Ϙ. ϢϺϹϷЂ϶ϴ ЌϴϿА ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁϴ ϾϴϾ ϵЂϿАЌЂϽ ϶ГϻϴЁЏϽ ϼϿϼ ІϾϴЁЏϽ
ЃϿϴІЂϾ (ϢϺϹϷЂ϶ 2008: 1165).
ϥϿЂ϶Ђ «ЌϴЄЂ϶ϴЄЏ», ϼЀϹВЍϹϹ ϴЄϴϵЅϾЂϹ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼϹ, ЂϻЁϴЋϴϹІ ЌІϴЁЏ (ϥϿЂ϶ϴЄА ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂϷЂ ГϻЏϾϴ… 1969, І. 2: 203). ϔЁϴϿЂϷϼЋЁϴГ ЅϹЀϴЁІϼϾϴ БІЂϽ ϿϹϾЅϹЀЏ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϴ ϶ ϗϼДЅ-ЇϿ-ϿЇϷЂІ
(1987, Ћ. 1: 421) ϼ ϶ ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂ-ЄЇЅЅϾЂЀ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄϹ (ϦϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂ-ЄЇЅЅϾϼϽ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄА 1954: 450). ϖ ІЂϿϾЂ϶ЂЀ
ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄϹ ϖ. ϘϴϿГ ЁϼЋϹϷЂ ЁϹ ЅϾϴϻϴЁЂ Ђ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼϼ ϸϴЁЁЂϽ ГϻЏϾЂ϶ЂϽ ϹϸϼЁϼЊЏ, ϾЂІЂЄϴГ ϼЅІЂϿϾЂ϶ϴЁϴ ϾϴϾ ЌϼЄЂϾϼϹ ϵЄВϾϼ (ϘϴϿА 1883, І. 4: 641). Ϙ. Ϝ. ϧЌϴϾЂ϶ ЂЌϼϵЂЋЁЂ ϶Ђϻ϶ЂϸϼϿ ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴϹЀЂϹ
ЅϿЂ϶Ђ Ͼ ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾЂЀЇ «salvar» ϼ ІЄϴϾІЂ϶ϴϿ ϹϷЂ ϾϴϾ ЌϼЄЂϾϼϹ ЌІϴЁЏ, ϻϴЃЄϴ϶ϿГϹЀЏϹ ЂϵЏЋЁЂ ϶ ЅϴЃЂϷϼ
(ϾϴϻϴЊϾϼϹ ЌϴЄЂ϶ϴЄЏ) (ϧЌϴϾЂ϶ 1940, І. 4: 1321). ϖ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄϹ ϥ. Ϙ. ϢϺϹϷЂ϶ϴ ЌϴЄЂ϶ϴЄϴЀϼ Ёϴϻ϶ϴЁЏ ЌϼЄЂϾϼϹ ЌІϴЁЏ ЂЅЂϵЂϷЂ ЃЂϾЄЂГ, ϻϴЃЄϴ϶ϿГϹЀЏϹ ϶ ϷЂϿϹЁϼЍϴ (ϾϴϻϴЊϾϼϹ ЌϴЄЂ϶ϴЄЏ, ЄЂϸ ЌϼЄЂϾϼЉ ЌІϴЁЂ϶
Ёϴ ЄϹϻϼЁϾϴЉ ϶ЁϼϻЇ, ϸϹІЅϾϼϹ ЌϴЄЂ϶ϴЄЏ) (ϢϺϹϷЂ϶ 2008: 1167).
,
-
?
ϖЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ, ϻϴϼЀЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼГ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸϼϿϼ ϶ ІϹЋϹЁϼϹ ϸ϶ЇЉ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЂ϶. ϣϹЄ϶ЏϽ ϼϻ ЁϼЉ ЁϴЋϴϿЅГ ϶
ϾЂЁЊϹ VIII ϶. ϼ ЃЄЂϸЂϿϺϴϿЅГ ϸЂ ϾЂЁЊϴ XII ϶., ϶ІЂЄЂϽ — ЁϴЋϴϿЅГ ЃЂЅϿϹ XIII ϶.
ϡϴ ЃЄЂІГϺϹЁϼϼ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϷЂ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ЃЄЂЁϼϾЁЂ϶ϹЁϼϹ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏЉ ЅϿЂ϶ ϶ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹЄЇЅЅϾϼϽ ГϻЏϾ, ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂ, Г϶ϿГϿЂЅА ЅϿϹϸЅІ϶ϼϹЀ ЃЄГЀЏЉ ІЂЄϷЂ϶ЏЉ ϾЂЁІϴϾІЂ϶ ϴЄϴϵЅϾϼЉ, ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾϼЉ ϼ ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾϼЉ ϾЇЃЊЂ϶ Ѕ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼϹЀ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹЄЇЅЅϾϼЉ ϷЂЄЂϸЂ϶. Ϣϵ БІЂЀ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ЇВІ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЁЏϹ Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ
ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂϽ ϤЂЅЅϼϼ ϾϿϴϸЏ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ІЂЄϹ϶ІϼϾϼ (ϘϴЄϾϹ϶ϼЋ 1976) ϼ ϾϿϴϸЏ ЅϹЄϹϵЄГЁЏЉ ЀЇЅЇϿАЀϴЁЅϾϼЉ ЀЂЁϹІ (ϴϵϵϴЅϼϸЅϾϼϹ, ІϴЉϼЄϼϸϸЅϾϼϹ ϼ ЅϴЀϴЁϼϸЅϾϼϹ), ЋϹϾϴЁϹЁЁЏЉ ϶ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϔϻϼϼ ϼ Ёϴ ϥЄϹϸЁϹЀ
ϖЂЅІЂϾϹ. ϦϴϾϼϹ ϺϹ ЀЂЁϹІЏ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ ЃЄϼ ЄϴЅϾЂЃϾϴЉ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹЄЇЅЅϾϼЉ ϷЂЄЂϸЂ϶ — ϡЂ϶ϷЂЄЂϸ, ϣЅϾЂ϶,
ϥІϴЄϴГ ϟϴϸЂϷϴ ϼ ϸЄЇϷϼϹ. ϖ БІЂ ϶ЄϹЀГ ЃЄЂЊϹЅЅ ϻϴϼЀЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼГ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹЄЇЅЅϾϼЀ ГϻЏϾЂЀ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ
ϿϹϾЅϼϾϼ ϵЏϿ ЂϵЇЅϿЂ϶ϿϹЁ ЀϼЄЁЏЀ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЂЀ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЉ ϾЂЁІϴϾІЂ϶ ϖЂЅІЂϾϴ ϼ ϤЇЅϼ. ϘϿГ ϸϴЁЁЂϷЂ
ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЂ ІϴϾЂϹ ЇЅ϶ЂϹЁϼϹ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏЉ ЅϿЂ϶, ЃЄϼ ϾЂІЂЄЂЀ ϻϴϼЀЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁЁЏϹ ϿϹϾЅϹЀЏ ЅЂЉЄϴЁГϿϼ Ѕ϶ЂϹ ЅЀЏЅϿЂ϶ЂϹ ϻЁϴЋϹЁϼϹ. ϡϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ, ЅϿЂ϶Ђ «ϴЀϵϴЄ» ϼ ϶ ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾЂ-ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂЀ, ϼ ϶ ЄЇЅЅϾЂЀ
ГϻЏϾϴЉ ЃЂϸЄϴϻЇЀϹ϶ϴϹІ ϻϸϴЁϼϹ ϼϿϼ ЀϹЅІЂ ϸϿГ ЉЄϴЁϹЁϼГ ϻϹЄЁϴ ϼ ϸЄЇϷϼЉ ЃЄϼЃϴЅЂ϶, ІЂ϶ϴЄЂ϶, ϶ϹЍϹϽ;
ЅϿЂ϶Ђ «ϵϴϻϴЄ» — ЅЃϹЊϼϴϿАЁЂϹ ЀϹЅІЂ, ЃϿЂЍϴϸА, ϷϸϹ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸϼІЅГ ІЂЄϷЂ϶ϿГ; ЅϿЂ϶Ђ «ЀϴϷϴϻϼЁ» —
Ͽϴ϶ϾЇ ϸϿГ ЉЄϴЁϹЁϼГ ϼ ЃЄЂϸϴϺϼ ІЂ϶ϴЄЂ϶; ЅϿЂ϶Ђ «ЃϴϿϴЅ» — ІЂ϶ϴЄ ϼϻ ϷЄЇϵЂϽ ЌϹЄЅІϼ, ІϾϴЁϼ; ЅϿЂ϶Ђ
«ЅЇЁϸЇϾ» — ϵЂϿАЌЂϽ ГЍϼϾ Ѕ ϾЄЏЌϾЂϽ Ёϴ ЃϹІϿГЉ ϼ ϻϴЀϾЂЀ; ЅϿЂ϶Ђ «ЌϴϿА» — ϵЂϿАЌЂϽ ϶ГϻϴЁЁЏϽ
ϼϿϼ ІϾϴЁЏϽ ЃϿϴІЂϾ.
ϖЂ ϶ІЂЄЂϽ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ (ЃЂЅϿϹ XIII ϶.) ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁϴГ ϿϹϾЅϼϾϴ, ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ, ϻϴϼЀЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴϿϴЅА ϶ ЄЇЅЅϾϼϽ
ГϻЏϾ ϶ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЂЀ ϼϻ ІϴІϴЄЅϾЂϷЂ. ϣЄЂЊϹЅЅ ЇЅ϶ЂϹЁϼГ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏЉ ЅϿЂ϶ Ёϴ БІЂЀ БІϴЃϹ Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁ ϾϴϾ Ѕ ІЂЄϷЂ϶ЏЀϼ ϾЂЁІϴϾІϴЀϼ, ІϴϾ ϼ Ѕ ϶ЂϹЁЁЏЀϼ ϾЂЁЈϿϼϾІϴЀϼ. ϢЅЂϵϹЁЁЂЅІА БІЂϷЂ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ϻϴϾϿВЋϴϹІЅГ ϶
ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ ЄЇЅЅϾϼϽ ГϻЏϾ ϻϴϼЀЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴϿ ϼЅϾϴϺϹЁЁЇВ ϴЄϴϵЅϾЇВ ϼ ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾЂ-ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЇВ ϿϹϾЅϼϾЇ ϼϻ
ІϴІϴЄЅϾЂϷЂ ГϻЏϾϴ, ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ϻϴϼЀЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁЁЏϹ ГϻЏϾЂ϶ЏϹ ϹϸϼЁϼЊЏ ЇІЄϴІϼϿϼ Ѕ϶ЂϹ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЂϹ ϻЁϴЋϹЁϼϹ.
ϡϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ, «ЅϴЄϴϽ» ϼ ϶ ІϴІϴЄЅϾЂЀ, ϼ ϶ ЄЇЅЅϾЂЀ ГϻЏϾϴЉ ЂϻЁϴЋϴϹІ ϾЄЏІЂϹ ЃЂЀϹЍϹЁϼϹ ϸϿГ ЉЄϴЁϹЁϼГ
ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЂϷЂ ϼЀЇЍϹЅІ϶ϴ, ϶ ІЂ ϶ЄϹЀГ ϾϴϾ ϶ ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾЂ-ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂЀ ГϻЏϾϹ ІϴϾ ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴϿϼ ϸ϶ЂЄϹЊ ϼ ЃЂЅІЂГϿЏϽ ϸ϶ЂЄ. «ϥϴЄϴЈϴЁ» ϶ ІϴІϴЄЅϾЂЀ ϼ ϶ ЄЇЅЅϾЂЀ ГϻЏϾϴЉ ЂϻЁϴЋϴϹІ ϿϹϷϾЂϹ ϿϹІЁϹϹ ϺϹЁЅϾЂϹ ЃϿϴІАϹ,
ϴ ϶ ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾЂ-ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂЀ ГϻЏϾϹ БІЂ ЃЂЋϹІЁЂϹ ЂϸϹГЁϼϹ ϺϹЁϼЉϴ, ϶ϾϿВЋϴВЍϹϹ ЁϼϺЁϹϹ ϵϹϿАϹ, ϶ϹЄЉЁϹϹ ЃϿϴІАϹ, ЂϵЇ϶А ϼ ϷЂϿЂ϶ЁЂϽ ЇϵЂЄ. ϖ ЊϹϿЂЀ ГϻЏϾЂ϶ЏϹ ϻϴϼЀЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼГ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿГВІ ЂϸϼЁ ϼϻ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЏЉ БϿϹЀϹЁІЂ϶ ЂϵЂϷϴЍϹЁϼГ ϼ Єϴϻ϶ϼІϼГ ІЂϷЂ ϼϿϼ ϼЁЂϷЂ ГϻЏϾϴ.
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ϘЄϹ϶ЁϹЄЇЅЅϾЂϹ ϷЂЅЇϸϴЄЅІ϶Ђ ϼ ϹϷЂ ЀϹϺϸЇЁϴЄЂϸЁЂϹ ϻЁϴЋϹЁϼϹ. Ϡ.: ϡϴЇϾϴ, 1965. ϥ. 10–15.
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. ϢЅЂЄϼ ϤЇϸϴϾϼ. ϥІϴϿϼЁϴϵϴϸ: ϔϸϼϵ, 1958. 958 Ѕ. (Ёϴ ІϴϸϺ. Гϻ.).
ϥϴϴϸϼ 1970 —
. ϕЇЅІЂЁ. ϘЇЌϴЁϵϹ: ϜЄЈЂЁ, 1970. 447 Ѕ. (Ёϴ ІϴϸϺ. Гϻ.).
ϥϿЂ϶ϴЄА ЄЇЅЅϾЂϷЂ ГϻЏϾϴ… 1975–1996 — ϥϿЂ϶ϴЄА ЄЇЅЅϾЂϷЂ ГϻЏϾϴ XI–XVII ϶϶. Ϡ.: ϡϴЇϾϴ, 1975–1996.
ϖЏЃ. 1–23.
ϥϿЂ϶ϴЄА ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂϷЂ ГϻЏϾϴ 1969… — ϥϿЂ϶ϴЄА ІϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂϷЂ ГϻЏϾϴ (X–ЁϴЋϴϿЂ XX ϶϶.). Ϡ.: ϥЂ϶ϹІЅϾϴГ БЁЊϼϾϿЂЃϹϸϼГ, 1969. Ϧ. 1–2. Ϧ. 1 — 950 Ѕ., І. 2 — 940 Ѕ. (Ёϴ ІϴϸϺ. Гϻ.).
ϥЀϼЄЁЂ϶ϴ 1993 —
. . ϔϸϺϴ Ϝϵ ϔϸ-ϘЇЁϽϴ (ϫЇϸϹЅϴ ЀϼЄϴ) / ϣϹЄ. Ѕ ЃϹЄЅ. ϟ. ϣ. ϥЀϼЄЁЂ϶ЂϽ. Ϡ.:
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ϦϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂ-ЄЇЅЅϾϼϽ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄА 1954 — ϦϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂ-ЄЇЅЅϾϼϽ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄА. Ϡ.: ϗЂЅЇϸϴЄЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϹ ϼϻϸ-϶Ђ ϼЁЂЅІЄϴЁЁЏЉ ϼ ЁϴЊϼЂЁϴϿАЁЏЉ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄϹϽ, 1954. 789 Ѕ.
ϦϼϻϹЁϷϴЇϻϹЁ 1853 —
. . Ϣ ϥϴЀϴЁϼϸЅϾϼЉ ЀЂЁϹІϴЉ // ϛϴЃϼЅϾϼ ϜЀЃϹЄϴІЂЄЅϾЂϷЂ
ϔЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ЂϵЍϹЅІ϶ϴ. ϥϣϵ.: ϦϼЃ. ϜЀЃϹЄϴІЂЄЅϾЂϽ ϔϡ, 1853. Ϧ. 6. ϥ. 45–50.
ϦϼϻϹЁϷϴЇϻϹЁ 1869 —
. . ϖГІЅϾϼϽ ϾϿϴϸ ϾЇЈϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЀЂЁϹІ. ϘЄϹ϶ЁЂЅІϼ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЏϹ // ϦЄ. ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ
ϾЂЀϼЅЅϼϼ ϠЂЅϾЂ϶ЅϾЂϷЂ ϔЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ЂϵЍϹЅІ϶ϴ. Ϡ.: ϦϼЃ. ϜЀЃϹЄϴІЂЄЅϾЂϽ ϔϡ, 1869. Ϧ. 2. ϥ. 10–15.
ϦϼϻϹЁϷϴЇϻϹЁ 1873 —
. . ϠЂЁϹІЏ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϷЂ ϩϴϿϼЈϴІϴ. ϥϣϵ.: ϦϼЃ. ϜЀЃϹЄϴІЂЄЅϾЂϽ ϔϡ,
1873. 374 Ѕ.
ϧϵϴЉϼ 1992 —
. ϦЇЉЈϴІ-ЇϿ-ϴЉϵЂЄ. ϘЇЌϴЁϵϹ: ϜЄЈЂЁ, 1992. 288 Ѕ. (Ёϴ ІϴϸϺ. Гϻ.).
ϧЌϴϾЂ϶ 1935–1940 —
. . ϦЂϿϾЂ϶ЏϽ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄА ЄЇЅЅϾЂϷЂ ГϻЏϾϴ. Ϡ.: ϗЂЅЇϸϴЄЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϹ ϼϻϸ-϶Ђ ϼЁЂЅІЄϴЁЁЏЉ ϼ ЁϴЊϼЂЁϴϿАЁЏЉ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄϹϽ, 1935–1940. Ϧ. 1–4. Ϧ. 1 — 556 Ѕ., І. 2 — 1034 Ѕ., І. 3 — 1498 Ѕ., І. 4 — 1423 Ѕ.
ϨϴЅЀϹЄ 1933 —
. . Ϣϵ ϼϻϸϴЁϼϼ ЁЂ϶ЂϽ ІЂЃЂϷЄϴЈϼϼ ЁϴЉЂϸЂϾ ϾЇЈϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЀЂЁϹІ ϶ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ
ϙ϶ЄЂЃϹ // Ϝϻ϶ϹЅІϼГ ϔϡ ϥϥϥϤ. ϢІϸϹϿϹЁϼϹ ЂϵЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЉ ЁϴЇϾ. Ϡ.: Ϝϻϸ-϶Ђ ϔϡ ϥϥϥϤ, 1933. Ϧ. 6–7. ϥ. 25–35.
ϨϴЅЀϹЄ 1986–1987 —
. ϱІϼЀЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЄА ЄЇЅЅϾЂϷЂ ГϻЏϾϴ. Ϡ.: ϣЄЂϷЄϹЅЅ, 1986–1987.
Ϧ. 1–4. Ϧ. 1 — 573 Ѕ., І. 2 — 671 Ѕ., І. 3 — 831 Ѕ., І. 4 — 863 Ѕ.
ϨϹЉЁϹЄ 1973 —
. . ϬϹϿϾ ϶ ІЂЄϷЂ϶ЏЉ Ѕ϶ГϻГЉ ϖϿϴϸϼЀϼЄЂ-ϥЇϻϸϴϿАЅϾЂϽ ϤЇЅϼ ЅЂ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϔϻϼϼ //
Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻ ϼ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁϴГ ϙ϶ЄЂЃϴ ϶ ϸЄϹ϶ЁЂЅІϼ. Ϡ.: ϡϴЇϾϴ, 1973. ϥ. 145–165.
ϨϼЄϸϴ϶Ѕϼ 1960–1971 —
. ϬЂЉЁЂЀϴ. Ϡ.: ϡϴЇϾϴ, 1960–1971. Ϧ. 1–10. (Ёϴ ЃϹЄЅ. Гϻ.).
ϩϴϽГЀ 1986 —
. ϤЇϵЂϼϹІ. ϘЇЌϴЁϵϹ: ϜЄЈЂЁ, 1986. 399 Ѕ. (Ёϴ ІϴϸϺ. Гϻ.).
ϩЇϸЇϸ-ЇϿ-ЂϿϴЀ 1983 — ϩЇϸЇϸ-ЇϿ-ЂϿϴЀ. ϘЇЌϴЁϵϹ: ϘЂЁϼЌ, 1983. 132 Ѕ. (Ёϴ ІϴϸϺ. Гϻ.).
ϬЇЀЂ϶ЅϾϼϽ 2004 —
. . ϥІЄϴЁЅІ϶ϼГ ЅϿЂ϶. ϥϣϵ.: ϢϢϢ «ϣЄЂІϹϽ», 2004. 336 Ѕ.
ϳϾЇϵЂ϶ЅϾϼϽ 1928 —
. . ϤϴЅЅϾϴϻ ϜϵЁ-ϴϿ-ϕϼϵϼ Ђ ЃЂЉЂϸϴЉ ЀϴϿЂϴϻϼϽЅϾϼЉ ІЇЄЂϾ Ёϴ ϥЇϸϴϾ, ЃЂϿЂ϶ЊϹ϶ ϼ ЄЇЅЅϾϼЉ ϶ ЁϴЋϴϿϹ XIII ϶ϹϾϴ // ϖϼϻϴЁІϼϽЅϾϼϽ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁϼϾ. Ϡ.: Ϝϻϸ-϶Ђ ϔϡ ϥϥϥϤ, 1928. Ϧ. 25. ϥ. 47–51.
ϳϾЇϵЂ϶ЅϾϼϽ 1932 —
. . ϨϹЂϸϴϿАЁЂϹ ЂϵЍϹЅІ϶Ђ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϔϻϼϼ ϼ ϹϷЂ ІЂЄϷЂ϶ϿГ Ѕ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ
ϙ϶ЄЂЃЂϽ ϶ X–XV ϶϶. // ϠϴІϹЄϼϴϿЏ ЃЂ ϼЅІЂЄϼϼ ЁϴЄЂϸЂ϶ ϥϥϥϤ. ϟ.: Ϝϻϸ-϶Ђ ϔϡ ϥϥϥϤ, 1932. ϫ. 1. ϥ. 76–99.
ϳЁϼЁ 2009 —
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ЅϼЅІϹЀЏ ЅЄϹϸЁϹ϶ϹϾЂ϶ЂϷЂ ϡЂ϶ϷЂЄЂϸϴ. Ϡ.: ϳϻЏϾϼ ЅϿϴ϶ГЁЅϾϼЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ, 2009. 424 Ѕ.
152
Trade connections between the East and Medieval
Russia (a historical-linguistic essay)
D. Abdulloev
Up to the beginning of the X century there had existed two branches of trade routes from Central
Asia and Middle East to Rus. The first one went from the Middle East, through the Caucasus and
Khazarian kingdom (fig. 1), the second — from Central Asia along the Amu Darya to Kyat, then to
Urgench, therefrom to the Bulgarian kingdom, and to Rus. Many caravanserais or «ar-ribati» (the Arabian
for «guesthouses») were built on the trade routes, where merchants could stop for a rest (it is possible that
the street name «Arbat» in the center of Moscow goes back to one of such ar-ribats). The Central Asian
and Middle Eastern merchants brought to Russia rice, dry fruits, spices, silk, brocade and cotton fabrics,
oriental sweets. An important role in trade operations was played by silver coins known in numismatics as
dirhams-ismaili, after the name of the ruler Ismail Samani (892–914), the founder of the Tajik state. They
served as world currency, as is evidenced by their distribution up to the eastern and western extremities of
Europe. Particularly numerous are hoards of these coins found on the territory of Russia (fig. 2–4). There
are known also many hoards with silver dishes (fig. 5), as well as finds of glass ware, glazed pottery, silk
and cotton fabrics (fig. 6), and other objects brought by trade caravans from the Middle East and Central
Asia. The trade connections with the Middle East and Central Asia exerted a significant influence on both
the material and spiritual culture of Rus. This is evidenced by the fact that modern Russian language
contains numerous words of the Arabian, Persian-Tajik, and Turkish origin. The author has identified over
120 such words that are still in common usage. Most of them (nearly 80 %) are of Arabic and PersianTajik origin. The process of their penetration into the Russian language should probably be divided into
two stages. While during the first stage (late VIII–XII cc.) the eastern words were borrowed directly from
the native speakers — Arabs, Persians, Tajiks, on the second stage (since XIII c.) they penetrated into the
Russian language through contacts with the Tatars.
153
ϖϥϙ
:
,
,
VIII .
. . ϞϿВЋϹ϶ЏϹ ЅϿЂ϶ϴ:
, VIII .,
,
,
Keywords: Pendjikent, VIII c., adoration of the cross, Syrian language, Christianity.
.
ϖ БІЂϽ ЁϹϵЂϿАЌЂϽ ϻϴЀϹІϾϹ ЀЁЂϽ Ѕ϶ϹϸϹЁЏ ϶ЂϹϸϼЁЂ ϶ЅϹ ЃЂϿЇЋϹЁЁЏϹ ϸЂ 2008 Ϸ. ЁϴЉЂϸϾϼ ϼϻ
ϣϹЁϸϺϼϾϹЁІϴ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЀЂϺЁЂ ϶ ІЂϽ ϼϿϼ ϼЁЂϽ ЀϹЄϹ Ѕ϶ГϻϴІА Ѕ ЀϹЅІЁЏЀϼ ЉЄϼЅІϼϴЁϴЀϼ. ϱІЂІ ϶ϹЅАЀϴ ЅϾЄЂЀЁЏϽ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿ ϶ϾϿВЋϴϹІ: ЇЁϼϾϴϿАЁЏϽ ЂЅІЄϴϾЂЁ Ѕ ЅϼЄϼϽЅϾЂϽ ЁϴϸЃϼЅАВ; ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІ ЋϴЌϼ
Ѕ ϶ЂϿЁϼЅІЏЀ ϵЂЄІЂЀ, Ёϴ ϾЂІЂЄЂϽ ЃЂЅϿϹ ЂϵϺϼϷϴ ϵЏϿ ЃЄЂЊϴЄϴЃϴЁ ϾЄϹЅІ; ЉЇЀ Ѕ ЃЄЂЊϴЄϴЃϴЁЁЂϽ ϸЂ
ЂϵϺϼϷϴ ЅЊϹЁЂϽ ЃЂϾϿЂЁϹЁϼГ ϾЄϹЅІЇ; ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏϽ ϾЄϹЅІ ϼϻ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ.
ϣϹЄ϶ЂϹ ϸЂЅІЂ϶ϹЄЁЂϹ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶Ђ Ђ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼϼ ϶ ϣϹЁϸϺϼϾϹЁІϹ ЉЄϼЅІϼϴЁ ϶ VIII ϶. ϵЏϿЂ
ЃЂϿЇЋϹЁЂ ϶ 1973 Ϸ. ϦЂϷϸϴ ЃЄϼ ЄϴЅϾЂЃϾϴЉ ЂϸЁЂϷЂ ϼϻ ϺϼϿЏЉ ϸЂЀЂ϶ ϶ ЃЂЀϹЍϹЁϼϼ 16 ЂϵЎϹϾІϴ XXIV
ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ 4 ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІϴ ЋϹЄϹЃϾϴ Ѕ ЅϼЄϼϽЅϾЂϽ ЁϴϸЃϼЅАВ (ЄϼЅ. 1, 1), ϶ІЂЃІϴЁЁЏϹ ϶ ЀГϷϾϼϹ ЃЄЂЅϿЂϽϾϼ
ЃЄЂЅϹ϶ЌϹϷЂ ЃЂϿϴ. ϡϴϸЃϼЅА, ЅϸϹϿϴЁЁϴГ ЋϹЄЁϼϿϴЀϼ ЋϹЄЁЂϷЂ Њ϶ϹІϴ, ЁϴЁϹЅϹЁϴ ϾϼЅІЂЋϾЂϽ ϼϿϼ ϾϴϿϴЀЂЀ
Ёϴ ЂϵϿЂЀϾϹ ϵЂϾЂ϶ϼЁЏ ϾЇ϶ЌϼЁϴ ϸϿГ ЃϹЄϹЁЂЅϾϼ ϶ЂϸЏ. ϥЂЉЄϴЁϼϿЂЅА 18 ЅІЄЂϾ ϸЂϾЇЀϹЁІϴ. ϢЅІЄϴϾЂЁ
ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴϿϴ ϔ. ϖ. ϣϴϽϾЂ϶ϴ (ϣϴϽϾЂ϶ϴ, ϠϴЄЌϴϾ 1976; Paykova 1979; ϣϴϽϾЂ϶ϴ 1981), ϾЂІЂЄϴГ ЇЅІϴЁЂ϶ϼϿϴ, ЋІЂ 16 ЅІЄЂϾ ЅЂϸϹЄϺϴІ ЃϹЄ϶ЏϹ ІЄϼ ЅІϼЉϴ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϷЂ ЃЅϴϿЀϴ ϼ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЏ ЌϹЅІϼ ЅІϼЉЂ϶ ϶ІЂЄЂϷЂ
ЃЅϴϿЀϴ, ϼ ЂІЂϺϸϹЅІ϶ϼϿϴ ЁϴϸЃϼЅА Ѕ ІϹϾЅІЂЀ ϣϹЌϼІІЏ — ЅϼЄϼϽЅϾЂϽ ϶ϹЄЅϼϼ ϕϼϵϿϼϼ. ϣЂ ЂЅЂϵϹЁЁЂЅІГЀ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЂЄЈЂϷЄϴЈϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϼ ϷЄϴЀЀϴІϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЂЌϼϵЂϾ ϔ. ϖ. ϣϴϽϾЂ϶ϴ ЃЄϼЌϿϴ Ͼ ϶Џ϶ЂϸЇ,
ЋІЂ БІЂ ϸϼϾІϴЁІ, ЁϴЃϼЅϴЁЁЏϽ ЇЋϹЁϼϾЂЀ-ЅЂϷϸϼϽЊϹЀ, ϼϻЇЋϴ϶ЌϼЀ ЅϼЄϼϽЅϾϼϽ ГϻЏϾ, ЅϿЇϺϼ϶ЌϼϽ ІЂϷϸϴ
ГϻЏϾЂЀ ЁϹЅІЂЄϼϴЁЅϾЂϽ ЊϹЄϾ϶ϼ. ϙЍϹ ϸ϶Ϲ ЅІЄЂϾϼ ЂЅІЄϴϾЂЁϴ ЁϴЃϼЅϴЁЏ ϸЄЇϷЂϽ ЄЇϾЂϽ ϶ ЂϵЄϴІЁЂЀ ЁϴЃЄϴ϶ϿϹЁϼϼ Ͼ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЂЀЇ ІϹϾЅІЇ. ϢЁϼ ЅЂϸϹЄϺϴІ Ϲ϶ϿЂϷϼВ — ЂϸЁЇ ϼϻ ЈЂЄЀЇϿ ЃЄЂЅϿϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ϕЂϷϴ.
ϞϴϾ ЃЂϾϴϻϴϿϴ ϡ. ϖ. ϣϼϷЇϿϹ϶ЅϾϴГ, ϶ ЅϼЄϼϽЅϾЂϽ ЉЄϼЅІϼϴЁЅϾЂϽ ЌϾЂϿϹ «ЇЅ϶ϴϼ϶ϴϿϼЅА ϷЄϴЀЂІϴ,
ЋІϹЁϼϹ, ЃϼЅАЀЂ, ϻЁϴЁϼϹ БЁЊϼϾϿЂЃϹϸϼϼ ІЂϷЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ — ϕϼϵϿϼϼ — ϼ БϿϹЀϹЁІЂ϶ БϿϿϼЁЅϾЂϽ ЂϵЄϴϻЂ϶ϴЁЁЂЅІϼ» (ϣϼϷЇϿϹ϶ЅϾϴГ 1979: 43). ϞϴϾ ЀЏ ϶ϼϸϼЀ, ІϴϾϴГ ЌϾЂϿϴ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴϿϴ ϼ ϶ ϣϹЁϸϺϼϾϹЁІϹ
ЁϴЄГϸЇ ЅЂ ЌϾЂϿϴЀϼ, ϷϸϹ ЂϵЇЋϴϿϼ ЃϼЅϴІА ϾϴϾ Ёϴ ЅЂϷϸϼϽЅϾЂЀ, ІϴϾ ϼ Ёϴ ϴЄϴϵЅϾЂЀ ГϻЏϾϴЉ. ϣЄϼ ЄϴЅϾЂЃϾϴЉ ЊϼІϴϸϹϿϼ ϣϹЁϸϺϼϾϹЁІϴ ЁϴϽϸϹЁ ЋϹЄϹЃЂϾ Ѕ ЅЂϷϸϼϽЅϾЂϽ ϴϻϵЇϾЂϽ. ϞЄЂЀϹ ϴϻϵЇϾϼ Ёϴ ЁϹЀ ЅЂЉЄϴЁϼϿϼЅА ϹЍϹ ЋϹІЏЄϹ ЅІЄЂϾϼ: «ϡϴЃϼЅϴЁЂ ЃЂ ЃЄϼϾϴϻЇ (ϹϷЂ) ϶ϹϿϼЋϹЅІ϶ϴ (?) Ϟ ϶ϼЈϴЄЁϴ. ϣϼЅϹЊ ϘЄЇ϶ ЅЃ
ϸϿГ ϻϴЇЋϼ϶ϴЁϼГ (ϼ) ϻϴЃЂЀϼЁϴЁϼГ ЃЄϼϷЂІЂ϶ϼϿ ЉЂЄЂЌЇВ ЃϼЅАЀϹЁЁЂЅІА» (ϟϼ϶ЌϼЊ 2008: 304). ϦϴϾϼЀ
ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ϶ ЅЂϷϸϼϽЅϾЂϽ ЌϾЂϿϹ ЃϼЅЊЂ϶ ϴϻϵЇϾЇ «ЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴϿЂ ϻϴЇЋϼ϶ϴІА ϼ ϻϴЃЂЀϼЁϴІА» (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ: 305).
ϠϹІЂϸϼϾϴ ЂϵЇЋϹЁϼГ ϶ ЅЂϷϸϼϽЅϾЂϽ ϼ ЅϼЄϼϽЅϾЂϽ ЌϾЂϿϴЉ ϵЏϿϴ ЂϸϼЁϴϾЂ϶ϴ — ϻϴЇЋϼ϶ϴЁϼϹ ЁϴϼϻЇЅІА:
«ϣЅϴϿЀЏ ϸЂϿϺЁЏ ϶ЏЉЂϸϼІА ϼϻ ЇЅІ» (ϣϴϽϾЂ϶ϴ, ϠϴЄЌϴϾ 1976: 34).
ϖ ϣϹЁϸϺϼϾϹЁІϹ, ЀϴϿϹЁАϾЂЀ ЅЂϷϸϼϽЅϾЂЀ ϷЂЄЂϸϹ, ϺϼϿϼ ІϴϾϺϹ ϿВϸϼ, ЂЅІϴ϶ϼ϶ЌϼϹ ЁϴϸЃϼЅϼ Ёϴ ЃϹЉϿϹ϶ϼ (ϤϴЅЃЂЃЂ϶ϴ 1990: 83, ЄϼЅ. 26) ϼ «Ёϴ ЂϸЁЂЀ ϼϻ ϼЁϸϼϽЅϾϼЉ ГϻЏϾЂ϶ ЌЄϼЈІЂЀ ЁϴϷϴЄϼ, ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁЁЂЀ ϶ ЅϴЀЂЀ ЁϴЋϴϿϹ VIII ϶. ϶ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϽ ϜЁϸϼϼ» (ЃЂ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁϼВ ϼЁϸЂϿЂϷϴ Ϧ. ϖ. ϗЄϹϾ — ЅЀ. ϕϹϿϹЁϼЊϾϼϽ 1961: 100).
ϣЂЀϹЍϹЁϼϹ, ϷϸϹ ЁϴϽϸϹЁ ЅϼЄϼϽЅϾϼϽ ЂЅІЄϴϾЂЁ, — ϻϴϿ ЃϿЂЍϴϸАВ 32 Ѐ2 Ёϴ ϶ІЂЄЂЀ БІϴϺϹ, ЃЂϸЂϵЁЏϽ ЀЁЂϷϼЀ ϸЄЇϷϼЀ ϶ ϣϹЁϸϺϼϾϹЁІϹ. ϡϹЂϵЏЋЁЂЅІА ϹϷЂ ЅЂЅІЂϼІ ϶ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ ЃЂϿ ЃЂЀϹЍϹЁϼГ ϶ІЂЄЂϷЂ
БІϴϺϴ ЂЃϼЄϴϿЅГ ЁϹ Ёϴ Ѕ϶ЂϸЏ, ϴ Ёϴ ЃϿЂЅϾЂϹ ϵϴϿЂЋЁЂϹ ЃϹЄϹϾЄЏІϼϹ, ЃЂϸЃϼЄϴ϶ЌϹϹЅГ ЌϹЅІАВ ϸϹЄϹ϶ГЁЁЏЀϼ ЅІЂϿϵϴЀϼ. ϦϴϾϴГ Ѕ϶ЂϹЂϵЄϴϻЁϴГ ϾЂЁЅІЄЇϾЊϼГ ЂϵЎГЅЁГϹІЅГ ІϹЀ, ЋІЂ ЁϼϺЁϹϹ ЃЂЀϹЍϹЁϼϹ ЅϿЇϺϼϿЂ ЀϹЅІЂЀ ЅЂϸϹЄϺϴЁϼГ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЏЉ, ЅϾЂЄϹϹ ϶ЅϹϷЂ ЂЅϿЂ϶. ϣЂϿ ϶ІЂЄЂϷЂ БІϴϺϴ ЅϼϿАЁЂ ЃЄЂЅϹϿ, ЉЂІГ
ЁϼϷϸϹ ЁϹ ЃЄЂ϶ϴϿϼϿЅГ. ϣЂ ЅІЄϴІϼϷЄϴЈϼϼ ϼ ЁЇЀϼϻЀϴІϼЋϹЅϾЂЀЇ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿЇ ЅϿЂϽ, ϶ ϾЂІЂЄЂЀ ЁϴϽϸϹЁ
ϸЂϾЇЀϹЁІ, ЂІЁЂЅϼІЅГ Ͼ ЁϴЋϴϿЇ VIII ϶.
ϖ ϻϴ϶ϴϿϹ ЃЂЀϹЍϹЁϼГ 18, ϾЂІЂЄЂϹ ϶ЉЂϸϼϿЂ ϶ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ ІЂϷЂ ϺϹ ϺϼϿϼЍϴ, ЋІЂ ϼ ЃЂЀϹЍϹЁϼϹ 16,
ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ЅЂЅЇϸϴ (ЋϴЌϴ ϼϿϼ ϾЄЇϺϾϴ) Ѕ ϶ЂϿЁϼЅІЏЀ ϵЂЄІЂЀ (ЄϼЅ. 1, 2).
ϡϴ ϹϷЂ ϶ЁϹЌЁϹϽ ЅІЂЄЂЁϹ Ёϴ 3 ЅЀ ЁϼϺϹ ϶ϹЁЋϼϾϴ ЃЂЅϿϹ ЂϵϺϼϷϴ ЃЄЂЊϴЄϴЃϴЁ ϾЄϹЅІ Ѕ ЄϴЅЌϼЄГВЍϼЀϼЅГ
154
ϾЂЁЊϴЀϼ (ЄϼЅ. 1, 2 ). ϣЂЉЂϺϹϹ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼϹ ϾЄϹЅІϴ, ІϴϾϺϹ ЁϴЁϹЅϹЁЁЂϹ ЃЂЅϿϹ ЂϵϺϼϷϴ, ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЂ
Ёϴ ЅІЂϿЂ϶ЂЀ ϾЇ϶ЌϼЁϹ Ѕ ЄЂϺϾЂЀ (ЄϼЅ. 1, 3), ЁϴϽϸϹЁЁЂЀ ϶ ϔϾ-ϕϹЌϼЀϹ (ϞЏϻϿϴЅЂ϶ 1959: ЄϼЅ. 55, ).
ϟ. Ϥ. ϞЏϻϿϴЅЂ϶ ІϴϾ ЂЃϼЅЏ϶ϴϹІ ЇЅϿЂ϶ϼГ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϼ БІЂϷЂ ϾЇ϶ЌϼЁϴ: «Ϙ϶ϴ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ ЂЋϼЍϹЁЁЏЉ ЂІ
ЀГϷϾϼЉ ЃЂϾЄЂ϶Ђ϶ ϾЂЅІϹϽ (№ 3 ϼ 12) ϵЏϿϼ ЅЂ϶ϹЄЌϹЁЏ ϶ ГЀϾϴЉ ϵϹϻ ϶ЅГϾϼЉ ЇЄЁ (ЄϼЅ. 55, ). ϣЄϼ ЂϸЁЂЀ
ϼϻ ЁϼЉ (№ 3), ЁϴЉЂϸϼ϶ЌϹЀЅГ ϶ ЇϻϾЂЀ ϾЂЄϼϸЂЄϹ ЁϹГЅЁЂϷЂ ЁϴϻЁϴЋϹЁϼГ, ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁ ϾЇ϶ЌϼЁ Ѕ ЃЄЂЊϴЄϴЃϴЁЁЏЀ ЃЂЅϿϹ ЂϵϺϼϷϴ, ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ ϸϴϺϹ ЃЄГЀЂ ЃЄϼ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϼ, ЉЄϼЅІϼϴЁЅϾϼЀ ϾЄϹЅІЂЀ (ЄϼЅ. 55, )»
(ϦϴЀ ϺϹ: 230–231). ϧІ϶ϹЄϺϸϹЁϼϹ, ЋІЂ Ёϴ ϔϾ-ϕϹЌϼЀϹ «ЁϴϽϸϹЁЂ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϹ VII–VIII ϶϶. ЃЄϹϸ϶ϴЄϼІϹϿАЁЂ ЂЋϼЍϹЁЁЏЉ ϾЂЅІϹϽ ϶ ЉЇЀϹ Ѕ ЃЄЂЊϴЄϴЃϴЁЁЏЀ Ёϴ ЁϹЀ ЁϹЅІЂЄϼϴЁЅϾϼЀ ϾЄϹЅІЂЀ», Г϶ϿГϹІЅГ ЂЌϼϵЂЋЁЏЀ (ϡϼϾϼІϼЁ 1984: 126). ϣЄϼ ЃϹЄϹϼϻϸϴЁϼϼ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿЂ϶ ϼϻ ЄϴЅϾЂЃЂϾ ϔϾ-ϕϹЌϼЀϴ ϟ. Ϥ. ϞЏϻϿϴЅЂ϶
Ѕ϶ГϻϴϿ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏϽ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅ, ЂІϾЇϸϴ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸϼІ ЅЂЅЇϸ Ѕ ϾЄϹЅІЂЀ, Ѕ ЀϴЁϼЉϹГЀϼ (ϞЏϻϿϴЅЂ϶ 2006:
314 ϼ ЅϿ.). ϞЄϹЅІЏ Ёϴ ϸ϶ЇЉ ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴϹЀЏЉ ЅЂЅЇϸϴЉ ϼϻ ϔϾ-ϕϹЌϼЀϴ ϼ ϣϹЁϸϺϼϾϹЁІϴ ЄЂϸЁϼІ ІЂ, ЋІЂ
ЂЁϼ ЁϴЁϹЅϹЁЏ ЃЂЅϿϹ ЂϵϺϼϷϴ ϿВϸАЀϼ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЉЂІϹϿϼ ЂІЀϹІϼІА ЂЅЂϵЂϹ ЃЄϹϸЁϴϻЁϴЋϹЁϼϹ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶.
ϖ 1973 Ϸ. ЃЄϼ ЃЄЂ϶ϹϸϹЁϼϼ ϼЄЄϼϷϴЊϼЂЁЁЏЉ ЄϴϵЂІ ϶ ЀϹЅІЁЂЅІϼ ϘϴЌІϼ-ϧЄϸϴϾЂЁ (ЂϾЂϿЂ 1,1 ϾЀ Ͼ
ϲϖ ЂІ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϷЂ ϣϹЁϸϺϼϾϹЁІϴ) ϵЇϿАϸЂϻϹЄ ЂϵЄЇЌϼϿ Ѕ϶Ђϸ ϾϴІϴϾЂЀϵЁЂϽ ЀЂϷϼϿЏ, ϶ ϾЂІЂЄЂϽ ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿЅГ ЉЇЀ. ϕЏϿϼ ϶Џϻ϶ϴЁЏ ЅЂІЄЇϸЁϼϾϼ ϣϹЁϸϺϼϾϹЁІЅϾЂϷЂ ЀЇϻϹГ, ϼϻ϶ϿϹϾЌϼϹ ЅЂЅЇϸ ϼϻ ϾϴІϴϾЂЀϵЏ. ϖ ЁϹЀ
. 1. 1 — ϣϹЁϸϺϼϾϹЁІ, ЋϹЄϹЃЂϾ Ѕ ЅϼЄϼϽЅϾЂϽ ЁϴϸЃϼЅАВ; 2, 2ϴ — ϣϹЁϸϺϼϾϹЁІ, ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІ ЅЂЅЇϸϴ Ѕ
ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼϹЀ ϾЄϹЅІϴ, ЃЄЂЊϴЄϴЃϴЁЁЂϷЂ ЃЂЅϿϹ ЂϵϺϼϷϴ (2 — ЂϵЍϼϽ ϶ϼϸ; 2ϴ — Ї϶ϹϿϼЋϹЁЁЂϹ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼϹ).
3 — ϔϾ-ϕϹЌϼЀ, ϾЇ϶ЌϼЁ Ѕ ЄЂϺϾЂЀ ϼ Ѕ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼϹЀ ϾЄϹЅІϴ, ЃЄЂЊϴЄϴЃϴЁЁЂϷЂ ЃЂЅϿϹ ЂϵϺϼϷϴ
Fig. 1. 1 — Penjikent, pottery fragment with a Syrian inscription; 2, 2ϴ — Penjikent, vessel fragment with
a cross scrat ched after baking (2 — general view; 2ϴ — enlarged). 3 — Ak-Beshim, horned jug with a cross
scratched after baking
155
:
,
,
. 2. 1–3 — ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾ ϘϴЌІϼ-ϧЄϸϴϾЂЁ, ЉЇЀ Ѕ ЃЄЂЊϴЄϴЃϴЁЁЏЀ ϸЂ ЂϵϺϼϷϴ ЄϼЅЇЁϾЂЀ (1 — ЂϵЍϼϽ ϶ϼϸ; 2 —
Ї϶ϹϿϼЋϹЁЁЂϹ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼϹ; 3 — ЃЄЂЄϼЅЂ϶Ͼϴ ϕ. Ϝ. ϠϴЄЌϴϾϴ); 4 — ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾ ϘϴЌІϼ-ϧЄϸϴϾЂЁ, ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏϽ
ϾЄϹЅІ ϼϻ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ ϸϹ϶ЂЋϾϼ (ЀЂϷ. 19); 5 — ϔЈЄϴЅϼϴϵ, ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏϽ ϾЄϹЅІ
Fig. 2. 1–3 — Dashti-Urdakon cemetery, khum with a depiction scratched prior to baking (1 — general view;
2 — enlarged; 3 — drawing by B. I. Marshak); 4 — Dashti-Urdakon cemetery, bronze cross from a girl’s burial
(grave 19); 5 — Afrasiab, bronze cross
156
ЂϾϴϻϴϿϼЅА ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϾЂЅІϼ. ϡϴЉЂϸϾϴ ϵЏϿϴ ЁϹЂϺϼϸϴЁЁЂϽ. ϧϺϹ ϶ ЃϹЄ϶ЏϹ ϷЂϸЏ ЄϴϵЂІ ϥЂϷϸϼϽЅϾЂϦϴϸϺϼϾЅϾЂϽ (϶ЃЂЅϿϹϸЅІ϶ϼϼ ϣϹЁϸϺϼϾϹЁІЅϾЂϽ) БϾЅЃϹϸϼЊϼϼ ϵЏϿ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁ ЂϸϼЁ ϼϻ ЁϹϾЄЂЃЂϿϹϽ
(ϥІϴ϶ϼЅϾϼϽ ϼ ϸЄ. 1953). ϘЄϹ϶ЁϼϹ ЃϹЁϸϺϼϾϹЁІЊЏ ϼЀϹϿϼ ϾϿϴϸϵϼЍϴ ϶ ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾϼЉ ЀϹЅІϴЉ. ϦϴϾ, ϶ 2001–
2006 ϷϷ. ϵЏϿ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁ ϹЍϹ ЂϸϼЁ ЁϹϾЄЂЃЂϿА — ВϺЁЏϽ (ϠϴЄЌϴϾ, ϤϴЅЃЂЃЂ϶ϴ 2002: 67–73, ЄϼЅ. 2,
107–118; 2004: 37–45, ЄϼЅ. 1, 77–105; 2005: 44–54, ЄϼЅ. 1, 63, 93–123; 2006: 39–43, ЄϼЅ. 1, 67–69, 76–91;
2007: 34–35, ЄϼЅ. 1, 43, 79–85), ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ ϸϴІϼЄЇϹІЅГ ϾЂЁЊЂЀ VII ϼ ЅϴЀЏЀ ЁϴЋϴϿЂЀ VIII ϶. ϛϸϹЅА ϶
ЁϴЇЅϴЉ ϻϴЈϼϾЅϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЏ ϾϴϾ ІЄЇЃЂЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼГ, ІϴϾ ϼ ЂЅЅЇϴЄЁЏϽ ЂϵЄГϸ, І. Ϲ. Ђϵϴ БІϼ ЄϼІЇϴϿϴ ЂϸЁЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂ ϵЏІЂ϶ϴϿϼ ϸЂ ЃЄϼЉЂϸϴ ϴЄϴϵЂ϶. ϕЏϿϼ ϼ ϼЅϾϿВЋϹЁϼГ — ϶ ЁϴЇЅϹ 19 ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿЅГ ІЂϿАϾЂ ЂϸϼЁ
ЂЅЅЇϴЄϼϽ, ϴ ϶ ЁϴЇЅϴЉ 20–21 — ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾЂ ІЄЇЃЂЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼϽ, ЁЂ ϵϹϻ ЂЅЅЇϴЄϼϹ϶ (ϠϴЄЌϴϾ, ϤϴЅЃЂЃЂ϶ϴ
2005: 53). ϡЂ϶ЏЀ ЂϾϴϻϴϿЂЅА ϵϿϼϻϾЂϹ ЅЂЅϹϸЅІ϶Ђ ЋϴЅІϼ ϸЂЀЂ϶ ЃЄϼϷЂЄЂϸϴ (ЇЅϴϸАϵЏ 18–19) ϼ ЁϴЇЅЂ϶
24–26 ϼ 30 (ϠϴЄЌϴϾ, ϤϴЅЃЂЃЂ϶ϴ 2006: 43). ϖЅϹ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ ВϺЁЂϷЂ ϾϿϴϸϵϼЍϴ ϵЏϿϼ ЂϷЄϴϵϿϹЁЏ ϶Ђ
϶ЄϹЀГ ϴЄϴϵЅϾЂϷЂ ϻϴ϶ЂϹ϶ϴЁϼГ.
ϠЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾ ϘϴЌІϼ-ϧЄϸϴϾЂЁ ϶ 1975–1976 ϷϷ. ϼϻЇЋϴϿϴ ϗ. ϖ. ϘϿЇϺЁϹ϶ЅϾϴГ (ϕϹϿϹЁϼЊϾϼϽ ϼ ϸЄ.
1980; 1982) ϼ ϶ 1981–1982 ϷϷ. (ϕϹϿϹЁϼЊϾϼϽ ϼ ϸЄ. 1988; 1990). ϢЁϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ϸЂЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴϿϴ ϾϴІϴϾЂЀϵЇ, ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЁЇВ ϼЄЄϼϷϴІЂЄϴЀϼ. ϖЏГЅЁϼϿЂЅА, ЋІЂ Ёϴ БІЂЀ ϾϿϴϸϵϼЍϹ ЁϹ ϵЏϿЂ ЁϴЇЅЂ϶, ЃЄϹЂϵϿϴϸϴϿϼ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ ϶ ϷЄЇЁІЂ϶ЏЉ ГЀϴЉ Ѕ ЃЂϸϵЂϹЀ. ϢІЀϹІϼЀ ІϴϾϺϹ, ЋІЂ ЃЂЋІϼ ϾϴϺϸϴГ ЀЂϷϼϿϴ ϼЀϹϿϴ ЁϹϵЂϿАЌϼϹ
ЂІϿϼЋϼГ ϶ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂЀ ЂϵЄГϸϹ. ϥЂЃЄЂ϶ЂϺϸϴВЍϼϽ ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄА ЃЄϴϾІϼЋϹЅϾϼ ЂІЅЇІЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴϿ.
ϣЂ ϸϿϼЁЁЂϽ ЂЅϼ ϾϴІϴϾЂЀϵЏ (ЀЂϷ. 2), ϸЄЂЀЂЅ ϾЂІЂЄЂϽ ϵЏϿ ϻϴϵϼІ ЅЏЄЊЂ϶ЏЀϼ ϾϼЄЃϼЋϴЀϼ, ϿϹϺϴϿϼ ϶ЏІГЁЇІЏЀϼ Ёϴ ЅЃϼЁϹ ІЄϼ ЅϾϹϿϹІϴ: Ёϴ ЅЏЄЊЂ϶ЂϽ ЃЂϸϾϿϴϸϾϹ — ЂЅІϴЁϾϼ ϺϹЁЍϼЁЏ ϼ ЀЇϺЋϼЁЏ,
ϴ Ёϴ ЀϴІϹЄϼϾϹ, ЁЂ Ѕ ЅЏЄЊЂ϶ЂϽ «ЃЂϸЇЌϾЂϽ» — ЅϾϹϿϹІ ϹЍϹ ЂϸЁЂϷЂ ЀЇϺЋϼЁЏ. ϢϾЂϿЂ ϺϹЁЅϾЂϷЂ ЅϾϹϿϹІϴ
ЁϴϽϸϹЁЂ ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾЂ ЃЂϻ϶ЂЁϾЂ϶ ϵϴЄϴЁϴ. ϩЇЀ, ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЁЏϽ ϼЄЄϼϷϴІЂЄϴЀϼ, ϵЏϿ ЃЂЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁ ϶ ϾϴІϴϾЂЀϵЇ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϹ, ϾЂϷϸϴ ІЄЇЃЂЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼГ ЇϺϹ ϵЏϿϼ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ϹϸϹЁЏ. ϖ ЅЂЅЇϸϹ ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿϼЅА ϾЂЅІϼ ϺϹЁЍϼЁЏ 35–40 Ͽ., ЀЇϺЋϼЁЏ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ ϵЏϿ ЁϹЀЁЂϷϼЀ ЅІϴЄЌϹ ϺϹЁЍϼЁЏ, ϼ ЄϹϵϹЁϾϴ 10–12 Ͽ. ϡϴ ЋϹЄϹЃϹ
ЄϹϵϹЁϾϴ ϶ЏГ϶ϿϹЁЂ ЂІ϶ϹЄЅІϼϹ, ϾЂІЂЄЂϹ, ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂ, ЃЂГ϶ϼϿЂЅА ϶ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІϹ ІЂϷЂ, ЋІЂ ϷЂϿЂ϶Ї ІЄЇЃϴ
ϷϿЂϸϴϿϴ ЅЂϵϴϾϴ. ϩЇЀ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴϿϼ ϾϴϾ Ѕ϶ЂϹЂϵЄϴϻЁЏϽ ЂЅЅЇϴЄϼϽ, ЉЂІГ ϼϻЁϴЋϴϿАЁЂ ЂЁ ЁϹ ϵЏϿ ЃЄϹϸЁϴϻЁϴЋϹЁ ϸϿГ БІЂϽ ЊϹϿϼ. ϢЅЅЇϴЄϼϼ ЅЂϷϸϼϽЊϹ϶ ЉЂЄЂЌЂ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЏ. ϢϸϼЁ ϼϻ ЁϼЉ ЁϴϽϸϹЁ ϼ ϶ ЂϸЁЂϽ
ϼϻ ЀЂϷϼϿ ϘϴЌІϼ-ϧЄϸϴϾЂЁ, ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ЂЅЅЇϴЄϼϽ ϸЂЌϹϿ ϸЂ ЁϴЅ «ϻϴЃϹЋϴІϴЁЁЏЀ», ЋІЂ Г϶ϿГϹІЅГ ϵЂϿАЌЂϽ
ЄϹϸϾЂЅІАВ (ϕϹϿϹЁϼЊϾϼϽ ϼ ϸЄ. 1980: 244; ϘЄϹ϶ЁЂЅІϼ ϦϴϸϺϼϾϼЅІϴЁϴ 1985: № 514).
ϩЇЀ (ЄϼЅ. 2, 1), ϶ЃЇЍϹЁЁЏϽ ϶ ϾϴІϴϾЂЀϵЇ, ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁ ϷЂЁЋϴЄЂЀ-ЅЂϷϸϼϽЊϹЀ ϶ VIII ϶. ϣЂ ЈЂЄЀϹ ϼ ІϹЉЁϼϾϹ ϶ЏЃЂϿЁϹЁϼГ ЅЂЅЇϸ ЁϼЋϹЀ ЁϹ ЂІϿϼЋϴϹІЅГ ЂІ ϸϹЅГІϾϴ ϸЄЇϷϼЉ, ЃЄϼЀϹЁГ϶ЌϼЉЅГ ϶ ЉЂϻГϽЅІ϶Ϲ ЃϹЁϸϺϼϾϹЁІЊϹ϶ БІЂϷЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ. ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ϹЍϹ ϸЂ ЂϵϺϼϷϴ ЉЇЀϴ Ёϴ ϹϷЂ ІЇϿЂ϶Ϲ ϾІЂ-ІЂ ЂЋϹЁА
ЁϹЇЀϹϿЂ ЃЄЂЊϴЄϴЃϴϿ ЄϼЅЇЁЂϾ (ЄϼЅ. 2, 2), ϶ϹЄЉЁГГ ЋϴЅІА ϾЂІЂЄЂϷЂ ЁϴЉЂϸϼІЅГ Ёϴ 8 ЅЀ ЁϼϺϹ ϶ϹЁЋϼϾϴ ЅЂЅЇϸϴ. ϞЄЂЀϹ ІЂϷЂ, ϶ЁЇІЄϼ ϼ ЅЁϴЄЇϺϼ ЉЇЀϴ ЅϿϴϵЂϽ ЋϹЄЁЂϽ ϾЄϴЅϾЂϽ ЁϴЁϹЅϹЁЏ ϾЄЇϷϼ ϼ Ђ϶ϴϿЏ.
ϣЄЂЊϴЄϴЃϴЁЁЏϽ ЄϼЅЇЁЂϾ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϴϹІ, ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂ, ЅЊϹЁЇ ЃЂϾϿЂЁϹЁϼГ ϾЄϹЅІЇ (ЄϼЅ. 2, 3). ϖЏЌϹ ϾЄϹЅІϴ
ϼ ЈϼϷЇЄЏ ЃϹЄϹϸ ЁϼЀ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁ, ЅϾЂЄϹϹ ϶ЅϹϷЂ, ЃϹϽϻϴϺ, Ёϴ ЈЂЁϹ ϾЂІЂЄЂϷЂ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸϼІ ϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼϹ.
ϞЄϹЅІ ЃЂЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁ Ёϴ «ЌϴЄ», ϶ЁϼϻЇ ϾЂІЂЄЂϷЂ ЃЂϾϴϻϴЁЏ ϸ϶Ϲ «ЁЂϺϾϼ». ϡϴ ϾЂЁЊϴЉ ЃϹЄϹϾϿϴϸϼЁЏ ϾЄϹЅІϴ ЅϸϹϿϴЁЏ ЃЂЃϹЄϹЋϼЁЏ. ϣϹЄϹϸ ϾЄϹЅІЂЀ ϾЂϿϹЁЂЃЄϹϾϿЂЁϹЁЁϴГ ϺϹЁЅϾϴГ ЈϼϷЇЄϴ ЃЂϾϴϻϴЁϴ ϶ ЈϴЅ, ϾϴϾ
ϵЏ ЁϹЀЁЂϷЂ ЂІ϶ϹЄЁЇ϶ЌϼЅА ϶ ЅІЂЄЂЁЇ ЂІ ϾЄϹЅІϴ. ϟϼЊЂ ϵЂϿАЌЂϹ ЂϾЄЇϷϿЂϹ Ѕ ϵЂϿАЌϼЀϼ ϷϿϴϻϴЀϼ. ϡϴ
ϷЂϿЂ϶Ϲ ϶ЂϿЂЅЏ ϼϿϼ «ϸϼϴϸϹЀϴ», ЃϹЄϹϸϴЁЁЏϹ ϶ЂϿЁϼЅІЂϽ ϿϼЁϼϽ. ϢІ «ϸϼϴϸϹЀЏ» ЂІЉЂϸГІ Ѕ϶ϼЅϴВЍϼϹ
ϿϹЁІЏ. ϞϼЅІϼ ЂЃЇЍϹЁЁЏЉ ϶ϸЂϿА ІЇϿЂ϶ϴ ЄЇϾ ϼЀϹВІ ЃЂ ІЄϼ (?) ЃϴϿАЊϴ. ϣϹЄϹϸ ϺϹЁЍϼЁЂϽ, ϶ЃϿЂІЁЇВ
Ͼ ЁϹϽ, Ёϴ ϶ЅВ ЌϼЄϼЁЇ ϹϹ ЈϼϷЇЄЏ, ЁϴЉЂϸϼІЅГ ЁϴЃЂЀϼЁϴВЍϼϽ ЅІЄϹϿЇ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІ Ѕ ϶ЏϹЀϾϴЀϼ Ёϴ ЄϴЅЌϼЄГВЍϼЉЅГ ϾЂЁЊϴЉ. ϢϸϹϺϸϴ ϺϹЁЍϼЁЏ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϴ.
ϦЄЇϸЁЂ ЅϾϴϻϴІА — БІЂ ЄϼЅЇЁЂϾ ЄϹϵϹЁϾϴ ϼϿϼ ϶ϻЄЂЅϿЂϷЂ, ЅЂ϶ЅϹЀ ЁϹ ЇЀϹ϶ЌϹϷЂ ЄϼЅЂ϶ϴІА. ϳЅЁЂ
ЂϸЁЂ, ЄϼЅЂ϶ϴ϶ЌϼϽ ЉЂІϹϿ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϻϼІА ЃЂϾϿЂЁϹЁϼϹ ϾЄϹЅІЇ, ЅІЂГЍϹЀЇ Ёϴ ϗЂϿϷЂЈϹ. ϡϴ ϶ϼϻϴЁІϼϽЅϾϼЉ
ЀЂЁϹІϴЉ Ѕ V ϶. ЃЂ ЃϹЄ϶ЇВ ЋϹІ϶ϹЄІА VIII ϶. ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϴϿЅГ ϾЄϹЅІ Ёϴ ϗЂϿϷЂЈϹ. ϡϴЌ «ЉЇϸЂϺЁϼϾ» ЀЂϷ
϶ϼϸϹІА ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼϹ ϗЂϿϷЂЈЅϾЂϷЂ ϾЄϹЅІϴ Ёϴ ϶ϼϻϴЁІϼϽЅϾϼЉ ЀЂЁϹІϴЉ, ϷϸϹ ϗЂϿϷЂЈϴ ϶ ϵЂϿАЌϼЁЅІ϶Ϲ ЅϿЇЋϴϹ϶ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϴ ϶ ϶ϼϸϹ ЅІЇЃϹЁϹϽ, ϴ ЄϹϺϹ — ϶ ϶ϼϸϹ ϻϹЀЁЂϽ ЅЈϹЄЏ. ϗЂϿϷЂЈϴ ϶ ϶ϼϸϹ ϻϹЀЁЂϽ ЅЈϹЄЏ
ϼЀϹϹІЅГ Ёϴ ЅϹЀϼЅЅϴЉ ϜЄϴϾϿϼГ (610–641), ϞЂЁЅІϴЁІϴ II (641–668) (ϦЂϿЅІЂϽ 1914: ІϴϵϿ. 53, 3, 75–78,
84, 86), Ёϴ ϷϹϾЅϴϷЄϴЀЀϹ ϜЄϴϾϿϼГ ϼ Ёϴ ЊϹЄϹЀЂЁϼϴϿАЁЂϽ ϷϹϾЅϴϷЄϴЀЀϹ ϞЂЁЅІϴЁІϴ II (ϕЇІЏЄЅϾϼϽ 2013).
ϣϹЁϸϺϼϾϹЁІЊЏ VIII ϶. ϼЀϹϿϼ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϼϹ Ђ ϶ϼϻϴЁІϼϽЅϾЂϽ ϻЂϿЂІЂϽ ЀЂЁϹІϹ, ϾϴϾ ЀЏ ЀЂϺϹЀ ЅЇϸϼІА
ЃЂ ϹϹ ЁϹЀЁЂϷЂЋϼЅϿϹЁЁЏЀ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϴЀ (Raspopova 1999). ϣϹЁϸϺϼϾϹЁІЅϾϴГ ЅЊϹЁϴ ЃЂϾϿЂЁϹЁϼГ ϞЄϹЅІЇ
ЉЂЄЂЌЂ ЅЂϷϿϴЅЇϹІЅГ Ѕ ϾЇϿАІЂЀ ϞЄϹЅІϴ Ї ЁϹЅІЂЄϼϴЁ. «ϡϹЀЁЂϷϼϹ ϸЂЌϹϸЌϼϹ ϸЂ ЁϴЅ ЁϹЅІЂЄϼϴЁЅϾϼϹ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ЇВІ Ђ ЅЂЉЄϴЁϹЁϼϼ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϽ ЅϼЄϼϽЅϾЂϽ ϶ЃЂϿЁϹ ЂЄІЂϸЂϾЅϴϿАЁЂϽ ϼϾЂЁЂϷЄϴЈϼϼ
157
:
,
,
Ѕ ЃЄϹЂϵϿϴϸϴЁϼϹЀ ЅВϺϹІЂ϶, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁЏ Ѕ ϾЇϿАІЂЀ ϞЄϹЅІϴ ϼϿϼ ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЏЉ ЃϴЄϴϿϿϹϿϹϽ ϤϴЅЃГІϼГ».
Ϟ ЋϼЅϿЇ ЃЂЃЇϿГЄЁЏЉ ϾЂЀЃЂϻϼЊϼϽ ЂІЁЂЅϼІЅГ «ϣЂϾϿЂЁϹЁϼϹ ϞЄϹЅІЇ» (ϛϴϿϹЅЅϾϴГ 1998: 32).
ϠЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾ ϘϴЌІϼ-ϧЄϸϴϾЂЁ ϸϴϿ ЁϴЀ ϹЍϹ ЂϸЁЂ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶Ђ Ђ ЉЄϼЅІϼϴЁϴЉ ϶ ϣϹЁϸϺϼϾϹЁІϹ.
ϖ ЀЂϷϼϿϹ 19 ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϹ ϸϹ϶ЂЋϾϼ Ѕ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏЀϼ ϾЂϿАЋϴІЏЀϼ ЅϹЄАϷϴЀϼ ϶ ЇЌϴЉ ϵЏϿЂ ЅЂ϶ϹЄЌϹЁЂ ЃЂ
ЂϵЄГϸЇ ІЄЇЃЂЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼГ. ϧЀϹЄЌϴГ ϿϹϺϴϿϴ Ёϴ ЅЃϼЁϹ, ϷЂϿЂ϶ЂϽ Ёϴ ϻϴЃϴϸ. ϡϴ ϹϹ ЌϹϹ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁ ЋϹІЏЄϹЉϾЂЁϹЋЁЏϽ Ѕ ЄϴЅЌϼЄГВЍϼЀϼЅГ ϾЂЁЊϴЀϼ ϾЄϹЅІ, ЃЂЅЄϹϸϼЁϹ ϾЂІЂЄЂϷЂ ϼЀϹϹІЅГ ϷЁϹϻϸЂ ϸϿГ ϶ЅІϴ϶Ͼϼ (ЄϼЅ. 2, 4). ϱІЂІ ІϴϾ ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴϹЀЏϽ ЁϹЅІЂЄϼϴЁЅϾϼϽ ϾЄϹЅІ ϶ϹЅАЀϴ ЅЉЂϺ Ѕ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏЀ ϾЄϹЅІЂЀ ϼϻ
ϥϴЀϴЄϾϴЁϸϴ (ЄϼЅ. 2, 5) (ϦϹЄϹЁЂϺϾϼЁ 1950: ЄϼЅ. 72, 2), ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ ϔ. Ϝ. ϦϹЄϹЁЂϺϾϼЁ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϼІϹϿАЁЂ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴϿ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЂЀ ϦϴϿϼ ϕϴЄϻЇ V.
ϡϴЉЂϸϾϴ ЁϴІϹϿАЁЂϷЂ ϾЄϹЅІϴ ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿϼϿϴ ЃЂЅІϴ϶ϼІА ϶ЂЃЄЂЅ Ђ ЄϹϿϼϷϼϼ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼГ, ЂЅІϴ϶ϼ϶ЌϹϷЂ
ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾ. ϖϹЅАЀϴ ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ, ЋІЂ ЋϴЅІА ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁЁЏЉ ϶ ϘϴЌІϼ-ϧЄϸϴϾЂЁ ϼЅЃЂ϶ϹϸЂ϶ϴϿϴ ЉЄϼЅІϼϴЁЅІ϶Ђ, Ђ ЁϴϿϼЋϼϼ ϾЂІЂЄЂϷЂ ϶ ϣϹЁϸϺϼϾϹЁІϹ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ЇϹІ, ЃЄϹϺϸϹ ϶ЅϹϷЂ, ЋϹЄϹЃЂϾ Ѕ ЅϼЄϼϽЅϾЂϽ ЁϴϸЃϼЅАВ, Ђ ϾЂІЂЄЂЀ ЌϿϴ ЄϹЋА ϶ЏЌϹ. ϙϸϼЁЅІ϶ϹЁЁЇВ ЃЄГЀЇВ ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼВ ЉЄϼЅІϼϴЁЅϾЂЀЇ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼВ
ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴ ϘϴЌІϼ-ϧЄϸϴϾЂЁ ЀЏ ЁϴЉЂϸϼЀ Ёϴ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϹ ϔϾ-ϕϹЌϼЀ (ϞЏϻϿϴЅЂ϶ 1959: 231–233). ϛϸϹЅА
ЉЄϼЅІϼϴЁЅϾϼϹ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ VIII ϶. ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ ЃЄϼ ЄϴЅϾЂЃϾϴЉ ЁϹЅІЂЄϼϴЁЅϾЂϽ ЊϹЄϾ϶ϼ. ϟ. Ϥ. ϞЏϻϿϴЅЂ϶
ЂІЀϹЋϴϹІ: «ЅϾϹϿϹІЏ ϿϹϺϴϿϼ Ёϴ ЅЃϼЁϹ, ϶ ϶ЏІГЁЇІЂЀ ЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼϼ ϷЂϿЂ϶ЂϽ Ёϴ ϻϴЃϴϸ, ЃЄϹϼЀЇЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂ
ϵϹϻ ϶ϹЍϹϽ» (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ: 233). ϦЂϿАϾЂ ϶ ЂϸЁЂЀ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϼ ЁϴϽϸϹЁ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏϽ ЁϴІϹϿАЁЏϽ ϾЄϹЅІ. ϦϴϾϼЀ
ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ϼ ϶ ϣϹЁϸϺϼϾϹЁІϹ, ϼ ϶ ϔϾ-ϕϹЌϼЀϹ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГ, ϶ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЇЀϹЄЌϼϹ ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁϹЁЏ
ЃЂ ЂϵЄГϸЇ ІЄЇЃЂЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼГ, Ёϴ ЅЃϼЁϹ, ϷЂϿЂ϶ЂϽ Ёϴ ϻϴЃϴϸ ϼ Ѕ ЁϴІϹϿАЁЏЀ ϾЄϹЅІЂЀ.
Ϣ ІЂЀ, ϾϴϾ ЅЂ϶ϹЄЌϴϿЅГ ЂϵЄГϸ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ ЉЄϼЅІϼϴЁ, ЀЏ ЀЂϺϹЀ ЅЇϸϼІА ЃЂ ЂЃϼЅϴЁϼВ Ї ϦϴϵϴЄϼ
ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГ ІϹϿϴ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϹϷЂ ЅϴЅϴЁϼϸЅϾЂϷЂ ЊϴЄГ ϝϹϻϸϼϷϹЄϸϴ III (632–651) ЀϼІЄЂЃЂϿϼІЂЀ ϠϹЄ϶ϴ.
ϝϹϻϸϼϷϹЄϸ ϵЏϿ ЇϵϼІ, ϴ ІϹϿЂ ϹϷЂ ϵЄЂЌϹЁЂ ϶ ЄϹϾЇ. ϧϻЁϴ϶ЌϼϽ Ђϵ БІЂЀ ϼϹЄϴЄЉ ЄϹЌϼϿ ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁϼІА ЃЂϷϼϵЌϹϷЂ ЃЄϴ϶ϼІϹϿГ: «ЀϼІЄЂЃЂϿϼІ ЂІϸϴϿ ЄϴЅЃЂЄГϺϹЁϼϹ ϼ ЃЂЅІЄЂϼϿ ЃЂЅЄϹϸϼ ЀϼІЄЂЃЂϿϼЋАϹϷЂ Ѕϴϸϴ ϶
ϠϹЄ϶Ϲ ЁϴЇЅ. ϢЁ ЂІЃЄϴ϶ϼϿЅГ ЅϴЀ ϼ Ѕ ЁϼЀ ЀϹЄ϶ЅϾϼϹ ЉЄϼЅІϼϴЁϹ, ϼ ϼϻ϶ϿϹϾ ІϹϿЂ ϜϹϻϸϹϸϺϼЄϸϴ ϼϻ ЄϹϾϼ,
ϻϴ϶ϹЄЁЇϿ ϹϷЂ ϶ Ѕϴ϶ϴЁ ϼ ЃЂϿЂϺϼϿ ϶ ϷЄЂϵ, ϴ ϵЏ϶ЌϼϹ Ѕ ЁϼЀ ЉЄϼЅІϼϴЁϹ ЃЂЁϹЅϿϼ ϹϷЂ Ёϴ Ѕ϶ЂϼЉ ЃϿϹЋϴЉ ϼ
ЃЄϼЁϹЅϿϼ ϶ ЁϴЇЅ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ ЀϼІЄЂЃЂϿϼІ ЃЂ϶ϹϿϹϿ ЃЂЅІЄЂϼІА ϸϿГ ЁϹϷЂ, ЃЂϷЄϹϵϿϼ ϶ ЁϹЀ ІϹϿЂ ϼ ϻϴЀЇЄЂ϶ϴϿϼ ϶ЉЂϸ ϶ ЁϹϷЂ» (ϦϴϵϴЄϼ 1987: 28–30).
ϠЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾ ϘϴЌІϼ-ϧЄϸϴϾЂЁ ЁϹ ЃЂϸ϶ϹЄϷЅГ ЄϴϻϷЄϴϵϿϹЁϼВ, ϶ ЂІϿϼЋϼϹ ЂІ ϸЄЇϷϼЉ ЁϹϾЄЂЃЂϿϹϽ
ϣϹЁϸϺϼϾϹЁІϴ. ϱІЂ ЂϵЎГЅЁГϹІЅГ ІϹЀ, ЋІЂ ЂЁ Г϶ϿГϿЅГ ЅϴЀЏЀ ЃЂϻϸЁϼЀ ϷЂЄЂϸЅϾϼЀ ϾϿϴϸϵϼЍϹЀ. ϣЄϼ
ϹϷЂ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼϼ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ ϸ϶Ϲ ЀЂЁϹІЏ ϶ІЂЄЂϽ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁЏ VIII ϶.: ϴϵϵϴЅϼϸЅϾϼϽ ЈϹϿАЅ (ЀЂϷ. 8, ЃЂϸ
ЌϹϽЁЏЀϼ ЃЂϻ϶ЂЁϾϴЀϼ) ϼ ЈϹϿАЅ ϘϴЇϸϴ ЅЏЁϴ ϗЇЄϴϻϴ, ϥϴЀϴЄϾϴЁϸ, 760–761 ϷϷ. (ЀЂϷ. 26), ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ ϵЏϿ
ЃЂϿЂϺϹЁ ϶ ЄЂІ ЃЂϾЂϽЁϼϾЇ (ЂϵЂϿ ЀϹЄІ϶ЂϷЂ). ϧϸϴϿЂЅА ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІА ϿϼЌА ЁϹϵЂϿАЌЇВ ЋϴЅІА БІЂϷЂ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴ, ІϴϾ ϾϴϾ ЃЂϿГ, ЄϴЅЃЂϿϴϷϴ϶ЌϼϹЅГ ϶ЂϾЄЇϷ ЇЋϴЅІϾϴ, Ёϴ ϾЂІЂЄЂЀ ϶ϹϿϼЅА ЄϴЅϾЂЃϾϼ, ЂЋϹ϶ϼϸЁЂ,
ЇЁϼЋІЂϺϼϿϼ ЄϴЁЁϹЅЄϹϸЁϹ϶ϹϾЂ϶ЏϹ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ. ϖ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϹ VIII ϶. ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ ЃϹЄϹϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁЁЏϹ ϸϹІЅϾϼϹ ЅϾϹϿϹІЏ ϼ ϸ϶ϴ ЋϹЄϹЃϴ Ѕ «ϴЁϸЄЂЁЂ϶ЅϾϼЀ» ЅЂЅЇϸЂЀ (ϕϹϿϹЁϼЊϾϼϽ ϼ ϸЄ. 1982: 217).
ϘЂЅІЂ϶ϹЄЁЏϹ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿЏ, Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ЇВЍϼϹ Ђ ЁϴϿϼЋϼϼ ЄϴЁЁϹϼЅϿϴЀЅϾϼЉ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ ϶
ϘϴЌІϼ-ϧЄϸϴϾЂЁ, ЂІЅЇІЅІ϶ЇВІ, ЂϸЁϴϾЂ ЁϹІ ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁϼϽ ЃЂϿЁЂЅІАВ ЂІЄϼЊϴІА ϼЉ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼϹ.
ϖЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ, ЋІЂ ЋϴЅІА ЀЂϷϼϿ ЃЄϼЁϴϸϿϹϺϴϿϴ ЁЂ϶ЂЂϵЄϴЍϹЁЁЏЀ ЀЇЅЇϿАЀϴЁϴЀ, ЉЂІГ ЂЄϼϹЁІϴЊϼГ ЃЂϾЂϽЁϼϾЂ϶ ЁϹ ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ЇϹІ ІЄϹϵЂ϶ϴЁϼГЀ ЌϴЄϼϴІϴ, ЃЂ ϾЂІЂЄЏЀ ϿϼЊЂ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϸЂϿϺЁЂ ϵЏІА
ЂϵЄϴЍϹЁЂ Ёϴ ϾЏϵϿЇ. ϦϴϾϼϹ ЂІЅІЇЃϿϹЁϼГ ЂІ ϾϴЁЂЁϴ, ЂϵЇЅϿЂ϶ϿϹЁЁЏϹ ЀϹЅІЁЏЀϼ ЂϵЏЋϴГЀϼ, ϶ЃЂϿЁϹ
϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЏ. ϢЋϹ϶ϼϸЁЂ, ЋІЂ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿЏ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴ ϘϴЌІϼ-ϧЄϸϴϾЂЁ ЂІЄϴϺϴВІ ЁϴЋϴ϶ЌϼϹЅГ ϶ VIII ϶.
ϷϿЇϵЂϾϼϹ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏϹ ϼϻЀϹЁϹЁϼГ, Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁЁЏϹ Ѕ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЅІ϶ϼГЀϼ ϴЄϴϵЅϾЂϷЂ ϻϴ϶ЂϹ϶ϴЁϼГ.
ϔЁІЄЂЃЂϿЂϷ Ϧ. Ϟ. ϩЂϸϺϴϽЂ϶ ЃЄϼЌϹϿ Ͼ ϻϴϾϿВЋϹЁϼВ Ђ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁЁЏϹ ϶ ϘϴЌІϼ-ϧЄϸϴϾЂЁ
ϼ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁЁЏϹ ϶ ЁϴЇЅϴЉ ϣϹЁϸϺϼϾϹЁІϴ ЁϹ ЄϴϻϿϼЋϴВІЅГ ЃЂ ϴЁІЄЂЃЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂЀЇ ІϼЃЇ. ϥϾЂЄϹϹ ϶ЅϹϷЂ, ЅЂϷϸϼϽЊЏ-ЉЄϼЅІϼϴЁϹ ϼЀϹϿϼ ІϹЅЁЏϹ ЄЂϸЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏϹ Ѕ϶Гϻϼ Ѕ ЅЂϷϸϼϽЊϴЀϼ, ϼЅЃЂ϶ϹϸЂ϶ϴ϶ЌϼЀϼ ЀϹЅІЁЇВ ЄϹϿϼϷϼВ.
ϥЋϼІϴϹІЅГ, ЋІЂ ЅЂϷϸϼϽЊЏ БЃЂЉϼ ЄϴЁЁϹϷЂ ЅЄϹϸЁϹ϶ϹϾЂ϶АГ ϵЏϿϼ ϻЂЄЂϴЅІЄϼϽЊϴЀϼ, ЁЂ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϸϴЁЁЏϹ ЃЂϾϴϻЏ϶ϴВІ, ЋІЂ БІЂ ЁϹ ЀϹЌϴϿЂ ГϻЏЋϹЅϾЂϽ ЃϹЅІЄЂІϹ ϼЉ ϶ϹЄЂ϶ϴЁϼϽ. ϢІ ϕЇЉϴЄЏ ϼ
ϞϹЌϴ ϸЂ ϫЇϽЅϾЂϽ ϸЂϿϼЁЏ ЅЂϷϸϼϽЊЏ ЀЂϿϼϿϼЅА ϵЂϷϴЀ ЂϸЁЂϷЂ ЃϴЁІϹЂЁϴ (ϠϴЄЌϴϾ 1999). ϔЄϴϵЏ, ϻϴ϶ЂϹ϶ϴ϶ЌϼϹ ϥЂϷϸ, ϶ЂЅЃЄϼЁϼЀϴϿϼ ЅЂϷϸϼϽЊϹ϶ ϾϴϾ ЀЁЂϷЂϵЂϺЁϼϾЂ϶. ϦϴϵϴЄϼ ЅІϴ϶ϼІ ϻЁϴϾ Єϴ϶ϹЁЅІ϶ϴ ЀϹϺϸЇ
ЃЂЁГІϼϹЀ «ЅЂϷϸϼϹЊ» ϼ «ЀЁЂϷЂϵЂϺЁϼϾ» (ϦϴϵϴЄϼ 1987: 82, 137, 141–142, 214).
ϧЅІϴЁЂ϶ϼІА ϶ϹЄЂϼЅЃЂ϶ϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼϹ ЉЂϻГϹ϶ ІЂϷЂ ϼϿϼ ϼЁЂϷЂ ϼϻ ЄϴЅϾЂЃϴЁЁЏЉ ϶ ϣϹЁϸϺϼϾϹЁІϹ ϸЂЀЂ϶ ЂЋϹЁА ІЄЇϸЁЂ. ϜЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿϼ ЂІЀϹЋϴϿϼ ϶ϹЄЂІϹЄЃϼЀЂЅІА ЃϹЁϸϺϼϾϹЁІЊϹ϶. ϱІЂ ЃЂϸІ϶ϹЄϺϸϴВІ
158
ϸ϶ϴ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЁЏЉ ϻϸϹЅА ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼГ ϕЇϸϸЏ. ϤϹЋА ϼϸϹІ Ђ ЄЂЅЃϼЅϼ ϶ ЃϴЄϴϸЁЂЀ ϻϴϿϹ ЋϴЅІЁЂϷЂ ϸЂЀϴ
(Marshak, Raspopova 1990: 149–153, figs. 23–25) ϼ Ђ ЈЂЄЀϹ ϸϿГ ЂІІϼЅϾϼ϶ϴЁϼГ ϷϿϼЁГЁЏЉ ЂϵЄϴϻϾЂ϶ Ѕ
ЅϼϸГЍϹϽ ЈϼϷЇЄЂϽ ϕЇϸϸЏ (Marshak, Raspopova 1997/98). Ϣϵϴ БІϼ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼГ ϸϹЀЂЁЅІЄϼЄЇВІ Ϲϸ϶ϴ
Ͽϼ ϸЂЃЇЅІϼЀЂϹ Ї ЁϴЅІЂГЍϼЉ ϵЇϸϸϼЅІЂ϶ ϶ЂϿАЁЂϹ ЂІЁЂЌϹЁϼϹ Ͼ ϾϴЁЂЁϴЀ. ϥϾЂЄϹϹ ϶ЅϹϷЂ, ЃϹЁϸϺϼϾϹЁІЊЏ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЋІϼϿϼ ϕЇϸϸЇ, ЁϹ ЅІϴЁЂ϶ϼϿϼЅА ϼЅІϼЁЁЏЀϼ ϵЇϸϸϼЅІϴЀϼ ϼ ЅЂЉЄϴЁГϿϼ ЃЄϼ϶ϹЄϺϹЁЁЂЅІА
ЀϹЅІЁЏЀ ϵЂϷϴЀ. ϦЂ ϺϹ ЂІЁЂЅϼІЅГ ϼ Ͼ ϴϸϹЃІϴЀ ЃЂЋϼІϴЁϼГ Ϭϼ϶Џ. ϖ ЉЄϴЀϹ II ϣϹЁϸϺϼϾϹЁІϴ ϵЏϿЂ
ЇЅІЄЂϹЁЂ ЁϹϵЂϿАЌЂϹ Ѕ϶ГІϼϿϼЍϹ ЃЄϼ϶ϹЄϺϹЁЊϹ϶ Ϭϼ϶Џ ЅЂ ЅϾЇϿАЃІЇЄЁЂϽ ϷЄЇЃЃЂϽ ϧЀϴ-ϠϴЉϹЌ϶ϴЄϴ.
ϥϾЇϿАЃІЇЄЁЂϹ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼϹ Ϭϼ϶Џ ЂІϿϼЋϴϹІЅГ ЂІ ϼЁϸϼϽЅϾϼЉ ϸϹІϴϿГЀϼ ϼϾЂЁЂϷЄϴЈϼϼ: Ϭϼ϶ϴ ЂϵЇІ
϶ ЅϴЃЂϷϼ, ϴ ϣϴЄ϶ϴІϼ ЂϸϹІϴ ϶ ЅЂϷϸϼϽЅϾϼϹ ЂϸϹϺϸЏ (ϠϴЄЌϴϾ ϼ ϸЄ. 2007: 220–222, ЄϼЅ. 6; Škoda 1992).
ϡϴ ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁϼϼ ІЂϷЂ, ϾϴϾϼЀϼ ϵЇϸϸϼЅІϴЀϼ ϼ Ќϼ϶ϴϼЅІϴЀϼ ϵЏϿϼ ЃϹЁϸϺϼϾϹЁІЊЏ, ЀЂϺЁЂ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϼІА, ЋІЂ ϼ ϼЉ ЉЄϼЅІϼϴЁЅІ϶Ђ ЀЂϷϿЂ ЁЂЅϼІА ЂЅЂϵЏϽ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄ. ϤϴЅЌϼЈЄЂ϶Ͼϴ ЃϹЁϸϺϼϾϹЁІЅϾЂϽ
ЅЊϹЁЏ «ЃЂϾϿЂЁϹЁϼГ ϞЄϹЅІЇ» ЅЃϹЊϼϴϿϼЅІϴЀϼ ЀЂϺϹІ ϶ ϾϴϾЂϽ-ІЂ ЅІϹЃϹЁϼ ЄϹЌϼІА БІЂІ ϶ЂЃЄЂЅ.
ϕϹϿϹЁϼЊϾϼϽ 1961 —
. . Ϣ ЄϴϵЂІϴЉ ϣϹЁϸϺϼϾϹЁІЅϾЂϷЂ ЂІЄГϸϴ Ϧϔϱ ϶ 1959 Ϸ. // ϔϤϦ. 1961.
ϖЏЃ. 7. ϥ. 73–100.
ϕϹϿϹЁϼЊϾϼϽ ϼ ϸЄ. 1980 —
. .,
. .,
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ϦЄ. ϞϼЄϷϼϻЅϾЂϽ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷЂ-БІЁЂϷЄϴЈϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ БϾЅЃϹϸϼЊϼϼ. Ϡ.: Ϝϻϸ-϶Ђ ϔϡ ϥϥϥϤ, 1959. Ϧ. 2. ϥ. 155–242.
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. . ϥЂϷϸϼϽЅϾϴГ ϴϻϵЇϾϴ ϼϻ ϣϹЁϸϺϼϾϹЁІϴ //
. . ϥЂϷϸϼϽЅϾϴГ БЃϼϷЄϴЈϼϾϴ
ϥЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϔϻϼϼ ϼ ϥϹЀϼЄϹЋАГ. ϥϣϵ.: ϨϼϿЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ЈϴϾЇϿАІϹІ ϥϣϵϗϧ, 2008. ϥ. 298–305.
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. . ϥЂϷϸ V–VIII ϶϶.: ϜϸϹЂϿЂϷϼГ ЃЂ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЀ ϼЅϾЇЅЅІ϶ϴ // ϥЄϹϸЁГГ ϔϻϼГ ϼ
ϘϴϿАЁϼϽ ϖЂЅІЂϾ ϶ БЃЂЉЇ ЅЄϹϸЁϹ϶ϹϾЂ϶АГ. ϥЄϹϸЁГГ ϔϻϼГ ϶ ЄϴЁЁϹЀ ЅЄϹϸЁϹ϶ϹϾЂ϶АϹ. Ϡ.: ϡϴЇϾϴ, 1999. ϥ. 175–191
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. .,
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ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЏϽ ϦЇЄϾϹЅІϴЁ ϼ ϥЄϹϸЁГГ ϔϻϼГ. ϜЅІЂЄϼГ. ϞЇϿАІЇЄϴ. ϥ϶Гϻϼ. Ϡ.: ϡϴЇϾϴ, ϗϿϴ϶ЁϴГ ЄϹϸϴϾЊϼГ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ
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159
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,
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ϼЅІЂЄϼϾЂ-ЈϼϿЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼГ. ϙϺϹϷЂϸЁϼϾ. 1974. Ϡ.: ϡϴЇϾϴ, ϗϿϴ϶ЁϴГ ЄϹϸϴϾЊϼГ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ϿϼІϹЄϴІЇЄЏ, 1981. ϥ. 78–86.
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1992. Bd. 25. S. 319–327.
Christians in Penjikent in the VIII c.
V. I. Raspopova
The paper introduces the materials from Penjikent, which date from the VIII c. and presumably
may be related to Christianity. One of the excavated dwellings yielded a sherd bearing a Syrian inscription made with black ink (fig. 1, 1). The inscription was made by a Sogdian student, who learnt the Syrian
language. This inscription, which contains three first verses of the first psalm, and fragments of six verses
from the second psalm, was studied and published by A. V. Paikova. One of the interments found in the
cemetery of Dashti-Urdakon, situated 1,1 km southeast of the fortified settlement of Penjikent, was characterized by inhumation on the back, with the head directed to the west. The buried person (a girl) had a
cross on her neck (fig. 2, 4). At the same cemetery there was found also a khum, the body of which bore
a scene of the Adoration of the Cross (fig. 2, 1–3), scratched prior to baking. The khum served as a sort
of ossuary. Researchers have already noted the religious tolerance of Penjikentians. There are materials
associated with adoration of Buddha and Shiva, but in both cases the interpretation of canons appears
to be liberal enough. The same might have been the case also with Christianity. The deciphering of the
Adoration scene by specialists may contribute to our understanding of this issue.
160
DCT
,
,
,
,
—
. . ϞϿВЋϹ϶ЏϹ ЅϿЂ϶ϴ:
,
,
Keywords: North Caucasus, Early Bronze Age, Dolinskoe settlement.
.
ϘЂϿϼЁЅϾЂϹ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϹ ЁϴЉЂϸϼІЅГ ЃЄϼЀϹЄЁЂ ϶ 4 ϾЀ Ͼ ϲϲϛ ЂІ Ϸ. ϡϴϿАЋϼϾ (ϞϴϵϴЄϸϼЁЂϕϴϿϾϴЄЅϾϴГ ϤϹЅЃЇϵϿϼϾϴ), ЄϴЅЃЂϿϴϷϴГЅА Ёϴ ЅϴЀЂϽ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹϽ ІϹЄЄϴЅϹ ЄϹϾϼ, ЂϸЁЂϼЀϹЁЁЂϽ ϷЂЄЂϸЇ.
ϦϹЄЄϴЅϴ, ϼЀϹВЍϴГ ϶ϼϸ ЇϻϾЂϷЂ ЀЏЅϴ, ϶ЏІГЁЇІϴ Ѕ ϥϖ Ёϴ ϲϛ. ϙϹ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІА ЃЄЂЄϹϻϴЁϴ ЄЏІ϶ϼЁϴЀϼ,
ϷϿЇϵϼЁϴ ϼ ЌϼЄϼЁϴ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ϸЂЅІϼϷϴϹІ 0,5–0,7 Ѐ. ϥ 1930 ЃЂ 1933 Ϸ. ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϹ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴϿϴ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЂϞϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϴГ БϾЅЃϹϸϼЊϼГ ϗϔϜϠϞ. ϡϴ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϹ ϵЏϿЂ ϻϴϿЂϺϹЁЂ ЋϹІЏЄϹ ЄϴЅϾЂЃϴ ЂϵЍϹϽ ЃϿЂЍϴϸАВ
300 Ѐ2 (ϞЄЇϷϿЂ϶, ϣЂϸϷϴϹЊϾϼϽ 1941). ϣЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϹ ЂϸЁЂЅϿЂϽЁЂϹ (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ: 164–166). ϖ ІЄϹЉ ЄϴЅϾЂЃϴЉ
϶ЅІЄϹЋϹЁЏ ЇϷϿЇϵϿϹЁϼГ Ѕ ЄϴЅЌϼЄГВЍϼЀϼЅГ ϶ ЁϼϺЁϹϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ЅІϹЁϾϴЀϼ. ϱІϼ ГЀЏ, ЃЂ ϶ЃЂϿЁϹ ЂϵЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁЁЂЀЇ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼВ ϴ϶ІЂЄЂ϶ ЄϴЅϾЂЃЂϾ, ЀЂϷϿϼ ЅϿЇϺϼІА ϶ ϾϴЋϹЅІ϶Ϲ ЃϹЋϹϽ (ІϴЁϸЏЄЂ϶) ϸϿГ
϶ЏЃϹЋϾϼ ЉϿϹϵϴ (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ: 171).
ϠϹЅІϴ ЁϴϼϵЂϿАЌϹϷЂ ЅϾЂЃϿϹЁϼГ ЁϴЉЂϸЂϾ Ёϴ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϼ ЅЂ϶ЃϴϸϴВІ Ѕ ЇЋϴЅІϾϴЀϼ ІϹЄЄϴЅЏ, Ёϴ
ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ ЂЅІϴІϾϼ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϼЉ ϺϼϿЏЉ ЅЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼϽ. ϔ϶ІЂЄЏ ЄϴЅϾЂЃЂϾ ЇІ϶ϹЄϺϸϴϿϼ, ЋІЂ
ϸЂЀϴ ЁϹ ϵЏϿϼ ЅϾЇЋϹЁЏ Ёϴ ЂϷЄϴЁϼЋϹЁЁЂЀ ЇЋϴЅІϾϹ, ϴ ϵЏϿϼ ЂІϸϹϿϹЁЏ ЂϸϼЁ ЂІ ϸЄЇϷЂϷЂ ЌϼЄЂϾϼЀϼ
ЃϿЂЍϴϸГЀϼ, ϿϼЌϹЁЁЏЀϼ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЉ ЂІϿЂϺϹЁϼϽ (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ: 170–171). ϥЇϸГ ЃЂ ЅЂЉЄϴЁϼ϶ЌϼЀЅГ ЄЇϼЁϴЀ (ЄϴЅϾЂЃ II) ϶ ϶ϼϸϹ ϾЇЅЂ϶ ϷϿϼЁЏ ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЂϽ ϶ϹϿϼЋϼЁЏ, Ёϴ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЂЅІϴϿϼЅА ЂІЃϹЋϴІϾϼ ЅϷЂЄϹ϶ЌϼЉ ЃЄЇІАϹ϶ ϼ ЅЂϿЂЀЏ, ЃЂЅІЄЂϽϾϼ ϘЂϿϼЁЅϾЂϷЂ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϵЏϿϼ ЅЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼГЀϼ ІЇЄϿЇЋЁЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ.
ϖϹЄЂГІЁЂ, ЂЁϼ ϼЀϹϿϼ ЂϾЄЇϷϿЇВ ЃϿϴЁϼЄЂ϶ϾЇ, ϾϴϾ ϼ ϺϼϿϼЍϴ, ЄϴЅϾЂЃϴЁЁЏϹ Ёϴ ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾϼЉ ϷϼϵЄϼϸЁЏЉ, ЀϴϽϾЂЃЅϾЂ-ЁЂ϶ЂЅ϶ЂϵЂϸЁϹЁЅϾϼЉ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГЉ ϶ ϔϸЏϷϹϹ (ϤϹϻϹЃϾϼЁ, ϟϼЂЁЁϹ 2007: 8, ЄϼЅ. 2, 1; 12,
ЄϼЅ. 6, 1; 13, ЄϼЅ. 7, 1; 16–17, ЄϼЅ. 9, 10). ϦЂ ЂϵЅІЂГІϹϿАЅІ϶Ђ, ЋІЂ ϶ ϸЂЀϹ ϘЂϿϼЁЅϾЂϷЂ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГ, ϾϴϾ ϼ
Ёϴ ϶ЏЌϹЇЃЂЀГЁЇІЏЉ ϺϼϿϼЍϴЉ ϶ ϔϸЏϷϹϹ ЁϹ ЇϸϴϿЂЅА ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϼІА ЅϿϹϸЂ϶ ЂІ ϶ϹЄІϼϾϴϿАЁЂ ЇЅІϴЁЂ϶ϿϹЁЁЏЉ ϾЂϿАϹ϶ (ϞЄЇϷϿЂ϶, ϣЂϸϷϴϹЊϾϼϽ 1941: 170; ϤϹϻϹЃϾϼЁ, ϟϼЂЁЁϹ 2007), ϹЍϹ Єϴϻ ЃЂϸІ϶ϹЄϺϸϴϹІ,
ЋІЂ ϾЂЁЅІЄЇϾЊϼГ ϶ЅϹЉ БІϼЉ ЃЂЅІЄЂϹϾ ϵЏϿϴ ЂЋϹЁА ЅЉЂϺϴ.
ϢЃϼЄϴГЅА Ёϴ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿЏ, ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЁЏϹ ϶ ЂϸЁЂϽ ϼϻ ЄϴЅЋϼЍϹЁЁЏЉ ГЀ (ЄϴЅϾЂЃ I), ϔ. ϣ. ϞЄЇϷϿЂ϶
ϼ ϗ. ϖ. ϣЂϸϷϴϹЊϾϼϽ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϼϿϼ, ЋІЂ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϹ ϘЂϿϼЁЅϾЂϹ ϵЏϿЂ ϸ϶ЇЉЅϿЂϽЁЏЀ. ϞϹЄϴЀϼϾЇ ϼϻ
«ЁϼϺЁϹϷЂ ЅϿЂГ» ЂЁϼ ЅЂЂІЁϹЅϿϼ Ѕ ЅЂЅЇϸϴЀϼ ϼϻ ЀϴϽϾЂЃЅϾЂϷЂ ϾЇЄϷϴЁϴ (ϞЄЇϷϿЂ϶, ϣЂϸϷϴϹЊϾϼϽ 1941:
196) ϴ ЃЂЅЇϸЇ ϼϻ «϶ϹЄЉЁϹϷЂ» — Ѕ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾЂϽ ϼϻ ЄϴЅϾЂЃϴЁЁЏЉ ϡ. Ϝ. ϖϹЅϹϿЂ϶ЅϾϼЀ ϷЄЂϵЁϼЊ ЅІϴЁϼЊЏ
ϡЂ϶ЂЅ϶ЂϵЂϸЁЂϽ (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ: 193).
ϥ. ϡ. ϞЂЄϹЁϹ϶ЅϾϼϽ, ϴЁϴϿϼϻϼЄЇГ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿЏ ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴϹЀЂϷЂ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГ, ЃЄϼЌϹϿ Ͼ ϶Џ϶ЂϸЇ
Ђ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЁϴГ ϻϸϹЅА ЃЂЅЇϸϴ, ϾϴϾ ϼ Ёϴ ЂЅІϴϿАЁЏЉ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГЉ ЀϴϽϾЂЃЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ, ϸϹϿϼІЅГ
Ёϴ ϸ϶ϴ ϾϿϴЅЅϴ: ЃϹЄ϶ЏϽ — ЃЄϹ϶ЂЅЉЂϸЁЂ ЂϵЂϺϺϹЁЁϴГ ЃЂЅЇϸϴ ϾЄϴЅЁЂ-ЂЉЄϼЅІЂϷЂ Њ϶ϹІϴ ϼϻ ІЂЁϾЂ ЂІЀЇЋϹЁЁЂϷЂ ІϹЅІϴ ЃЄϴϾІϼЋϹЅϾϼ ϵϹϻ ЃЄϼЀϹЅϹϽ; ϶ІЂЄЂϽ — ЃϿЂЉЂ ЂϵЂϺϺϹЁЁϴГ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ ЅϹЄЂϷЂ ϼ ЅϹЄЂ-ϾЂЄϼЋЁϹ϶ЂϷЂ Њ϶ϹІЂ϶ Ѕ ЂϵϼϿϼϹЀ ЁϹЂЄϷϴЁϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЃЄϼЀϹЅϹϽ (ϞЂЄϹЁϹ϶ЅϾϼϽ 1993: 26–28). ϣЄϼ БІЂЀ
161
:
,
,
ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿА ϴЄϷЇЀϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴϿ Ѕ϶ЂϹ ЁϹЅЂϷϿϴЅϼϹ Ѕ ϶Џ϶ЂϸϴЀϼ ϴ϶ІЂЄЂ϶ ЄϴЅϾЂЃЂϾ Ђ ϸ϶ЇЉЅϿЂϽЁЂЀ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄϹ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГ (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ: 33). ϥ ϸЄЇϷЂϽ ЅІЂЄЂЁЏ, ЇІ϶ϹЄϺϸϹЁϼϹ ϥ. ϡ. ϞЂЄϹЁϹ϶ЅϾЂϷЂ Ђ ЁϹЃЄϴ϶ЂЀϹЄЁЂЅІϼ ЅЂЃЂЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ϔ. ϔ. ϜϹЅЅϹЁЂЀ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϷЂ ϾϿϴЅЅϴ Ѕ ЃЂЅЇϸЂϽ ϾЄЇϷϴ ЀϴϽϾЂЃЅϾЂϷЂ ϾЇЄϷϴЁϴ, ϴ ϶ІЂЄЂϷЂ ϾϿϴЅЅϴ — Ѕ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾЂϽ ϼϻ ϷЄЂϵЁϼЊ ϶ ϡЂ϶ЂЅ϶ЂϵЂϸЁЂϽ, ϶ Ѕ϶ϹІϹ ЁЂ϶ЏЉ ϸϴЁЁЏЉ ЁϹ ЅЂ϶ЅϹЀ
϶ϹЄЁЂ. ϘϹϽЅІ϶ϼІϹϿАЁЂ, ϼϻЇЋϼ϶ ϶ЅϿϹϸ ϻϴ ϥ. ϡ. ϞЂЄϹЁϹ϶ЅϾϼЀ ϶ЅВ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾЇ ϘЂϿϼЁЅϾЂϷЂ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϼ
ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϼ϶ ϹϹ ϶ ІϴϵϿϼЊϴЉ, ϷϸϹ ЇЋІϹЁЏ ϶ЅϹ ЃЄЂЈϼϿϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϹ ЋϴЅІϼ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶, ЀЂϺЁЂ ЅϸϹϿϴІА ϶Џ϶Ђϸ Ђ
ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ ϶Ђ ϶ЅϹЉ ЄϴЅϾЂЃϴЉ, ϾϴϾ ЃЂ ЃϿЂЍϴϸϼ, ІϴϾ ϼ ЃЂ ЌІЏϾϴЀ, ЃЄϼЅЇІЅІ϶ЇϹІ ϾϴϾ ЀϴϽϾЂЃЅϾϴГ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ, ІϴϾ ϼ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ ϶ІЂЄЂϷЂ ϾϿϴЅЅϴ, ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ϶ ЅϴЀЂЀ ЁϼϺЁϹЀ, ЋϹІ϶ϹЄІЂЀ ЌІЏϾϹ, ЃЄЂЈϼϿϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЉ
ЁЂ϶ЂЅ϶ЂϵЂϸЁϹЁЅϾϼЉ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЂ ЁϴЀЁЂϷЂ ϵЂϿАЌϹ (ІϴϵϿ. 1, 2)1.
1
1
3
32
3
4
18
-
-
12
16
10
12
1
2
1
2
3
4
ϖЅϹϷЂ
8
6
7
6
27
6
8
8
1
23
ϢϵЄϴϵЂІϴ϶ ϶ϹЅА ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГ, ЇϸϴϿЂЅА ЇЅІϴЁЂ϶ϼІА, ЋІЂ ϶ЅГ ЃЂЅЇϸϴ, ϾϴϾ
ЃϹЄ϶ЂϷЂ, ІϴϾ ϼ ϶ІЂЄЂϷЂ ϾϿϴЅЅϴ, ϵЏϿϴ ЃϿЂЅϾЂϸЂЁЁЂϽ, ϴ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЏ ЄЇЋϹϾ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ ЃЂ ІϹЉЁЂϿЂϷϼϼ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ЃЄϼЁϴϸϿϹϺϴϿϼ ЀϴϽϾЂЃЅϾЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϹ.
(
)
. ϜЅЉЂϸГ ϼϻ ЃЄϹϸϿЂϺϹЁЁЂϽ ϾϿϴЅЅϼЈϼϾϴЊϼϼ ЈЂЄЀ ϼЉ ϶ϹЁЋϼϾЂ϶ (ϤϹϻϹЃϾϼЁ, ϣЂЃϿϹ϶ϾЂ
2009; ϤϹϻϹЃϾϼЁ 2012ϵ) Ёϴ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϹ ϶ЏГ϶ϿϹЁЂ ϸ϶ϴ ϶ϹЁЋϼϾϴ ІϼЃϴ 1 (ЄϼЅ. 1, 1, 2), ІЄϼ — ІϼЃϴ 2 (ЄϼЅ. 1,
3–5), ϸ϶ϴ — ІϼЃϴ 4 (ЄϼЅ. 1, 7, 8), ЂϸϼЁ — ІϼЃϴ 5 (ЄϼЅ. 1, 9) ϼ ЂϸϼЁ ϶ϹЁЋϼϾ — ІϼЃϴ 13 (ЄϼЅ. 1, 6). ϞϴϾ
϶ϼϸϼЀ, ϴЅЅЂЄІϼЀϹЁІ ϶ϹЁЋϼϾЂ϶ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ ЌϼЄЂϾ ϼ ϶ϾϿВЋϴϹІ ЃГІА ІϼЃЂ϶ (ЄϼЅ. 1, 1–9).
. ϡϴϽϸϹЁЂ ϶ЂЅϹЀА ϶ϹЁЋϼϾЂ϶ ϼ ϶ЅϹ ЂЁϼ ЂІЁЂЅГІЅГ Ͼ ІϼЃЇ 1 (ЄϼЅ. 1). ϢϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЂ ІϴϾϺϹ 9 ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЂ϶ ϸЂЁЊϹ϶ ϼ 10 ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЂ϶ ЄЇЋϹϾ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ (ЄϼЅ. 2) (ϞЄЇϷϿЂ϶, ϣЂϸϷϴϹЊϾϼϽ 1941: 208,
ІϴϵϿ. VII, 1, 3, 4).
ϖЅϹϷЂ Ёϴ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϼ ϶ЏГ϶ϿϹЁЂ 36 ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЂ϶ ЃЄЂЈϼϿϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЉ ЋϴЅІϹϽ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶, ЀϼЅЂϾ ϼ
ЄЇЋϹϾ, ЁЂ ЁϹ ϶ЅϹ ЂЁϼ ЅЂЂІЁЂЅГІЅГ Ѕ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁЁЏЀϼ Ͼ϶ϴϸЄϴІϴЀϼ ϼ ЌІЏϾϴЀϼ ЄϴЅϾЂЃЂ϶ (ЄϼЅ. 1, 2).
(
)
. ϜЅЉЂϸГ ϼϻ ЃЄϹϸ϶ϴЄϼІϹϿАЁЂϽ ϾϿϴЅЅϼЈϼϾϴЊϼϼ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ ЁЂ϶ЂЅ϶ЂϵЂϸЁϹЁЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ
(ϤϹϻϹЃϾϼЁ 2012ϴ) Ёϴ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϼ ϶ЏГ϶ϿϹЁЂ 8 ЃЄГЀЏЉ, ϾЂЄЂІϾϼЉ ϶ϹЁЋϼϾЂ϶, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ, ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ, ЂІЁЂЅГІЅГ Ͼ ІϼЃЇ 6-ϔ (ЄϼЅ. 3, 1–8), ϴ 4 ϶ϹЁЋϼϾϴ — ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂ, Ͼ ІϼЃЇ 7 (ЄϼЅ. 3, 9–11), ϶ϾϿВЋϴГ ЋϹЄЁЂϿЂЍϹЁЏϽ
ЅЂЅЇϸ Ѕ ЄϹϾЂЁЅІЄЇϼЄЇϹЀЏЀ ЃЄЂЈϼϿϹЀ ІЇϿЂ϶ϴ, ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϽ «ϹϿЂЋϾЂϽ» (ЄϼЅ. 3, 13). ϧ ϸЄЇϷЂϷЂ
ЋϹЄЁЂϿЂЍϹЁЂϷЂ ЅЂЅЇϸϴ Ѕ ЄϹϾЂЁЅІЄЇϼЄЇϹЀЏЀ ЃЄЂЈϼϿϹЀ ІЇϿЂ϶ϴ ϼ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІЂЀ «ϹϿЂЋϾЂϽ» ЃЂϸ ЌϹϽϾЂϽ ϼ
Ϟ ЅЂϺϴϿϹЁϼВ, ϶ ЂЃϼЅϼ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿЂ϶ ϘЂϿϼЁЅϾЂϷЂ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϸϴϿϹϾЂ ЁϹ ϶ЅГ ЃЄЂЈϼϿϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁϴГ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ
ЅІЄϴІϼЈϼЊϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϴ ϼ, ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂ, ϾЂϿϼЋϹЅІ϶Ђ ЃЂЅЇϸЏ, ЇЋІϹЁЁЂϽ ϶ ІϴϵϿ. 1 ϵЂϿАЌϹ, ЋϹЀ ϶ ІϴϵϿ. 2.
1
162
,
,
Ёϴ ІЇϿЂ϶Ϲ ϶ϹЁЋϼϾ ЇІЄϴЋϹЁ (ЄϼЅ. 3, 12). ϡϴϽϸϹЁЂ ІϴϾϺϹ 8 ϶ϹЁЋϼϾЂ϶ ІϼЃЂ϶ 6-ϔ ϼ 6-ϕ (ЄϼЅ. 4, 1–8) ЂІ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ Ѕ ϾЂЄЂІϾЂϽ ЃЄГЀЂϽ ЌϹϽϾЂϽ ЅЂ ЅϿϹϷϾϴ ЂІЂϷЁЇІЏЀ ϾЄϴϹЀ, ІϴϾϼЉ ϺϹ, ϾϴϾ Ї ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ ЄϹЃЂ϶ϼϸЁЂϽ ЈЂЄЀЏ (ϞЄЇϷϿЂ϶, ϣЂϸϷϴϹЊϾϼϽ 1941: 210, ІϴϵϿ. IX, 1–2), ϼ 8 ϶ϹЁЋϼϾЂ϶ ІϼЃϴ 7 (ЄϼЅ. 4, 9–16). ϣЂЀϼЀЂ БІϼЉ
ЈЂЄЀ Ёϴ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϼ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁϴ ϶ϹЄЉЁГГ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁϴ ЅЂЅЇϸϴ Ѕ ЃЂϾϴІЏЀϼ ЃϿϹЋϼϾϴЀϼ ϼ ЂІЉЂϸГЍϼЀ ЂІ ІЇϿЂ϶ϴ ЃЂϸ ЇϷϿЂЀ ЃЄГЀЏЀ ϶ϹЁЋϼϾЂЀ, ЃЂ ϾЄϴВ ϾЂІЂЄЂϷЂ ЁϴЁϹЅϹЁ ЄГϸ ІЄϹЇϷЂϿАЁЏЉ ϶ϸϴ϶ϿϹЁϼϽ (ЄϼЅ. 5, 1).
ϖϹЁЋϼϾϼ ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼЋЁЂϽ ЈЂЄЀЏ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ ϹЍϹ ϶ ІЄϹЉ ЅϿЇЋϴГЉ (ЄϼЅ. 5, 2–4).
ϜЀϹϹІЅГ ІϴϾϺϹ ЃГІА ϶ϹЁЋϼϾЂ϶ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЉ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶. ϫϹІЏЄϹ ϼϻ ЁϼЉ ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁЏ ЄГϸЂЀ
ϾЂЅЏЉ ϶ϸϴ϶ϿϹЁϼϽ, ϶ЏЃЂϿЁϹЁЁЏЉ ІϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ЋІЂ ϾЄϴϽ ϶ϹЁЋϼϾϴ ЅІϴϿ ϻϴϻЇϵЄϹЁЁЏЀ (ЄϼЅ. 6, 8–11).
ϣЂ ϾЄϴВ ϹЍϹ ЂϸЁЂϷЂ ϶ϹЁЋϼϾϴ ЁϴЁϹЅϹЁ ЄГϸ ϾЄЇϷϿЏЉ ϶ϸϴ϶ϿϹЁϼϽ (ЄϼЅ. 6, 3). ϡϴϿϹЃЁЂϽ (ЄϼЅ. 6, 1, 2)
ϼ «ϹϿЂЋЁЏϽ» (ЄϼЅ. 6, 5–7) ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІЏ ЇϾЄϴЌϴϿϼ ІЇϿЂ϶Ђ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ (ϞЄЇϷϿЂ϶, ϣЂϸϷϴϹЊϾϼϽ 1941: 208,
ІϴϵϿ. VII, 6; 211, ІϴϵϿ. X, 3).
. 1. ϣЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϹ ϘЂϿϼЁЅϾЂϹ, ІϼЃЏ ϶ϹЁЋϼϾЂ϶ ЀϴϽϾЂЃЅϾЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ: 1–9 — ЅЂЅЇϸЏ (1, 2 — ІϼЃ 1; 3–5 —
ІϼЃ 2; 6 — ІϼЃ 13; 7, 8 — ІϼЃ 4; 9 — ІϼЃ 5); 10–17 — ЀϼЅϾϼ, ІϼЃ 1
Fig. 1. Dolinskoe settlement, types of the Maikop pottery rims: 1–9 — vessels (1, 2 — type 1; 3–5 — type 2; 6 —
type 13; 7, 8 — type 4; 9 — type 5); 10–17 — bowls, type 1
163
:
,
,
. 2. ϣЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϹ ϘЂϿϼЁЅϾЂϹ, ЄЇЋϾϼ ϼ ЋϴЅІϼ ϸЂЁЊϹ϶ ЀϴϽϾЂЃЅϾЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ
Fig. 2. Dolinskoe settlement, Maikop pottery, handles and bottom fragments
. ϱІϴ ЃЂЅЇϸϴ ϼЀϹϹІ ІϼЃϼЋЁЂ ЁЂ϶ЂЅ϶ЂϵЂϸЁϹЁЅϾЇВ ЈЂЄЀЇ Ѕ ЃϿЂЅϾϼЀ ϸЁЂЀ ϼ ЃЄГЀЏЀ,
ЅϿϹϷϾϴ ϻϴϷЁЇІЏЀ ϶ЁЇІЄА ϶ϹЁЋϼϾЂЀ (ІϼЃ 5) (ЄϼЅ. 5, 5–9).
ϖЅϹ ϶ЏГ϶ϿϹЁЁЏϹ Ёϴ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϼ ϸЂЁЊϴ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ ϼϻ ІϹЅІϴ Ѕ ЃЄϼЀϹЅАВ ЂϾϴϻϴϿϼЅА ЃϿЂЅϾϼЀϼ.
ϖЅϹϷЂ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЂ 25 ϸЁϼЍ (ЄϼЅ. 7).
ϡϴϽϸϹЁЏ ϸ϶Ϲ ІЄϹЉЄЇЋЁЏϹ
(ϦϴЀ ϺϹ: 207, ІϴϵϿ. VI). ϡϹЂϵЉЂϸϼЀЂ ЂІЀϹІϼІА ЁϴϿϼЋϼϹ
ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЂ϶ ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ «
», ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁЁЏЉ ϶ ЈЂЄЀϹ «ЄЂϷϴІЏЉ» ϾϼЄЃϼЋϹϽ
(ЄϼЅ. 6, 4) (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ: 204, ІϴϵϿ. III). ϜЉ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЂ ЁϹ ЀϹЁϹϹ 7 БϾϻ. (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ: 172, ІϴϵϿ. I).
ϣЂЀϼЀЂ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ ϵЏϿϼ ϶ЅІЄϹЋϹЁЏ ϼ ϾЄϹЀЁϹ϶ЏϹ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ, ЃЄϹϺϸϹ ϶ЅϹϷЂ ϶ϾϿϴϸЏЌϼ ЅϹЄЃЂ϶
(ЄϼЅ. 8, 1–5), 2 ϾЄϹЀЁϹ϶ЏЉ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾϴ ЅІЄϹϿ ϴЅϼЀЀϹІЄϼЋЁЂϽ ЈЂЄЀЏ (ЄϼЅ. 8, 7, 8), ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ЅϹϷЀϹЁІЂ϶ϼϸЁЏϽ ЁЂϺ ϸϿГ ЀГЅϴ (ЄϼЅ. 8, 6; ЄϴЅϾЂЃ IV, Ͼ϶. ϥ-3, ЌІЏϾ 2).
ϠЁϹ ЇϺϹ ЃЄϼЉЂϸϼϿЂЅА ЃϼЅϴІА Ђ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ ϘЂϿϼЁЅϾЂϹ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϹ ЂІЁЂЅϼІЅГ Ͼ ЁЂ϶ЂЅ϶ЂϵЂϸЁϹЁЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϹ (ϤϹϻϹЃϾϼЁ 2004: 110, 114; 2012ϵ: 55), ЉЂІГ ϸϹІϴϿАЁЂ ЃЄЂϴЁϴϿϼϻϼЄЂ϶ϴ϶ ϶ϹЅА
ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЁЏЉ ϻϸϹЅА ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІЂ϶, ЁЇϺЁЂ ЂІЀϹІϼІА, ЋІЂ ЂЁ ЅϾЂЄϹϹ ϶ЅϹϷЂ ϼЀϹϹІ ЅЀϹЌϴЁЁЏϽ ЀϴϽϾЂЃЅϾЂ-ЁЂ϶ЂЅ϶ЂϵЂϸЁϹЁЅϾϼϽ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄ, ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ЀϴϽϾЂЃЅϾϼϽ ϾЂЀЃЂЁϹЁІ, ϾϴϾ ϶ϼϸЁЂ
ϼϻ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЁЂϷЂ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϴ, ϼϷЄϴϿ ЁϹ ЅІЂϿА ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЇВ ЄЂϿА, ϾϴϾ ЁЂ϶ЂЅ϶ЂϵЂϸЁϹЁЅϾϼϽ.
ϥЇϸГ ЃЂ ЁϴϿϼЋϼВ Ёϴ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϼ ЁϴϵЂЄϴ ЈЂЄЀ ϶ϹЁЋϼϾЂ϶ ЀϴϽϾЂЃЅϾЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ, ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ БІЂϽ
ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϶ ϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂЀ ϣЄϹϸϾϴ϶ϾϴϻАϹ ϸЂϺϼ϶ϴВІ ϸЂ Єϴϻ϶ϼІЂϷЂ БІϴЃϴ ЁЂ϶ЂЅ϶ЂϵЂϸЁϹЁЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ, ЉЂІГ ϼ ϶ ІЄϴЁЅЈЂЄЀϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂЀ (ЃϿЂЅϾЂϸЂЁЁЂЅІА) ϶ϼϸϹ. Ϣϵ БІЂЀ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ЇВІ: ЅЂЅЇϸЏ
ЄϹЃЂ϶ϼϸЁЂϽ ЈЂЄЀЏ; ϵЂϿАЌϼϹ ϴЀЈЂЄЏ, ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼϼ ϾЂІЂЄЏЀ ϶ЅІЄϹЋϹЁЏ Ёϴ ϡЂ϶ЂЅ϶ЂϵЂϸЁϹЁЅϾЂЀ
ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϼ (ϤϹϻϹЃϾϼЁ 2008: 171, ІϴϵϿ. 12, 5); «ϹϿЂЋЁЏϽ» ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІ ϼ 2 ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾϴ ЅІЄϹϿ Ѕ ϴЅϼЀЀϹІЄϼЋЁЏЀ ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁϼϹЀ, ЉЂІГ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϼϹ ϼ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ ϶ЁϹ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϷЂ ЅϿЂГ ϘЂϿϼЁЅϾЂϷЂ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГ. ϡϴЉЂϸϾϼ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЂ϶ ЄЂϷϴІЏЉ «ЂЋϴϺЁЏЉ» ЃЂϸЅІϴ϶ЂϾ ІϴϾϺϹ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ЇВІ ϶ ЃЂϿАϻЇ ϶ЏЅϾϴϻϴЁЁЂϷЂ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼГ. ϡϴ ϷϼϵЄϼϸЁЂЀ ЀϴϽϾЂЃЅϾЂ-ЁЂ϶ЂЅ϶ЂϵЂϸЁϹЁЅϾЂЀ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϼ
ϫϼЌЉЂ Ёϴ ВϺЁЂЀ ϵϹЄϹϷЇ ϞЄϴЅЁЂϸϴЄЅϾЂϷЂ ϶ЂϸЂЉЄϴЁϼϿϼЍϴ (ϤϹϻϹЃϾϼЁ, ϟϼЂЁЁϹ 2007: 41–73) ІϴϾϺϹ ϵЏϿ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІ ІϴϾЂϽ ЃЂϸЅІϴ϶Ͼϼ (ϞЂЄϹЁϹ϶ЅϾϼϽ 2004: 146, ЄϼЅ. 18, 8). ϖ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϼ
164
,
,
. 3. ϣЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϹ ϘЂϿϼЁЅϾЂϹ, ІϼЃЏ ϶ϹЁЋϼϾЂ϶ ЁЂ϶ЂЅ϶ЂϵЂϸЁϹЁЅϾЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ: 1–8 — ІϼЃ 6-ϔ; 9–11, 13 —
ІϼЃ 7; 12, 13 — ЋϹЄЁЂϿЂЍϹЁЏϹ ЅЂЅЇϸЏ Ѕ «ϹϿЂЋЁЏЀ» ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІЂЀ
Fig. 3. Dolinskoe settlement, types of the Novosvobodnaya pottery rims: 1–8 — type 6-ϔ; 9–11, 13 — type 7; 12,
13 — black burnished vessels with «herringbone» pattern
165
:
,
,
. 4. ϣЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϹ ϘЂϿϼЁЅϾЂϹ, ІϼЃЏ ϶ϹЁЋϼϾЂ϶ ЁЂ϶ЂЅ϶ЂϵЂϸЁϹЁЅϾЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ: 1–4 — ІϼЃ 6-ϔ; 5–8 — ІϼЃ 6-ϕ;
9–16 — ІϼЃ 7
Fig. 4. Dolinskoe settlement, types of the Novosvobodnaya pottery rims: 1–4 — type 6-ϔ; 5–8 — type 6-ϕ;
9–16 — type 7
. 5. ϣЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϹ ϘЂϿϼЁЅϾЂϹ, ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ: 1–4 — ЅЂЅЇϸЏ Ѕ ЃЄГЀЏЀ ϶ϹЁЋϼϾЂЀ ЃЂϸ ЁϴϾϿЂЁЂЀ Ͼ ІЇϿЂ϶Ї; 5–9 —
ЀϼЅϾϼ (ІϼЃ 5)
Fig. 5. Dolinskoe settlement, pottery: 1–4 — vessels with straight rims inclined to the body; 5–9 — bowls (type 5)
166
,
,
. 6. ϣЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϹ ϘЂϿϼЁЅϾЂϹ, ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ: 1, 2 — ЁϴϿϹЃЁЂϽ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІ; 3 — ГЀЂЋЁЏϽ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІ ЃЂ ϶ϹЁЋϼϾЇ;
4 — ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІ «ЂЋϴϺЁЂϽ» ЃЂϸЅІϴ϶Ͼϼ; 5, 6 — ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІ «ϹϿЂЋϾЂϽ»; 7–10 — ϶ϹЁЋϼϾϼ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ Ѕ ЄГϸЂЀ ϾЂЅЏЉ
϶ϸϴ϶ϿϹЁϼϽ ЃЂ ϾЄϴВ
Fig. 6. Dolinskoe settlement, pottery: 1, 2 — raised (stuck-on) ornamentation; 3 — pit ornamentation on the rim; 4 —
fragment of a «hearth» support; 5, 6 — «herringbone» pattern; 7–10 — rims with oblique impressions along the edge
. 7. ϣЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϹ ϘЂϿϼЁЅϾЂϹ, ϸЂЁЊϴ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ ϼϻ ІϹЅІϴ Ѕ ЃЄϼЀϹЅГЀϼ
Fig. 7. Dolinskoe settlement, bases of vessels made of tempered clay
167
:
,
,
. 8. ϣЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϹ ϘЂϿϼЁЅϾЂϹ, ϾЄϹЀЁϹ϶ЏϹ ЂЄЇϸϼГ (ЃЂ ϞЄЇϷϿЂ϶, ϣЂϸϷϴϹЊϾϼϽ 1941): 1–5 — ϶ϾϿϴϸЏЌϼ ЅϹЄЃЂ϶;
6 — ЅϹϷЀϹЁІЂ϶ϼϸЁЏϽ ЁЂϺ ϸϿГ ЀГЅϴ; 7, 8 — ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾϼ ЅІЄϹϿ
Fig. 8. Dolinskoe settlement, flint tools (after ϞЄЇϷϿЂ϶, ϣЂϸϷϴϹЊϾϼϽ 1941): 1–5 — liners sickles; 6 — a crescentshaped meat knife; 7, 8 — arrowheads
Ї Ѕ. ϜЁЂϻϹЀЊϹ϶Ђ, ϷϸϹ ϵЏϿ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁ ϷϼϵЄϼϸЁЏϽ ЁϴϵЂЄ ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄГ (ϤϹϻϹЃϾϼЁ 2012ϵ: 77), ϶ЅІЄϹЋϹЁ ϾЄϹЀЁϹ϶ЏϽ ЅϹϷЀϹЁІЂ϶ϼϸЁЏϽ ЁЂϺ, ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼЋЁЏϽ ϸЂϿϼЁЅϾЂЀЇ (ϞЂЄϹЁϹ϶ЅϾϼϽ, ϣϹІЄϹЁϾЂ 1982:
104, ЄϼЅ. 8, 4).
ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, Ѕ ϵЂϿАЌЂϽ ЅІϹЃϹЁАВ ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂЅІϼ, ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϹ ϘЂϿϼЁЅϾЂϹ ЁЇϺЁЂ ЂІЁЂЅϼІА
ЁϹ Ͼ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЀ ЀϴϽϾЂЃЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ, ϴ Ͼ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГЀ ϷϼϵЄϼϸЁЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ, ϷϸϹ ЁЂ϶ЂЅ϶ЂϵЂϸЁϹЁЅϾϼϽ
ϾЂЀЃЂЁϹЁІ Г϶ЁЂ ЃЄϹ϶ϴϿϼЄЇϹІ, ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴϹЀЏϽ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾ ЁЇϺЁЂ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴІА Єϴϻ϶ϼІЏЀ
(ІЄϹІАϼЀ) БІϴЃЂЀ ЁЂ϶ЂЅ϶ЂϵЂϸЁϹЁЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ.
ϞЂЄϹЁϹ϶ЅϾϼϽ 1993 —
. . ϘЄϹ϶ЁϹϽЌϹϹ ЂЅϹϸϿЂϹ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼϹ Ёϴ ЅЄϹϸЁϹЀ ϦϹЄϹϾϹ. Ϡ.: ϢϵЍϹЅІ϶Ђ
«ϛЁϴЁϼϹ» ϤЂЅЅϼϼ, 1993. 167 Ѕ.
ϞЂЄϹЁϹ϶ЅϾϼϽ 2004 —
. . ϘЄϹ϶ЁϹϽЌϼϹ ϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЊЏ ϼ ЅϾЂІЂ϶ЂϸЏ ϣЄϹϸϾϴ϶ϾϴϻАГ: ϠϴϽϾЂЃЅϾЂЁЂ϶ЂЅ϶ЂϵЂϸЁϹЁЅϾϴГ ЂϵЍЁЂЅІА, ЃЄЂϵϿϹЀЏ ϶ЁЇІЄϹЁЁϹϽ ІϼЃЂϿЂϷϼϼ. Ϡ.: ϡϴЇϾϴ, 2004. 244 Ѕ.
ϞЂЄϹЁϹ϶ЅϾϼϽ, ϣϹІЄϹЁϾЂ 1982 —
. .,
. . ϞЇЄϷϴЁ ЀϴϽϾЂЃЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ Ї ЃЂЅϹϿϾϴ
ϜЁЂϻϹЀЊϹ϶Ђ // ϥϔ. 1982. № 2. ϥ. 96–112.
ϞЄЇϷϿЂ϶, ϣЂϸϷϴϹЊϾϼϽ 1941 —
. .,
. . ϘЂϿϼЁЅϾЂϹ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϹ Ї Ϸ. ϡϴϿАЋϼϾϴ //
ϠϴІϹЄϼϴϿЏ ЃЂ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼϼ ϞϴϵϴЄϸϼЁЂ-ϕϴϿϾϴЄϼϼ. Ϡ.; ϟ.: Ϝϻϸ-϶Ђ ϔϡ ϥϥϥϤ, 1941. ϥ. 147–212 (ϠϜϔ. № 3).
ϤϹϻϹЃϾϼЁ 2004 —
. . ϡϹϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ϴЅЃϹϾІЏ ЈЂЄЀϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼГ БЃЂЉϼ ЄϴЁЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ Ёϴ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂЀ
Ϟϴ϶ϾϴϻϹ // ϠϴІϹЄϼϴϿЏ ϼ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ЃЂ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼϼ ϞЇϵϴЁϼ. ϞЄϴЅЁЂϸϴЄ: Ϝϻϸ-϶Ђ ϞЇϵϴЁЅϾЂϷЂ ϗϧ, 2004. ϖЏЃ. 4.
ϥ. 97–125.
ϤϹϻϹЃϾϼЁ 2008 —
. . ϣЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϹ ϡЂ϶ЂЅ϶ЂϵЂϸЁϹЁЅϾЂϹ // ϔЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼГ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ ϼ ϕϿϼϺЁϹϷЂ
ϖЂЅІЂϾϴ. Ϡ.: ϦϴЇЅ, 2008. ϥ. 157–176.
ϤϹϻϹЃϾϼЁ 2012ϴ —
. . ϡЂ϶ЂЅ϶ЂϵЂϸЁϹЁЅϾϴГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴ (Ёϴ ЂЅЁЂ϶Ϲ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿЂ϶ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴ ϞϿϴϸЏ).
ϥϣϵ.: ϡϹЅІЂЄ-ϜЅІЂЄϼГ, 2012. 344 Ѕ. (ϦЄ. ϜϜϠϞ Ϥϔϡ. Ϧ. 37).
ϤϹϻϹЃϾϼЁ 2012ϵ —
. . ϥЂЅЇϸЏ ϼϻ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϽ ЀϴϽϾЂЃЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ: ϾϿϴЅЅϼЈϼϾϴЊϼГ // ϡЂ϶ϹϽЌϼϹ
ЂІϾЄЏІϼГ ϶ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼϼ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϷЂ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ: ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ϼ ϼЁІϹЄЃЄϹІϴЊϼϼ. ϠϴЉϴЋϾϴϿϴ: Ϡϴ϶ЄϴϹ϶Ў, 2012.
ϥ. 125–128 (Ϟϫ. ϖЏЃ. 27).
ϤϹϻϹЃϾϼЁ, ϟϼЂЁЁϹ 2007 —
. .,
. ϣЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГ БЃЂЉϼ ЄϴЁЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ Ёϴ ϞЇϵϴЁϼ (ЃЄϹϸ϶ϴЄϼІϹϿАЁϴГ ЃЇϵϿϼϾϴЊϼГ) // RA. SN. 2007. Vol. 3, nr. 1–2. P. 5–73.
ϤϹϻϹЃϾϼЁ, ϣЂЃϿϹ϶ϾЂ 2009 —
. .,
. . ϞϿϴЅЅϼЈϼϾϴЊϼГ ЀϼЅЂϾ ЀϴϽϾЂЃЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ //
ϛϜϜϠϞ. 2009. № 4. ϥ. 81–89.
168
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Dolinskoe — an Early Bronze Age settlement
in the central Fore-Caucasus
A. D. Rezepkin
The Dolinskoe settlement was excavated in 1930–1933 by A. P. Kruglov and V. Podgaetsky.
According to their conclusions, the settlement was two-layered and contained ceramics belonging to the
circles of the Maikop and Novosvobodnaya barrows. In 1993 S. N. Korenevsky put this conclusion into
question and demonstrated that the settlement was one-layered. However, his assertion that A. A. Iessen
was wrong when he compared the ceramics of the first class to the Maikop pottery, and that of the second
class to the pottery of Novosvobodnaya, in the light of new data appears to be not quite correct. The careful analysis of the Dolinskoe pottery assemblage (table 1, 2; fig. 1–7) shows, that both classes are present in
all excavation areas and at all levels (spits); moreover, the lowermost fourth spit is strongly dominated by
the Novosvobodnaya (second class) pottery. Therefore, it appears that Dolinskoe should be classified not to
the Maikop culture, but to the hybrid type sites, where the Novosvobodnaya component is clearly preponderant. As to the site itself, it can be dated to the developed (third) stage of the Novosvobodnaya culture.
169
DCTDCT
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. . ϞϿВЋϹ϶ЏϹ ЅϿЂ϶ϴ:
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Keywords: South Caucasus, Middle Bronze Age, «blooming period» of the Trialeti culture, chronology, periodization, methods of dating, comparative-typological method, scientific methods of dating.
ϣЄЂϵϿϹЀЏ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼϼ ϼ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϼϻϴЊϼϼ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϼЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ ϻϴЁϼЀϴВІ ϶ϹϸЇЍϹϹ ЀϹЅІЂ ϶ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼГЉ Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЂ϶ϹϸЂ϶. ϖ ЁϹЀϴϿЂϽ ЅІϹЃϹЁϼ БІЂ Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁЂ Ѕ ІϹЀ, ЋІЂ Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼϽ ЄϹϷϼЂЁ ϶ БЃЂЉЇ ЃϴϿϹЂЀϹІϴϿϿϴ Г϶ϿГϿЅГ
, ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿГ϶ЌϼЀ ЅЇϸАϵЏ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ
϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂϹ϶ЄЂЃϹϽЅϾϼЉ ЅІϹЃϹϽ (ϕЂЋϾϴЄД϶ 2012). ϥ ϸЄЇϷЂϽ ЅІЂЄЂЁЏ, ϼЀϹЁЁЂ Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼϽ ЄϹϷϼЂЁ
϶ЏЃЂϿЁГϿ ϶ ϸЄϹ϶ЁЂЅІϼ ЄЂϿА Ѕ϶ЂϹЂϵЄϴϻЁЂϷЂ
, ЅЂϹϸϼЁГ϶ЌϹϷЂ ЂϵЌϼЄЁЏϹ ЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁЅІ϶ϴ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂϹ϶ЄЂЃϹϽЅϾϼЉ ЅІϹЃϹϽ Ѕ Њϼ϶ϼϿϼϻϴЊϼГЀϼ ϘЄϹ϶ЁϹϷЂ ϖЂЅІЂϾϴ, ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ
ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЂϵϹЅЃϹЋϹЁЏ ЁϴϸϹϺЁЂϽ ЅІЄϴІϼϷЄϴЈϼϹϽ ϼ ϸϴІϼЄЇВЍϼЀϼ ЃЄϼ϶ГϻϾϴЀϼ Ͼ ЃϼЅАЀϹЁЁЏЀ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾϴЀ.
ϘϴЁЁϴГ ЄϴϵЂІϴ Г϶ϿГϹІЅГ ЃЄЂϸЂϿϺϹЁϼϹЀ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼГ, ЃЂЅ϶ГЍϹЁЁЂϷЂ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼϼ ϼ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϼϻϴЊϼϼ Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ БЃЂЉϼ ЃϴϿϹЂЀϹІϴϿϿϴ. ϖ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϽ ϹϹ ЋϴЅІϼ, ЂЃЇϵϿϼϾЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϽ ϶
ϸ϶ЇЉ ЅІϴІАГЉ (ϤЏЅϼЁ 2012ϴ; 2012ϵ), ЀЏ ЃЂЃЏІϴϿϼЅА
ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЂ϶ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϷЂ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ БЃЂЉϼ ЄϴЁЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ, ЃЂϿЇЋϹЁЁЏϹ
ЀϹІЂϸϴЀϼ, Ѕ ϶Џ϶ЂϸϴЀϼ, ϸЂϵЏІЏЀϼ ϶ ЉЂϸϹ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴЁϼГ
ЃЄϼϹЀЂ϶ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁϼГ ϶ЂϻЄϴЅІϴ ϸЄϹ϶ЁЂЅІϹϽ. ϡϴ ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁϼϼ ЀϹІЂϸϴ ІϼЃЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЃϴЄϴϿϿϹϿϹϽ
ЁϴЀ ЇϸϴϿЂЅА ЇЅІϴЁЂ϶ϼІА, ЋІЂ ЁϴϸϹϺЁЏϹ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶Ͼϼ ЀϴϽϾЂЃЅϾϼЉ ϼ ЁЂ϶ЂЅ϶ЂϵЂϸЁϹЁЅϾϼЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ЄϴЁЁϹϷЂ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЂϷЂ ϶ϹϾϴ (ϸϴϿϹϹ — Ϥϕϖ) ЃЄϼЉЂϸГІЅГ Ёϴ ϶ІЂЄЇВ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁЇ IV — ЁϴЋϴϿЂ
III ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϕЂϿАЌϼЁЅІ϶Ђ ϾϴϿϼϵЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЉ ϸϴІ ЃЂ 14C ЃЄϼЉЂϸϼІЅГ Ёϴ ЅϹЄϹϸϼЁЇ ϼ ϶ІЂЄЇВ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁЇ IV ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϖЏГЅЁϼϿЂЅА, ЋІЂ ЄϴϸϼЂЇϷϿϹЄЂϸЁЏϹ ϸϴІЏ ЀϴϽϾЂЃЅϾϼЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶, ЃЂЃϴϸϴВЍϼϹ ϶ ϸϼϴЃϴϻЂЁ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϽ ІЄϹІϼ IV ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б., ЁϹϸЂЅІЂ϶ϹЄЁЏ ϼ ЁϹ ЀЂϷЇІ ЅϿЇϺϼІА ЁϴϸϹϺЁЏЀ
ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾЂЀ ϸϿГ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼϼ ϼ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϼϻϴЊϼϼ ЀϴϽϾЂЃЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ.
ϞЂЅ϶ϹЁЁЂ ЃЂϸІ϶ϹЄϸϼІА ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϾЇ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ЈϼЁϴϿϴ Ϥϕϖ ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГВІ ϸϴІЏ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЂϾϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ЁϴЋϴϿϴ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЂϷЂ ϶ϹϾϴ (ϸϴϿϹϹ — ϥϕϖ) — ЇЅЃϹЁЅϾЂϷЂ БІϴЃϴ. ϣЂ
ЁϴЌϼЀ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼГЀ, ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ ЇЅЃϹЁЅϾЂϷЂ БІϴЃϴ ЅЀϹЁГВІ Ёϴ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂЀ Ϟϴ϶ϾϴϻϹ ЀϴϽϾЂЃЅϾϼϹ ϼ ЁЂ϶ЂЅ϶ЂϵЂϸЁϹЁЅϾϼϹ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ (ϤЏЅϼЁ 1996; 2008). ϜЅІЂЋЁϼϾ ЁЂ϶ϴЊϼϽ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЂϾϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾЂϷЂ ЀϹІϴϿϿЂЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸЅІ϶ϴ ЁϴЋϴϿϴ ϥϕϖ ЀЏ ЇЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴϹЀ ϶ ЃЄЂϸЇϾЊϼϼ ϴЁϴІЂϿϼϽЅϾϼЉ ϼ ВϺЁЂϾϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼЉ ЊϹЁІЄЂ϶ ЀϹІϴϿϿЂЂϵЄϴϵЂІϾϼ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ Ϥϕϖ. ϣЂ БІЂЀЇ ϶ЂЃЄЂЅЇ ϼЀϹВІЅГ ІЂϿАϾЂ ЃЄϹϸ϶ϴЄϼІϹϿАЁЏϹ ЁϴϵϿВϸϹЁϼГ. ϖ ЋϴЅІЁЂЅІϼ, ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЏϹ ЃЄЂІЂІϼЃЏ ϶ϼЅϿЂЂϵЇЌЁЏЉ ІЂЃЂЄЂ϶ ЇЅЃϹЁЅϾЂϷЂ
БІϴЃϴ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ ϶ ЅϿЂГЉ ЀϴϿЂϴϻϼϽЅϾϼЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ Ϥϕϖ 2, ϸϴІϼЄЇϹЀЏЉ ЅϹϷЂϸЁГ XXVIII/XXVII–
XXVI ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϨЂЄЀЏ ϸϿГ ЂІϿϼ϶Ͼϼ ЃЂϸЂϵЁЏЉ ІЂЃЂЄЂ϶ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ ϶ ЅϿЂϹ 19 ϡЂЄЌЇЁІϹЃϹ, ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁЁЂЀ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІЇ Vc ϔЄЅϿϴЁІϹЃϹ (Hauptmann 2000: 419–424). ϞϴϾ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЂ, Ͼ ϵЂϿϹϹ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϼЀ
ЅϿЂГЀ ІϹϿϿГ ϔЄЅϿϴЁІϹЃϹ (ЅϿЂϽ Vb — ЃϹЄϼЂϸ Ϥϕϖ Ib) ЂІЁЂЅϼІЅГ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϹ ϶ «ЊϴЄЅϾЂϽ ϷЄЂϵЁϼЊϹ», ϶ ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄϹ ϾЂІЂЄЂϽ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ ЀЁЂϷЂЋϼЅϿϹЁЁЏϹ ЀϹІϴϿϿϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ, ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϼ϶ϴВЍϼϹ ЃϴЄϴϿϿϹϿϼ ϶ ЀϹІϴϿϿϹ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂ БІϴЃϴ ЁЂ϶ЂЅ϶ЂϵЂϸЁϹЁЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ (Frangipane et al. 2001;
ϦЄϼЈЂЁЂ϶ 2004).
170
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ϣЄЂϼϿϿВЅІЄϼЄЂ϶ϴІА ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЏϽ ϶ϻϷϿГϸ Ёϴ ЃЄЂϵϿϹЀЇ ϴϵЅЂϿВІЁЂϷЂ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ϥϕϖ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ ϼ ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЏϽ ϴϿϷЂЄϼІЀ ϹϹ ЄϴϻЄϹЌϹЁϼГ ЀЂϺЁЂ Ѕ ЃЂЀЂЍАВ ГЄЋϴϽЌϹϽ ϼϻ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЏЉ ϶ ЄϹϷϼЂЁϹ «ϵϿϹЅІГЍϹϽ» ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ (ϸϴϿϹϹ — ϦϞ),2 ϴ ІЂЋЁϹϹ ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІЂ϶ ϼϻ ЃЂϸϾЇЄϷϴЁЁЏЉ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ ϹϹ «Њ϶ϹІЇЍϹϽ ЃЂЄЏ», ЃЂ ІϹЄЀϼЁЂϿЂϷϼϼ ЃϹЄ϶ЂЂІϾЄЏ϶ϴІϹϿГ БІϼЉ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϽ ϕ. ϔ. ϞЇЈІϼЁϴ. ϱІϴ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴ ϻϴЅϿЇϺϹЁЁЂ ϶ЂЌϿϴ ϶ ϻЂϿЂІЂϽ ЈЂЁϸ ЀϼЄЂ϶ЂϷЂ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ
ЁϴЅϿϹϸϼГ, ϵϿϴϷЂϸϴЄГ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϴЀ ϼϻ «ЊϴЄЅϾϼЉ» ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ, ЄϴϻЀϹЍϹЁЁЏЉ ϶ ϷϼϷϴЁІЅϾϼЉ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏЉ ϻϴϿϴЉ Ѕ ϸЄЂЀЂЅϴЀϼ. ϢЅЂϵϹЁЁЂЅІАВ ЁϴЌϹϷЂ ЃЂϸЉЂϸϴ ϶ ϸϴЁЁЂЀ ЅϿЇЋϴϹ Г϶ϿГϹІЅГ ЂЃЂЄϴ ϶ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЂЀ Ёϴ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼЂЁЁЏϹ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЀϹІЂϸЏ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼГ, ІϴϾ ϾϴϾ ϸϿГ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ϦϞ ЃЂϾϴ ЃЂϿЇЋϹЁЏ ϿϼЌА ϹϸϼЁϼЋЁЏϹ ϾϴϿϼϵЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϹ ϸϴІЏ ЃЂ 14ϥ. ϘϿГ ЇЅІϴЁЂ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼϼ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶
ϦϞ ϵЂϿАЌЂϹ ϻЁϴЋϹЁϼϹ ϼЀϹϹІ ВϺЁϴГ ϿϼЁϼГ ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁϼϻϴЊϼϼ Ѕ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏЀϼ Њϼ϶ϼϿϼϻϴЊϼГЀϼ,
϶ЄϹЀГ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼГ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЀЂϺЁЂ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϼІА ЃЂ ЃϼЅАЀϹЁЁЏЀ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾϴЀ.
ϣϹЄ϶ЂЂІϾЄЏ϶ϴІϹϿА ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾϼЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ϕ. ϔ. ϞЇЈІϼЁ (1941) ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴϿ ϵЂϷϴІЏϹ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЏ
«Њ϶ϹІЇЍϹϽ ЃЂЄЏ» ЅϹЄϹϸϼЁЂϽ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. Ϣ. Ϡ. ϘϺϴЃϴЄϼϸϻϹ (1969: 270) ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϼϿ ϶ЄϹЀГ ϼЉ ЅЂЂϩЂІГ ϴЄϹϴϿ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϻϴЉ϶ϴІЏ϶ϴϹІ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ЁЏЁϹЌЁϼЉ ϔϻϹЄϵϴϽϸϺϴЁϴ,
ϔЄЀϹЁϼϼ ϼ ϗЄЇϻϼϼ (ЄϼЅ. 1) ϼ ϶ ϿϼІϹЄϴІЇЄϹ ϶ЅІЄϹЋϴВІЅГ ЇІЂЋЁГВЍϼϹ Ёϴϻ϶ϴЁϼГ БІЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ: ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾЂϾϼЄЂ϶ϴϾϴЁЅϾϴГ ϼϿϼ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾЂ-϶ϴЁϴϸϻЂЄЅϾϴГ, — ЀЏ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЇϹЀ ЁϴϼЀϹЁЂ϶ϴЁϼϹ «ϦϞ».
2
. 1. ϣϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ ϼ ϘЄϹ϶ЁϹϷЂ ϖЂЅІЂϾϴ, ЇЃЂЀϼЁϴϹЀЏϹ ϶ ЅІϴІАϹ: — ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾЂϽ
ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ; — ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏϹ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ, ϸϹЀЂЁЅІЄϼЄЇВЍϼϹ ІϼЃЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЃϴЄϴϿϿϹϿϼ
ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЀ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϴЀ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ
Fig. 1. Caucasian and Near Eastern sites mentioned in the text: – burials of the Trialeti culture; — Near Eastern
sites showing typological parallels with the Trialeti culture materials
171
:
,
,
ЄЇϺϹЁϼГ ϶ ЃЄϹϸϹϿϴЉ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϽ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁЏ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϣЂϻϸЁϹϹ ϱ. Ϡ. ϗЂϷϴϸϻϹ (1972: 104), ЂЃϼЄϴГЅА Ёϴ
ЃϹЄϹϸЁϹϴϻϼϴІЅϾϼϹ ЃϴЄϴϿϿϹϿϼ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГЀ ϦϞ ϼ ЅЂ϶ЀϹЅІЁЂϹ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁϼϹ ϶ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾϼЉ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴЉ
«Њ϶ϹІЇЍϹϽ ЃЂЄЏ» ЄϴЅЃϼЅЁЂϽ ϼ ЋϹЄЁЂϿЂЍϹЁЂϽ ЃЂЅЇϸЏ ϴЄЉϴϼЋЁЂϷЂ ЂϵϿϼϾϴ, ЄϴϻϸϹϿϼϿ ϦϞ Ёϴ ІЄϼ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϷЄЇЃЃЏ ϼ ЄϴЅЃЄϹϸϹϿϼϿ БІϼ ϷЄЇЃЃЏ ϶ ЃЄϹϸϹϿϴЉ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϽ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁЏ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϣЄϼ
БІЂЀ ЅЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼϹ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЂ϶ ЅϴЀЂϽ ЄϴЁЁϹϽ ϷЄЇЃЃЏ «Њ϶ϹІЇЍϹϽ ЃЂЄЏ» ЂЁ ЂІЁϹЅ Ͼ XX–XVIII ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.
ϖ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІϹ ЃЂГ϶ϼϿϼЅА «ϾЂЄЂІϾϴГ» ϼ «ϸϿϼЁЁϴГ» ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼϼ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾϼЉ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЂ϶. Ϟ БІЂϽ ЃЄЂϵϿϹЀϹ ЂϵЄϴЍϴϿϼЅА ЀЁЂϷϼϹ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿϼ (ϞЇЌЁϴЄД϶ϴ 1993ϴ; ϠϴЄІϼЄЂЅГЁ 1964; ϡϴЄϼЀϴЁϼЌ϶ϼϿϼ ϗ.
2006; Shaeffer 1943; Minns 1943; Kuftin, Field 1946; Gimbutas 1965; Rubinson 1977; Puturidze 2003;
Zischow 2006). ϣЂЋІϼ ϶ЅϹ ЂЁϼ ЂІЁϹЅϿϼ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЏ «Њ϶ϹІЇЍϹϽ ЃЂЄЏ» Ͼ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϽ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁϹ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.
ϣЄϼ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁϼϼ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЅЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼГ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЂ϶ «Њ϶ϹІЇЍϹϽ ЃЂЄЏ» ЀЏ ЂЃϼЄϴϹЀЅГ, ϶ ЃϹЄ϶ЇВ
ЂЋϹЄϹϸА, Ёϴ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЁЂϹ ϶ ЁϼЉ ЀϹІϴϿϿϼЋϹЅϾЂϹ ЂЄЇϺϼϹ3. ϣЂЅІЂГЁЁϴГ ІϹЁϸϹЁЊϼГ Ͼ ЅЂ϶ϹЄЌϹЁЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼВ ЃЄϼϸϴϹІ ϹЀЇ ЂЅЂϵЂϹ ϻЁϴЋϹЁϼϹ ϸϿГ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶Ͼϼ ϼ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϼϻϴЊϼϼ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶. ϖ ЅЈϹЄϹ ϶ЂϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϸϹϿϴ ϶ ϸϴЁЁЏϽ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ЅϼІЇϴЊϼГ ϾϴЋϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂ ЀϹЁГϹІЅГ — ЃЂГ϶ϿГВІЅГ ЁЂ϶ЏϹ ЂϵЄϴϻЊЏ ЂЄЇϺϼГ:
ІЂЃЂЄЏ-ЅϹϾϼЄЏ, ϾЂЃАГ ЅЂ ϶ІЇϿАЋϴІЏЀ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾЂЀ, ЄЇϵГЍϼϹ ЀϹЋϼ ϼ ϾЂϿВЍϼϹ ЀϹЋϼ-«ЄϴЃϼЄЏ».
ϣЄЂϸϹϿϴϹЀ ЅЄϴ϶ЁϼІϹϿАЁЂ-ІϼЃЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ϴЁϴϿϼϻ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾϼЉ
Ѕ
϶ІЇϿϾЂϽ ϸϿГ ЁϴЅϴϸϴ (ЄϼЅ. 2). ϖЃϹЄ϶ЏϹ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЂϹ ϾЂЃАϹ ЅЂ Ѕ϶ϹЄЁЇІЂϽ ϶ІЇϿϾЂϽ ϵЏϿЂ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЂ ϕ. ϔ. ϞЇЈІϼЁЏЀ ϶ «ЊϴЄЅϾЂЀ» ϾЇЄϷϴЁϹ XV ϶ ϦЄϼϴϿϹІϼ (ϞЇЈІϼЁ 1941: 96, ІϴϵϿ. 106). ϥϴЀ ϾЂЁІϹϾЅІ
ЁϴЉЂϸϾϼ, ЅϹЄϹϵЄГЁЂϹ ϾЂϿАЊЂ Ёϴ ϶ІЇϿϾϹ ϼ ϾϴЁЁϹϿВЄЏ Ёϴ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІϼ ϾЂЃАГ ЇϾϴϻЏ϶ϴϿϼ Ёϴ ЃϴЄϴϸЁЏϽ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄ ЂЄЇϺϼГ (ЄϼЅ. 2, 4). ϖ ϸϴϿАЁϹϽЌϹЀ ϵЏϿϴ ЂІϾЄЏІϴ ЅϹЄϼГ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ БІЂϷЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ,
ϾϴϾ Ѕ ЃϴЄϴϸЁЏЀϼ ϾЂЃАГЀϼ ϶ БϿϼІЁЏЉ ЀЂϷϼϿϴЉ (ϠϹЅЉϹІϼ — Ѕ ϻЂϿЂІЏЀ ϾЂϿАЊЂЀ, ϖϴЁϴϸϻЂЄ [ϵЏ϶Ќ.
ϞϼЄЂ϶ϴϾϴЁ] — ЄϼЅ. 5, ; Devedjian 2006: fig. 139, 4), ІϴϾ ϼ Ѕ ЂϵЏЋЁЏЀϼ ϵЂϹ϶ЏЀϼ БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄϴЀϼ ϶
ЀЂϷϼϿϴЉ ЄГϸЂ϶ЏЉ ϶ЂϼЁЂ϶ (ϡЇϿϼ, Ϟ϶ϴЅϴІϴϿϼ, ϪϴϷ϶Ͽϼ, ϠϹІϹЉϼ, ϞϼЅІϴЇЄϼ ϼ ϸЄ.; ЄϼЅ. 2, 5, 6, 9, 10;
ϬϹЄϴϻϴϸϼЌ϶ϼϿϼ 2011; Picchelauri 1997: Taf. 70).
ϕ. ϔ. ϞЇЈІϼЁ, ϴ ϶ЅϿϹϸ ϻϴ ЁϼЀ Ϟ. ϬϹЈЈϹЄ, Ϡ. ϗϼЀϵЇІϴЅ ϼ Ϟ. ϤЇϵϼЁЅЂЁ (ϞЇЈІϼЁ 1941: 96;
Schaeffer 1943: 184; Gimbutas 1965: 92; Rubinson 1977: 247) ϶ ϾϴЋϹЅІ϶Ϲ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϽ ЃϴЄϴϿϿϹϿϼ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾЂЀЇ ϾЂЃАВ ЇϾϴϻЏ϶ϴϿϼ Ёϴ ϾЂЃАϹ ϼϻ ЃЂϷЄ. X ϶ ϣЄЂЅϼЀЁϹ Ёϴ ϞϹЈϴϿϴЄЅϾЂЀ ЉЂϿЀϹ (ЄϼЅ. 2, 15), ЂІЁЂЅГЍϹϹЅГ Ͼ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴЀ ЃЂϻϸЁϹБϿϿϴϸЅϾϼϽ II ϼ III (XV–XIII ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.). Ϟ. ϤЇϵϼЁЅЂЁ ЃЄϼ϶ϹϿϴ ϶ ϾϴЋϹЅІ϶Ϲ ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼϼ ІϴϾϺϹ ϾЂЃАГ ϼϻ ЃЂϷЄ. IV ϶ ϳϿϼЅЂЅϹ Ёϴ ϤЂϸЂЅϹ (ЄϼЅ. 2, 16; Rubinson 1977: 247). ϡϴϻ϶ϴЁЁЏϹ ЃϴЄϴϿϿϹϿϼ ϵЏϿϼ ЃЄϼЁГІЏ ϼ ЂІϹЋϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЀϼ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿГЀϼ. ϟϼЌА ϗ. ϟ. Ϟϴ϶ІϴЄϴϸϻϹ (1983: 131–132),
ЃЂЅІϴ϶ϼ϶ЌϼϽ ϻϴϸϴЋЇ ЇϸЄϹ϶ЁϹЁϼГ ϶ЅϹϽ ϾЂϿЂЁϾϼ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ϲϺЁЂϷЂ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ ϶ ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ϼϼ Ѕ ϾϴϿϼϵЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЀϼ ϻЁϴЋϹЁϼГЀϼ ϸϴІ ЃЂ 14ϥ, ЅЃЄϴ϶ϹϸϿϼ϶Ђ ЇϾϴϻϴϿ Ёϴ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼϹ Ёϴ ϣϹЄϹϸЁϹЀ ϖЂЅІЂϾϹ
ϾЂЃϼϽ ЅЂ Ѕ϶ϹЄЁЇІЂϽ ϶ІЇϿϾЂϽ ЇϺϹ ϶ ϾЂЁЊϹ III ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ЂЁ ЁϹ ЃЂЃЏІϴϿЅГ ЂϵЂЅЁЂ϶ϴІА
ЃЄϼ϶ϹϸϹЁЁЏϹ ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼϼ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾЂЀЇ ϾЂЃАВ ЃЄϼ ЃЂЀЂЍϼ
ЀϹІЂϸϴ,
ЃЂБІЂЀЇ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЁϴГ ϼЀ ІϴϵϿϼЊϴ ЃЂϸ϶ϹЄϷϿϴЅА ЂϵЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϽ ϾЄϼІϼϾϹ (ϔЁϸЄϹϹ϶ϴ 1987). ϦϴϾ, ϶ ϾϴЋϹЅІ϶Ϲ ЃϴЄϴϿϿϹϿϹϽ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾЂЀЇ ϾЂЃАВ ЂЁ ЃЄϼ϶ϹϿ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾϼ Ѕ ϿϼІЂϽ ϶ІЇϿϾЂϽ ϼϻ ϕЂЄЂϸϼЁЅϾЂϷЂ
ϾϿϴϸϴ, ϿϼІϹϽЁЇВ ЈЂЄЀЇ ϸϿГ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ЃЂϸЂϵЁЏЉ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾЂ϶ ϼϻ ϡЂ϶ЂϽ ϛϴϷЂЄЏ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ϾЂЃАГ
ЅЂ ЅІϹЄϺЁϹ϶ЏЀ ЁϴЅϴϸЂЀ ϼϻ ϾϿϴϸϴ ϶ ϔЄЅϿϴЁІϹЃϹ VI A (Ϟϴ϶ІϴЄϴϸϻϹ 1983: 133, ІϴϵϿ. VIII, 4, 9). ϡϴЀ
϶ϼϸϼІЅГ ЂЌϼϵЂЋЁЏЀ Ѕ ІЂЋϾϼ ϻЄϹЁϼГ ЀϹІЂϸϼϾϼ ЅЂЃЂЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϼϹ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ, ϶ЏЃЂϿЁϹЁЁЏЉ ϶ ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЂϽ
ІϹЉЁϼϾϹ.
ϢІЅЇІЅІ϶ϼϹ ϾЄϼІϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ϴЁϴϿϼϻϴ ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂЅІϼ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ЇЃЂЀГЁЇІЏЉ БϷϹϽЅϾϼЉ ЃϴЄϴϿϿϹϿϹϽ ϻϴ ЃЄЂЌϹϸЌϼϹ 70 ϿϹІ ЂϵЎГЅЁГϹІЅГ ІϹЀ, ЋІЂ ЅЂЃЂЅІϴ϶ϿГϿϼЅА ϹϸϼЁϼЋЁЏϹ БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄЏ
ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾЂ϶ ϼϻ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾЂϷЂ ϾЇЄϷϴЁϴ XV, ϣЄЂЅϼЀЁЏ ϼ ϳϿϼЅЂЅϴ. ϢϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЁЏϹ ϻϴ ЃЄЂЌϹϸЌϼϹ
ϸϹЅГІϼϿϹІϼГ ϾЂЃАГ ϶ БϷϹϽЅϾЂЀ, ЃϹЄϹϸЁϹ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂЀ ϼ Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾЂЀ ϴЄϹϴϿϴЉ (ϬϹЄϴϻϴϸϼЌ϶ϼϿϼ 2011;
Avila 1983; Maigret 1976; Erkanal 1977; Müller-Karpe M. 1996; Picchelauri 1997) ϸϴВІ ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂЅІА
ЃЄЂ϶ϹЅІϼ ЅЄϴ϶ЁϼІϹϿАЁЏϽ ϴЁϴϿϼϻ ϶ЅϹЉ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЏЉ ЁϴЉЂϸЂϾ (ЄϼЅ. 2).
ϖ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІϹ ЃЄЂϸϹϿϴЁЁЂϷЂ ϴЁϴϿϼϻϴ ϵЏϿЂ ЇЅІϴЁЂ϶ϿϹЁЂ, ЋІЂ БϷϹϽЅϾϼϹ ϾЂЃАГ ЂІϿϼЋϴВІЅГ ЂІ
Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼЉ ϼ ЃϹЄϹϸЁϹ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏЉ ЃЂ ЄГϸЇ ЃϴЄϴЀϹІЄЂ϶. ϣϹЄ϶ЂϹ ЄϴϻϿϼЋϼϹ ЂІЁЂЅϼІЅГ Ͼ ІϹЉЁЂϿЂϷϼϼ
ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ϾЂЃϼϽ. ϖ ϱϷϹϽЅϾЂЀ ЄϹϷϼЂЁϹ ЂІϿϼ϶ϴϿϼ ϶ІЇϿϾЇ ЅЂ ЌϿϼЊϹЀ, ϾЄϴГ ϾЂІЂЄЂϷЂ ϻϴІϹЀ ЄϴЅϾЂ϶Џ϶ϴϿϼ. ϡϴ Ϟϴ϶ϾϴϻϹ, ϾϴϾ ϼ Ёϴ ϣϹЄϹϸЁϹЀ ϖЂЅІЂϾϹ, ϻϴ ЄϹϸϾϼЀ ϼЅϾϿВЋϹЁϼϹЀ, ЁϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ ϟЂЄϼ ϕϹЄϸ,
ϣЂϸЂϵЁϴГ ЄϴϵЂІϴ ЁϴЀϼ ЇϺϹ ЃЄЂ϶ЂϸϼϿϴЅА ϶ ЅЂІЄЇϸЁϼЋϹЅІ϶Ϲ Ѕ Ϟ. ϩ. ϞЇЌЁϴЄД϶ЂϽ ϶ ЄϴЀϾϴЉ ЃЄЂϹϾІϴ
ϤϗϡϨ № 01-01-00122ϴ (ϞЇЌЁϴЄД϶ϴ, ϤЏЅϼЁ 1998; 2000; 2001; 2003; 2004). ϥЄϴ϶ЁϼІϹϿАЁЂ-ІϼЃЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ϴЁϴϿϼϻ ЀϹІϴϿϿϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ ϦϞ ϵЏϿ ϶ЏЃЂϿЁϹЁ ϴ϶ІЂЄЂЀ ЅІϴІАϼ. ϣЂГ϶ϿϹЁϼϹ ЁЂ϶ЏЉ ГЄϾϼЉ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿЂ϶ ϼ ЃЇϵϿϼϾϴЊϼϽ ϶ЏϻЏ϶ϴϹІ ЃЂІЄϹϵЁЂЅІА ϶ЁЂ϶А ЂϵЄϴІϼІАЅГ Ͼ ϸϴЁЁЂϽ ІϹЀϴІϼϾϹ.
3
172
,
,
. 2. ϖІЇϿАЋϴІЏϹ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾϼ ϾЂЃϼϽ: 1 — ϤϴЅ-ϬϴЀЄϴ; 2 — ϞВϿАІϹЃϹ II; 3 — ϔЌЌЇЄ; 4 — ϦЄϼϴϿϹІϼ;
5 — ϔЉЋϼϴ; 6 — Ϟ϶ϴЅϴІϴϿϼ; 7 — ϖϴЁϴϸϻЂЄ (ϞϼЄЂ϶ϴϾϴЁ); 8 — ϟЂЄϼ ϕϹЄϸ, ЃЂϷЄ. 77; 9 — ϟЂЄϼ ϕϹЄϸ, ЃЂϷЄ. 74;
10 — ϡϹЄϾϼЁ ϡϴ϶ϹЄ, ϾЇЄϷ. 5ϕ; 11–12 — ϔϿϼϾϹЀϹϾІϹЃϹ, ЃЂϷЄ. 80; 13 — ϞВϿАІϹЃϹ Ib; 14 — ϠϼϾϹЁЏ; 15 —
ϣЄЂЅϼЀЁϴ; 16 — ϳϿϼЅЂЅ (1 — ЃЂ Schaeffer 1962; 2 — ЃЂ Erkanal 1977; 3 — ЃЂ Müller-Karpe M. 1996; 4–5 —
ЃЂ Picchelauri 1997; 6 — ЃЂ ϬϹЄϴϻϴϸϼЌ϶ϼϿϼ 2011; 7–9 — ЃЂ Devedjian 2006; 10 — ЃЂ ϥϼЀЂЁГЁ 2011; 11–12 —
ЃЂ ϠϴЉЀЇϸЂ϶ 2008; 13 — ЃЂ Özgüç 1959; 14–15 — ЃЂ Avila 1983; 16 — ЃЂ Maigret 1976)
Fig. 2. Socketed spearheads: 1 — Ras-Shamra; 2 — Kyultepe II; 3 — Ashur; 4 — Trialeti; 5 — Akhchia; 6 —
Kvasatali; 7 — Vanadzor (Kirovakan); 8 — Lori Berd, burial 77; 9 — Lori Berd, burial 74; 10 — Nerkin Naver,
barrow 5ϕ; 11–12 — Alikemektepe, burial 80; 13 — Kyultepe Ib; 14 — Mycenae; 15 — Prosimna; 16 — Ialysos
(1 — after Schaeffer 1962; 2 — after Erkanal 1977; 3 — after Müller-Karpe M. 1996; 4–5 — after Picchelauri
1997; 6 — after ϬϹЄϴϻϴϸϼЌ϶ϼϿϼ 2011; 7–9 — after Devedjian 2006; 10 — after ϥϼЀЂЁГЁ 2011; 11–12 — after
ϠϴЉЀЇϸЂ϶ 2008; 13 — after Özgüç 1959; 14–15 — after Avila 1983; 16 — after Maigret 1976)
173
:
,
,
ЃЂϷЄ. 77 (ЄϼЅ. 2, 8; 6, ), ЂІϿϼ϶ϴϿϼ ЃϿЂЅϾЇВ ϿЂЃϴІЂЂϵЄϴϻЁЇВ ϻϴϷЂІЂ϶ϾЇ, ϻϴІϹЀ ϹϹ ЌϼЄЂϾЇВ ЋϴЅІА
ЄϴЅϾЂ϶Џ϶ϴϿϼ ϼ ЈЂЄЀЂ϶ϴϿϼ ϶Ђ ϶ІЇϿϾЇ (Avila 1983: 81; Müller-Karpe M. 1996: 290).
ϣЄϼЁЊϼЃϼϴϿАЁЂ ЂІϿϼЋϴϹІЅГ ІϴϾϺϹ ЅЃЂЅЂϵ ϻϴϾЄϹЃϿϹЁϼГ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾϴ Ёϴ ϸЄϹ϶ϾϹ. ϱϷϹϽЅϾϼϹ ϾЂЃАГ
ϼЀϹВІ ϶ ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁϼϼ ϶ІЇϿϾϼ ϿϼІЂϹ ϾЂϿАЊЂ, ϶ЏЌϹ ϾЂІЂЄЂϷЂ (Ёϴ ЄϴЅЅІЂГЁϼϼ ЂϸЁЂϽ ЃГІЂϽ ϸϿϼЁЏ ϶ІЇϿϾϼ)
ϼЀϹВІЅГ ЂІ϶ϹЄЅІϼГ ϸϿГ ЌІϼЈІϴ, ЈϼϾЅϼЄЇВЍϹϷЂ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾ. ϧ ϵЂϿАЌϼЁЅІ϶ϴ ϺϹ Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼЉ ϼ ЃϹЄϹϸЁϹ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏЉ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾЂ϶ ϾЂϿАЊЂ ЂІЅЇІЅІ϶ЇϹІ, ϴ ЂІ϶ϹЄЅІϼГ ϸϿГ ЌІϼЈІϴ ЄϴЅЃЂϿЂϺϹЁЏ Ї ЅϴЀЂϷЂ ϾЄϴГ
϶ІЇϿϾϼ. ϞЂϿАЊϴ ϼϻ ϸЄϴϷЂЊϹЁЁЏЉ ЀϹІϴϿϿЂ϶ ϹЅІА ІЂϿАϾЂ Ёϴ ЃϴЄϴϸЁЏЉ БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄϴЉ (ϦЄϼϴϿϹІϼ, ϠϹЅЉϹІϼ),
ЃЄϼЋϹЀ Ёϴ ЁϼЉ ЌІϼЈІЂ϶ЂϹ ЂІ϶ϹЄЅІϼϹ ЁϴЉЂϸϼІЅГ Ї ЅϴЀЂϷЂ ϾЄϴГ ϶ІЇϿϾϼ, ІϴϾ ЋІЂ ЌІϼЈІ ЃЄЂЉЂϸϼϿ ЋϹЄϹϻ
ϾЂϿАЊЂ. ϡϴ ϣϹЄϹϸЁϹЀ ϖЂЅІЂϾϹ ϾЂϿАЊϴ Ёϴ ϾЂЃАГЉ ІϴϾϺϹ ϶ЅІЄϹЋϴВІЅГ ІЂϿАϾЂ Ёϴ ЃϴЄϴϸЁЏЉ БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄϴЉ.
ϦϴϾϼϹ ϾЂϿАЊϴ, ϾϴϾ ϼ Ёϴ Ϟϴ϶ϾϴϻϹ, ЂϵЏЋЁЂ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁЏ ϼϻ ϿϼЅІЂ϶ЂϷЂ ЀϹІϴϿϿϴ. ϜЅϾϿВЋϹЁϼϹ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿГϹІ
ϿϼІЂϹ ϻЂϿЂІЂϹ ϾЂϿАЊЂ ϾЂЃАГ ϼϻ ϞВϿАІϹЃϹ (ϞϴЄЇЀ ϞϴЁϼЌϴ, ЅϿЂϽ Ib) Ї Ϸ. ϞϴϽЅϹЄϼ, ϶ ϠϴϿЂϽ ϔϻϼϼ, ЂϸЁϴϾЂ
БІЂ ϾЂЃАϹ ϼЀϹϿЂ ЇϺϹ
ЅϿϹЃЇВ ϶ІЇϿϾЇ (ЄϼЅ. 2, 13; Özgüç 1959: 58, fig. 66). ϢІ϶ϹЄЅІϼГ ϸϿГ ЈϼϾЅϼЄЇВЍϹϷЂ ЌІϼЈІϴ Ї ЃϹЄϹϸЁϹ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏЉ ϾЂЃϼϽ ЄϴЅЃЂϿϴϷϴВІЅГ ϿϼϵЂ Ёϴ ϾЄϴВ ϶ІЇϿϾϼ (ЁϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ, ЁϴЉЂϸϾϼ ϼϻ
ϤϴЅ-ϬϴЀЄЏ, ϕϼϵϿϴ, ϦϹϿϿА ϔЅЀϴЄϴ; Maigret 1976: Abb. 25, 2–4; Müller-Karpe M. 1996: Abb. 32, 4, 6), ϿϼϵЂ
Ёϴ ЄϴЅЅІЂГЁϼϼ ЂІ ϾЄϴГ ϶ІЇϿϾϼ, ϾϴϾ Ї БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄϴ ϼϻ ϤϴЅ-ϬϴЀЄЏ (ЄϼЅ. 2, 1).
ϕЂϿАЌϴГ ЋϴЅІА Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼЉ ϾЂЃϼϽ ϼЀϹϹІ ЇϻϾϼϹ ЃЄЂЄϹϻϼ Ї ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ϶ІЇϿϾϼ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЀЂϷϿϼ
ЅϿЇϺϼІА ϸϿГ ЃЄЂЃЇЅϾϴЁϼГ ЄϹЀЁГ, ЅІГϷϼ϶ϴВЍϹϷЂ ϹϹ ϾЄϴГ. ϦϴϾЂϽ ЅЃЂЅЂϵ ЈϼϾЅϴЊϼϼ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾϴ Ёϴ
ϸЄϹ϶ϾϹ ϶ЏϷϿГϸϼІ ϵЂϿϹϹ ϴЄЉϴϼЋЁЂ ЅЄϴ϶ЁϼІϹϿАЁЂ Ѕ БϷϹϽЅϾϼЀϼ ϼ ϸϴϺϹ Ѕ ϵЂϿϹϹ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϼЀϼ ЃϹЄϹϸЁϹ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏЀϼ БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄϴЀϼ. ϜЁІϹЄϹЅЁЂ, ЋІЂ ϶ ϡϼϺЁϹЀ ϣЂ϶ЂϿϺАϹ (ЃЂЅϹϿЂϾ ϥІЂЄЂϺϹ϶Ͼϴ), Ёϴ ЅϹ϶ϹЄϹ ЅІϹЃЁЂϽ ϻЂЁЏ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ϙ϶ЄЂЃЏ, ЁϹϸϴ϶ЁЂ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁ ϶ІЇϿАЋϴІЏϽ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾ ϾЂЃАГ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ
ІϴϾϺϹ ЈϼϾЅϼЄЂ϶ϴϿЅГ ЃЄϼ ЃЂЀЂЍϼ ϾЂϺϴЁЂϷЂ ЄϹЀЁГ, ЃЄЂЃЇЍϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϶ ЃЄЂЄϹϻϼ Ї ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ϶ІЇϿϾϼ
(ϟГЉЂ϶ 1996: ЄϼЅ. 2). ϦϴϾЂϽ ϺϹ ϴЄЉϴϼЋЁЏϽ ЅЃЂЅЂϵ ЈϼϾЅϴЊϼϼ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾϴ Ёϴ ϸЄϹ϶ϾϹ ϻϴЈϼϾЅϼЄЂ϶ϴЁ
Ї ЁϴЉЂϸϾϼ ϼϻ ϾЇЄϷ. 1 Ї ЅІ. ϞЂЁϸЄϴЌϼЁЅϾЂϽ Ёϴ ϖϹЄЉЁϹЀ ϘЂЁЇ. ϱІЂІ БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄ ЂІЁЂЅϼІЅГ Ͼ ЅϼЁІϴЌІϼЁЅϾЂϽ ϷЄЇЃЃϹ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ЈϼЁϴϿϴ ϥϕϖ (ϣЄГЉϼЁ, ϕϹЅϹϸϼЁ 1992: ЄϼЅ. 3, 3).
ϱϷϹϽЅϾϼϹ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾϼ ЂІϿϼЋϴВІЅГ ЂІ Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼЉ ϾЂЃϼϽ ϼ ЃЂ Ѕ϶ЂϼЀ ЃЄЂЃЂЄЊϼГЀ. ϧ БϷϹϽЅϾϼЉ БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄЂ϶, ϶ ІЂЀ ЋϼЅϿϹ ϼϻ ϣЄЂЅϼЀЁЏ ϼ ϳϿϼЅЂЅϴ, ϸϿϼЁϴ ЃϹЄϴ ϶ ϸ϶ϴ-ІЄϼ Єϴϻϴ ϵЂϿАЌϹ ϸϿϼЁЏ
϶ІЇϿϾϼ, ϴ Ї Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼЉ ϾЂЃϼϽ ЃϹЄЂ ϿϼϵЂ Єϴ϶ЁЂ ϶ІЇϿϾϹ, ϿϼϵЂ ϸϿϼЁЁϹϹ ϹϹ ЀϴϾЅϼЀЇЀ ϶ ЃЂϿІЂЄϴ Єϴϻϴ.
ϣЂϸЂϵЁЏϹ ЃЄЂЃЂЄЊϼϼ ЃЄϼ϶ЂϸϼϿϼ Ͼ Ї϶ϹϿϼЋϹЁϼВ ϶ϹЅϴ, ϴ ЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿАЁЂ, Ͼ ЃЂ϶ЏЌϹЁϼВ ЅϼϿЏ ЇϸϴЄϴ,
ЁϴЁЂЅϼЀЂϷЂ БϷϹϽЅϾϼЀϼ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾϴЀϼ, ЃЂ ЅЄϴ϶ЁϹЁϼВ Ѕ Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼЀϼ ϾЂЃАГЀϼ. ϖϹЄЂГІЁЂ, БІЂ Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁЂ Ѕ ЅЂ϶ϹЄЌϹЁЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼϹЀ ϻϴЍϼІЁЂϷЂ ϶ЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼГ ϶ БϷϹϽЅϾЂЀ ЄϹϷϼЂЁϹ ϶ ЃЂϻϸЁϹЀ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЂЀ ϶ϹϾϹ
(ϸϴϿϹϹ — ϣϕϖ).
ϡϴϾЂЁϹЊ, БϷϹϽЅϾϼϹ ϾЂЃАГ ЂІϿϼЋϴВІЅГ ЂІ Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼЉ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾЂ϶ ЈЂЄЀЂϽ ЃϹЄϴ ϼ ЃЂЃϹЄϹЋЁЏЀ ЅϹЋϹЁϼϹЀ ЊϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ЄϹϵЄϴ. ϖ ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ϼϼ Ѕ БІϼЀϼ ϸ϶ЇЀГ ЃϴЄϴЀϹІЄϴЀϼ ϶ЏϸϹϿϹЁЂ ϸϹ϶ГІА
ІϼЃЂ϶ БϷϹϽЅϾϼЉ ϾЂЃϼϽ (Avila 1983: 5). ϕЂϿАЌϼЁЅІ϶Ђ ϼϻ ЁϼЉ ϼЀϹϹІ ЃЂϸІЄϴЃϹЊϼϹ϶ϼϸЁЂϹ ϶ ЅϹЋϹЁϼϼ ЊϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϹ ЄϹϵЄЂ. Ϟϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼϹ ϺϹ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾϼ ϵЂϿϹϹ ЂϸЁЂЄЂϸЁЏ; ϼЉ ЃϹЄЂ ϼЀϹϹІ ЇϸϿϼЁϹЁЁЂ-ЃЂϸІЄϹЇϷЂϿАЁЇВ ЈЂЄЀЇ Ѕ ϶ЏϷЁЇІЏЀϼ ϵЂϾЂ϶ЏЀϼ ϿϹϻ϶ϼГЀϼ, ЃЄϼЂЅІЄϹЁЁЏЀ (ϿϼϵЂ ϻϴϾЄЇϷϿϹЁЁЏЀ) ϾЂЁЊЂЀ ϼ
϶ЂϷЁЇІЏЀϼ ЃϿϹЋϼϾϴЀϼ; ЊϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϹ ЄϹϵЄЂ ϶ ЃЂЃϹЄϹЋЁЂЀ ЅϹЋϹЁϼϼ ЃЂϸІЄϹЇϷЂϿАЁЂϹ ϿϼϵЂ ЂϾЄЇϷϿЂϹ.
ϜЅϾϿВЋϹЁϼϹ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿГϹІ ϾЂЃАϹ ϼϻ ЃЂϷЄ. 80 Ёϴ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϼ ϔϿϼϾϹЀϹϾІϹЃϹ (ϔϻϹЄϵϴϽϸϺϴЁ) Ѕ ЇЃϿЂЍϹЁЁЂ-Ђ϶ϴϿАЁЏЀ ϶ ЃЂЃϹЄϹЋЁЂЀ ЅϹЋϹЁϼϼ ЊϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЏЀ ЄϹϵЄЂЀ, ЁЂ ЂЁЂ ϼЀϹϹІ ϶ЂЅАЀϼϷЄϴЁЁЇВ
ЅϿϹЃЇВ ϶ІЇϿϾЇ (ЄϼЅ. 2, 11; 5, ; ϠϴЉЀЇϸЂ϶ ϼ ϸЄ. 2003: 152, ЄϼЅ. 3, 6). ϣЂ ЈЂЄЀϹ ЃϹЄϴ Ͼ Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼЀ
ϾЂЃАГЀ ϵϿϼϻϾϼ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾϼ ІϼЃЂ϶ V ϼ VI (Avila 1983) ϼϻ ϣЄЂЅϼЀЁЏ ϼ ϳϿϼЅЂЅϴ, ЂϸЁϴϾЂ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϼϹ
ЂІϿϼЋϴВІЅГ ЂІ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾϼЉ ЃЄЂЃЂЄЊϼГЀϼ ϼ ЃЂϸІЄϴЃϹЊϼϹ϶ϼϸЁЏЀ ϶ ЅϹЋϹЁϼϼ ЊϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЏЀ ЄϹϵЄЂЀ
(Ibid.: 35–40, Taf. 12–14). ϕЂϿϹϹ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϼϹ ЀϼϾϹЁЅϾϼϹ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾϼ (ІϼЃ II) ϼЀϹВІ ЃЂϸІЄϹЇϷЂϿАЁЂϹ ϶
ЅϹЋϹЁϼϼ ЊϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϹ ЄϹϵЄЂ ϼ ϵϿϼϻϾϼ Ͼ Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼЀ ЃЂ ЃЄЂЃЂЄЊϼГЀ, ЁЂ ϴϵЄϼЅ ЃϹЄϴ Ї ЁϼЉ ϿϼЅІЂ϶ϼϸЁЏϽ (ЄϼЅ. 2, 14; Ibid.: 9–12, Taf. 2, 3). ϤϴϻϿϼЋϴВІЅГ ϸϴϺϹ ІϴϾϼϹ ϸϹІϴϿϼ, ϾϴϾ ϾϴЁЁϹϿВЄЏ, ЇϾЄϴЌϴВЍϼϹ
ϾЂЃАГ ϼϻ ϣЄЂЅϼЀЁЏ ϼ ϼϻ ϾЇЄϷ. XV ϦЄϼϴϿϹІϼ: ϾϴЁЁϹϿВЄЏ Ёϴ БϷϹϽЅϾϼЉ ϾЂЃАГЉ ЃЄЂЉЂϸГІ ЃϴЄϴϿϿϹϿАЁЂ
ϸЂ ЅϴЀЂϷЂ ϾЂЁЊϴ ЃϹЄϴ, ІЂϷϸϴ ϾϴϾ Ёϴ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾЂЀ БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄϹ ЂЁϼ ЅЉЂϸГІЅГ ϶ЀϹЅІϹ Ͼ ЅϹЄϹϸϼЁϹ ϸϿϼЁЏ
ЃϹЄϴ, ϾϴϾ ϼ ϾϴЁЁϹϿВЄЏ Ёϴ ϾϿϼЁϾϴЉ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾϼЉ ϾϼЁϺϴϿЂ϶.
ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ϼϻ ЅЂІЁϼ БϷϹϽЅϾϼЉ ϾЂЃϼϽ, ϶ЂЌϹϸЌϼЉ ϶ Ѕ϶ЂϸϾЇ Ϥ. ϔ϶ϼϿЏ, ϿϼЌА ϹϸϼЁϼЋЁЏϹ
БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄЏ (ϣЄЂЅϼЀЁϴ, ϳϿϼЅЂЅ, ϡϴ϶ЃϿϼГ) ϸϹЀЂЁЅІЄϼЄЇВІ ЅЉЂϸЅІ϶Ђ Ѕ Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼЀϼ, ϸϴ ϼ ІЂ ЃЂ
ϹϸϼЁЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂЀЇ ЃЄϼϻЁϴϾЇ — ЃЂ ЈЂЄЀϹ ЃϹЄϴ Ѕ ϾЂЅЂ ЅЄϹϻϴЁЁЏЀϼ ϶ЂϷЁЇІЏЀϼ ЃϿϹЋϼϾϴЀϼ4. ϱІЂ Ђϵϖ ϳϿϼЅЂЅϹ ϶ЀϹЅІϹ Ѕ ϾЂЃАГЀϼ, ЃЂЉЂϺϼЀϼ Ёϴ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾϼϹ, ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄЏ Ѕ ЃϹЄЂЀ ϿϼЅІЂ϶ϼϸЁЂϽ ЈЂЄЀЏ, ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЂϽ ϸϿГ Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼЉ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾЂ϶ БЃЂЉϼ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ (Picchelauri 1997: Taf. 72–75).
4
174
,
,
. 3. ϦЂЃЂЄЏ-ЅϹϾϼЄЏ, ІϼЃ ϦϹЃϹ ϗϴ϶Єϴ: 1 — ϞϴЄЅ; 2 — ϦϹЃϹ ϗϴ϶Єϴ; 3 — ϕϼϿϿϴ; 4 — ϞВϸЇЄϿϼ; 5 —
ϞВϿАІϹЃϹ; 6 — ϟϹЁϼЁϴϾϴЁ; 7–8 — ϡϴ϶ЇЄ; 9 — ϟЇЄϼЅІϴЁ; 10 — ϖϴЁϴϸϻЂЄ (ϞϼЄЂ϶ϴϾϴЁ); 11 — ϔϿϼϾϹЀϹϾІϹЃϹ;
12 — ϗЄЀϴ-ϷϹϿϹ; 13 — ϩЂЄϹϸϺ (1–3 ЃЂ Müller-Karpe M. 1996; 4 — ЃЂ ϔЉЇЁϸЂ϶ 2001; 5 — ЃЂ Erkanal 1977;
6–8, 10, 12 — ЃЂ Picchelauri 1997; 9 — ЃЂ Deshayes 1960; 11 — ЃЂ ϠϴЉЀЇϸЂ϶ 2008; 13 — ЃЂ ϞЂІЂ϶ϼЋ ϖ. Ϡ.,
ϞЂІЂ϶ϼЋ ϖ. ϗ. 1973)
Fig. 3. Tepe Gawra type axes: 1 — Kars; 2 — Tepe Gawra; 3 — Billa; 4 — Kyudurli; 5 — Kyultepe; 6 — Leninakan;
7–8 — Navur; 9 — Luristan; 10 — Vanadzor (Kirovakan); 11 — Alikemektepe; 12 — Grmagele; 13 — Khoredj (1–3
after Müller-Karpe M. 1996; 4 — after ϔЉЇЁϸЂ϶ 2001; 5 — after Erkanal 1977; 6–8, 10, 12 — after Picchelauri 1997;
9 — after Deshayes 1960; 11 — after ϠϴЉЀЇϸЂ϶ 2008; 13 — after ϞЂІЂ϶ϼЋ ϖ. Ϡ., ϞЂІЂ϶ϼЋ ϖ. ϗ. 1973)
175
:
,
,
ЅІЂГІϹϿАЅІ϶Ђ, ЇЋϼІЏ϶ϴГ ЃϹЄϹЋϼЅϿϹЁЁЏϹ ϶ЏЌϹ ЄϴϻϿϼЋϼГ, ЁϹ ϸϴϹІ ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂЅІϼ ϸϿГ ϼЉ ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁϼϻϴЊϼϼ ϼ, ЅϾЂЄϹϹ ϶ЅϹϷЂ, ЀЂϺϹІ ϵЏІА ЂϵЎГЅЁϹЁЂ ЂϵЍϼЀϼ ЃϹЄϹϸЁϹ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏЀϼ ЃЄЂІЂІϼЃϴЀϼ ϼ БϷϹϽЅϾϼЉ,
ϼ Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼЉ ϾЂЃϼϽ.
ϜІЂϷϼ ЅЂЃЂЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ϸϹІϴϿϹϽ Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼЉ ϾЂЃϼϽ Ѕ БϷϹϽЅϾϼЀϼ БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄϴЀϼ ЃЄϼ϶ЂϸГІ Ͼ ϻϴϾϿВЋϹЁϼВ Ђ ϵЂϿАЌϹϽ ϴЄЉϴϼЋЁЂЅІϼ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾϼЉ ЂϵЄϴϻЊЂ϶. ϱІϴ ϴЄЉϴϼЋЁЂЅІА ЂϵЎГЅЁГϹІЅГ ІϹЀ, ЋІЂ
ЅЄϴ϶Ёϼ϶ϴϹЀЏϹ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ ЃЄϼЁϴϸϿϹϺϴϿϼ Ͼ ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЏЀ БЃЂЉϴЀ ϼ БІϴЃϴЀ ϶ Єϴϻ϶ϼІϼϼ ЀϹІϴϿϿЂЂϵЄϴϵЂІϾϼ. ϜЅЉЂϸГ ϼϻ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϼЉ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЅЉϹЀ, ϶ БϷϹϽЅϾЂЀ ЄϹϷϼЂЁϹ ϶ІЇϿАЋϴІЏϹ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾϼ
϶ЃϹЄ϶ЏϹ ЃЂГ϶ϼϿϼЅА ІЂϿАϾЂ ϶ ϾЂЁЊϹ ЅЄϹϸЁϹБϿϿϴϸЅϾЂϷЂ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ (XVIII–XVII ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.), ϴ БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄЏ, ЅЂЃЂЅІϴ϶ϿГ϶ЌϼϹЅГ ЄϴЁϹϹ Ѕ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾϼЀ ϾЂЃАϹЀ, ЂІЁЂЅГІЅГ Ͼ ЃЂϻϸЁϹБϿϿϴϸЅϾЂЀЇ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЇ (XVII/
XVI–XII ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.)5. ϣЂГ϶ϿϹЁϼВ ϶ІЇϿАЋϴІЏЉ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾЂ϶ ϶ ϱϷϹϽЅϾЂЀ ЄϹϷϼЂЁϹ ЃЄϹϸЌϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴϿЂ
ϸϿϼІϹϿАЁЂϹ ϼЉ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴЁϼϹ ϼ ЇЅЂ϶ϹЄЌϹЁЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼϹ (ϵЂϿϹϹ 300 ϿϹІ) Ёϴ ϣϹЄϹϸЁϹЀ ϖЂЅІЂϾϹ. ϜЀϹЁЁЂ
ЃЂБІЂЀЇ ІϹЉЁЂϿЂϷϼГ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ϼ ЅЃЂЅЂϵ ЈϼϾЅϴЊϼϼ Ёϴ ϸЄϹ϶ϾϹ БϷϹϽЅϾϼЉ ϾЂЃϼϽ ϵЂϿϹϹ ЃЄЂϷЄϹЅЅϼ϶ЁЏ ЃЂ ЅЄϴ϶ЁϹЁϼВ Ѕ ЃϹЄϹϸЁϹ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏЀϼ ϼ Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼЀϼ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾϴЀϼ, ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿГ϶ЌϼЀϼЅГ ϻЁϴЋϼІϹϿАЁЂ ЄϴЁАЌϹ ЃϹЄ϶ЏЉ. ϕЂϿϹϹ ІЂϷЂ, ϶ ϗЄϹЊϼϼ ϶ ЃЂϻϸЁϹБϿϿϴϸЅϾϼϽ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ЇϺϹ ЃЄϼЀϹЁГϿЅГ ЅЃЂЅЂϵ
ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ϾЂЃϼϽ Ѕ ϿϼІЂϽ ЅϿϹЃЂϽ ϶ІЇϿϾЂϽ, ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЏϽ ϸϿГ ЀϴЅІϹЄЅϾϼЉ ϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϽ ϼ ϲϷЂϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ϙ϶ЄЂЃЏ Ѕ ЁϴЋϴϿϴ ϣϕϖ.
ϡϴ ϲϺЁЂЀ Ϟϴ϶ϾϴϻϹ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾϼ Ѕ ϿϼІЂϽ ЅϿϹЃЂϽ ϶ІЇϿϾЂϽ ІϴϾϺϹ ЌϼЄЂϾЂ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁГВІЅГ ϶ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЉ ϣϕϖ. ϜϻЂϵЄϹІϹЁϼϹ ЅЃЂЅЂϵϴ ЂІϿϼ϶Ͼϼ ϶ІЇϿАЋϴІЏЉ ϾЂЃϼϽ ϶ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ЁЂϽ ϿϼІϹϽЁЂϽ
ЈЂЄЀϹ Ѕ ЅϹЄϸϹЋЁϼϾЂЀ ЃЄϼЁϴϸϿϹϺϼІ, ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂ, ЃϹЄϹϸЁϹ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏЀ ЀϹІϴϿϿЇЄϷϴЀ. ϛϸϹЅА, ϶ ϕϼϵϿϹ ϼ
϶ ϞϴЄЇЀϹ ϞϴЁϼЌϴ, ϶ ЅϿЂГЉ ЁϴЋϴϿϴ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾϼ Ѕ ϿϼІЂϽ ЅϿϹЃЂϽ ϶ІЇϿϾЂϽ (Schaeffer 1962: fig. 28, J; Özgüç 1959: 58, fig. 66), ϴ ϶ ЀϴЅІϹЄЅϾЂϽ № 7 ЅϿЂГ II ϞϴЄЇЀϴ ϞϴЁϼЌϴ
ЁϴϽϸϹЁϴ ϾϴЀϹЁЁϴГ ϿϼІϹϽЁϴГ ЈЂЄЀϴ ϸϿГ ЂІϿϼ϶Ͼϼ ЃЂϸЂϵЁЏЉ ϾЂЃϼϽ (Müller-Karpe A. 1994a: 150,
212, Taf. 50, 1–2). ϖϹЄЂГІЁЂ, Ѕ ЃЄЂϸЇϾЊϼϹϽ ЀϴЅІϹЄЅϾϼЉ ϞϴЁϼЌϴ Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁЂ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϹ ЃЂГ϶ϿϹЁϼϹ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾЂ϶ Ѕ ϿϼІЂϽ ϶ІЇϿϾЂϽ ϶ БϿϼІЁЏЉ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГЉ ϦϞ — ϖϴЁϴϸϻЂЄ, ϔϿϼϾϹЀϹϾІϹЃϹ (Devedjian
2006: fig. 139, 4; ϠϴЉЀЇϸЂ϶ ϼ ϸЄ. 2003: 152, ЄϼЅ. 3, 6) (ЄϼЅ. 2, 7; 5, – ). ϞЂЃАГ Ѕ ϿϼІЂϽ ϶ІЇϿϾЂϽ ϼϻ
ϕϼϵϿϴ ϼ ϞϴЄЇЀϴ ϞϴЁϼЌϴ ЅϵϿϼϺϴВІЅГ Ѕ ϿϼІЏЀ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾЂЀ ϼϻ ϔϿϼϾϹЀϹϾІϹЃϹ ЃЂ ЁϹЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЂЀЇ ϸϿГ ЂЅІϴϿАЁЏЉ ϾЂЃϼϽ ϦϞ ЃЂЃϹЄϹЋЁЂЀЇ ЅϹЋϹЁϼВ ϾϿϼЁϾϴ — ЇЃϿЂЍϹЁЁЂ-ІЄϴЃϹЊϼϹ϶ϼϸЁЂЀЇ
(ЄϼЅ. 2, 11, 13).
ϜІϴϾ, БϷϹϽЅϾϼϹ ϼ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾϼϹ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ Ѕ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾϴЀϼ ϾЂЃϼϽ ЃЄϼЁϴϸϿϹϺϴІ Ͼ ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЏЀ БІϴЃϴЀ Єϴϻ϶ϼІϼГ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЂϷЂ ϶ϹϾϴ, «ЅІϹЄϺЁϹЀ» ϾЂІЂЄЂϷЂ Г϶ϿГϿЅГ ЃЄЂϷЄϹЅЅ ЀϹІϴϿϿЂЂϵЄϴϵЂІϾϼ
(ϕЂЋϾϴЄД϶ 1995: 29). ϣЂБІЂЀЇ ЃЄϼ϶ϿϹЋϹЁϼϹ БϷϹϽЅϾϼЉ ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼϽ ϸϿГ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾЂϷЂ ϾЂЃАГ ϶ Ѕ϶ϹІϹ ЁЂ϶ϹϽЌϼЉ ϸϴЁЁЏЉ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿГϹІЅГ ЀϹІЂϸϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ЂЌϼϵϾЂϽ. ϣЂϸЂϵЁϴГ ЂЃϿЂЌЁЂЅІА, ЂϵЎГЅЁϼЀϴГ ЁϹϸЂЅІϴІϾЂЀ ЂЃЇϵϿϼϾЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЉ Ͼ ІЂЀЇ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿЂ϶ ϼϻ ϦЄϼϴϿϹІϼ, ϵЏϿϴ ϸЂЃЇЍϹЁϴ
Ϟ. ϬϹЈЈϹЄЂЀ, ЂІЁϹЅЌϼЀ Ёϴ ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁϼϼ ЃϴЄϴϿϿϹϿϹϽ ϼϻ БϷϹϽЅϾϼЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ЀϼϾϹЁЅϾЂϷЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ
ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЏ ϼϻ ϦЄϼϴϿϹІϼ Ͼ ϣϕϖ (Schaeffer 1943: 183). ϣЄϴ϶ϸϴ, ЃЂϻϸЁϹϹ ϕ. ϕЄϹЁІАϹЅ, ЂϵЄϴІϼ϶ЌϼϽ ϶ЁϼЀϴЁϼϹ Ёϴ ϵЂϿϹϹ ϴЄЉϴϼЋЁЏϽ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾϼЉ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿЂ϶ ЃЂ ЅЄϴ϶ЁϹЁϼВ Ѕ ЀϼϾϹЁЅϾϼЀϼ, ЃЄϼ϶ϿϹϾ ЃϴЄϴϿϿϹϿϼ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾϼЀ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϴЀ ϼϻ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ϣϹЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ϖЂЅІЂϾϴ ϾЂЁЊϴ III ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.
ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ϼ ЂЁ ϾЂЁЅІϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴϿ ЅЉЂϸЅІ϶Ђ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾЂϷЂ ϾЂЃАГ Ѕ ϾЂЃАГЀϼ ϼϻ ϣЄЂЅϼЀЁЏ, ЋІЂ ЃЂЅϿЇϺϼϿЂ
ЃЂ϶ЂϸЂЀ ЂІϸϹϿϼІА ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅ ϾЇЄϷ. XV ЂІ ЂЅІϴϿАЁЏЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ϦЄϼϴϿϹІϼ ϼ ЂІЁϹЅІϼ ϹϷЂ ІϴϾϺϹ Ͼ
ϣϕϖ (Brentjes 1962: 23).
ϕϿϴϷЂϸϴЄГ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼГЀ ЂІϹЋϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЉ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷЂ϶ (ϠϴЄІϼЄЂЅГЁ 1964; ϘϺϴЃϴЄϼϸϻϹ 1969;
ϗЂϷϴϸϻϹ 1972; ϞЇЌЁϴЄД϶ϴ 1993ϴ; ϙЅϴГЁ 1976; ϣϼЊЉϹϿϴЇЄϼ 1972; ϼ ϸЄ.) ЅϹϷЂϸЁГ ЉЂЄЂЌЂ ЂϵЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁϴ
ЃϹЄϼЂϸϼϻϴЊϼГ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ БЃЂЉϼ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ϲϺЁЂϷЂ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ — ϶ БІЂЀ ϾЂЁІϹϾЅІϹ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅ ϾЇЄϷ. XV
ЃЄϼЁϴϸϿϹϺϼІ ϾЂ ϶ІЂЄЂЀЇ БІϴЃЇ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϥϕϖ.
ϞϴϾϼЀ ϺϹ ϾЂЁϾЄϹІЁЏЀ ЊϹЁІЄϴЀ ЂϵГϻϴЁЏ Ѕ϶ЂϼЀ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼϹЀ Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼϹ ϶ІЇϿАЋϴІЏϹ
ϾЂЃАГ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ? ϡϴЃЂЀЁϼЀ, ЋІЂ Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼϹ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾϼ ЂІϿϼЋϴВІЅГ ЂϸЁЂЄЂϸЁЂЅІАВ
ІϹЉЁЂϿЂϷϼϼ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϼГ, ЅЃЂЅЂϵϴ ϾЄϹЃϿϹЁϼГ, ЃЄЂЃЂЄЊϼϽ, ЈЂЄЀЏ ЃϹЄϴ ϼ ЃЂЃϹЄϹЋЁЂϷЂ ЅϹЋϹЁϼГ
ЊϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ЄϹϵЄϴ. ϱІϴ ЂϸЁЂЄЂϸЁЂЅІА, ЅϾЂЄϹϹ ϶ЅϹϷЂ, Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁϴ Ѕ ϻϴϼЀЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼϹЀ ЃЄЂІЂІϼЃЂ϶
ϼϻ ϹϸϼЁЂϷЂ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϷЂ ЊϹЁІЄϴ Ёϴ ϘЄϹ϶ЁϹЀ ϖЂЅІЂϾϹ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ Ѕ ϾЄϴІϾЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂЅІАВ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼГ «Њ϶ϹІЇЍϹϽ ЃЂЄЏ» ЅϴЀϼЉ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾϼЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ Ёϴ ϲϺЁЂЀ Ϟϴ϶ϾϴϻϹ. ϖЅϿϹϸ ϻϴ
ϱϷϹϽЅϾϼЀ ЄϹϷϼЂЁЂЀ ЀЂϺЁЂ ІϴϾϺϹ ϼЅϾϿВЋϼІА ϼϻ ЄϴЅЅЀЂІЄϹЁϼГ ϜЄϴЁ, ЃЂЅϾЂϿАϾЇ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿГϹЀЏϹ
ϻϸϹЅА ϾЂЃАГ ЃЂ ЈЂЄЀϹ ЃϹЄϴ ЂІϿϼЋϴВІЅГ ЂІ Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼЉ. ϣЄϼЀϹЄЂЀ ЅϿЇϺϼІ ЅЄϴ϶ЁϼІϹϿАЁЂ ЄϴЁЁϼϽ
5
176
ϖϹЄЂГІЁЂ, ϶ ϗЄϹЊϼВ ϶ІЇϿАЋϴІЏϹ ϾЂЃАГ ЃЂЃϴϿϼ Ѕ ϞЄϼІϴ, ϴ Ёϴ ϞЄϼІ — Ѕ ϣϹЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ϖЂЅІЂϾϴ (Avila 1983: 81).
,
,
БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾϴ ϼϻ ϦϹЃϹ ϗϼГЁϴ — ЃϹЄϼЂϸ IV, ЃЂϷЄ. 110 (Contenau, Ghirshman 1935: pl. 31,
tombe 110, 5).
ϠЂϺЁЂ Ёϴϻ϶ϴІА ІЄϼ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЏЉ ЊϹЁІЄϴ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸЅІ϶ϴ ϣϹЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ϖЂЅІЂϾϴ, ЃЄЂϸЇϾЊϼГ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЅЂЃЂЅІϴ϶ϼЀϴ Ѕ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГЀϼ Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼЉ ЀϴЅІϹЄЂ϶: ЅϼЄϼϽЅϾϼϽ (ϤϴЅ-ϬϴЀЄϴ, ϕϼϵϿ), ЀϴϿЂϴϻϼϽЅϾϼϽ
(ϞϴЄЇЀ ϞϴЁϼЌϴ) ϼ ІϹЅЁЂ Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁЁЏϽ Ѕ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϼЀ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЂЀϹЅЂЃЂІϴЀЅϾϼϽ (ϔЌЌЇЄ). ϣЂ ЃЄЂЃЂЄЊϼГЀ,
ЈЂЄЀϹ ЃϹЄϴ ϼ ЃЂЃϹЄϹЋЁЂЀЇ ЅϹЋϹЁϼВ ЊϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ЄϹϵЄϴ ЁϴϼϵЂϿАЌЇВ ϵϿϼϻЂЅІА Ѕ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾϼЀϼ
ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾϴЀϼ ϸϹЀЂЁЅІЄϼЄЇВІ БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄЏ ϼϻ ϤϴЅ-ϬϴЀЄЏ ϼ ϕϼϵϿϴ (ϥϕϖ I — 2100–1900 ϷϷ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.;
Schaeffer 1962), ϞϴЄЇЀϴ ϞϴЁϼЌϴ (ЅϿЂϽ II — 2100–1780 ϷϷ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.; Erkanal 1977), ϔЌЌЇЄϴ (ЅІϴЄЂϴЅЅϼЄϼϽЅϾϼϽ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ — 2100–1750 ϷϷ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. — ЄϼЅ. 2, 3; Müller-Karpe M. 1996). ϞЂЃАϹ ϼϻ ϔϿϼϾϹЀϹϾІϹЃϹ
Ѕ ЃЂϸЂ϶ϴϿАЁЏЀ ЅϹЋϹЁϼϹЀ ЊϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ЄϹϵЄϴ ЁϴЉЂϸϼІ ІϼЃЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЃϴЄϴϿϿϹϿϼ ϶ БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄϴЉ ϼϻ ϕϼϵϿϴ, ϤϴЅ-ϬϴЀЄЏ ϼ ϼϻ ЅϿЂГ Ib ϞϴЄЇЀϴ ϞϴЁϼЌϴ — ЄϼЅ. 2, 1, 12, 13 (Schaeffer 1962: 234,
fig. 28, E; Erkanal 1977: 43, Taf. 15, 11). ϣЂ ЅЃЂЅЂϵЇ ЈϼϾЅϴЊϼϼ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾϴ Ёϴ ЌІϼЈІϹ Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼϹ
БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄЏ ϵϿϼϻϾϼ Ͼ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЂЀϹЅЂЃЂІϴЀЅϾϼЀ (ϦϹϿϿА ϔЅЀϴЄ, ϦϹϿϿА ϥЇϿϹϽЀϴ) (Müller-Karpe M. 1996:
Abb. 31, 7; 32, 4, 6), ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ Ͼ ЅϼЄϼϽЅϾϼЀ (ϤϴЅ-ϬϴЀЄϴ, ϕϼϵϿ) (Schaeffer 1962: 224, fig. 26; Maigret
1976: Abb. 25, 3). ϡϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾϼ ϾЂЃϼϽ ϼϻ ϠϹЅЂЃЂІϴЀϼϼ (ϦϹϿϿА ϠϴЉЇϻ, ϦϹϿϿА ϥЇϿϹϽЀϴ) ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁЏ
ϾϴЁЁϹϿВЄϴЀϼ, ЅЉЂϸЁЏЀϼ Ѕ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾϼЀϼ (Müller-Karpe M. 1996: Abb. 30, 8; 31, 1).
ϣЂЃЏІϴϹЀЅГ ЇІЂЋЁϼІА ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЄϴЀϾϼ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ, ϾЂϷϸϴ ЃЄЂІЂІϼЃЏ Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼЉ ϶ІЇϿАЋϴІЏЉ ϾЂЃϼϽ ЀЂϷϿϼ ϵЏІЂ϶ϴІА Ёϴ ϣϹЄϹϸЁϹЀ ϖЂЅІЂϾϹ. ϖϹЄЉЁГГ ϷЄϴЁϼЊϴ БІЂϷЂ БІϴЃϴ ЅЂ϶ЃϴϸϴϹІ Ѕ ϾЂЁЊЂЀ ЃЂЄЏ ϴЅЅϼЄϼϽЅϾϼЉ ІЂЄϷЂ϶ЏЉ ϾЂϿЂЁϼϽ ϶ ϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϽ ϔЁϴІЂϿϼϼ (XVIII ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.), ЃЂЅϾЂϿАϾЇ ϶
ЉϹІІЅϾЇВ БЃЂЉЇ ϻϸϹЅА ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁГВІЅГ ϼЁЏϹ, ϵЂϿϹϹ ЅЂ϶ϹЄЌϹЁЁЏϹ ІϼЃЏ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾЂ϶. ϡϼϺЁГГ
ϷЄϴЁϼЊϴ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼГ ЃЄЂІЂІϼЃЂ϶ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾϼЉ ϾЂЃϼϽ Ёϴ ϣϹЄϹϸЁϹЀ ϖЂЅІЂϾϹ ЅЂ϶ЃϴϸϴϹІ Ѕ ЁϴЋϴϿЂЀ
ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ϴЅЅϼЄϼϽЅϾϼЉ ІЂЄϷЂ϶ЏЉ ϾЂϿЂЁϼϽ ϶ ϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϽ ϔЁϴІЂϿϼϼ, ЁϴЋϴϿЂЀ ϥϕϖ ϶ ϥϼЄϼϼ ϼ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЂЀ ЃЄϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ϸϼЁϴЅІϼϽ ϜЅϼЁϴ ϼ ϟϴЄЅЏ ϶ ϠϹЅЂЃЂІϴЀϼϼ (XXI–XX ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.). ϕЂϿϹϹ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϼϹ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾϼ ЅЂ Ѕ϶ϹЄЁЇІЂϽ ϶ІЇϿϾЂϽ Ёϴ ϘЄϹ϶ЁϹЀ ϖЂЅІЂϾϹ (ϾЂЁϹЊ III ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.) ϼϻ ϧЄϴ (Woolley 1934:
tabl. 227, 7), ϦϹЃϹ ϗϼГЁϴ (Contenau, Ghirshman 1935: tabl. 31, tombe 110, 5), ϤϴЅ-ϬϴЀЄЏ (Schaeffer
1962: 458, Abb. 48, A–B) ϼ ϠϹϷϼϸϸЂ (Guy, Engberg 1938: Abb. 170, 1) ЂІϿϼЋϴВІЅГ ЂІ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾϼЉ
ЃЄЂЃЂЄЊϼГЀϼ ϼ ЈЂЄЀЂϽ ЃϹЄϴ.
ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ЅЄϴ϶ЁϼІϹϿАЁЏϽ ϴЁϴϿϼϻ ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГϹІ ЇЅІϴЁЂ϶ϼІА, ЋІЂ ϵϿϼϻϾϼϹ Ͼ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾϼЀ
ϾЂЃАГ — ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЏϹ ϼЉ ЃЄЂІЂІϼЃЏ — ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸϼϿϼЅА ϶ ВϺЁЏЉ ЀϴЅІϹЄЅϾϼЉ Ёϴ ЄЇϵϹϺϹ III–II ІЏЅ. ϼ
϶ ЁϴЋϴϿϹ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϖЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ ІϴϾϺϹ, ЋІЂ ЃЄЂІЂІϼЃЏ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾϼЉ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾЂ϶ ϵЏϿϼ ϻϴ϶ϹϻϹЁЏ
Ёϴ ϲϺЁЏϽ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻ ϼϻ ϵϿϼϺϴϽЌϼЉ ЊϹЁІЄЂ϶, ϶ЉЂϸϼ϶ЌϼЉ ϶ ЅϹІА ϴЅЅϼЄϼϽЅϾЂϽ ЀϹϺϸЇЁϴЄЂϸЁЂϽ ІЂЄϷЂ϶Ͽϼ, — ϔЌЌЇЄ, ϞϴЄЇЀ ϞϴЁϼЌϴ ϼ ϸЄ. ϖϹЄЂГІЁϹϹ ϶ЅϹϷЂ, БІЂ ЅЂ϶ЃϴϸϴϹІ Ѕ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЂЀ ЄϴЅЊ϶ϹІϴ ϼ ϴϾІϼ϶ϼϻϴЊϼϼ ЇЃЂЀГЁЇІЂϽ ІЂЄϷЂ϶Ͽϼ ϶ ЁϴЋϴϿϹ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϜЅЉЂϸГ ϼϻ ЃЄϼ϶ϹϸϹЁЁЏЉ ЁϴЀϼ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿЂ϶
ϼ ϸЂ϶ЂϸЂ϶, ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾϼϽ ϾЇЄϷ. XV ϼ ϸЄЇϷϼϹ ЂϸЁЂϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏϹ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ Ѕ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϴЀϼ ϶ІЇϿАЋϴІЏЉ
ϾЂЃϼϽ ЀЏ ЃЄϹϸϿϴϷϴϹЀ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴІА ІϹЀ ϺϹ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϹЀ.
ϜІϴϾ, ЁϴЀϼ ϵЏϿϴ ЃϹЄϹЅЀЂІЄϹЁϴ ЃЄϹϺЁГГ ϸϴІϴ (ЅϹЄϹϸϼЁϴ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.) ϶ІЇϿАЋϴІЂϷЂ ϾЂЃАГ ϼϻ
ϦЄϼϴϿϹІϼ. Ϟ БІЂЀЇ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ϶ ЅЂЅϹϸЁϼЉ ЄϴϽЂЁϴЉ ϣϹЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ϖЂЅІЂϾϴ, ЂІϾЇϸϴ Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼϹ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾϼ ϵϹЄЇІ Ѕ϶ЂϹ ЁϴЋϴϿЂ, ЇϺϹ ϵЂϿϹϹ ЌϹЅІϼ ЅІЂϿϹІϼϽ ϼϻϷЂІϴ϶Ͽϼ϶ϴϿϼ ϾЂЃАГ ЅЂ Ѕ϶ϹЄЁЇІЂϽ ϶ІЇϿϾЂϽ. ϣЄϼ
БІЂЀ ЅϿϹϸЇϹІ ЇЋϹЅІА, ЋІЂ ЁЂ϶ϴЊϼϼ ϶ ЅЈϹЄϹ ϶ЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼГ, ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁГ϶ЌϼϹЅГ ϼϻ ЅІЄϴЁ ϣϹЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ
ϖЂЅІЂϾϴ, ϸЂЅІϼϷϴϿϼ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻ ϸЂЅІϴІЂЋЁЂ ϵЏЅІЄЂ (ϞЇЌЁϴЄД϶ϴ, ϤЏЅϼЁ 2000). ϥЂ ϶ІЂЄЂϽ ЋϹІ϶ϹЄІϼ
II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. Ёϴ ϣϹЄϹϸЁϹЀ ϖЂЅІЂϾϹ, ϶ ϱϷϹϽЅϾЂЀ ЀϼЄϹ ϼ ϶ ϲϷЂ-ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ϙ϶ЄЂЃϹ ЇϺϹ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴϿϼЅА ϾЂЃАГ Ѕ ϿϼІЂϽ ЅϿϹЃЂϽ ϶ІЇϿϾЂϽ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЃЂ϶ЅϹЀϹЅІЁЂ ЁϴЉЂϸГІ ϶ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЉ ϣϕϖ. ϡϴЃЂЀЁϼЀ,
ЋІЂ ЃϹЄ϶ЏϹ БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄЏ ІϴϾЂϷЂ ЂЄЇϺϼГ ЃЂГ϶ϼϿϼЅА Ёϴ ϣϹЄϹϸЁϹЀ ϖЂЅІЂϾϹ ЇϺϹ ϶ ЁϴЋϴϿϹ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.
ϣЄϼ БІЂЀ ЁϴϼϵЂϿϹϹ ЃЂϻϸЁϼϽ ЂϵϿϼϾ ЅЄϹϸϼ Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼЉ ϾЂЃϼϽ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾЂϽ ЅϹЄϼϼ ϸϹЀЂЁЅІЄϼЄЇВІ
ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾϼ ϼϻ ϖϴЁϴϸϻЂЄϴ, ϟЂЄϼ ϕϹЄϸϴ ϼ ϔϿϼϾϹЀϹϾІϹЃϹ, ϵϿϼϺϴϽЌϴГ ІϼЃЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϴГ ЃϴЄϴϿϿϹϿА
ϾЂІЂЄЏЀ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϴ ϶ ЅϿЂϹ Ib ϞϴЄЇЀϴ ϞϴЁϼЌϴ — XVIII ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.
(ЄϼЅ. 3). ϕЂϹ϶ЏϹ ІЂЃЂЄЏ ЄϴЁЁϹϷЂ БІϴЃϴ ϥϕϖ (ЀϴЄІϾЂЃЅϾϼϹ ϼ ϵϹϸϹЁЅϾϼϹ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЏ) ϼЀϹВІ ЇϻϾϼϽ ϾϿϼЁ Ѕ ϾЂЄЂІϾϼЀ ϿϹϻ϶ϼϹЀ. ϢЁϼ ЅϿЇϺϼϿϼ ϸϿГ ЁϴЁϹЅϹЁϼГ ϾЂϿВЍϼЉ ЇϸϴЄЂ϶. ϦЂЃЂЄЏ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂ БІϴЃϴ ϥϕϖ (ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ ϦϞ) ЂϵϿϴϸϴВІ ЌϼЄЂϾϼЀ ЃЄЂЋЁЏЀ ϾϿϼЁЂЀ
Ѕ ЅϹЄЃЂ϶ϼϸЁЏЀ (ЄϴЅЌϼЄϹЁЁЏЀ) ϿϹϻ϶ϼϹЀ. ϢЁϼ ЃЄϹϸЁϴϻЁϴЋϴϿϼЅА ϸϿГ ЄϴЅЅϹϾϴВЍϼЉ ЇϸϴЄЂ϶, І. Ϲ.
Г϶ϿГϿϼЅА ϵЂϹ϶ЏЀϼ ЅϹϾϼЄϴЀϼ. ϘϿГ ϶ЅϹЉ ЅϹϾϼЄ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁϴ Ђ϶ϴϿАЁϴГ ЈЂЄЀϴ ЃЄЂЇЌЁЂϷЂ ЂІ϶ϹЄЅІϼГ,
϶ЏЅІЇЃ Ёϴ ЅЃϼЁϾϹ ЃϹЄϹϸ ЃϹЄϹϸЁϹϽ ЅІϹЁϾЂϽ ϶ІЇϿϾϼ ϼ ЄϹϵЄϴ ϺϹЅІϾЂЅІϼ Ёϴ ϾϿϼЁϹ (ІϼЃ ϦϹЃϹ ϗϴ϶Єϴ).
ϜЉ ЃЄЂІЂІϼЃϴЀϼ ϵЏϿϼ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЂЀϹЅЂЃЂІϴЀЅϾϼϹ БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄЏ XXIII–XX ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (ϦϹЃϹ ϗϴ϶Єϴ,
177
:
,
,
ЅϿЂϽ VI; ϦϹϿϿА ϕϼϿϿϴ — ЄϼЅ. 3, 2–3; Müller-Karpe M. 1996: Abb. 13, 12–13). Ϙ϶Ϲ ІϴϾϼϹ ЅϹϾϼЄЏ
ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ ϶ БϿϼІЁЏЉ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГЉ ϦϞ — ϶ϴЁϴϸϻЂЄЅϾЂЀ (ϾϼЄЂ϶ϴϾϴЁЅϾЂЀ) ϾЇЄϷϴЁϹ ϼ ЃЂϷЄ. 80 Ёϴ
ЃЂЅ. ϔϿϼϾϹЀϹϾІϹЃϹ (ЄϼЅ. 3, 10–11; Devedjian 2006: fig. 140, 3; ϠϴЉЀЇϸЂ϶ ϼ ϸЄ. 2003: ЄϼЅ. 3, 12).
ϡϹЅϾЂϿАϾЂ ІЂЃЂЄЂ϶-ЅϹϾϼЄ ϵЏϿϼ ЅϿЇЋϴϽЁЂ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ Ёϴ Ϟϴ϶ϾϴϻϹ ϶ ϴЄϹϴϿϹ ϦϞ. ϡϹϸϴ϶ЁЂ ϶ ЄϴϽЂЁϹ ϠЊЉϹІЏ Ї ЅϹϿ. ϡϴІϴЉІϴЄϼ (ϗЄЇϻϼГ) ЁϴϽϸϹЁ ϹЍϹ ЂϸϼЁ ІЂЃЂЄ БІЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ (ϡϼϾЂϿϴϼЌ϶ϼϿϼ
ϼ ϸЄ. 2010: 230). ϠϹЅІЂЁϴЉЂϺϸϹЁϼГ ЅϹϾϼЄ Ёϴ Ϟϴ϶ϾϴϻϹ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ЇВІ Ђ ЁϴЃЄϴ϶ϿϹЁϼϼ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϼЉ
ІЂЄϷЂ϶ЏЉ ЃЇІϹϽ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ Ѕ϶ГϻЏ϶ϴϿϼ ЀϹϺϸЇ ЅЂϵЂϽ ЂІϸϹϿАЁЏϹ ЋϴЅІϼ БІЂϽ ЂϵЌϼЄЁЂϽ ЂϵϿϴЅІϼ —
ϔЄЀГЁЅϾЂϹ ЁϴϷЂЄАϹ (ϞВϿАІϹЃϹ, ϞϴЄЅ, ϟϹЁϼЁϴϾϴЁ, ϡϴ϶ЇЄ, ϬϴЀЌϴϸϼЁ, ϖϴЁϴϸϻЂЄ — ЄϼЅ. 3, 1, 5,
6–8, 10; ϞЇЌЁϴЄД϶ϴ, ϤЏЅϼЁ 2003: 121, ЄϼЅ. 5), ϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϹ ϛϴϾϴ϶ϾϴϻАϹ (ϗЄЀϴ-ϷϹϿϹ, ϕЂϸЂЄЁϴ,
ϡϴІϴЉІϴЄϼ, ϞВϸЇЄϿϼ — ЄϼЅ. 3, 4, 12; ІϴЀ ϺϹ: 123; ЄϼЅ. 5), ϠЇϷϴЁЅϾЇВ Єϴ϶ЁϼЁЇ (ϔϿϼϾϹЀϹϾІϹЃϹ —
ЄϼЅ. 3, 11) ϼ ЄϹϷϼЂЁ, ϶ϾϿВЋϴВЍϼϽ ЅІЄϴЁЏ ϣϹЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ϖЂЅІЂϾϴ, — ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁϴГ ϠϹЅЂЃЂІϴЀϼГ, ϜЄϴЁ
(ϗϴ϶Єϴ, ϕϼϿϿϴ, ϟЇЄϼЅІϴЁ — ЄϼЅ. 3, 2, 3, 9; ІϴЀ ϺϹ). ϢϸϼЁ БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄ ЅϹϾϼЄЏ ЃЂЃϴϿ ЋϹЄϹϻ ЃϹЄϹ϶ϴϿЏ
ϕЂϿАЌЂϷЂ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ ϶ ϣЄϼЀЂЄЅϾϼϽ ϘϴϷϹЅІϴЁ (ϩЂЄϹϸϺ — ЄϼЅ. 3, 13; ϞЂІЂ϶ϼЋ ϖ. Ϡ., ϞЂІЂ϶ϼЋ ϖ. ϗ.
1973: 81, ЄϼЅ. 2, 3).
ϦϼЃЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϴГ ϵϿϼϻЂЅІА Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼЉ ϼ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЂЀϹЅЂЃЂІϴЀЅϾϼЉ ЅϹϾϼЄ ЅЂ ЅϿϴϵЂ ϼϻЂϷЁЇІЏЀ
ϿϹϻ϶ϼϹЀ ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГϹІ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴІА ЃϹЄ϶ЏϹ ІϴϾϺϹ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϹϽ ІЄϹІАВ III ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϠЏ ЅЋϼІϴϹЀ, ЋІЂ
϶ϹЄЉЁВВ ϷЄϴЁϼЊЇ ϼЉ ϵЏІЂ϶ϴЁϼГ (XIX–XVIII ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.) ϶ϹcЄЁЂ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϼϿ Ϙ. ϟ. ϞЂЄϼϸϻϹ, ЃЄϹϸϿЂϺϼ϶ЌϼϽ БІЇ ϸϴІЇ ϸϿГ ЅϹϾϼЄ ϼϻ ϗЄЀϴ-ϷϹϿϹ ϼ ϕЂϸЂЄЁϴ (ϞЂЄϼϸϻϹ 1968: ІϴϵϿ. 6). ϖϹЄЉЁϼϽ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ϸϼϴЃϴϻЂЁ ЂЄЇϸϼϽ Ѕ ϴЅϼЀЀϹІЄϼЋЁЂ ЄϴЅЌϼЄϹЁЁЏЀ ϾϿϼЁЂЀ ІϼЃϴ ϦϹЃϹ ϗϴ϶Єϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ЇϾϿϴϸЏ϶ϴϹІЅГ
Ёϴ ϘЄϹ϶ЁϹЀ ϖЂЅІЂϾϹ ϶ ЅІϴЄЂϴЅЅϼЄϼϽЅϾϼϽ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ (XIX–XVIII ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.; Muller-Karpe M. 1996: 272,
274, Abb. 13).
ϦЂЃЂЄ ϼϻ ЃЂϷЄ. 80 ϔϿϼϾϹЀϹϾІϹЃϹ (ЄϼЅ. 3, 11) ІϼЃЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼ ϵϿϼϺϹ Ͼ ЂЄЇϸϼВ ϼϻ ϡϴ϶ЇЄϴ (ЅϾЂЌϹЁЁЏϽ, ЅϼϿАЁЂ ЄϴЅЌϼЄϹЁЁЏϽ ϾЄϴϽ ϿϹϻ϶ϼГ, ЃЄГЀЏϹ ЅІϹЁϾϼ ЃЄЂЇЌϼЁЏ). ϥϹϾϼЄϴ ϺϹ ϼϻ «ЊϴЄЅϾЂϷЂ»
ϾЇЄϷϴЁϴ ϶ ϖϴЁϴϸϻЂЄϹ (ЄϼЅ. 3, 10) ЃЂ ЄГϸЇ ІϼЃЂЂϵЄϴϻЇВЍϼЉ ЃЄϼϻЁϴϾЂ϶ (Ђ϶ϴϿАЁϴГ ЈЂЄЀϴ ЃЄЂЇЌЁЂϷЂ
ЂІ϶ϹЄЅІϼГ, ЌϼЄЂϾϼϽ ϾϿϼЁ ЅЂ ЅϿЂϺЁЏЀ ЌϹЅІϼϷЄϴЁЁЏЀ ЃЂЃϹЄϹЋЁЏЀ ЅϹЋϹЁϼϹЀ, ЄϹϻϾϼϽ ϶ЏЅІЇЃ ЅЃϼЁϾϼ ЃϹЄϹϸ ЃϹЄϹϸЁϹϽ ЅІϹЁϾЂϽ ϶ІЇϿϾϼ, ЂЃЇЍϹЁЁЏϽ ϶Ёϼϻ ϾЄϴϽ ϻϴϸЁϹϽ ЅІϹЁϾϼ ϶ІЇϿϾϼ, ЄϴЅЌϼЄϹЁЁЂϹ
ЅϹЄЃЂ϶ϼϸЁЂϹ ϿϹϻ϶ϼϹ) ЅϵϿϼϺϴϹІЅГ Ѕ БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄЂЀ ϼϻ ϩЂЄϹϸϺϴ. ϞϼЄЂ϶ϴϾϴЁЅϾϴГ ЅϹϾϼЄϴ ЂІϿϼЋϴϹІЅГ ЂІ
ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϼЉ ІЂϿАϾЂ
ЄϴЅЌϼЄϹЁϼϹЀ ϾϿϼЁϴ, ЈЂЄЀЂϽ ЁϴЃЂЀϼЁϴВЍϹϷЂ ЃЂϿЇϿЇЁЁЂϹ ϿϹϻ϶ϼϹ ЅϹϾϼЄЏ ϣϕϖ (ЊϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϻϴϾϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼϽ ІϼЃ). ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϼϹ ϵЏϿϼ ЅϼЀЀϹІЄϼЋЁЏ ϶ ЃЄЂЈϼϿА
(Ѕ ЅϼЀЀϹІЄϼЋЁЏЀ ϾϿϼЁЂЀ ϼ ЂϵЇЉЂЀ) ϼ ϿϼЌϹЁЏ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЂϷЂ
ϾϿϼЁϴ, ϾϴϾ Ї ЂЄЇϸϼϽ ІϼЃϴ
ϦϹЃϹ ϗϴ϶Єϴ. ϥϾЂЄϹϹ ϶ЅϹϷЂ, ϾϼЄЂ϶ϴϾϴЁЅϾϴГ ЅϹϾϼЄϴ ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾЂ ЀЂϿЂϺϹ ЂЅІϴϿАЁЏЉ ІЂЃЂЄЂ϶ Ѕ ϴЅϼЀЀϹІЄϼЋЁЂ ЄϴЅЌϼЄϹЁЁЏЀ ϾϿϼЁЂЀ.
ϖЂ ϶ЄϹЀГ ЄϴЅЊ϶ϹІϴ ϴЅЅϼЄϼϽЅϾϼЉ ІЂЄϷЂ϶ЏЉ ϾЂϿЂЁϼϽ ІЂЃЂЄЏ ІϼЃϴ ϦϹЃϹ ϗϴ϶Єϴ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϼϿϼЅА ЋϹЄϹϻ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЇВ ϠϹЅЂЃЂІϴЀϼВ ϸЂ ϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϽ ϔЁϴІЂϿϼϼ (ϞϴЄЇЀ ϞϴЁϼЌϴ, ϔϿϼЌϴЄ —
ЄϼЅ. 3, 5; Erkanal 1977: 19). ϢϸϼЁ БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄ ϵЏϿ ЁϴϽϸϹЁ ϶ ϜЄϴЁϹ (ЄϼЅ. 3, 9; Deshayes 1960: pl. LXVI, 9),
ϴ ϸЄЇϷЂϽ, ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾЂ ϼЁЂϽ ЈЂЄЀЏ ϼ Ѕ ϴЄЉϴϼЋЁЂϽ ϾЄЇϷϿЂϽ ЃЄЂЇЌϼЁЂϽ, ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁ ϶ ϾЇЄϷ. 2/98 Ї
ЅϹϿ. ϠϼЁϵϹЄϹϾ (ϞВϸЇЄϿϼ) Ёϴ ϥϴЄЏϸϺϼЁЅϾЂϽ Єϴ϶ЁϼЁϹ ϶ ϔϻϹЄϵϴϽϸϺϴЁϹ (ЄϼЅ. 3, 4; ϔЉЇЁϸЂ϶ 2001:
115, 123). ϖϹЄЂГІЁЂ, ϴϾІϼ϶ϼϻϴЊϼϹϽ ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЏЉ ϾЂЁІϴϾІЂ϶ Ёϴ ЃЇІГЉ ϴЅЅϼЄϼϽЅϾЂϽ ІЂЄϷЂ϶Ͽϼ, ϶ ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ
ϵЏϿ ϶Ђ϶ϿϹЋϹЁ ϲϺЁЏϽ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻ, ϼ ЂϵЎГЅЁГϹІЅГ ЃЄЂЁϼϾЁЂ϶ϹЁϼϹ ІЂЃЂЄЂ϶ ІϼЃϴ ϦϹЃϹ ϗϴ϶Єϴ ϼϻ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϽ
ϠϹЅЂЃЂІϴЀϼϼ ϶ БІЂІ ЄϹϷϼЂЁ.
ϖ «ЊϴЄЅϾЂЀ» ϾЇЄϷϴЁϹ ϶ ϞϴЄϴЌϴЀϵϹ ϵЏϿϴ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁϴ ЅϹЄϹϵЄГЁϴГ ЅϹϾϼЄϴ ϸЄЇϷЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ
(ϢϷϴЁϹЅГЁ 1990) — ІϴϾ ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴϹЀЏϽ ГϾЂЄϹ϶ϼϸЁЏϽ ІЂЃЂЄ (ЄϼЅ. 4, 9). ϖІЂЄЂϽ (ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏϽ) БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄ
϶ЏГ϶ϿϹЁ ϶ ϵϹϸϹЁЅϾЂЀ ϾЇЄϷϴЁϹ 12 (ЄϼЅ. 4, 2; Picchelauri 1997: Taf. 10, 102a). ϙЍϹ ЂϸЁϴ ГϾЂЄϹ϶ϼϸЁϴГ
ЅϹϾϼЄϴ — ІϴϾϺϹ ϶ЀϹЅІϹ Ѕ ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄϹЀ ϵϹϸϹЁЅϾЂϷЂ ЂϵϿϼϾϴ — ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϴ ϶ ϞВϸЇЄϿϼЁЅϾЂЀ ϾЇЄϷϴЁϹ 14 (ЄϼЅ. 4, 3; ϔЉЇЁϸЂ϶ 2001: 123, ЄϼЅ. XXXV, 3). ϡϴϾЂЁϹЊ, ЅϿЇЋϴϽЁϴГ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϴ ЋϹІ϶ϹЄІЂϽ ЀϼЁϼϴІВЄЁЂϽ ЅϹϾϼЄЏ ЅϸϹϿϴЁϴ ϶ ϜϸϺϹ϶ϴЁϹ, ϔЄЀϹЁϼГ (ЄϼЅ. 4, 10; ϠϴЄІϼЄЂЅГЁ 1964: 72; ЄϼЅ. 36).
ϡϴ ϘЄϹ϶ЁϹЀ ϖЂЅІЂϾϹ ГϾЂЄϹ϶ϼϸЁЏϹ ЅϹϾϼЄЏ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ ϶ ϲϺЁЂϽ ϠϹЅЂЃЂІϴЀϼϼ (ϧЄ),
ϟЇЄϼЅІϴЁϹ (ЄϼЅ. 4, 4), ϥϼЄϼϼ (ϕϼϵϿ; ЄϼЅ. 4, 6, 8), ϟϼ϶ϴЁϹ ϼ ϙϷϼЃІϹ (ЄϼЅ. 4, 5, 7). ϱІϼ ІЂЃЂЄЏ ϼϻЇЋϹЁЏ ϲ. ϦϴϵϵЂЀ (Tubb 1982: 1–12, fig. 1, 1–4), ЇЅІϴЁЂ϶ϼ϶ЌϼЀ, ЋІЂ ϹϸϼЁЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏϽ ЁϴϸϹϺЁЂ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϽ БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄ (XXIII–XXII ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.) ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸϼІ ϼϻ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ϼϿϼ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂ
ϴϾϾϴϸЅϾЂϷЂ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ϶ ϧЄϹ (ЄϼЅ. 4, 1; Nissen 1966: 174). ϢЅІϴϿАЁЏϹ ЁϹ ϼЀϹВІ ЃЄЂЋЁЏЉ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЃЄϼ϶ГϻЂϾ. ϣЂ ЀЁϹЁϼВ ϲ. Ϧϴϵϵϴ, ІϼЃЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϴГ ϵϿϼϻЂЅІА ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГϹІ ЅЋϼІϴІА ϼЉ
ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁЁЏЀϼ ІϴϾ ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴϹЀЏЀ ЂϾЂЌϹЋЁЏЀ ІЂЃЂЄϴЀ (Tubb 1982: 4). ϦϼЃЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϹ ЄЂϸЅІ϶Ђ ϶ЅϹЉ
178
,
,
ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏЉ ЂϵЄϴϻЊЂ϶, ϴЄЉϴϼЋЁЏϽ ЅЃЂЅЂϵ ЁϴЅϴϸϴ (ϾЄЇϷϿЂϹ ЃЄЂЇЌЁЂϹ ЂІ϶ϹЄЅІϼϹ) ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГВІ
ЂІЁϹЅІϼ ϼЉ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϼϹ Ͼ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϹϽ ІЄϹІϼ III — ЃϹЄ϶ЂϽ ЋϹІ϶ϹЄІϼ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б., ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁϼϹ ІϴϾϼЉ ЅϹϾϼЄ ϶ ϥϼЄϼϼ ϼ ϙϷϼЃІϹ ЂІЁЂЅϼІЅГ, ЅϾЂЄϹϹ ϶ЅϹϷЂ, Ͼ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЇ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ЊϴЄЅІ϶ϴ,
ϾЂϷϸϴ ϴϾІϼ϶ϼϻϼЄЂ϶ϴϿϼЅА Ѕ϶Гϻϼ ϙϷϼЃІϴ Ѕ ϟϹ϶ϴЁІЂЀ.
. ϣϹЄ϶ЏϹ ЀϹЋϼ Ёϴ ϲϺЁЂЀ Ϟϴ϶ϾϴϻϹ ЃЂГ϶ϼϿϼЅА ϶ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЉ «Њ϶ϹІЇЍϹϽ ЃЂЄЏ» ϦϞ (ϘϼϿϼЋϴ, ϾЇЄϷ. 1; ϥϴϸЇϷϴ, ϾЇЄϷ. 2). ϱІϼ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ ϼЀϹВІ ЇϻϾϼϽ ЃЄГЀЂЇϷЂϿАЁЏϽ ЋϹЄϹЁЂϾ, ЃЄГЀЏϹ ЅϿϹϷϾϴ ЂЃЇЍϹЁЁЏϹ ЃϿϹЋϼϾϼ ϼ ЇϸϿϼЁϹЁЁЂ-ЃЂϸІЄϹЇϷЂϿАЁЏϽ ϾϿϼЁЂϾ Ѕ ЂЅІЄЏЀ ϾЂЁЊЂЀ;
ЅϹЋϹЁϼϹ ϾϿϼЁϾϴ ЃЂϸЄЂЀϵϼЋϹЅϾЂϹ; Ёϴ ЋϹЄϹЁϾϹ ЃЄЂϵϼІЏ ЂІ϶ϹЄЅІϼГ ϸϿГ ϻϴϾϿϹЃЂϾ, ЃЄϼϾЄϹЃϿГВЍϼЉ
ϸϹЄϹ϶ГЁЁЇВ ЄЇϾЂГІϾЇ. ϘϿϼЁϴ ЀϹЋϴ ϼϻ ϥϴϸЇϷϼ Єϴ϶Ёϴ 50 ЅЀ (ϘϹϸϴϵЄϼЌ϶ϼϿϼ, ϤЇЅϼЌ϶ϼϿϼ 1984: ІϴϵϿ.
XXIX, 4), ϼϻ ϘϼϿϼЋϴ — 47,5 ЅЀ (ϠϴЉϴЄϴϸϻϹ 1986: 132, ЄϼЅ. 1).
. 4. ϳϾЂЄϹ϶ϼϸЁЏϹ ІЂЃЂЄЏ-ЅϹϾϼЄЏ: 1 — ϧЄ; 2 — ϕϹϸϹЁϼ; 3 — ϞВϸЇЄϿϼ; 4 — ϟЇЄϼЅІϴЁ; 5 — ϔϵϼϸЂЅ; 6 —
ϕϼϵϿ; 7 — ϩϹϿЇϴЁ; 8 — ϥϼЄϼГ; 9 — ϞϴЄϴЌϴЀϵ; 10 — ϜϸϺϹ϶ϴЁ (1, 5–8 — ЃЂ Tubb 1982; 2, 10 — ЃЂ Picchelauri
1997; 3 — ЃЂ ϔЉЇЁϸЂ϶ 2001; 4 — ЃЂ Calmeyer 1969; 9 — ЃЂ ϢϷϴЁϹЅГЁ 1988)
Fig. 4. Anchor-shaped axes: 1 — Ur; 2 — Bedeni; 3 — Kyudurli; 4 — Luristan; 5 — Abidos; 6 — Byblos; 7 —
Heluan; 8 — Syria; 9 — Karashamb; 10 — Idzhevan (1, 5–8 — after Tubb 1982; 2, 10 — after Picchelauri 1997;
3 — after ϔЉЇЁϸЂ϶ 2001; 4 — after Calmeyer 1969; 9 — after ϢϷϴЁϹЅГЁ 1988)
179
:
,
,
ϤЇϵГЍϹ-ϾЂϿВЍϼϹ ЀϹЋϼ Ѕ ЂЅІЄЏЀ ϾЂЁЊЂЀ ϾϿϼЁϾϴ ϶ЃϹЄ϶ЏϹ ЃЂГ϶ϿГВІЅГ ϶Ђ ϶ІЂЄЂϽ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁϹ
III ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϶ ϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϽ ϔЁϴІЂϿϼϼ (ϔϿϴϸϺϴ, ϩЂЄЂϻІϹЃϹ)6 (Sandars 1961: pl. 12, 4–6; Özgüç,
Akok 1958: 58, pl. XVIII) ϼ ϶ ϥϼЄϼϼ (ϕϼϵϿ; Sandars 1961: pl. 16, 6). ϤЇϵϹϺЂЀ III–II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϸϴІϼЄЇВІЅГ ЄЇϵГЍϹ-ϾЂϿВЍϼϹ ЀϹЋϼ ϼϻ ϥϴϾЋϴϷϹϻЇ ϼ ϞϴЄЇЀϴ ϞϴЁϼЌϴ (Müller-Karpe A. 1994b: Abb. 1;
Özgüç 1959: fig. 56). ϣЂ ЁϴϿϼЋϼВ ЋϹЄϹЁϾϴ, ЈЂЄЀϹ ϼ ЃЄЂЃЂЄЊϼГЀ ϾϿϼЁϾϴ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ЃЂ ЄϴЅЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼВ
ϻϴϾϿϹЃЂЋЁЏЉ ЂІ϶ϹЄЅІϼϽ Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼϹ ЀϹЋϼ ϵϿϼϺϹ ϶ЅϹϷЂ Ͼ ЊϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϴЁϴІЂϿϼϽЅϾЂЀЇ ЂЄЇϺϼВ ЄЇϵϹϺϴ III–II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.7
ϞЂϿВЍϼϹ ЀϹЋϼ-«
», ϾϴϾ ϼ ϾЂЄЂІϾϼϹ ЀϹЋϼ, ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ ϶ БϿϼІЁЏЉ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГЉ ϦϞ (ϥϕϖ),
ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ϶ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГЉ ϣϕϖ (ϦϴϿЏЌ, ϘϴϷϹЅІϴЁ; ϞЇЌЁϴЄД϶ϴ, ϤЏЅϼЁ 2003: 123). ϕЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏϹ «ЄϴЃϼЄЏ» ϼЀϹϿϼ ЇϻϾϼϽ ЃЄГЀЂЇϷЂϿАЁЏϽ ЋϹЄϹЁЂϾ, Ёϴ ϾЂЁЊϹ ϾЂІЂЄЂϷЂ Ї ЂІϸϹϿАЁЏЉ БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄЂ϶ ϼЀϹϹІЅГ
ЂІ϶ϹЄЅІϼϹ ϸϿГ ϾЄϹЃϿϹЁϼГ ϸϹЄϹ϶ГЁЁЂϽ ЄЇϾЂГІϾϼ; ЃЄГЀЏϹ ЅϿϹϷϾϴ (ϼϿϼ ЅϼϿАЁЂ) ЂЃЇЍϹЁЁЏϹ ЃϿϹЋϼϾϼ; ЇϻϾϼϽ ЃЂЅІϹЃϹЁЁЂ ЅЇϺϼ϶ϴВЍϼϽЅГ Ͼ ЂЅІЄЂЀЇ ϾЂЁЊЇ ϾϿϼЁЂϾ Ѕ ϻϴЂЅІЄϹЁЁЏЀϼ ϿϹϻ϶ϼГЀϼ; Ѕ ЂϵϹϼЉ
ЅІЂЄЂЁ ϶ϸЂϿА ϾϿϼЁϾϴ ЃЄЂЉЂϸϼІ ЄϹϻϾЂ ϶ЏЅІЇЃϴВЍϹϹ ЊϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϹ ЄϹϵЄЂ Ѕ ϻϴϾЄЇϷϿϹЁЁЏЀϼ ϾЄϴГЀϼ
(ϞЇЌЁϴЄД϶ϴ 1993ϴ: ЄϼЅ. 41, 1; 44, 1–4; ϞЇЌЁϴЄД϶ϴ, ϤЏЅϼЁ 2003: ЄϼЅ. 4, 9–10; Picchelauri 1997: Taf. 36;
Bürger 1994: Taf. V–VI). ϘϿϼЁϴ «ЄϴЃϼЄ» ЂϵЏЋЁЂ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿГϹІ ЂϾЂϿЂ 90–100 ЅЀ.
ϥЇЍϹЅІ϶ЇВІ ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЏϹ ЀЁϹЁϼГ ЂІЁЂЅϼІϹϿАЁЂ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼГ Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼЉ «ЄϴЃϼЄ». ϫϴЅІА
ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿϹϽ ЂϵЎГЅЁГϹІ ϼЉ ЃЂГ϶ϿϹЁϼϹ ϻϴϼЀЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼϹЀ ЂЄЇϺϼГ ϼϻ ϱϷϹϽЅϾЂϷЂ ЄϹϷϼЂЁϴ, ϷϸϹ «ЄϴЃϼЄЏ» ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЏ Ѕ ϾЂЁЊϴ ЅЄϹϸЁϹБϿϿϴϸЅϾЂϷЂ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ. ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ϶ЅϹ ϵЂϿАЌϹ ЅЃϹЊϼϴϿϼЅІЂ϶ ЅϾϿЂЁГВІЅГ
Ͼ ЅЇϺϸϹЁϼВ Ђ ЁϹϻϴ϶ϼЅϼЀЂЀ ЂІ БϷϹϽЅϾЂϷЂ ϴЄϹϴϿϴ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼϼ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾϼЉ «ЄϴЃϼЄ» (ϗЂϷϴϸϻϹ
1976; ϘϺϴЃϴЄϼϸϻϹ 1994; ϟЂЀІϴІϼϸϻϹ 1974; ϫЇϵϼЁϼЌ϶ϼϿϼ 1955; Bürger 1994). ϱІЂ ЃЂϸІ϶ϹЄϺϸϴϹІЅГ ϵЂϿϹϹ ϴЄЉϴϼЋЁЏЀ ЂϵϿϼϾЂЀ Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼЉ БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄЂ϶. ϙϸϼЁЅІ϶ϹЁЁϴГ ϻϴϾϿϹЃϾϴ Ёϴ ϾЂЁЊϹ ЋϹЄϹЁϾϴ
(ϞЇЌЁϴЄД϶ϴ, ϤЏЅϼЁ 2001) ЁϹ ЀЂϷϿϴ ЂϵϹЅЃϹЋϼІА ЁϴϸϹϺЁЂϷЂ ЅЂϹϸϼЁϹЁϼГ ЄЇϾЂГІЂϾ Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼЉ «ЄϴЃϼЄ», ϴ ЁϴϼϵЂϿϹϹ ϸЄϹ϶ЁГГ БϷϹϽЅϾϴГ «ЄϴЃϼЄϴ» ϼϻ ϠϴϿϿϼϼ Ёϴ ϞЄϼІϹ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ЅЄϹϸЁϹЀϼЁЂϽЅϾϼϽ-II
(1800–1700 ϷϷ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.) ЇϺϹ ϼЀϹϿϴ ϷϿЇϵЂϾЂ ϻϴЉЂϸГЍЇВ Ёϴ ϾϿϼЁЂϾ ЄЇϾЂГІϾЇ Ѕ ЄϴЅЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼϹЀ ϻϴϾϿϹЃЂϾ Ёϴ ЋϹЄϹЁϾϹ ϼ Ёϴ ЃϿϹЋϼϾϴЉ (ϞЇЌЁϴЄД϶ϴ, ϤЏЅϼЁ 2003: ЄϼЅ. 4, 11; Sandars 1961: pl. XVII, 1). ϦϴϾϴГ
ЃЄЂϷЄϹЅЅϼ϶ЁϴГ ЁЂ϶ϴІЂЄЅϾϴГ ϾЂЁЅІЄЇϾЊϼГ ЂϵϹЅЃϹЋϼ϶ϴϿϴ ϵЂϿϹϹ ЁϴϸϹϺЁЂϹ ЅЂϹϸϼЁϹЁϼϹ ЄЇϾЂГІϾϼ ЀϹЋϴ
ϼ ϹϷЂ ϾϿϼЁϾϴ. ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ІЄЇϸЁЂ ЅЂϷϿϴЅϼІАЅГ Ѕ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼϹЀ, ЋІЂ ЃЂϸЂϵЁЂϹ ϶ЏЅЂϾЂЅЃϹЊϼϴϿϼϻϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϹ ЂЄЇϺϼϹ ЀЂϷϿЂ ϵЏІА ЅЃЂЁІϴЁЁЂ ϼϻЂϵЄϹІϹЁЂ Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼЀϼ ЀϴЅІϹЄϴЀϼ ЃЇІϹЀ ЃЄЂЅІЂϷЂ ЇϸϿϼЁϹЁϼГ ЀϹЋϹϽ (ϗЂϷϴϸϻϹ 1976). ϣЂ ЈЂЄЀϹ ЋϹЄϹЁϾϴ ϼ ЃϿϹЋϼϾЂ϶, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ЃЂ ЅЃЂЅЂϵЇ ϾЄϹЃϿϹЁϼГ ЄЇϾЂГІϾϼ Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼϹ «ЄϴЃϼЄЏ» ϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼІϹϿАЁЂ ϵϿϼϻϾϼ ЀϹЅІЁЏЀ ϶ϴЄϼϴЁІϴЀ ЀϹЋϹϽ ϼϻ ϥϴϸЇϷϼ ϼ ϘϼϿϼЋϴ.
ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ІϴϾϴГ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁϴГ ϸϿГ «ЄϴЃϼЄ» ϸϹІϴϿА, ϾϴϾ ϶ЏЅІЇЃϴВЍϹϹ ЊϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϹ ЄϹϵЄЂ, Ї Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼЉ
ϾϼЁϺϴϿЂ϶ ϼ ЀϹЋϹϽ ЂІЅЇІЅІ϶ЇϹІ (ϞЇЌЁϴЄД϶ϴ, ϤЏЅϼЁ 2003: ЄϼЅ. 4, 6–8). ϛϴІЂ ϶ЏЅІЇЃϴВЍϹϹ ЊϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϹ ЄϹϵЄЂ ϻϴЈϼϾЅϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЂ Ї ЂЄЇϺϼГ ϶ІЂЄЂϽ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁЏ III ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϶ ϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϽ ϔЁϴІЂϿϼϼ
(ϔϿϴϸϺϴ, ϩЂЄЂϻІϹЃϹ; Stronach 1957: 99, fig. 3, 4; Özgüç, Akok 1958: 58, pl. XVIII, 15), ϣϴϿϹЅІϼЁϹ
(ϗϴϻϴ, ϗϼϸϹЂЁ; Pritchard 1962: 16, lower row, left), ϥϼЄϼϼ (ϕϼϵϿ; Sandars 1961: pl. 16, 6) ϼ ϞϼϿϼϾϼϼ
(ϥЂϿϼ; Ibid.: pl. 16, 4). ϜЀϹЁЁЂ ϴЁϴІЂϿϼϽЅϾϼϹ ϼ ЅϼЄϼϽЅϾϼϹ ЀϹЋϼ ЀЂϷϿϼ ЃЂЅϿЇϺϼІА ЃЄЂІЂІϼЃϴЀϼ «ЄϴЃϼЄ» ϲϺЁЂϷЂ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ. ϣЂ ЀЁϹЁϼВ ϔ. ϥϴЁϸϴЄЅ, ЃϹЄ϶ЏϹ БϷϹϽЅϾϼϹ «ЄϴЃϼЄЏ», ЃЂГ϶ϼ϶ЌϼϹЅГ Ёϴ ϞЄϼІϹ,
ІϴϾϺϹ ϶ЂЅЉЂϸГІ Ͼ ϵϿϼϺЁϹ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏЀ ЃЄЂІЂІϼЃϴЀ (Ibid.: 25), ЋІЂ ЃЂϸІ϶ϹЄϺϸϴϹІЅГ ЁϴϿϼЋϼϹЀ Ї «ЄϴЃϼЄ» ϶ЏЅІЇЃϴВЍϹϷЂ ЋϹЄϹЁϾϴ, ЃЂЅϾЂϿАϾЇ ϸϿГ ϱϷϹϽЅϾЂϷЂ ЄϹϷϼЂЁϴ, ϶ ЂІϿϼЋϼϹ ЂІ ЃϹЄϹϸЁϹ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂϷЂ,
ϵЏϿϼ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЏ
ЈЂЄЀЏ ЀϹЋϹϽ ϼ ϾϼЁϺϴϿЂ϶.
ϠЏ ЁϹ ЀЂϺϹЀ ЅЂϷϿϴЅϼІАЅГ Ѕ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼϹЀ Ђ ЁϹϻϴ϶ϼЅϼЀЂЀ ϼϻЂϵЄϹІϹЁϼϼ «ЄϴЃϼЄ» Ёϴ
ϲϺЁЂЀ Ϟϴ϶ϾϴϻϹ ϹЍϹ ϼ ЃЂ ϸЄЇϷЂϽ ЃЄϼЋϼЁϹ. ϕЂϹ϶ЂϹ ЃЄϼЀϹЁϹЁϼϹ ϾЂϿВЍϹϷЂ ЀϹЋϴ ІЄϹϵЂ϶ϴϿЂ ЂІ ЄϴІЁϼϾϴ ϸϿϼІϹϿАЁЂϽ ЄϹϷЇϿГЄЁЂϽ ЃЂϸϷЂІЂ϶Ͼϼ. ϥϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿАЁЂ, «ЄϴЃϼЄϴ» ϵЏϿϴ ЂЄЇϺϼϹЀ ЃЄЂЈϹЅЅϼЂЁϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ϶ЂϼЁϴ, ϼ ϹϹ ЃЂГ϶ϿϹЁϼϹ Ёϴ Ϟϴ϶ϾϴϻϹ ЅІϴϿЂ ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЏЀ ІЂϿАϾЂ ЃЂЅϿϹ ЈЂЄЀϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ϻϸϹЅА
ϸЄЇϺϼЁЏ (ЃЄЂЈϹЅЅϼЂЁϴϿАЁЂϹ ϶ЂϽЅϾЂ), ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂ, ϻϴ϶ϹЄЌϼ϶ЌϹϷЂЅГ ϶ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ «Њ϶ϹІЇЍϹϽ ЃЂЄЏ» ϦϞ
(ϞЇЌЁϴЄД϶ϴ, ϤЏЅϼЁ 1998: 36; 2000: 84–87). ϥϴЀϼ ЃЄϼϹЀЏ ЈϹЉІЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ЃЄϼ ЃЂЀЂЍϼ «ЄϴЃϼЄЏ» ЁϹ
ЀЂϷϿϼ ϵЏІА ϼϻЂϵЄϹІϹЁЏ Ёϴ Ϟϴ϶ϾϴϻϹ, ϷϸϹ ЄϴЁϹϹ ЁϹ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴϿЂ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼϼ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ЄЇϵГЍϼЉ
ϼ ϾЂϿВЍϼЉ ЀϹЋϹϽ. ϛϴІЂ ЇϺϹ ЅЂ ϶ІЂЄЂϽ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁЏ III ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. БІϴ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼГ ЅϿЂϺϼϿϴЅА Ͼ ВϷЇ ϼ
6
ϣϹЄ϶ЏϹ ϾЂЄЂІϾϼϹ ЄЇϵГЍϼϹ ЀϹЋϼ Ѕ
ϾЂЁЊЂЀ ϾϿϼЁϾϴ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ ϶ ϔЁϴІЂϿϼϼ ϶ ЅЂЅІϴ϶Ϲ ϾϿϴϸϴ
϶ ЅϿЂϹ VI A ϶ ϔЄЅϿϴЁІϹЃϹ (Palmieri 1981: 101, fig 3, 1).
7
ϘЂЃЂϿЁϼІϹϿАЁϴГ ϸϹІϴϿА, ЅϵϿϼϺϴВЍϴГ ЂЄЇϺϼϹ ϼϻ ϞϴЄЇЀϴ ϞϴЁϼЌϴ ϼ ϦЄϼϴϿϹІϼ, — ЃϴЄϴϿϿϹϿАЁЏϹ ϺϹϿЂϵϾϼ-ϾϴЁЁϹϿВЄЏ, ЅЉЂϸГЍϼϹЅГ ϶ЀϹЅІϹ Ͼ ЅϹЄϹϸϼЁϹ ϸϿϼЁЏ ϾϿϼЁϾϴ, ϼЀϹВЍϼϹЅГ Ёϴ ϾϿϼЁϾϴЉ «ЃϴЄϴϸЁЏЉ» БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄЂ϶ ϾϼЁϺϴϿЂ϶ ϼ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾϴЉ ϾЂЃϼϽ.
180
,
,
ϻϴЃϴϸЇ ЂІ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ — ϶ ϥϼЄϼϼ, ϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϽ ϔЁϴІЂϿϼϼ ϼ Ёϴ ϔЄЀГЁЅϾЂЀ ЁϴϷЂЄАϹ. ϢЋϹ϶ϼϸЁЂ, ϼЀϹЁЁЂ
ϼϻ ϣϹЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ϖЂЅІЂϾϴ Ёϴ϶ЏϾϼ ЈϹЉІЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ϶ЀϹЅІϹ Ѕ ЃЄЂІЂІϼЃϴЀϼ ЅϴЀϼЉ ЀϹЋϹϽ ЀЂϷϿϼ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϼІАЅГ ϾϴϾ Ёϴ ϲϺЁЏϽ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻ, ІϴϾ ϼ ϶ ϱϷϹϽЅϾϼϽ ЄϹϷϼЂЁ.
ϣЄЂ϶ϹϸϹЁЁЏϽ ϶ЏЌϹ ϴЁϴϿϼϻ ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГϹІ ЇЅІϴЁЂ϶ϼІА ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЄϴЀϾϼ ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂϷЂ ЃЂГ϶ϿϹЁϼГ «ЄϴЃϼЄ» Ёϴ Ϟϴ϶ϾϴϻϹ. ϖ ϾϴЋϹЅІ϶Ϲ ЁϼϺЁϹϽ ϷЄϴЁϼЊЏ ЀЏ ЃЄϼЁϼЀϴϹЀ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϾЇ ЃϹЄϹϸЁϹ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏЉ ЀϹЋϹϽ Ѕ ЂЅІЄЏЀ ϾЂЁЊЂЀ ϾϿϼЁϾϴ ϼ Ѕ ϶ЏЅІЇЃϴВЍϼЀ ЄϹϵЄЂЀ — XXII–XIX ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϖϹЄЉЁϹϽ
ϷЄϴЁϼЊϹϽ, Ёϴ ЁϴЌ ϶ϻϷϿГϸ, ЀЂϺϹІ ЅϿЇϺϼІА ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁϼϹ ϵЂϿϹϹ ЃЄЂϷЄϹЅЅϼ϶ЁЏЉ «ЄϴЃϼЄ» БϷϹϽЅϾЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ — БІЂ XVIII–XVII ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.
ϖ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼГ ϦϞ ЅϿЂϺϼϿЅГ ЁЂ϶ЏϽ, ЁϹϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЏϽ ЄϴЁϹϹ
,
Ёϴϻ϶ϴЁЁЏϽ
. ϢЁ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄϼϻЇϹІЅГ ЅЂ϶ЀϹЍϹЁϼϹЀ ІϹЉЁϼϾϼ ϻϹЄЁϼ, ϴЃЃϿϼϾϴЊϼϽ, ЈϼϿϼϷЄϴЁϼ ϼ ϻϴϾЄϹЃϿϹЁϼГ ϶ «ϷЁϹϻϸϴЉ» ЃЂϿЇϸЄϴϷЂЊϹЁЁЏЉ ϾϴЀЁϹϽ. ϱІЂІ ЅІϼϿА ЃЄϼЀϹЁГϿϼ ϼЅϾϿВЋϼІϹϿАЁЂ ЃЄϼ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϼϼ ϶ϹЍϹϽ ϼϻ ϻЂϿЂІϴ, ЅϹЄϼВ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЂІϾЄЏ϶ϴϹІ ϻЁϴЀϹЁϼІЏϽ ϾЇϵЂϾ ϼϻ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾЂϷЂ ϾЇЄϷ. XVII (ϞЇЈІϼЁ 1941: ІϴϵϿ. XCIII).
ϖ Ѕ϶Гϻϼ Ѕ ЄϴЅЅЀЂІЄϹЁϼϹЀ ϻЂϿЂІЏЉ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ, ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁЁЏЉ ЃЂϿЇϸЄϴϷЂЊϹЁЁЏЀϼ ϾϴЀЁГЀϼ, ϻϹЄЁАВ ϼ ЈϼϿϼϷЄϴЁАВ, ϶ЂϻЁϼϾϴϹІ ЄГϸ ϶ЂЃЄЂЅЂ϶: ЀЂϺЁЂ Ͽϼ ЅЋϼІϴІА ЃЂϿϼЉЄЂЀЁЏϽ ЅІϼϿА ВϺЁЂϾϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼЀ ϼϻЂϵЄϹІϹЁϼϹЀ; ϶ ϾϴϾЂЀ ϴЄϹϴϿϹ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ ЃЂϸЂϵЁЏϹ ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁϼГ; ϾЂϷϸϴ ЂЁϼ ϶ЃϹЄ϶ЏϹ
ЃЂГ϶ϼϿϼЅА? ϣЄГЀЏЉ ϴЁϴϿЂϷЂ϶ В϶ϹϿϼЄЁЏЀ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГЀ «Њ϶ϹІЇЍϹϽ ЃЂЄЏ» ϦϞ ϻϴ ЃЄϹϸϹϿϴЀϼ ϲϺЁЂϷЂ
Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϼІА ЃЂϾϴ ЁϹ ЇϸϴϿЂЅА, ЋІЂ ϻϴІЄЇϸЁГϹІ ЃЄЂϵϿϹЀЇ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶Ͼϼ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ БІЂϷЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ. ϧϺϹ ϕ. ϔ. ϞЇЈІϼЁ, ЃЄЂЁϼЊϴІϹϿАЁЂ ϻϴЀϹІϼ϶ ЃϹЄϹϸЁϹϴϻϼϴІЅϾϼϹ ϼЅІЂϾϼ ЄϹЀϹЅϿϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϼЅЃЂϿЁϹЁϼГ ЂІϾЄЏІЏЉ ϼЀ ЌϹϸϹ϶ЄЂ϶, ЃЄϼ϶ϹϿ ϸ϶Ϲ ϷЄЇЃЃЏ ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼϽ ϸϿГ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾϼЉ В϶ϹϿϼЄЁЏЉ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ:
Ѕ ЂϸЁЂϽ ЅІЂЄЂЁЏ, ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁϼГ ϶ІЂЄЂϽ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁЏ III ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϼϻ ϠϹЅЂЃЂІϴЀϼϼ ϼ ϠϴϿЂϽ ϔϻϼϼ,
Ѕ ϸЄЇϷЂϽ — ЁϴЉЂϸϾϼ ϼϻ ϗЄϹЊϼϼ ϼ ϞЄϼІϴ ЀϼϾϹЁЅϾЂϽ БЃЂЉϼ ЅϹЄϹϸϼЁЏ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϦϴϾ, ϶ ϾϴЋϹЅІ϶Ϲ
ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼϼ ϴϷϴІЂ϶ЂЀЇ ϾЇϿЂЁЇ ϼϻ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾЂϷЂ ϾЇЄϷ. VIII ЂЁ ЃЄϼ϶ϹϿ ЂϺϹЄϹϿАϹ ϺЄϼЊЏ ϔϵϵϴϵϴЌІϼ ϼϻ
ЉЄϴЀϴ ϶ ϧЄЇϾϹ (ϞЇЈІϼЁ 1941: 94). ϱІЂ ЂϺϹЄϹϿАϹ, ЂЌϼϵЂЋЁЂ ЂІЁϹЅϹЁЁЂϹ ϕ. ϔ. ϞЇЈІϼЁЏЀ Ͼ ЁϴЋϴϿЇ III
ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б., ЅϹϷЂϸЁГ ЁϴϸϹϺЁЂ ϸϴІϼЄЇϹІЅГ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЂЀ III ϸϼЁϴЅІϼϼ ϧЄϴ — XXI ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϖϴϺЁЂ ЃЂϸЋϹЄϾЁЇІА ЅІЄϹЀϿϹЁϼϹ ЀϴЅІϹЄϴ ЃЄϼϸϴІА ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾЂЀЇ ϾЇϿЂЁЇ ϿЇЁϴЄЁЇВ ЈЂЄЀЇ, ЋІЂ ϵЏϿЂ ϸЂЅІϼϷЁЇІЂ ЃЂЅϿϹ ЃЂϿЂЀϾϼ ϾϴЀЁГ Ѕ ЃЂЀЂЍАВ ϻЂϿЂІЂϽ ЂЃЄϴ϶Џ. ϡϹЂϵЉЂϸϼЀЂ ЂІЀϹІϼІА, ЋІЂ ϾЇϿЂЁЏ «V»ЂϵЄϴϻЁЂϽ ϼϿϼ ϿЇЁϴЄЁЂϽ ЈЂЄЀЏ ЃЂГ϶ϿГВІЅГ ϶ ϬЇЀϹЄϹ ϶ ϴϾϾϴϸЅϾϼϽ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ, ЁЂ ЅІϴЁЂ϶ГІЅГ ЂЅЂϵϹЁЁЂ
ЃЂЃЇϿГЄЁЏЀϼ ϶ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ III ϸϼЁϴЅІϼϼ ϧЄϴ (Maxwell-Hyslop 1971: 26, 65, pl. 19a). ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ЃЄϼ ϶ЁϼЀϴІϹϿАЁЂЀ ЄϴЅЅЀЂІЄϹЁϼϼ ϻϴЀϹІЁЏ ЄϴϻϿϼЋϼГ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾЂϷЂ ϾЇϿЂЁϴ ϼ ЂϺϹЄϹϿАГ ϼϻ ϧЄЇϾϴ: Ёϴ ЇЄЇϾЅϾЂЀ
ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁϼϼ ЂІЅЇІЅІ϶ЇϹІ ϻϹЄЁА (ϹЅІА ІЂϿАϾЂ ЈϼϿϼϷЄϴЁА), ϴ ϶ЀϹЅІЂ Њ϶ϹІЁЏЉ ϾϴЀЁϹϽ, ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЁЏЉ
϶ ϦЄϼϴϿϹІϼ, ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴЁϴ Њ϶ϹІЁϴГ ЃϴЅІϴ ϶ ϷЁϹϻϸϴЉ ϼϻ ЃЄЂ϶ЂϿЂϾϼ. ϣЂБІЂЀЇ ЁϹϿАϻГ ЅЋϼІϴІА ϾЇϿЂЁ ϼϻ
ϦЄϼϴϿϹІϼ ЃЄЂЅІЂϽ ϾЂЃϼϹϽ ЌЇЀϹЄЅϾϼЉ ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁϼϽ.
ϖІЂЄϴГ ϷЄЇЃЃϴ ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼϽ, ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴϹЀϴГ ϕ. ϔ. ϞЇЈІϼЁЏЀ, Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁϴ Ѕ ϱϷϹϽЅϾϼЀ ЄϹϷϼЂЁЂЀ.
ϖ ϾϴЋϹЅІ϶Ϲ ϹϸϼЁЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϽ ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼϼ ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁϼГЀ ϼϻ ϦЄϼϴϿϹІϼ ϕ. ϔ. ϞЇЈІϼЁ ЃЄϼ϶ϹϿ ЃЂϿЇВ ϻЂϿЂІЇВ
ϵЇЅϼЁЇ ϼϻ ϾЇЃЂϿАЁЂϽ ϷЄЂϵЁϼЊЏ ϶ ϖϴЈϼЂ (Tsauntas 1889: 151, pl. VII, 7), ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϽ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЂЀ
ЃЂϻϸЁϹЀϼЁЂϽЅϾϼϽ-II (XV–XIV ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.). ϣЂ ЀЁϹЁϼВ ϕ. ϔ. ϞЇЈІϼЁϴ, ϵЇЅϼЁϴ ϼϻ ϖϴЈϼЂ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿГϹІ
ЅЂϵЂϽ ЂϵЄϴϻϹЊ ІЂϽ ϺϹ ЃЂϿϼЉЄЂЀЁЂϽ ІϹЉЁϼϾϼ В϶ϹϿϼЄЁЂϷЂ ϼЅϾЇЅЅІ϶ϴ, ЋІЂ ϼ ϵЇЅЏ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ϷЂϿЂ϶Ͼϼ ϵЇϿϴ϶ЂϾ ϼϻ ϦЄϼϴϿϹІϼ (ϞЇЈІϼЁ 1941: ЄϼЅ. 96). ϡϴ ЁϴЌ ϶ϻϷϿГϸ, ЃЂϸЂϵЁϴГ ЃϴЄϴϿϿϹϿА ІЄϹϵЇϹІ ЂϷЂ϶ЂЄЂϾ: ϶ЂЃϹЄ϶ЏЉ, ЃЂϿϼЉЄЂЀЁϴГ ІϹЉЁϼϾϴ, ϶ЃϹЄ϶ЏϹ ϻϴЈϼϾЅϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁϴГ Ёϴ ϲϺЁЂЀ Ϟϴ϶ϾϴϻϹ ϼ Ёϴ ϣϹЄϹϸЁϹЀ ϖЂЅІЂϾϹ
϶ ϾЂЁЊϹ III ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б., ЃЂϻϸЁϹϹ ЁϹЂϸЁЂϾЄϴІЁЂ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴϿϴЅА ЀϴЅІϹЄϴЀϼ-В϶ϹϿϼЄϴЀϼ; ϶Ђ-϶ІЂЄЏЉ,
ϹЅІА ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁЁЏϹ ЂІϿϼЋϼГ БϷϹϽЅϾЂϽ В϶ϹϿϼЄЁЂϽ ІϹЉЁϼϾϼ ЂІ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾЂϽ. ϱϷϹϽЅϾϼϹ ϵЇЅϼЁЏ, ϼЀϹВЍϼϹ ϶ ЊϹЁІЄϹ ϻЂϿЂІЇВ ІЄЇϵЂЋϾЇ, ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁЏ ЁϹ ϾϴЀЁГЀϼ, ϴ ЅІϹϾϿГЁЁЂϽ ЃϴЅІЂϽ, ϻϴϾЄϹЃϿϹЁЁЂϽ ϶ ϿЇЁϾϴЉ
ϼϿϼ ϶ ϷЁϹϻϸϴЉ ϼϻ ЃЄЂ϶ЂϿЂϾϼ. ϣϹЄϹЋϼЅϿϹЁЁЏϹ ЂІϿϼЋϼГ, ЂЅЂϵϹЁЁЂ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴЁϼϹ ЃϴЅІЏ, ϼЀϼІϼЄЇВЍϹϽ
ϿϴϻЇЄϼІ ϼ ϵϼЄВϻЇ, ЇϾϴϻЏ϶ϴВІ, ЃЂ ЁϴЌϹЀЇ ЀЁϹЁϼВ, Ёϴ ϣϹЄϹϸЁϼϽ ϖЂЅІЂϾ ϾϴϾ Ёϴ ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЏϽ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾ
ϻϴϼЀЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼГ ІϹЉЁЂϿЂϷϼϼ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϼГ БϷϹϽЅϾϼЉ ϵЇЅ. ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, БϷϹϽЅϾϼϹ ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁϼГ ϼ ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІЏ ϦϞ ЂϵЎϹϸϼЁГВІ ІЂϿАϾЂ ЂϵЍϼϹ ЃϹЄϹϸЁϹ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏϹ ϾЂЄЁϼ ІϹЉЁϼϾϼ ϼ ЅІϼϿГ В϶ϹϿϼЄЁЂϷЂ ϼЅϾЇЅЅІ϶ϴ. ϣЇІϼ ϺϹ, ЃЄϼ϶ϹϸЌϼϹ Ͼ ЃЂГ϶ϿϹЁϼВ БІϼЉ ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁϼϽ Ёϴ ϲϺЁЂЀ Ϟϴ϶ϾϴϻϹ ϼ ϶ ϗЄϹЊϼϼ, ϾϴϾ ϼ ϶ЄϹЀГ
ϼЉ ϵЏІЂ϶ϴЁϼГ, ϵЏϿϼ ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЏ (ЅЀ. ЁϼϺϹ). ϖ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІϹ ЃЄϼ϶ϹϸϹЁЁЏЉ ϼЀ ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼϽ ϕ. ϔ. ϞЇЈІϼЁ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴϿ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЏ «Њ϶ϹІЇЍϹϽ ЃЂЄЏ» ϦϞ ЅϹЄϹϸϼЁЂϽ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ: 99).
ϥЂЃЂЅІϴ϶ϼ϶ Ёϴ ЂЅЁЂ϶Ϲ ЄГϸϴ ЂϵЂϵЍϴВЍϼЉ ЀЂЁЂϷЄϴЈϼϽ (Higgins 1961; 1980; Maxwell-Hyslop
1971) В϶ϹϿϼЄЁЂϹ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸЅІ϶Ђ ϦϞ Ѕ ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁϼГЀϼ ϼϻ ЅЂЅϹϸЁϼЉ ЄϹϷϼЂЁЂ϶ ϘЄϹ϶ЁϹϷЂ ϖЂЅІЂϾϴ, ЀЏ ЇЅІϴЁЂ϶ϼϿϼ, ЋІЂ ЃЂϿϼЉЄЂЀЁϴГ ІϹЉЁϼϾϴ Г϶ϿГϹІЅГ ЂЄϼϷϼЁϴϿАЁЏЀ ϼϻЂϵЄϹІϹЁϼϹЀ, ϶ЃϹЄ϶ЏϹ ЃЄϼЀϹЁϹЁЁЏЀ
181
:
,
,
В϶ϹϿϼЄϴЀϼ Ёϴ ϲϺЁЂЀ Ϟϴ϶ϾϴϻϹ ϼ ϶ ϟϹ϶ϴЁІϹ (ϕϼϵϿ). ϢІϸϹϿАЁЏϹ ІϹЉЁϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЃЄϼϹЀЏ Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼЉ
В϶ϹϿϼЄЂ϶ ϵЏϿϼ ϼϻЂϵЄϹІϹЁЏ ЌЇЀϹЄЅϾϼЀϼ ЀϴЅІϹЄϴЀϼ ϶ III ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б., ЂϸЁϴϾЂ ϶ ϠϹЅЂЃЂІϴЀϼϼ БІϼ
ЃЄϼϹЀЏ ЁϹ ЃЄϼЀϹЁГϿϼЅА ϶ ЃЂϸЂϵЁЂЀ ЅЂЋϹІϴЁϼϼ. ϦϴϾ, ϶ ϬЇЀϹЄϹ ϻϹЄЁА ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴϿϴЅА ЂЋϹЁА ЄϹϸϾЂ
ϼ ЂІϸϹϿАЁЂ ЂІ ЈϼϿϼϷЄϴЁϼ, ϾЂІЂЄϴГ ЃЄϼЀϹЁГϿϴЅА ЋϴЍϹ. ϖЅІϴ϶Ͼϼ ϼϻ ϾϴЀЁϹϽ ϶ ϬЇЀϹЄϹ ІϴϾϺϹ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴϿϼ ЄϹϸϾЂ ϼ ЁϹ ЂϵЄϴЀϿГϿϼЅА ϻϹЄЁАВ. ϬЇЀϹЄЅϾϼϹ В϶ϹϿϼЄЏ ЃЄϹϸЃЂЋϼІϴϿϼ ЇЃЂІЄϹϵϿГІА Њ϶ϹІЁЇВ
ЃϴЅІЇ (ϼЀϼІϼЄЇВЍЇВ ϿϴϻЇЄϼІ ϼϿϼ ϵϼЄВϻЇ), ϻϴϾЄϹЃϿϹЁЁЇВ ϶ ЇϷϿЇϵϿϹЁϼГЉ-ϿЇЁϾϴЉ ϼϿϼ ϶ «ϷЁϹϻϸϴЉ»
ϼϻ ϻЂϿЂІЂϽ ЃЄЂ϶ЂϿЂϾϼ; ϸЄϴϷЂЊϹЁЁЏϹ ϺϹ ϾϴЀЁϼ ϿϼϵЂ ЈϼϾЅϼЄЂ϶ϴϿϼ Ѕ ЃЂЀЂЍАВ ϾϿϹϽϾЂϽ ЅЀЂϿЏ (ІϹЉЁϼϾϴ ϼЁϾЄЇЅІϴЊϼϼ), ϿϼϵЂ Ѕ϶ϹЄϿϼϿϼ ϼ ЁϴЅϴϺϼ϶ϴϿϼ Ёϴ ϻЂϿЂІЇВ ЃЄЂ϶ЂϿЂϾЇ. ϫϴЅІЂ ЌЇЀϹЄЅϾϼϹ ЀϴЅІϹЄϴ
ЃЂЀϹЍϴϿϼ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏϹ ϵЇЅϼЁЏ ϶ ЂЃЄϴ϶Ї ϼϻ ϿϼЅІЂ϶ЂϷЂ ϻЂϿЂІϴ; ϷЂϿЂ϶Ͼϼ ϵЇϿϴ϶ЂϾ ЇϾЄϴЌϴϿϼ, ЃЄϼ϶ГϻЏ϶ϴГ
Ͼ ЁϼЀ ЃЄЂЅ϶ϹЄϿϹЁЁЇВ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЇВ ϵЇЅϼЁЇ ϼϿϼ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЇВ ЊϼϿϼЁϸЄϼЋϹЅϾЇВ ЃϹЋϴІА.
ϖ ϦЄЂϹ ІϹЉЁϼϾϴ ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁϼГ ϻЂϿЂІЏЉ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ
ϼ
ϵЏϿϴ ϶ЃϹЄ϶ЏϹ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴЁϴ ЀϴЅІϹЄϴЀϼ ЃЄϼ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϼϼ ϶ϹЍϹϽ ϼϻ ϻЁϴЀϹЁϼІЏЉ ϾϿϴϸЂ϶ ϶ІЂЄЂϷЂ ϷЂЄЂϸϴ, ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁЁЏЉ III
ЄϴЁЁϹϸϼЁϴЅІϼЋϹЅϾЂЀЇ (ϸϴϿϹϹ — ϤϘ) ϼ ϴϾϾϴϸЅϾЂЀЇ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЇ ϶ ϠϹЅЂЃЂІϴЀϼϼ (ϦЄϹϽЅІϹЄ 1996). ϥ϶Гϻϼ
ЀϹЅЂЃЂІϴЀЅϾϼЉ В϶ϹϿϼЄЂ϶ Ѕ ЀϴЅІϹЄϴЀϼ ϼϻ ϦЄЂϼ ЃЂϸІ϶ϹЄϺϸϴВІЅГ ЁϴЉЂϸϾЂϽ ϵϿϼϻϾϼЉ ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁϼϽ
Ёϴ ЃЄЂЀϹϺЇІЂЋЁЂϽ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ϶ ϱЅϾϼГЃϴЄϹ ϶ ϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϽ ϔЁϴІЂϿϼϼ (Özgüç, Temizer 1993: 615,
621, 627, fig. 1–8, 45–46). ϣЂϻϸЁϹϹ ІϴϾЂϽ ЃЄϼϹЀ ϻϴЈϼϾЅϼЄЂ϶ϴЁ ϶ ϕϼϵϿϹ Ёϴ ЄЇϵϹϺϹ III–II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.
ϲ϶ϹϿϼЄЏ ϶ ϦЄЂϹ ЁϹ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴϿϼ ЃЂϿЇϸЄϴϷЂЊϹЁЁЏϹ ϾϴЀЁϼ (ЃЂϿϼЉЄЂЀЁЏϽ ЅІϼϿА).
ϥϴЀЏϹ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϼϹ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ, ЅЂЋϹІϴВЍϼϹ
,
ϼ
, ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ ϶ЁϹ
Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ Ёϴ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЉ
III–II
.
. . ϶ ϥϼЄϼϼ, ϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϽ ϔЁϴІЂϿϼϼ, Ёϴ
ϔЄЀГЁЅϾЂЀ ЁϴϷЂЄАϹ ϼ ϶ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϽ ϠϹЅЂЃЂІϴЀϼϼ. ϤϹЋА ϼϸϹІ Ђ ϻЂϿЂІЂЀ ЅЂЅЇϸϹ, ϸϼЅϾЂ϶ϼϸЁЂЀ ЀϹϸϴϿАЂЁϹ
ϼ ЂϵϾϿϴϸϾϹ ЄЇϾЂГІЂϾ ЃϴЄϴϸЁЏЉ ЅϹϾϼЄ ϼϻ ϾϿϴϸЂ϶ ϶ ϕϼϵϿϹ (Maxwell-Hyslop 1971: 102, 104, pl. 69, fig. 75),
ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ Ђ ЅϹЄАϷϴЉ ϼϻ ЅϿЂГ II ϞϴЄЇЀϴ ϞϴЁϼЌϴ (Özgüç 1986: 119, fig. 26). Ϟ ЃϹЄ϶ЏЀ ϶ϹϾϴЀ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.
ЂІЁЂЅГІЅГ ϶ЏЃЂϿЁϹЁЁЏϹ ϶ ІϴϾЂϽ ϺϹ ІϹЉЁϼϾϹ ЅϹЄАϷϼ ϼϻ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ ЅϿЂГ D ϶ ϗϹЂϽ-ІϹЃϹ (Grawford 1975:
pl. VII), ЅϹЄАϷϼ ϼϻ ϧЄϴ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ЃЄϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ϗЇϷЇЁЇЀϴ ϶ ϟϴЄЅϹ (Maxwell-Hyslop 1971: 83, pl. 57), ЅϹЄАϷϼ
ϼϻ ϥЇϻ (Ibid.: 84, pl. 58–59), ЅϹЄАϷϼ ϼϻ ЃЂϷЄ. 20 ϼ ЂϺϹЄϹϿАϹ ϼϻ ЃЂϷЄ. 45 ϶ ϔЌЌЇЄϹ (Ibid.: 70, fig. 46).
ϣЄϼЋϹЀ ІЂϿАϾЂ Ёϴ ЅϹЄАϷϴЉ ϶ ϗϹЂϽ-ІϹЃϹ D, Ёϴ ϻЂϿЂІЂЀ ЅЂЅЇϸϹ ϼ Ёϴ ЂϵϾϿϴϸϾϹ ЄЇϾЂГІϾϼ ІЂЃЂЄϴ ϶ ϕϼϵϿϹ,
ІϴϾ ϺϹ ϾϴϾ ϼ ϶ ϦЄϼϴϿϹІϼ, ЅЂЋϹІϴϿϼЅА ϻϹЄЁА, ЈϼϿϼϷЄϴЁА ϼ ϶ЅІϴ϶Ͼϼ ϼϻ ϾϴЀЁϹϽ, ϴ ϶ ЂЅІϴϿАЁЏЉ ЅϿЇЋϴГЉ
В϶ϹϿϼЄϴЀϼ ЇЃЂІЄϹϵϿϹЁЏ ІЂϿАϾЂ ϾϴЀЁϼ, ЂϵЄϴЀϿϹЁЁЏϹ ЌϴЄϼϾϴЀϼ ϻϹЄЁϼ, ЁЂ ЁϹІ ЈϼϿϼϷЄϴЁϼ.
ϡϴЀ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿГϹІЅГ, ЋІЂ ЂЃЏІ ЌЇЀϹЄЅϾϼЉ (ϼ ϴЅЅϼЄϼϽЅϾϼЉ) В϶ϹϿϼЄЂ϶ ϵЏϿ І϶ЂЄЋϹЅϾϼ ЃϹЄϹЄϴϵЂІϴЁ Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼЀϼ ЀϴЅІϹЄϴЀϼ, ϶ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІϹ ЋϹϷЂ ЃЂГ϶ϼϿЅГ ЂЄϼϷϼЁϴϿАЁЏϽ ЃЂϿϼЉЄЂЀЁЏϽ ЅІϼϿА,
ЂϸЁϼЀ ϼϻ ЊϹЁІЄЂ϶ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁϼГ ϾЂІЂЄЂϷЂ ЅІϴϿ ϲϺЁЏϽ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻ. ϦЂϿАϾЂ ϶ ϕϼϵϿϹ ϼ Ёϴ ϲϺЁЂЀ
Ϟϴ϶ϾϴϻϹ — ϶ ϾЇЄϷϴЁϴЉ ϦЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾЂϷЂ ЃϿϴІЂ, ϶ ϞϴЄϴЌϴЀϵϹ ϼ ϶ ϟЂЄϼ ϕϹЄϸϹ — ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЏ Ѕ ЁϴϵЂЄϴЀϼ ЃЄϹЅІϼϺЁЏЉ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ, ϼЅЃЂϿЁϹЁЁЏЉ ϶ ЃЂϿϼЉЄЂЀЁЂЀ ЅІϼϿϹ, ІЂϷϸϴ ϾϴϾ ϻϴ ЃЄϹϸϹϿϴЀϼ
Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ (ϼЅϾϿВЋϴГ ϕϼϵϿ) ϶ЅІЄϹЋϴВІЅГ ϿϼЌА ϹϸϼЁϼЋЁЏϹ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІЏ ЃЂϸЂϵЁЂϷЂ ЄЂϸϴ, ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ЋϴЅІЂ
ЇϺϹ ЃЂЅϿϹ ϸϿϼІϹϿАЁЂϷЂ ϼЉ ЇЃЂІЄϹϵϿϹЁϼГ, ЅЂ ЅϿϹϸϴЀϼ ЄϹЀЂЁІϴ ϼ Ѕ ϶ЏЃϴ϶ЌϼЀϼ ϾϴЀЁГЀϼ (ϗϹЂϽ-ІϹЃϹ).
ϢϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁϼϹ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ, ϶ЏЃЂϿЁϹЁЁЏЉ ϶ ЃЂϿϼЉЄЂЀЁЂЀ ЅІϼϿϹ, ϶ ϕϼϵϿϹ, ϞϴЄЇЀϹ ϞϴЁϼЌϴ ϼ ϔЌЌЇЄϹ
ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿϴϷϴϹІ ϼЉ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸЅІ϶Ђ В϶ϹϿϼЄϴЀϼ ϼЀϹЁЁЂ БІϼЉ ІЂЄϷЂ϶Ђ-ЄϹЀϹЅϿϹЁЁЏЉ ЊϹЁІЄЂ϶. ϤϹϸϾЂЅІА
ϺϹ ЁϴЉЂϸЂϾ ЃЂϿϼЉЄЂЀЁЏЉ ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁϼϽ ϶ЁϹ ЃЄϹϸϹϿЂ϶ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ ЀЂϺϹІ ϵЏІА Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁϴ Ѕ ЂІЅЇІЅІ϶ϼϹЀ
ϻϸϹЅА БϿϼІЁЏЉ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ, ЅЂЃЂЅІϴ϶ϼЀЏЉ Ѕ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾϼЀϼ. ϡϴϿϼЋϼϹ ϶ϹЍϹϽ, ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁЁЏЉ ϶ ЃЂϿϼЉЄЂЀЁЂЀ ЅІϼϿϹ, ϻϴ ЃЄϹϸϹϿϴЀϼ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ ϸϴϹІ ЁϴЀ ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂЅІА ЇІЂЋЁϼІА ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϾЇ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ϦϞ:
϶ЅϹ БІϼ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ ЂІЁЂЅГІЅГ Ͼ XXI–XIX ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б., ЋІЂ ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГϹІ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϼІА ЇϾϴϻϴЁЁЇВ ϸϴІЇ
Ёϴ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ ϲϺЁЂϷЂ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ, ЅЂϸϹЄϺϴЍϼϹ ЃЂϸЂϵЁЏϹ ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁϼГ.
ϫІЂ ϾϴЅϴϹІЅГ
ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ, ЅЂЋϹІϴВЍϼЉ ϻϹЄЁА ϼ «ϷЁϹϻϸϴ», ϻϴЃЂϿЁϹЁЁЏϹ Њ϶ϹІЁЂϽ ЃϴЅІЂϽ,
ІЂ ϼЉ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼϹ, ЅЇϸГ ЃЂ ЅІϼϿВ ϼ ІϹЉЁϼϾϹ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϼГ, Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁЂ Ѕ ϥϼЄϼϹϽ ϼ ϣϴϿϹЅІϼЁЂϽ.
ϣЄЂІЂІϼЃϴЀϼ ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁϼϽ ЃЂϿϼЉЄЂЀЁЂϷЂ ЅІϼϿГ ϼϻ ϱϷϹϼϸЏ ЀЂϷϿϴ ЃЂЅϿЇϺϼІА ЃЄЂϸЇϾЊϼГ В϶ϹϿϼЄЁЏЉ ЀϴЅІϹЄЅϾϼЉ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂϷЂ ЃЂϵϹЄϹϺАГ ϥЄϹϸϼϻϹЀЁЂϷЂ ЀЂЄГ, ϶ ЋϴЅІЁЂЅІϼ ЃϹЄЅІϹЁА ϼ ЅϹЄАϷϼ ϼϻ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ ϶ ϦϹϿϿА ϔϸϺЇϿА ϶ ϣϴϿϹЅІϼЁϹ, ϸϴІϼЄЇϹЀЏϹ 1750–1500 ϷϷ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (Maxwell-Hyslop 1971:
116, 119, fig. 79, 82; pl. 82–83). ϥЂЃЂЅІϴ϶ϼЀЂϹ Ѕ ϸϴЁЁЏЀϼ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϴЀϼ ЁϴϼϵЂϿϹϹ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϹ ЃЂϿϼЉЄЂЀЁЂϹ
ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁϼϹ ϱϷϹϽЅϾЂϷЂ ϵϴЅЅϹϽЁϴ — ЃЂϸ϶ϹЅϾϴ ϼϻ ϠϴϿϿϼϼ Ёϴ ϞЄϼІϹ — ϸϴІϼЄЇϹІЅГ ЅЄϹϸЁϹЀϼЁЂϽЅϾϼЀ
ЃϹЄϼЂϸЂЀ, І. Ϲ. 1700–1550 ϷϷ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (Higgins 1980: 45, il. 39). ϣϹЄЅІЁϼ ЅЂ ϶ЅІϴ϶ϾϴЀϼ ϼϻ ϗЄϹЊϼϼ ϼ
ϞЄϼІϴ ЂІЁЂЅГІЅГ Ͼ 1500–1300 ϷϷ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (Ibid.: 70, pl. 11, ).
ϡϹЅϾЂϿАϾЂ ЅЈϹЄϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϻЂϿЂІЏЉ ϵЇЅϼЁ ЅЂ ϶ЅІϴ϶ϾϴЀϼ ϼϻ ϷЂϿЇϵЂϽ ЃϴЅІЏ ϶ ЂϾЄЇϺϹЁϼϼ ЌϴЄϼϾЂ϶
ϻϹЄЁϼ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ ϶ ϷЄЂϵЁϼЊϴЉ Ёϴ ϞЄϼІϹ ϼ ϶ ϣϹϿϿЂЃЂЁϹЅЅϹ: ϖϴЈϼЂ (Tzauntas 1889: 151, pl. VII, 7),
182
,
,
ϦϹϵϼϼ (Amandry 1953: 24, pl. VIII, 28), ϣЄЂЅϼЀЁϹ (Blegen 1937: fig. 541, 11) ϼ ϸЄ. ϕЇЅϼЁЏ ЅЂ ϶ЅІϴ϶ϾϴЀϼ ϸϴІϼЄЇВІЅГ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴЀϼ ЃЂϻϸЁϹБϿϿϴϸЅϾϼϽ I–III (1650/1600–1200 ϷϷ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.). ϱϷϹϽЅϾϼϹ ϵЇЅϼЁЏ ЂІϿϼЋϴВІЅГ ЂІ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾϼЉ, ЁЂ ϵϿϼϻϾϼ ЅϼЄЂ-ЃϴϿϹЅІϼЁЅϾϼЀ ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁϼГЀ (ЃЄϼЀϹЁϹЁϼϹ Њ϶ϹІЁЂϽ ЃϴЅІЏ
϶ ЇϷϿЇϵϿϹЁϼГЉ, ЂІЅЇІЅІ϶ϼϹ ЈϼϿϼϷЄϴЁϼ), ЋІЂ ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГϹІ Ѕ϶ГϻЏ϶ϴІА ЃЂГ϶ϿϹЁϼϹ БϷϹϽЅϾϼЉ ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІЂ϶
Ѕ БϷϹϽЅϾЂ-ϵϿϼϺЁϹ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏЀϼ ϾЂЁІϴϾІϴЀϼ. ϘϿГ ЀϼЁЂϽЅϾЂ-ЀϼϾϹЁЅϾЂϷЂ В϶ϹϿϼЄЁЂϷЂ ϼЅϾЇЅЅІ϶ϴ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЏ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ ϼЁЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ — ІϴϾ ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴϹЀЏϹ ЄϹϿАϹЈЁЏϹ ϵЇЅЏ, ЌІϴЀЃЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϹ ϼϻ ϿϼЅІЂ϶ЂϷЂ
ϻЂϿЂІϴ. ϥ ЂϵЄϴІЁЂϽ ЅІЂЄЂЁЏ ϵЇЅϼЁЏ ЃЄϼЃϴГЁϴ «ЃЂϸϾϿϴϸϾϴ» ϼϻ ϻЂϿЂІЂϷЂ ϿϼЅІϴ, ϴ ЃЂϿЂЅІА ϻϴЃЂϿЁϹЁϴ
ЀϴϷЁϹІϼІЂ϶ЏЀ ЃϹЅϾЂЀ. ϱІϼ ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁϼГ ϼЀϹϿϼ ЂϸЁЂ ϼϿϼ ϸ϶ϴ-ІЄϼ ЂІ϶ϹЄЅІϼГ ϸϿГ ЁϴЁϼϻЏ϶ϴЁϼГ. ϡϴ
ϿЇЋЌϼЉ ЂϵЄϴϻЊϴЉ ϶ЅІЄϹЋϴВІЅГ ЁϴЃϴГЁЁЏϹ ЌϴЄϼϾϼ ϻϹЄЁϼ ϼ ЂЋϹЁА ЄϹϸϾЂ ϶ЃϴϸϼЁЏ ϻϴЃЂϿЁГϹІ ϷЂϿЇϵϴГ
БЀϴϿА (Higgins 1980: 75, pl. 10). ϣЂϿϼЉЄЂЀЁЏϹ ϺϹ ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁϼГ ЁϹ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЏ ϸϿГ ϱϷϹϼϸЏ ϼ ϵЏϿϼ
ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ ІЂϿАϾЂ ϶ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГЉ ϻЁϴІϼ, ϷϸϹ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ ϿϼЌА ЂϸЁϴ-ϸ϶Ϲ ϵЇЅϼЁЏ. ϥϾЂЄϹϹ ϶ЅϹϷЂ ЂЁϼ
ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿГВІ ϻϸϹЅА ϵϿϼϺЁϹ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏϽ ϼЀЃЂЄІ (ϸϴЄЏ, ϶ЂϹЁЁϴГ ϸЂϵЏЋϴ) ϼϿϼ ЃЂϸЄϴϺϴЁϼГ.
ϜϻЇЋϹЁϼϹ ЂЄЇϺϼГ ϼ В϶ϹϿϼЄЁЏЉ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ ЃЄϼ϶ЂϸϼІ ЁϴЅ Ͼ ϶ϴϺЁЂЀЇ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂ-ϼЅІЂЄϼЋϹЅϾЂЀЇ ϶Џ϶ЂϸЇ: ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼϹ ϲϺЁЂϷЂ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ ϶ ϥϕϖ ЁϹ ϼЀϹϿЂ ІϹЅЁЏЉ ϾЂЁІϴϾІЂ϶ Ѕ
.
ϗϿϴ϶ЁЏЀϼ ϼ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿГВЍϼЀϼ ЁϴЃЄϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГЀϼ ϾЂЁІϴϾІЂ϶ ϼ Ѕ϶ГϻϹϽ ϶ БІЂІ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ϵЏϿϼ ϴЁϴІЂϿϼϽЅϾЂϹ
(ϔЄЀГЁЅϾЂϹ ЁϴϷЂЄАϹ, ϞϴЃЃϴϸЂϾϼГ), ϼЄϴЁЅϾЂϹ ϼ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЂЀϹЅЂЃЂІϴЀЅϾЂϹ ЁϴЃЄϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГ, І. Ϲ. ЂϵϿϴЅІϼ,
϶ϾϿВЋϹЁЁЏϹ ϶ ЅϹІА ϴЌЌЇЄЅϾЂϽ ЀϹϺϸЇЁϴЄЂϸЁЂϽ ІЂЄϷЂ϶ЂϽ ЂЄϷϴЁϼϻϴЊϼϼ. ϜϻЇЋϹЁϼϹ ϸЂϾЇЀϹЁІЂ϶ ϼϻ
ϹϹ ϴЄЉϼ϶Ђ϶ ЃЂϾϴϻЏ϶ϴϹІ, ЋІЂ ϴϷϹЁІЏ-ІЂЄϷЂ϶ЊЏ ЃЂЅІЂГЁЁЂ ϼЅϾϴϿϼ ЃЇІϼ ЄϴЅЌϼЄϹЁϼГ ІЂЄϷЂ϶Ͽϼ ϼ ЂЅ϶ϴϼ϶ϴϿϼ ЁЂ϶ЏϹ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾϼ ЅЏЄАГ. ϞϴЃϼІϴϿ ϶ЅϹϷϸϴ ЅІЄϹЀϼІЅГ ЃЂϾϼЁЇІА ЄϹϷϼЂЁ, ϷϸϹ ϶ϹϿϼϾЂ ϶ϿϼГЁϼϹ
ϵВЄЂϾЄϴІϼϼ Ёϴ БϾЂЁЂЀϼϾЇ. ϖЏ϶ЂϸГ ІЂЄϷЂ϶Ђ-ЂϵЀϹЁЁЏϹ ЂЃϹЄϴЊϼϼ Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ, ЁϹ ϾЂЁІЄЂϿϼЄЇϹЀЏϹ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏЀϼ ЃЄϴ϶ϼІϹϿГЀϼ, ІЂЄϷЂ϶ЊЏ Ї϶ϹϿϼЋϼ϶ϴϿϼ ЃЄϼϵЏϿА, ЉЂІГ ϶ ІϴϾϼЉ ЄϴϽЂЁϴЉ ЄϼЅϾ
ІϴϾϺϹ ϶ЂϻЄϴЅІϴϿ (ϳЁϾЂ϶ЅϾϴГ 1985; 1988). ϲϺЁЏϽ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻ ϶ БІЂІ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ЇϸЂ϶ϿϹІ϶ЂЄГϿ ϶ЅϹЀ ІЄϹϵЂ϶ϴЁϼГЀ ϴЌЌЇЄЅϾϼЉ ІЂЄϷЂ϶ЏЉ ϴϷϹЁІЂ϶: ϻϸϹЅА ЁϹ ЅЈЂЄЀϼЄЂ϶ϴϿϼЅА ϷЂЅЇϸϴЄЅІ϶ϴ Ѕ Єϴϻ϶ϼІЂϽ ϵВЄЂϾЄϴІϼϹϽ, ϼЀϹϿϼЅА ϻϴЃϴЅЏ ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЂϷЂ ЅЏЄАГ, ϴ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼϹ ЀЂϷϿЂ ЅІϴІА ЃЂІϹЁЊϼϴϿАЁЏЀ ЃЂІЄϹϵϼІϹϿϹЀ
ЃЄЂϸЇϾЊϼϼ ЃϹЄϹϸЁϹ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏЉ ЀϴЅІϹЄЅϾϼЉ, ЁϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ ЌϹЄЅІГЁЏЉ, ЉϿЂЃϾЂ϶ЏЉ ϼ ϿАЁГЁЏЉ ІϾϴЁϹϽ,
ЅІϴІЇЅЁЂϷЂ ЂЄЇϺϼГ ϼ В϶ϹϿϼЄЁЏЉ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ.
ϣЂЃЏІϾϴ ЇІЂЋЁϹЁϼГ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶Ͼϼ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ Ѕ ЅϹЄϹϵЄГЁЏЀ ϾЇϵϾЂЀ ϼϻ ϞϴЄϴЌϴЀϵЅϾЂϷЂ ϾЇЄϷ. 1
ϵЏϿϴ ЃЄϹϸЃЄϼЁГІϴ Ϡ. ϕЂϹЀϹЄЂЀ ϼ ϗ. ϞЂЅЅϴϾЂЀ (Boehmer, Kossack 2000). ϙϸϼЁЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЀ ϸϴІϼЄЇВЍϼЀ ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІЂЀ ϼϻ БІЂϷЂ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ Г϶ϿГϹІЅГ ЅϹЄϹϵЄГЁЏϽ ГϾЂЄϹ϶ϼϸЁЏϽ ІЂЃЂЄ. ϔ϶ІЂЄЏ ЂІЁЂЅГІ
ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸЅІ϶Ђ ЃЂϸЂϵЁЏЉ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ Ͼ ϴϾϾϴϸЅϾЂЀЇ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЇ. ϖЏЌϹ ЀЏ ЇϺϹ ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴϿϼ ϸϴІϼЄЇВЍϼϹ
϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂЅІϼ БІЂϷЂ ϶ϼϸϴ ЂЄЇϺϼГ. Ϡ. ϕЂϹЀϹЄ ϼ ϗ. ϞЂЅЅϴϾ ЁϹ ЇЋϿϼ, ЋІЂ ЂЁЂ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЂ Ёϴ ϲϺЁЂЀ
Ϟϴ϶ϾϴϻϹ ϶ ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄϹ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ
ϦϞ
ϾЇЄϷϴЁЁЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ (ϕϹϸϹЁϼ,
ϾЇЄϷ. 12; ϞВϸЇЄϿϼ, ϾЇЄϷ. 14; ϬϴІϵϹЄϴЌ϶ϼϿϼ 1998: 125; Picchelauri 1997: Taf. 10, 102a; ϔЉЇЁϸЂ϶ 2001:
123; ЄϼЅ. XXXV, 3). ϧЃЂЀГЁЇІЏϹ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϼ ϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼІϹϿАЁЂ ЀЂϺЁЂ ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁϼϻϼЄЂ϶ϴІА Ѕ ϶ЏЌϹЁϴϻ϶ϴЁЁЏЀ БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄЂЀ ϼϻ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ ϶ ϧЄϹ, ϾЂІЂЄЂϹ ЂІЁЂЅϼІЅГ Ͼ XXIII–XXII ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ,
϶ ϛϴϾϴ϶ϾϴϻАϹ ЃЂϸЂϵЁЏϹ ІЂЃЂЄЏ, ϶ЃϹЄ϶ЏϹ ЃЂГ϶ϿГВЍϼϹЅГ ϶ ϵϹϸϹЁЅϾϼЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЉ ϶ ϴϾϾϴϸЅϾЂϹ ϶ЄϹЀГ, ϵЏІЂ϶ϴϿϼ ϼ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϹ, ϶ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЉ ϦϞ ϶ ϾЂЁЊϹ III–ЁϴЋϴϿϹ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.
ϤϴЅЅЀЂІЄϼЀ ϴЄϷЇЀϹЁІЏ Ϡ. ϕЂϹЀϹЄϴ ϼ ϗ. ϞЂЅЅϴϾϴ Ђ ϸϴІϼЄЇВЍϼЉ ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂЅІГЉ ЅϹЄϹϵЄГЁЂϷЂ
ϾЇϵϾϴ ϼϻ ϞϴЄϴЌϴЀϵϴ (ϢϷϴЁϹЅГЁ 1988; 1990). ϔ϶ІЂЄЏ ϸϹІϴϿАЁЂ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЇВІ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼГ Ёϴ БІЂЀ ЅЂЅЇϸϹ ϼ ЃЏІϴВІЅГ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϼІА ϶ЄϹЀГ ϼ ϴЄϹϴϿ ϼЉ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼГ Ёϴ ϘЄϹ϶ЁϹЀ ϖЂЅІЂϾϹ. ϖЏГЅЁГϹІЅГ,
ЋІЂ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЁЏϹ Ёϴ ϾϴЄϴЌϴЀϵЅϾϼЉ ЈЄϼϻϴЉ ЅВϺϹІЏ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁЏ ϶ ЌϼЄЂϾЂЀ ϴЄϹϴϿϹ ЂІ
ϞϴЃЃϴϸЂϾϼϼ Ёϴ ϻϴЃϴϸϹ ϸЂ ϠϹЅЂЃЂІϴЀϼϼ ϼ ϜЄϴЁϴ Ёϴ ϶ЂЅІЂϾϹ. ϕЂϿАЌϼЁЅІ϶Ђ ϼЉ ϶ЂЅЉЂϸГІ Ͼ ЇЄЇϾЅϾЂЀЇ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЇ (IV ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.), ϼ ϶ЅϹ ЂЁϼ ϵЏІЂ϶ϴϿϼ Ёϴ ϘЄϹ϶ЁϹЀ ϖЂЅІЂϾϹ ϸЂ ЁϴЋϴϿϴ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ
Ё. Б. ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ϸϹІϴϿϼ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼϽ ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГВІ ЇІЂЋЁϼІА ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂϹ ϶ЄϹЀГ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϼГ
ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴϹЀЂϷЂ ϾЇϵϾϴ. ϣϹЄϹЋϼЅϿϼЀ ЃЂϸЂϵЁЏϹ ЀЂІϼ϶Џ. ϥϼϸГЍϼϹ Ёϴ ϾЂЄІЂЋϾϴЉ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹЋϹЅϾϼϹ
ЈϼϷЇЄЏ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁЏ ϶ ϜЄϴЁϹ Ѕ ϴϾϾϴϸЅϾЂϷЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ϶ЃϿЂІА ϸЂ ЁϴЋϴϿϴ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (϶ЅІЄϹЋϴВІЅГ ЂЁϼ ϼ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϹ — ϶ ЉЇЄЄϼІЅϾЂЀ ϼЅϾЇЅЅІ϶Ϲ). ϟϼЄϴ Ѕ ϼϻЂϷЁЇІЏЀ ϷЄϼЈЂЀ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁϴ ЁϴЋϼЁϴГ Ѕ
ЃЂϻϸЁϹϴϾϾϴϸЅϾЂϷЂ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ϼ ϻϴІϹЀ ϶ЅІЄϹЋϴϹІЅГ ϶ ЁϴЋϴϿϹ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б., ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ϶ ЉϹІІЅϾЂϹ ϶ЄϹЀГ
϶ ϠϴϿЂϽ ϔϻϼϼ (Boehmer, Kossak 2000: 29, fig. 17, 6, 8). ϜϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼГ ЅІЂϿϼϾЂ϶ Ёϴ ЁЂϺϾϴЉ ϶ ϶ϼϸϹ
ϵЏЋАϼЉ ϾЂЃЏІ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЏ ІЂϿАϾЂ ϶ ЁϴЋϴϿϹ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϶ ϥϼЄϼϼ (ϱϵϿϴ; Ibid.: 29, fig. 19, b) ϼ ϶
ϞϴЃЃϴϸЂϾϼϼ (ϞϴЄЇЀ ϞϴЁϼЌϴ; Ibid.: 29, fig. 19, c). ϣЂϸЅІϴ϶Ͼϴ ЃЂϸ ЅЂЅЇϸ ϶ ЈЂЄЀϹ ЃϹЅЂЋЁЏЉ ЋϴЅЂ϶
ЁϴЃЂЀϼЁϴϹІ ϴϿІϴЄА Ѕ ЋϴЌϹϽ-ϾЇЄϼϿАЁϼЊϹϽ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϴϾϾϴϸЅϾЂϷЂ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ. ϜϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼГ ϿА϶ϼЁЂϷЂϿЂ϶ЂϷЂ ЂЄϿϴ — ϔЁϻЇ — ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸГІ ϼϻ ϠϹЅЂЃЂІϴЀϼϼ ϤϘ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ. ϣЂ ЀЁϹЁϼВ ϴ϶ІЂЄЂ϶, ІЄϴϸϼЊϼГ
183
:
,
,
ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϴІА ϷЂϿЂ϶Ї ϔЁϻЇ ϴЁЈϴЅ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁϴ ІЂϿАϾЂ ϸϿГ ϤϘ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ, ЃЂϻϸЁϹϹ ϺϹ ϹϹ ЁϴЋϴϿϼ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϴІА ϶ ЃЄЂЈϼϿА (Ibid.: 32). ϧ ЃϼЄЇВЍϹϷЂ «ϾЁГϻГ» ϷЂϿЂ϶ϴ ЂϵЄϼІϴ, ϴ Ёϴ ϻϴІЏϿϾϹ ЃЂϾϴϻϴЁϴ ϾЂЅϼЋϾϴ, Ѕ϶ϼЅϴВЍϴГ Ёϴ ЌϹВ. ϕЄϼІЂϷЂϿЂ϶ЏϹ ЃϹЄЅЂЁϴϺϼ Ѕ ϾЂЅЂϽ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЏ ϶ ϼЅϾЇЅЅІ϶Ϲ ϴϾϾϴϸЅϾЂϷЂ
ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ, ЃЄϼЋϹЀ Ёϴ ЂϸЁЂЀ ЄϹϿАϹЈϹ БІЂϷЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁ ЁϹ ϴϾϾϴϸϹЊ, ϴ ЃϿϹЁЁЏϽ ЋЇϺϹϻϹЀϹЊ,
ЃЂ-϶ϼϸϼЀЂЀЇ ϴЁϴІЂϿϼϹЊ (Ibid.: 29; fig. 18). ϞϼЁϺϴϿ Ѕ «ЅϹЄЃЂ϶ϼϸЁЏЀ» Ёϴ϶ϹЄЌϼϹЀ ϴ϶ІЂЄЏ ЅЄϴ϶Ёϼ϶ϴВІ Ѕ ЂЄЇϺϼϹЀ ЄϴЁЁϹϸϼЁϴЅІϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ϼ ϴϾϾϴϸЅϾЂϷЂ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЂ϶ ϼϻ ϠϹЅЂЃЂІϴЀϼϼ (Ibid.: 32). ϡϴ ЁϴЌ
϶ϻϷϿГϸ, ϾϴЄϴЌϴЀϵЅϾϼϹ ϾϼЁϺϴϿЏ ϵϿϼϺϹ ЃЂ ЈЂЄЀϹ Ͼ ЂϵЄϴϻЊϴЀ ЁϴЋϴϿϴ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б., ЁϴϽϸϹЁЁЏЀ, ЁϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ, ϶ ЅϿЂϹ II ϞϴЄЇЀϴ ϞϴЁϼЌϴ (Özgüç 1986). ϥ϶ЂϵЂϸЁЂϹ ЄϴϻЀϹЍϹЁϼϹ ЃϴЄ ϵЂЄВЍϼЉЅГ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЏЉ
ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЂ ϸϿГ ϷϿϼЃІϼϾϼ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϴϾϾϴϸЅϾЂϷЂ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ. ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ϻϸϹЅА ϹЅІА ϼ ЄϴϻϿϼЋϼГ: Ёϴ ϘЄϹ϶ЁϹЀ
ϖЂЅІЂϾϹ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϴϿϼЅА ЅЊϹЁЏ ІϹЄϻϴЁϼГ ЉϼЍЁϼϾϴЀϼ ІЄϴ϶ЂГϸЁЏЉ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЏЉ, ϴ Ёϴ ϾϴЄϴЌϴЀϵЅϾЂЀ
ϾЇϵϾϹ — ЅЉ϶ϴІϾϼ ϿА϶Ђ϶ ϼ ϿϹЂЃϴЄϸЂ϶ — ЀЂІϼ϶ ϹϸϼЁЂϵЂЄЅІ϶ϴ ϸ϶ЇЉ ϿА϶Ђ϶ ϶ЅІЄϹЋϴϹІЅГ Ёϴ ЃϹЋϴІГЉ
II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (Boehmer, Kossak 2000: 32).
ϢϵЂϵЍϴГ Ѕ϶Ђϼ ЁϴϵϿВϸϹЁϼГ, ϴ϶ІЂЄЏ ϸϴІϼЄЇВІ ϾЇϵЂϾ ϼϻ ϞϴЄϴЌϴЀϵϴ ЂІ ϤϘ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ϸЂ ЁϴЋϴϿϴ
II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б., «Ѕ ЅϼϿАЁЏЀ ЃϹЄϹ϶ϹЅЂЀ ϶ ЃЂϿАϻЇ ЄϴЁЁϹϸϼЁϴЅІϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ϼ ϴϾϾϴϸЅϾЂϷЂ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЂ϶» (Ibid.:
32). ϠЏ ЁϹ ЀЂϺϹЀ ЃЄϼЁГІА ІϴϾЂϽ ϶Џ϶Ђϸ, ЃЂЅϾЂϿАϾЇ ϹЀЇ ЃЄЂІϼ϶ЂЄϹЋϼІ
ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЅВϺϹІЂ϶ ϾϴЄϴЌϴЀϵЅϾϼЉ ЈЄϼϻЂ϶, ЁϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ ЅІЂϿϼϾϴ Ёϴ «ϵЏЋАϼЉ» ЁЂϺϾϴЉ ϼ ϿϼЄЏ Ѕ ϼϻЂϷЁЇІЏЀ ϷЄϼЈЂЀ,
ЁϴЋϼЁϴГ ϿϼЌА Ѕ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϽ ЋϹІ϶ϹЄІϼ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϡϴϼϵЂϿАЌЇВ ЅІϼϿϼЅІϼЋϹЅϾЇВ ϵϿϼϻЂЅІА Ѕ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼГЀϼ Ёϴ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾϼЉ ϾЇϵϾϹ ϼ ϶ϹϸϹЄϾϹ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ Ёϴ ϾϴЄϴЌϴЀϵЅϾЂЀ ϾЇϵϾϹ ϸϹЀЂЁЅІЄϼЄЇϹІ ϷϿϼЃІϼϾϴ ЁϴЋϴϿϴ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϼϻ ϞϴЄЇЀϴ ϞϴЁϼЌϴ ϼ ϕϼϵϿϴ, ϶ ЋϴЅІЁЂЅІϼ ЈϼϷЇЄЏ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЏЉ (Rubinson 2003;
ϞЂЁЂЁϹЁϾЂ 2000). ϗϿϼЃІϼϾϴ ϺϹ ϴϾϾϴϸЅϾЂϷЂ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ϼЀϹϹІ ЅЂ϶ϹЄЌϹЁЁЂ ϼЁЂϽ ЅІϼϿА. ϡϹϸϴ϶ЁЂ Ͼ ЃЂϸЂϵЁЂЀЇ ϶Џ϶ЂϸЇ ЃЄϼЌϿϴ ϼ Ϟ. ϤЇϵϼЁЅЂЁ, ϼϻЀϹЁϼ϶ Ѕ϶ЂϽ ЃЄϹϺЁϼϽ ϶ϻϷϿГϸ Ёϴ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϾЇ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЂ϶ ϼϻ
ϾЇЄϷϴЁЂ϶ ϦЄϼϴϿϹІϼ (Rubinson 1998: 126). ϖ ЃЂЅІЄЂϹЁϼГЉ ϕЂϹЀϹЄϴ ϼ ϞЂЅЅϴϾϴ ϶ϴϺЁЂ, Ёϴ ЁϴЌ ϶ϻϷϿГϸ,
ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁϼϹ ЄϹϷϼЂЁЂ϶, ІϹЅЁЂ Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁЁЏЉ Ѕ ϛϴϾϴ϶ϾϴϻАϹЀ, ЂІϾЇϸϴ ВϺЁЂϾϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼϹ ЀϴЅІϹЄϴ ЀЂϷϿϼ ϻϴϼЀЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴІА ЅВϺϹІЏ ϸϿГ Ѕ϶ЂϼЉ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ϹϸϹЁϼϽ. ϦϴϾϼЀϼ ЄϹϷϼЂЁϴЀϼ Г϶ϿГϿϼЅА ϞϴЃЃϴϸЂϾϼГ, ϥϼЄϼГ,
ϠϹЅЂЃЂІϴЀϼГ ϼ ϜЄϴЁ, ЋІЂ ЉЂЄЂЌЂ ЅЂϷϿϴЅЇϹІЅГ Ѕ ЁϴЌϼЀϼ ϶Џ϶ЂϸϴЀϼ Ђ Ѕ϶ГϻГЉ ϲϺЁЂϷЂ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ Ёϴ
ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾЂЀ БІϴЃϹ.
ϛϴ ϸϹЅГІϼϿϹІϼϹ, ЃЄЂЌϹϸЌϹϹ ЃЂЅϿϹ ЃЇϵϿϼϾϴЊϼϽ, ЃЂЅ϶ГЍϹЁЁЏЉ ЇІЂЋЁϹЁϼВ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ
ЃЂϻϼЊϼϼ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ϦϞ (ϞЇЌЁϴЄД϶ϴ, ϤЏЅϼЁ 2001; 2003; 2004), ϶ЏЌϿЂ ϶ Ѕ϶ϹІ ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾЂ ЄϴϵЂІ, ϶ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЇϹІЅГ ϸϴЁЁϴГ ЃЄЂϵϿϹЀϴІϼϾϴ, ϼ ϶϶ϹϸϹЁЏ ϶ ЁϴЇЋЁЏϽ ЂϵЂЄЂІ ЁЂ϶ЏϹ, ЋЄϹϻ϶ЏЋϴϽЁЂ ГЄϾϼϹ
ϼ ϼЁІϹЄϹЅЁЏϹ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЏ ϦϞ. ϡϼϺϹ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁ ϾЄϴІϾϼϽ ЄϴϻϵЂЄ ϸЂЅІЇЃЁЏЉ ЁϴЀ ЄϴϵЂІ, ϶ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ
ЄϴЅЅЀЂІЄϹЁЏ ϶ЂЃЄЂЅЏ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼϼ ϼ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϼϻϴЊϼϼ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ЈϼЁϴϿϴ ϥϕϖ ϲϺЁЂϷЂ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ.
ϣЄЂϵϿϹЀϹ Ѕ϶ГϻϹϽ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϲϺЁЂϷЂ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ Ѕ Њϼ϶ϼϿϼϻϴЊϼГЀϼ ϘЄϹ϶ЁϹϷЂ ϖЂЅІЂϾϴ ϼ ϸϴІϼЄЇВЍϹЀЇ ϻЁϴЋϹЁϼВ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІЂ϶ ϦϞ ЃЂЅ϶ГЍϹЁЏ ІϹϻϼЅЏ ϸ϶ЇЉ ϸЂϾϿϴϸЂ϶ Ϙ. ϡϴЄϼЀϴЁϼЌ϶ϼϿϼ
Ёϴ ЀϹϺϸЇЁϴЄЂϸЁЂϽ ЁϴЇЋЁЂϽ ϾЂЁЈϹЄϹЁЊϼϼ, ЅЂЅІЂГ϶ЌϹϽЅГ ϶ 2009 Ϸ. ϶ ϦϵϼϿϼЅϼ. ϖ ЂϸЁЂЀ ϼϻ ЅЂЂϵЍϹЁϼϽ ϴЁϴϿϼϻϼЄЇВІЅГ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϼ ϹϷϼЃϹІЅϾϼЉ ϴЀЇϿϹІЂ϶ Ёϴ Ϟϴ϶ϾϴϻϹ (ϡϴЄϼЀϴЁϼЌ϶ϼϿϼ Ϙ. 2010ϴ). ϖ ЋϴЅІЁЂЅІϼ, ϴ϶ІЂЄ ЇЃЂЀϼЁϴϹІ ϴϷϴІЂ϶ЏϽ ϴЀЇϿϹІ ϶ ЈЂЄЀϹ ЁЂϷϼ ϼϻ ϾЇЄϷ. XIV ϶ ϦЄϼϴϿϹІϼ, ЅЂЃЂЅІϴ϶ϿГГ ϹϷЂ Ѕ
ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼЋЁЏЀϼ ϹϷϼЃϹІЅϾϼЀϼ ЃЂϸϹϿϾϴЀϼ. ϣЂ ЀЁϹЁϼВ Ϙ. ϡϴЄϼЀϴЁϼЌ϶ϼϿϼ, ЃЂϸЂϵЁЏϹ ϴЀЇϿϹІЏ-ЂϵϹЄϹϷϼ ϵЏϿϼ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁЏ ϶ ϙϷϼЃІϹ ϶ БЃЂЉЇ ϘЄϹ϶ЁϹϷЂ ϪϴЄЅІ϶ϴ ϼ ϶ ЃϹЄ϶ЏϽ ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸЁЏϽ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ
(2465–2100 ϷϷ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.). ϖ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЇВЍϼϹ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЏ ϴЀЇϿϹІЏ ϶ ЈЂЄЀϹ ЁЂϷϼ ЃЄϴϾІϼЋϹЅϾϼ ЁϹ ϶ЅІЄϹЋϴВІЅГ (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ: 221). ϜЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿА ЃЄϼЉЂϸϼІ Ͼ ϶Џ϶ЂϸЇ, ЅЂϷϿϴЅЇВЍϹЀЇЅГ Ѕ ЁϴЌϼЀϼ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼГЀϼ,
ЋІЂ «ЁϼϾϴϾϼЉ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ Ђ ЁϹЃЂЅЄϹϸЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЉ ϾЂЁІϴϾІϴЉ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϷЂ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼГ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ ϼ ϙϷϼЃІϴ
ЁϹ ϼЀϹϹІЅГ, ϶ϼϸϼЀЂ, ϹϷϼЃϹІЅϾϼϹ ЃЂϸϹϿϾϼ ЃЂЃϴϸϴϿϼ Ёϴ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻ ЃЄϼ ЃЂЅЄϹϸЁϼЋϹЅІ϶Ϲ ЅϼЄϼϽЅϾϼЉ ϼ
ϿϹ϶ϴЁІϼϽЅϾϼЉ ϷЂЄЂϸЂ϶, ІϴϾϼЉ ϾϴϾ ϱϵϿϴ, ϧϷϴЄϼІ, ϠϴЄϼ ϼ ϕϼϵϿ» (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ: 222). ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ЀЏ, ϶ ЂІϿϼЋϼϹ
ЂІ Ϙ. ϡϴЄϼЀϴЁϼЌ϶ϼϿϼ, ЃЂϿϴϷϴϹЀ, ЋІЂ ϹϷϼЃϹІЅϾϼϹ ϴЀЇϿϹІЏ ϸЂЅІϼϷϴϿϼ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ϲϺЁЂϷЂ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ
ЃЂϻϸЁϹϹ, ϶ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ϪϴЄЅІ϶ϴ. ϜЀϹЁЁЂ ІЂϷϸϴ ϶ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂЀ ϥЄϹϸϼϻϹЀЁЂЀЂЄАϹ ЇЅϼϿϼϿЂЅА ЃЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾЂϹ ϼ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϹ ϶ϿϼГЁϼϹ ϹϷϼЃϹІЅϾЂϽ Њϼ϶ϼϿϼϻϴЊϼϼ, ϴ ϕϼϵϿ ЅІϴϿ ЄϹϻϼϸϹЁЊϼϹϽ ϹϷϼЃϹІЅϾЂϷЂ
ЁϴЀϹЅІЁϼϾϴ, ІЂЄϷЂ϶Ђ-ЄϹЀϹЅϿϹЁЁЏЀ ЊϹЁІЄЂЀ ϼ ЃЂЄІЂЀ, ϾЇϸϴ ЃЄϼЉЂϸϼϿϼ ϾЂЄϴϵϿϼ ϼϻ ϙϷϼЃІϴ (Dunand
1939: 117, 193, nos. 1747, 3041, pl. CXLV; 1950: no. 7202, pl. CXC; no. 9606, pl. CXLII).
ϡϴЌϼ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ЃЄЂϸϹЀЂЁЅІЄϼЄЂ϶ϴϿϼ, ЋІЂ ϷϿϴ϶ЁЏϽ ϶ϹϾІЂЄ ϶ЁϹЌЁϼЉ ϾЂЁІϴϾІЂ϶ ϦϞ «Њ϶ϹІЇЍϹϽ ЃЂЄЏ» ЁϴЃЄϴ϶ϿϹЁ ϶ ЄϹϷϼЂЁ, ϾЂЁІЄЂϿϼЄЇϹЀЏϽ ЀϹϺϸЇЁϴЄЂϸЁЂϽ ϾϴЁϼЌЅϾЂϽ ІЂЄϷЂ϶ϿϹϽ, ϶ϾϿВ184
,
,
Ћϴ϶ЌϹϽ ϕϼϵϿ ϶ ϟϹ϶ϴЁІϹ. ϥϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿАЁЂ, ЀЂϺЁЂ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϼІА, ЋІЂ ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴϹЀЏϽ ϴЀЇϿϹІ ЀЂϷ
ЃЂЃϴЅІА Ёϴ ϦЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾЂϹ ЃϿϴІЂ ЁϹ ЁϴЃЄГЀЇВ ϼϻ ϙϷϼЃІϴ, ϴ ϼϻ ϟϹ϶ϴЁІϴ — ϶ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼГ
ϾϴЁϼЌЅϾЂϽ ІЂЄϷЂ϶ЂϽ ЅϼЅІϹЀЏ ϼ ϴϾІϼ϶ϼϻϴЊϼϼ ϹϷϼЃϹІЅϾЂ-ϵϿϼϺЁϹ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏЉ ϾЂЁІϴϾІЂ϶ ϶ ЁϴЋϴϿϹ II
ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϤϹϷЇϿГЄЁЏϹ ϾЂЁІϴϾІЏ Ѕ ϕϼϵϿЂЀ ϵЏϿϼ ЂЅЂϵϹЁЁЂ ϶ϴϺЁЏ ϸϿГ ЈϴЄϴЂЁЂ϶ XIII ϸϼЁϴЅІϼϼ
(XVIII ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.), ЃЂЅϾЂϿАϾЇ ϶ БІЂІ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ЃЄϹЄ϶ϴϿϼЅА Ѕ϶Гϻϼ ϙϷϼЃІϴ Ѕ ϲϺЁЏЀ ϟϹ϶ϴЁІЂЀ, ϴ ϕϼϵϿ
ЂЅІϴ϶ϴϿЅГ ϹϸϼЁЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЀ ІЂЄϷЂ϶ЏЀ ЃϴЄІЁϹЄЂЀ ϙϷϼЃІϴ Ёϴ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂЅЄϹϸϼϻϹЀЁЂЀЂЄЅϾЂЀ ЃЂϵϹЄϹϺАϹ.
ϖ Ѕ϶Гϻϼ Ѕ ϻϴ϶ЂϹ϶ϴІϹϿАЁЏЀϼ ЃЂЉЂϸϴЀϼ ϷϼϾЅЂЅЂ϶ ϾЂЁІϴϾІЏ ϙϷϼЃІϴ Ѕ ϕϼϵϿЂЀ ЃЄϹϾЄϴІϼϿϼЅА ЃЂЅϿϹ ϻϴϾϴІϴ XIII ϸϼЁϴЅІϼϼ (ϜϿАϼЁ-ϦЂЀϼЋ, ϥϴЈЄЂЁЂ϶ 2010: 16).
ϖІЂЄЂϽ ϸЂϾϿϴϸ Ϙ. ϡϴЄϼЀϴЁϼЌ϶ϼϿϼ ЃЂЅ϶ГЍϹЁ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϾϹ ЀϹϵϹϿϼ, ЃЂϾϴϻϴЁЁЂϽ Ёϴ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾϼЉ
ЅϹЄϹϵЄГЁЏЉ ЅЂЅЇϸϴЉ. ϔ϶ІЂЄ ЃЄϼЌϹϿ Ͼ ϶Џ϶ЂϸϴЀ, ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼЋЁЏЀ ЁϴЌϼЀ. «ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ЀϹϵϹϿА,
ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁЁϴГ Ёϴ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾЂЀ ϾЇϵϾϹ (ϾЇЄϷ. V), ЀЂϷϿϴ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴІА ϿϼЌА ϶ XXI–XIX ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. —
϶ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ϴϾІϼ϶ϼϻϴЊϼϼ ϸϹГІϹϿАЁЂЅІϼ ϴЅЅϼЄϼϽЅϾЂϽ ІЂЄϷЂ϶ЂϽ ЂЄϷϴЁϼϻϴЊϼϼ» (ϡϴЄϼЀϴЁϼЌ϶ϼϿϼ Ϙ.
2010ϵ: 226). ϠЏ ІϴϾϺϹ ЃЂϿЁЂЅІАВ ЅЂϷϿϴЅЁЏ Ѕ ЇЅІϴЁЂ϶ϿϹЁЁЏЀ ϸЂϾϿϴϸЋϼϾЂЀ ϾЄЇϷЂЀ ІϼЃЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЃϴЄϴϿϿϹϿϹϽ ЀϹϵϹϿϼ, ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЁЂϽ Ёϴ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾЂЀ ϼ ϾϴЄϴЌϴЀϵЅϾЂЀ ϾЇϵϾϴЉ, ϼ Ѕ ϶ЏГ϶ϿϹЁЁЏЀ ϼЀ ЁϴЃЄϴ϶ϿϹЁϼϹЀ Ѕ϶ГϻϹϽ ЁЂЅϼІϹϿϹϽ ϦϞ: ϥϼЄϼГ (ϱϵϿϴ), ϞϴЃЃϴϸЂϾϼГ (ϞϴЄЇЀ ϞϴЁϼЌϴ) (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ:
225–226, ЄϼЅ. 2, 11–13).
ϡϹϸϴ϶ЁЂ ЂЃЇϵϿϼϾЂ϶ϴЁЏ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿЏ ЅЂЅІЂГ϶ЌϹϷЂЅГ ϶ 2006 Ϸ. ϶ ϕϹЄϿϼЁϹ ЀϹϺϸЇЁϴЄЂϸЁЂϷЂ
ЅϼЀЃЂϻϼЇЀϴ, ϶ ϾЂІЂЄЂЀ ЃЄϼЁϼЀϴϿ ЇЋϴЅІϼϹ Ϡ. ϔϵЄϴЀϼЌ϶ϼϿϼ. ϙϷЂ ЅІϴІАГ ЃЂЅ϶ГЍϹЁϴ ЃЄЂϵϿϹЀϴЀ
ЀϹІϴϿϿЂЂϵЄϴϵЂІϾϼ ϦϞ ϼ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶Ͼϼ ϹϹ «Њ϶ϹІЇЍϹϽ ЃЂЄЏ» (Abramishvili 2010). ϔ϶ІЂЄ ЅЅЏϿϴϹІЅГ
϶ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЂЀ Ёϴ ІϹ ϺϹ ЄϴϵЂІЏ, ЋІЂ ϼ ЀЏ Ѕ Ϟ. ϩ. ϞЇЌЁϴЄД϶ЂϽ. ϥЂ϶ЃϴϸϴВІ ϼ ϵЂϿАЌϼЁЅІ϶Ђ ЃЄϼ϶ϹϸϹЁЁЏЉ Ϡ. ϔϵЄϴЀϼЌ϶ϼϿϼ ІϼЃЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЃϴЄϴϿϿϹϿϹϽ ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІϴЀ ϼϻ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾϼЉ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ.
ϜЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿА ЃЂ϶ІЂЄГϹІ ІϴϾϺϹ ЁϴЌ ϶Џ϶Ђϸ Ђ ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁЁЂЅІϼ «Њ϶ϹІЇЍϹϽ ЃЂЄЏ» ϦϞ Ѕ ϴϾІϼ϶ϼϻϴЊϼϹϽ ϸϹГІϹϿАЁЂЅІϼ ϴЅЅϼЄϼϽЅϾЂϽ ІЂЄϷЂ϶ЂϽ ЂЄϷϴЁϼϻϴЊϼϼ. ϙϸϼЁЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϹ, ЋϹϷЂ ЁϹ ЇϸϴϿЂЅА ЁϴϽІϼ
϶ ЅІϴІАϹ Ϡ. ϔϵЄϴЀϼЌ϶ϼϿϼ, — ІϴϾ БІЂ ЅЅЏϿЂϾ Ёϴ ЁϴЌϼ ЄϴϵЂІЏ, ϶ЏЌϹϸЌϼϹ ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾϼЀϼ ϷЂϸϴЀϼ
ЄϴЁϹϹ, ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ЂϸЁϴ ІϴϾϴГ ЅІϴІАГ ϵЏϿϴ ϼϻϸϴЁϴ ϶ ϶ϹϸЇЍϹЀ ϷЄЇϻϼЁЅϾЂЀ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂЀ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϼЋϹЅϾЂЀ ϼϻϸϴЁϼϼ «Dziebani» — ϶ ЁЂЀϹЄϹ, ЃЂЅ϶ГЍϹЁЁЂЀ ВϵϼϿϹВ ЃϴІЄϼϴЄЉϴ ϷЄЇϻϼЁЅϾЂϽ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼϼ Ϣ. Ϡ. ϘϺϴЃϴЄϼϸϻϹ (ϞЇЌЁϴЄД϶ϴ, ϤЏЅϼЁ 2001). ϦЄЇϸЁЂ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϼІА, ЋІЂ Ϡ. ϔϵЄϴЀϼЌ϶ϼϿϼ ЁϹ
ϵЏϿ ϻЁϴϾЂЀ Ѕ БІЂϽ ЃЇϵϿϼϾϴЊϼϹϽ. ϩЂІГ ϴ϶ІЂЄ ЋϴЅІϼЋЁЂ ЄϴϻϸϹϿГϹІ ЃЄϹϸϿЂϺϹЁЁЇВ ЁϴЀϼ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϾЇ
ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾϼЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ «Њ϶ϹІЇЍϹϽ ЃЂЄЏ» ϦϞ, ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼГ ϹϷЂ ЅІϴІАϼ ϶ЏϻЏ϶ϴВІ ЃЄϼЁЊϼЃϼϴϿАЁЏϹ ϶ЂϻЄϴϺϹЁϼГ.
ϤϴЁϹϹ ЁϴЀϼ ϵЏϿЂ ЃЄЂϸϹЀЂЁЅІЄϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЂ (ϤЏЅϼЁ 1997; 2008), ЋІЂ ЀϴЅІϹЄϴ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ ЄϴЁЁϼЉ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЂ϶ (ϴϿϴϻϴЁЂ-ϵϹϸϹЁЅϾϼϽ БІϴЃ) ϾЂЃϼЄЂ϶ϴϿϼ ϶ ϿϼІАϹ ЃЂ ЇІЄϴЋϼ϶ϴϹЀЂϽ ϶ЂЅϾЂ϶ЂϽ ЀЂϸϹϿϼ ЃϹЄϹϸЁϹ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏϹ В϶ϹϿϼЄЁЏϹ ЃЄϼϹЀЏ ϻϹЄЁϼ ϼ ЈϼϿϼϷЄϴЁϼ. ϦЂϿАϾЂ Ёϴ БІϴЃϹ «Њ϶ϹІЇЍϹϽ ЃЂЄЏ» ϦϞ ІϹЉЁϼϾϴ
ϻϹЄЁϼ ϼ ЈϼϿϼϷЄϴЁϼ ЃЂГ϶ϿГϹІЅГ Ёϴ ϲϺЁЂЀ Ϟϴ϶ϾϴϻϹ. Ϡ. ϔϵЄϴЀϼЌ϶ϼϿϼ «ϻϴЃЇІЏ϶ϴϹІ» ЅϼІЇϴЊϼВ,
ЃЏІϴГЅА ϸЂϾϴϻϴІА, ЋІЂ Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼϹ ЀϴЅІϹЄϴ ЂЅ϶ЂϼϿϼ ІϹЉЁϼϾЇ ϻϹЄЁϼ ϼ ЈϼϿϼϷЄϴЁϼ ЇϺϹ Ёϴ ЅϴЀЂЀ ЄϴЁЁϹЀ (ЀϴЄІϾЂЃЅϾЂЀ) БІϴЃϹ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЁЏЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶, ЅЅЏϿϴГЅА Ёϴ ЂІЁЂЅГЍϹϹЅГ Ͼ БІЂЀЇ БІϴЃЇ ЂϺϹЄϹϿАϹ ϼϻ ϔЁϴЁϴЇЄϼ, ϶ЏЃЂϿЁϹЁЁЂϹ ϶ ІϹЉЁϼϾϹ ϿϼІАГ ЃЂ ЇІЄϴЋϼ϶ϴϹЀЂϽ ϶ЂЅϾЂ϶ЂϽ ЀЂϸϹϿϼ (Abramishvili
2010: 169). ϜЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿА ЃЄϼϻЁϴϹІ, ЋІЂ ϻϹЄЁА ϼ ЈϼϿϼϷЄϴЁА ЁϹ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁϴ ϶ ϸЄЇϷϼЉ ЀϴЄІϾЂЃЅϾϼЉ
ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴЉ. Ϝ ϸϴϺϹ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϹ ϶ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГЉ ϴϿϴϻϴЁЂ-ϵϹϸϹЁЅϾЂϷЂ БІϴЃϴ ϶ЅІЄϹЋϴВІЅГ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ (ϻЂϿЂІϴГ ЈϼϷЇЄϾϴ ϿА϶ϴ ϼϻ ϪЁЂЄϼ, ϻЂϿЂІЏϹ ϷЂϿЂ϶Ͼϼ ϵЇϿϴ϶ЂϾ),
ϻϹЄЁА ϼ ЈϼϿϼϷЄϴЁА
ЃЂ ϶ЂЅϾЂ϶ЂϽ ЀЂϸϹϿϼ. ϞϴϾ ϺϹ БІЂ ЅЂϷϿϴЅЇϹІЅГ Ѕ ЇІ϶ϹЄϺϸϹЁϼϹЀ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿГ Ђ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ ϻϹЄЁА Ёϴ
ϲϺЁЂЀ Ϟϴ϶ϾϴϻϹ ЂЅ϶ЂϼϿϼ ϸϴϺϹ ЄϴЁАЌϹ, ЋϹЀ ϶ ϬЇЀϹЄϹ? ϥЂϷϿϴЅЁЂ ϹϷЂ ϿЂϷϼϾϹ, ϼЅϾЇЅЁЏϹ Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼϹ
ЀϴЅІϹЄϴ ЅЁϴЋϴϿϴ «ϼϻЂϵЄϹϿϼ» ЃЄϼϹЀ ϻϹЄЁϼ, ϻϴІϹЀ ЂϵЇЋϼϿϼ БІЂЀЇ ЃЄϼϹЀЇ ЌЇЀϹЄЅϾϼЉ В϶ϹϿϼЄЂ϶,
ϴ ЃЂІЂЀ ϸЂ ЅϴЀЂϽ «Њ϶ϹІЇЍϹϽ ЃЂЄЏ» ϦϞ ϻϹЄЁА ЁϹ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴϿϼ, ϴ ІЂϿАϾЂ ϾЂЃϼЄЂ϶ϴϿϼ ϹϹ ϶ ϿϼІАϹ ЃЂ
϶ЂЅϾЂ϶ЂϽ ЀЂϸϹϿϼ.
ϥϿϹϸЇВЍϼϽ ЃϴЅЅϴϺ Ϡ. ϔϵЄϴЀϼЌ϶ϼϿϼ ЃЂЅ϶ГЍϹЁ ϸЂϾϴϻϴІϹϿАЅІ϶Ї ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІЂ϶
ϼϻ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾϼЉ ϾЇЄϷ. V, XVII, XXIX ϼ ϾЇЄϷϴЁϴ ϶ ϞϴЄϴЌϴЀϵϹ ІЄϹІАϹϽ ЋϹІ϶ϹЄІАВ III ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.
ϤϴЅЅЀЂІЄϼЀ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЁЇВ ϴЄϷЇЀϹЁІϴЊϼВ.
ϵЏϿ ЁϴϽϸϹЁ ϶ «ЊϴЄЅϾЂЀ» ϾЇЄϷϴЁϹ 1 ϶ ϞϴЄϴЌϴЀϵϹ. ϣЂ ЀЁϹЁϼВ Ϡ. ϔϵЄϴЀϼЌ϶ϼϿϼ, Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼϹ ЂЄЇϸϼГ БІЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ ЅϿϹϸЇϹІ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴІА
ϴϾϾϴϸЅϾϼЀ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЂЀ, ЂЃϼЄϴГЅА Ёϴ ЉЂЄЂЌЂ ϸϴІϼЄЇϹЀЏϽ БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄ ϼϻ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴ ϧЄϴ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ϼϿϼ
ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂ ϴϾϾϴϸЅϾЂϷЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ. ϢϸЁϴϾЂ Ϡ. ϔϵЄϴЀϼЌ϶ϼϿϼ ЁϹ ЇЋϼІЏ϶ϴϹІ, ЋІЂ Ёϴ Ϟϴ϶ϾϴϻϹ, ϾϴϾ ЀЏ ЃЂϾϴϻϴϿϼ ϶ЏЌϹ, ГϾЂЄϹ϶ϼϸЁЏϹ ІЂЃЂЄЏ ϶ЅІЄϹЋϴВІЅГ ЇϺϹ ϶ ϵϹϸϹЁЅϾϼЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЉ, ЃЄϹϸЌϹЅІ϶ЇВЍϼЉ
«Њ϶ϹІЇЍϹϽ ЃЂЄϹ» ϦϞ (ЄϼЅ. 4, 2–3), Ͼ ϾЂІЂЄЂϽ ЂІЁЂЅϼІЅГ ϾЇЄϷϴЁ ϶ ϞϴЄϴЌϴЀϵϹ (ϞЇЌЁϴЄД϶ϴ 1993ϴ;
185
:
,
,
ϢϷϴЁϹЅГЁ 1990). ϖ ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ϼϼ Ѕ ЁЏЁϹЌЁϹϽ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϼϻϴЊϼϹϽ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ БЃЂЉϼ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ϲϺЁЂϷЂ
Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЏ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЂ϶ «Њ϶ϹІЇЍϹϽ ЃЂЄЏ» ϦϞ ЅІЄϴІϼϷЄϴЈϼЋϹЅϾϼ
ϵϹϸϹЁЅϾϼЀϼ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЀϼ ϥϕϖ. ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ϾϴЄϴЌϴЀϵЅϾϴГ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϴ ϸЂϿϺЁϴ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴІАЅГ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϹ ІЂЃЂЄЂ϶ ϼϻ
ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴ ϶ ϧЄϹ ϼ ϾЇЄϷϴЁϴ ϶ ϞВϸЇЄϿϼ ϼ ЂІЁЂЅϼІЅГ, ϾϴϾ ЇϺϹ ЅϾϴϻϴЁЂ ϶ЏЌϹ, Ͼ ϾЂЁЊЇ III — ЃϹЄ϶ЂϽ
ЋϹІ϶ϹЄІϼ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.
ϘϴϿϹϹ Ϡ. ϔϵЄϴЀϼЌ϶ϼϿϼ, ЅЅЏϿϴГЅА Ёϴ Ϥ. ϠϴϾЅ϶ϹϿϿ-ϩϼЅϿЂЃ (Maxwell-Hyslop 1971), ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁϼϻϼЄЇϹІ ϾϼЁϺϴϿЏ Ѕ ϷЄϴ϶ϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЀϼ ϾϿϼЁϾϴЀϼ ϼϻ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾϼЉ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЂ϶ Ѕ ЂЄЇϺϼϹЀ ϼϻ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ
ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ III ϸϼЁϴЅІϼϼ ϧЄϴ, ЃЂЋϹЀЇ-ІЂ ЂІЁϹЅГ БІЂІ ЊϴЄЅІ϶ЇВЍϼϽ ϸЂЀ Ͼ ϸ϶ЇЀ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϼЀ ЅІЂϿϹІϼГЀ
III ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϞϴϾ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЂ, ϶ЄϹЀГ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼГ III ϸϼЁϴЅІϼϼ ϧЄϴ (ϪϴЄЅІ϶Ђ ϬЇЀϹЄϴ ϼ ϔϾϾϴϸϴ)
ЃЄϼЉЂϸϼІЅГ ϶ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЂЀ Ёϴ XXI ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (ϕϼϾϹЄЀϴЁ 2000: 181). ϢϵЄϴЍϴГЅА Ͼ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼГЀ Ёϴ ЅϹЄϹϵЄГЁЏЉ ЅЂЅЇϸϴЉ, Ϡ. ϔϵЄϴЀϼЌ϶ϼϿϼ ϸϼЅϾЇІϼЄЇϹІ Ѕ Ϟ. ϤЇϵϼЁЅЂЁ (Rubinson 2003), ϾЂІЂЄϴГ ϶ЅϿϹϸ ϻϴ
ЁϴЀϼ (ϞЇЌЁϴЄД϶ϴ, ϤЏЅϼЁ 2001) ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁϼϻϼЄЇϹІ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾϼϹ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϼ Ѕ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЂЀ ϴϾІϼ϶ϼϻϴЊϼϼ ϴЅЅϼЄϼϽЅϾЂϽ ІЂЄϷЂ϶ЂϽ ЈϴϾІЂЄϼϼ ϶ ϞϴЄЇЀϹ ϞϴЁϼЌϴ. ϣЂ ЀЁϹЁϼВ ϷЄЇϻϼЁЅϾЂϷЂ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿГ, ЅВϺϹІЏ,
ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЁЏϹ Ёϴ ЅϹЄϹϵЄГЁЏЉ ЅЂЅЇϸϴЉ ϼϻ ϦЄϼϴϿϹІϼ ϼ ϞϴЄϴЌϴЀϵϴ, ЀЂϷЇІ ϵЏІА ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЏ ϵЂϿϹϹ
ЄϴЁЁϼЀ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЂЀ. ϦϴϾ, ϸϿГ ЀЂІϼ϶ϴ «ЅϼϸГЍϴГ ЈϼϷЇЄϴ Ѕ ЅЂЅЇϸЂЀ ϶ ЄЇϾϴЉ» ЂЁ ЁϴЉЂϸϼІ ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼϼ ϶
ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ϼϾЂЁЂϷЄϴЈϼϼ ϤϘ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ (Abramishvili 2010: 172). ϛϴЀϹІϼЀ, ЋІЂ ЅВϺϹІ «ЃЄϹϸЅІЂГЁϼГ» ЃϹЄϹϸ ЅϼϸГЍϹϽ Ёϴ ІЄЂЁϹ ЈϼϷЇЄЂϽ ЁϹ ϷЂϸϼІЅГ ϸϿГ ЇІЂЋЁϹЁϼГ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ЃЂϻϼЊϼϼ
ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾϼЉ ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІЂ϶, ЃЂЅϾЂϿАϾЇ ЂЁ ϸЂϿϷϼϽ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ϵЏІЂ϶ϴϿ Ёϴ ϘЄϹ϶ЁϹЀ ϖЂЅІЂϾϹ. ϖЏЌϹ ЀЏ
ϴЁϴϿϼϻϼЄЂ϶ϴϿϼ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϾЇ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼϽ Ёϴ ЅϹЄϹϵЄГЁЏЉ ЅЂЅЇϸϴЉ ϼϻ ϞϴЄϴЌϴЀϵϴ ϼ ϦЄϼϴϿϹІϼ Ѕ ЇЋϹІЂЀ
ЄϴϵЂІЏ Ϡ. ϕЂϹЀϹЄϴ ϼ ϗ. ϞЂЅЅϴϾϴ (Boehmer, Kossack 2000). ϤϴЁϹϹ ϵЏϿЂ ϶ЏГЅЁϹЁЂ, ЋІЂ ЁϴϼϵЂϿАЌЇВ
ЅІϼϿϼЅІϼЋϹЅϾЇВ ϵϿϼϻЂЅІА ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼГЀ Ёϴ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾϼЉ ϾЇϵϾϹ ϼ ϶ϹϸϹЄϾϹ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ Ёϴ ϾϴЄϴЌϴЀϵЅϾЂЀ ϾЇϵϾϹ ϸϹЀЂЁЅІЄϼЄЇϹІ ϷϿϼЃІϼϾϴ ЁϴЋϴϿϴ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϼϻ ϞϴЄЇЀϴ ϞϴЁϼЌϴ ϼ ϕϼϵϿϴ, ϶ ЋϴЅІЁЂЅІϼ, ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼГ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЏЉ (ϞЇЌЁϴЄД϶ϴ, ϤЏЅϼЁ 2001; 2004; Rubinson 2003: 128–143). ϗϿϼЃІϼϾϴ ϺϹ
ϴϾϾϴϸЅϾЂϷЂ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϼ϶ϴϹІ ЅЂ϶ϹЄЌϹЁЁЂ ϼЁЂϽ ЅІϼϿА. ϦϴϾϺϹ ϵЏϿЂ ЇЅІϴЁЂ϶ϿϹЁЂ (ϞЂЁЂЁϹЁϾЂ
2000), ЋІЂ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁϼϹ ЅЊϹЁ «ЃϼЄϴ» ϼ «ЌϹЅІ϶ϼГ» ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЂ ϸϿГ ϷϿϼЃІϼϾϼ ІЂϿАϾЂ Ѕ ϾЂЁЊϴ
ϴϾϾϴϸЅϾЂϷЂ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ϼ ϶Ђ ϶ЄϹЀГ III ϸϼЁϴЅІϼϼ ϧЄϴ. ϡϴЋϼЁϴГ Ѕ БЃЂЉϼ ЃЄϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГ БІЂϽ ϸϼЁϴЅІϼϼ ϶ ЅЊϹЁϴЉ «ЌϹЅІ϶ϼГ» ЃϹЄϹϸ ЅϼϸГЍϹϽ ЈϼϷЇЄЂϽ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϴВІЅГ ЃЄϹϸЅІЂГЍϼϹ ϵϹϻ ϵЂϺϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЉ ϴІЄϼϵЇІЂ϶,
І. Ϲ. ЅЀϹЄІЁЏϹ, ϴ ЁϹ ϵЂϷϼ. ϖЅϹ ЇЃЂЀГЁЇІЏϹ ϸϹІϴϿϼ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЏ ϸϿГ ЅЊϹЁ, ЃЂϾϴϻϴЁЁЏЉ Ёϴ ϾЇϵϾϴЉ ϼϻ
ϦЄϼϴϿϹІϼ ϼ ϞϴЄϴЌϴЀϵϴ. ϞϴϾ ЀЏ ЇЃЂЀϼЁϴϿϼ ϶ЏЌϹ, ЃЄϼ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼϼ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ ϼϻ БІϼЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶
ЁЇϺЁЂ ЂЄϼϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴІАЅГ Ёϴ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼГ
, ІϴϾϼЉ ϾϴϾ, ЁϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ, ЅІЂϿϼϾ Ёϴ «ϵЏЋАϼЉ» ЁЂϺϾϴЉ. ϥϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿАЁЂ, ЅВϺϹІЁЏϹ ЅЊϹЁЏ Ёϴ ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴϹЀЏЉ ϾЇϵϾϴЉ ЀЂϺЁЂ ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁϼϻϼЄЂ϶ϴІА Ѕ ЁϴЋϴϿЂЀ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б., ϾЂϷϸϴ, ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂ, ЂϸЁЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂ
ϵЏІЂ϶ϴϿϼ ϶ЅϹ Ёϴϻ϶ϴЁЁЏϹ ЀЂІϼ϶Џ.
ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ЃЂЃЏІϾϴ Ϡ. ϔϵЄϴЀϼЌ϶ϼϿϼ ЇϸЄϹ϶ЁϼІА ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЏ «Њ϶ϹІЇЍϹϽ ЃЂЄЏ» ϦϞ ϸЂ
ЁϴЋϴϿϴ ϴϾϾϴϸЅϾЂϷЂ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ, ЃЂ ЁϴЌϹЀЇ ЀЁϹЁϼВ, ЁϹ ЇϸϴϿϴЅА, ІϴϾ ϺϹ ϾϴϾ ЄϴЁϹϹ ЂϾϴϻϴϿϼЅА ІЍϹІЁЏЀϼ
ЇЅϼϿϼГ ϗ. ϟ. Ϟϴ϶ІϴЄϴϸϻϹ (Ϟϴ϶ІϴЄϴϸϻϹ 1983: 131–132) ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁϼϻϼЄЂ϶ϴІА БІϼ ϺϹ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЏ Ѕ ЊϴЄЅϾϼЀ
ϾϿϴϸϵϼЍϹЀ ϧЄϴ III ϤϘ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ.
ϥϿϹϸЇВЍϼЀ ІϼЃЂЀ ЀϹІϴϿϿϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ, ЄϴЅЅЀЂІЄϹЁЁЏЉ ϶ ЅІϴІАϹ Ϡ. ϔϵЄϴЀϼЌ϶ϼϿϼ, Г϶ϿГϹІЅГ ϾЂϿВЍϼϽ ЀϹЋ-«ЄϴЃϼЄϴ». ϣЂ ϹϷЂ ЀЁϹЁϼВ, БІЂ ЂЄЇϺϼϹ, ЁϴϽϸϹЁЁЂϹ Ёϴ Ϟϴ϶ϾϴϻϹ ϼ ϶ ϱϷϹϽЅϾЂЀ
ЄϹϷϼЂЁϹ, ЅϿЇϺϼІ ЁϴϼϵЂϿϹϹ ГЄϾϼЀ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ЂЀ Ѕ϶ГϻϹϽ ЂϵϹϼЉ ЂϵϿϴЅІϹϽ (Abramishvili 2010: 172).
ϜЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿА ЃЂ϶ІЂЄГϹІ ϶ЏЅϾϴϻϴЁЁЂϹ ϶ЏЌϹ ЁϴЀϼ ЅЇϺϸϹЁϼϹ Ђ ϵЂϿАЌϹϽ ϴЄЉϴϼЋЁЂЅІϼ Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼЉ
ЄϴЃϼЄ ЃЂ ЅЄϴ϶ЁϹЁϼВ Ѕ БϷϹϽЅϾϼЀϼ. ϛϴІϹЀ ЂЁ ϸϹϿϴϹІ, Ёϴ ЁϴЌ ϶ϻϷϿГϸ, ЁϹЂϵЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϹ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼϹ
Ђϵ «ϼϻЂϵЄϹІϹЁϼϼ» ЄϴЃϼЄ Ёϴ Ϟϴ϶ϾϴϻϹ ЃЇІϹЀ «ЇϸϿϼЁϹЁϼГ» ЄЇϵГЍϼЉ ЀϹЋϹϽ ЃЄϹϸЌϹЅІ϶ЇВЍϹϷЂ БІϴЃϴ
(ЀϹЋ ϼϻ ϾЇЄϷ. 2 ЅϹϿ. ϥϴϸЇϷϴ). ϖ ϼІЂϷϹ ЂЁ ЃЂ϶ІЂЄГϹІ ϶Џ϶Ђϸ ϡ. ϥϴЁϸϴЄЅ (Sanders 1961) Ђ ЀϴϿЂϴϻϼϽЅϾЂЀ
ϼϿϼ ϵϿϼϺЁϹ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂЀ ϼЅЉЂϸЁЂЀ ЊϹЁІЄϹ ϾϴϾ Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼЉ, ІϴϾ ϼ БϷϹϽЅϾϼЉ ЄϴЃϼЄ. ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ϼϻЇЋϼ϶ ϶ЂЃЄЂЅ Ђ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁϼϼ ЄϴЃϼЄ, ЂЁ ЂЃЄЂ϶ϹЄϷϴϹІ Ѕ϶ЂϽ ЅЂϵЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏϽ ІϹϻϼЅ Ђ
Ѕ϶ГϻГЉ. ϖ ϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼІϹϿАЁЂЅІϼ ЂЁ ЃЂϸІ϶ϹЄϸϼϿ Ѕ϶Гϻϼ ϲϺЁЂϷЂ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ Ѕ ϔЁϴІЂϿϼϹϽ ϼ ϾЂЁІϴϾІЏ
ϟϹ϶ϴЁІϴ Ѕ ϱϷϹϽЅϾϼЀ ЀϼЄЂЀ, ЁЂ ЁϹ ЃЄϼ϶ϹϿ ЁϼϾϴϾϼЉ ϸЂϾϴϻϴІϹϿАЅІ϶ Ђ ЁϹЃЂЅЄϹϸЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЉ ϾЂЁІϴϾІϴЉ
ϲϺЁЂϷЂ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ Ѕ ϞЄϼІЂЀ ϼϿϼ ϠϼϾϹЁЅϾЂϽ ϗЄϹЊϼϹϽ.
ϣЂЃЇІЁЂ Ϡ. ϔϵЄϴЀϼЌ϶ϼϿϼ
ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾЂ ЁϴϵϿВϸϹЁϼϽ,
. ϖЂЃϹЄ϶ЏЉ, ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁϼϹ ϶ «϶ЂϼЁЅϾϼЉ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГЉ» ϶ЀϹЅІϹ Ѕ ЄϴЃϼЄϴЀϼ ЁЂϺϹϽ-ϾϼЁϺϴϿЂ϶ ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГϹІ
ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϼІА ϶ϹϸϹЁϼϹ ϵЂГ Ѕ ЂЄЇϺϼϹЀ ϶ ЂϵϹϼЉ ЄЇϾϴЉ, ЃЂϸЂϵЁЂ ІϹЉЁϼϾϹ, ЃЄϼЀϹЁГ϶ЌϹϽЅГ ЈϹЉІЂ϶ϴϿАЍϼϾϴЀϼ ЅЄϹϸЁϹ϶ϹϾЂ϶ЂϽ ϙ϶ЄЂЃЏ (ϞЇЌЁϴЄД϶ϴ, ϤЏЅϼЁ 2000: 86). ϖЂ-϶ІЂЄЏЉ, ϶ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾЂϹ ϶ЄϹЀГ
186
,
,
ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЏ «БϿϼІЁЏϹ» ЃЂϸϾЇЄϷϴЁЁЏϹ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ Ѕ ЄϴЃϼЄЂϽ, ϾϼЁϺϴϿЂЀ ϼ ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁϼГЀϼ (ϥϴЀІϴ϶ЄЂ,
ϟϼϿЂ; ІϴЀ ϺϹ: 84), ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ϾЂϿϿϹϾІϼ϶ЁЏϹ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГ «ЄГϸЂ϶ЏЉ» ЃϹЉЂІϼЁЊϹ϶ Ѕ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾϴЀϼ
ϾЂЃϼϽ ϼ ϾЂЄЂІϾϼЀϼ ЀϹЋϴЀϼ (ϡЇϿϼ, Ϟ϶ϴЅϴІϴϿϼ; ϦϴЀ ϺϹ: 86). ϡϴ ЈЄϼϻϴЉ ϾϴЄϴЌϴЀϵЅϾЂϷЂ ϾЇϵϾϴ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϴ ϵϼІ϶ϴ, ϶ ϾЂІЂЄЂϽ ЇЋϴЅІ϶ЇВІ ϶ЂϼЁЏ ЅЂ
ЁϴЅІЇЃϴІϹϿАЁЂϷЂ ϼ ϻϴЍϼІЁЂϷЂ ϶ЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼГ (ϾЂЃАϹ, ЀϹЋ, ЍϼІ). Ϝϻ ЅϾϴϻϴЁЁЂϷЂ ЀЏ ЅϸϹϿϴϿϼ ϶Џ϶ЂϸЏ Ђ ЈЂЄЀϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼϼ Ёϴ ϲϺЁЂЀ
Ϟϴ϶ϾϴϻϹ ϶ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾЂϹ ϶ЄϹЀГ ϶ЂϼЁЅϾϼЉ
ϼ ϶ЏϸϹϿϹЁϼϼ ϶ЂЂЄЇϺϹЁЁЏЉ ϾЂϿВЍϼЀϼ ЀϹЋϴЀϼ (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ: 84, 86). ϖ ЂЃЇϵϿϼϾЂ϶ϴЁЁЂЀ ІϹϾЅІϹ Ϡ. ϔϵЄϴЀϼЌ϶ϼϿϼ
϶ЅϹ
БІϼ ЁϴЌϼ ЁϴϵϿВϸϹЁϼГ ЃЂЋІϼ ϸЂЅϿЂ϶ЁЂ (Abramishvili 2010: 172–173), ЃЄϴ϶ϸϴ, ϾϴϾ ϼ ϶ ϸЄЇϷϼЉ ЅϿЇЋϴГЉ,
Ёϴ ЄϴЁϹϹ ϶ЏЌϹϸЌϼϹ ЁϴЌϼ ЅІϴІАϼ.
ϘϴϿϹϹ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿА ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴϹІ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϼ ϼϻ ϾЇЄϷ. XV (ІЄϹІАГ Јϴϻϴ ϦϞ, ЃЂ ϱ. Ϡ. ϗЂϷϴϸϻϹ)
ϾϴϾ ϸЂϾϴϻϴІϹϿАЅІ϶Ђ ϼЁІϹЁЅϼЈϼϾϴЊϼϼ
Ѕ϶ГϻϹϽ ϶ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ϸϹГІϹϿАЁЂЅІϼ ϴЅЅϼЄϼϽЅϾЂϽ ІЂЄϷЂ϶ЂϽ ϾЂϿЂЁϼϼ ϶ ϞϴЄЇЀϹ ϞϴЁϼЌϴ (Ibid.: 173–174). ϖ ϾϴЋϹЅІ϶Ϲ ІϼЃЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ЃϴЄϴϿϿϹϿϼ
ϾЂІϿЇ ϼϻ ϾЇЄϷ. XV ϴ϶ІЂЄ, ϶ЅϿϹϸ ϻϴ Ϟ. ϤЇϵϼЁЅЂЁ, ЃЄϼ϶ЂϸϼІ ϾЂІϹϿ ϼϻ ЀϼϾϹЁЅϾЂϽ ЌϴЉІЂ϶ЂϽ ϷЄЂϵЁϼЊЏ 4
(XVII/XVI ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.) (Rubinson 1991: 284). ϘϴϿϹϹ Ϡ. ϔϵЄϴЀϼЌ϶ϼϿϼ ЁϴЉЂϸϼІ ϹЍϹ ЂϸЁЇ ЃϴЄϴϿϿϹϿА
ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾЂЀЇ ϾЂІϿЇ — ϻЂϿЂІЂϽ ϾЂІϹϿ ϼϻ ϕϼϵϿϴ ЅϹЄϹϸϼЁЏ XIX ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (Dunand 1939). ϣЂ ϹϷЂ
ЀЁϹЁϼВ, БІЂІ БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄ ЇϾϴϻЏ϶ϴϹІ Ёϴ ϕϼϵϿ ϾϴϾ Ёϴ ЃЄЂЀϹϺЇІЂЋЁЏϽ ЃЇЁϾІ ϶ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁϼϼ ЃЂϸЂϵЁЏЉ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ ЀϹϺϸЇ ϱϷϹϽЅϾϼЀ ЄϹϷϼЂЁЂЀ ϼ ϲϺЁЏЀ Ϟϴ϶ϾϴϻЂЀ. ϖ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІϹ ЄϴЅЅЇϺϸϹЁϼϽ ϴ϶ІЂЄϴ
ЃЂϿЇЋϴϹІЅГ, ЋІЂ ϾЂІϹϿ XVII ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϼϻ ϠϼϾϹЁ ϵЏϿ «ЅϾЂЃϼЄЂ϶ϴЁ» ϶ ϕϼϵϿϹ ϼ ϶ ϦЄϼϴϿϹІϼ
, ϶ XIX ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϛϸϹЅА ϾЂЀЀϹЁІϴЄϼϼ ЁϹ ІЄϹϵЇВІЅГ.
ϤϴЅЅЀЂІЄϹ϶ ЀϼϾϹЁЅϾЇВ ЃϴЄϴϿϿϹϿА ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾЂЀЇ ϾЂІϿЇ (ϞЇЌЁϴЄД϶ϴ, ϤЏЅϼЁ 2004), Ёϴ ϾЂІЂЄЇВ ЅЅЏϿϴϹІЅГ Ϡ. ϔϵЄϴЀϼЌ϶ϼϿϼ, ЀЏ ЃЄϼЌϿϼ Ͼ ϶Џ϶ЂϸЇ Ђ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ Ϟ. ϤЇϵϼЁЅЂЁ (Rubinson 1991:
284) Г϶ЁЂ ЃЄϹЇ϶ϹϿϼЋϼϿϴ ЅІϹЃϹЁА ЅЉЂϸЅІ϶ϴ БІϼЉ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ — ЀϼϾϹЁЅϾϼϽ БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄ ЂІϿϼЋϴϹІЅГ ЂІ
ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾЂϷЂ ϼ ЈЂЄЀЂϽ (϶ЂϷЁЇІЏϹ ЅІϹЁϾϼ), ϼ ЂϵЄϴϵЂІϾЂϽ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІϼ ϾЂЄЃЇЅϴ ЋϴЅІЏЀϼ ϾЂЅЏЀϼ ЁϴЅϹЋϾϴЀϼ, ϼ ЄϴЅϾЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЀϼ ϶ ϶ϼϸϹ ϿϼЅІϴ ϾЂЁЊϴЀϼ ЄЇЋϹϾ. ϣЂϸЂϵЁЏϹ ϿϼЅІЂ϶ϼϸЁЏϹ ЄϴЅЌϼЄϹЁϼГ ϼЀϹВІ
ϼ ϸЄЇϷϼϹ БϷϹϽЅϾϼϹ ϾЂІϿЏ ϣϕϖ, ЋІЂ, ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂ, ЃЂ϶ЏЌϴϿЂ ЁϴϸϹϺЁЂЅІА ϾЄϹЃϿϹЁϼГ ЄЇЋϹϾ. Ϟ ІЂЀЇ ϺϹ
Ёϴ БϷϹϽЅϾϼЉ ЅЂЅЇϸϴЉ ЄЇЋϾϼ ϻϴϾЄϹЃϿϹЁЏ ІЄϹЀГ ϻϴϾϿϹЃϾϴЀϼ, ЄϴЅЃЂϿЂϺϹЁЁЏЀϼ ϶ ϶ϼϸϹ ІЄϹЇϷЂϿАЁϼϾϴ
Ёϴ ЄϴЅЌϼЄϹЁЁЏЉ ϾЂЁЊϴЉ. ϧ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾϼЉ ϺϹ ϾЂІϿЂ϶ ϾЂЁЊЏ ЄЇЋϹϾ ЇϻϾϼϹ, ЃЂϸЃЄГЀЂЇϷЂϿАЁЏϹ ϼ ϻϴϾЄϹЃϿϹЁЏ Ёϴ ϸ϶ЇЉ ϻϴϾϿϹЃϾϴЉ, ЁϴЉЂϸГЍϼЉЅГ ЂϸЁϴ Ёϴϸ ϸЄЇϷЂϽ. ϦϴϾЂϽ ЅЃЂЅЂϵ ϾЄϹЃϿϹЁϼГ ϵЏϿ ЀϹЁϹϹ
ЁϴϸϹϺЁЏЀ ϼ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϼ϶ϴϹІ ϵЂϿАЌϼϽ ϴЄЉϴϼϻЀ Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼЉ ϾЂІϿЂ϶ ЃЂ ЅЄϴ϶ЁϹЁϼВ Ѕ БϷϹϽЅϾϼЀϼ8.
ϖ ϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼІϹϿАЁЂЅІϼ ϵϿϼϺϴϽЌϼϹ ІϼЃЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЃϴЄϴϿϿϹϿϼ Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼЀ ϾЂІϿϴЀ ϼЀϹВІ ЃϹЄϹϸЁϹ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏϹ БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄЏ ϼϻ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ЁϴЋϴϿϴ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.: ЇЃЂЀГЁЇІЏϽ Ϡ. ϔϵЄϴЀϼЌ϶ϼϿϼ ϾЂІϹϿ
ϼϻ ϾϿϴϸϴ ϶ ϕϼϵϿϹ; ϾЂІϹϿ ϼϻ ЅϿЂГ II ϞϴЄЇЀϴ ϞϴЁϼЌϴ (Özgüç 1986: pl. 127, 2) ϼ ϾЂІϹϿ ϼϻ ЃЂϷЄ. 18 ϶ ϔЌЌЇЄϹ
(Müller-Karpe M. 1996: Abb. 4, 19), — ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ЃЂЉЂϺϼ ЈЂЄЀϴ ϼ ЂϵЄϴϵЂІϾϴ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІϼ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶, ЅЃЂЅЂϵ ϾЄϹЃϿϹЁϼГ ЄЇЋϹϾ ϼ ϼЉ ЈЂЄЀϴ Ѕ ЃЄГЀЏЀϼ ЄϴЅЍϹЃϿϹЁЁЏЀϼ ϾЂЁЊϴЀϼ. ϥЉЂϸЅІ϶Ђ ϺϹ ЀϼϾϹЁЅϾϼЉ ϼ
Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼЉ ϾЂІϿЂ϶ ЀЂϺϹІ ЂϵЎГЅЁГІАЅГ ЁϹ
ϾЂЁІϴϾІϴЀϼ ЂϵЂϼЉ ЄϹϷϼЂЁЂ϶ (Rubinson 1991: 284;
Abramishvili 2010: 173), ϴ
ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ БІЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ. ϙЍϹ ЂϸЁϼЀ
ϾЂЅ϶ϹЁЁЏЀ ϸЂϾϴϻϴІϹϿАЅІ϶ЂЀ ϵóϿАЌϹϽ ϸЄϹ϶ЁЂЅІϼ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾϼЉ ϾЂІϿЂ϶ ЃЂ ЅЄϴ϶ЁϹЁϼВ Ѕ ЀϼϾϹЁЅϾϼЀϼ
ЅϿЇϺϼІ ІЂІ ЈϴϾІ, ЋІЂ ϵϿϼϺϴϽЌϼЀϼ ІϼЃЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЀϼ ЃϴЄϴϿϿϹϿГЀϼ
ЅЂЅЇϸϴЀ Г϶ϿГВІЅГ
БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄЏ ϼϻ ϻϴϾϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼЉ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЂ϶ ϣϕϖ (ϟЋϴЌϹЁ, ϔЄЇЋ, ϬϼЄϴϾϴ϶ϴЁ; ϥϼЀЂЁГЁ 1987: 59–60,
ІϴϵϿ. I, 3, 7, 10; II, 2). ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ϶ЁЂ϶А ЁϹ ЇϸϴϹІЅГ ЁϴϽІϼ ϸЂϾϴϻϴІϹϿАЅІ϶ϴ ЅІЂϿА ЁϴЅІЂϽЋϼ϶Ђ ϸϹϾϿϴЄϼЄЇϹЀЏЉ Ϡ. ϔϵЄϴЀϼЌ϶ϼϿϼ
Ѕ϶ГϻϹϽ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ «Њ϶ϹІЇЍϹϽ ЃЂЄЏ» ϦϞ. ϞϴϾ ϼ ϶ ЅϿЇЋϴϹ
Ѕ ЄϴЃϼЄϴЀϼ, ЀЂϺЁЂ ϾЂЁЅІϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴІА ЂϵЍϼϹ ЃϹЄϹϸЁϹ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏϹ «ϾЂЄЁϼ» ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾϼЉ ϼ ЀϼϾϹЁЅϾϼЉ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ ЃЄϼ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂЀ ЃЄϼЂЄϼІϹІϹ Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼЉ ЁϴЉЂϸЂϾ.
ϘϴϿϹϹ Ϡ. ϔϵЄϴЀϼЌ϶ϼϿϼ ϶ ЂЋϹЄϹϸЁЂϽ Єϴϻ «ЃЇІϴϹІЅГ» ϶ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϾϴЉ, ЅЂЃЂЅІϴ϶ϿГГ ϶ЅϿϹϸ ϻϴ
Ϙ. ϞЂϿϿЂЁ (Collon 1982) ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЇВ ϶ϴϻЇ ϼϻ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾЂϷЂ ϾЇЄϷ. XV, ϾϴϾ Ѕ ЅϹЄϹϵЄГЁЏЀ ЅЂЅЇϸЂЀ ϼϻ
ЀϼϾϹЁЅϾЂϽ ϷЄЂϵЁϼЊЏ 5 (XVI ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.), ІϴϾ ϼ Ѕ ЅЂЅЇϸЂЀ ϼϻ ϞϴЄЇЀϴ ϞϴЁϼЌϴ ϶ ϔЁϴІЂϿϼϼ (XX–XIX ϶϶.
ϸЂ Ё. Б.). ϙЍϹ Єϴϻ ЂϵЄϴІϼЀЅГ Ͼ ЁϴЌϹϽ ЄϴϵЂІϹ, ЃЂЅ϶ГЍϹЁЁЂϽ ЇІЂЋЁϹЁϼВ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ЃЂϻϼЊϼϼ
ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ «Њ϶ϹІЇЍϹϽ ЃЂЄЏ» ϦϞ (ϞЇЌЁϴЄД϶ϴ, ϤЏЅϼЁ 2004). ϡϴ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЂϽ ϶ϴϻϹ ϼϻ ϾЇЄϷ. XV ϶
ϦЄϼϴϿϹІϼ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴϿϴЅА ЅЂϷЁЇІϴГ ЃЄϼϾϿϹЃϴЁЁϴГ ЃϿϴЅІϼЁϴ ϸϿГ ЃЄϼϾЄϹЃϿϹЁϼГ ϸЇϷЂ϶ϼϸЁЂϽ ЄЇЋϾϼ.
Ϟ. ϤЇϵϼЁЅЂЁ ЂЌϼϵЂЋЁЂ ЃϹЄϹ϶ϹϿϴ ІϹЄЀϼЁ, ЃЄϼ϶ϹϸϹЁЁЏϽ ϶ ЀЂЁЂϷЄϴЈϼϼ ϱ. ϗЂϷϴϸϻϹ — «ϿϼЅІЂ϶ϼϸЁЏϹ»
ϾЂЁЊЏ ЄЇЋϹϾ (ϚЂЄϺϼϾϴЌ϶ϼϿϼ, ϗЂϷϴϸϻϹ 1974: 88), ЃЂϿϴϷϴГ, ЋІЂ ϾЂЁЊЏ ЄЇЋϹϾ ϾЂІϿϴ ϼϻ ϦЄϼϴϿϹІϼ ϼЀϹϿϼ ϿϼЅІЂ϶ϼϸЁЇВ ЈЂЄЀЇ, ϾϴϾ Ї ϾЂІϿϴ ϼϻ ϠϼϾϹЁ. ϣЄϼЀϹЋϴІϹϿАЁЂ, ЋІЂ ІЂІ ϺϹ ІϹЄЀϼЁ — «leaf shapes» — ЃЄϼ϶ϹϸϹЁ ϼ ϶
ϴЁϷϿϼϽЅϾЂЀ ІϹϾЅІϹ ЅІϴІАϼ Ϡ. ϔϵЄϴЀϼЌ϶ϼϿϼ (Abramishvili 2010: 173).
8
187
:
,
,
Ϙ. ϞЂϿϿЂЁ ЅЄϴ϶Ёϼ϶ϴϹІ БІЇ ϸϹІϴϿА ϼ ЅϴЀЇ ϶ϴϻЇ Ѕ ЅϹЄϹϵЄГЁЏЀ ЅЂЅЇϸЂЀ ϼϻ ϷЄЂϵЁϼЊЏ 5 ϶ ϠϼϾϹЁϴЉ
(Collon 1982: 100). ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ϶ϴϻЏ Ёϴ ЃЂϿЂϽ ЁЂϺϾϹ ЂІЁЂЅГІЅГ Ͼ ϸϿϼІϹϿАЁЂ ϵЏІЂ϶ϴ϶ЌϹЀЇ ІϼЃЇ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶,
ϴ ЅЃЂЅЂϵЏ ϾЄϹЃϿϹЁϼГ ЄЇЋϹϾ ϼЀϹВІ ЂІϿϼЋϼГ: ϶ ϠϼϾϹЁϴЉ ЃϿϴЅІϼЁЏ ЃЄГЀЏϹ ϼ ϼЀ ЃЄϼϸϴЁϴ ЈЂЄЀϴ
ϸ϶ЂϽЁЂϷЂ ІЂЃЂЄϴ, ϴ ϶ ϦЄϼϴϿϹІϼ ЃϿϴЅІϼЁЏ ϼϻЂϷЁЇІЏ ϼ ϼЀϹВІ ϵϴϵЂЋϾЂ϶ϼϸЁЇВ ЈЂЄЀЇ; ϶ ϠϼϾϹЁϴЉ
ϾЂЁЊЏ ЌЃϼϿАϾϼ ЃЄГЀЏϹ, ϴ ϶ ϦЄϼϴϿϹІϼ, ϾϴϾ ϼ Ї ЃϹЄϹϸЁϹ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏЉ БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄЂ϶, ϹϹ ϾЂЁЊЏ ϼϻЂϷЁЇІЏ. ϧϺϹ ЃЂЅϿϹ ϶ЏЉЂϸϴ ϶ Ѕ϶ϹІ ЅІϴІАϼ Ϙ. ϞЂϿϿЂЁ ϵЏϿ ЂЃЇϵϿϼϾЂ϶ϴЁ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸГЍϼϽ ϼϻ ЅϿЂГ II ϞϴЄЇЀϴ
ϞϴЁϼЌϴ ЅЂЅЇϸ Ѕ ϸЇϷЂ϶ϼϸЁЂϽ ЄЇЋϾЂϽ (Özgüç 1986: 123, fig. 58), ЅЃЂЅЂϵ ϾЄϹЃϿϹЁϼГ ϾЂІЂЄЂϽ ЃЂ϶ІЂЄГϹІ ЀϴЁϹЄЇ ϾЄϹЃϿϹЁϼГ ЄЇЋϾϼ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾЂϽ ϶ϴϻЏ. ϖ ϞϴЄЇЀϹ ϞϴЁϼЌϴ ЃϿϴЅІϼЁЏ ІϴϾϺϹ ϼϻЂϷЁЇІЏ ϼ
ЄϴЅϾϿϹЃϴЁЏ, ϴ ϾЂЁЊЏ ЌЃϼϿϹϾ ϼϻЂϷЁЇІЏ, ϾϴϾ Ї ЅЂЅЇϸϴ ϼϻ ϦЄϼϴϿϹІϼ. ϖ Ѕ϶Гϻϼ Ѕ БІϼЀ ЀЏ ЃЄϹϸϿϴϷϴϹЀ
ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴІА ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾЇВ ϶ϴϻЇ ϼ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅ ϾЇЄϷ. XV ЁϴЋϴϿЂЀ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϡϼϺЁВВ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЇВ ϷЄϴЁϼЊЇ ЃЂГ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ Ѕ ЃЂϸЂϵЁЏЀ ЅЃЂЅЂϵЂЀ ϾЄϹЃϿϹЁϼГ ϸЇϷЂ϶ϼϸЁЏЉ ЄЇЋϹϾ ЀϴЄϾϼЄЇВІ
БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄЏ (ϔЌЌЇЄ, ϞϴЄЇЀ ϞϴЁϼЌϴ) Ѕ ϿϼІЏЀϼ ІЄЇϵЂЋϾϴЀϼ Ёϴ ЃϿϴЅІϼЁϴЉ Ѕ ϻϴϾϿϹЃϾϴЀϼ (MüllerKarpe M. 1996: 304, Abb. 49).
ϥЂЅЇϸЏ Ѕ ϸЇϷЂ϶ϼϸЁЏЀϼ ЄЇЋϾϴЀϼ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ ϾϴϾ ϶ ϠϹЅЂЃЂІϴЀϼϼ (ϧЄ, ϔЌЌЇЄ, ϦϹϿϿАϔЅЀϴЄ; Ibid.: 304), ІϴϾ ϼ ϻϴ ϹϹ ЃЄϹϸϹϿϴЀϼ — ϕϼϵϿ, ϦЄЂГ, ϔϿϴϸϺϴ, ϞϴЄЇЀ ϞϴЁϼЌϴ, ϦЄϼϴϿϹІϼ,
ϞϼЄЂ϶ϴϾϴЁ, ϠϼϾϹЁЏ (ϞЇЌЁϴЄД϶ϴ, ϤЏЅϼЁ 2004). ϥϴЀЏϽ ЄϴЁЁϼϽ БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄ ϼϻ ϦϹϿϿА-ϔЅЀϴЄϴ (MüllerKarpe M. 1996: 304) ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁ ЈϼЁϴϿЂЀ III ϤϘ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ, ϴ ϶ϴϻϴ ϼϻ ϠϼϾϹЁ ЂІЁЂЅϼІЅГ Ͼ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЇ
ЃЂϻϸЁϹБϿϿϴϸЅϾϼϽ-I (XVI ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.). Ϡ. ϠВϿϿϹЄ-ϞϴЄЃϹ ЂІЀϹЋϴϹІ ЃЄϼϻЁϴϾϼ Б϶ЂϿВЊϼϼ ЅЃЂЅЂϵϴ ϾЄϹЃϿϹЁϼГ ЄЇЋϾϼ, ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГВЍϼϹ ЇІЂЋЁϼІА ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϾЇ Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼЉ БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄЂ϶: Ї ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ ϤϘ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ
ІЄЇϵЂЋϾϼ ϸϿГ ϻϴϾЄϹЃϿϹЁϼГ ϾЂЁЊЂ϶ ϸЇϷЂ϶ϼϸЁЂϽ ЄЇЋϾϼ ЃЄϼЃϴГЁЏ, ϴ Ї ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ ϴϾϾϴϸЅϾЂϷЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ — ЃЄϼϾϿϹЃϴЁЏ. ϥЄϴ϶ЁϼІϹϿАЁЂ ЃЂϻϸЁЂ ЃЂГ϶ϼϿϼЅА ϿϼІЏϹ ІЄЇϵЂЋϾϼ Ѕ ЌϼЄЂϾЂϽ ЃϿϴЅІϼЁЂϽ ϸϿГ
ϻϴϾϿϹЃЂϾ (ϔЌЌЇЄ, ЃЂϷЄ. 20; ϞϴЄЇЀ ϞϴЁϼЌϴ, ЅϿЂϽ Ib) (Ibid.). ϧ ЅϹЄϹϵЄГЁЂϷЂ ϶ϹϸϹЄϾϴ ϼϻ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾЂϷЂ
ϾЇЄϷ. XVII ЄЇЋϾϴ ЃЄϼϾЄϹЃϿϹЁϴ ЃЄϼ ЃЂЀЂЍϼ ЃЄϼЃϴГЁЁЏЉ Ͼ ЅІϹЁϾϹ ІЄЇϵЂЋϹϾ, ЋІЂ Ёϴ ЃϹЄ϶ЏϽ ϶ϻϷϿГϸ
ЅϵϿϼϺϴϹІ ϹϷЂ Ѕ ЅϴЀЏЀϼ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϼЀϼ ЀϹЅЂЃЂІϴЀЅϾϼЀϼ БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄϴЀϼ ϤϘ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ. ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ЀϹϺϸЇ
БІϼЀϼ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГЀϼ ϹЅІА ϼ ЃЄϼЁЊϼЃϼϴϿАЁЂϹ ЂІϿϼЋϼϹ: Ёϴ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾЂЀ ϶ϹϸϹЄϾϹ ІЄЇϵЂЋϾϴ ЂϸϼЁϴЄЁϴГ,
ϼ ЃЄЂ϶ЂϿЂЋЁϴГ ЌЃϼϿАϾϴ ЁϹ ЈϼϾЅϼЄЇϹІЅГ ЂІ ϶ЏЃϴϸϹЁϼГ, ІЂϷϸϴ ϾϴϾ Ї ϵЂϿϹϹ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϼЉ ЀϹЅЂЃЂІϴЀЅϾϼЉ
ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ Ѕ ϸ϶ЂϽЁЏЀϼ ІЄЇϵЂЋϾϴЀϼ ϶ЏЃϴϸϹЁϼВ ЌЃϼϿАϾϼ ЃЄϹЃГІЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴϿϴ ЃϹЄϹЀЏЋϾϴ, ЄϴϻϸϹϿГ϶ЌϴГ
ІЄЇϵЂЋϾϼ. ϖ БІЂЀ ЂІЁЂЌϹЁϼϼ ϾЄϹЃϿϹЁϼϹ ЄЇЋϾϼ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾЂϷЂ ϶ϹϸϹЄϾϴ ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼЋЁЂ ϵЂϿϹϹ ЃЂϻϸЁϼЀ
БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄϴЀ Ѕ ϼϻЂϷЁЇІЏЀϼ ЃϿϴЅІϼЁϴЀϼ ϼϻ ϦЄϼϴϿϹІϼ (ϾЇЄϷ. XV), ϞϴЄЇЀ ϞϴЁϼЌϴ (ЅϿЂϽ II) ϼ ϠϼϾϹЁ
(ЃЂϷЄ. 5). ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ϹЅϿϼ Ї ЃϹЄ϶ЏЉ ϸ϶ЇЉ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ ЌЃϼϿАϾϴ Ѕ϶ЂϵЂϸЁЂ ϶ЏЁϼЀϴϹІЅГ ЅЁϼϻЇ, ІЂ Ї ЀϼϾϹЁЅϾЂϽ
϶ϴϻЏ ЌЃϼϿАϾϴ ϼϻЂϷЁЇІϴ Ёϴϸ ϾЄϴϹЀ ЃϿϴЅІϼЁЏ, ЋІЂ ϻϴІЄЇϸЁГϹІ ϶ЏЃϴϸϹЁϼϹ ЌІϼЈІϴ. ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ,
ЅЃЂЅЂϵ ϾЄϹЃϿϹЁϼГ ϸЇϷЂ϶ϼϸЁЂϽ ЄЇЋϾϼ Ͼ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾЂЀЇ ЅϹЄϹϵЄГЁЂЀЇ ϶ϹϸϹЄϾЇ ЅЉЂϺ ЅЂ ЅЉϹЀЂϽ ЈϼϾЅϴЊϼϼ ЄЇЋϾϼ ЅЂЅЇϸϴ ϼϻ ЅϿЂГ II ϶ ϞϴЄЇЀϹ ϞϴЁϼЌϴ. ϘϿГ ЃЄϼϾЄϹЃϿϹЁϼГ ϺϹ ЄЇЋϾϼ Ї ЀϼϾϹЁЅϾЂϽ ϶ϴϻЏ
ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЏ ϹЍϹ ϼ ЃЄГЀЏϹ ϾЂЁЊЏ ЌЃϼϿАϾϼ, ІЂϷϸϴ ϾϴϾ Ї Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼЉ ϼ ЃϹЄϹϸЁϹ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏЉ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ ϹϹ
ϾЂЁЊЏ ЂІЂϷЁЇІЏ.
ϜІϴϾ, ЅЂЅЇϸЏ ϼϻ ϦЄϼϴϿϹІϼ ЃЂ ЀϴЁϹЄϹ ϾЄϹЃϿϹЁϼГ ϸЇϷЂ϶ϼϸЁЂϽ ЄЇЋϾϼ ЅϵϿϼϺϴВІЅГ, ЃЄϹϺϸϹ
϶ЅϹϷЂ, Ѕ ЂϵЄϴϻЊϴЀϼ ϼϻ ЅϿЂГ II ϶ ϞϴЄЇЀϹ ϞϴЁϼЌϴ, ЋІЂ ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГϹІ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴІА ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾϼϹ БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄЏ XX–XIX ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϘЄЇϷЂϽ ϶ϴϺЁЏϽ ϶Џ϶Ђϸ, ϶ЏІϹϾϴВЍϼϽ ϼϻ ЅЄϴ϶ЁϹЁϼГ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ Ѕ ϸЇϷЂ϶ϼϸЁЂϽ
ЄЇЋϾЂϽ, ЅЂЅІЂϼІ ϶ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾϴГ ЃЂЅЇϸϴ ϶ ІϼЃЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂЀ ЂІЁЂЌϹЁϼϼ ϵϿϼϺϹ Ͼ ЃϹЄϹϸЁϹ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ, ЋϹЀ ЀϼϾϹЁЅϾϼϽ БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄ. Ϡ. ϔϵЄϴЀϼЌ϶ϼϿϼ
϶Џ϶ЂϸЏ Ϟ. ϤЇϵϼЁЅЂЁ (Rubinson
2001) Ђ ϵϿϼϻЂЅІϼ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾϼЉ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ Ѕ ϸЇϷЂ϶ϼϸЁЂϽ ЄЇЋϾЂϽ ϼ c ЂϵЄϴϻЊϴЀϼ ϼϻ ϞϴЄЇЀϴ ϞϴЁϼЌϴ,
ϼ Ѕ ϶ϴϻЂϽ ϼϻ ϠϼϾϹЁ, ЋІЂ ЃЄϼ϶ЂϸϼІ Ͼ «ЃЇІϴЁϼЊϹ» ϶ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϾϹ ϦЄϼϴϿϹІϼ (ЁϴЋϴϿЂ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. —
ЃЂ ЃϴЄϴϿϿϹϿГЀ ϼϻ ϞϴЄЇЀϴ ϞϴЁϼЌϴ; ϶ІЂЄϴГ ЋϹІ϶ϹЄІА II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. — ЃЂ ЀϼϾϹЁЅϾЂϽ ЃϴЄϴϿϿϹϿϼ).
ϖ ϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼІϹϿАЁЂЅІϼ, ϾϴϾ ЀЏ ЃЄЂϸϹЀЂЁЅІЄϼЄЂ϶ϴϿϼ ЄϴЁϹϹ, ЅЃЂЅЂϵ ϾЄϹЃϿϹЁϼГ ϸЇϷЂ϶ϼϸЁЏЉ ЄЇЋϹϾ Ͼ
ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾϼЀ ЀϹІϴϿϿϼЋϹЅϾϼЀ ЅЂЅЇϸϴЀ ЁϴЉЂϸϼІ ϵϿϼϺϴϽЌЇВ ІϼЃЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЇВ ЃϴЄϴϿϿϹϿА ϶ ЃЂЅЇϸϹ ϼϻ ϞϴЄЇЀϴ ϞϴЁϼЌϴ, ϴ ЁϹ ϼϻ ϠϼϾϹЁ. ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ϶ЁЂ϶А ЁϹ ЃЂϸІ϶ϹЄϺϸϴВІЅГ ϸϹϾϿϴЄϼЄЇϹЀЏϹ
Ϡ. ϔϵЄϴЀϼЌ϶ϼϿϼ
Ѕ϶Гϻϼ.
ϘϴϿϹϹ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿА ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸϼІ Ͼ ЄϴЅЅЀЂІЄϹЁϼВ ЃϴЄϴϿϿϹϿϹϽ ϻЁϴЀϹЁϼІЂЀЇ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾЇ
ϾЂЃАГ ЅЂ Ѕ϶ϹЄЁЇІЂϽ ϶ІЇϿϾЂϽ ϼϻ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾЂϷЂ ϾЇЄϷ. XV (Abramishvili 2010: 174). ϖЁϴЋϴϿϹ ЂЁ ЇЃЂЀϼЁϴϹІ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼЂЁЁЇВ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϾЇ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾϴ ϼϻ ϦЄϼϴϿϹІϼ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ, ЃЂ ЀЁϹЁϼВ ϕ. ϔ. ϞЇЈІϼЁϴ
(ϞЇЈІϼЁ 1941), ϞϿ. ϬϹЈЈϹЄϴ (Schaeffer 1943) ϼ ϱ. Ϡ. ϗЂϷϴϸϻϹ (ϗЂϷϴϸϻϹ 1972), ЂІЁЂЅϼІЅГ Ͼ ЅϹЄϹϸϼЁϹ
II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б., ϴ ϻϴІϹЀ ЃЄϼ϶ЂϸϼІ ЀЁϹЁϼϹ ϗ. ϟ. Ϟϴ϶ІϴЄϴϸϻϹ Ђ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ ЃЂϸЂϵЁЏϹ ϾЂЃАГ ϵЏϿϼ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЏ Ёϴ ϕϿϼϺЁϹЀ ϖЂЅІЂϾϹ ЇϺϹ ϶ ϤϘ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ. ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ϗ. ϟ. Ϟϴ϶ІϴЄϴϸϻϹ ЃϼЅϴϿ Ђ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾϴЉ ЅЂ
188
,
,
ЅІϹЄϺЁϹ϶ЏЀ ЁϴЅϴϸЂЀ, ϴ ЁϹ ЅЂ Ѕ϶ϹЄЁЇІЂϽ ϶ІЇϿϾЂϽ. ϖ ϾЂЁЊϹ ϾЂЁЊЂ϶, Ϡ. ϔϵЄϴЀϼЌ϶ϼϿϼ ЅЂϷϿϴЌϴϹІЅГ Ѕ
ЃЄϹϸϿЂϺϹЁЁЂϽ ϗ. ϟ. Ϟϴ϶ІϴЄϴϸϻϹ (Ϟϴ϶ІϴЄϴϸϻϹ 1983; Kavtaradze 1999) ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϾЂϽ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾЂϷЂ ϾЂЃАГ
ЅϹЄϹϸϼЁЂϽ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϽ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁЏ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б., ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ЇВЍϹϽ ϸϴІϹ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾϴ ϼϻ ЅϿЂГ Ib ϞϴЄЇЀϴ
ϞϴЁϼЌϴ, ϴ БІЂІ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾ, ЃЂ ЀЁϹЁϼВ Ϡ. ϔϵЄϴЀϼЌ϶ϼϿϼ, ϸϹЀЂЁЅІЄϼЄЇϹІ ІϹЅЁЏϹ Ѕ϶Гϻϼ Ѕ ІЄϹІАϹϽ
ЈϴϻЂϽ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϥϕϖ (Abramishvili 2010: 174). ϖ ЅЇЍЁЂЅІϼ, ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿА ЂІϾϴϻϴϿЅГ ЂІ ЃЄЂ϶ϹϸϹЁϼГ ЅЄϴ϶ЁϼІϹϿАЁЂ-ІϼЃЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ϴЁϴϿϼϻϴ ϼ ϶ЀϹЅІЂ ϾЄϼІϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ЄϴϻϵЂЄϴ ІЂЋϹϾ
ϻЄϹЁϼГ «ϼЀϹЁϼІЏЉ» ЃЄϹϸЌϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁϼϾЂ϶, ЃЂЀϹЍϴ϶ЌϼЉ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾЂϹ ϾЂЃАϹ ϶ ЅϹЄϹϸϼЁЇ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.
ϢЁ ϿϼЌА ЅЅЏϿϴϹІЅГ Ёϴ ЄϴϵЂІЇ ϗ. ϟ. Ϟϴ϶ІϴЄϴϸϻϹ (Kavtaradze 1999) ϼ ЃЄϼ϶ЂϸϼІ ϵϹϻϸЂϾϴϻϴІϹϿАЁЏϽ
϶Џ϶Ђϸ Ђ ϵϿϼϻЂЅІϼ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾЂϷЂ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾϴ Ͼ ЂЄЇϺϼВ ϼϻ ϞϴЄЇЀϴ ϞϴЁϼЌϴ. ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ЃЇϵϿϼϾϴЊϼГ ϗ. ϟ. Ϟϴ϶ІϴЄϴϸϻϹ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ, ϾϴϾ ЂІЀϹЋϹЁЂ ϶ЏЌϹ, ϶ ϾϴЋϹЅІ϶Ϲ ϷϿϴ϶ЁЂϷЂ ϴЄϷЇЀϹЁІϴ ϸϿГ ЇІЂЋЁϹЁϼГ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ЃЂϻϼЊϼϼ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾϼЉ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЂ϶ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴϿ ІЂϿАϾЂ ϾϴϿϼϵЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϹ ϸϴІЏ
ЃЂ 14ϥ, ЁϹ ϸЂϿϺЁϴ ϼϻϵϴ϶ϿГІА Ϡ. ϔϵЄϴЀϼЌ϶ϼϿϼ ЂІ ЁϹЂϵЉЂϸϼЀЂЅІϼ ЃЄЂ϶ϹϸϹЁϼГ ЅЂϵЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϷЂ ІϼЃЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ϴЁϴϿϼϻϴ. ϠЂϺЁЂ ІЂϿАϾЂ ЃЄϼ϶ϹІЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴІА, ЋІЂ ϶ Ѕ϶ЂϹЀ ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾЂ ЉϴЂІϼЋϹЅϾЂЀ ЃϹЄϹЋϼЅϿϹЁϼϼ ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЏЉ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾЂ϶ ϼϻ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ϘЄϹ϶ЁϹϷЂ ϖЂЅІЂϾϴ, ϱϷϹϼϸЏ, ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ϙ϶ЄЂЃЏ ϼ
ϥϼϵϼЄϼ, ЂЁ ЇЃЂЀГЁЇϿ ϼ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϼ ϼϻ ϞϴЄЇЀϴ ϞϴЁϼЌϴ. ϞϴϾ ЅϾϴϻϴЁЂ ϶ЏЌϹ, ϾЂЃАϹ ϼϻ ЅϿЂГ Ib ϞϴЄЇЀϴ
ϞϴЁϼЌϴ ϼЀϹϹІ ЃЄϼϻЁϴϾϼ (ϿϼІϴГ ЅϿϹЃϴГ ϶ІЇϿϾϴ, ЇЃϿЂЍϹЁЁЂϹ ϶ ЃЂЃϹЄϹЋЁЂЀ ЅϹЋϹЁϼϼ ЊϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϹ
ЄϹϵЄЂ, ϿϼІЂϹ ϻЂϿЂІЂϹ ϾЂϿАЊЂ ϶ ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁϼϼ ϶ІЇϿϾϼ), ЅϵϿϼϺϴВЍϼϹ ϹϷЂ Ѕ ЁϴϼϵЂϿϹϹ ЃЂϻϸЁϼЀϼ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾϴЀϼ ϦϞ ϼϻ ϖϴЁϴϸϻЂЄϴ ϼ ϔϿϼϾϹЀϹϾІϹЃϹ. ϢϵЄϴϻϹЊ ϼϻ ϞϴЄЇЀϴ ϞϴЁϼЌϴ, ЅϿЂϽ Ib ЀЂϺϹІ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴІА,
ЅϾЂЄϹϹ, ϶ϹЄЉЁВВ ϷЄϴЁϼЊЇ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼГ Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼЉ ϾЂЃϼϽ «Њ϶ϹІЇЍϹϽ ЃЂЄЏ» ϦϞ. ϤϴЁϹϹ ЇϺϹ ϵЏϿЂ
ЇЃЂЀГЁЇІЂ, ЋІЂ ЁϴϼϵЂϿАЌЇВ ϵϿϼϻЂЅІА Ѕ Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼЀϼ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾϴЀϼ ϸϹЀЂЁЅІЄϼЄЇВІ ϾЂЃАГ ϼϻ
ЅϿЂГ II ϞϴЄЇЀϴ ϞϴЁϼЌϴ, ϼϻ ϔЌЌЇЄϴ, ϤϴЅ-ϬϴЀЄЏ ϼ ϕϼϵϿϴ (2100–1750 ϷϷ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.).
ϖ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϹЀ ϴϵϻϴЊϹ Ѕ϶ЂϹϽ ЅІϴІАϼ Ϡ. ϔϵЄϴЀϼЌ϶ϼϿϼ ϾϴϾ ϸЂϾϴϻϴІϹϿАЅІ϶Ђ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼГ
Ѕ϶ГϻϹϽ ЇЃЂЀϼЁϴϹІ ЀϹІϴϿϿϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЅЂЅЇϸЏ Ѕ ϾϴІЇЌϹЋЁЏЀϼ ЄЇЋϾϴЀϼ. ϣЂϸЂϵЁЏϹ ЅЂЅЇϸЏ ϵЏϿϼ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ ϶ ϾЇЄϷϴЁϴЉ ϖϴЁϴϸϻЂЄϴ ϼ ϟЂЄϼ-ϕϹЄϸϴ (ϔЄЀϹЁϼГ; Devedjian 2006), ϶ ϷЄЂϵЁϼЊϴЉ
ϖϴЈϼЂ ϼ ϠϼϾϹЁ (ϗЄϹЊϼГ; Blegen 1937), ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ϶ ЅЂЅІϴ϶Ϲ ϾϿϴϸϴ ϦЂϸϴ (ϙϷϼЃϹІ; Maxwell-Hyslop 1995).
ϖ ϞϴЄЇЀϹ ϞϴЁϼЌϴ (ϦЇЄЊϼГ) ϶ЅІЄϹЋϹЁ ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄ ІϴϾЂϷЂ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ. ϘϴϿϹϹ, ЅЂ ЅЅЏϿϾЂϽ
Ёϴ Ϥ. ϠϴϾЅ϶ϹϿϿ-ϩϼЅϿЂЃ (Ibid.: 244–246), ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿА Єϴϻ϶ϼ϶ϴϹІ ЀЏЅϿА Ђ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ ЀϴϿЂϴϻϼϽЅϾЂϹ
ϾЇϻЁϹЋЁЂϹ ЄϹЀϹЅϿЂ (ϔϿϴϸϺϴ, ϩЂЄЂϻІϹЃϹ) ЃЂ϶ϿϼГϿЂ Ёϴ ЀϹІϴϿϿЂЂϵЄϴϵЂІϾЇ ϾϴϾ ϲϺЁЂϷЂ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ, ІϴϾ
ϼ ϱϷϹϽЅϾЂϷЂ ЄϹϷϼЂЁϴ. ϘϹϽЅІ϶ϼІϹϿАЁЂ, Ѕ ІϼЃЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ІЂЋϾϼ ϻЄϹЁϼГ ЅЂЅЇϸЏ Ѕ ϾϴІЇЌϹЋЁЏЀϼ ЄЇЋϾϴЀϼ ϼϻ ϔЄЀϹЁϼϼ, ЀϴϿЂϴϻϼϽЅϾЂϷЂ ϞϴЄЇЀϴ ϞϴЁϼЌϴ ϼ ϼϻ ϾϿϴϸϴ ϦЂϸϴ ϶ ϙϷϼЃІϹ ЀЂϺЁЂ ЅЂЃЂЅІϴ϶ϿГІА,
ЃЂЅϾЂϿАϾЇ ЂЁϼ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ ϶ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЉ, ϸϴІϼЄЇВЍϼЉЅГ ЁϴЋϴϿЂЀ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ϾЇϵϾϼ ϼϻ
ϖϴЈϼЂ ϼ ϠϼϾϹЁ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ ϶ ϵЂϿϹϹ ЃЂϻϸЁϼЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЉ ЅϹЄϹϸϼЁЏ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. Ϣ ϾϴϾϼЉ
- Ѕ϶ГϻГЉ ϶ ІϴϾЂЀ ЅϿЇЋϴϹ ЄϴЅЅЇϺϸϴϹІ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿА? ϥЂ϶ϹЄЌϹЁЁЂ ЂЋϹ϶ϼϸЁЂ, ЋІЂ ϶ЁЂ϶А ЀЂϺЁЂ
ϷЂ϶ЂЄϼІА Ђ
ϿϼЁϼГЉ Ѕ϶ГϻϹϽ: ϶Ђ-ЃϹЄ϶ЏЉ, Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ ϼ ϠϴϿЂϽ ϔϻϼϼ ϶ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ϴϾІϼ϶ϼϻϴЊϼϼ ϴЅЅϼЄϼϽЅϾЂϽ ІЂЄϷЂ϶ЂϽ ЂЄϷϴЁϼϻϴЊϼϼ; ϶Ђ-϶ІЂЄЏЉ, ϔЁϴІЂϿϼϼ, ϴ ЅϾЂЄϹϹ, ϟϹ϶ϴЁІϴ ϼ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϷЂ
ϥЄϹϸϼϻϹЀЁЂЀЂЄАГ ϶ ЀϼϾϹЁЅϾЂϹ ϶ЄϹЀГ. ϖ БІЂЀ ЅЂЅІЂϼІ ϾϿВЋϹ϶ЂϽ ЀЂЀϹЁІ ЁϴЌϹϷЂ ЄϴϻЁЂϷϿϴЅϼГ Ѕ
Ϡ. ϔϵЄϴЀϼЌ϶ϼϿϼ. ϘϿГ ϹϷЂ ЄϴϵЂІЏ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЂ «Єϴϻϸ϶ЂϹЁϼϹ» ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЏЉ ЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼϽ. ϥ ЂϸЁЂϽ ЅІЂЄЂЁЏ, ЂЁ ЇІ϶ϹЄϺϸϴϹІ, ЋІЂ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ «Њ϶ϹІЇЍϹϽ ЃЂЄЏ» ϦϞ ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁЁЏ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЇ ϴϾІϼ϶ϼϻϴЊϼϼ ϸϹГІϹϿАЁЂЅІϼ ϴЅЅϼЄϼϽЅϾϼЉ ϾЂϿЂЁϼЅІЂ϶ ϶ ϞϴЄЇЀϹ ϞϴЁϼЌϹ (ЄЇϵϹϺ III/II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.), ϴ Ѕ ϸЄЇϷЂϽ — ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿА ЃЏІϴϹІЅГ ϸЂϾϴϻϴІА Ѕ϶ГϻА ϦϞ Ѕ ЀϼϾϹЁЅϾЂϽ ϗЄϹЊϼϹϽ ϶Ђ ϶ІЂЄЂϽ ЋϹІ϶ϹЄІϼ ϼ ЅϹЄϹϸϼЁϹ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.
ϛϴϾϴЁЋϼ϶ϴГ ЅІϴІАВ, Ϡ. ϔϵЄϴЀϼЌ϶ϼϿϼ ϻϴЀϹЋϴϹІ: «ЃЄϼ϶ϹϸϹЁЁЏϹ ϵϿϼϺЁϹ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏϹ ϼ БϷϹϽЅϾϼϹ ЃϴЄϴϿϿϹϿϼ, ЁϹЅЂЀЁϹЁЁЂ, Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ЇВІ Ђ ϶Ђ϶ϿϹЋϹЁϼϼ ВϺЁЂϾϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼЉ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЁЏЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ
ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЂϷЂ ϶ϹϾϴ ϶ ϸϴϿАЁϹϸϼЅІϴЁЊϼЂЁЁЏϹ ІЂЄϷЂ϶Ђ-ЂϵЀϹЁЁЏϹ Ѕ϶Гϻϼ» (Abramishvili 2010: 175). ϥ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϼЀ ЇІ϶ϹЄϺϸϹЁϼϹЀ ЁϹϿАϻГ ЁϹ ЅЂϷϿϴЅϼІАЅГ, Ђ ЋϹЀ ЀЏ ЇϺϹ ЁϹЂϸЁЂϾЄϴІЁЂ ЇЃЂЀϼЁϴϿϼ. ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ϶
ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІϹ ЅϾЄЇЃЇϿϹϻЁЂϷЂ ЅЄϴ϶ЁϼІϹϿАЁЂ-ІϼЃЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ϴЁϴϿϼϻϴ ϼ ϾЄϼІϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ЃϹЄϹЅЀЂІЄϴ ЄϴϵЂІ ЃЄϹϸЌϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁϼϾЂ϶ ЁϴЀ ЇϸϴϿЂЅА ЂЃЄЂ϶ϹЄϷЁЇІА ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼГ Ђ Ѕ϶ГϻГЉ ϛϴϾϴ϶ϾϴϻАГ Ѕ ϱϷϹϽЅϾϼЀ
ЄϹϷϼЂЁЂЀ, ϸϴϺϹ ЂЃЂЅЄϹϸЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЉ. ϣЂϸЂϵЁЏϹ Ѕ϶Гϻϼ ЀЂϷϿϼ ЂЅЇЍϹЅІ϶ϿГІАЅГ ЇϺϹ Ёϴ ϵЂϿϹϹ ЃЂϻϸЁϹЀ
БІϴЃϹ, ϶ ϣϕϖ, ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁЁЂЀ Ёϴ ϲϺЁЂЀ Ϟϴ϶ϾϴϻϹ ЃЂϻϸЁϹБϿϿϴϸЅϾЂЀЇ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЇ ϶ ϗЄϹЊϼϼ.
ϠЏ ЇϸϹϿϼϿϼ ЀЁЂϷЂ ϶ЁϼЀϴЁϼГ ϻϴЂЋЁЂϽ ЃЂϿϹЀϼϾϹ Ѕ Ϡ. ϔϵЄϴЀϼЌ϶ϼϿϼ ЃЂІЂЀЇ, ЋІЂ ϶ ϹϷЂ ЄϴϵЂІϹ
Ђϻ϶ЇЋϹЁϴ ЁϹ ІЂϿАϾЂ ЂЄϼϷϼЁϴϿАЁϴГ ІЂЋϾϴ ϻЄϹЁϼГ ϴ϶ІЂЄϴ. ϢЅЁЂ϶ЁЏϹ ІϹϻϼЅЏ ϷЄЇϻϼЁЅϾЂϷЂ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿГ Ђ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ ϦϞ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴϿϼ ϸЂ ЅϹЄϹϸϼЁЏ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б., ϼ ЋІЂ ϦϞ ЃЂϸϸϹЄϺϼ϶ϴϿϴ
Ѕ϶Гϻϼ Ѕ ϱϷϹϽЅϾϼЀ ЄϹϷϼЂЁЂЀ ϶ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼГ ЀϼϾϹЁЅϾϼЉ ЌϴЉІЂ϶ЏЉ ϷЄЂϵЁϼЊ, ЄϴϻϸϹϿГВІ
ϵЂϿАЌϼЁЅІ϶Ђ ЂІϹЋϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЉ ϼ ϻϴЄЇϵϹϺЁЏЉ Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЂ϶ϹϸЂ϶.
189
:
,
,
ϢЅІϴЁЂ϶ϼЀЅГ Ёϴ ЁϹϸϴ϶ЁЂ ϶϶ϹϸϹЁЁЏЉ ϶ ЁϴЇЋЁЏϽ ЂϵЂЄЂІ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴЉ ϼϻ БϿϼІЁЏЉ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ
ϦϞ (ЄϼЅ. 1; 5–7). ϖ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄГ БІϼЉ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ ϶ϾϿВЋϹЁЏ ЀϹІϴϿϿϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЂЄЇϸϼГ, ЃЂЅЇϸϴ,
ЂЄЇϺϼϹ ϼ В϶ϹϿϼЄЁЏϹ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГВІ ЇІЂЋЁϼІА ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЇВ ЃЂϻϼЊϼВ ϸϴЁЁЏЉ
ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶.
ϡϹϸϴ϶ЁЂ ϵЏϿ ЂЃЇϵϿϼϾЂ϶ϴЁ (ϠϴЉЀЇϸЂ϶ ϼ ϸЄ. 2003; ϠϴЉЀЇϸЂ϶ 2008) ϼЁІϹЄϹЅЁϹϽЌϼϽ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅ ЃЂϷЄ. 80 (ЄϼЅ. 5, ), ϶ЃЇЍϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϶ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏϽ ЅϿЂϽ БЁϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ІϹϿϿГ ϔϿϼϾϹЀϹϾІϹЃϹ
(ϔϻϹЄϵϴϽϸϺϴЁ). ϱІЂ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϹ ЀЁЂϷЂ ϿϹІ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴϿ Ϩ. ϠϴЉЀЇϸЂ϶, ЁЂ ϼϻ-ϻϴ ϹϷЂ ϵϹϻ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂϽ ϾЂЁЋϼЁЏ ϶ЃЇЅϾЁЏϹ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ ϵЏϿϼ ЂЃЇϵϿϼϾЂ϶ϴЁЏ ЇЋϹЁϼϾϴЀϼ ϼ ϾЂϿϿϹϷϴЀϼ ЃЂϾЂϽЁЂϷЂ ЃЂЋІϼ 30 ϿϹІ
ЅЃЇЅІГ.
ϣЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϹ 80 ϵЏϿЂ ЅЂ϶ϹЄЌϹЁЂ ϶ ϵЂϿАЌЂϽ ГЀϹ. ϧЀϹЄЌϼϽ ϵЏϿ ЋϴЅІϼЋЁЂ ϾЄϹЀϼЄЂ϶ϴЁ ϶ ЀЂϷϼϿϹ. ϙϷЂ ЅЂЃЄЂ϶ЂϺϸϴϿϼ ϺϹЄІ϶ϹЁЁЏϹ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЏϹ. ϤϴϻЁЂЂϵЄϴϻЁЏϽ ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄА ϶ϾϿВЋϴϿ ЂЄЇϺϼϹ ϼ ЃϿЂІЁϼЊϾϼϹ ϼЁЅІЄЇЀϹЁІЏ ϼϻ ЀϹІϴϿϿϴ, ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏϽ ϾЂІϹϿ, ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁϼГ ϼϻ ЅϹЄϹϵЄϴ ϼ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ, ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏϹ
ЃЄЂЇЌЁЂϽ ІЂЃЂЄ ϼ ϵЇϿϴ϶Ї, ϾЄϹЀЁϹ϶ЏϹ ЋϹЄϹЌϾЂ϶ЏϹ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾϼ ЅІЄϹϿ ϼ ЀЁЂϷЂЋϼЅϿϹЁЁЏϹ ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЅЂЅЇϸЏ (ϠϴЉЀЇϸЂ϶ 2008: 45–49). ϠЏ ЅЂϷϿϴЅЁЏ Ѕ ЃЄϹϸϿЂϺϹЁЁЂϽ ϴ϶ІЂЄϴЀϼ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϾЂϽ —
XIX–XVIII ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. — БІЂϷЂ ГЄϾЂϷЂ БϿϼІЁЂϷЂ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴ (ϠϴЉЀЇϸЂ϶ ϼ ϸЄ. 2003:
157). ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ϶ЁϹЅϹЀ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЇІЂЋЁϹЁϼГ ϶ ІϼЃЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЅЂЃЂЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ϾЂϿϿϹϷ.
ϣЂ ЀЁϹЁϼВ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿГ (ϠϴЉЀЇϸЂ϶ 2008), ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄА ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ, ϼЀϹВЍϼϽ ЃЄГЀЏϹ
ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼϼ ϶ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЉ «Њ϶ϹІЇЍϹϽ ЃЂЄЏ» ϦϞ (϶ІЂЄЂϽ БІϴЃ, ЃЂ ϱ. ϗЂϷϴϸϻϹ), ϸϹЀЂЁЅІЄϼЄЇϹІ ІϴϾϺϹ ϴЄЉϴϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЃЄϼϻЁϴϾϼ, ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЏϹ ϸϿГ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ Ϥϕϖ (ϾЇЄЂϴЄϴϾЅϾϴГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴ). ϡϴЀ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿГϹІЅГ, ЋІЂ БІϼ ЃϴЄϴϿϿϹϿϼ ЂЌϼϵЂЋЁЏ. ϧЃЂЀϼЁϴϹЀЏϹ ϶ ЄϴϵЂІϹ ϾϴЀϹЁЁϴГ ϵЇϿϴ϶ϴ, ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾϼ
ЅІЄϹϿ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏϹ ЌІЏϾЂ϶ϼϸЁЏϹ ЂЄЇϸϼГ ϼ ЃϿЂЅϾЂϹ ІϹЅϿЂ ЁϹϿАϻГ ЅЋϼІϴІА ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІϴЀϼ, ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЏЀϼ ІЂϿАϾЂ ϸϿГ Ϥϕϖ. ϦϴϾ ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴϹЀЏϹ ЌІЏϾЂ϶ϼϸЁЏϹ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾϼ ϾЂЃϼϽ Ѕ ЋϹЄϹЁϾЂ϶ЏЀ
ЁϴЅϴϸЂЀ (ϠϴЉЀЇϸЂ϶ 2008: 46; ЄϼЅ. 35, 4–5; ϠϴЉЀЇϸЂ϶ ϼ ϸЄ. 2003: 152, ЄϼЅ. 3, 4–5) ЉЂЄЂЌЂ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЏ
ϼ ϶ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЉ ϥϕϖ. ϥϴЀ ϴ϶ІЂЄ ЇЃЂЀϼЁϴϹІ, ЋІЂ ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼЋЁЏϹ ЂЄЇϸϼГ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸГІ ϼϻ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶
ϥϕϖ (ϩϴЋϵЇϿϴϾЅϾϼϽ ϾЇЄϷϴЁ ϼ ϖϹЄЉЁϹϷЇЁϼϵЅϾЂϹ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϹ; ϠϴЉЀЇϸЂ϶ 2008: 46; ϞЂІЂ϶ϼЋ 1965).
ϣЂϸЂϵЁЏϹ ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІЏ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ ϼ ϶ ϖϹϿϼϾϹЁІЅϾЂЀ ЅϾϿϹЃϹ 11 1997 Ϸ. (Gadjiev et al. 2000: 90, fig. 51,
268–269). ϣЂ ЁϴϵϿВϸϹЁϼГЀ Ϡ. ϠВϿϿϹЄϴ-ϞϴЄЃϹ, ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏϹ ЌІЏϾЂ϶ϼϸЁЏϹ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾϼ ЂϵϿϴϸϴВІ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼ ϻЁϴЋϼЀЏЀ ЃЄϼϻЁϴϾЂЀ: ϹЅϿϼ Ї ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ ϤϘ ϼ ϴϾϾϴϸЅϾЂϷЂ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЂ϶ ЋϹЄϹЁЂϾ
ЃϿϴ϶ЁЂ ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸϼІ ϶ ϿϹϻ϶ϼϽЁЇВ ЋϴЅІА, ІЂ Ї ϵЂϿϹϹ ЃЂϻϸЁϼЉ ϾЂЃϼϽ (БЃЂЉϴ III ϸϼЁϴЅІϼϼ ϧЄϴ) ЋϹЄϹЁЂϾ
ЄϹϻϾЂ ЂІϸϹϿϹЁ ЂІ ϿϹϻ϶ϼϽЁЂϽ ЋϴЅІϼ. ϘϴІϼЄЇВЍϼϹ ЂϵЄϴϻЊЏ ЂϸЁЂІϼЃЁЏЉ ЌІЏϾЂ϶ϼϸЁЏЉ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾЂ϶ (XXI–XIX ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.) ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸГІ ϼϻ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴ ϷЂЄЂϸϴ ϔЌЌЇЄϴ (Müller-Karpe M. 1996: 284,
Abb. 27, 1–3). ϬІЏϾЂ϶ϼϸЁЏϹ ϾЂЃАГ ϼϻ ϔϿϼϾϹЀϹϾІϹЃϹ ЂІЁЂЅГІЅГ Ͼ ϶ЏϸϹϿϹЁЁЂЀЇ Ϡ. ϠВϿϿϹЄЂЀ-ϞϴЄЃϹ
ϵЂϿϹϹ ЃЂϻϸЁϹЀЇ ϶ϴЄϼϴЁІЇ. ϕЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЂϹ ЃϿЂЅϾЂϹ ІϹЅϿЂ ЂІϿϼЋϴϹІЅГ ЂІ ЂЄЇϸϼϽ ϾЇЄЂϴЄϴϾЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ
Ϥϕϖ ЃЂ ЃЄЂЃЂЄЊϼГЀ ϼ ЈЂЄЀϹ: ЇϸϿϼЁϹЁЁЏϽ ϾЂЄЃЇЅ ϼ ЄϴЅЌϼЄϹЁЁϴГ ϿϹϻ϶ϼϽЁϴГ ЋϴЅІА Ѕ ЅϹЄЃЂ϶ϼϸЁЏЀ
ϾЄϴϹЀ, ЃГІϾϴ ϻϴϾЄЇϷϿϹЁϴ. ϦϹЅϿϴ Ѕ ЄϹϻϾЂ ЄϴЅЌϼЄГВЍϹϽЅГ ϿϹϻ϶ϼϽЁЂϽ ЋϴЅІАВ, ЂϾЄЇϷϿЂϽ ЃГІЂЋЁЂϽ ЋϴЅІАВ ϼ ЅЉЂϸЁЏЀϼ ЃЄЂЃЂЄЊϼГЀϼ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЏ ϸϿГ ϴЅЅЂЄІϼЀϹЁІϴ Єϴϻ϶ϼІЂϷЂ БІϴЃϴ ϥϕϖ ϼ ЀЂϷЇІ ϵЏІА
ЅЂЃЂЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ Ѕ ЂЄЇϸϼГЀϼ ϾЂЅІЄЂЀЅϾЂϷЂ БІϴЃϴ ЀϹІϴϿϿЂЂϵЄϴϵЂІϾϼ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϷЂ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ. ϣЂ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЂЀЇ ЅϹϾϼЄЂ϶ϼϸЁЂ ЄϴЅЌϼЄϹЁЁЂЀЇ ϿϹϻ϶ϼВ Ͼ ЂЄЇϸϼГЀ ЈϼЁϴϿϴ ϥϕϖ ЀЂϺЁЂ ЂІЁϹЅІϼ ϼ ЇЁϼϾϴϿАЁЏϽ
ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏϽ ЃЄЂЇЌЁЂϽ ІЂЃЂЄ ϼϻ ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴϹЀЂϷЂ ЃЂϷЄ. 80 (ϠϴЉЀЇϸЂ϶ ϼ ϸЄ. 2003: 154, ЄϼЅ. 1, 14).
ϞϴЀϹЁЁϴГ ϵЇϿϴ϶ϴ ϷЄЇЌϹ϶ϼϸЁЂϽ ЈЂЄЀЏ ІϴϾϺϹ ϶ЃЂϿЁϹ ЅЂЃЂЅІϴ϶ϼЀϴ Ѕ ЂЄЇϺϼϹЀ ϼϻ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ϥϕϖ,
ЁϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ, ϼϻ ϞВϸЇЄϿϼЁЅϾЂϷЂ ϾЇЄϷϴЁϴ 13, ϾЇЄϷ. 125 ϶ ϩϴЁϾϹЁϸϼ, ϾЇЄϷϴЁЂ϶ ϴϿϴϻϴЁЂ-ϵϹϸϹЁЅϾЂϽ ϷЄЇЃЃЏ ϼ ϸЄ. (ϔЉЇЁϸЂ϶ 2001; ϗЇЀЀϹϿА 1940; ϘϺϴЃϴЄϼϸϻϹ 1998).
ϠϹІϴϿϿϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЃЂϿЇЅЈϹЄϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϾЂϿЃϴЋϾϼ Ѕ ЂІ϶ϹЄЅІϼГЀϼ ϸϿГ ϾЄϹЃϿϹЁϼГ ЃЂ ϾЄϴВ ϵЏϿϼ ЁϴЌϼІЏ Ёϴ ЃЂГЅ ϼϿϼ ЃϹЄϹ϶ГϻА ϼϻ ЂЄϷϴЁϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϴ (ϠϴЉЀЇϸЂ϶ ϼ ϸЄ. 2003: 154, ЄϼЅ. 1, 13).
ϢЁϼ ІϴϾϺϹ ЁϴЉЂϸГІ ЃЄГЀЏϹ ІϼЃЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЃϴЄϴϿϿϹϿϼ, ϾϴϾЂ϶ЏЀϼ Г϶ϿГВІЅГ ϻЂϿЂІЏϹ ЁϴЌϼ϶ЁЏϹ
ЃЇϷЂ϶Ͼϼ ϶ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾϼЉ ϾЇЄϷϴЁϴЉ ϶ІЂЄЂϽ ϷЄЇЃЃЏ «Њ϶ϹІЇЍϹϽ ЃЂЄЏ» (ϾЇЄϷ. V ϼ XVII; ϗЂϷϴϸϻϹ 1972,
ІϴϵϿ. XVII, 3, 22; XXIV, 24–25).
ϞϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЅЂЅЇϸЏ ϼϻ ЃЂϷЄ. 80, ЃЂ ЀЁϹЁϼВ ϴ϶ІЂЄЂ϶ ЃЇϵϿϼϾϴЊϼϼ, «ϼЀϹВІ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЋϹЄІЏ ЄϴЁЁϹϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏЉ ϼ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏЉ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶» (ϠϴЉЀЇϸЂ϶ 2008: 47). ϡϴ ЁϴЌ ϶ϻϷϿГϸ, ϸϿГ ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁϼϻϴЊϼϼ БІЂϷЂ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ ЄϹЌϴВЍϹϹ ϻЁϴЋϹЁϼϹ ЃЄϼЂϵЄϹІϴВІ ЂІЀϹЋϹЁЁЏϹ ЅϴЀϼЀ ϴ϶ІЂЄЂЀ (ϦϴЀ
ϺϹ) ІϼЃЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЃϴЄϴϿϿϹϿϼ ϾЇ϶ЌϼЁϴЀ Ѕ ϾЂϿϹЁЋϴІЂϽ ЄЇЋϾЂϽ ϶ ЃЂЅЇϸϹ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾЂϷЂ ϾЇЄϷ. XVII ϼ
ϾЄЇЃЁЂЀЇ ЅЂЅЇϸЇ Ѕ ЅϼЀЀϹІЄϼЋЁЏЀϼ ЇЌϾϴЀϼ Ёϴ ЃϿϹЋϼϾϴЉ ϶ ЃЂЅЇϸϹ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾϼЉ ϾЇЄϷ. V ϼ XLV (϶ІЂЄϴГ Јϴϻϴ «Њ϶ϹІЇЍϹϽ ЃЂЄЏ», ЃЂ ϱ. Ϡ. ϗЂϷϴϸϻϹ). ϜЀϹЁЁЂ БІϼ ЃЂϻϸЁϼϹ ЃϴЄϴϿϿϹϿϼ, ϴ ЁϹ «ϴЄЉϴϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ»
190
,
,
. 5. ϞЁГϺϹЅϾϼϹ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏϹ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЏ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ: ϔ — ЃЂϷЄ. ϼϻ ϖϴЁϴϸϻЂЄϴ (ϞϼЄЂ϶ϴϾϴЁ)
(ЃЂ Devedjian 2006); ϕ — ЃЂϷЄ. 80 ϼϻ ϔϿϼϾϹЀϹϾІϹЃϹ (ЃЂ ϠϴЉЀЇϸЂ϶ 2008)
Fig. 5. Princely burials of the Trialeti culture: ϔ — burial from Navadzor (Kirovakan) (after Devedjian 2006); ϕ —
burial 80 from Alikemektepe (after ϠϴЉЀЇϸЂ϶ 2008)
191
:
,
,
ЃЄϼϻЁϴϾϼ, ЂІЀϹЋϹЁЁЏϹ Ї ϵЇЄЂ϶ϴІЂ-ϾЂЄϼЋЁϹ϶ЏЉ ϿЂЍϹЁЏЉ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶, ϶ϴϺЁЏ ϸϿГ ЇЅІϴЁЂ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ЃЂϻϼЊϼϼ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴ.
ϖ ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄϹ ЃЂϷЄ. 80 ЃЄϼЅЇІЅІ϶ЇВІ ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾЂ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІЂ϶, ЇϾϴϻЏ϶ϴВЍϼЉ Ёϴ ЅЄϴ϶ЁϼІϹϿАЁЂ
ЃЂϻϸЁВВ ЃЂϻϼЊϼВ БІЂϷЂ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴ ϶ ЄГϸЇ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ϦϞ. ϤϹЋА ϼϸϹІ Ђϵ ЇϺϹ ЇЃЂЀГЁЇІЂЀ ЃϿЂЅϾЂЀ ІϹЅϿϹ (ϾЂЅІЄЂЀЅϾЂϽ БІϴЃ ЀϹІϴϿϿЂЂϵЄϴϵЂІϾϼ ϥϕϖ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϷЂ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ) ϼ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГЉ, ІϼЃЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼ ϵϿϼϻϾϼЉ ЂЄЇϸϼГЀ ϖϴЁϴϸϻЂЄЅϾЂϷЂ ϾЇЄϷϴЁϴ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ ЀЏ ЂІЁЂЅϼЀ Ͼ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЀ ЈϼЁϴϿϴ
«Њ϶ϹІЇЍϹϽ ЃЂЄЏ» ϦϞ: ЃЄЂЇЌЁϴГ ЅϹϾϼЄϴ, ϶ІЇϿАЋϴІЏϹ ϾЂЃАГ, ϶ІЇϿАЋϴІЂϹ ϸЂϿЂІЂ, ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏϽ ϾЂІϹϿ
ϼ ϾЄВϾ ЅЂ Ѕ϶ϹЄЁЇІЂϽ ϶ІЇϿϾЂϽ. ϕЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏϽ ϾЂІϹϿ, ϾϴϾ ЅЃЄϴ϶ϹϸϿϼ϶Ђ ϻϴЀϹІϼϿϼ ϴ϶ІЂЄЏ ЃЇϵϿϼϾϴЊϼϼ,
ЁϴЉЂϸϼІ ЃЄГЀЏϹ ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ϼГ ϶ ЅЂЅЇϸϴЉ «Њ϶ϹІЇЍϹϽ ЃЂЄЏ» ϦϞ: ϦЄϼϴϿϹІϼ, ϾЇЄϷ. V ϼ XV; ϟЂЄϼϕϹЄϸ, ЃЂϷЄ. 6; ϖϴЁϴϸϻЂЄ; ϔЄЇЋ; ϞϴЄϴЌϴЀϵ; ϔ϶ІЂϴϷЄϹϷϴІ ϶ ϙЄϹ϶ϴЁϹ (ϙЅϴГЁ 1987: 58; ІϴϵϿ. I, 1–2, 5–6).
ϜЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿϼ ЃЄϼ϶ЂϸГІ ϶ ϾϴЋϹЅІ϶Ϲ ϸϴІϼЄЇВЍϹϽ ЃϴЄϴϿϿϹϿϼ ЃϹЄϹϸЁϹ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏϽ ϻЂϿЂІЂϽ ϾЂІϹϿ ϼϻ
ϾϿϴϸϴ ϶ ϕϼϵϿϹ, ϶ϾϿВЋϴВЍϹϷЂ ЃϹϾІЂЄϴϿА Ѕ ϼЀϹЁϹЀ ϔЀϹЁϹЀЉϹІϴ III (1849–1801 ϷϷ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.; Dunand
1939). ϠЂϺЁЂ ЃЄϼ϶ϹЅІϼ ϼ ϸЄЇϷϼϹ ІϼЃЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ϼГ ϼϻ ЃϹЄϹϸЁϹ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶
ЁϴЋϴϿϴ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.: ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏϹ ϾЂІϿЏ ϼϻ ЅϿЂГ II ϞϴЄЇЀϴ ϞϴЁϼЌϴ (Özgüç 1986: pl. XV, 3, 6) ϼ ϼϻ
ЃЂϷЄ. 18 ϶ ϔЌЌЇЄϹ (Müller-Karpe M. 1996: Abb. 4, 19). ϥЉЂϸЅІ϶ϴ БІϼЉ ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІЂ϶ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁГВІЅГ
ϾϴϾ Ёϴ ЈЂЄЀЇ ϼ ЂϵЄϴϵЂІϾЇ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІϼ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶, ІϴϾ ϼ Ёϴ ЅЃЂЅЂϵ ϾЄϹЃϿϹЁϼГ ϼ ЈЂЄЀЇ ЄЇЋϹϾ Ѕ ЃЄГЀЏЀϼ ЄϴЅЍϹЃϿϹЁЁЏЀϼ ϾЂЁЊϴЀϼ. ϖЂЃЄЂЅ Ђ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϾϹ ЅϹϾϼЄЏ ІϼЃϴ ϦϹЃϹ ϗϴ϶Єϴ ЄϴЅЅЀЂІЄϹЁ ϶ЏЌϹ.
ϖ ϾЂЁІϹϾЅІϹ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴ ЃЂϷЄ. 80 ЂЁϴ, ЅϾЂЄϹϹ ϶ЅϹϷЂ, ЇϾϴϻЏ϶ϴϹІ Ёϴ ЃЂϻϸЁВВ ЋϴЅІА ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼГ ЃЂϸЂϵЁЏЉ ЂЄЇϸϼϽ. ϖϹЄЉЁϼϽ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ϸϼϴЃϴϻЂЁ ЅϹϾϼЄ Ѕ ϴЅϼЀЀϹІЄϼЋЁЂ ЄϴЅЌϼЄϹЁЁЏЀ ϾϿϼЁЂЀ (XIX–XVIII ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.) ЇϾϿϴϸЏ϶ϴϹІЅГ Ёϴ ϣϹЄϹϸЁϹЀ ϖЂЅІЂϾϹ ϶ ЅІϴЄЂϴЅЅϼЄϼϽЅϾϼϽ
ЃϹЄϼЂϸ (Ibid.: 272, 274; Abb. 13). ϥЉЂϸЁЏЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ Ϙ. ϟ. ϞЂЄϼϸϻϹ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿГϹІ ϶ϹЄЉЁВВ ϷЄϴЁϼЊЇ
ϵЏІЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ЂϸЁЂІϼЃЁЏЉ ЂЄЇϸϼϽ ϼϻ ϗЄЀϴ-ϷϹϿϹ ϼ ϕЂϸЂЄЁϴ (ϞЂЄϼϸϻϹ 1968: ІϴϵϿ. 6).
ϣЂ ЈЂЄЀϹ ЃϹЄϴ, ЃЄЂЃЂЄЊϼГЀ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ Ђ϶ϴϿАЁЂЀЇ ϶ ЃЂЃϹЄϹЋЁЂЀ ЅϹЋϹЁϼϼ ЊϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂЀЇ ЄϹϵЄЇ
ЂϸЁЂ ϶ІЇϿАЋϴІЂϹ ϾЂЃАϹ ϼϻ ЃЂϷЄ. 80 (ϠϴЉЀЇϸЂ϶ ϼ ϸЄ. 2003: 152; ЄϼЅ. 3, 7) ϵϿϼϻϾЂ ϾЂЃАГЀ ϼϻ ϤϴЅϬϴЀЄЏ, ϕϼϵϿϴ ϼ ϞϴЄЇЀϴ ϞϴЁϼЌϴ (ЄϼЅ. 2, 1–2, 12). ϣЄϼЀϹЋϴІϹϿАЁЂ ϶ІЂЄЂϹ ϾЂЃАϹ ϼϻ ϔϿϼϾϹЀϹϾІϹЃϹ
(ϦϴЀ ϺϹ: ЄϼЅ. 3, 6), ϼЀϹВЍϹϹ ϶ЂЅАЀϼϷЄϴЁЁЇВ ϶ІЇϿϾЇ. ϱІЂІ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾ ЂϵϿϴϸϴϹІ ЇЁϼϾϴϿАЁЂϽ ЂЅЂϵϹЁЁЂЅІАВ, Ёϴ ϾЂІЂЄЇВ ЁϹ ЂϵЄϴІϼϿϼ ϶ЁϼЀϴЁϼГ ϴ϶ІЂЄЏ ЃЇϵϿϼϾϴЊϼϽ. ϧϾϴϻϴЁЁЂϹ ϾЂЃАϹ ЅЁϴϵϺϹЁЂ
ЄϹϸϾЂϽ ϸϿГ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЂ϶ ϦϞ ϿϼІЂϽ ЅϿϹЃЂϽ ϶ІЇϿϾЂϽ (ЄϼЅ. 2, 11). ϣЂϸЂϵЁϴГ ІϹЉЁЂϿЂϷϼГ ϵЏϿϴ ЂЅ϶ЂϹЁϴ
Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼЀϼ ЀϴЅІϹЄϴЀϼ-ЂЄЇϺϹϽЁϼϾϴЀϼ ІЂϿАϾЂ ϶ ϣϕϖ. ϥЇϸГ ЃЂ ЁЂ϶ЂϽ ЃЇϵϿϼϾϴЊϼϼ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴ ϼϻ
ϖϴЁϴϸϻЂЄϴ (ϞϼЄЂ϶ϴϾϴЁ), Ͼ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾϴЀ Ѕ ϿϼІЂϽ ϶ІЇϿϾЂϽ ϦϞ ЂІЁЂЅϼІЅГ ϼ ϶ϴЁϴϸϻЂЄЅϾϼϽ БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄ
ϾЂЃАГ Ѕ ЃЄЂϸЂϿАЁЏЀϼ ϾϴЁЁϹϿВЄϴЀϼ, ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸГЍϼЀϼ Ѕ ϶ІЇϿϾϼ Ёϴ ЃϹЄЂ (ЄϼЅ. 5, ; Devedjian 2006:
fig. 139, 4), ІϹЀ ϵЂϿϹϹ ЋІЂ ϶ ϶ϴЁϴϸϻЂЄЅϾЂЀ БϿϼІЁЂЀ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϼ ϵЏϿЂ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЂ ϹЍϹ ЂϸЁЂ ЂЄЇϸϼϹ Ѕ
ϿϼІЂϽ ϶ІЇϿϾЂϽ ϸϿГ ЁϴЅϴϸϴ — ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЂϹ ϸЂϿЂІЂ (ϠϴЄІϼЄЂЅГЁ 1964: 65; ЄϼЅ. 31, 3; Devedjian 2006:
fig. 140, 1; ϧ ЃЂϸЁЂϺϼГ ϔЄϴЄϴІϴ 2008: 42; № 10). ϞϴϾ ЀЏ ЇЃЂЀϼЁϴϿϼ ϶ЏЌϹ, ЅЃЂЅЂϵ ЂІϿϼ϶Ͼϼ ϶ІЇϿАЋϴІЏЉ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾЂ϶ ϶ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ЁЂϽ ϿϼІϹϽЁЂϽ ЈЂЄЀϹ Ѕ ЅϹЄϸϹЋЁϼϾЂЀ, ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂ, ϼϻЂϵЄϹІϹЁ ЃϹЄϹϸЁϹ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏЀϼ ЀϹІϴϿϿЇЄϷϴЀϼ (ϕϼϵϿ, ϞϴЄЇЀ ϞϴЁϼЌϴ). ϧЋϼІЏ϶ϴГ ІϹЅЁЏϹ Ѕ϶Гϻϼ ϦϞ Ѕ ЊϹЁІЄϴЀϼ, ϶ЉЂϸϼ϶ЌϼЀϼ ϶ ЅϹІА ϴЅЅϼЄϼϽЅϾЂϽ ЀϹϺϸЇЁϴЄЂϸЁЂϽ ІЂЄϷЂ϶Ͽϼ, ЀЂϺЁЂ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϼІА, ЋІЂ ϿϼІЂϹ ϾЂЃАϹ Ѕ
϶ЂЅАЀϼϷЄϴЁЁЂϽ ϶ІЇϿϾЂϽ ϼϻ ЃЂϷЄ. 80, ϾϴϾ ϼ ϶ϴЁϴϸϻЂЄЅϾϼϽ ЃϴЄϴϸЁЏϽ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾ, Г϶ϿГϹІЅГ ϼЀЃЂЄІЂЀ
ϼϻ ϣϹЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ϖЂЅІЂϾϴ.
ϕЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏϹ ϾЄВϾϼ Ѕ ЄϴЅϾЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϽ ϼ Ѕ϶ϹЄЁЇІЂϽ ϶ІЇϿϾЂϽ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ ϶ЀϹЅІϹ Ѕ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏЀϼ ϾЂІϿϴЀϼ
϶ ϸ϶ЇЉ БϿϼІЁЏЉ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГЉ ϦϞ ϶ ϔЄЀϹЁϼϼ: ϶ ϟЂЄϼ ϕϹЄϸϹ (ЃЂϷЄ. 6) ϼ ϖϴЁϴϸϻЂЄϹ (ϠϴЄІϼЄЂЅГЁ 1964:
65; ЄϼЅ. 30, 1; Devedjian 2006: fig 72, 5–6; fig. 140, 4–5). ϣЂϸЂϵЁЂϹ ЅЂЋϹІϴЁϼϹ ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГϹІ ϶ϾϿВЋϼІА
ЃЂϷЄ. 80 ϼϻ ϔϿϼϾϹЀϹϾІϹЃϹ ϶ ЄГϸ «ϾЁГϺϹЅϾϼЉ» ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϽ ϦϞ. ϕЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏϹ ϾЄВϾϼ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЏ ІϴϾϺϹ ϶
ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЉ Ϥϕϖ ϼ ϥϕϖ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϷЂ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ, ϣЄϹϸϾϴ϶ϾϴϻАГ ϼ ЅІϹЃЁЂϽ ϻЂЁЏ ϲϷЂ-ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ϙ϶ЄЂЃЏ
(ЁЂ϶ЂЅ϶ЂϵЂϸЁϹЁЅϾϴГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴ, «ЅϹ϶ϹЄЂϾϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϴГ» ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴ, ϸЂϿАЀϹЁЁϴГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴ, ϾϴІϴϾЂЀϵЁϴГ
ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁϴГ ЂϵЍЁЂЅІА, ЃЂϿІϴ϶ϾϼЁЅϾϴГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴ). ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ІЂϿАϾЂ ϶ БϿϼІЁЏЉ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГЉ ЁЂ϶ЂЅ϶ЂϵЂϸЁϹЁЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϾЄВϾϼ ϼЁЂϷϸϴ ϶ЅІЄϹЋϴВІЅГ ϶ЀϹЅІϹ Ѕ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏЀ ϾЂІϿЂЀ. ϜЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿϼ
ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿϴϷϴВІ, ЋІЂ ЃϹЄ϶ЏϹ ЅϿЇϺϼϿϼ ϼЁЅϼϷЁϼГЀϼ ϶ϿϴЅІϼ ϼ ЀЂϷϿϼ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴІАЅГ ϶ ЄϼІЇϴϿϹ, ЅЂ϶ϹЄЌϴ϶ЌϹЀЅГ ϶Ђ ϶ЄϹЀГ ЂϵЍϼЁЁЏЉ ϺϹЄІ϶ϹЁЁЏЉ ϼϿϼ ЃЂЅ϶ГІϼІϹϿАЁЏЉ «ЃϼЄЂ϶».
ϖ ЃЂϷЄ. 80 ІϴϾϺϹ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ ЂϵЅϼϸϼϴЁЂ϶ЏϹ, ϾЄϹЀЁϹ϶ЏϹ ϼ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏϹ ЋϹЄϹЌϾЂ϶ЏϹ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾϼ ЅІЄϹϿ (ϠϴЉЀЇϸЂ϶ ϼ ϸЄ. 2003: 152, 154, ЄϼЅ. 1, 16–19; 3, 8–9), ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІЏ, ϶ЏЃЂϿЁϹЁЁЏϹ ϼϻ ЃϹЄ϶ЏЉ ϸ϶ЇЉ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿЂ϶, ϵЏϿϼ ЌϼЄЂϾЂ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁЏ Ёϴ ϲϺЁЂЀ Ϟϴ϶ϾϴϻϹ ϶ Ϥϕϖ ϼ
ϥϕϖ. ϔ. ϢЄϸϺЂЁϼϾϼϸϻϹ ЃЄЂϴЁϴϿϼϻϼЄЂ϶ϴϿ ЄϴЅЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁϼϹ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏЉ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾЂ϶ ЅІЄϹϿ Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼ192
,
,
ІЂЄϼϼ ϗЄЇϻϼϼ (Orjonikidze 2004). ϞЄϹЀЁϹ϶ЏϹ ЋϹЄϹЌϾЂ϶ЏϹ ЅІЄϹϿЏ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЏ ϶ ϾЇЄЂ-ϴЄϴϾЅЅϾϼЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЉ, ϶ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГЉ ϴϿϴϻϴЁЂ-ϵϹϸϹЁЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϼ ϦϞ. ϦЄϼ ІϴϾϼЉ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾϴ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ ϶ ϵϹϸϹЁЅϾЂЀ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϼ ϾЇЄϷ. 2 ϘϼϿϼЋϴ (ϘϺϴЃϴЄϼϸϻϹ 1998: 62; ЄϼЅ. 39, 5–7). ϢЁϼ ϶ЅІЄϹЋϹЁЏ
϶ ІЄϹІАϹЀ ЅϿЂϹ ϖϹЄЉЁϹϷЇЁϼϵЅϾЂϷЂ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϥϕϖ (ϞЂІЂ϶ϼЋ 1965: 100), ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ϶ ϗЂЁЂϵЅϾЂЀ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϹ ϼ ϶ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϼ Ї ЅϹϿ. ϤЇϷЇϸϺϴ ϶ ϘϴϷϹЅІϴЁϹ (ϠϴЄϾЂ϶ϼЁ 1994: ІϴϵϿ. 92, 11; 93, 4). ϡϴЉЂϸϾϼ
БІϼЉ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾЂ϶ ϼϻ ϘϴϷϹЅІϴЁϴ ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁЁЏ Ѕ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЀϼ «Њ϶ϹІЇЍϹϽ ЃЂЄЏ» ϦϞ. ϡϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ
ϔϻϹЄϵϴϽϸϺϴЁϴ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏϹ ЅІЄϹϿЏ ϻϴЈϼϾЅϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЏ ϶ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГЉ ϾЇЄϷ. 119 ϼ 125 ϩϴЁϾϹЁϸϼ ϼ ϾЇЄϷ. 14
ϞВϸЇЄϿϼ, Ёϴ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГЉ ϕϴϵϴϸϹЄ϶ϼЌ ϼ ϣϴϸϴЄ (ϗЇЀЀϹϿА 1940; ϔЉЇЁϸЂ϶ 2001: 129; ЄϼЅ. XXXV, 5–6).
ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾϼ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЏ ϸϿГ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЂ϶ ϣϕϖ. ϢϸЁϴϾЂ Ёϴ ϘЄϹ϶ЁϹЀ ϖЂЅІЂϾϹ ϼ Ёϴ
ϲϺЁЂЀ Ϟϴ϶ϾϴϻϹ ϶ЅІЄϹЋϴВІЅГ ϼ ϵЂϿϹϹ ЄϴЁЁϼϹ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϼ ЀϹІϴϿϿϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЋϹЄϹЁϾЂ϶ЏЉ ЅІЄϹϿ. ϥϴЀЏϹ
ϸЄϹ϶ЁϼϹ ϼЉ БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄЏ ϶ЅІЄϹЋϹЁЏ ϶ ЅЂЅІϴ϶Ϲ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄГ ϠϴЄІϾЂЃЅϾЂϷЂ ϾЇЄϷ. 4
(ϘϺϴЃϴЄϼϸϻϹ 1998: 27; ЄϼЅ. 14, 86–99; ІϴϵϿ. XV). ϖϹЄЂГІЁЂ, ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾЂЀ ЅІЄϹϿЏ ϼϿϼ ϸЄЂІϼϾϴ Г϶ϿГϹІЅГ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЂϹ ІЄϹЇϷЂϿАЁЂϽ ЈЂЄЀЏ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϹ Ѕ ЇϻϾϼЀ ЋϹЄϹЁϾЂЀ ϼϻ ϾЇЄϷ. 125 ϶ ϩϴЁϾϹЁϸϼ (ϔЉЇЁϸЂ϶
2001: ЄϼЅ. XXXIII, 17). ϥІЄϹϿЏ ϼϻ ϔϿϼϾϹЀϹϾІϹЃϹ ЂІϿϼЋϴВІЅГ ЂІ ЂЄЇϺϼГ ϣϕϖ. ϧ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϼЉ ЃЄЂϸЂϿАЁϴГ ЁϹЄ϶ВЄϴ Ёϴ ЃϹЄϹ ЄϹϻϾЂ ϶ЏϸϹϿϹЁϴ ϼ ЃϿϴ϶ЁЂ ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸϼІ ϶ ЋϹЄϹЁЂϾ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ ЂϵЏЋЁЂ ϻЁϴЋϼІϹϿАЁЂ ϸϿϼЁЁϹϹ ЃϹЄϴ. ϡϴЃЄЂІϼ϶, ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏϹ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾϼ ϼϻ ϔϿϼϾϹЀϹϾІϹЃϹ ϼЀϹВІ ϾЂЄЂІϾϼϽ ЋϹЄϹЁЂϾ ϼ ЃЂ ϴϵЄϼЅЇ ϼ ЃЄЂЃЂЄЊϼГЀ ϵϿϼϺϹ Ͼ ϾЄϹЀЁϹ϶ЏЀ ЅІЄϹϿϴЀ. ϖЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ, ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏϹ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾϼ
ЃЂЅϿЇϺϼϿϼ ЃЄЂІЂІϼЃϴЀϼ ϸϿГ ЀϹІϴϿϿϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ ϼϻ ϔϿϼϾϹЀϹϾІϹЃϹ. ϡЂ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶ЇϹІ ϼ ϸЄЇϷϴГ
϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂЅІА. ϖ ϞϴЄЇЀϹ ϞϴЁϼЌϴ, ЅϿЂϼ II ϼ Ib, ІϴϾϺϹ ϵЏϿϼ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏϹ ЋϹЄϹЁϾЂ϶ЏϹ ЅІЄϹϿЏ (Özgüç 1959: 56, tabl. XLIX, 4–6; Erkanal 1977: Taf. 17, 49, 54–56). ϧЋϼІЏ϶ϴГ ІϹЅЁЇВ Ѕ϶ГϻА БϿϼІЏ
ϦϞ Ѕ ϞϴЄЇЀЂЀ ϞϴЁϼЌϴ, ЀЂϺЁЂ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϼІА, ЋІЂ ϼЀϹЁЁЂ ЂІІЇϸϴ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸГІ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏϹ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾϼ, ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЁЏϹ ϶ ϶ЂϺϸϹЅϾЂЀ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϼ Ёϴ ϔϿϼϾϹЀϹϾІϹЃϹ.
ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ЄГϸ ІϼЃЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЃϴЄϴϿϿϹϿϹϽ Ѕ϶ГϻЏ϶ϴϹІ ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄА ЃЂϷЄ. 80 Ѕ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЂЀ
«ЊϴЄЅϾЂϷЂ» ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГ ϶ ϖϴЁϴϸϻЂЄϹ, ϴ ЃЄϼЅЇІЅІ϶ϼϹ ϶ ЅЂЅІϴ϶Ϲ ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄГ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ ϼϻ ϔϿϼϾϹЀϹϾІϹЃϹ
ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІЂ϶, ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЏЉ ϸϿГ ϣϕϖ (ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏϹ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾϼ ЅІЄϹϿ-ЃϿЂЍϼϾЂ϶, ϾЂЃАϹ Ѕ ϿϼІЂϽ ЅϿϹЃЂϽ
϶ІЇϿϾЂϽ) ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГϹІ ЇІЂЋЁϼІА ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЇВ ЃЂϻϼЊϼВ БІЂϷЂ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴ. ϠЏ ЃЄϹϸϿϴϷϴϹЀ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴІА ϹϷЂ, ϾϴϾ ϼ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϹ ϼϻ ϖϴЁϴϸϻЂЄЅϾЂϷЂ ϾЇЄϷϴЁϴ, ϾЂЁЊЂЀ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϽ ЋϹІ϶ϹЄІϼ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.
ϦϹЃϹЄА ЂϵЄϴІϼЀЅГ Ͼ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϴЀ БϿϼІЁЂϷЂ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ ϦϞ ϶ ϖϴЁϴϸϻЂЄϹ (ϞϼЄЂ϶ϴϾϴЁϹ)
(ЄϼЅ. 5, ). ϱІЂІ ϻϴЀϹЋϴІϹϿАЁЏϽ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅ ϶ЃϹЄ϶ЏϹ ϸϹІϴϿАЁЂ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁ ϶ ЀЂЁЂϷЄϴЈϼϼ ϥ. ϘϹ϶ϹϸϺГЁ,
ЃЂЅ϶ГЍϹЁЁЂϽ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴЀ ϥϕϖ ϼϻ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϼ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴ ϟЂЄϼ ϕϹЄϸϴ (ЄϼЅ. 6–7; Devedjian 2006).
ϕЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏϽ ϾЂІϹϿ ϼϻ ϖϴЁϴϸϻЂЄϴ ЅϵϿϼϺϴϹІЅГ Ѕ ϾЂІϿϴЀϼ ϼϻ ϟЂЄϼ ϕϹЄϸϴ (ЃЂϷЄ. 6 ϼ 79) ЇЅϹЋϹЁЂ-ϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ЈЂЄЀЂϽ ϾЂЄЃЇЅϴ Ѕ ϶ЂϷЁЇІЏЀϼ ЅІϹЁϾϴЀϼ, ЈЂЄЀЂϽ ϼ ЅЃЂЅЂϵЂЀ ϾЄϹЃϿϹЁϼГ ЄЇЋϹϾ, ЀϹІϴϿϿϼЋϹЅϾϼЀϼ ϿϹЁІϴЀϼ, ЂЉ϶ϴІЏ϶ϴВЍϼЀϼ ϾЂЄЃЇЅ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ Ї ϸЁϴ ϼ Ї ϶ϹЄЉЁϹϷЂ ϾЄϴГ. ϕϿϼϻϾϼϽ ϾЂІϹϿ ЁϴϽϸϹЁ Ї ϻϴ϶Ђϸϴ «ϔ϶ІЂϴϷЄϹϷϴІ» ϶ ϙЄϹ϶ϴЁϹ (ϥϼЀЂЁГЁ 1987: 59; ІϴϵϿ. 1). ϞЂІϿЏ ϼϻ ϾЇЄϷ. V ϼ XV ϦЄϼϴϿϹІϼ ϼЀϹВІ
ЅЉЂϸЁЇВ ЈЂЄЀЇ ϼ ЄЇЋϾϼ, ЁЂ ЂІϿϼЋϴВІЅГ ЂІЅЇІЅІ϶ϼϹЀ ЀϹІϴϿϿϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϿϹЁІЏ, ЃЄϼϾϿϹЃϴЁЁЂϽ Ї ϸЁϴ.
ϦϴϾϴГ ϿϹЁІϴ ϼЀϹϹІЅГ ІЂϿАϾЂ Ї БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄЂ϶ ϼϻ ϔЄЀϹЁϼϼ, ϼ, ЃЂ-϶ϼϸϼЀЂЀЇ, ЂЁϴ Г϶ϿГϿϴЅА ЂІϿϼЋϼІϹϿАЁЂϽ ЋϹЄІЂϽ ЀϹЅІЁЂϷЂ ЀϹІϴϿϿЂЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸЅІ϶ϴ. ϖ ϖϴЁϴϸϻЂЄϹ, ϾϴϾ ϶ ϟЂЄϼ ϕϹЄϸϹ ϼ ϶ ϔϿϼϾϹЀϹϾІϹЃϹ,
ϾЂІϿЏ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ ϶ЀϹЅІϹ Ѕ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏЀϼ ϾЄВϾϴЀϼ.
ϖ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϼ ϼϻ ϖϴЁϴϸϻЂЄϴ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ ІϴϾϺϹ ЋϴЌϴ, ϾЄЇϺϾϼ ϼ ϶ϹϸϹЄϾЂ. ϤϴЅЅЀЂІЄϼЀ ϾЄЇϺϾЇ
Ѕ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼГЀϼ ϿА϶Ђ϶. ϡϴ ЄϼЅЇЁϾϹ БІЂϷЂ ЅЂЅЇϸϴ, ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϶ ЃЇϵϿϼϾϴЊϼϼ ϥ. ϘϹ϶ϹϸϺГЁ
(Devedjian 2006: fig 141, 1), ГЅЁЂ ϶ϼϸЁЏ ϸ϶ϴ ϻϴϾϿϹЃЂЋЁЏЉ ЂІ϶ϹЄЅІϼГ Ёϴ ЀϹЅІϹ ЃЄϼϾЄϹЃϿϹЁϼГ ЃϹІϹϿАЋϴІЂϽ ЄЇЋϾϼ, ЃЂБІЂЀЇ ЅЂЅЇϸ ЅЂ ϿА϶ϴЀϼ, ЄϴЁϹϹ ЅЋϼІϴ϶ЌϼϽЅГ ϾЇϵϾЂЀ, ϶ ϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼІϹϿАЁЂЅІϼ ϾЄЇϺϾϴ,
ϾϴϾ ϼ ϸ϶Ϲ ϸЄЇϷϼϹ ϾЄЇϺϾϼ ϼϻ ϶ϴЁϴϸϻЂЄЅϾЂϷЂ ϾЇЄϷϴЁϴ (Ibid.: fig. 142, 1–2). ϢЋϹ϶ϼϸЁЂ, ЊϹЁЁЂЅІА ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴϹЀЂϷЂ ЅЂЅЇϸϴ ϵЏϿϴ ІϴϾ ϶ЏЅЂϾϴ ϸϿГ ϶ϿϴϸϹϿАЊϴ, ЋІЂ ϾЄЇϺϾЇ ЃЄЂϸЂϿϺϴϿϼ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴІА ϸϴϺϹ ЃЂЅϿϹ ЇІЄϴІЏ ЄЇЋϾϼ. ϜϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼГ ϿА϶Ђ϶ Ёϴ ЁϹϽ ЄϴЁϹϹ ЅЂЃЂЅІϴ϶ϿГϿϼ Ѕ ϷЄϴ϶ϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЀϼ ЈϼϷЇЄϴЀϼ Ёϴ
«ϵЇЁЋЇϾϹ» ϼϿϼ ЌІϴЁϸϴЄІϹ ϼϻ ϾЇЄϷ. XV ϶ ϦЄϼϴϿϹІϼ (III ϷЄЇЃЃϴ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЂ϶, ЃЂ ϱ. Ϡ. ϗЂϷϴϸϻϹ). ϞЄЇϺϾϴ
ЅЂ ЅϿϴϵЂ ϶ЂϷЁЇІЏЀϼ ϶ЁЇІЄА ЅІϹЁϾϴЀϼ ϼ ϾЂЁЊϹЁІЄϼЋϹЅϾϼЀϼ ϾϴЁЁϹϿВЄϴЀϼ Ёϴ ϸЂЁЊϹ, ϾϴϾ Ї ϶ϴЁϴϸϻЂЄЅϾϼЉ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶, ЁϴϽϸϹЁϴ ϶ ϾЇЄϷ. XVI ϶ ϦЄϼϴϿϹІϼ (II ϷЄЇЃЃϴ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЂ϶, ЃЂ ϱ. Ϡ. ϗЂϷϴϸϻϹ). ϦϴϾϼЀ ϺϹ
ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ ЂЈЂЄЀϿϹЁЂ ϸЁЂ Ї ЋϴЌϼ ϼϻ ϾЇЄϷ. VII ϶ ϦЄϼϴϿϹІϼ (III ϷЄЇЃЃϴ, ЃЂ ϱ. Ϡ. ϗЂϷϴϸϻϹ).
ϥϹЄϹϵЄГЁϴГ ϾЄЇϺϾϴ Ѕ ЃϿЂЅϾϼЀ ϸЁЂЀ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁϴ ϶ ЃЂϷЄ. 65 ϟЂЄϼ ϕϹЄϸϴ (Ibid.: fig. 84, 9;
planche IV, 1). ϖ БІЂЀ ϺϹ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϼ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ: ЀϹЋ-«ЄϴЃϼЄϴ», ЃЂϿЏϹ ЅЈϹЄϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϻЂϿЂІЏϹ ϵЇЅϼЁЏ
Ѕ ϶Џϸϴ϶ϿϹЁЁЏЀϼ ЌϼЌϹЋϾϴЀϼ, ϵЇϿϴ϶Ͼϼ Ѕ ϻЂϿЂІЏЀϼ ϷЂϿЂ϶ϾϴЀϼ, ϸϹϾЂЄϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЀϼ ϶ ЃЂϿϼЉЄЂЀЁЂЀ
ЅІϼϿϹ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ϻЂϿЂІϴГ ЃЂϸ϶ϹЅϾϴ ϶ ЈЂЄЀϹ «ϿЂϸЂЋϾϼ» (ЄϼЅ. 6, ). ϔЁϴϿЂϷϼЋЁЏϹ ЅЈϹЄϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϵЇЅϼЁЏ
193
:
,
,
ϼ ϵЇϿϴ϶Ͼϼ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸГІ ϼϻ ϾЇЄϷ. VIII (I ϷЄЇЃЃϴ), XVII, XXXVI (II ϷЄЇЃЃϴ) ϶ ϦЄϼϴϿϹІϼ ϼ ϾЇЄϷ. 7 ϶
ϞВϸЇЄϿВ (ϗЂϷϴϸϻϹ 1972; ϔЉЇЁϸЂ϶ 2001). ϣЂϸ϶ϹЅϾϴ ϼϻ ϷЂЈЄϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϷЂ ϻЂϿЂІЂϷЂ ϿϼЅІϴ ϶ ϶ϼϸϹ «ϿЂϸЂЋϾϼ» ЁϴϽϸϹЁϴ ϶ ϾЇЄϷ. XXXVI ϶ ϦЄϼϴϿϹІϼ (ϗЂϷϴϸϻϹ 1972), ϶ ϾЇЄϷ. 1 ϶ ϡϹЄϾϼЁ ϡϴ϶ϹЄϹ (ϥϼЀЂЁГЁ
2011) ϼ ϶ ϾЇЄϷ. 7 ϼ 8 ϞВϸЇЄϿВ (ϔЉЇЁϸЂ϶ 2001; ϻϸϹЅА ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ЈϴГЁЅЂ϶ϴГ ϵЇЅϼЁϴ Ѕ ІЄϹЀГ
϶ЏЅІЇЃϴЀϼ).
ϞЄЇЃЁЏϹ ЋϹЄЁЂϿЂЍϹЁЏϹ ЅЂЅЇϸЏ ЅЂ ЌІϴЀЃЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЀ «ϷЄϹϵϹЁϾЂϽ» ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІЂЀ ϼ ЁϴϿϹЃЁЏЀϼ ЌϼЌϹЋϾϴЀϼ ϼϻ ЃЂϷЄ. 65 ϶ ϟЂЄϼ ϕϹЄϸϹ ІϴϾϺϹ ϵϿϼϻϾϼ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϹ ϷЄЇЃЃЏ II ϾЇЄϷϴЁЂ϶ ϦЄϼϴϿϹІϼ
(ϾЇЄϷ. XVII, XXXIV ϼ XXXVI; Devedjian 2006; ϗЂϷϴϸϻϹ 1972). ϖϹϿϼϾЂϿϹЃЁЏϹ БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄЏ ϾЂЃϼϽ
ϼϻ ϟЂЄϼ ϕϹЄϸϴ ϼ ϦЄϼϴϿϹІϼ ЀЏ ЇϺϹ ЇЃЂЀϼЁϴϿϼ. ϖϴЁϴϸϻЂЄЅϾϼϽ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾ, ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂ, ϼЀϹϿ ϿϼІЇВ
ЅϿϹЃЇВ ϶ІЇϿϾЇ, ϾЂІЂЄϴГ Ёϴ ϿϹϻ϶ϼϼ ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸϼІ ϶ ЄϹϵЄЂ, ЂϾЄЇϷϿЂϹ ϶ ЅϹЋϹЁϼϼ. ϣЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІА ϶ІЇϿϾϼ,
ЁϼϺЁϼϽ ϾЂЁϹЊ ϾЂІЂЄЂϽ ЁϹ ЅЂЉЄϴЁϼϿЅГ, ϼ ЄϹϵЄϴ ЃЂϾЄЏІЏ ЃϴЄϴϿϿϹϿАЁЏЀϼ ЇϷϿЇϵϿϹЁϼГЀϼ. ϬЂ϶ ϼϿϼ
ЌϿϼЊ Ёϴ ЅЂЉЄϴЁϼ϶ЌϹϽЅГ ЋϴЅІϼ ϶ІЇϿϾϼ ЂІЅЇІЅІ϶ЇϹІ.
ϞЄЇϺϾϼ ϼ ϾЇϵϾϼ Ѕ ϶ЂϷЁЇІЏЀϼ ϶Ђ ϶ЁЇІЄА ЅІϹЁϾϴЀϼ ϵЏϿϼ ЌϼЄЂϾЂ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁЏ Ёϴ ϘЄϹ϶ЁϹЀ
ϖЂЅІЂϾϹ (ϔЌЌЇЄ, ϧЄ, ϦϹЃϹ ϗЇЄϴЁ, «ϕϴϾІЄϼГ», «ϟЇЄϼЅІϴЁ»), ϶ ЂЅЂϵϹЁЁЂЅІϼ ϶ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ III ϸϼЁϴЅІϼϼ
ϧЄϴ ϼ ϶ ЅІϴЄЂ϶ϴ϶ϼϿЂЁЅϾϼϽ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ (Müller-Karpe M. 1996: Abb. 7–8). ϗ. ϙ. ϔЄϹЌГЁ, ϹЍϹ ϶ 1973 Ϸ.
ЂϵЄϴІϼ϶ЌϼϽ ϶ЁϼЀϴЁϼϹ Ёϴ ЀϴϿЂϴϻϼϽЅϾϼϹ ЃϴЄϴϿϿϹϿϼ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϹ ϥϕϖ ϔЄЀϹЁϼϼ, ϶ ϾϴЋϹЅІ϶Ϲ ϴЁϴϿЂϷЂ϶
ϾЄЇϺϾϴЀ ϼϻ ϖϴЁϴϸϻЂЄϴ ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴϿ ЅЉЂϸЁЏϹ ЅЂЅЇϸЏ ϼϻ ϔϿϴϸϺϼ ϼ ϞϴЄЇЀϴ ϞϴЁϼЌϴ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ϴϾІϼ϶ϼϻϴЊϼϼ ϴЅЅϼЄϼϽЅϾЂϽ ЀϹϺϸЇЁϴЄЂϸЁЂϽ ІЂЄϷЂ϶Ͽϼ (ϔЄϹЌГЁ 1973: 47, ЄϼЅ. 3, 14–16).
ϖϴЁϴϸϻЂЄЅϾЂϹ ϶ϹϸϹЄϾЂ Ѕ ϸЇϷЂ϶ϼϸЁЂϽ ЄЇЋϾЂϽ ЀЂϺЁЂ ЅЂЃЂЅІϴ϶ϼІА Ѕ ϶ϹϸϹЄϾЂЀ ϼϻ ϾЇЄϷ. XVII
ϦЄϼϴϿϹІϼ. ϖϹϸϹЄϾϼ Ѕ ϸЇϷЂ϶ϼϸЁЂϽ ЄЇЋϾЂϽ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ ІϴϾϺϹ ϶ ϔЌЌЇЄϹ (ЃЂϷЄ. 20) ϼ ϶ ϞϴЄЇЀϹ ϞϴЁϼЌϴ
(Müller-Karpe M. 1996: Abb. 49, 1–2). ϞϴІЇЌϾЂ϶ϼϸЁЏϹ ϸϹІϴϿϼ ϾЄϹЃϿϹЁϼГ ЄЇЋϾϼ ϶ϴЁϴϸϻЂЄЅϾЂϷЂ ϶ϹϸϹЄϾϴ (Devedjian 2006: fig. 142, 3) ЅϿЇϺϼϿϼ ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁϼϹЀ ϸϿГ ϹϷЂ ЅЂЃЂЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГ Ѕ ϾЇϵϾЂЀ ϼϻ ϷЄЂϵЁϼЊЏ
϶ ϖϴЈϼЂ ЅϹЄϹϸϼЁЏ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (Higgins 1980). ϢϸЁϴϾЂ, ϾϴϾ ЅЃЄϴ϶ϹϸϿϼ϶Ђ ϻϴЀϹІϼϿ ϗ. ϟ. Ϟϴ϶ІϴЄϴϸϻϹ
(Ϟϴ϶ІϴЄϴϸϻϹ 1983: 137), ϾϴІЇЌϹЋЁЏϹ ЄЇЋϾϼ ϵЏϿϼ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЏ ЇϺϹ ϶ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЉ ЁϴЋϴϿϴ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.:
ЅϹЄϹϵЄГЁЏϽ ϾЇϵЂϾ (XX ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.) ϼϻ ϾϿϴϸϴ ϶ ϦЂϸϹ (ϙϷϼЃϹІ) ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ЃЄϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ЈϴЄϴЂЁϴ ϔЀϹЁϹЀЉϹІϴ II
(ϥЄϹϸЁϹϹ ϪϴЄЅІ϶Ђ, XII ϸϼЁϴЅІϼГ; Maxwell-Hyslop 1995), ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ЅЂЅЇϸ, ϼЀϼІϼЄЇВЍϼϽ ЀϹІϴϿϿϼЋϹЅϾЇВ ЃЂЅЇϸЇ, ϼϻ ЅϿЂГ II ϞϴЄЇЀϴ ϞϴЁϼЌϴ (Özgüç 1986).
ϖϴЁϴϸϻЂЄЅϾϴГ ЋϴЌϴ ЃЂϿЇЅЈϹЄϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ЈЂЄЀЏ Ѕ ϾϴЁϹϿϿϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЏЀ ϸϹϾЂЄЂЀ ϼϻ ϾЂЁЊϹЁІЄϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϸЇϷ ϵϿϼϻϾϴ ϾϴЁϹϿϿϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЏЀ ЋϴЌϴЀ ϼϻ ϶ЏЌϹЇЃЂЀГЁЇІЂϷЂ ϾϿϴϸϴ ϶ ϦЂϸϹ. ϢЄЁϴЀϹЁІ ϼϻ ϾЂЁЊϹЁІЄϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϸЇϷ ЃЂ϶ІЂЄГϹІЅГ Ёϴ ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЃЂϿЇЅЈϹЄϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЋϴЌϴЉ ϼϻ ϖЂЅϾϹ϶ϴϻϴ (ϔЄϹЌГЁ 1973:
42; ЄϼЅ. 1, 2) ϼ Ёϴ ЋϴЌϴЉ ϼϻ ϾЇЄϷ. XV ϦЄϼϴϿϹІϼ. ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ЁЂ϶ϴГ ЃЇϵϿϼϾϴЊϼГ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴ ϼϻ
ϖϴЁϴϸϻЂЄϴ (ϞϼЄЂ϶ϴϾϴЁϴ) ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГϹІ ЃЂϸІ϶ϹЄϸϼІА ЃЄϹϸϿЂϺϹЁЁЇВ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϾЇ БІЂϷЂ БϿϼІЁЂϷЂ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ ϶ ЃЄϹϸϹϿϴЉ ϾЂЁЊϴ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϽ ЋϹІ϶ϹЄІϼ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.
ϢϵЎϹϸϼЁГϹІ ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄА БϿϼІЁЏЉ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ ϖϴЁϴϸϻЂЄϴ, ϦЄϼϴϿϹІϼ, ϟЂЄϼ ϕϹЄϸϴ ϼ ϡϹЄϾϼЁ
ϡϴ϶ϹЄϴ ϹЍϹ ЂϸЁϴ ϾϴІϹϷЂЄϼГ ЁϴЉЂϸЂϾ: ЁϹϷϿЇϵЂϾϼϹ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏϹ ϸϼЅϾЂ϶ϼϸЁЏϹ ϶ЏЃЇϾϿЂ-϶ЂϷЁЇІЏϹ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІЏ. ϜЉ ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴВІ ІЂ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏЀϼ ϾЄЏЌϾϴЀϼ, ІЂ ЋϴЌϴЀϼ ϼϿϼ «ЈϼϴϿϴЀϼ». ϘϼϴЀϹІЄ ІϴϾϼЉ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ
ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿГϹІ 8–15 ЅЀ, ϶ЏЅЂІϴ ЂϵЏЋЁЂ ЁϹ ЃЄϹ϶ЏЌϴϹІ 1 ЅЀ. ϖЁЇІЄϹЁЁГГ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІА БІϼЉ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶
ЃЂϾЄЏІϴ ЋϴЅІЂ ЄϴЅЃЂϿЂϺϹЁЁЏЀϼ ЇϷϿЇϵϿϹЁϼГЀϼ-ЁϴЅϹЋϾϴЀϼ, ЋІЂ ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿϼϿЂ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϼІА ϼЉ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴЁϼϹ ϶ ϾϴЋϹЅІ϶Ϲ «ІϹЄϾϼ» ϸϿГ ЃЄϼϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϼГ «Ѕ϶ГЍϹЁЁЂϷЂ» ЁϴЃϼІϾϴ ϼϻ ЄϴЅІϼІϹϿАЁЏЉ ϶ЂϿЂϾЂЁ — ЅЂЀЏ ϼϿϼ ЉϴЂЀЏ.
ϖ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϼϹ ϷЂϸЏ ЀЁЂϷϼϹ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿϼ ϸϴІϼЄЇВІ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾϼϹ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ «Њ϶ϹІЇЍϹϽ
ЃЂЄЏ» ЁϴЋϴϿЂЀ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϡϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ, Ϡ. ϣЇІЇЄϼϸϻϹ ЂІЁϹЅϿϴ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾϼϹ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ Ͼ ЄЇϵϹϺЇ III/II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. Ёϴ ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁϼϼ ϴЁϴϿϼϻϴ ІϹЉЁЂϿЂϷϼϼ ϼ ЉЇϸЂϺϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϷЂ ЅІϼϿГ, Ѕ϶ЂϽЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϷЂ
ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЏЀ ϵЇЅϴЀ ϼϻ ϸЄϴϷЂЊϹЁЁЏЉ ЀϹІϴϿϿЂ϶ (Puturidze 2001). ϖ Ѕ϶ЂϹϽ ϸЂϾІЂЄЅϾЂϽ ϸϼЅЅϹЄІϴЊϼϼ,
ЃЂЅ϶ГЍϹЁЁЂϽ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЀ ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЏЉ БЃЂЉ Ёϴ ϦЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾЂЀ ЃϿϴІЂ, ϗ. ϡϴЄϼЀϴЁϼЌ϶ϼϿϼ (2006) ЂϵЂЅЁЂ϶Џ϶ϴϹІ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϾЇ ϦϞ ϾЂЁЊЂЀ III — ЃϹЄ϶ЂϽ ЋϹІ϶ϹЄІАВ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. Ϟ. ϤЇϵϼЁЅЂЁ, ϴЁϴϿϼϻϼЄЇГ
ЅВϺϹІЁЏϹ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼГ Ёϴ ЅЂЅЇϸϴЉ ϼϻ ϦЄϼϴϿϹІϼ ϼ ϞϴЄϴЌϴЀϵϴ, ЁϴЉЂϸϼІ ϼЀ ϵϿϼϺϴϽЌϼϹ ЅІϼϿϼЅІϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЃϴЄϴϿϿϹϿϼ ϶ ϷϿϼЃІϼϾϹ ϴЅЅϼЄϼϽЅϾЂϽ ІЂЄϷЂ϶ЂϽ ϾЂϿЂЁϼϼ ϞϴЄЇЀ ϞϴЁϼЌϴ ϶ ϔЁϴІЂϿϼϼ. ϡϴ ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁϼϼ БІЂϷЂ ЂЁϴ ϸϹϿϴϹІ ϶Џ϶Ђϸ Ђ ІϹЅЁЏЉ ЅЂЊϼϴϿАЁЂ-БϾЂЁЂЀϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ Ѕ϶ГϻГЉ ЂϵϹϼЉ ЄϹϷϼЂЁЂ϶ ϶ ЁϴЋϴϿϹ
II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (Rubinson 1998; 2003). ϱІЂ ЁϴϵϿВϸϹЁϼϹ ЉЂЄЂЌЂ ЅЂϷϿϴЅЇϹІЅГ Ѕ ЁϴЌϼЀϼ ϶Џ϶ЂϸϴЀϼ
(ϞЇЌЁϴЄД϶ϴ, ϤЏЅϼЁ 2001; 2003; 2004). ϡϴЌЇ ІЂЋϾЇ ϻЄϹЁϼГ ЃЂϸϸϹЄϺϼ϶ϴВІ ϼ ЃЂϸϾЄϹЃϿГВІ Ѕ϶ЂϼЀϼ
ЁϴϵϿВϸϹЁϼГЀϼ ІϴϾϺϹ ϸЄЇϷϼϹ ϾЂϿϿϹϷϼ (ϡϼϾЂϿϴϼЌ϶ϼϿϼ ϼ ϸЄ. 2010: 231; ϣϼЊЉϹϿϴЇЄϼ, ϞϼϿϴϸϻϹ 2010:
246; Devedjian 2006: 359).
194
,
,
. 6. ϟЂЄϼ ϕϹЄϸ, ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ ϶ЂϼЁЅϾЂϽ ϴЄϼЅІЂϾЄϴІϼϼ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ: ϔ — ЃЂϷЄ. 77; ϕ — ЃЂϷЄ. 74;
ϖ — ЃЂϷЄ. 94; ϗ — ЃЂϷЄ. 65 (ЃЂ Devedjian 2006)
Fig. 6. Lori Berd, burials of noble warriors of the Trialeti culture: ϔ — burial 77; ϕ — burial 74; ϖ — burial 94;
ϗ — burial 65 (after Devedjian 2006)
195
:
,
,
ϧЋϴЅІЁϼϾϼ ЀϹϺϸЇЁϴЄЂϸЁЂϷЂ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿАЅϾЂϷЂ ЃЄЂϹϾІϴ Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ϔЄЀϹЁϼϼ ЂЃЇϵϿϼϾЂ϶ϴϿϼ ЁϹϸϴ϶ЁЂ ЃϹЄ϶ЏϽ ІЂЀ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІЂ϶ Ѕ϶ЂϼЉ ЄϴϵЂІ, ϶ ϾЂІЂЄЂЀ ЃЄϹϸϿЂϺϹЁϴ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶Ͼϴ «Њ϶ϹІЇЍϹϽ
ЃЂЄЏ» ϦϞ ЂІ XXII ϸЂ XIX ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (Smith et al. 2009: 66). ϘϿГ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ϾϴЄЀϼЄϵϹЄϸЅϾЂϽ ϼ ЅϹ϶ϴЁЂ-ЇϻϹЄϿϼϾЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ, ϶ϾϿВЋϴГ ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸЁЏϹ Ͼ ϣϕϖ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЏ, ЃЄϹϸϿЂϺϹЁϴ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶Ͼϴ ЂІ XIX/
XVII ϶϶. ϸЂ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϹϽ ЋϹІ϶ϹЄІϼ XVI ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (Ibid.: 68).
ϡϴЋϼЁϴГ Ѕ ЂІϾЄЏІϼГ ϕ. ϔ. ϞЇЈІϼЁЏЀ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЂ϶ «Њ϶ϹІЇЍϹϽ ЃЂЄЏ» ϦϞ ϶ЁϼЀϴЁϼϹ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿϹϽ ЃЄϼ϶ϿϹϾϴϹІ ЄϴЅЃϼЅЁϴГ ϷϿϼЁГЁϴГ ЃЂЅЇϸϴ БІЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ. ϞϴϾ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЂ, ІϴϾϴГ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ ЁϹЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁϴ ϸϿГ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ ϶ БЃЂЉЇ ЃϴϿϹЂЀϹІϴϿϿϴ. ϡϴ ϲϺЁЂЀ Ϟϴ϶ϾϴϻϹ «ϾЄϴЌϹЁЏϹ» ЀЂЁЂЉЄЂЀЁЏϹ ϼ
ЃЂϿϼЉЄЂЀЁЏϹ ЅЂЅЇϸЏ ЃЂГ϶ϿГВІЅГ ϶ЃϹЄ϶ЏϹ ϶ БЁϹЂϿϼІϹ, ϴ ϻϴІϹЀ ЃЂЋІϼ ЃЂϿЁЂЅІАВ ϼЅЋϹϻϴВІ ϶ Ϥϕϖ
ϼ ϶ЁЂ϶А ϶ЅІЄϹЋϴВІЅГ ϶ ЈϼЁϴϿϹ ϥϕϖ ϶ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЉ ϦϞ, ϾϴЄЀϼЄϵϹЄϸЅϾЂϽ ϼ ϾЏϻЏϿ϶ϴЁЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ.
ϧЅІЂϽЋϼ϶ϴГ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼГ ЄЂЅЃϼЅϼ ЃЂЅЇϸЏ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴϿϴ Ёϴ ϘЄϹ϶ЁϹЀ ϖЂЅІЂϾϹ, ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ϶ ϹϷЂ ЄϴϽЂЁϴЉ,
ЅЂЅϹϸЁϼЉ Ѕ ϴЄϹϴϿЂЀ ϦϞ, ІϴϾϺϹ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁ ЃЂϸЂϵЁЏϽ ЅЃЂЅЂϵ ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁϼГ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ. ϥ ϶ЏГ϶ϿϹЁЁЏЀϼ Ёϴ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЉ БІЂϷЂ ЄϹϷϼЂЁϴ ЄϴЅЃϼЅЁЏЀϼ ЅЂЅЇϸϴЀϼ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿϼ ЃЏІϴВІЅГ ЅЂЃЂЅІϴ϶ϼІА
ЄϴЅЃϼЅЁЇВ ЃЂЅЇϸЇ ϦϞ. ϦϴϾϼϹ ЅЄϴ϶ЁϹЁϼГ ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГВІ ЇЅІϴЁЂ϶ϼІА ЂІЁЂЅϼІϹϿАЁЇВ ϼ ϴϵЅЂϿВІЁЇВ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϾЇ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЂ϶ ϦϞ.
ϞЄϴЅЁЏϹ ЅЂЅЇϸЏ Ѕ ЋϹЄЁЂϽ ЄЂЅЃϼЅАВ, ϵϿϼϻϾϼϹ ЄϴЅЃϼЅЁЂϽ ЃЂЅЇϸϹ ϦϞ, ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ ϶ ЂϾЄϹЅІЁЂЅІГЉ Ђϻ. ϖϴЁ Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂϽ ϦЇЄЊϼϼ. ϢЄЁϴЀϹЁІϴЊϼГ БІЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ Ѕ ЃЄϹЂϵϿϴϸϴЁϼϹЀ
ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼϽ ІЄϹЇϷЂϿАЁϼϾЂ϶, ϻϴЃЂϿЁϹЁЁЏЉ ϶ЂϿЁϼЅІЏЀϼ ϿϼЁϼГЀϼ ϼ ϶ЂϸЂЃϿϴ϶ϴВЍϼЉ ЃІϼЊ ЀϹϺϸЇ
ЁϼЀϼ, ϶ ϸϹІϴϿГЉ ЅЂ϶ЃϴϸϴϹІ Ѕ ϸϹϾЂЄЂЀ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ ϼϻ ϦЄϼϴϿϹІϼ (ЁϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ, ϾЇЄϷ. VII). Ϟ ЅЂϺϴϿϹЁϼВ,
ЁϴЉЂϸϾϼ ϼϻ ϦЇЄЊϼϼ, ЃЂЅІЇЃϼ϶ЌϼϹ ϶ ЀЇϻϹϼ ϖϴЁϴ, ϔϸϴЁЏ, ϞϴЄЅϴ ϼ ϗϴϻϼϴЁІϹЃϹ, ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸГІ ϼϻ ϷЄϴϵϼІϹϿАЅϾϼЉ ЄϴЅϾЂЃЂϾ. ϢЁϼ ϵЏϿϼ ЂЃЇϵϿϼϾЂ϶ϴЁЏ ϼ ЅЂЃЂЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ Ѕ ЃЂЅЇϸЂϽ ϦϞ (Çilingiroğlu 1984: 132–
134, fig. 5–8). ϕϿϼϻϾϼϹ ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼϼ ЀЇϻϹϽЁЏϹ БϾЅЃЂЁϴІЏ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϼ϶ϴВІ ІϴϾϺϹ Ѕ ЄϴЅЃϼЅЁЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾЂϽ
ϼϻ ϩϴЈІϴ϶ϴЁІϹЃϹ VI A–VI B ϼ ϗϹЂϽІϹЃϹ C–D (Ibid.: 135–136). ϔ϶ІЂЄ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿϴϷϴϹІ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼϹ ϶
ЄϹϷϼЂЁϹ Ѕ ЁϴЋϴϿϴ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ІЄϴϸϼЊϼϼ ЄϴЅЃϼЅЁЏЉ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ ЅІϼϿГ «ϖϴЁ-ϧЄЀϼГ» (Ibid.: 139). Ϣ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼϼ ϶ ϥϕϖ Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ЃГІϼ ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЏЉ ϷЂЅЇϸϴЄЅІ϶ (ϔϻϹЄϵϴϽϸϺϴЁ, ϔЄЀϹЁϼГ, ϗЄЇϻϼГ,
ϜЄϴЁ ϼ ϦЇЄЊϼГ) ЁϹϾЂϽ ЂϵЍЁЂЅІϼ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ, ЄϴЅЃϼЅЏ϶ϴВЍϼЉ Ѕ϶ЂВ ϷϿϼЁГЁЇВ ЃЂЅЇϸЇ ЅЉЂϸЁЏЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ЇЃЂЀϼЁϴϿϼ ϶ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϼϹ ϸϹЅГІϼϿϹІϼГ ЀЁЂϷϼϹ ЅЃϹЊϼϴϿϼЅІЏ (ϞЇЌЁϴЄД϶ϴ 1993ϴ; Backhshaliyev,
Marro 2009; Özfirat 2002; Rubinson 2005). ϥϿЂϼ ЃЄϼЇЄЀϼϽЅϾϼЉ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϽ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЂ-ϛϴЃϴϸЁЂϷЂ ϜЄϴЁϴ,
ϷϸϹ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϴ ЃЂϸЂϵЁϴГ ЄϴЅЃϼЅЁϴГ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ, ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЏ ЂІ ϾЂЁЊϴ III ϸЂ ЁϴЋϴϿϴ ϶ІЂЄЂϽ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁЏ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.
ϡϹЂϵЉЂϸϼЀЂЅІА «ЄϹ϶ϼϻϼϼ» ІЄϴϸϼЊϼЂЁЁЂϽ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼϼ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾϼЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ «Њ϶ϹІЇЍϹϽ
ЃЂЄЏ», ϶ ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ϼϼ Ѕ ϾЂІЂЄЂϽ ЂЁϼ ЂІЁЂЅГІЅГ Ͼ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϽ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁϹ — ЅϹЄϹϸϼЁϹ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б., ЃЂϸІ϶ϹЄϺϸϴϹІЅГ ϼ ЅІЄϴІϼϷЄϴЈϼЋϹЅϾϼЀϼ ЁϴϵϿВϸϹЁϼГЀϼ. ϖ ІЂЀ ϺϹ ϴЄϹϴϿϹ, ЋІЂ ϼ ϸЄϹ϶ЁЂЅІϼ ϦϞ ϔЄЀϹЁϼϼ
(ϖϴЁϴϸϻЂЄ, ϔЄЇЋ, ϡϹЄϾϼЁ ϡϴ϶ϹЄ, ϟЂЄϼ ϕϹЄϸ ϼ ϸЄ.), ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЏ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ ϾϴЄЀϼЄϵϹЄϸЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ.
ϣЂЅϿϹϸЁϼϹ ϸϹЀЂЁЅІЄϼЄЇВІ ЃЄϼϻЁϴϾϼ, ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЏϹ ϸϿГ ϥϕϖ ϼ ЁϴЋϴϿϴ ϣϕϖ. Ϟ. ϩ. ϞЇЌЁϴЄД϶ϴ ЂІЁϹЅϿϴ ϼЉ Ͼ ЈϼЁϴϿЇ ϥϕϖ ϼ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴϿϴ XVIII/XVII–XVI/XV ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (ϞЇЌЁϴЄД϶ϴ 1993ϴ; 1993ϵ; 2007).
ϣϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ «Њ϶ϹІЇЍϹϽ ЃЂЄЏ» ϦϞ Ёϴ БІЂϽ ϺϹ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ЁϹЂϵЉЂϸϼЀЂ Ѕ϶ГϻЏ϶ϴІА Ѕ ϵЂϿϹϹ ЄϴЁЁϼЀ
ЃϹЄϼЂϸЂЀ, ЋІЂ ЃЂϿЁЂЅІАВ ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ЇϹІ ЃЂϿЇЋϹЁЁЏЀ ЁϴЀϼ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІϴЀ.
ϣЄϼЀϹЋϴІϹϿАЁЂ, ЋІЂ ϶ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϼ ϾϴЄЀϼЄϵϹЄϸЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϶ ϢЌϴϾϴЁϹ (ϔЄЀϹЁϼГ) ϶ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϹϹ ϸϹЅГІϼϿϹІϼϹ ϵЏϿϴ ЁϴϽϸϹЁϴ ϾЂϿϹЅЁϼЋАГ ϻϴЃЄГϺϾϴ, ϶ϾϿВЋϴВЍϴГ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏϹ ЃϿϴЅІϼЁЋϴІЏϹ ЃЅϴϿϼϼ Ѕ ЌϼЃϴЀϼ ϼ ЃϹІϹϿАЋϴІЏϹ ЇϸϼϿϴ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЇВ ЅϾЇϿАЃІЇЄϾЇ ϿА϶ϴ, ЅϿЇϺϼ϶ЌЇВ Ёϴ϶ϹЄЌϼϹЀ
ЄϴϻϸϹϿϼІϹϿГ ϶ЂϺϺϹϽ Ёϴ ЃϹЄϹϸϾϹ ϾЂϿϹЅЁϼЊЏ (ϞϴϿϴЁІϴЄГЁ ϼ ϸЄ. 2003: 121; ϞЇЌЁϴЄД϶ϴ 2007: 175–176;
ЄϼЅ. 5). ϛϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϹ ϶ ϢЌϴϾϴЁϹ, ЅЇϸГ ЃЂ ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼЋЁЏЀ ЃЅϴϿϼГЀ ϼϻ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ϶ІЂЄϺϹЁϼГ
ϷϼϾЅЂЅЂ϶ ϶ ϗϴϻϹ, ЀЂϺЁЂ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴІА XVII ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (Potratz 1966: 102–110, fig. 45, d). ϡϹϸϴ϶ЁЂ ϶ ϾЇЄϷϴЁϴЉ ϗϴЄϴϸϺϴЀϼЄϿϼ (ϔϻϹЄϵϴϽϸϺϴЁ) ϵЏϿϼ ІϴϾϺϹ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁЏ БϿϼІЁЏϹ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ ϾЂϿϹЅЁϼЋЁЂϽ
ϻЁϴІϼ, ЅЃЄϴ϶ϹϸϿϼ϶Ђ ЂІЁϹЅϹЁЁЏϹ ϴ϶ІЂЄϴЀϼ ЃЇϵϿϼϾϴЊϼϼ Ͼ ЅϴЀЂЀЇ ЈϼЁϴϿЇ ϥϕϖ ϼ Ͼ ІϴϾ ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴϹЀЂЀЇ
ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸЁЂЀЇ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЇ Ͼ ϣϕϖ (ϗЇЅϹϽЁЂ϶ϴ, ϔϿϼϹ϶ 2006: 33, 54). ϣЄϼϻЁϴϾϼ, ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЏϹ ϸϿГ БІЂϷЂ ЁϹЃЄЂϸЂϿϺϼІϹϿАЁЂϷЂ ЃЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ БІϴЃϴ, ϵЏϿϼ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁЏ ϸϿГ ЊϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЏЉ (ϣϼЊЉϹϿϴЇЄϼ 1972; 1979)
ϼ ВϺЁЏЉ ЄϹϷϼЂЁЂ϶ ϛϴϾϴ϶ϾϴϻАГ (ϞЇЌЁϴЄД϶ϴ 2007). ϖ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГЉ Ї ЅϹϿϴ ϗϴЄϴϸϺϴЀϼЄϿϼ ϶ЏГ϶ϿϹЁЏ
ІϴϾϼϹ ϺϹ ЂЅЂϵϹЁЁЂЅІϼ, ЂϵЅІЂГІϹϿАЁЂ ЄϴЅЅЀЂІЄϹЁЁЏϹ ϶ ЄϴϵЂІϹ Ϟ. ϩ. ϞЇЌЁϴЄД϶ЂϽ. ϤϹЋА ϼϸϹІ Ђ ЄϹϸϾЂЀ ІϼЃϹ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ ϶ ЈЂЄЀϹ ЅϾЂЄϿЇЃЏ «ϼЁϸϼϽЅϾЂϷЂ ЂЄϹЉϴ»; ϷЂЄЌϾϴЉ Ѕ ЋϹЄЁЂϿЂЍϹЁЂϽ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІАВ;
ЅЂЅЇϸϴЉ Ѕ ЂІІϼЅϾϴЀϼ ϻЇϵЋϴІЂϷЂ ЌІϴЀЃϴ, ϻϴІϹЄІЏЀϼ ϵϹϿЂϽ ЃϴЅІЂϽ; ЅЂЅЇϸϴЉ Ѕ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІЂЀ ЅϹ϶ϴЁЂЇϻϹЄϿϼϾЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ; ϸϹϾЂЄϹ ϶ ϶ϼϸϹ ЀϹϴЁϸЄϴ; ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϴϿАЁЂЀ ЃЂГЅϾϹ ϼϻ ЁЂϷІϹ϶ЏЉ ЁϴϾЂϿЂ϶; ϶ϴϻϴЉ
196
,
,
Ёϴ ЃЂϿЏЉ ЁЂϺϾϴЉ; «ϾЇЄϼϿАЁϼЊϴЉ» Ѕ ЃЄЂЄϹϻГЀϼ ϼ І. Ѓ. (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ: 177–178). ϖ «ЋϼЅІЏЉ» ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГЉ
ЄϴЁЁϹϷЂ БІϴЃϴ ϾϴЄЀϼЄϵϹЄϸЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ЃЂϸЂϵЁЏϹ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϼ ЂІЅЇІЅІ϶ЇВІ. ϡϹІ Ёϴ ЄϴЁЁϹЀ БІϴЃϹ
ϾϴЄЀϼЄϵϹЄϸЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϼ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ Ѕ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϴЀϼ ЇϻϹЄϿϼϾЅϾЂϷЂ ЅІϼϿГ.
ϖ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГЉ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЂ϶ ϗϴЄϴϸϺϴЀϼЄϿϼ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ ЅϾϹϿϹІЏ ϼ ЋϹЄϹЃϴ ϿЂЌϴϸϹϽ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ϸϹІϴϿϼ
ϾЂϿϹЅЁϼЋЁЏЉ ϻϴЃЄГϺϹϾ: ЇϸϼϿϴ ϼϻ ЅϾЄЇЋϹЁЁЏЉ ЃЄЂ϶ЂϿЂЋЁЏЉ ϺϷЇІЂ϶, ЃϴЄЁЏϹ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏϹ ЃЅϴϿϼϼ ϶
ЈЂЄЀϹ «ЇϾϿВЋϼЁ» (ЃЂ ϸ϶Ϲ ЃϴЄЏ ϶ ЀЂϷϼϿϹ); ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЂϹ Ёϴ϶ϹЄЌϼϹ-ЄϴϻϸϹϿϼІϹϿА ϶ЂϺϺϹϽ, ϾЄϹЃϼ϶ЌϹϹЅГ
Ёϴ ЃϹЄϹϸЂϾ ϾЂϿϹЅЁϼЊЏ. ϡϴ϶ϹЄЌϼϹ ϶ЏЃЂϿЁϹЁЂ ϶ ϶ϼϸϹ ϾЂϿϹЅϴ ЅЂ ЅЃϼЊϴЀϼ, Ёϴϸ ϾЂІЂЄЏЀ ЇЅІϴЁЂ϶ϿϹЁϴ ЃЂϿϴГ ЈϼϷЇЄϾϴ ЂϿϹЁГ, Г϶ϿГ϶ЌϴГЅГ ϾЂϿЂϾЂϿАЋϼϾЂЀ. ϢϿϹЁА ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁ ϶ ЉЂЀЇІϹ, ЋІЂ ЁϴЃЂЀϼЁϴϹІ
ЅϼЀ϶ЂϿϼЋϹЅϾϼ ϻϴЃЄГϺϹЁЁЏЉ ϶ ЅϴЁϼ ЂϿϹЁϹϽ (ЀЂϷϼϿϴ ϶ ϩϴЁϿϴЄϹ) ϼ ϶ϻЁЇϻϸϴЁЁЏЉ ϿЂЌϴϸϹϽ Ѕ ЂϿϹЁАϼЀϼ ЄЂϷϴІЏЀϼ ЀϴЅϾϴЀϼ («ЊϴЄЅϾϼϽ» ϾЇЄϷϴЁ ϣϴϻЏЄЏϾ). Ϝϻ϶ϹЅІЁЂ, ЋІЂ ЂϿϹЁА («ϾЄϴЅЁЏϽ ϻ϶ϹЄА»), ϾϴϾ
ϼ ϾЂЁА, Г϶ϿГϿЅГ ϶ ϼЁϸЂϹ϶ЄЂЃϹϽЅϾЂϽ ЀϼЈЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼϼ ЅЂϿГЄЁЏЀ ЅϼЀ϶ЂϿЂЀ. ϢϵЄϴϻ ϾЂЁГ
϶ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГЉ ϼЁϸЂϹ϶ЄЂЃϹϽЊϹ϶ ϵЏϿ ІϴϾϺϹ Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁ ЅЂ ЅЀϹЄІАВ ϼ Ѕ ЃЇІϹЌϹЅІ϶ϼϹЀ ϶ ϻϴϷЄЂϵЁЏϽ
ЀϼЄ. ϡϴϾЂЁϹЊ, ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴЁϼϹ ϶ ЈϼЁϴϿϹ ϥϕϖ ϵЂϹ϶ЏЉ ϾЂϿϹЅЁϼЊ ЃЂϸІ϶ϹЄϺϸϴϹІЅГ ϼЉ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼГЀϼ Ёϴ ЅЂЅЇϸϹ 4 ϼϻ ϾЇЄϷ. II ϶ ЅϹϿϹ ϗϴЄϴϸϺϴЀϼЄϿϼ (ϗЇЅϹϽЁЂ϶ϴ, ϔϿϼϹ϶ 2006: ІϴϵϿ. 5, 1–2), ЃЄϼЋϹЀ
Ёϴ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϴϿАЁЏЉ ЈЄϼϻϴЉ БІЂϷЂ ЅЂЅЇϸϴ ЃЂϾϴϻϴЁЏ ϾЂϿϹЅЁϼЊЏ, ϻϴЃЄГϺϹЁЁЏϹ ЂϿϹЁϹЀ, ϼ ЈϼϷЇЄϾϴ
ϿЂЌϴϸϼ. Ϟ. ϩ. ϞЇЌЁϴЄД϶ϴ ЃЄϹϸ϶ϴЄϼІϹϿАЁЂ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴϿϴ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЏ «ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸЁЂϷЂ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ» ЃЂ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϴЀ ЉЇЄЄϼІЂ-ЀϼІϴЁЁϼϽЅϾϼЉ ЊϼϿϼЁϸЄϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЃϹЋϴІϹϽ ϼ ϾϼЁϺϴϿϴ ЃϹЄϹϸЁϹϴϻϼϴІЅϾЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ XV–
XIV ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (ϞЇЌЁϴЄД϶ϴ 2007: 174).
ϥϴЀЂϹ ЄϴЁЁϹϹ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶Ђ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ЃϴЄЁЂϽ ϾЂЁЁЂϽ ϻϴЃЄГϺϾϼ Ёϴ ϣϹЄϹϸЁϹЀ ϖЂЅІЂϾϹ
ЃЂϿЇЋϹЁЂ ЃЄϼ ЄϴЅϾЂЃϾϴЉ ЁϹЂϸЁЂϾЄϴІЁЂ ЇЃЂЀϼЁϴ϶ЌϹϷЂЅГ ЁϴЀϼ ϞϴЄЇЀϴ ϞϴЁϼЌϴ. ϛϸϹЅА, ϶ ЅϿЂϹ Ib
(«ϸ϶ЂЄϹЊ ЃЄϴ϶ϼІϹϿГ») ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ ЄЇЋϾϼ ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ ϶ ϶ϼϸϹ ЄϹϴϿϼЅІϼЋЁЂ ϼЅЃЂϿЁϹЁЁЏЉ ЃϴЄЁЏЉ ЈϼϷЇЄЂϾ ϶ϻЁЇϻϸϴЁЁЏЉ ϿЂЌϴϸϹϽ (Özgüç 1986: tabl. XXXIII, 1–2; ϤЏЅϼЁ 2007: 213). ϧЋϼІЏ϶ϴГ
ЀЁЂϷЂЋϼЅϿϹЁЁЏϹ ЃЄϼЀϹЄЏ ϶Ђ϶ϿϹЋϹЁЁЂЅІϼ БϿϼІЏ ϦϞ ϶ ЅϼЅІϹЀЇ ϴЌЌЇЄЅϾЂϽ ЀϹϺϸЇЁϴЄЂϸЁЂϽ ІЂЄϷЂ϶Ͽϼ, ЂϸЁϼЀ ϼϻ ЊϹЁІЄЂ϶ ϾЂІЂЄЂϽ Г϶ϿГϿЅГ ϞϴЄЇЀ ϞϴЁϼЌϴ, ЀЂϺЁЂ ЂϺϼϸϴІА ЁЂ϶ЏЉ ЃЂϸІ϶ϹЄϺϸϹЁϼϽ
ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ϶ ϛϴϾϴ϶ϾϴϻАϹ ϾЂϿϹЅЁϼЊ, ϻϴЃЄГϺϹЁЁЏЉ ϿЂЌϴϸАЀϼ, ЇϺϹ ϶ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼГ ϦϞ.
Ϝ ІϴϾϼϹ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ϴ ЇϺϹ ϼЀϹВІЅГ. ϖ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϹ ϟЂЄϼ ϕϹЄϸ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЂ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϹ ϦϞ
Ѕ ϸ϶ЇЀГ ϾЂЁГЀϼ (ϘϹ϶ϹϸϺГЁ 1981: 20). ϛϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГ Ѕ ЃϴЄЁЏЀϼ ЅϾϹϿϹІϴЀϼ ϿЂЌϴϸϹϽ ϶ЅІЄϹЋϹЁЏ ІϴϾϺϹ ϶ ϾЇЄϷϴЁϴЉ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴ ϡϹЄϾϼЁ ϡϴ϶ϹЄ ϶ϵϿϼϻϼ ϙЄϹ϶ϴЁϴ (ϾЇЄϷ. 1, 3, 5ϕ ϼ 7; ϥϼЀЂЁГЁ 2011: 219).
ϡϴ ЅЂЅЇϸϹ ϼϻ ϾЇЄϷ. 7 ЋϹЄЁЂϽ ϾЄϴЅϾЂϽ ЁϴЁϹЅϹЁЏ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼГ ϿЂЌϴϸϹϽ Ѕ ЃЂϸЅІЄϼϺϹЁЁЏЀϼ ϷЄϼ϶ϴЀϼ
ϼ Љ϶ЂЅІϴЀϼ, ϴ Ёϴ ЅЂЅЇϸϹ ϼϻ ϾЇЄϷ. 2 ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁЏ ЌϹЅІА ЃϴЄ ϾЂϿϹЅ ЅЂ ЅЃϼЊϴЀϼ ЂІ ϵЂϹ϶ЏЉ ϾЂϿϹЅЁϼЊ
(ϥϼЀЂЁГЁ 2011: 219; ЄϼЅ. 7). ϤϴЅЃϼЅЁϴГ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ ϡϹЄϾϼЁ ϡϴ϶ϹЄϴ ЃЂ ЈЂЄЀϹ («ϷϼϸЄϼϼ» Ѕ ϶ЏЅЂϾЂϽ
ЌϹϽϾЂϽ), ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЇ ЄЂЅЃϼЅϼ (ЋϹЄЁЏϹ ЇϻЂЄЏ ЃЂ ϾЄϴЅЁЂЀЇ ЈЂЁЇ), БϿϹЀϹЁІϴЀ ϼ ЀЂІϼ϶ϴЀ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϴ
(϶ЃϼЅϴЁЁЏϹ ЇϷϿЏ, ЀϹІЂЃЁЏϽ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІ, ϶ЂϿЁϼЅІЂϹ ϻϴЃЂϿЁϹЁϼϹ ІЄϹЇϷЂϿАЁЏЉ ЈϼϷЇЄ, ЈϼϷЇЄϾϼ ϶ЂϸЂЃϿϴ϶ϴВЍϼЉ ЃІϼЊ ϼ І. Ѓ.) ϵϿϼϻϾϴ ЃЂЅЇϸϹ ϼϻ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЂ϶ III ϷЄЇЃЃЏ «Њ϶ϹІЇЍϹϽ ЃЂЄЏ» ϦϞ.
ϜЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼϹ БϿϼІЁЏЉ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ ϶ ϾЇЄϷϴЁϴЉ ϡϹЄϾϼЁ ϡϴ϶ϹЄϴ ϶ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϼϹ ϷЂϸЏ ЂϺϼ϶ϼϿЂ
ϼЁІϹЄϹЅ Ͼ ЃϹЄϹЅЀЂІЄЇ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶Ͼϼ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ϦϞ, ЃЂЅϾЂϿАϾЇ ϶ ϾЇЄϷ. 1 ϵЏϿϼ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ ϾЂ϶ϴЁЏϹ
ЇϸϼϿϴ ϼ ЃЅϴϿϼϼ, ϴ ЋϹІЏЄϹ ϾϴϿϼϵЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϹ ЄϴϸϼЂЇϷϿϹЄЂϸЁЏϹ ϸϴІЏ ЂϵЄϴϻЊЂ϶ ϼϻ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϽ
БІЂϷЂ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴ ЇϾϴϻЏ϶ϴВІ Ёϴ ЂЋϹЁА ЄϴЁЁϼϽ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ϼЁІϹЄ϶ϴϿ: XXVI–XX ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.
ϛϴϾϿВЋϹЁϼГ Ђ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІϴЉ ЄϴЅϾЂЃЂϾ ϶ ϡϹЄϾϼЁ ϡϴ϶ϹЄϹ, ЂЃЇϵϿϼϾЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϹ ϔ. ϥϼЀЂЁГЁЂЀ, ЁЂЅГІ ЃЂϿϹЀϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄ. ϔ϶ІЂЄ ЅЂЂІЁЂЅϼІ ϶ϹЅА ϸϼϴЃϴϻЂЁ ϸϴІ ЃЂ 14ϥ Ѕ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЀϼ ϦϞ, ЂϸЁϴϾЂ ϻϸϹЅА
ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿЏ ϵЂϿϹϹ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϽ ϴϿϴϻϴЁЂ-ϵϹϸϹЁЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ, ЁϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ, ϸϼЅϾЂ϶ϼϸЁЏϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏϽ «ЌІϴЁϸϴЄІ» ϼ ЋϹЄϹЁϾЂ϶ЏϽ ЁЂϺ ϵϹϻ ϻϴϾϿϹЃЂЋЁЂϷЂ ЂІ϶ϹЄЅІϼГ ϶ ЋϹЄϹЁϾϹ (ϾЇЄϷ. 4). ϔЄІϹЈϴϾІЏ
ϾЇЄϷ. 1, ϷϸϹ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ ϺϹϿϹϻЁЏϹ ЇϸϼϿϴ ϼ ЃЅϴϿϼϼ, ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГВІ ЁϴϸϹϺЁЂ ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁϼϻϼЄЂ϶ϴІА ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅ БІЂϷЂ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ. ϤϹЋА ϼϸϹІ Ђ ЅЈϹЄϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϵЇЅϴЉ ϼϻ ϿϼЅІЂ϶ЂϷЂ ϻЂϿЂІϴ Ѕ ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁЁЂϽ ϶Џϸϴ϶ϿϹЁЁЏЀϼ ЌϼЌϹЋϾϴЀϼ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІАВ, ϷЂЈЄϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЉ ϻЂϿЂІЏЉ ЃЂϸ϶ϹЅϾϴЉ-«ϾЂЄϴϵϿϼϾϴЉ» ϼ ϴϷϴІЂ϶ЂЀ ϾЇϿЂЁϹ ϿЇЁϴЄЁЂϽ ЈЂЄЀЏ. ϖЅϹ ЃϹЄϹЋϼЅϿϹЁЁЏϹ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЏ ϼϻ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЂ϶ ϦϞ (I ϼ II ϷЄЇЃЃ,
ЃЂ ϱ. Ϡ. ϗЂϷϴϸϻϹ). ϞϴϾ ЇϺϹ ЇЃЂЀϼЁϴϿЂЅА ϶ЏЌϹ, ϾЇϿЂЁЏ ϿЇЁϴЄЁЂϽ ЈЂЄЀЏ ЃЂГ϶ϿГВІЅГ ϶ ϠϹЅЂЃЂІϴЀϼϼ
ЁϴЋϼЁϴГ Ѕ ϴϾϾϴϸЅϾЂϷЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ (XXIII ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.) ϼ ЃЂϿЇЋϴВІ ЌϼЄЂϾЂϹ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁϼϹ ϶ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ III
ϸϼЁϴЅІϼϼ ϧЄϴ. ϖ ϾЇЄϷ. 1 ϡϹЄϾϼЁ ϡϴ϶ϹЄϴ ЁϴϽϸϹЁ ІϴϾϺϹ ϾϼЁϺϴϿ Ѕ «ЃЄϼІϴϿϹЁЁЏЀ» ϶ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹϽ ЋϴЅІϼ
ϾϿϼЁϾЂЀ. ϙϷЂ ϿϹϻ϶ϼϽЁϴГ ЄϴЅϾЂ϶ϴЁЁϴГ ЋϴЅІА ЁϴЋϼЁϴϹІЅГ ЁϼϺϹ. ϠЏ ЇЃЂЀϼЁϴϿϼ, ЋІЂ ЁЂϺϼ ЃЂϸЂϵЁЂϽ
ЈЂЄЀЏ ϼϻ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴ ϟЂЄϼ ϕϹЄϸ (ЃЂϷЄ. 65 ϼ 94) ЅЂЃЂЅІϴ϶ϼЀЏ Ѕ ІϴϾ ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴϹЀЏЀϼ ЁЂϺϴЀϼ ϾЂЃАϹ϶ϼϸЁЂϽ ЈЂЄЀЏ, ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЏЀϼ ϸϿГ ЀϹІϴϿϿЂЂϵЄϴϵЂІϾϼ ϾЂЅІЄЂЀЅϾЂϷЂ БІϴЃϴ Ёϴ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂЀ Ϟϴ϶ϾϴϻϹ ϼ
϶ ϣЄϼЋϹЄЁЂЀЂЄАϹ.
197
:
,
,
ϚϹϿϹϻЁЏϹ ЇϸϼϿϴ ϼϻ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГ ϾЇЄϷ. 1 ϶ЏϷϿГϸГІ Ёϴ ЈЂЁϹ ϶ЅϹϷЂ ЂЅІϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄГ Г϶ЁЏЀ
. ϥϾЂЄϹϹ ϶ЅϹϷЂ, БІЂІ ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІ ЂІЁЂЅϼІЅГ Ͼ
ЄϴЁЁϹϷЂ ϺϹϿϹϻЁЂϷЂ ϶ϹϾϴ. ϡϴϸЂ ЇЋϹЅІА, ЋІЂ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЏ ϡϹЄϾϼЁ ϡϴ϶ϹЄϴ ϵЏϿϼ ЁϹЂϸЁЂϾЄϴІЁЂ ЂϷЄϴϵϿϹЁЏ ϶ ϸЄϹ϶ЁЂЅІϼ,
ϴ ϶ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϼϹ ЃЂϿ϶ϹϾϴ ЀϹЅІЂ ЄϴЅЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼГ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴ ЅІϴϿЂ ЂϵЎϹϾІЂЀ ϼЁІϹЁЅϼ϶ЁЂϽ ЉЂϻГϽЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϽ ϸϹГІϹϿАЁЂЅІϼ.
ϔ. ϥϼЀЂЁГЁ (2011) ЇЃЂЀϼЁϴϹІ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϼ ϺϹϿϹϻЁЏЉ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІЂ϶ ϶ ϔϿϴϸϺϹ ϼ ϘЂЄϴϾϹ (ϦЇЄЊϼГ),
ЃЂГЅЁГГ, ЋІЂ ЇϸϼϿϴ ϼϻ ϡϹЄϾϼЁ ϡϴ϶ϹЄϴ Г϶ϿГВІЅГ ІЄϹІАϹϽ ЅІЂϿА ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϽ ЁϴЉЂϸϾЂϽ ϺϹϿϹϻЁЏЉ ЇϸϼϿ
БЃЂЉϼ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ. ϱІЂ ЂЌϼϵϾϴ, ЃЂЅϾЂϿАϾЇ Ёϼ ЇϸϼϿ, Ёϼ ϾЂЁЁЂϽ ϻϴЃЄГϺϾϼ ϶ ϔϿϴϸϺϹ ϼ ϶ ϘЂЄϴϾϹ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЂ
ЁϹ ϵЏϿЂ. ϖ ЀЂϷϼϿϴЉ ϔϿϴϸϺϼ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ ЂЅІϴІϾϼ ϻϴЃЄГϺϹЁЁЏЉ ϶ЂϿϴЀϼ ІϹϿϹϷ Ѕ ЊϹϿАЁЏЀϼ ϸϹЄϹ϶ГЁЁЏЀϼ ϾЂϿϹЅϴЀϼ. ϞϴϾ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЂ, ЃЄϼ ϻϴЃЄГϺϾϹ ϶ЂϿЂ϶ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЇВІ ГЄЀЂ, ϾϴЃЊЇϷ ϼ ϾЂϿАЊЂ, ЃЄЂϸϹІЂϹ ϶
ЁЂЅ, ϴ ϶Ђ϶ЅϹ ЁϹ ЇϸϼϿϴ ϼ ЃЅϴϿϼϼ. ϥЅЏϿϾϼ Ёϴ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϹ ϶ ϘЂЄϴϾϹ ϶Ђ϶ЅϹ ЁϹ ЅЂЅІЂГІϹϿАЁЏ, ЃЂЅϾЂϿАϾЇ,
ЅϾЂЄϹϹ ϶ЅϹϷЂ, БІϴ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϴ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿГϹІ ЅЂϵЂϽ ЅЀϹЌϴЁЁЏϽ ЁϴϵЂЄ ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІЂ϶ ϼϻ ϷЄϴϵϼІϹϿАЅϾϼЉ ЄϴЅϾЂЃЂϾ. ϥЂЀЁϹЁϼϹ ϶ЏϻЏ϶ϴϹІ, ϶ ЋϴЅІЁЂЅІϼ, ЅІЂϿА «ЇϸϴЋЁЂ» ЁϴϽϸϹЁЁЏϽ ϶ ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄϹ «ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ» ϼϻ
ϘЂЄϴϾϴ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІ ϻЂϿЂІЂϽ ЈЂϿАϷϼ Ѕ ϾϴЄІЇЌϹЀ ϹϷϼЃϹІЅϾЂϷЂ ЈϴЄϴЂЁϴ V ϸϼЁϴЅІϼϼ (ϘЄϹ϶ЁϹϹ ЊϴЄЅІ϶Ђ).
ϢЌϼϵЂЋЁЂЅІА ЂІЁϹЅϹЁϼГ ϺϹϿϹϻЁЏЉ ЇϸϼϿ ϼ ЃЅϴϿϼϽ ϼϻ ϡϹЄϾϼЁ ϡϴ϶ϹЄϴ Ͼ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЇ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГ «Њ϶ϹІЇЍϹϽ ЃЂЄЏ» ϦϞ ЀЂϺЁЂ ϸЂϾϴϻϴІА, ϼЅЉЂϸГ ϼϻ ІϼЃЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ϴЁϴϿϼϻϴ ЅϴЀϼЉ ЁϴЉЂϸЂϾ,
ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿГВЍϼЉ ЅЂϵЂВ ϷϿϴϸϾϼϹ ϺϹϿϹϻЁЏϹ ϸϼЅϾϼ Ѕ ЂІ϶ϹЄЅІϼϹЀ. Ϝϻ϶ϹЅІЁЂ, ЋІЂ Ёϴ ЄϴЁЁϹϽ ЅІϴϸϼϼ
ІЄϹЁϼЁϷϴ ϿЂЌϴϸϼ Ѕ ЊϹϿАВ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ϹϹ ϸϿГ ϾЂϿϹЅЁϼЋЁЂϽ ϻϴЃЄГϺϾϼ ϼϻϷЂІϴ϶Ͽϼ϶ϴϿϼ ЃЅϴϿϼϼ
Ѕ ЌϼЃϴЀϼ (
), ЃЂϻϸЁϹϹ ЃЂГ϶ϼϿϼЅА ЃЅϴϿϼϼ ЅЂ ϶ЅІϴ϶ЁЏЀϼ ЌϼЃϴЀϼ, ϴ ϹЍϹ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϹ —
ϷϿϴϸϾϼϹ ЃЅϴϿϼϼ ϵϹϻ ЌϼЃЂ϶. ϡϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ϔЄЀϹЁϼϼ ϶ ϢЌϴϾϴЁϹ ϶ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϼ ϵЂϿϹϹ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϽ ϾϴЄЀϼЄϵϹЄϸЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϵЏϿϼ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ ЅІЄЂϷϼϹ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏϹ ЃЅϴϿϼϼ Ѕ ЌϼЃϴЀϼ (ϞϴϿϴЁІϴЄГЁ ϼ ϸЄ.
2003: 121). ϥІЄЂϷϼϹ ЃЅϴϿϼϼ Ѕ ЌϼЃϴЀϼ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴϿϼЅА Ёϴ ϘЄϹ϶ЁϹЀ ϖЂЅІЂϾϹ ϹЍϹ ϶ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ϻϴ϶ЂϹ϶ϴІϹϿАЁЏЉ ЃЂЉЂϸЂ϶ ϷϼϾЅЂЅЂ϶ (XVII ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.). ϣЂБІЂЀЇ ЁϹϿАϻГ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϼІА, ЋІЂ «ЅϴЀЏϹ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϼϹ»
ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЏϹ ЁϴЀ ЃЅϴϿϼϼ ϼϻ ϡϹЄϾϼЁ ϡϴ϶ϹЄϴ (XXV–XXIII ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.) ϵЏϿϼ ϷϿϴϸϾϼЀϼ, ϴ ЁϹ ЅІЄЂϷϼЀϼ.
ϱІЂ ЁϹ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂ ϹЍϹ ϼ ЃЂІЂЀЇ, ЋІЂ ϹЍϹ ЋϹЄϹϻ ЅЂІЁϼ ϿϹІ ЃЂЅϿϹ ЅЂ϶ϹЄЌϹЁϼГ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГ ϶ ϡϹЄϾϼЁ
ϡϴ϶ϹЄϹ, Ёϴ ϣϹЄϹϸЁϹЀ ϖЂЅІЂϾϹ, ϶ ϠϼϾϹЁϴЉ ϼ ϥϼЁІϴЌІϹ9 ϿЂЌϴϸА ϻϴЃЄГϷϴϿϼ ϶ ϾЂϿϹЅЁϼЊЇ, ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЇГ ϼЀϹЁЁЂ ЌϼЃϴЅІЏϹ
. ϡϹ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ ЂϵЎГЅЁϼІА ІϴϾЂϹ ЁϹЂϵЏЋЁЂϹ «ЄϹϷЄϹЅЅϼ϶ЁЂϹ»
ІϼЃЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϹ Єϴϻ϶ϼІϼϹ ЂІ ϷϿϴϸϾϼЉ ЃЅϴϿϼϽ ϼϻ ϡϹЄϾϼЁ ϡϴ϶ϹЄϴ Ͼ ЅІЄЂϷϼЀ ЌϼЃϴЅІЏЀ ЃЅϴϿϼГЀ ϶
ϢЌϴϾϴЁϹ, ϗϴϻϹ, ϠϼϾϹЁϴЉ ϼ ϥϼЁІϴЌІϹ.
ϣЂϿЇЅЈϹЄϼЋϹЅϾЂϹ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЂϹ Ёϴ϶ϹЄЌϼϹ ЄЇϾЂГІϾϼ ϾϼЁϺϴϿϴ ϼϻ ϡϹЄϾϼЁ ϡϴ϶ϹЄϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ϶ЏϷϿГϸϼІ ϴЁϴЉЄЂЁϼϻЀЂЀ ϶ ЅЄϴ϶ЁϹЁϼϼ Ѕ ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІϴЀϼ ϦϞ. ϥϾЂЄϹϹ ϶ЅϹϷЂ, ЂЁЂ ЂІЁЂЅϼІЅГ Ͼ ϣϕϖ. ϥЅЏϿϾϴ
Ёϴ ϸϴІϼЄЇВЍϹϹ ϻЁϴЋϹЁϼϹ ϵϴϵЂЋϾЂ϶ϼϸЁЂϷЂ ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁϼГ ϼϻ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ ϶ ϾЇЄϷϴЁϹ ϡϹЄϾϼЁ ϡϴ϶ϹЄϴ
ЁϹЅЂЅІЂГІϹϿАЁϴ, ЃЂЅϾЂϿАϾЇ ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁϼГ БІЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ (ІЄЇϵЂЋϾϴ, Ёϴ ϾЂЁЊϴЉ ϾЂІЂЄЂϽ ЃЄϼЃϴГЁЏ ϸ϶ЂϽЁЏϹ ЅЃϼЄϴϿϼ) Г϶ϿГВІЅГ ϸЂϿϷЂϺϼ϶ЇЍϼЀϼ Ёϴ ϣϹЄϹϸЁϹЀ ϖЂЅІЂϾϹ: ϼЉ ЂϵЄϴϻЊЏ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЏ ϼϻ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ Ϥϕϖ (ϔЄЅϿϴЁІϹЃϹ VIA), ϥϕϖ (ϦЄЂГ, ϔϿϴϸϺϴ, ϱЅϾϼГЃϴЄ; ϦЄϹϽЅІϹЄ 1996; Maxwell-Hyslop 1971;
Özgüç, Temizer 1993), ϣϕϖ (ϠϼϾϹЁЏ, ϖϴ϶ϼϿЂЁ; Higgins 1980) ϼ ϤϚϖ (ϛϼ϶ϼϹ; Maxwell-Hyslop 1971).
ϜЀϹВІЅГ ЀЁЂϷЂЋϼЅϿϹЁЁЏϹ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿЏ, ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГВЍϼϹ ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁϼϻϼЄЂ϶ϴІА БϿϼІЁЏϹ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ ϦЄϼϴϿϹІϼ (ϾЇЄϷ. XVII), ϔϿϼϾϹЀϹϾІϹЃϹ (ЃЂϷЄ. 80), ϟЂЄϼ ϕϹЄϸϴ (ЃЂϷЄ. 65 ϼ 94) Ѕ ЀЂϷϼϿϴЀϼ ϡϹЄϾϼЁ
ϡϴ϶ϹЄϴ. ϤϹЋА ϼϸϹІ Ђϵ БϿϹЀϹЁІϴЉ ϼ ЀЂІϼ϶ϴЉ ЄЂЅЃϼЅϼ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ (ЋϹЄЁϴГ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϴЊϼГ ЃЂ ϾЄϴЅЁЂЀЇ
ЈЂЁЇ), ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϾЇ϶ЌϼЁϴЉ Ѕ ϾЂϿϹЁЋϴІЂϽ ЄЇЋϾЂϽ, ϵЇϿϴ϶ϾϴЉ ЅЂ ЅЈϹЄϼЋϹЅϾϼЀϼ ϷЂϿЂ϶ϾϴЀϼ, ϻЂϿЂІЏЉ ЃЂϿЇЅЈϹЄϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϾЂϿЃϴЋϾϴЉ Ѕ ЂІ϶ϹЄЅІϼГЀϼ ϸϿГ ϾЄϹЃϿϹЁϼГ ϼ І. Ѓ.
ϖ ϾЇЄϷ. 3 ϡϹЄϾϼЁ ϡϴ϶ϹЄϴ (ϥϼЀЂЁГЁ 2011: 223) ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏϽ ϾЂϿВЍϼϽ ЀϹЋ-«ЄϴЃϼЄϴ».
ϱІЂ ЂЄЇϺϼϹ, ϾϴϾ ЇϺϹ ЂІЀϹЋϹЁЂ ϶ЏЌϹ, ЁϹϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЂ Ёϴ ϘЄϹ϶ЁϹЀ ϖЂЅІЂϾϹ ЄϴЁϹϹ ϾЂЁЊϴ III ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.
ϖ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϹϽ ІЄϹІϼ III ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϶ЂϼЁЏ ϻϸϹЅА ЅЄϴϺϴϿϼЅА ϾЂЄЂІϾϼЀϼ ЄЇϵГЍϼЀϼ ϼϿϼ ЄЇϵГЍϹ-ϾЂϿВЍϼЀϼ ЀϹЋϴЀϼ. ϖ БІЂ ϶ЄϹЀГ Ёϼ ϶ ϣϹЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϔϻϼϼ, Ёϼ ϶ ϱϷϹϽЅϾЂЀ ЄϹϷϼЂЁϹ, Ёϼ Ёϴ Ϟϴ϶ϾϴϻϹ ЁϹ ϵЏϿϴ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁϴ ІϹЉЁϼϾϴ ϵЂГ ϾЂϿВЍϼЀ ЂЄЇϺϼϹЀ. ϙЅϿϼ ϺϹ ЃЄϼЁГІА ЃЄϹϸϿЂϺϹЁЁЇВ ϔ. ϥϼЀЂЁГЁЂЀ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϾЇ
ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϽ ϡϹЄϾϼЁ ϡϴ϶ϹЄϴ (XXVI ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.; ІϴЀ ϺϹ: 224), ІЂ ЁϴЀ ЃЄϼϸϹІЅГ ЃЄϼЁГІА ϼ ϹϷЂ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼϹ Ђϵ «ϼϻЂϵЄϹІϹЁϼϼ» ЁЂЅϼІϹϿГЀϼ ϦϞ ϾЂϿВЍϼЉ ЀϹЋϹϽ, ϾЂЃϼϽ ЅЂ ϶ІЇϿАЋϴІЏЀϼ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾϴЀϼ, ϵЂϹ϶ЏЉ ϾЂϿϹЅЁϼЊ Ѕ ϾЂЁЁЂϽ ϻϴЃЄГϺϾЂϽ ϼ І. Ѓ. Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ЁЏЁϹЌЁϹϽ ϔЄЀϹЁϼϼ. ϡЂ ЂІЋϹϷЂ ϺϹ
϶ЅϹ БІϼ «ϼϻЂϵЄϹІϹЁϼГ» ЃЂЋІϼ 500 ϿϹІ ЁϹ ϶ЏЉЂϸϼϿϼ ϻϴ ϷЄϴЁϼЊЏ ϡϹЄϾϼЁ ϡϴ϶ϹЄϴ ϼ ІЂϿАϾЂ Ѕ ЄЇϵϹϺϴ
III/II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ЃЂЋІϼ ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁЁЂ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϼϿϼЅА Ёϴ Ϟϴ϶ϾϴϻϹ ϼ Ёϴ ϘЄϹ϶ЁϹЀ ϖЂЅІЂϾϹ? ϦϴϾ ϾϴϾ ϶
ϣЄϼЁЂЌЇ ϼЅϾЄϹЁЁВВ ϵϿϴϷЂϸϴЄЁЂЅІА ϖ. ϥ. ϕЂЋϾϴЄД϶Ї ϻϴ ЄϴϻЎГЅЁϹЁϼϹ ϶ЂЃЄЂЅϴ Ђ ІЂЀ, ϾϴϾЂϹ ϻЁϴЋϹЁϼϹ
ϼЀϹϿϴ Б϶ЂϿВЊϼГ ЃЅϴϿϼϽ ϸϿГ ϾЂϿϹЅЁϼЋЁЂϽ ϻϴЃЄГϺϾϼ ϿЂЌϴϸϹϽ.
9
198
,
,
ϸЄϹ϶ЁЂЅІϼ ЃϹЄϹϸϴЋϴ ϼ ЇЅ϶ЂϹЁϼϹ ЁЂ϶ϴЊϼϽ ϶ ЅЈϹЄϹ ϶ЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼГ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸϼϿϼ ЅЄϴ϶ЁϼІϹϿАЁЂ ϵЏЅІЄЂ,
ЃЄϼЉЂϸϼІЅГ ЃЄϼϻЁϴІА, ЋІЂ ЃЂϸЂϵЁЂϹ ϸЂЃЇЍϹЁϼϹ ЁϹ϶ϹЄЁЂ. ϡϴЃЂЀЁϼЀ, ЋІЂ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶Ͼϴ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴ
ϡϹЄϾϼЁ ϡϴ϶ϹЄ ЅϹЄϹϸϼЁЂϽ III ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁϴ ϼЅϾϿВЋϼІϹϿАЁЂ Ёϴ ЋϹІЏЄϹЉ ϸϴІϴЉ ЃЂ 14ϥ.
ϤϴЁϹϹ, ЂЅЁЂ϶Џ϶ϴГЅА Ёϴ ІЂЀ ϺϹ ЀϹІЂϸϹ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶Ͼϼ, ϗ. ϟ. Ϟϴ϶ІϴЄϴϸϻϹ ϼ ϖ. ϔ. ϦЄϼЈЂЁЂ϶ ЂІЁЂЅϼϿϼ
ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ «Њ϶ϹІЇЍϹϽ ЃЂЄЏ» ϦϞ Ͼ ЅϹЄϹϸϼЁϹ III ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϡϼ ЂϸϼЁ ϼϻ БІϼЉ ϴ϶ІЂЄЂ϶ ЁϹ ЃЂЃЏІϴϿЅГ
ЄϴϻЄϹЌϼІА ЇЃЂЀГЁЇІЂϹ ϶ЏЌϹ ЁϹЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ϼϹ. ϥЂϷϿϴЅЁЂ ϗ. ϟ. Ϟϴ϶ІϴЄϴϸϻϹ, ϶ЅϹ ЃϹЄϹЋϼЅϿϹЁЁЏϹ ЁЂ϶ϴЊϼϼ ϵЏϿϼ «ЂІϾЄЏІЏ» Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ЁЏЁϹЌЁϹϽ ϗЄЇϻϼϼ ϼ ЂІЅВϸϴ ЃЄϼ϶ЁϹЅϹЁЏ ϶ ϠϹЅЂЃЂІϴЀϼВ
϶Ђ ϶ЄϹЀГ III ϤϘ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ (Ϟϴ϶ІϴЄϴϸϻϹ 1983; Kavtaradze 1999). ϥЂϷϿϴЅЁЂ ϔ. ϥϼЀЂЁГЁЇ, БІϼ ϼϻЂϵЄϹІϹЁϼГ ϵЏϿϼ ЅϸϹϿϴЁЏ Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ЁЏЁϹЌЁϹϽ ϔЄЀϹЁϼϼ, ϴ ЃЂІЂЀ ϻϴϼЀЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁЏ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼϹЀ
ϠϹЅЂЃЂІϴЀϼϼ (ϥϼЀЂЁГЁ 2011). ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ϶ ЂϵЂϼЉ ЅϿЇЋϴГЉ Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼЀ «ϼϻЂϵЄϹІϴІϹϿГЀ» Їϸϴ϶ϴϿЂЅА
ϾϴϾϼЀ-ІЂ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ «ЇІϴϼІА» Ѕ϶Ђϼ ϸЂЅІϼϺϹЁϼГ ЂІ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏЉ «ЅЂЅϹϸϹϽ» Ёϴ ЅЂІЁϼ ϿϹІ. ϙЅϿϼ ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІЏ ϼϻ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЂ϶ ϦϞ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁГВІЅГ Ёϴ ϘЄϹ϶ЁϹЀ ϖЂЅІЂϾϹ ІЂϿАϾЂ ϶ ϾЂЁЊϹ III ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.,
ІЂ ϼ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ ϦϞ ЁϹ ЀЂϷЇІ ϵЏІА ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЏ ЄϴЁϹϹ БІЂϷЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ. ϔ ϹЅϿϼ ϸϴІЏ ЃЂ 14ϥ ЇϾϴϻЏ϶ϴВІ,
ЋІЂ ϦϞ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴϿϴ ϶ ЅϹЄϹϸϼЁϹ III ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б., ІЂ ϼЉ ЁϴϸЂ ЂІϵЄϴЅЏ϶ϴІА ϾϴϾ ЁϹϸЂЅІЂ϶ϹЄЁЏϹ.
ϔЄϷЇЀϹЁІЏ ϶ ЃЂϿАϻЇ ЇϸЄϹ϶ЁϹЁϼГ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ϦϞ ϸЂ ЅϹЄϹϸϼЁЏ III ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϼ ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁϼϻϴЊϼϼ ϼЉ Ѕ ϤϘ III ЃϹЄϼЂϸЂЀ ϶ ϠϹЅЂЃЂІϴЀϼϼ ϼϻϿЂϺϼϿ ϗ. ϟ. Ϟϴ϶ІϴЄϴϸϻϹ (Kavtaradze 1999). ϢЁ ЃЂϿϴϷϴϹІ,
ЋІЂ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЏ «Њ϶ϹІЇЍϹϽ ЃЂЄЏ» ϦϞ Г϶ϿГВІЅГ ІϼЃϼЋЁЏЀ ЃЄЂϸЇϾІЂЀ Ϥϕϖ ϕϿϼϺЁϹϷЂ ϖЂЅІЂϾϴ ϼ ϹϷЂ
ЃϹЄϼЈϹЄϼϼ, Ђ ЋϹЀ, Ѕ ϹϷЂ ІЂЋϾϼ ϻЄϹЁϼГ, Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ЇВІ ЀЁЂϷЂЋϼЅϿϹЁЁЏϹ ЃϴЄϴϿϿϹϿϼ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϴЀ ϦϞ
ϼϻ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ III ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б., ЂІЀϹЋϹЁЁЏϹ ЅϴЀϼЀ ϗ. ϟ. Ϟϴ϶ІϴЄϴϸϻϹ (1983), ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ϕ. ϔ. ϞЇЈІϼЁЏЀ
(1941) ϼ ϱ. Ϡ. ϗЂϷϴϸϻϹ (1972). ϞЄЂЀϹ ІЂϷЂ, ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿА ЅЋϼІϴϹІ, ЋІЂ БϿϼІЁЏϹ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ ϦϞ ЅІϴϸϼϴϿАЁЂ ЀЂϺЁЂ ЅЂЃЂЅІϴ϶ϼІА ІЂϿАϾЂ Ѕ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГЀϼ ЊϴЄЅϾЂϷЂ ϾϿϴϸϵϼЍϴ ϶ ϧЄϹ ϼ «ϾЁГϺϹЅϾϼЀϼ»
ЀЂϷϼϿϴЀϼ ϔϿϴϸϺϼ (Ϟϴ϶ІϴЄϴϸϻϹ 1983: 117, 124; Kavtaradze 1999: 88). ϡϼЋϹϷЂ ЃЂϸЂϵЁЂϷЂ Ёϴ ϘЄϹ϶ЁϹЀ
ϖЂЅІЂϾϹ ЁϹІ Ёϼ ϶ ϾЂЁЊϹ III ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б., Ёϼ ϶Ђ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.
ϞЄϴІϾЂ ЂЅІϴЁЂ϶ϼЀЅГ Ёϴ ЃϹЄϹЋϼЅϿϹЁЁЏЉ ϗ. ϟ. Ϟϴ϶ІϴЄϴϸϻϹ ϴЄϷЇЀϹЁІϴЉ. ϧІ϶ϹЄϺϸϹЁϼϹ Ђ
ЀϹІϴϿϿϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ ϦϞ Ѕ ЃЄЂϸЇϾЊϼϹϽ Ϥϕϖ ϕϿϼϺЁϹϷЂ ϖЂЅІЂϾϴ ϼ ϹϷЂ ЃϹЄϼЈϹЄϼϼ
ЅЃЄϴ϶ϹϸϿϼ϶Ђ. ϢϸЁϴϾЂ Ѕ
ІЂЋϾϼ ϻЄϹЁϼГ ЂЄЇϺϼϹ ϦϞ, ЁϹЅЂЀЁϹЁЁЂ, ЂІЁЂЅϼІЅГ Ͼ
.
ϘЂЅІϴІЂЋЁЂ ЂϵЄϴІϼІА ϶ЁϼЀϴЁϼϹ Ёϴ ϾЂЃАГ ЅЂ Ѕ϶ϹЄЁЇІЂϽ ϶ІЇϿϾЂϽ, ϾЂϿВЍϼϹ ЀϹЋϼ-«ЄϴЃϼЄЏ», ЃЄЂЇЌЁЏϹ ІЂЃЂЄЏ-ЅϹϾϼЄЏ ϼ І. Ѓ. (ϞЇЌЁϴЄД϶ϴ, ϤЏЅϼЁ 2000: 82–87).
Ϣ ЃЄϼ϶ЂϸϼЀЏЉ ϗ. ϟ. Ϟϴ϶ІϴЄϴϸϻϹ, ϕ. ϔ. ϞЇЈІϼЁЏЀ ϼ Ϡ. ϔϵЄϴЀϼЌ϶ϼϿϼ ЃϴЄϴϿϿϹϿГЉ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГЀ
ϦϞ ϶ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЉ ϘЄϹ϶ЁϹϷЂ ϖЂЅІЂϾϴ III ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ЀЏ ЇϺϹ ЃϼЅϴϿϼ ЄϴЁϹϹ, ϶ ІЂЀ ЋϼЅϿϹ ϼ ϶ ϸϴЁЁЂϽ ЄϴϵЂІϹ. ϕЂϿАЌϼЁЅІ϶Ђ ЃЄϼ϶ЂϸϼЀЏЉ ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼϽ ϸϹЀЂЁЅІЄϼЄЇВІ ϵϿϹЅІГЍЇВ БЄЇϸϼЊϼВ ϴ϶ІЂЄЂ϶ ϼ
ϷϿЇϵЂϾЂϹ ϻЁϴЁϼϹ ϼЀϼ ϻϴЄЇϵϹϺЁЂϽ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϿϼІϹЄϴІЇЄЏ. ϥ ІϼЃЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϺϹ ІЂЋϾϼ ϻЄϹЁϼГ ЃЄϼ϶ЂϸϼЀЏϹ ЃϴЄϴϿϿϹϿϼ ЋϴЅІЂ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІЁЏ ϼ ЁϹ ЂϵЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁЏ. ϖ ЂЅЂϵϹЁЁЂЅІϼ БІЂ ЂІЁЂЅϼІЅГ
Ͼ ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼГЀ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЇϹІ ϗ. ϟ. Ϟϴ϶ІϴЄϴϸϻϹ (1983: 33). ϘЂЅІϴІЂЋЁЂ ЁϴЃЂЀЁϼІА, ЋІЂ ЂЁ ЁϹЂϸЁЂϾЄϴІЁЂ ЅЅЏϿϴϹІЅГ Ёϴ ІϼЃЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЇВ ϼ ЅІϼϿϼЅІϼЋϹЅϾЇВ ϵϿϼϻЂЅІА ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿЂ϶ ϦϞ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϴЀ
ϼϻ ϕЂϿАЌЂϷЂ ϠϴϽϾЂЃЅϾЂϷЂ ϾЇЄϷϴЁϴ. ϞЅІϴІϼ, ϗ. ϟ. Ϟϴ϶ІϴЄϴϸϻϹ ϻϸϹЅА ЁϹЂЄϼϷϼЁϴϿϹЁ, БІЂ ϺϹ ϸЂЃЇЅϾϴϿϼ
ЀЁЂϷϼϹ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼ (ϜϹЅЅϹЁ 1950; ϣЂЃЂ϶ϴ 1964; Schaeffer 1948), ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁϼϻϼЄЇГ ЊϴЄЅϾϼϹ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГ
ЀϴϽϾЂЃЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ, БϿϼІЁЏϹ ЀЂϷϼϿЏ ϔϿϴϸϺϼ ϼ ЊϴЄЅϾϼϹ ϷЄЂϵЁϼЊЏ ϧЄϴ. ϣϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ ЀϴϽϾЂЃЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ, ЂІЁЂЅГЍϼϹЅГ Ͼ Ϥϕϖ, ϸϴІϼЄЇВІЅГ ϶ІЂЄЂϽ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁЂϽ IV — ЁϴЋϴϿЂЀ III ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.
ϫІЂ ϺϹ ЀЂϷЇІ ЃЄϼЁϹЅІϼ ЁЂ϶ЂϷЂ ϸϿГ ЇІЂЋЁϹЁϼГ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ЃЂϻϼЊϼϼ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ϦϞ ЃЄϼ϶ЂϸϼЀЏϹ ϗ. ϟ. Ϟϴ϶ІϴЄϴϸϻϹ ЃϴЄϴϿϿϹϿϼ? ϠЏ ЇϺϹ ЃϼЅϴϿϼ Ђϵ ЂЌϼϵϾϴЉ, ϸЂЃЇЍϹЁЁЏЉ ЇЃЂЀГЁЇІЏЀϼ
ϴ϶ІЂЄϴЀϼ ЃЄϼ ЃЂϸϵЂЄϹ ІϼЃЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼϽ ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾϼЀ ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІϴЀ ϦϞ: ϴϷϴІЂ϶ЂЀЇ ϾЇϿЂЁЇ
ϿЇЁϴЄЁЂϽ ЈЂЄЀЏ; ϵЇϿϴ϶ϾϴЀ ЅЂ ЅЈϹЄϼЋϹЅϾϼЀϼ ϻЂϿЂІЏЀϼ ϷЂϿЂ϶ϾϴЀϼ; ЀϹІϴϿϿϼЋϹЅϾϼЀ ЅЂЅЇϸϴЀ Ѕ ϸЇϷЂ϶ϼϸЁЏЀϼ ЄЇЋϾϴЀϼ; ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾϴЀ ϾЂЃϼϽ ЅЂ Ѕ϶ϹЄЁЇІЂϽ ϶ІЇϿϾЂϽ; ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼВ ЅϼϸГЍϹϽ Ёϴ ІЄЂЁϹ
ЈϼϷЇЄЏ Ѕ ЅЂЅЇϸЂЀ ϶ ЄЇϾϹ ϼ І. Ѓ. ϖЅϹ БІϼ ЃϴЄϴϿϿϹϿϼ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸГІ ϼϻ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶, ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴ϶ЌϼЉ
Ёϴ ЃЄЂІГϺϹЁϼϼ ϸϿϼІϹϿАЁЂϷЂ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ϼ ЄϴЅЃЂϿЂϺϹЁЁЏЉ ϶ ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЏЉ ϴЄϹϴϿϴЉ.
ϛϴЋϴЅІЇВ ЅЂЃЂЅІϴ϶ϿГВІЅГ ІϼЃЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼ ЄϴϻЁЏϹ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ, ЁϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾϼ ϾЂЃϼϽ ЅЂ ЅІϹЄϺЁϹ϶ЏЀ ЁϴЅϴϸЂЀ, ЅЂ Ѕ϶ϹЄЁЇІЂϽ ϶ІЇϿϾЂϽ ϼ Ѕ ϿϼІЂϽ ЅϿϹЃЂϽ ϶ІЇϿϾЂϽ (ЅЀ. Ϟϴ϶ІϴЄϴϸϻϹ 1983: 131–134).
ϥϿϹϸЇϹІ ІϴϾϺϹ ЂІЀϹІϼІА, ЋІЂ Ёϴ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁЁЂЀ БІϴЃϹ Єϴϻ϶ϼІϼГ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϵЏІЁЂϷЂ ЂϵЍϹЅІ϶ϴ
(ЅІϴϸϼГ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЁЂϷЂ ЂϵЍϹЅІ϶ϴ) ЃЂГ϶ϿГВІЅГ ϵϿϼϻϾϼϹ ЃЂ ϶ЁϹЌЁϼЀ ЈЂЄЀϴЀ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ ϿϼϸϹЄЂ϶
ЂϵЍϼЁ — «ЊϴЄЅϾϼϹ», ϼϿϼ «ϾЁГϺϹЅϾϼϹ» ЀЂϷϼϿЏ. ϘϿГ ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄГ ІϴϾϼЉ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЂ ЃЄϼЅЇІЅІ϶ϼϹ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄГ ϼ ЃЄϹЅІϼϺЁЏЉ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ. ϥЉЂϸЁЏЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ ЅϴϾЄϴϿАЁϴГ ЄЂϿА
϶ЂϺϸϹϽ ЂІЄϴϺϴϹІЅГ ϶ ЂϵЄГϸϴЉ ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸϴ ϼ Ёϴ БІϴЃϹ ЄϴЁЁϹϽ ϷЂЅЇϸϴЄЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂЅІϼ. ϥЉЂϸЅІ϶Ђ ЁϴϵЂЄЂ϶
199
:
,
,
ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄГ ϶ ІϴϾϼЉ БϿϼІЁЏЉ ЀЂϷϼϿϴЉ ЈЇЁϾЊϼЂЁϴϿАЁЂϹ, ЁЂ ЁϹ ІϼЃЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϹ. ϖ ЁϼЉ, ϾϴϾ ЃЄϴ϶ϼϿЂ,
ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ ЁϴϵЂЄЏ ЂЄЇϺϼГ, ЂЄЇϸϼϽ ІЄЇϸϴ (ЃϿЂІЁϼЊϾϼϹ ϼЁЅІЄЇЀϹЁІЏ), В϶ϹϿϼЄЁЏϹ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ, ЀϹІϴϿϿϼЋϹЅϾϴГ ЃЂЅЇϸϴ, ІЄϴЁЅЃЂЄІЁЏϹ ЅЄϹϸЅІ϶ϴ ϼ ϺϹЄІ϶ЂЃЄϼЁЂЌϹЁϼГ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЏЉ. ϢЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁϼϹ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ЃЂϻϼЊϼϼ «ϾЁГϺϹЅϾϼЉ» ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ ЁϹ Ѕ϶ЂϸϼІЅГ Ͼ ЃЄЂЅІЂϽ ϼЉ ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁϼϻϴЊϼϼ, ϴ ІЄϹϵЇϹІ
϶ ϾϴϺϸЂЀ ЂІϸϹϿАЁЂЀ ЅϿЇЋϴϹ ϶ϹЅАЀϴ ϾЄЂЃЂІϿϼ϶ЂϷЂ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼГ.
ϖЂ ϶ЅГϾЂЀ ЅϿЇЋϴϹ,
ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ЂϾ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ «Њ϶ϹІЇЍϹϽ ЃЂЄЏ» ϦϞ,
Ёϴ ЁϴЌ ϶ϻϷϿГϸ, ϸЂϿϺϹЁ ЅЂЃЄЂ϶ЂϺϸϴІАЅГ ЅЄϴ϶ЁϼІϹϿАЁЂ-ІϼЃЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЀ ϴЁϴϿϼϻЂЀ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЏЉ ІϼЃЂ϶
ЀϹІϴϿϿϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ ϦϞ ϼ
ЃЄϹϸϿЂϺϹЁЁЏЉ ЄϴЁϹϹ
, ЅϿЇϺϼ϶ЌϼЉ ЂЃЂЄЂϽ ϸϿГ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼЂЁЁЂϽ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶Ͼϼ.
ϠЏ ЃЄЂϴЁϴϿϼϻϼЄЂ϶ϴϿϼ Ѕ ЃЂЀЂЍАВ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼЂЁЁЏЉ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЀϹІЂϸЂ϶ ІϼЃЏ ЂЄЇϺϼГ,
ЀϹІϴϿϿϼЋϹЅϾЇВ ЃЂЅЇϸЇ ϼ В϶ϹϿϼЄЁЏϹ ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁϼГ ϼϻ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ϦϞ. ϣЂϿЇЋϹЁЁЏϹ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІЏ ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГВІ ЃЄϹϸϿЂϺϼІА ЁϴϸϹϺЁЇВ ϸϴІЇ ϸϿГ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ «Њ϶ϹІЇЍϹϽ ЃЂЄЏ» ϦϞ. ϥЂ϶ϹЄЌϹЁЁЂ ЂЋϹ϶ϼϸЁЂ, ЋІЂ ϼЉ ЁϹϿАϻГ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴІА Ёϼ ЅϹЄϹϸϼЁЂϽ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б., Ёϼ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϽ ϹϷЂ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁЂϽ. ϡϼϾϴϾ ЁϹ
ЃЂϸІ϶ϹЄϺϸϴϹІЅГ ЅЄϴ϶ЁϼІϹϿАЁЂ-ІϼЃЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЀ ЀϹІЂϸЂЀ ϼ ЃЂЃЏІϾϴ ЇϸЄϹ϶ЁϹЁϼГ ϦϞ ϸЂ ЅϹЄϹϸϼЁЏ
III ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϡϴϼϵЂϿϹϹ ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂϹ ϶ЄϹЀГ ϵЏІЂ϶ϴЁϼГ БІϼЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ — ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϼϹ ϶ϹϾϴ III —
ЃϹЄ϶ϴГ ЋϹІ϶ϹЄІА II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.
ϖ БІЂІ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼϹ ϲϺЁЂϷЂ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ, ϼ ЃЄϹϺϸϹ ϶ЅϹϷЂ ϹϷЂ ЃЄϴ϶ГЍϴГ БϿϼІϴ, ЃЂϸϸϹЄϺϼ϶ϴϿЂ ϴϾІϼ϶ЁЏϹ Ѕ϶Гϻϼ Ѕ ЃϹЄϹϸЁϹ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏЀ ЄϹϷϼЂЁЂЀ (ϞϴЃЃϴϸЂϾϼГ, ϥϼЄϼГ, ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁϴГ ϠϹЅЂЃЂІϴЀϼГ ϼ
ϥϹ϶ϹЄЂ-ϛϴЃϴϸЁЏϽ ϜЄϴЁ). ϖϹЄЂГІЁЂ, ЀϴЅЌІϴϵ ϼ ЁϴЃЄϴ϶ϿϹЁЁЂЅІА БІϼЉ Ѕ϶ГϻϹϽ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿГϿϼЅА ϶ϾϿВЋϹЁϼϹЀ ϲϺЁЂϷЂ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ ϶ ЂЄϵϼІЇ ϼЁІϹЄϹЅЂ϶ ϴЅЅϼЄϼϽЅϾЂϽ ІЂЄϷЂ϶ЂϽ ЂЄϷϴЁϼϻϴЊϼϼ. ϣЄϼЀϹЋϴІϹϿАЁЂ, ЋІЂ
ϻϴϾϴІ «Њ϶ϹІЇЍϹϽ ЃЂЄЏ» ϦϞ ЅЂ϶ЃϴϿ Ѕ ЇϷϴЅϴЁϼϹЀ ϴϾІϼ϶ЁЂЅІϼ ЀϹϺϸЇЁϴЄЂϸЁЂϽ ϴЅЅϼЄϼϽЅϾЂϽ ІЂЄϷЂ϶Ͽϼ,
϶ ЋϴЅІЁЂЅІϼ Ѕ ЃЄϹϾЄϴЍϹЁϼϹЀ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼГ ϴЅЅϼЄϼϽЅϾЂϽ ϾЂϿЂЁϼϼ ϞϴЄЇЀ ϞϴЁϼЌϴ ϶ ϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϽ
ϔЁϴІЂϿϼϼ. ϖЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ, БІϼ ЅЂϵЏІϼГ ϵЏϿϼ Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁЏ Ѕ ϶ЂϻЁϼϾЁЂ϶ϹЁϼϹЀ ЁЂ϶ЂϽ ЃЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ЅϼϿЏ Ёϴ
ϣϹЄϹϸЁϹЀ ϖЂЅІЂϾϹ — ϩϹІІЅϾЂϽ ϸϹЄϺϴ϶Џ (Narimanišvili, Šanšašvili 2010: 209).
ϡϹ ЃЂϸІ϶ϹЄϺϸϴВІЅГ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼЂЁЁЏϹ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼГ Ђ Ѕ϶ГϻГЉ ϛϴϾϴ϶ϾϴϻАГ Ѕ ϱϷϹϽЅϾϼЀ ЄϹϷϼЂЁЂЀ. ϙЅϿϼ Ёϴ ЃЄϹϸЏϸЇЍϹЀ БІϴЃϹ ϥϕϖ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴϿϼ ϴϾІϼ϶ЁЏϹ ϼ ЄϴϻЁЂЅІЂЄЂЁЁϼϹ ϾЂЁІϴϾІЏ ϲϺЁЂϷЂ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ Ѕ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЏЀ, ІЂ Ёϴ БІϴЃϹ «Њ϶ϹІЇЍϹϽ ЃЂЄЏ» ϦϞ ЂЁϼ ЃЄϴϾІϼЋϹЅϾϼ ЃЂϿЁЂЅІАВ
ЇІЄϴЋϹЁЏ. ϢІЅЇІЅІ϶ϼϹ ЃЄϼІЂϾϴ ЁЂ϶ϴЊϼϽ Ѕ ϘЄϹ϶ЁϹϷЂ ϖЂЅІЂϾϴ ЋϹЄϹϻ ϛϴϾϴ϶ϾϴϻАϹ ЂϾϴϻϴϿЂ ЄϹЌϴВЍϹϹ
϶ϿϼГЁϼϹ Ёϴ ЅЇϸАϵЇ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϷЂ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ ϼ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂϹ϶ЄЂЃϹϽЅϾϼЉ ЅІϹЃϹϽ. ϥЂϷϿϴЅЁЂ ЄϴϻЄϴϵЂІϾϴЀ ϖ. ϥ. ϕЂЋϾϴЄД϶ϴ, ϼЀϹЁЁЂ ϶ БІЂ ϶ЄϹЀГ (ЈϼЁϴϿ ϥϕϖ) ЊϹЁІЄ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЂϷϹЁϹϻϴ ЅЀϹЍϴϹІЅГ Ѕ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ ϶
ϖЂϿϷЂ-ϧЄϴϿАЅϾϼϽ ЄϹϷϼЂЁ, ϷϸϹ ЈЂЄЀϼЄЇϹІЅГ ЁЂ϶ЏϽ ЂЋϴϷ ϷϹЁϹЄϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ ϣϕϖ (ϕЂЋϾϴЄД϶ 1991:
24–27). ϣЂ ЀЁϹЁϼВ ϖ. ϥ. ϕЂЋϾϴЄД϶ϴ: «Ϟ ЁϴЋϴϿЇ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϶ϿϼГЁϼϹ Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾЂϷЂ ЂЋϴϷϴ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЂϷϹЁϹϻϴ ЈϴϾІϼЋϹЅϾϼ ЅЂЌϿЂ Ёϴ ЁϹІ. ϢЁ ЃЄϹ϶ЄϴІϼϿЅГ ϶ ЋϼЅІЂ ЄϹϷϼЂЁϴϿАЁЏϽ ЊϹЁІЄ. ϖЀϹЅІϹ Ѕ БІϼЀ ϻϴ϶ϹЄЌϼϿЅГ Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼϽ БІϴЃ ϶ ϼЅІЂЄϼϼ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЂϷЂ ϶ϹϾϴ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ϙ϶ЄЂЃЏ. ϡϴ ЄЇϵϹϺϹ III–II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.
ЂϵЍϼϽ ЊϹЁІЄ Єϴϻ϶ϼІϼГ ЃϹЄϹЀϹЅІϼϿЅГ Ѕ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ Ёϴ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЂ-϶ЂЅІЂϾ — ϶ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϹ ϣЂ϶ЂϿϺАϹ ϼ ϲϺЁЏϽ
ϧЄϴϿ. ϛϸϹЅА ЅЈЂЄЀϼЄЂ϶ϴϿЅГ ЁЂ϶ЏϽ ЂЋϴϷ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЂϷϹЁϹϻϴ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ ϵЏϿ Ёϴϻ϶ϴЁ ϶ЂϿϷЂ-ЇЄϴϿАЅϾϼЀ»
(ϕЂЋϾϴЄД϶ 2012: 21).
«
»
ϢІϾЄЏІϼϹ ЁЂ϶ЏЉ БϿϼІЁЏЉ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏЉ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЂ϶ ϦϞ Ёϴ ϲϺЁЂЀ Ϟϴ϶ϾϴϻϹ ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГϹІ ЃЂϼЁЂЀЇ ЂЊϹЁϼІА ЅЂЊϼϴϿАЁЏϽ ϴЅЃϹϾІ «Њ϶ϹІЇЍϹϽ ЃЂЄЏ» ϦϞ. ϙЅϿϼ ЄϴЁϹϹ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿϴϷϴϿЂЅА, ЋІЂ ЊϹЁІЄ
ϦϞ ЄϴЅЃЂϿϴϷϴϿЅГ Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ЁЏЁϹЌЁϹϽ ϗЄЇϻϼϼ, ϶ ЄϴϽЂЁϹ ϦЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾЂϷЂ ЃϿϴІЂ, ІЂ ЅϹϷЂϸЁГ ЀЏ
ϻЁϴϹЀ Ђ ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾϼЉ ЃϿϹЀϹЁЁЏЉ (?) ЊϹЁІЄϴЉ ЅЂ Ѕ϶ЂϼЀϼ ϶ЂϺϸГЀϼ, ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁЁЏЀϼ ϶ ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ϼϼ Ѕ
ϼЉ ϶ЏЅЂϾϼЀ ЅІϴІЇЅЂЀ — ϦЄϼϴϿϹІϼ, ϟЂЄϼ ϕϹЄϸ, ϖϴЁϴϸϻЂЄ, ϞϴЄϴЌϴЀϵ, ϡϹЄϾϼЁ ϡϴ϶ϹЄ, ϔϿϼϾϹЀϹϾІϹЃϹ
ϼ І. ϸ. ϣЄϼЋϹЀ ϶ ϟЂЄϼ ϕϹЄϸϹ, ϡϹЄϾϼЁ ϡϴ϶ϹЄϹ ϼ ϶ ϦЄϼϴϿϹІϼ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁЏ ЁϹ ϹϸϼЁϼЋЁЏϹ БϿϼІЁЏϹ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГ, ϴ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЁЏϹ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϼ «ЃϿϹЀϹЁЁЂϽ ϶ϹЄЉЇЌϾϼ».
ϠЂϷϼϿЏ ϶ЂϺϸϹϽ ϶ЏϸϹϿГВІЅГ ЄϴϻЀϹЄϴЀϼ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏЉ ГЀ ϼϿϼ ЁϴϻϹЀЁЏЉ ϻϴϿЂ϶, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ϶
ϦЄϼϴϿϹІϼ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿГВІ 175 ϼ 152 Ѐ2, ϖϴЁϴϸϻЂЄϹ — 45 Ѐ2, ϞϴЄϴЌϴЀϵϹ — 30 Ѐ2 ϼ ϶ ϔϿϼϾϹЀϹϾІϹЃϹ —
7 Ѐ2. ϖ ϦЄϼϴϿϹІϼ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ ϶ϹϸЇЍϼϹ Ͼ ϶ЉЂϸϴЀ ϶ ϸЄЂЀЂЅЏ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏЉ ϻϴϿЂ϶ ЀЂЍϹЁЏϹ ϸЂЄЂϷϼ
ϸϿГ ЄϼІЇϴϿАЁЏЉ ЃЄЂЊϹЅЅϼϽ (Narimanišvili 2003). ϣЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ ϶ЂϺϸϹϽ ЂІϿϼЋϴВІ ЀЁЂϷЂЈЇЁϾЊϼЂЁϴϿАЁЏϹ ЁϴϵЂЄЏ ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄГ, ϾϴϾ ЃЄϴ϶ϼϿЂ, ϶ϾϿВЋϴВЍϼϹ ЂЄЇϺϼϹ (ϾЂЃАϹ, ЀϹЋ, ϾϼЁϺϴϿ, ЅϹϾϼЄϴ, ϿЇϾ);
ЃϿЂІЁϼЊϾϼϹ ϼЁЅІЄЇЀϹЁІЏ (ІϹЅϿЂ, ϸЂϿЂІЂ); В϶ϹϿϼЄЁЏϹ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ ϼϻ ϸЄϴϷЂЊϹЁЁЏЉ ЀϹІϴϿϿЂ϶ ϼ ϾϴЀЁϹϽ,
200
,
,
϶ ІЂЀ ЋϼЅϿϹ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁЁЏϹ ϶ ЃЂϿϼЉЄЂЀЁЂЀ ЅІϼϿϹ ϵЇЅϼЁЏ, ЅϹЄАϷϼ, ϷЂϿЂ϶Ͼϼ ϵЇϿϴ϶ЂϾ ϼ ЅЂЅЇϸЏ; ЁϴϵЂЄЏ ϸϿГ ЅЂ϶ϹЄЌϹЁϼГ ϺϹЄІ϶ЂЃЄϼЁЂЌϹЁϼϽ (ЀϹІϴϿϿϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϾЂІϿЏ, ЋϴЌϼ, ϾЇϵϾϼ, ЀГЅЁЏϹ ϾЄВϾϼ);
ϸϹЅГІϾϼ ϷϿϼЁГЁЏЉ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ Ѕ ϺϹЄІ϶ϹЁЁЂϽ ЃϼЍϹϽ ϼ ЁϴЃϼІϾϴЀϼ, ϶ ІЂЀ ЋϼЅϿϹ ϸЄϴϷЂЊϹЁЁЏϹ ЄϴЅЃϼЅЁЏϹ
ЅЂЅЇϸЏ; ЃЂ϶ЂϻϾϼ Ѕ ЀϹІϴϿϿϼЋϹЅϾϼЀϼ ЄϴϻϸϹϿϼІϹϿГЀϼ ϶ЂϺϺϹϽ Ёϴ ϸЏЌϿϹ; ЀЁЂϷЂЋϼЅϿϹЁЁЏϹ ϺϹЄІ϶ЂЃЄϼЁЂЌϹЁϼГ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЏЉ. ϢЄЇϺϼϹ ϶ ЀЂϷϼϿϴЉ ϶ЂϺϸϹϽ ϼЁЂϷϸϴ ϶ЏЃЂϿЁϹЁЂ ϼϻ ϸЄϴϷЂЊϹЁЁЏЉ ЀϹІϴϿϿЂ϶
ϼϿϼ ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁЂ ϻЂϿЂІЂЀ. Ϟ ЄϼІЇϴϿАЁЏЀ ЅЂЅЇϸϴЀ ЀЂϺЁЂ ЂІЁϹЅІϼ ϼ ЇЃЂЀГЁЇІЏϹ ϶ЏЌϹ ϵϴϻϴϿАІЂ϶ЏϹ ϼ
ІЇЈЂ϶ЏϹ «ЈϼϴϿЏ» (ІϹЄϾϼ) ϸϿГ ЃЄϼϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϼГ Ѕ϶ГЍϹЁЁЂϷЂ ЁϴЃϼІϾϴ ЅЂЀЏ-ЉϴЂЀЏ (?). ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ,
ЁϴϵЂЄЏ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄГ ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГВІ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϼІА, ЋІЂ ϼЀϹЁЁЂ ϶ЂϺϸϼ ϵЏϿϼ ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁϹЁЏ
϶ ЂϷЄϴϵϿϹЁЁЏЉ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾϼЉ ϾЇЄϷ. V, XV, XVII ϼ XXXVI, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ϶ ϵЂϿАЌЂЀ ϾЇЄϷϴЁϹ ϞϴЄϴЌϴЀϵϴ,
϶ ϾЇЄϷϴЁϹ ϖϴЁϴϸϻЂЄϴ (ϞϼЄЂ϶ϴϾϴЁϴ) ϼ ϶ ЃЂϷЄ. 80 Ёϴ ϔϿϼϾϹЀϹϾІϹЃϹ.
ϥЄϹϸϼ БϿϼІЁЏЉ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ ЀЂϺЁЂ ϶ЏϸϹϿϼІА ЀЂϷϼϿЏ ЃЄЂЈϹЅЅϼЂЁϴϿАЁЏЉ ϶ЂϼЁЂ϶ (϶ЂϼЁЅϾϴГ
«ϴЄϼЅІЂϾЄϴІϼГ»): ϟЂЄϼ ϕϹЄϸ, ЃЂϷЄ. 65 (ЄϼЅ. 6, ) ϼ ϡϹЄϾϼЁ ϡϴ϶ϹЄ, ϾЇЄϷ. 3, ϶ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ
ЀϹЋϼ-«ЄϴЃϼЄЏ» ϼ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ ϼϻ ϸЄϴϷЂЊϹЁЁЏЉ ЀϹІϴϿϿЂ϶. ϡϹГЅЁЂ, Ͼ ϾϴϾЂϽ ϾϴІϹϷЂЄϼϼ БϿϼІЏ ЂІЁЂЅϼϿϼЅА
ЂЅІϴϿАЁЏϹ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁЁЏϹ Ёϴ БІϼЉ ϸ϶ЇЉ ϾϿϴϸϵϼЍϴЉ. ϖ ϟЂЄϼ ϕϹЄϸϹ (ЃЂϷЄ. 6) ЁϴϽϸϹЁ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏϽ ϾЂІϹϿ
ϼ ϾЄВϾ, ЁЂ ЁϹІ ЂЄЇϺϼГ ϼ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ ϼϻ ϸЄϴϷЂЊϹЁЁЏЉ ЀϹІϴϿϿЂ϶. ϖ ЃЂϷЄ. 74 (ЄϼЅ. 6, ), 77 (ЄϼЅ. 6, ),
94 (ЄϼЅ. 6, ) ϟЂЄϼ ϕϹЄϸϴ ϼ ϶ ϾЇЄϷ. 5ϕ ϡϹЄϾϼЁ ϡϴ϶ϹЄϴ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЂ ЂЄЇϺϼϹ (ϾЂЃАГ, ЀϹЋϼ, ϾϼЁϺϴϿЏ,
ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾϼ ЅІЄϹϿ) ϼ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ ϼϻ ϸЄϴϷЂЊϹЁЁЏЉ ЀϹІϴϿϿЂ϶, ЁЂ ЂІЅЇІЅІ϶ЇВІ ЅЂЅЇϸЏ ϸϿГ ϺϹЄІ϶ЂЃЄϼЁЂЌϹЁϼϽ. ϡϼ ϶ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГЉ ϟЂЄϼ ϕϹЄϸϴ, Ёϼ ϶ ϾЇЄϷϴЁϴЉ ϡϹЄϾϼЁ ϡϴ϶ϹЄϴ ЁϹ ϶ЅІЄϹЋϹЁЏ ЃϿЂІЁϼЊϾϼϹ
ϼЁЅІЄЇЀϹЁІЏ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ϶ЉЂϸϼϿϼ ϶ ЂϵГϻϴІϹϿАЁЏϽ ЁϴϵЂЄ ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄГ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ ϶ЂϺϸϹϽ. ϖЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ,
Ёϴ ЂϵЂϼЉ ϾϿϴϸϵϼЍϴЉ ЉЂЄЂЁϼϿϼ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϼІϹϿϹϽ ЄЂϸЂ϶ЂϽ ϶ЂϼЁЅϾЂϽ ϴЄϼЅІЂϾЄϴІϼϼ, ЃЂϸЂϵЁЂϽ ϾЂϿϹЅЁϼЋЁЂϽ ϴЄϼЅІЂϾЄϴІϼϼ ЅϼЁІϴЌІϼЁЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ. ϱϿϼІЁЏϹ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГ Ѕ ϾЂϿϹЅЁϼЊϴЀϼ, ϻϴЃЄГϺϹЁЁЏЀϼ ϿЂЌϴϸАЀϼ, ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ Ёϴ ϲϺЁЂЀ Ϟϴ϶ϾϴϻϹ ϶ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴЉ ϾϴЄЀϼЄϵϹЄϸЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ, ЅЀϹЁГВЍϹϽ ϦϞ, ϼ ϶ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЉ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ, ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸЁЂϷЂ Ͼ ϣϕϖ (ϢЌϴϾϴЁ ϼ ϗϴЄϴϸϺϴЀϼЄϿϼ).
ϣЄЂІϼ϶ ϼЁІϹЄЃЄϹІϴЊϼϼ ϵЂϿАЌϼЁЅІ϶ϴ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ ϟЂЄϼ ϕϹЄϸϴ ϼ ϡϹЄϾϼЁ ϡϴ϶ϹЄϴ ϾϴϾ ϶ЂϺϸϹЅϾϼЉ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ЇВІ ІϴϾϺϹ ЀϴϿЏϹ ЄϴϻЀϹЄЏ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏЉ ЅЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼϽ (϶ЏЅЂІϴ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЂ϶ ЁϹ ЃЄϹ϶ЏЌϴϹІ 0,5 Ѐ, ϸϼϴЀϹІЄ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЂϽ ЂϵϾϿϴϸϾϼ ϶ϴЄАϼЄЇϹІ ЂІ 10 ϸЂ 20 Ѐ). ϦЂϿАϾЂ ЂϸϼЁ ϾЇЄϷϴЁ ϶ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϹ ϡϹЄϾϼЁ ϡϴ϶ϹЄ ЂІϿϼЋϴϿЅГ ЂІ ЂЅІϴϿАЁЏЉ ЄϴϻЀϹЄϴЀϼ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ЅЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼГ. ϤϹЋА ϼϸϹІ Ђ
ЄϴЅЃЂϿЂϺϹЁЁЂЀ ϶ 300 Ѐ Ͼ ϥ ЂІ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЂϷЂ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴ ϾЇЄϷ. 7, ЃЂϸ ЁϴЅЏЃАВ ϾЂІЂЄЂϷЂ ϵЏϿ ЅЂЂЄЇϺϹЁ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏϽ ϻϴϿ ЃϿЂЍϴϸАВ 50 Ѐ2 ϼ ϷϿЇϵϼЁЂϽ 3 Ѐ. ϛϴϿ ϵЏϿ ЃϹЄϹϾЄЏІ ϵЄϹ϶ϹЁЋϴІЏЀ ЁϴЅІϼϿЂЀ.
ϖ ЂϷЄϴϵϿϹЁЁЂϽ ЀЂϷϼϿϹ ЅЂЉЄϴЁϼϿϼЅА ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЏ ЃЄϼЀϹЄЁЂ 60 ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶, ЃЄϼЋϹЀ 50 ϼϻ ЁϼЉ ЃЂϾЄЏІЏ
ЄЂЅЃϼЅАВ. ϤϴϻЀϹЄЏ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂϽ ГЀЏ ϼ ϾЂϿϼЋϹЅІ϶Ђ ЅЂЃЄЂ϶ЂϺϸϴВЍϼЉ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϹ ЄϴЅЃϼЅЁЏЉ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ЇВІ ЂϵЄГϸЇ ϶ЂϺϸϹЅϾϼЉ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ ϶ ϖϴЁϴϸϻЂЄϹ, ϞϴЄϴЌϴЀϵϹ ϼ ϦЄϼϴϿϹІϼ.
ϘЄЇϷЂϽ, ЁϹ ЀϹЁϹϹ ϶ϴϺЁЂϽ ЂЅЂϵϹЁЁЂЅІАВ БϿϼІЁЏЉ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϽ ϦϞ Г϶ϿГϹІЅГ Ѕ϶ЂϹЂϵЄϴϻϼϹ ϼЉ
ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ЄϼІЇϴϿϴ — ϶ ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾϼЉ ЀЂϷϼϿϴЉ ϻϴЈϼϾЅϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϴ ϾЄϹЀϴЊϼГ ЇЀϹЄЌϼЉ. ϠЁЂϷϼϹ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿϼ ЃЂϿϴϷϴϿϼ, ЋІЂ ϾЄϹЀϴЊϼГ ЇϾϴϻЏ϶ϴϹІ Ёϴ ЃЂГ϶ϿϹЁϼϹ ϶ ЄϹϷϼЂЁϹ ЁЂ϶ЂϷЂ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼГ, ЅЈЂЄЀϼЄЂ϶ϴ϶ЌϹϷЂ «ЃЄϴ϶ГЍЇВ ϶ϹЄЉЇЌϾЇ» ЃϿϹЀϹЁ ϦϞ, ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼ ϼϻ ϔЄЀϹЁϼϼ ϴϾЊϹЁІϼЄЇВІ ϶ЁϼЀϴЁϼϹ Ёϴ ϼЁϸЂϼЄϴЁЅϾЂЀ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄϹ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏЉ ЂϵЄГϸЂ϶ БϿϼІЏ ϦϞ (ϔЄϹЌГЁ 1988; ϢϷϴЁϹЅГЁ 1990,
ϥϼЀЂЁГЁ 2011).
ϖ ϾЂЁЊϹ ϥϕϖ Ѕ϶Гϻϼ ϼ ϾЂЁІϴϾІЏ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ, ЂϵϼІϴ϶ЌϼЉ ЃЂ ЂϵϹϼЀ ЅІЂЄЂЁϴЀ Ϟϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾЂϷЂ ЉЄϹϵІϴ,
ϻϴЀϹІЁЂ ЅЂϾЄϴЍϴВІЅГ, ЋІЂ ϻϴІЄЇϸЁГϹІ ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁϼϻϴЊϼВ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ϼ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂ-ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ
БІϴЃЂ϶. ϖЅϹ ϺϹ ЂІϸϹϿАЁЏϹ ϶ϹЍϼ, ЃЄЂЁϼϾЌϼϹ ϼϻ-ϻϴ Ϟϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾЂϷЂ ЉЄϹϵІϴ, ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГВІ ЇІЂЋЁϼІА ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϾЇ ЈϼЁϴϿАЁЂϷЂ БІϴЃϴ ϥϕϖ. Ϟ ІϴϾϼЀ ІϼЃϴЀ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ, ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГВЍϼЉ ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴІА ЃЄЂϵϿϹЀЏ ϸϴϿАЁϼЉ
Ѕ϶ГϻϹϽ ϼ ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁϼϻϴЊϼϼ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ВϷϴ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ϙ϶ЄЂЃЏ ϼ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ, ЀЏ ЂІЁЂЅϼЀ ЈϴГЁЅЂ϶ЏϹ ЊϼϿϼЁϸЄϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϵЇЅЏ Ѕ ЌϼЌϹЋϾϴЀϼ, ЄЂϷЂ϶ЏϹ ЃЄГϺϾϼ ϼ ЁЂϺϼ Ѕ ϾЂЃАϹ϶ϼϸЁЏЀ ЄϴЅЌϼЄϹЁϼϹЀ ϾϿϼЁϾϴ.
Ϟ ВϷЇ ЂІ ϕЂϿАЌЂϷЂ Ϟϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾЂϷЂ ЉЄϹϵІϴ ЈϴГЁЅЂ϶ЏϹ ϵЇЅЏ Ѕ ЌϼЌϹЋϾϴЀϼ-϶ЏЅІЇЃϴЀϼ, ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂ, ϼЀϼІϼЄЇВЍϼЀϼ «ϻϹЄЁА» Ёϴ ЀϹІϴϿϿϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϵЇЅϼЁϴЉ, ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ ϶ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГЉ «Њ϶ϹІЇЍϹϽ
ЃЂЄЏ» ϦϞ (ϦЄϼϴϿϹІϼ, ϾЇЄϷ. II) (ϗЂϷϴϸϻϹ 1972: ІϴϵϿ. 16, 12). ϨϴГЁЅЂ϶ЏϹ ϵЇЅϼЁЏ Ѕ ІЄϹЀГ ϶ЏЅІЇЃϴЀϼ-ЌϼЌϹЋϾϴЀϼ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ ІϴϾϺϹ ϶ ϾЇЄϷ. V ϦЄϼϴϿϹІϼ (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ: ІϴϵϿ. 17, 21) ϼ ϶ ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁЁЂЀ «Њ϶ϹІЇЍϹϽ ЃЂЄϹ» ϦϞ ЃЂϷЄ. 13 ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴ ϪϼЊϴЀЇЄϼ Ёϴ Є. ϔЄϴϷ϶ϼ (ϥϴϸЄϴϸϻϹ 1993: 56; ІϴϵϿ. XXXVII, 4).
ϣЂϸЂϵЁЏϹ ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІЏ ϶ЅІЄϹЋϹЁЏ ϼ ϶ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЂ-ϛϴЃϴϸЁЂЀ ϔϻϹЄϵϴϽϸϺϴЁϹ (ϿϹ϶ЏϽ ϵϹЄϹϷ Є. ϔϿϴϻϴЁА) ϶
201
:
,
,
ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴЉ, ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁЁЏЉ ЃЂϻϸЁϼЀ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЀ ϦϞ: ϶ ϾЇЄϷ. 4 ЅϴЄЏϸϺϼЁЅϾЂϽ ϷЄЇЃЃЏ ϼ ϾЇЄϷ. 8 ϾВϸЇЄϿϼЁЅϾЂϽ ϷЄЇЃЃЏ (ϔЉЇЁϸЂ϶ 2001: ЄϼЅ. XLVIII, 1; LI, 3). ϖ ϔЄЀϹЁϼϼ ϵЇЅϼЁЏ Ѕ ІЄϹЀГ ϼ ЃГІАВ
϶ЏЅІЇЃϴЀϼ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ ϶ БϿϼІЁЏЉ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГЉ ϦϞ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴ ϟЂЄϼ ϕϹЄϸ (Devedjian 2006) ϼ ϶ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϼ ϾЇЄϷ. 4 ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴ ϡϹЄϾϼЁ ϡϴ϶ϹЄ (ϥϼЀЂЁГЁ 2011). ϖЅϹ БІϼ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϼ ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГВІ ЇІЂЋЁϼІА
ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼВ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾϼЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ϛϴϾϴ϶ϾϴϻАГ.
ϣЂϸЂϵЁЏϹ ϵЇЅЏ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ Ёϴ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂЀ Ϟϴ϶ϾϴϻϹ ϼ ϶ ϣЄϹϸϾϴ϶ϾϴϻАϹ. ϛϸϹЅА ЂЁϼ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ
϶ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϾϴІϴϾЂЀϵЁЏЉ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГЉ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹϾЇϵϴЁЅϾЂϽ ϷЄЇЃЃЏ (ϥЇ϶ЂЄЂ϶ЅϾϴГ, ϾЇЄϷ. 13, ЃЂϷЄ. 10 —
ϡϹЋϼІϴϽϿЂ 1979: ЄϼЅ. 69, 6), ϶ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГЉ ϵϴІЇЄϼЁЅϾЂϽ ϼ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂЀϴЁЏЋЅϾЂϽ ϾϴІϴϾЂЀϵЁЏЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ (ϟЂϿϼЁЅϾϼϽ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾ — ϥϼЁϼЊЏЁ, ϱЄϸЁϼϹ϶ 1966: ІϴϵϿ. 6, 1). ϖ ϣЄϼϴϻЂ϶АϹ,
Ёϴ ϡϼϺЁϹЀ ϘЂЁЇ ϼ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЅϾЂЀ ϘЂЁЊϹ ϵЇЅЏ Ѕ ϶ЏЅІЇЃϴЀϼ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ ϶ ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄϹ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ ϸЂЁϹЊϾЂϽ (ϗЂ϶ЂЄЇЉϴ — ϥЀϼЄЁЂ϶ 1996: ЄϼЅ. 47, 31) ϼ ЀϴЁЏЋЅϾЂϽ (ϔϿϹϾЅϴЁϸЄЂ϶ЅϾ — ІϴЀ ϺϹ: ЄϼЅ. 24, 6)
ϾϴІϴϾЂЀϵЁЏЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ. ϱІϼ ЃЂϸϹϿϾϼ ϶ЅІЄϹЋϹЁЏ ϼ ϶ ϴЄϹϴϿϹ ϸЁϹЃЄЂϸЂЁЅϾЂϽ ϵϴϵϼЁЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϼϿϼ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ЀЁЂϷЂ϶ϴϿϼϾЂ϶ЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ (ϸϴϿϹϹ — ϕϞ) ϼ ϶ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГЉ ЃЂЅІϾϴІϴϾЂЀϵЁЂϽ ϿЂϿϼЁЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϶ ϣЄϹϸϾϴ϶ϾϴϻАϹ (ϠϼЀЂЉЂϸ 2004: 110; ϟϼІ϶ϼЁϹЁϾЂ 2004: ЄϼЅ. 1, 2).
Ϥ. ϔ. ϠϼЀЂЉЂϸ ϶ Ѕ϶ЂϹЀ ЂϵЅІЂГІϹϿАЁЂЀ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼϼ ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴϹЀЏЉ ϵЇЅ ЂІЀϹІϼϿ, ЋІЂ
϶ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϾϴІϴϾЂЀϵЁЏЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЉ ЃЄϹЂϵϿϴϸϴВІ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ Ѕ ЋϹІЏЄАЀГ ϶ЏЅІЇЃϴЀϼ, ϴ ЁϴϼϵЂϿАЌЇВ
ІϼЃЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЇВ ϵϿϼϻЂЅІА Ѕ ϻϴϾϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼЀϼ ЂϵЄϴϻЊϴЀϼ, ϼЀϹВЍϼЀϼ ІЄϼ ϶ЏЅІЇЃϴ, ϸϹЀЂЁЅІЄϼЄЇВІ
ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁϼГ ϼϻ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ ЄϴЁЁϹϷЂ БІϴЃϴ ϕϞ ϼ
ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϽ ϿЂϿϼЁЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϼ ϴЄЉЂЁЅϾЂϽ ϷЄЇЃЃЏ. ϕЇЅЏ Ѕ ІЄϹЀГ ϶ЏЅІЇЃϴЀϼ ϶ЅІЄϹЋϹЁЏ ІϴϾϺϹ ϶ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЉ ЈϼЁϴϿϴ ϥϕϖ
ϥϹ϶ϹЄЂ-ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϷЂ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ — ϷϼЁЋϼЁЅϾϴГ, ЃЄϼЅЇϿϴϾЅϾϴГ, ϶ϹϿϼϾϹЁІЅϾϴГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϼ ЃЄϹϸϾЂϵϴЁЅϾϴГ ϷЄЇЃЃϴ (ϠϼЀЂЉЂϸ 2012: 140–141; ЄϼЅ. 2). ϣЂ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼВ Ϥ. ϔ. ϠϼЀЂЉЂϸϴ, ЈϴГЁЅЂ϶ЏϹ ϵЇЅЏ
Ѕ ІЄϹЀГ ϶ЏЅІЇЃϴЀϼ ЃЂГ϶ϼϿϼЅА ϶ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴЉ ЅϼЁІϴЌІϼЁЅϾЂϽ ϼ ЄϴЁЁϹЃЂϾЄЂ϶ЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ ϾϴϾ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІ І϶ЂЄЋϹЅϾЂϽ ЃϹЄϹЄϴϵЂІϾϼ ЂϵЄϴϻЊЂ϶ ЃЂЅІϾϴІϴϾЂЀϵЁЂϷЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ϼϻ ϣЄϹϸϾϴ϶ϾϴϻАГ ϼ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЂϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϷЂ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ (ϠϼЀЂЉЂϸ 2009/2010: 76–77, ЄϼЅ. 5–6; 2012: 142; ЄϼЅ. 2–3).
ϡϹϸϴ϶ЁЂ ϥ. ϗ. ϘϹ϶ϹϸϺГЁ ЂЃЇϵϿϼϾЂ϶ϴϿϴ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿЏ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϼ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴ ϟЂЄϼ ϕϹЄϸ
(Devedjian 2006), ЅЄϹϸϼ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ
,
. .
. ϦϴϾϼϹ ЃЂϸϹϿϾϼ ϶ЅІЄϹЋϹЁЏ ϶ ІЄϹЉ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГЉ (ЄϼЅ. 7, – ). ϖ ЃЂϷЄ. 60 ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ
ϸ϶Ϲ ϵЇЅϼЁЏ: ЂϸЁϴ — Ѕ ІЄϹЀГ, ϶ІЂЄϴГ — Ѕ ЃГІАВ ϶ЏЅІЇЃϴЀϼ (Ibid.: 138, fig. 75, 6; pl. X, 4). ϖ ЃЂϷЄ. 61
ϼ 88 ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЂ ЃЂ ЂϸЁЂϽ ϵЇЅϼЁϹ Ѕ ЃГІАВ ϶ЏЅІЇЃϴЀϼ (Ibid.: fig. 79, 4; 101, 2; pl. IX, 2). ϖЅϹ ЀЂϷϼϿЏ
Ѕ ЈϴГЁЅЂ϶ЏЀϼ ϵЇЅϼЁϴЀϼ ЂІЁЂЅГІЅГ Ͼ ЄϴЁЁϹϽ ϷЄЇЃЃϹ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ. ϢЅЂϵЏϽ ϼЁІϹЄϹЅ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿГВІ
ϵЇЅϼЁЏ
, ІϴϾ ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴϹЀЏϹ ϻ϶ϹϻϸЋϴІЏϹ. ϣЇϵϿϼϾϴЊϼГ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГ ϼϻ ϾЇЄϷ. 4 ϶
ϡϹЄϾϼЁ ϡϴ϶ϹЄϹ ЁϴЀ ЁϹϸЂЅІЇЃЁϴ, ЁЂ ϶ ϸЂϾϿϴϸϹ ϔ. ϥϼЀЂЁГЁϴ ϵЏϿϼ ЃЂϾϴϻϴЁЏ ЅІϹϾϿГЁЁЏϹ (ЈϴГЁЅЂ϶ЏϹ?) ϻ϶ϹϻϸЋϴІЏϹ ϵЇЅϼЁЏ ϼϻ БІЂϷЂ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴ: ІЄϼ — Ѕ ЃГІАВ ϶ЏЅІЇЃϴЀϼ ϼ ЋϹІЏЄϹ — Ѕ ЌϹЅІАВ
(ϥϼЀЂЁГЁ 2011). ϡϴЉЂϸϾϼ ϸЄЇϷϼЉ ЈϴГЁЅЂ϶ЏЉ ϻ϶ϹϻϸЋϴІЏЉ ϵЇЅϼЁ Ёϴ Ϟϴ϶ϾϴϻϹ ЁϴЀ ЁϹ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЏ. ϖ БІЂЀ
ЄϹϷϼЂЁϹ, ϶ ІЂЀ ЋϼЅϿϹ ϼ ϶ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴЉ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ ϦϞ, ϶ЅІЄϹЋϴВІЅГ ϸϼЅϾЂ϶ϼϸЁЏϹ ϼ ϵϼϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ
ϵЇЅϼЁЏ Ѕ ϻЇϵЋϴІЏЀ ϾЄϴϹЀ. Ϝϻ϶ϹЅІЁЂ, ЋІЂ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼϹ ϻ϶ϹϻϸЏ Ёϴ ϘЄϹ϶ЁϹЀ ϖЂЅІЂϾϹ Г϶ϿГϿЂЅА ϼϸϹЂϷЄϴЀЀЂϽ ϵЂϺϹЅІ϶ϴ. ϛ϶Ϲϻϸϴ ЅϿЇϺϼϿϴ ϷЄϴЈϼЋϹЅϾϼЀ ЅϼЀ϶ЂϿЂЀ ϵЂϷϼЁϼ ϜЌІϴЄ. ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ЀЂϺЁЂ
ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϼІА, ЋІЂ ϻ϶ϹϻϸЋϴІЏϹ ЈϴГЁЅЂ϶ЏϹ ϵЇЅϼЁЏ ϼϻ ϟЂЄϼ ϕϹЄϸϴ ϼ ϡϹЄϾϼЁ ϡϴ϶ϹЄϴ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿГВІ
ЅЂϵЂϽ ЄϹЃϿϼϾϼ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ϼϸϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼϼ.
Ϥ. ϔ. ϠϼЀЂЉЂϸ ЇЃЂЀГЁЇϿ ϶ Ѕ϶ЂϹЀ ϸЂϾϿϴϸϹ ЄГϸ Ϲ϶ЄЂЃϹϽЅϾϼЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ, ϶ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴЉ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ
ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЏ ЈϴГЁЅЂ϶ЏϹ ϵЇЅЏ ϶ ЈЂЄЀϹ ϻ϶ϹϻϸЏ Ѕ
϶ЏЅІЇЃϴЀϼ-ϿЇЋϴЀϼ. ϢЁϼ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ ϶ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϴЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЉ ϷЄЇЃЃ ϠЇЄϹЌ/MureΒ, ϖϴІАГ/Vatya, ϡϴϷϼЄϹ϶/Nagyrév, ϞϼЅЂЃЂЅІϴϷ/Kisopostag,
ϧЁІϹЄ϶ДϿϵϿϼЁϷ/Unterwölbling, ϔЄϵЂЁ/Arbon, ϖϹЅЅϹϾЅ/Wessex, ϨЇϸ-϶ϹЅЅϹϿ/Food Vessel, ϞЂϿЂЄϹϸ
ϧЄЁ/Colored Urn, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ, ЃЂ ЀЁϹЁϼВ Ϥ. ϔ. ϠϼЀЂЉЂϸϴ, ЃЂϿЁЂЅІАВ ϼϿϼ ЋϴЅІϼЋЁЂ ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁЁЏ ЃЂЅІϾϴІϴϾЂЀϵЁЂЀЇ ϵϿЂϾЇ. ϖ ϙ϶ЄЂЃϹ ІϴϾϼϹ ϵЇЅЏ ϼЀϹЁЇВІ ϾϴϾ «ϻ϶ϹϻϸЂЂϵЄϴϻЁЏϹ»: «star-shaped fayence»
ϼϿϼ «star-like», «stellate» (ϴЁϷϿ.) (ϠϼЀЂЉЂϸ 2012). ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ЊϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϹ϶ЄЂЃϹϽЅϾϼϹ ЈϴГЁЅЂ϶ЏϹ ϵЇЅЏ Ѕ
϶ЏЅІЇЃϴЀϼ ЂІϿϼЋϴВІЅГ ЂІ ϻϴϾϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼЉ: ЃϹЄ϶ЏϹ ЃЂЋІϼ ϶ЅϹϷϸϴ ϼЀϹВІ ЋϹІЏЄϹ ϶ЏЅІЇЃϴ-ϿЇЋϴ, ϴ ϶ІЂЄЏϹ — ЃГІА ϼϿϼ ЌϹЅІА. ϡϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ, ϶ ϾϴІϴϿЂϷϹ ϔ. ϩϴЄϸϼЁϷϴ ЇЃЂЀϼЁϴВІЅГ ϸϹЅГІϾϼ ЋϹІЏЄϹЉϿЇЋϹ϶ЏЉ
ϻ϶ϹϻϸЂЂϵЄϴϻЁЏЉ ЈϴГЁЅЂ϶ЏЉ ϵЇЅ ϼϻ ϖϹЁϷЄϼϼ ϼ ϥϿЂ϶ϴϾϼϼ. Ϝ ІЂϿАϾЂ ϼϻ Ϭ϶ϹϽЊϴЄϼϼ (BrA2) ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸϼІ ϵЇЅϼЁϴ, Ї ϾЂІЂЄЂϽ,
, ϵЏϿЂ ЃГІА ϶ЏЅІЇЃЂ϶-ϿЇЋϹϽ (Harding 1971: 200).
ϘϿГ ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁϼϻϴЊϼϼ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ϙ϶ЄЂЃЏ ϼ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ ЈϼЁϴϿАЁЂϷЂ БІϴЃϴ ϥϕϖ ϶ϴϺЁЏ ІϴϾϺϹ ЄЂϷЂ϶ЏϹ ϻЂЂЀЂЄЈЁЏϹ ЃЄГϺϾϼ ϼ ЃЄГϺϾϼ ϶ ϶ϼϸϹ ϾЂϿАЊϴ ЅЂ ЅІϹЄϺϹЁАϾЂЀ. ϖЃϹЄ϶ЏϹ ϥ. ϡ. ϕЄϴІЋϹЁϾЂ
(ϕЄϴІЋϹЁϾЂ 1995) ЅЂЃЂЅІϴ϶ϼϿ Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼϹ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϼ БІЂϷЂ ЄЂϸϴ ЅЂ ЅІϹЃЁЏЀϼ БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄϴЀϼ, ЂІЁЂЅГЍϼ202
,
,
ЀϼЅГ Ͼ ϕϞ. ϡϴ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂЀ Ϟϴ϶ϾϴϻϹ ϾЂϿАЊϹ϶ϼϸЁЏϹ ЃЄГϺϾϼ Ѕ ϶ЏЅІЇЃЂЀ, ЄϴЁϹϹ ЅЋϼІϴ϶ЌϼϹЅГ ЃЂϸ϶ϹЅϾϴЀϼ,
ϵЏϿϼ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ ϶ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГЉ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂ БІϴЃϴ ϷϼЁЋϼЁЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ (ϠϴϷЂЀϹϸЂ϶ 1992), ϴ ϼЀϹЁЁЂ
϶ ЅϾϿϹЃϴЉ 7 ϼ 30 ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴ ϗϴІЏЁ-ϾϴϿϹ (ϠϴЄϾЂ϶ϼЁ 1963: 130; ЄϼЅ. 5, 7–8; 25, 3) ϼ ϶ ЃЂϷЄ. 22 ЅϾϿϹЃϴ 2
ϗϼЁЋϼЁЅϾЂϷЂ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴ (ϗϴϸϺϼϹ϶ 1969: ЄϼЅ. 12, 6). ϣЄГϺϾϴ ϶ ϶ϼϸϹ ϾЂϿАЊϴ Ѕ ϶ЏЅІЇЃЂЀ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁϴ ІϴϾϺϹ Ёϴ ϲϺЁЂЀ Ϟϴ϶ϾϴϻϹ ϶ ЃЂϷЄ. 18 ϾЇЄϷ. 1 ϩϴЁϿϴЄЅϾЂϷЂ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴ (ϗЇЀЀϹϿА 1940: ЈϼϷ. 30, 15; 38, 5).
ϖ ϣЄϹϸϾϴ϶ϾϴϻАϹ ϾЂϿАЊϹ϶ϼϸЁЏϹ ЃЄГϺϾϼ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ ϶ ЀЂϷϼϿϴЉ ϿЂϿϼЁЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ (ϟϼІ϶ϼЁϹЁϾЂ
2004: ЄϼЅ. 1, 2). ϡϴ ϡϼϺЁϹЀ ϘЂЁЇ ЃЂϸЂϵЁЂϹ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϹ ϻϴЈϼϾЅϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЂ ϶ ЃЂϷЄ. 6 (ЅЄϹϸЁϼϽ БІϴЃ ϕϞ) ϶Ђ
Є϶Ї ϟϼ϶ϹЁЊЂ϶ЅϾЂϽ ϾЄϹЃЂЅІϼ (ϕЄϴІЋϹЁϾЂ 1995: ЄϼЅ. 2, 6). ϞЂϿАЊϹ϶ϼϸЁЏϹ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ Ѕ ϶ЏЅІЇЃЂЀ ϶ЏГ϶ϿϹЁЏ ІϴϾϺϹ ϶ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϼ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϸЁϹЃЄЂ϶ЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ (ϔЄІϹЀϹЁϾЂ 1967: ЄϼЅ. 47, 30).
ϛЂЂЀЂЄЈЁЏϹ ЄЂϷЂ϶ЏϹ ЃЄГϺϾϼ, ЌϼЄЂϾЂЃϿϴЁЂЋЁЏϹ (ЃЂ ІϹЄЀϼЁЂϿЂϷϼϼ ϥ. ϡ. ϕЄϴІЋϹЁϾЂ), ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ ϶ ϘϴϷϹЅІϴЁϹ ϶ ЃЂϷЄ. 1 ϾЇЄϷ. 1 ϜЄϷϴЁϴϽЅϾЂϷЂ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴ (ϠϴϷЂЀϹϸЂ϶ 1990: 41; ЄϼЅ. 1, 2),
϶ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϽ ϢЅϹІϼϼ ϶ ЃЂϷЄ. 10 ϾЇЄϷ. 3 ЅІϴЁϼЊЏ ϫϹЄЁЂГЄЅϾЂϽ (ϤЂЅІЇЁЂ϶ 2007: ЄϼЅ. 42, 7) ϼ ϶ ϞϴϿЀЏϾϼϼ
϶ ЃЂϷЄ. 1 ϾЇЄϷ. 34 ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴ ϫЂϷЄϴϽ VIII (ϔЁϸЄϹϹ϶ϴ 1989: ЄϼЅ. 42, 2). ϡϹϸϴ϶ЁЂ ЂЃЇϵϿϼϾЂ϶ϴЁЏ ЁЂ϶ЏϹ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϼ ЌϼЄЂϾЂЃϿϴЁЂЋЁЏЉ ЃЄГϺϹϾ ϼϻ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ ϿЂϿϼЁЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ: ϜЃϴІЂ϶Ђ-3, ϾЇЄϷ. 2,
ЃЂϷЄ. 13; ϜϿАϼЁЅϾϼϽ-1, ϾЇЄϷ. 1, ЃЂϷЄ. 6; ϦϼЃϾϼ-1, ϾЇЄϷ. 2, ЃЂϷЄ. 4 (ϞϴϿЀЏϾЂ϶ 2005: 78–79, ЄϼЅ. 1, 3;
2, 2, 4). ϔЁϴϿЂϷϼЋЁЏϹ ϻЂЂЀЂЄЈЁЏϹ ЃЄГϺϾϼ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЏ ϶ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴЉ ЄϴЁЁϹϷЂ БІϴЃϴ ϕϞ Ёϴ ϡϼϺЁϹЀ
ϘЂЁЇ ϼ ϶ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЂ-ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂЀ ϣЄϼϴϻЂ϶АϹ (ϔϿϹϾЅϴЁϸЄЂ϶ЅϾ, ϘЂЁϹЊϾ, ϡЂ϶ЂϴЀ϶ЄЂЅϼϹ϶Ͼϴ, ϟϼЃЂ϶ϹЊ,
ϡЂ϶ЂϷЇЃϴϿЂ϶Ͼϴ, ϦϹϾЅІϼϿАЍϼϾ; ϕЄϴІЋϹЁϾЂ 1995: ЄϼЅ. 1, 12–13; ϟГЌϾЂ 1994: ЄϼЅ. 52, 11–12).
. 7. ϟЂЄϼ ϕϹЄϸ, ЈϴГЁЅЂ϶ЏϹ ϵЇЅЏ ϻ϶ϹϻϸЂЂϵЄϴϻЁЂϽ ЈЂЄЀЏ Ѕ ЃГІАВ ϶ЏЅІЇЃϴЀϼ: ϔ — ЃЂϷЄ. 60; ϕ — ЃЂϷЄ. 61;
ϖ — ЃЂϷЄ. 88 (ЃЂ Devedjian 2006)
Fig. 7. Lori Berd, star-shaped faience beads with five projections: ϔ — burial 60; ϕ — burial 61; ϖ — burial 88
(after Devedjian 2006)
203
:
,
,
ϠЁЂϷЂϿϹІЁϼϹ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ϕϞ ЃЄϼ϶ϹϿϼ Ϥ. ϔ. ϟϼІ϶ϼЁϹЁϾЂ Ͼ ЂϵЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁЁЂЀЇ ϶Џ϶ЂϸЇ Ђ ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁЁЂЅІϼ ЃЂЅІϾϴІϴϾЂЀϵЁЏЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ϕϞ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴЀ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂ БІϴЃϴ ϷϼЁЋϼЁЅϾЂϽ
ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ. ϖ ϾϴЋϹЅІ϶Ϲ ЃϴЄϴϿϿϹϿϹϽ ЂЁ ЇϾϴϻЏ϶ϴϹІ Ёϴ ІϴϾϼϹ ІϼЃЏ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ ϶ ЂϵϹϼЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴЉ, ϾϴϾ
ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏϹ ЂЋϾЂ϶ϼϸЁЏϹ ЃЂϸ϶ϹЅϾϼ ϼ ЅЃϼЄϴϿАЁЏϹ ϵЄϴЅϿϹІЏ, ЈϴГЁЅЂ϶ЏϹ ϵЇЅЏ Ѕ ϶ЏЅІЇЃϴЀϼ, ЈϼϷЇЄЁЏϹ
ЃЄГϺϾϼ, ϾЄϹЀЁϹ϶ЏϹ ЇϻϾЂ϶ЏϹЀЋϴІЏϹ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾϼ ЅІЄϹϿ, ІЂЋϼϿАЁЏϹ ϵЄЇЅϾϼ Ѕ ЃЄЂІЂЋϼЁϴЀϼ ϼϿϼ ЂІ϶ϹЄЅІϼГЀϼ ϸϿГ ЃЄϼ϶ГϻЏ϶ϴЁϼГ (ϟϼІ϶ϼЁϹЁϾЂ 2010: 221–222). ϖϹЄЉЁϼϽ ЄЇϵϹϺ ϷϼЁЋϼЁЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϼ
ϕϞ ϸЂϿϺϹЁ ЃЄϼϵϿϼϻϼІϹϿАЁЂ ЅЂ϶ЃϴϸϴІА, ЃЂЅϾЂϿАϾЇ ЅЀϹЁϼ϶ЌϼϹ ϼЉ ЃЂϾЄЂ϶ЅϾϴГ ЅЄЇϵЁϴГ ϼ ϾϴГϾϹЁІЅϾЂЉЂЄЂЋЂϹ϶ЅϾϴГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁЁЏ, ЋІЂ ЃЂϸІ϶ϹЄϺϸϴϹІЅГ ЁϴϿϼЋϼϹЀ ϶ ϼЉ ϶ϹЍϹ϶ЏЉ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴЉ ЄГϸϴ
ЅЉЂϸЁЏЉ ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІЂ϶: ЃЄЇІϾЂ϶ЏϹ ϵЄϴЅϿϹІЏ, ϺϹϿЂϵЋϴІЏϹ ϶ϼЅЂЋЁЏϹ ϾЂϿАЊϴ, ЅЇЄАЀГЁЏϹ ЃЂϸ϶ϹЅϾϼ,
ϵϼЅϹЄ ϼ І. Ѓ. (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ: 222).
ϥЂϷϿϴЅЁЂ ЄϴϻЄϴϵЂІϴЁЁЂϽ Ϥ. ϔ. ϠϼЀЂЉЂϸЂЀ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϼϻϴЊϼϼ ϿЂϿϼЁЅϾϴГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴ ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁЁϴ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЀ ϕϞ ϼ ϾЄϼ϶ЂϿЇϾЅϾЂϽ ϷЄЇЃЃϹ ϶ ЅІϹЃЁЂϽ ϻЂЁϹ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ЃЂϻϸЁϼЀ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЀ ϷϼЁЋϼЁЅϾЂϽ,
϶ϹϿϼϾϹЁІЅϾЂϽ, ЃЄϼЅЇϿϴϾЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ ϼ ϸЄϹ϶ЁЂЅІГЀ ϸϼϷЂЄЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ІϴϾ ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴϹЀЏЉ ЃЄЂІЂϾЂϵϴЁЅϾϼЉ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЂ϶ I ϼ II Ёϴ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂЀ Ϟϴ϶ϾϴϻϹ. ϣϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ ІЄϹІАϹϷЂ ϻϴϾϿВЋϼІϹϿАЁЂϷЂ БІϴЃϴ ϿЂϿϼЁЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼ ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ЇВІ ЈϼЁϴϿАЁЏЀ ϸЄϹ϶ЁЂЅІГЀ ϕϞ ϼ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЀ ϵϿЂϾϴ ϾЂϿϹЅЁϼЋЁЏЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ ЄЇϵϹϺϴ ϣϕϖ — ЃЂІϴЃЂ϶ЅϾϴГ, ЅϼЁІϴЌІϼЁЅϾϴГ, ЃЂϾЄЂ϶ЅϾϴГ. ϡϴ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂЀ
Ϟϴ϶ϾϴϻϹ ЈϼЁϴϿАЁЏϹ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ ϿЂϿϼЁЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ЅЂ϶ЃϴϸϴВІ ЃЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ Ѕ ЄϴЁЁϼЀϼ ϾϴГϾϹЁІЅϾЂ-ЉЂЄЂЋЂϹ϶ЅϾϼЀϼ ϸЄϹ϶ЁЂЅІГЀϼ ϼ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЀϼ ϸϼϷЂЄЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ II ЃЄЂІЂϾЂϵϴЁЅϾЂϷЂ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ
(ϠϼЀЂЉЂϸ 2004; 2007: 153; 2010: 248).
ϣЄГϺϾϼ ϼ ЈϴГЁЅЂ϶ЏϹ ϵЇЅЏ Ѕ ϶ЏЅІЇЃϴЀϼ Г϶ϿГВІЅГ «Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼЀ ϶ϾϿϴϸЂЀ» ϶ ϶ϹЍϹ϶ЂϽ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅ
ϕϞ, ϵϿϴϷЂϸϴЄГ ЋϹЀЇ ЈЂЄЀϼЄЇϹІЅГ Ѕ϶ЂϹЂϵЄϴϻЁЏϽ ЂϵϿϼϾ БІЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ. ϣЂ ЀЁϹЁϼВ ϖ. ϥ. ϕЂЋϾϴЄД϶ϴ,
ЊϹЁІЄ Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾЂϷЂ ЂЋϴϷϴ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЂϷϹЁϹϻϴ ϶ ЈϼЁϴϿϹ ϥϕϖ ЃϹЄϹЀϹЍϴϹІЅГ Ёϴ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЂ-ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЏϽ
Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻ — ϶ ϘϴϷϹЅІϴЁ ϼ ϫϹЋЁВ. ϞϴϾ ЃЂϿϴϷϴϹІ ϖ. ϥ. ϕЂЋϾϴЄД϶ (2012: 21), ϼЀϹЁЁЂ ϻϸϹЅА ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϼ϶ϴϹІЅГ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾ ЁЂ϶ϴЊϼϽ, ϿϹϺϴЍϼЉ ϶ ЂЅЁЂ϶Ϲ ІЄϴЁЅЈЂЄЀϴЊϼϼ ЈϼЁϴϿАЁЂϾϴІϴϾЂЀϵЁЏЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ ϶ ЃЂЅІϾϴІϴϾЂЀϵЁЏϹ (ϿЂϿϼЁЅϾϴГ, ϴЄЉϴЄϼЁЅϾϴГ, ϾЄϼ϶ЂϿЇϾЅϾϴГ ϼ ϕϞ). ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ЇЋϴЅІϼϹ Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼЉ
ϾЇϿАІЇЄ ϶ ЅϿЂϺϹЁϼϼ ЃЂЅІϾϴІϴϾЂЀϵЁЂϷЂ ϵϿЂϾϴ ЀЂϺЁЂ ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴІА ϾϴϾ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϼϽ ϼЀЃЇϿАЅ Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾЂϷЂ ЂЋϴϷϴ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЂϷϹЁϹϻϴ, ЃЂ϶ϿϼГ϶ЌϹϷЂ Ёϴ Єϴϻ϶ϼІϼϹ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂϹ϶ЄЂЃϹϽЅϾϼЉ ЅІϹЃϹϽ,
ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϼϽ ϴϾϾЂЄϸ Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾЂϽ ЅϼЀЈЂЁϼϼ, ЃϹЄ϶ЏϹ ЁЂІЏ ϾЂІЂЄЂϽ ЃЄЂϻ϶ЇЋϴϿϼ Ѕ ЃЂГ϶ϿϹЁϼϹЀ ЀϴϽϾЂЃЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ.
ϡϴ ϾЂЅІЄЂЀЅϾЂЀ БІϴЃϹ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЂϾϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾЂϽ ЀϹІϴϿϿЂЂϵЄϴϵЂІϾϼ (ЈϼЁϴϿ ϥϕϖ) ЀϹІϴϿϿϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ ЅЂϵЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂ Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼЉ ІϼЃЂ϶ ЃЂЋІϼ ЁϹ ϶ЅІЄϹЋϴВІЅГ ϻϴ ЃЄϹϸϹϿϴЀϼ ЅІϹЃЁЂϷЂ ϣЄϹϸϾϴ϶ϾϴϻАГ.
ϘϿГ ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁϼϻϴЊϼϼ Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼЉ ϼ ЅІϹЃЁЏЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ БІЂϷЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЂЅЂϵЂϹ ϻЁϴЋϹЁϼϹ ЃЄϼЂϵЄϹІϴВІ ϶ϼЅϿЂЂϵЇЌЁЏϹ ІЂЃЂЄЏ ϾЂЅІЄЂЀЅϾЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ ϼ ЃϿЂЅϾϼϹ ІϹЅϿϴ ϾЂЅІЄЂЀЅϾϼЉ ЃЄЂЃЂЄЊϼϽ ϼϻ
ϤЏϵϴϾЂ϶ЅϾЂϷЂ ϾϿϴϸϴ10. ϱІϼ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГВІ ЅЂЂІЁϹЅІϼ ϾЂЅІЄЂЀЅϾЂϽ БІϴЃ ЀϹІϴϿϿЂЂϵЄϴϵЂІϾϼ Ѕ
ЈϼЁϴϿЂЀ ϾϴІϴϾЂЀϵЁЏЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ Ѕ ЃЂЅІϾϴІϴϾЂЀϵЁЏЀϼ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴЀϼ — ЄϴЁЁϼЀ ϼ ЅЄϹϸЁϼЀ
БІϴЃϴЀϼ ϕϞ. Ϟ ІϴϾЂЀЇ ϶Џ϶ЂϸЇ ЀЂϺЁЂ ЃЄϼϽІϼ ϼ Ёϴ ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁϼϼ ЁϴЉЂϸЂϾ ЈϴГЁЅЂ϶ЏЉ ϵЇЅ ϼ ЄЂϷЂ϶ЏЉ
ЃЄГϺϹϾ Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼЉ ІϼЃЂ϶ ϶ ЅІϹЃЁЂϽ ϻЂЁϹ. ϥ ІϹЀ ϺϹ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЂЀ ЅЂЂІЁЂЅГІЅГ, ЃЂ ϶ЅϹϽ ϶ϼϸϼЀЂЅІϼ,
ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ «Њ϶ϹІЇЍϹϽ ЃЂЄЏ» ϦϞ Ёϴ ϲϺЁЂЀ Ϟϴ϶ϾϴϻϹ. ϡϴЃЂЀЁϼЀ, ЋІЂ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾϼϹ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЏ ЀЏ
ϸϴІϼЄЇϹЀ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϼЀϼ ϶ϹϾϴЀϼ III — ЃϹЄ϶ЏЀϼ ϶ϹϾϴЀϼ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.
ϖ ЈϼЁϴϿϹ ϥϕϖ ϶ЂϻЀЂϺϹЁ ϹЍϹ ЂϸϼЁ ϾЂЁІϴϾІ ϶ ЂϵϿϴЅІϼ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸЅІ϶ϴ ЀϹІϴϿϿϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ
ЃЂ ЂϵЂϼЀ ЅϾϿЂЁϴЀ Ϟϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾЂϷЂ ЉЄϹϵІϴ. Ϣ ЁϹЀ ЀЂϺЁЂ ϷЂ϶ЂЄϼІА ϶ Ѕ϶Гϻϼ Ѕ ЃЇϵϿϼϾϴЊϼϹϽ ϥ. ϘϹ϶ϹϸϺГЁ
ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴ ϟЂЄϼ ϕϹЄϸ, ϷϸϹ ϶ ЃЂϷЄ. 65 ϼ 94 ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ ЁЂϺϼ Ѕ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЏЀ «ЃЄϼІϴϿϹЁЁЏЀ»
ЁϼϺϹ ЃϿϹЋϼϾЂ϶ ϾЂЄЃЇЅЂЀ ϼ «ϾЂЃАϹ϶ϼϸЁЂ» ЄϴЅЌϼЄϹЁЁЂϽ ϿϹϻ϶ϼϽЁЂϽ ЋϴЅІАВ ϾϿϼЁϾϴ (ЄϼЅ. 6, – ;
Devedjian 2006: fig. 84, 8; 112, 2). ϡЂϺϼ ЃЂϸЂϵЁЂϽ ЈЂЄЀЏ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЀЏ ЃЄϹϸϿЂϺϼϿϼ ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴІА ϾЂЃАϹ϶ϼϸЁЏЀϼ ЁЂϺϴЀϼ, ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЏ ϸϿГ ϾЂЅІЄЂЀЅϾЂϷЂ БІϴЃϴ ЀϹІϴϿϿЂЂϵЄϴϵЂІϾϼ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϷЂ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ ϼ
ϣЄϹϸϾϴ϶ϾϴϻАГ (ϤЏЅϼЁ 2007: 210). ϤϴЁϹϹ ЂϸϼЁ ІϴϾЂϽ ϾϿϼЁЂϾ ϼϻ ϗЄЇϻϼϼ (ϾЇЄϷϴЁ ϶ ЅϹϿϹ ϩЂ϶ϿϹ, ЃЂϷЄ. 2)
ЂЃЇϵϿϼϾЂ϶ϴϿ Ϣ. Ϡ. ϘϺϴЃϴЄϼϸϻϹ (ϘϺϴЃϴЄϼϸϻϹ 1998: 148, ЄϼЅ. 58). ϢЁ ЅЂЃЂЅІϴ϶ϼϿ БІЇ ЁϴЉЂϸϾЇ Ѕ ЃϹЄϹϸЁϹ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏЀϼ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾϴЀϼ ϾЂЃϼϽ Ѕ ЋϹЄϹЁϾЂ϶ЏЀ ЁϴЅϴϸЂЀ (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ: ЄϼЅ. 60). ϖЀϹЅІϹ Ѕ ϾϿϼЁϾЂЀ ϼϻ ϩЂ϶ϿϹ ЁϴϽϸϹЁ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏϽ ЂЅϹϿЂϾ Ѕ ЂІ϶ϹЄЅІϼϹЀ ϸϿГ ЃЄϼ϶ГϻЏ϶ϴЁϼГ. ϣЂϸЂϵЁЏϹ ЂЅϹϿϾϼ ϶ЅІЄϹЋϴВІЅГ ІϴϾϺϹ ϶ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЉ ϷϼЁЋϼЁЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЂ-ϛϴЃϴϸЁЂϷЂ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ, ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁϼϻϼЄЇϹЀЏЉ Ϥ. ϔ. ϠϼЀЂЉЂϸЂЀ Ѕ ЃЂЅІϾϴІϴϾЂЀϵЁЂϽ ϿЂϿϼЁЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЂϽ ЈϼЁϴϿϴ ϥϕϖ. ϖ ЃЂϷЄ. 65 ϟЂЄϼ ϕϹЄϸϴ
ϛϴЄϼЅЂ϶Ͼϼ ϶ϹЍϹϽ ϾϿϴϸϴ ЁϴЉЂϸГІЅГ ϶ ϿϼЋЁЂЀ ϴЄЉϼ϶Ϲ ϖ. ϥ. ϕЂЋϾϴЄД϶ϴ. ϕϿϴϷЂϸϴЄВ ϹϷЂ ϻϴ ЃЄϹϸЂЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЁЇВ ЀЁϹ ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂЅІА ЂϻЁϴϾЂЀϼІАЅГ Ѕ БІϼЀϼ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϴЀϼ.
10
204
,
,
ЁЂϺ Ѕ ϾϿϼЁϾЂЀ ϾЂЃАϹ϶ϼϸЁЂϽ ЈЂЄЀЏ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁ ϶ЀϹЅІϹ Ѕ ϾЂϿВЍϼЀ ЀϹЋЂЀ-«ЄϴЃϼЄЂϽ», ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ЁЂϺ,
϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ, ЅϿЇϺϼϿ ϶ЅЃЂЀЂϷϴІϹϿАЁЏЀ ЂЄЇϺϼϹЀ ϸϿГ ϶ІЂЄЂϽ ЄЇϾϼ ЈϹЉІЂ϶ϴϿАЍϼϾϴ (ϞЇЌЁϴЄД϶ϴ, ϤЏЅϼЁ
2000: 86, ЅЁ. 14). ϣϴЄϴϸЁЏϽ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄ ІϴϾϼЉ ЁЂϺϹϽ ЃЂϸІ϶ϹЄϺϸϴϹІЅГ ЁϴϿϼЋϼϹЀ ϻЂϿЂІЏЉ ЁϴϾϿϴϸЂϾ ϼ
ЅϹЄϹϵЄГЁЏЉ ϻϴϾϿϹЃЂϾ Ёϴ «ЃЄϼІϴϿϹЁЁЂϽ» ЋϴЅІϼ ϾЂЄЃЇЅϴ БІЂϷЂ ЂЄЇϺϼГ (Devedjian 2006: pl. IV, 2).
ϢЋϹ϶ϼϸЁЂ, ϶ ЃЂϷЄ. 65 ϵЏϿ ЃЂЉЂЄЂЁϹЁ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϼІϹϿА БϿϼІЏ ϶ЂϼЁЂ϶-ЃЄЂЈϹЅЅϼЂЁϴϿЂ϶. ϖ ЃЂϷЄ. 94
ϟЂЄϼ ϕϹЄϸϴ ϾЂЄЂІϾϼϽ ЁЂϺ ϾЂЃАϹ϶ϼϸЁЂϽ ЈЂЄЀЏ ЁϴϽϸϹЁ ϶ЀϹЅІϹ Ѕ ЄЇϵГЍϼЀ ЀϹЋЂЀ, ЋІЂ ІϴϾϺϹ ЀЂϺϹІ
ЇϾϴϻЏ϶ϴІА Ёϴ ІЂ, ЋІЂ ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴϹЀЏϽ ЁЂϺ ЃЄϼЁϴϸϿϹϺϴϿ ϶ЂϼЁЇ-ЃЄЂЈϹЅЅϼЂЁϴϿЇ. ϜЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄА ЂϵЂϼЉ
ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ ϶ϾϿВЋϴϹІ ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁϼГ ϼϻ ϻЂϿЂІϴ ϼ ЅϹЄϹϵЄϴ, ЅϹЄϹϵЄГЁЇВ ϾЄЇϺϾЇ (ЃЂϷЄ. 65), ϾϴЀϹЁЁЇВ
ЋϴЌЇ-ІϹЄϾЇ ϸϿГ ЃЄϼϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϼГ Ѕ϶ГЍϹЁЁЂϷЂ ЁϴЃϼІϾϴ (ЃЂϷЄ. 65), ЀЁЂϺϹЅІ϶Ђ ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶,
϶ ІЂЀ ЋϼЅϿϹ ЄϴЅЃϼЅЁЏЉ (ЃЂϷЄ. 94), ϼ ЂϵЅϼϸϼϴЁЂ϶ЏϹ ϶ЏϹЀЋϴІЏϹ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾϼ ЅІЄϹϿ.
ϛϴЃϴϸЁϴГ ϿϼЁϼГ ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁϼϻϴЊϼϼ Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ЈϼЁϴϿϴ ϥϕϖ ЂЃϼЄϴϹІЅГ Ёϴ ЅЂЃЂЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϼϹ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ЄϴЁЁϹϷЂ ϼ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ БІϴЃЂ϶ ϕϞ Ѕ ϸЄϹ϶ЁЂЅІГЀϼ БІϴЃЂ϶ Ic3–Ic2a ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ
ϠЂЁІϹЂЄЇ (Motzoi-Chicideanu 1995; Zaharia 1995)11. ϤϴЁЁϼϽ ϼ ЅЄϹϸЁϼϽ БІϴЃЏ ϕϞ ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ЇВІ
ЃЂ ϻϴЃϴϸЁЏЀ ЃϴЄϴϿϿϹϿГЀ ЃЂЅІЌЁЇЄЂ϶ЏЀ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЀ ϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϽ ϙ϶ЄЂЃЏ ϼ ϸϴІϼЄЇВІЅГ ϾЂЁЊЂЀ III — ЁϴЋϴϿЂЀ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.
Ϥ. ϔ. ϟϼІ϶ϼЁϹЁϾЂ (2009: 18) ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁϼϻϼЄЇϹІ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ ϕϞ Ѕ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴЀϼ ϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϽ
ϙ϶ЄЂЃЏ ϼ ϞϴЄЃϴІЂ-ϣЂϸЇЁϴ϶АГ ϶ ϵЂϿϹϹ ЌϼЄЂϾϼЉ ЄϴЀϾϴЉ. ϣЂ ϹϷЂ ЀЁϹЁϼВ, ϕϞ ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ЇϹІ БІϴЃϴЀ
Ic3–Ia ϼ Br A1b–Br A2a (ЃЂ ϣ. ϤϴϽЁϹϾϹ) ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϠЂЁІϹЂЄЇ, І. Ϲ. ЄϴЁЁϹБϿϿϴϸЅϾЂЀЇ III — ЅЄϹϸЁϹБϿϿϴϸЅϾЂЀЇ I ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴЀ, ЃЄϼЋϹЀ БІϴЃЏ Br A1b–Br A2a ϸϴІϼЄЇВІЅГ ЁЏЁϹ 2100/2000–1900 ϷϷ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.
ϖ ЁϴЌϹЀ ЄϴЅЃЂЄГϺϹЁϼϼ ϼЀϹϹІЅГ ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾЂ ϸϴІ ЃЂ 14ϥ ϸϿГ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ϦϞ ϲϺЁЂϷЂ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ.
ϗ. ϟ. Ϟϴ϶ІϴЄϴϸϻϹ ЃЄϼ϶ЂϸϼІ ϹϸϼЁЅІ϶ϹЁЁЇВ ϸϴІЇ ЃЂ 14ϥ ϸϿГ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ «Њ϶ϹІЇЍϹϽ ЃЂЄЏ» ϦϞ.
ϘϿГ ЂϵЄϴϻЊϴ Tb-26, ϶ϻГІЂϷЂ ϼϻ ϾЇЄϷϴЁϴ ϥϴϵϼϸϴЉЋϴ (ЄϴЁЁГГ ϷЄЇЃЃϴ, ЃЂ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϼϻϴЊϼϼ ϱ. Ϡ. ϗЂϷϴϸϻϹ),
϶ ϿϴϵЂЄϴІЂЄϼϼ ϦϵϼϿϼЅЅϾЂϷЂ ЇЁϼ϶ϹЄЅϼІϹІϴ ЃЂϿЇЋϹЁϴ ϾϴϿϼϵЄЂ϶ϴЁЁϴГ ϸϴІϴ 2028–1490 cal BC (XXI–
XV ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.) (Ϟϴ϶ІϴЄϴϸϻϹ 1983: 117).
ϖ. ϔ. ϦЄϼЈЂЁЂ϶, ЂЅЁЂ϶Џ϶ϴГЅА Ёϴ ϾϴϿϼϵЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЉ ϸϴІϴЉ 14ϥ, ϶ЅϿϹϸ ϻϴ ϗ. ϟ. Ϟϴ϶ІϴЄϴϸϻϹ, ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁϼϻϼЄЇϹІ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ ϦϞ Ѕ III ϤϘ (ЊϴЄЅϾϼϹ ϷЄЂϵЁϼЊЏ ϧЄϴ) ϼ ϴϾϾϴϸЅϾϼЀ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴЀϼ ϠϹЅЂЃЂІϴЀϼϼ
(2500–2200 ϷϷ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.). ϡϴ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЂ-ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂЀ Ϟϴ϶ϾϴϻϹ ϶ БІЂ ϶ЄϹЀГ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴϿϴ ϷϼЁЋϼЁЅϾϴГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴ. ϨϼЁϴϿАЁЏϹ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ ϦϞ ϖ. ϔ. ϦЄϼЈЂЁЂ϶ ϸϴІϼЄЇϹІ 2200–2000 ϷϷ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϡϴ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЂ-ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂЀ
Ϟϴ϶ϾϴϻϹ ϶ БІЂ ϶ЄϹЀГ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ ϾϴГϾϹЁІЅϾЂ-ЉЂЄЂЋЂϹ϶ЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ, ϴ ϶ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЂϛϴЃϴϸЁЂЀ ϜЄϴЁϹ — ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϩϴЈІϴ϶ϴЁІϹЃϹ VI B, ϘϼЁЉϴІϹЃϹ, ϗЂϸϼЁІϹЃϹ III: 4 (ϦЄϼЈЂЁЂ϶ 2001: 80).
ϖ. ϔ. ϦЄϼЈЂЁЂ϶ ЂЃϼЄϴϹІЅГ Ёϴ ϻЁϴЋϼІϹϿАЁЏϹ ЅϹЄϼϼ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ЂϾ, ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ϸϿГ Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾЂϷЂ ЄϹϷϼЂЁϴ ϼЀ
ЅЂϵЄϴЁЂ 205 ϸϴІ, ЂϸЁϴϾЂ ϸϿГ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ϦϞ, ЂϵЎϹϸϼЁГϹЀЏЉ ϖ. ϔ. ϦЄϼЈЂЁЂ϶ЏЀ Ѕ ϴϿϴϻϴЁЂ-ϵϹϸϹЁЅϾϼЀϼ ϾЇЄϷϴЁϴЀϼ ϥϕϖ, ϴ϶ІЂЄ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴϿ ϶ЅϹϷЂ 4 ϸϴІЏ. ϜЀϹГ ϶ Ѕ϶ЂϹЀ ЄϴЅЃЂЄГϺϹЁϼϼ ЅІЂϿА ЀϴϿЂϹ ЋϼЅϿЂ
ЄϴϸϼЂЇϷϿϹЄЂϸЁЏЉ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁϼϽ, ЁϹϿАϻГ ϷЂ϶ЂЄϼІА Ђ ЁϴϸϹϺЁЂЅІϼ ϴϵЅЂϿВІЁЂϽ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼϼ.
Ϝϻ-ϻϴ ЂІЅЇІЅІ϶ϼГ ϸϴІ ЃЂ 14ϥ ϸϿГ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ϦϞ ϼ ϗ. ϟ. Ϟϴ϶ІϴЄϴϸϻϹ, ϼ ϖ. ϔ. ϦЄϼЈЂЁЂ϶ ЃЏІϴϿϼЅА ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϼІА ЁϼϺЁВВ ϷЄϴЁϼЊЇ ϦϞ, ϼЅЉЂϸГ ϼϻ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ЂϾ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЂ϶ ЃЄϹϸЌϹЅІ϶ЇВЍϹϽ ЀϴЄІϾЂЃϼϵϹϸϹЁЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ. ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ϼ ϻϸϹЅА ЅІЂЄЂЁЁϼϾЂ϶ ЄϴϸϼЂЇϷϿϹЄЂϸЁЂϷЂ ЀϹІЂϸϴ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ϺϸϴϿЂ
ЄϴϻЂЋϴЄЂ϶ϴЁϼϹ, ІϴϾ ϾϴϾ ϼЀϹϹІЅГ ϿϼЌА 8 ϸϴІ ϸϿГ ЄϴЁЁϼЉ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЂ϶ ϲϺЁЂϷЂ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ (ϫϹЄЁЏЉ ϼ ϸЄ.
2000: 87–88), ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ϼЉ ϼЁІϹЄ϶ϴϿЏ ЃЂЃϴϸϴВІ ϶ ЌϼЄЂϾϼϽ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ЂІЄϹϻЂϾ ϶ ІЏЅГЋЇ ϿϹІ —
ЂІ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϽ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁЏ III ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (2880–2460 cal BC; 68 %) ϸЂ ЅϹЄϹϸϼЁЏ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (1690–
1520 cal BC; 68 %). ϢЋϹ϶ϼϸЁЂ, ЋІЂ ЃЄϼ ІϴϾϼЉ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІϴЉ ЁϹІ ЁϼϾϴϾЂϽ ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂЅІϼ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϼІА
ЅϾЂϿАϾЂ-ЁϼϵЇϸА ЁϴϸϹϺЁЂ ϴϵЅЂϿВІЁЏϹ ϸϴІЏ ЄϴЁЁϼЉ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЂ϶ Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ϗЄЇϻϼϼ. ϦϹЀ ЁϹ ЀϹЁϹϹ ϼ
ϗ. ϟ. Ϟϴ϶ІϴЄϴϸϻϹ (Ϟϴ϶ІϴЄϴϸϻϹ 1983; Kavtaradze 1999), ϼ ϖ. ϔ. ϦЄϼЈЂЁЂ϶ (2001) Ї϶ϹЄϹЁЁЂ ϸϴІϼЄЇВІ ϼЉ
ЃϹЄ϶ЂϽ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁЂϽ III ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϣϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ «Њ϶ϹІЇЍϹϽ ЃЂЄЏ» ϦϞ ϾЂϿϿϹϷϼ ЃЂЀϹЍϴВІ ϶Ђ ϶ІЂЄЇВ
ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁЇ III ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϼ ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁϼϻϼЄЇВІ ϼЉ Ѕ III ϤϘ ϼ ϴϾϾϴϸЅϾϼЀ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴЀϼ ϶ ϠϹЅЂЃЂІϴЀϼϼ
(Ϟϴ϶ІϴЄϴϸϻϹ 1983: 116; ϦЄϼЈЂЁЂ϶ 2001: 80). ϢІϿϼЋϼϹ ЃЂϸЉЂϸЂ϶ ϸ϶ЇЉ ϴ϶ІЂЄЂ϶ ЅЂЅІЂϼІ ІЂϿАϾЂ ϶ ІЂЀ,
ЋІЂ ϗ. ϟ. Ϟϴ϶ІϴЄϴϸϻϹ ЄϴЅІГϷϼ϶ϴϹІ ϶ЄϹЀГ ϵЏІЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ϦϞ ϸЂ ЃϹЄ϶ЏЉ ϶ϹϾЂ϶ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.,
11
ϖЏЄϴϺϴВ ϼЅϾЄϹЁЁВВ ЃЄϼϻЁϴІϹϿАЁЂЅІА ϖ. ϥ. ϕЂЋϾϴЄД϶Ї ϻϴ ϾЂЁЅЇϿАІϴЊϼϼ ЃЂ ϶ЂЃЄЂЅϴЀ ϹϷЂ ϾЂЁЊϹЃЊϼϼ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЂϷϹЁϹϻϴ ЈϼЁϴϿϴ ϥϕϖ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ϻϴ ЄϴϻЎГЅЁϹЁϼГ ЃЂ ЃЄЂϵϿϹЀϹ ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁϼϻϴЊϼϼ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ϕϞ ϼ
ϠЂЁІϹЂЄЇ ϼ ЃЄϼЁЊϼЃϴЀ ϾϿϴЅЅϼЈϼϾϴЊϼϼ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂϹ϶ЄЂЃϹϽЅϾϼЉ ЄЂϷЂ϶ЏЉ ЃЄГϺϹϾ.
205
:
,
,
ϴ ϖ. ϔ. ϦЄϼЈЂЁЂ϶ ЂϷЄϴЁϼЋϼ϶ϴϹІ ϵЏІЂ϶ϴЁϼϹ ϦϞ ϾЂЁЊЂЀ III ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ЁϹ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶ЇϹІ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ϸϿГ ϻϴЃЂϿЁϹЁϼГ ЂϵЄϴϻЂ϶ϴ϶ЌϹϽЅГ ϶ ϹϷЂ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϼϻϴЊϼЂЁЁЂϽ ЅЉϹЀϹ ϿϴϾЇЁЏ, ϾЂІЂЄϴГ ЃЄϼЉЂϸϼІЅГ
Ёϴ ЃϹЄ϶ЇВ ЋϹІ϶ϹЄІА II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б., ЃЂЅϾЂϿАϾЇ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ ЁϴЋϴϿϴ ϣϕϖ Ёϴ ϲϺЁЂЀ Ϟϴ϶ϾϴϻϹ ЃЂϾϴ ЁϹ
ЇϸϴϹІЅГ «ЃЂϸІГЁЇІА» Ͼ ЄЇϵϹϺЇ III/II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϧϸЄϹ϶ЁϹЁϼϹ ЁϴЋϴϿϴ ϣϕϖ ЁϹ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ, ЃЄϹϺϸϹ ϶ЅϹϷЂ, ϼϻ-ϻϴ ІϼЃЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЃϴЄϴϿϿϹϿϹϽ Ѕ ЉЂЄЂЌЂ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЀϼ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏЀϼ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЀϼ.
ϖ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼϼ ϙ. ϡ. ϫϹЄЁЏЉ, ϟ. Ϝ. ϔ϶ϼϿЂ϶ЂϽ ϼ ϟ. ϕ. ϢЄϿЂ϶ЅϾЂϽ (ϫϹЄЁЏЉ ϼ ϸЄ. 2000) ЅЂϵЄϴЁЏ
43 ϸϴІЏ, ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸГЍϼϹ Ѕ Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ϥϕϖ. ϥ ϸЄϹ϶ЁЂЅІГЀϼ ϦϞ ЀЂϺЁЂ ϵЏϿЂ ϵЏ ЅЂЂІЁϹЅІϼ
ϿϼЌА ϸϴІЇ ЂϵЄϴϻЊϴ ϼϻ ϾЇЄϷϴЁϴ ϥϴϵϼϸϴЉЋϴ — (Tb-26) 3370 ± 60 BP, 1750–1530 cal BC (1 ), ϾϴϿϼϵЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϹ ϻЁϴЋϹЁϼϹ ϾЂІЂЄЂϽ ϻϴЀϹІЁЂ ЂІϿϼЋϴϹІЅГ ЂІ ϶ЏЌϹЃЄϼ϶ϹϸϹЁЁЂϷЂ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІϴ ϶ ЄϴϵЂІϹ ϗ. ϟ. Ϟϴ϶ІϴЄϴϸϻϹ.
ϘϴІϴ ϵЏϿϴ ЃЂϿЇЋϹЁϴ ЃЂ ЂϵЄϴϻЊЇ ϸϹЄϹ϶ϴ, ϶ϻГІЂЀЇ ϼϻ ЂЅІϴІϾЂ϶ «ϾЂϿϹЅЁϼЊЏ» (ЅϾЂЄϹϹ, ІϹϿϹϷϼ Ѕ ЋϹІЏЄАЀГ ЀϴЅЅϼ϶ЁЏЀϼ ϸϹЄϹ϶ГЁЁЏЀϼ ϾЂϿϹЅϴЀϼ). ϞЄЂЀϹ БІЂϽ ϸϴІЏ, ϶ ϵϴϻϹ ϸϴЁЁЏЉ ϙ. ϡ. ϫϹЄЁЏЉϴ ϼ ϾЂϿϿϹϷ
Ͼ ϦϞ ЂІЁϹЅϹЁЏ ϹЍϹ ЂϵЄϴϻЊЏ ϼϻ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴ Ї ЅϹϿϴ ϜЄϷϴЁЋϴϽ (ϠϴЌϴ϶ϹЄЅϾЂϹ ЇЍϹϿАϹ,
ϘЀϴЁϼЅЅϾϼϽ Є-Ё, ϗЄЇϻϼГ). ϞϴϿϼϵЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϹ ϻЁϴЋϹЁϼГ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϼЉ (1 ) ЇϾϿϴϸЏ϶ϴВІЅГ ϶ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ XXII–
XV ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.: ϾЇЄϷ. 1 — (Tb-475) 3640 ± 60 BP, 2140–1940 cal BC; ϾЇЄϷ. 2 — (Tb-476) 3534 ± 55 BP,
1960–1770 cal BC; ϾЇЄϷ. 4 — (Tb-477) 3500 ± 60 BP, 1900–1740 cal BC; ϾЇЄϷ. 5 — (Tb-478), 3185 ± 50 BP,
1515–1425 cal BC (ϫϹЄЁЏЉ ϼ ϸЄ. 2000: 87–88, ІϴϵϿ. 15). ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ЅЇϸГ ЃЂ ЅЂЃЄЂ϶ЂϺϸϴВЍϹЀЇ ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄВ
(Ђϵ БІЂЀ ЅЀ. ЁϼϺϹ), Ͼ ϦϞ ЂІЁЂЅГІЅГ ІЂϿАϾЂ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ ϶ ϾЇЄϷ. 2 ϼ 4.
ϙ. ϡ. ϫϹЄЁЏЉ ϼ ϹϷЂ ЅЂϴ϶ІЂЄЏ ЃЂЅІϴ϶ϼϿϼ ЃϹЄϹϸ ЅЂϵЂϽ ϷЄϴЁϸϼЂϻЁЏϹ ϻϴϸϴЋϼ: «ЇЅІϴЁЂ϶ϼІА ϾЂЄЄϹϾІЁЇВ ϴϵЅЂϿВІЁЇВ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼВ ϕϴϿϾϴЁЂ-ϞϴЄЃϴІЅϾЂϽ ϼ ϪϼЄϾЇЀЃЂЁІϼϽЅϾЂϽ ЀϹІϴϿϿЇЄϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ
ЃЄЂ϶ϼЁЊϼϽ <…> ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϴϿАЁЏϽ ЂЉ϶ϴІ ЅЂϵЄϴЁЁЏЉ ϴЁϴϿϼϻЂ϶ ЂІ ϲϺЁЂϷЂ ϧЄϴϿϴ ϸЂ ϔϸЄϼϴІϼϾϼ ϼ
ϱϷϹϼϸЏ, ЂІ ϖϹЄЉЁϹϷЂ ϣЂ϶ЂϿϺАГ ϶ЃϿЂІА ϸЂ ϟϹ϶ϴЁІϴ ϼ ϠϹЅЂЃЂІϴЀϼϼ (ϸϴІЏ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ЂЉ϶ϴІЏ϶ϴВІ
ЃϹЄϼЂϸ VI–II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.)» (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ: 2). ϖ ЊϼІϼЄЇϹЀЂϽ ЄϴϵЂІϹ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴЁЂ 1338 ЄϴϸϼЂЇϷϿϹЄЂϸЁЏЉ ϸϴІ. ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ЂЁϼ ЄϴЅЃЄϹϸϹϿГВІЅГ ЃЂ ЄϹϷϼЂЁϴЀ ϶ϹЅАЀϴ ЁϹЄϴ϶ЁЂЀϹЄЁЂ, ЋІЂ ϸЂϿϺЁЂ ϵЏϿЂ ЂІЄϴϻϼІАЅГ Ёϴ ϾϴЋϹЅІ϶Ϲ ЃЂϿЇЋϹЁЁЏЉ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿГЀϼ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІЂ϶. ϣЂЅϾЂϿАϾЇ ϸϿГ ϥϕϖ Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾЂϷЂ
ЄϹϷϼЂЁϴ ϼЀϹϹІЅГ, ϾϴϾ ЅϾϴϻϴЁЂ ϶ЏЌϹ, ϿϼЌА 43 ϸϴІЏ, ЂЋϹ϶ϼϸЁЂ, ЋІЂ ІϴϾЂϽ ϶ЏϵЂЄϾϼ ЁϹϸЂЅІϴІЂЋЁЂ ϸϿГ
ЃЂϿЁЂЊϹЁЁЂϽ ЅІϴІϼЅІϼϾϼ. ϙЅϿϼ ϺϹ ЃЄϼЅІϴϿАЁЂ ЄϴЅЅЀЂІЄϹІА ЃЄϼ϶ϹϸϹЁЁЏϹ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶Ͼϼ, ІЂ ϶ЏГЅЁϼІЅГ, ЋІЂ ЄϴЁЁϼϹ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЏ ϲϺЁЂϷЂ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ (ЀϴЄІϾЂЃϼ-ϵϹϸϹЁϼ) ϸϴϿϼ ϿϼЌА 8 ϸϴІ (1 ) ϸϼϴЃϴϻЂЁЂЀ ЂІ
3700–3530 ϼ 2880–2460 ϸЂ 2130–1960 ϼ ϸϴϺϹ ϸЂ 1690–1520 cal BC (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ: 87–88, ІϴϵϿ. 15). ϦϴϾϼЀ
ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, Ёϴ ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁϼϼ БІϼЉ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁϼϽ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼГ ЀϴЄІϾЂЃЅϾϼЉ ϼ ϵϹϸϹЁЅϾϼЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ЂϾϴϻϴϿЅГ ЄϴЅІГЁЇІЏЀ Ёϴ ϸ϶Ϲ ІЏЅГЋϼ ϿϹІ. ϡϹЃЂЁГІЁЂ, Ђ ϾϴϾЂϽ «ϾЂЄЄϹϾІЁЂϽ ϴϵЅЂϿВІЁЂϽ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼϼ» ϻϸϹЅА ϼϸϹІ ЄϹЋА. ϢϵЄϴϻϹЊ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ЀϴЄІϾЂЃϼ-ϵϹϸϹЁϼ ϼϻ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϕϹЄϼϾϿϸϹϹϵϼ ϸϴϿ ϸϴІЇ
3700–3530 cal BC (1 ), ϼϻ ЋϹϷЂ ЅϿϹϸЇϹІ, ЋІЂ ЀϴЄІϾЂЃЅϾϼϹ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЏ, ЂІЁЂЅГЍϼϹЅГ Ͼ ϥϕϖ, ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁЁЏ
ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЀ ЀϴϽϾЂЃЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϼ ЇЄЇϾЅϾЂЀЇ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЇ ϠϹЅЂЃЂІϴЀϼϼ, ЋІЂ ϴϵЅЇЄϸЁЂ Ѕ ІЂЋϾϼ ϻЄϹЁϼГ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϼϻϴЊϼϼ ϼ ЅЄϴ϶ЁϼІϹϿАЁЂϽ ІϼЃЂϿЂϷϼϼ. ϢЋϹ϶ϼϸЁЂ, ЅϿϹϸЇϹІ ЃЄϼϻЁϴІА БІЇ
ϸϴІЇ ЁϹϸЂЅІЂ϶ϹЄЁЂϽ, ЋІЂ ϴ϶ІЂЀϴІϼЋϹЅϾϼ ЅІϴ϶ϼІ ЃЂϸ ЅЂЀЁϹЁϼϹ ϼ ϸЄЇϷϼϹ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁϼГ, ϴ ЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿАЁЂ, ϼ ϼІЂϷЂ϶ЏϹ ϶Џ϶ЂϸЏ ϴ϶ІЂЄЂ϶.
ϤϴЅЅЀЂІЄϼЀ ІϴϾϺϹ ϸϴІЏ ϸЂϿАЀϹЁЁЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϛϴЃϴϸЁЂϷЂ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ. ϔ϶ІЂЄЏ ЃЄϼ϶ϹϿϼ ϶ЅϹϷЂ 3 ϴЁϴϿϼϻϴ: ϼϻ ϸЂϿАЀϹЁϴ ϣЅЏЁϴϾЂ (2920–2780 cal BC) ϼ ϼϻ ЃЂЅ. ϥІϴЄЋϼϾϼ (3350–3100; 2460–
2200 cal BC) (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ: 88, ІϴϵϿ. 15). ϥЇϸГ ЃЂ БІϼЀ ϸϴІϴЀ, ϸЂϿАЀϹЁЁЏϹ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ ЀЂϺЁЂ «ЃЂЀϹЅІϼІА» ϼ ϶ ϾЂЁϹЊ IV ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б., ϼ ϶ ЅϹЄϹϸϼЁЇ III ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϡϴ ІϴϾЂЀ ЌϴІϾЂЀ ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁϼϼ ЁϹϿАϻГ
ϾЂЄЄϹϾІЁЂ ϶ЏЅІЄϴϼ϶ϴІА ϴϵЅЂϿВІЁЇВ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼВ ϻЁϴЋϼІϹϿАЁЂϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ϙ϶Єϴϻϼϼ. ϖϹЄЂГІЁЂ, ЁϹ ЅІЂϼІ
ІЂЄЂЃϼІАЅГ «ЅЂϻϸϴ϶ϴІА ЌϼЄЂϾϼϹ ϼЅІЂЄϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЃЂϿЂІЁϴ» ϼ «ЅϵЄϴЅЏ϶ϴІА ЅЂ ЅЋϹІЂ϶» ЃЄϹϸϿЂϺϹЁЁЏϽ
ЁϹϾЂϷϸϴ ϗ. ϫϴϽϿϸЂЀ ϿЂϻЇЁϷ «Ex Oriente Lux» («ϥ϶ϹІ Ѕ ϖЂЅІЂϾϴ»), ϾϴϾ Ђϵ БІЂЀ ЃϼЌЇІ ϙ. ϡ. ϫϹЄЁЏЉ ϼ
ϟ. ϕ. ϢЄϿЂ϶ЅϾϴГ ϶ ϸЄЇϷЂϽ Ѕ϶ЂϹϽ ЄϴϵЂІϹ (ϫϹЄЁЏЉ, ϢЄϿЂ϶ЅϾϴГ 2008: 264).
ϗ. ϟ. Ϟϴ϶ІϴЄϴϸϻϹ, ЅЂ ЅЅЏϿϾЂϽ Ёϴ Ϟ. Ϟ. ϞϴЉϼϴЁϼ, ІϴϾϺϹ ЂЃЇϵϿϼϾЂ϶ϴϿ ЅϹЄϼВ ϸϴІ ЃЂ 14ϥ, ЃЂϿЇЋϹЁЁЇВ ϼϻ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЁЂϷЂ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴ Ї ЅϹϿ. ϜЄϷϴЁЋϴϽ: ϾЇЄϷ. 1 — (Tb-475) 2122–
1910 cal BC; ϾЇЄϷ. 2 — (Tb-476) 1932–1749 cal BC; ϾЇЄϷ. 3 — (Tb-545) 2284–1984 cal BC; ϾЇЄϷ. 4 —
(Tb-477) 1886–1706 cal BC; ϾЇЄϷ. 5 — (Tb-478) 1512–1406 cal BC; ϾЇЄϷ. 9 — (Tb-496) 1872–
1679 cal BC; ϾЇЄϷ. 18 — (Tb-548) 1678–1208 cal BC (Kavtaradze 1999: 86). ϘϴϿϹϹ ЃЄϼ϶ϹϸϹЁЏ ϸϴІЏ
ϸϿГ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϵϹϸϹЁϼ, ϾЂІЂЄϴГ ЃЄϹϸЌϹЅІ϶ЇϹІ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЀ «Њ϶ϹІЇЍϹϽ ЃЂЄЏ» ϦϞ:
ϾЇЄϷ. 21 — (Tb-546) 2132–1951 cal BC; ϾЇЄϷ. 25 — (Tb-811) 2460–2138 cal BC; ϾЇЄϷ. 26 — (Tb-812)
2200–1934 cal BC; ϾЇЄϷ. 27 — (Tb-817) 2856–2409 cal BC; ϾЇЄϷ. 28 — (Tb-818) 2578–2285 cal BC;
ϾЇЄϷ. 30 — (Tb-835) 2582–2328 cal BC.
206
,
,
ϡϴЀ ЇϸϴϿЂЅА ЃЄϼ϶ϿϹЋА ϹЍϹ ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾЂ ϸϴІ ЃЂ 14ϥ ϸϿГ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ϦϞ. ϤϴЅЅЀЂІЄϼЀ, ЃЄϹϺϸϹ
϶ЅϹϷЂ, ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЁЂϷЂ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴ Ї ЅϹϿ. ϜЄϷϴЁЋϴϽ (ϘЀϴЁϼЅЅϾϼϽ Є-Ё, ϗЄЇϻϼГ), ЄϴϸϼЂЇϷϿϹЄЂϸЁЏϹ ϸϴІЏ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЇВІ ϸϿГ ϴϵЅЂϿВІЁЂϷЂ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ϦϞ ϶ ЁЂ϶ϹϽЌϼЉ
ϵϴϻϴЉ ϸϴЁЁЏЉ ЃЂ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼϼ Ͼϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾϼЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶. ϔЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴϿϼ БІЂІ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾ ϶
1984–1988 ϷϷ. ϼ ЂЃЇϵϿϼϾЂ϶ϴϿϼ ϸϴІЏ ЂϵЄϴϻЊЂ϶ ϼϻ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ ϥϕϖ, ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸЁЂϷЂ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ Ͼ ϣϕϖ ϼ
ЁϴЋϴϿϴ ϣϕϖ. ϖЅϹ ЂϵЄϴϻЊЏ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЏ ϶ ЄϴϸϼЂЇϷϿϹЄЂϸЁЂϽ ϿϴϵЂЄϴІЂЄϼϼ ϦϵϼϿϼЅЅϾЂϷЂ ϗϧ (ϞϴЉϼϴЁϼ
ϼ ϸЄ. 1997).
ϥϴЀϴГ ЄϴЁЁГГ ϸϴІϴ ЃЂϿЇЋϹЁϴ ЃЂ ЂϵЄϴϻЊЇ ϼϻ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ ϶ ϾЇЄϷ. 21. ϖ ЀЂϷϼϿϹ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ 11 ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶, 3 ϻЂϿЂІЏϹ ЂϵϾϿϴϸϾϼ ϼ ϸЄϹ϶ϹЅЁЏϽ ЇϷЂϿА. ϢϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЁϴГ ϶ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϼ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ ЃЂ ЈЂЄЀϹ
ϼ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϴЊϼϼ ϵϿϼϻϾϴ, ЃЂ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЀ ϴ϶ІЂЄЂ϶, ϵϹϸϹЁЅϾЂϽ ЃЂЅЇϸϹ. ϖ ЃЂϿАϻЇ ЃЄϼЁϴϸϿϹϺЁЂЅІϼ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ Ͼ ϵϹϸϹЁЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϹ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ЇϹІ ϼ ϾЄЇϷϿϴГ ϶ ЃϿϴЁϹ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϴГ ГЀϴ ϸϼϴЀϹІЄЂЀ 4,5 Ѐ.
ϣЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏϹ ЅЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼГ ЃЂϸЂϵЁЂϽ ЈЂЄЀЏ ЇϺϹ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЏ Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ϗЄЇϻϼϼ (ЁϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ, ϵϹϸϹЁЅϾЂϹ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϹ ϶ ϾЇЄϷ. IV ϦЄϼϴϿϹІϼ). ϢϵЄϴϻϹЊ ϼϻ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГ ϾЇЄϷ. 21 ϸϴϿ ЅϿϹϸЇВЍЇВ ϸϴІЇ:
1910 ± 50 Ͽ. ϸЂ Ё. Б., 2387–2169 cal BC (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ: 60).
ϞЇЄϷϴЁ 1. ϖ ЃЄГЀЂЇϷЂϿАЁЂϽ ГЀϹ ЇЅІϴЁЂ϶ϿϹЁϴ ϸϹЄϹ϶ГЁЁϴГ ЃЂ϶ЂϻϾϴ, ϾЂϿϹЅϴ ϾЂІЂЄЂϽ ϻϴϾЄϹЃϿϹЁЏ ϶ ЇϷϿЇϵϿϹЁϼГЉ Ёϴ ϸЁϹ ЀЂϷϼϿЏ. ϣЂϷЄϹϵϹЁЁЏϽ ϵЏϿ ЇϿЂϺϹЁ Ёϴ ЊϼЁЂ϶ϾЇ ϶ ЅϾЂЄЋϹЁЁЂЀ ЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼϼ,
Ёϴ ϿϹ϶ЂЀ ϵЂϾЇ ϷЂϿЂ϶ЂϽ Ёϴ ϛ. ϘϴІϼЄЇВЍϼϽ ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄА ϶ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϼ ЂІЅЇІЅІ϶ЇϹІ. ϖϹЄЂГІЁЂ, ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϹ ЂІЁЂЅϼІЅГ Ͼ ϵϹϸϹЁЅϾЂϽ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЁЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϹ ϥϕϖ. ϢϵЄϴϻϹЊ ϼϻ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ ϸϴϿ ϸϴІЇ: 1800 ±
60 Ͽ. ϸЂ Ё. Б., 2206–2080 cal BC (ϞϴЉϼϴЁϼ ϼ ϸЄ. 1991: 57).
ϞЇЄϷϴЁ 2. ϖ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁЂϽ ГЀϹ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁϴ ϸϹЄϹ϶ГЁЁϴГ ЃЂ϶ЂϻϾϴ, ϾЂϿϹЅϴ ϾЂІЂЄЂϽ ϻϴϾЄϹЃϿϹЁЏ
ІϹЀ ϺϹ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ЋІЂ ϼ ϶ ϾЇЄϷ. 1. ϖ ϾЇЄϷϴЁϹ ЁϴϽϸϹЁϴ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ ϦϞ. ϢϵЄϴϻϹЊ ϼϻ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ ϸϴϿ ϸϴІЇ:
1680 ± 55 Ͽ. ϸЂ Ё. Б., 2043–1927 cal BC (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ: 58).
ϞЇЄϷϴЁ 3. ϣЂ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЀ ЄϴЅϾЂЃЍϼϾЂ϶, ЂЁ ϵЏϿ ЃЂІЄϹ϶ЂϺϹЁ ϷЄϴϵϼІϹϿГЀϼ. ϡϴ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂϽ ЃϿЂЍϴϸϾϹ ЄϴϻϵЄЂЅϴЁЏ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЏ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ ϥϕϖ ϼ ϣϕϖ. ϞЄЂЀϹ ІЂϷЂ, ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ ЅϹЄϸЂϿϼϾЂ϶ЏϹ ϼ ЈϴГЁЅЂ϶ЏϹ ϵЇЅϼЁЏ, ЂϵϿЂЀϾϼ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЂϷЂ ϵЄϴЅϿϹІϴ, ϶ϼЅЂЋЁЏϹ ϾЂϿАЊϴ (ϞϴЉϼϴЁϼ ϼ ϸЄ. 1991: 58).
ϞЇЄϷϴЁ 4. ϖ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϼ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЂ 9 ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ ϦϞ, ЅЈϹЄϼЋϹЅϾϴГ ЃЂϿϴГ ϻЂϿЂІϴГ ϵЇЅϼЁϴ, ϻЂϿЂІЏϹ ϷЂЈЄϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϹ ЂϵϾϿϴϸϾϼ-«ϿЂϸЂЋϾϼ». ϔЁϴϿЂϷϼЋЁЏϹ ЂϵϾϿϴϸϾϼ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ ϶ ϾЇЄϷ. XXXVI
ϦЄϼϴϿϹІϼ, ϾЇЄϷ. 65 ϟЂЄϼ ϕϹЄϸϴ, ϾЇЄϷ. 1 ϡϹЄϾϼЁ ϡϴ϶ϹЄϴ ϼ І. Ѓ. ϔϷϴІЂ϶ϴГ ϵЇЅϼЁϴ ϼϻ ϾЇЄϷ. 4 ϵϿϼϻϾϴ
ЅϹϷЀϹЁІЂ϶ϼϸЁЂϽ ϵЇЅϼЁϹ ϼϻ ϾЇЄϷ. VIII ϦЄϼϴϿϹІϼ. ϖ ЀЂϷϼϿϹ ϶ЅІЄϹЋϹЁЏ ϾЂЅІϼ ϾЂЁϹЋЁЂЅІϹϽ ϼ ЋϹЄϹЃϴ
ϾЄЇЃЁЂϷЂ ϼ ЀϹϿϾЂϷЂ ЄЂϷϴІЂϷЂ ЅϾЂІϴ. ϢϵЄϴϻϹЊ ϼϻ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ ϸϴϿ ϸϴІЇ: 1655 ± 60 Ͽ. ϸЂ Ё. Б., 2023–
1897 cal BC (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ).
ϞЇЄϷϴЁ 5. ϖ ЀЂϷϼϿϹ ϼ Ёϴ ϹϹ ЃϹЄϹϾЄЏІϼϼ ϻϴЈϼϾЅϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЂ 30 ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶. ϥЄϹϸϼ
ЁϼЉ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ ЊϼϿϼЁϸЄϼЋϹЅϾϴГ, ϻϴЇϺϹЁЁϴГ ЃЂЅϹЄϹϸϼЁϹ ЃЂϸЅІϴ϶Ͼϴ-ϴϿІϴЄА ϼ ϷЂЄЌϾϼ Ѕ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЏЀ ЅϹ϶ϴЁЂ-ЇϻϹЄϿϼϾЅϾϼЀ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІЂЀ. ϦϴϾϴГ ЃЂЅЇϸϴ ϶ЅІЄϹЋϴϹІЅГ ϶ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴЉ ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸЁЂϷЂ БІϴЃϴ
Ͼ ϣϕϖ. ϖ ЀЂϷϼϿϹ ЁϴϽϸϹЁ ϾϼЁϺϴϿ «ЃϹЄϹϸЁϹϴϻϼϴІЅϾЂϷЂ» ІϼЃϴ, ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЏϹ ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁϼГ-ϴЀЇϿϹІЏ, ϶ ІЂЀ
ЋϼЅϿϹ ЃЂϸ϶ϹЅϾϼ-ϿЇЁЁϼЊЏ, ЅϹЄϸЂϿϼϾЂ϶ЏϹ ϼ ЈϴГЁЅЂ϶ЏϹ ϵЇЅϼЁЏ, ϾЂЅІϼ ϼ ЋϹЄϹЃϴ ϵЏϾЂ϶, ЀϹϿϾЂϷЂ ЄЂϷϴІЂϷЂ ЅϾЂІϴ ϼ ЅЂϵϴϾ. ϖЅІЄϹЋϹЁϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ЃϴЄϴ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏЉ ЈϼϷЇЄЂϾ ЃІϼЊ Ёϴ ЃЄГЀЂЇϷЂϿАЁЏЉ ЃЂϸЅІϴ϶ϾϴЉ. ϣЂϸЂϵЁЏϹ ЈϼϷЇЄϾϼ ϼ ЃЂϸ϶ϹЅϾϼ-ϿЇЁЁϼЊЏ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЏ ϼϻ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸЁЂϷЂ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ Ͼ ϣϕϖ
Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ϔЄЀϹЁϼϼ ϼ ϔϻϹЄϵϴϽϸϺϴЁϴ (ϗϴЄϴϸϺϴЀϼЄϿϼ, ϟЂЄϼ ϕϹЄϸ). ϛϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϹ ЂІЁЂЅϼІЅГ Ͼ
ЃϹЄ϶ЂЀЇ БІϴЃЇ ϣϕϖ. ϢϵЄϴϻϹЊ ϼϻ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ ϸϴϿ ϸϴІЇ: 1330 ± 50 Ͽ., 1658–1452 cal BC (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ: 58).
ϞЇЄϷϴЁ 9. ϖ ЀЂϷϼϿϹ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁϴ ϸϹЄϹ϶ГЁЁϴГ ЃЂ϶ЂϻϾϴ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ЂϿЂ϶ГЁЁϴГ ϵЇϿϴ϶Ͼϴ Ѕ ϷЄϼϵЂ϶ϼϸЁЂϽ ϷЂϿЂ϶ϾЂϽ, ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЏ ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶, ϵЇЅϼЁЏ ϼϻ ϴϷϴІϴ, ЅϹЄϸЂϿϼϾϴ ϼ ЈϴГЁЅϴ, ЋϹϿВЅІА
ϾЄЇЃЁЂϷЂ ЄЂϷϴІЂϷЂ ЅϾЂІϴ. ϖ ГЀϾϹ-ІϴϽЁϼϾϹ ЅЃЄГІϴЁЂ 47 ϻЂϿЂІЏЉ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ, ϶ ІЂЀ ЋϼЅϿϹ ϷЂЈЄϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϹ ЂϵϾϿϴϸϾϼ ЂІ ЃЂϸϹϿЂϾ ϼϻ ϸϹЄϹ϶ϴ, ЈϼϿϼϷЄϴЁЁЏϹ ІЄЇϵЂЋϾϼ, ЃЂϿЏϹ ЅЈϹЄϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϵЇЅϼЁЏ Ѕ ϻϹЄЁАВ
ϼ І. Ѓ. ϢϵЄϴϻϹЊ ϼϻ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ ϸϴϿ ϸϴІЇ: 1605 ± 60 Ͽ., 1993–1887 cal BC (ϞϴЉϼϴЁϼ ϼ ϸЄ. 1995: 68).
ϞЇЄϷϴЁ 18. ϡϴ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂϽ ЃϿЂЍϴϸϾϹ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ ϻЂϿЂІЏϹ ϼ ЈϴГЁЅЂ϶ЏϹ ϵЇЅϼЁЏ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ЃϴЅІЂ϶ЏϹ ϵЇЅϼЁЏ «ϸЂЀϼЁЂ». ϛϸϹЅА, ЃЂ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЀ ϴ϶ІЂЄЂ϶, ϵЏϿϴ ЄϴϻϵЄЂЅϴЁϴ ϾϴϾ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ ϦϞ, ІϴϾ ϼ ЃЂЅЇϸϴ ϣϕϖ, ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ЂϸϼЁ ЅЂЅЇϸ ϼЀϹϿ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЇВ ϸϿГ ЃЂЅЇϸЏ ϣϕϖ ЅϹϸϿЂ϶ϼϸЁЇВ ЄЇЋϾЇ. ϢϵЄϴϻϹЊ ϼϻ
ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ ϸϴϿ ϸϴІЇ: 1330 ± 200 Ͽ., 1558 cal BC (ϞϴЉϼϴЁϼ ϼ ϸЄ. 1997: 60).
ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ϼ ϗ. ϟ. Ϟϴ϶ІϴЄϴϸϻϹ (Kavtaradze 1999), ϼ ϾЂϿϿϹϾІϼ϶ ϴ϶ІЂЄЂ϶ ЃЂϸ ЄЇϾЂ϶ЂϸЅІ϶ЂЀ ϙ. ϡ. ϫϹЄЁЏЉ (ϫϹЄЁЏЉ ϼ ϸЄ. 2000) ЂЃЇϵϿϼϾЂ϶ϴϿϼ ϸϴІЏ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ ϼϻ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЂ϶ Ї ЅϹϿ.
ϜЄϷϴЁЋϴϽ, ϻЁϴЋϼІϹϿАЁЂ
ЂІ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ЂϾ, ЃЄϼ϶ϹϸϹЁЁЏЉ ϴ϶ІЂЄϴЀϼ ЄϴЅϾЂЃЂϾ (ϞϴЉϼϴЁϼ
ϼ ϸЄ. 1991; 1995; 1997), ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ϶ ЄϴϵЂІϹ ЀЂЅϾЂ϶ЅϾϼЉ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿϹϽ (ϫϹЄЁЏЉ ϼ ϸЄ. 2000) ϶ ϵϴϻЇ
207
:
,
,
ϸϴЁЁЏЉ ЃЂ ϥϕϖ ϶ϾϿВЋϹЁЏ 4 ЄϴϸϼЂЇϷϿϹЄЂϸЁЏϹ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁϼГ ϼϻ БІϼЉ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЂ϶ (ЃЂϸ Ёϴϻ϶ϴЁϼϹЀ
ϠϴЌϴ϶ϹЄϴ). ϗ. ϟ. Ϟϴ϶ІϴЄϴϸϻϹ (Kavtaradze 1999) ЃЄϼ϶ϹϿ ϶ ϾϴЋϹЅІ϶Ϲ ϸϴІ ϥϕϖ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶Ͼϼ ϦϞ ϼϻ 7 ϾЇЄϷϴЁЂ϶ Ї ЅϹϿ. ϜЄϷϴЁЋϴϽ.
ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ϾЇЄϷ. 5 ЂІЁЂЅϼІЅГ Ͼ ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸЁЂЀЇ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЇ Ͼ ϣϕϖ, ϴ ϾЇЄϷ. 18 — Ͼ ϣϕϖ. ϖ ϾЇЄϷ. 3 ЁϴϽϸϹЁϴ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ ϥϕϖ ϶ЀϹЅІϹ Ѕ ЃЂЅЇϸЂϽ ϣϕϖ. ϖ ϾЇЄϷ. 1 ЁϹ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЂ ϸϴІϼЄЇВЍϼЉ ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІЂ϶. ϣЂ ЁϴϵЂЄϴЀ
ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄГ Ͼ ϦϞ ЀЂϺЁЂ ЂІЁϹЅІϼ ІЂϿАϾЂ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ ϶ ϾЇЄϷ. 2, 4 ϼ 9. ϖ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІϹ ϵϴϻϴ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ЂϾ,
ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЇϹЀϴГ ϗ. ϟ. Ϟϴ϶ІϴЄϴϸϻϹ, ϼ ϷЄϴЁϼЊЏ ϼЁІϹЄ϶ϴϿЂ϶ ϸϴІ ϦϞ ЅЂϾЄϴЍϴВІЅГ. ϜЁІϹЄ϶ϴϿ ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂЅІϼ ϸϴІЏ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГ ϼϻ ϾЇЄϷ. 21 (XXIV–XXII ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.) ЅϿϹϸЇϹІ ЂІЁЂЅϼІА Ͼ ϵϹϸϹЁЅϾЂЀЇ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЇ,
ЃЄϹϸЌϹЅІ϶ЇВЍϹЀЇ ϦϞ. ϜЁІϹЄ϶ϴϿ ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂЅІϼ ϸϴІЏ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ ϼϻ ϾЇЄϷ. 5 (XVII–XV ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.) —
Ͼ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЇ, ЃЂЅϿϹϸЇВЍϹЀЇ ϻϴ ϦϞ (ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸЁЏϽ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ Ͼ ϣϕϖ). ϞЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ϵЏІЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ϦϞ ЂІЁЂЅϼІЅГ
ІЂϿАϾЂ ϼЁІϹЄ϶ϴϿ ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂЅІϼ ϸϴІ ϾЇЄϷ. 2, 4 ϼ 9 — XXI–XIX ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.
ϞЄЂЀϹ ІЂϷЂ, ϗ. ϟ. Ϟϴ϶ІϴЄϴϸϻϹ ЃЄϼ϶ЂϸϼІ ϸϴІЇ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГ ЃЂЅІІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾЂϷЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ (ЁϴЋϴϿЂ
ϣϕϖ) ϼϻ ϾЇЄϷϴЁϴ Ї ЅϹϿ. ϠϹІϹЉϼ — (Tb-31) 1526–1426 cal BC (Ibid.: 87).
ϥЂІЄЇϸЁϼϾϼ ϦϵϼϿϼЅЅϾЂϽ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ БϾЅЃϹϸϼЊϼϼ ЂЃЇϵϿϼϾЂ϶ϴϿϼ ϸϴІЇ ЂϵЄϴϻЊϴ ϸϹЄϹ϶ϴ ϼϻ ЃЂϷЄ. 6 ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴ ϡϴЀϷϴϿϴЀϼЊϴ-I (ЁϴЋϴϿЂ ϣϕϖ): 1410 ± 50 Ͽ. ϸЂ Ё. Б., 1761–1554 cal BC
(ϔϵЄϴЀϼЌ϶ϼϿϼ ϼ ϸЄ. 1997: 52).
ϥ. ϗ. ϘϹ϶ϹϸϺГЁ (Devedjian 2006: 361) ЃЄϼ϶ЂϸϼІ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІЏ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ϾЂЅІϹϽ ϿЂЌϴϸϼ ϼϻ
ЃЂϷЄ. 77 ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴ ϟЂЄϼ ϕϹЄϸ — (Hd-23344) 3480 ± 41 BP, 1880–1745 cal BC (1 ).
ϖ ЄϴϵЂІϹ ϗ. ϟ. Ϟϴ϶ІϴЄϴϸϻϹ (Kavtaradze 1999: 86) ЇϾϴϻϴЁЏ ІϴϾϺϹ ϸ϶Ϲ ϸϴІЏ ЃЂ 14ϥ ϼϻ ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁЁЏЉ
ЃЂϻϸЁϹϽ ЅІϴϸϼϼ ϦϞ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ ϾЇЄϷ. II ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴ ϔЄЇЋ (ϔЄЀϹЁϼГ) — (Bln-2727) 2112–1772 cal BC;
(Bln-2801) 2032–1890 cal BC.
ϡϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ϔЄЀϹЁϼϼ ϶ ЄϴЀϾϴЉ ЀϹϺϸЇЁϴЄЂϸЁЂϽ ЃЄЂϷЄϴЀЀЏ ArAGATS ϵЏϿϼ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁЏ
ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЏЉ БЃЂЉ ϶ ЂϾЄϹЅІЁЂЅІГЉ ϷЂЄЏ ϔЄϴϷϴЊ (ЃϿϴІЂ ϪϴϾϴЉЂ϶ϼІ), ϶ ІЂЀ
ЋϼЅϿϹ ϼ ЀЁЂϷЂЅϿЂϽЁЂϹ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϹ ϗϹЉϴϾϴЄ, ЅІЄϴІϼϷЄϴЈϼГ ϾЂІЂЄЂϷЂ ϶ϾϿВЋϴϹІ ЂІϿЂϺϹЁϼϹ, ЅЂϸϹЄϺϴЍϹϹ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾЇ ϦϞ. Ϝϻ БІЂϷЂ ЁϴЃϿϴЅІЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ЃЂϿЇЋϹЁЏ ІЄϼ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶Ͼϼ ЃЂ 14ϥ (1 ). ϢϵЄϴϻϹЊ ЇϷϿГ ϼϻ
ЁϼϺЁϹϷЂ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴ ϸϴϿ ϸϴІЇ: (Bln-5834) 2130–1970 cal BC; ϼϻ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹϷЂ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴ — (Bln-5835)
1880–1690 cal BC; ЂϵЄϴϻϹЊ ϾЂЅІϼ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЂϷЂ — ϸϴІЇ (Bln-5713) 1890–1760 cal BC (ϔЄЇІВЁГЁ,
ϕϴϸϴϿГЁ 2008: 107).
ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ϾϴϿϼϵЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϹ ϸϴІЏ ЃЂ 14ϥ ϼϻ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ϦϞ ЂЉ϶ϴІЏ϶ϴВІ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂϽ ϼЁІϹЄ϶ϴϿ ЂІ XXII ϸЂ XVII ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.
ϘϴІϼЄЂ϶ϾЇ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ϦϞ ϾЂЅ϶ϹЁЁЂ ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГВІ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϼІА ϸϴІЏ ЃЂ 14ϥ, ЃЂϿЇЋϹЁЁЏϹ ϼϻ ЄЇϸЁϼϾЂ϶ ϤϴЋϼ (ϛϴЃϴϸЁϴГ ϗЄЇϻϼГ). ϘЂϵЏ϶ϴϹЀЏϹ ϶ ЄЇϸЁϼϾϴЉ ЅЇЄАЀϴ ϼ ЀЏЌАГϾ ЅϿЇϺϼϿϼ ϸЂϵϴ϶ϾϴЀϼ Ͼ
ЀϹϸϼ ЃЄϼ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϼϼ ЀϹІϴϿϿϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ ϦϞ. ϡϴЋϴϿЂ БϾЅЃϿЇϴІϴЊϼϼ ЄЇϸЁϼϾЂ϶ ЂІЁЂЅϼІЅГ Ͼ
ЃϹЄ϶ЏЀ ϶ϹϾϴЀ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (ϞЇЌЁϴЄД϶ϴ 1993ϴ: 245). Ϝϻ ЄЇϸЁϼϾϴ ϥϴϷϹϵϼ ЃЂϿЇЋϹЁЏ ЅϿϹϸЇВЍϼϹ
ϸϴІЏ ϥϕϖ: (Tb-310) 1895–1748 cal BC, (Tb-334) 1882–1698 cal BC (Kavtaradze 1999: 87).
Ϟ. Ϟ. ϣϼЊЉϹϿϴЇЄϼ ϼ Ϥ. ϞϼϿϴϸϻϹ ЃЄϹϸϿЂϺϼϿϼ ЂЄϼϷϼЁϴϿАЁЏϽ ϴЄЉϹЂϴЅІЄЂЁЂЀϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ЀϹІЂϸ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼГ БϿϼІЁЂϷЂ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴ ϦϞ — ϾЇЄϷϴЁϴ Ёϴ Є. ϜЂЄϼ ϶ ЀϹЅІЁЂЅІϼ ϥϴϸЇϷϴ. ϖ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϼ БІЂϷЂ
ϾЇЄϷϴЁϴ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏϽ ЀϹЋ, ϾЂІϹϿ, ϻЂϿЂІЏϹ ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁϼГ ϼ ЀЁЂϺϹЅІ϶Ђ ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶, ϶ϾϿВЋϴГ ЄϴЅЃϼЅЁЏϹ (ϣϼЊЉϹϿϴЇЄϼ, ϞϼϿϴϸϻϹ 2010: 246). ϣЂ ЀЁϹЁϼВ ϴ϶ІЂЄЂ϶, Ёϴ ϸ϶ЇЉ ЄϴЅЃϼЅЁЏЉ ЅЂЅЇϸϴЉ ϼϻ ϥϴϸЇϷϼ ϻϴЃϹЋϴІϿϹЁЂ ЄϹϸϾЂϹ ϴЅІЄЂЁЂЀϼЋϹЅϾЂϹ Г϶ϿϹЁϼϹ — ϾЂϿАЊϹ϶ϼϸЁЂϹ ЅЂϿЁϹЋЁЂϹ
ϻϴІЀϹЁϼϹ. ϦЂЋЁЂ ІϴϾЂϹ ϺϹ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼϹ ЁϴЁϹЅϹЁЂ Ёϴ ЅЂЅЇϸ ϼϻ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГ ϥϕϖ ϶ ϔЀϼЄϴЁϼЅ-϶ϹϿϼ Ёϴ
Є. ϔϿϴϻϴЁϼ. ϤϴЅЅЋϼІϴ϶, ϾЂϷϸϴ ϶ ЄϴϽЂЁϴЉ ЄϴЅЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼГ ЂϵЂϼЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ϾЂϿАЊϹ϶ϼϸЁЏϹ ЅЂϿЁϹЋЁЏϹ
ϻϴІЀϹЁϼГ ЀЂϷϿϼ ЁϴϵϿВϸϴІАЅГ ϾϴϾ
, ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿϼ ЃЄϹϸϿЂϺϼϿϼ ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЇВ ϸϴІЇ ϸϿГ
ϾЇЄϷϴЁϴ ϥϴϸЇϷϴ — 1919 Ϸ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ: 248).
ϡϴ ЀЁЂϷЂЅϿЂϽЁЂЀ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂϴЁϴІЂϿϼϽЅϾЂЀ ІϹϿϿϹ ϥЂЅЉДВϾ (ЄϴЅЃЂϿЂϺϹЁЁЂЀ ϶ ЀϹЅІϹ ЅϵϿϼϺϹЁϼГ
϶ϹЄЉЂ϶АϹ϶ ϙ϶ЈЄϴІϴ ϼ ϔЄϴϾЅϴ) ϶ ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЏЉ ЅϿЂГЉ ϶ЅІЄϹЋϹЁϴ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ, ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼЋЁϴГ ϾЇЄЂϴЄϴϾЅϾЂϽ,
ЀϴЄІϾЂЃϼ-ϵϹϸϹЁЅϾЂϽ ϼ ІЄϼϴϿϹІЅϾЂϽ ЃЂЅЇϸϹ ϛϴϾϴ϶ϾϴϻАГ. ϖ ЅϿЂϹ IV b (ϥϕϖ II) ϶ ϻϴЃЂϿЁϹЁϼϼ ГЀЏ 7
ЁϴϽϸϹЁϴ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁϴГ ϻЇϵЋϴІЏЀ ЌІϴЀЃЂЀ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ, ϵϿϼϻϾϴГ Ͼ ЃЂЅЇϸϹ ϦϞ (Sagona 2000:
fig. 23, 1). Ϙ϶Ϲ ϾϴϿϼϵЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϹ ϸϴІЏ ϵЏϿϼ ЃЂϿЇЋϹЁЏ ЃЂ ЂϵЄϴϻЊϴЀ, ϶ϻГІЏЀ ϼϻ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹϽ (Beta-107914)
ϼ ϼϻ ЁϼϺЁϹϽ (Beta-107916) ЋϴЅІϹϽ ГЀЏ 7. ϣϹЄ϶ЏϽ ЂϵЄϴϻϹЊ ϸϴϿ ϸϴІЇ 3340 ± 70 BP, 1690–1520 cal BC
(1 ); ϶ІЂЄЂϽ –3220 ± 70 BP, 1530–1415 cal BC (1 ). ϘϿГ ЅϿЂГ IVb ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЏ ϹЍϹ 12 ϸϴІ (϶ЅϹ — ЃЂ
ЂϵЄϴϻЊϴЀ ЇϷϿГ), ϾϴϿϼϵЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϹ ϻЁϴЋϹЁϼГ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЇϾϿϴϸЏ϶ϴВІЅГ ϶ ϸϼϴЃϴϻЂЁ (1 ) ЂІ 2110–1935 ϸЂ
1450–1385 cal BC (Ibid.: 338–356).
208
,
,
ϡϴ ϶ЂЅІЂϾϹ ϔЁϴІЂϿϼϼ ϶ ЄϴϽЂЁϹ ϩϴϾϾϴЄϼ ϶ 1997 Ϸ. ϵЏϿЂ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁЂ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϹ M 1 Ѕ ЄϴЅЃϼЅЁЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾЂϽ ЅІϼϿГ «ϖϴЁ-ϧЄЀϼГ». Ϣ. ϢЅЈϼЄϴІ ЂЃЇϵϿϼϾЂ϶ϴϿ 4 ЄϴϸϼЂЇϷϿϹЄЂϸЁЏϹ ϸϴІЏ (1 ?)
ϸϿГ БІЂϽ ϷЄЂϵЁϼЊЏ ЅЂ ЅЅЏϿϾЂϽ Ёϴ ϶ЏЃЂϿЁϼ϶ЌϹϷЂ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁϼГ ϕ. ϞЄЂЀϹЄϴ ϼϻ ϗϹϽϸϹϿАϵϹЄϷϴ: 1885–
1745 cal BC, 1995–1690 cal BC, 1950–1835 cal BC, 2030–1780 cal BC (Özfirat 2002: 222). ϘϼϴЃϴϻЂЁ
ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ЂϾ ЂЉ϶ϴІЏ϶ϴϹІ XXI–XVII ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.
ϘϿГ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЂ-ϛϴЃϴϸЁЂϷЂ ϜЄϴЁϴ Ѕ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾЂϽ «ϖϴЁ-ϧЄЀϼГ» (ϩϴЈІϴ϶ϴЁ VIC ϼ VIB)
ϼЀϹϹІЅГ ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾЂ ЄϴϸϼЂЇϷϿϹЄЂϸЁЏЉ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁϼϽ. ϫ. ϕϴЄЁϹϽ ЃЄϼ϶ЂϸϼІ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІЏ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶Ͼϼ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ ϼϻ ϩϴЈІϴ϶ϴЁ ϦϹЃϹ, ϶ЏЃЂϿЁϹЁЁЏϹ ϴЄЉϹЂЀϴϷЁϼІЁЏЀ ЀϹІЂϸЂЀ. ϘϴІϴ ЅϿЂГ ϩϴЈІϴ϶ϴЁ VIC ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ЇϹІ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ 2200–2000 cal BC, ЁϼϺЁϹϷЂ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴ ЅϿЂГ ϩϴЈІϴ϶ϴЁ VIB — ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ 1900–
1550 cal BC, ϶ϹЄЉЁϹϷЂ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴ ІЂϷЂ ϺϹ ЅϿЂГ — ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ 1600/1550–1450 cal BC (Burney 1970; 1975;
Edwards 1981; 1983: 233, 283).
ϥϹЄϼГ ϸϴІ ЃЂ 14ϥ ЃЂϿЇЋϹЁϴ ϸϿГ ЃЂЅІϾϴІϴϾЂЀϵЁЏЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ϼ ϸЄϹ϶ЁЂЅІϹϽ ϕϞ, ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁЁЏЉ
ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЀ ϦϞ ЃЂ
Ѕ϶ГϻϹϽ.
ϘϿГ ϕϞ Ϥ. ϔ. ϟϼІ϶ϼЁϹЁϾЂ ЅЂϵЄϴϿ 29 ϸϴІ ЃЂ 14ϥ, ЃЄϼЋϹЀ 22 ϼϻ ЁϼЉ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸГІ ϼϻ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ϸЁϹЃЄЂ-ЃЄЇІЅϾЂϽ ϕϞ ϼ 7 — ϼϻ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ϸЁϹЃЄЂ-ϸЂЁЅϾЂϽ ϕϞ. ϣЂ ϹϷЂ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЀ, «Ͼ ЅЂϺϴϿϹЁϼВ, ЄϴϻϵЄЂЅ ЃЂϿЇЋϹЁЁЏЉ ϸϴІ Г϶ϿГϹІЅГ ϸЂ϶ЂϿАЁЂ ЌϼЄЂϾϼЀ (2495–1335 cal BC)» (ϟϼІ϶ϼЁϹЁϾЂ
2009: 20). ϣЂЅϿϹ БІЂϷЂ ЂϵЎϹϾІϼ϶ЁЂϷЂ ϶Џ϶Ђϸϴ ϴ϶ІЂЄ ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸϼІ Ͼ ЅЇϵЎϹϾІϼ϶ЁЂϽ ЃЄЂЊϹϸЇЄϹ, ЃЄϼ϶ЏЋЁЂϽ ϸϿГ ϶ЅϹЉ ЅІЂЄЂЁЁϼϾЂ϶ ЀϹІЂϸϴ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ЃЂ 14ϥ. ϠϴЅЅϼ϶ ϼЀϹВЍϼЉЅГ ϸϴІ ϟϼІ϶ϼЁϹЁϾЂ
ЄϴϻϸϹϿГϹІ Ёϴ ІЄϼ ЋϴЅІϼ. ϗЄЇЃЃЇ ЄϴЁЁϼЉ ϸϴІ ЂЁ ЂϵЎГ϶ϿГϹІ «Г϶ЁЂ ϻϴЁϼϺϹЁЁЂϽ» (ϸϿГ ϕϞ: 2495–
2341 cal BC), ϴ ϷЄЇЃЃЇ ЃЂϻϸЁϼЉ (1575–1335 cal BC) — «ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁЁЂ ϻϴ϶ЏЌϹЁЁЂϽ». ϥϾЂЃϿϹЁϼϹ
ϸϴІ ϶ ϸϼϴЃϴϻЂЁϹ 2215–1745 cal BC Ϥ. ϔ. ϟϼІ϶ϼЁϹЁϾЂ ЃЄϼЁϼЀϴϹІ ϶ ϾϴЋϹЅІ϶Ϲ «ЃЄϴ϶ϼϿАЁЂϷЂ» ϸϿГ
ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϷЂ ϾЄЇϷϴ ϕϴϵϼЁЂ (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ). ϙЅϿϼ ϺϹ
ЂЊϹЁϼ϶ϴІА ЃЂϿЇЋϹЁЁЏϽ ϸϿГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϷЂ ϾЄЇϷϴ ϕϴϵϼЁЂ ЀϴЅЅϼ϶ ϼϻ 29 ϸϴІ ЃЂ 14ϥ cal BC, ІЂ ЅϿϹϸЇϹІ ЃЄϼϻЁϴІА ϼЉ
ϸϿГ
ЄϹЌϹЁϼГ ϻϴϸϴЋ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϼϻϴЊϼϼ ϼ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼϼ. ϖ ЅϴЀЂЀ ϸϹϿϹ, ϸϼϴЃϴϻЂЁ ϸϴІ XXV–XIV ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.
(ϵЂϿϹϹ ІЏЅГЋϼ ϿϹІ!) ϵϹЅЃЂϿϹϻϹЁ ЃЂ ЅЄϴ϶ЁϹЁϼВ Ѕ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϾϴЀϼ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ϕϞ, ЃЂϿЇЋϹЁЁЏЀϼ
ІЄϴϸϼЊϼЂЁЁЏЀϼ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЀϼ ЀϹІЂϸϴЀϼ. ϘϴϿϹϹ Ϥ. ϔ. ϟϼІ϶ϼЁϹЁϾЂ ЃЄϼ϶ЂϸϼІ 14ϥ ϸϴІЏ ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁЁЏЉ ϕϞ ЊϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϹ϶ЄЂЃϹϽЅϾϼЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ, ϶ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЂЀ ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ЇВЍϼЉ ϸϼϴЃϴϻЂЁЇ 2200–
1800 cal BC (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ: 20–21).
ϘϿГ ЃЂЅІϾϴІϴϾЂЀϵЁЂϽ ϿЂϿϼЁЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ Ϥ. ϔ. ϠϼЀЂЉЂϸ ЃЄϼ϶ЂϸϼІ 17 ϾϴϿϼϵЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЉ
ϸϴІ (ϠϼЀЂЉЂϸ 2009: 253; ІϴϵϿ. 1). ϕЂϿАЌϼЁЅІ϶Ђ ϼϻ ЁϼЉ ЇЅІϴЁЂ϶ϿϹЁЂ ЃЂ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹЋϹЅϾϼЀ ϾЂЅІГЀ ϼϻ
ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ. ϞϴϾ ЃϼЌϹІ ϴ϶ІЂЄ: «ϣЄϼ ЅЇЀЀϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼϼ ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂЅІϼ ЄϴЅЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁϼГ ϶ЅϹЉ ϸϴІ ЂЁϼ ϻϴЁϼЀϴВІ ϸϼϴЃϴϻЂЁ XXIII–XVII ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. Ёϴ ЌϾϴϿϹ ЄϴϸϼЂЇϷϿϹЄЂϸЁЂϽ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼϼ» (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ: 254).
ϜЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿА ЅЂЃЂЅІϴ϶ϿГϹІ ϸϴІЏ ϿЂϿϼЁЅϾϼЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ Ѕ ЅϹЄϼϹϽ ϸϴІ ЃЂ 14ϥ ϼϻ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ЃЄϹϸЌϹЅІ϶ЇВЍϹϽ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂЀϴЁЏЋЅϾЂϽ ϾϴІϴϾЂЀϵЁЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ (ϸϴϿϹϹ — ϖϠϞϞ). ϥЇЀЀϴ ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂЅІϹϽ
ϸϴІ ϖϠϞϞ ϶ ЊϹϿЂЀ «ЉЂЄЂЌЂ ϼϿϿВЅІЄϼЄЇϹІ ϵЂϿϹϹ ЀЂϿЂϸЂϽ ϶ЂϻЄϴЅІ ϿЂϿϼЁЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ». ϢϸЁϴϾЂ
ЃЄϼ БІЂЀ ϶ЏГЅЁГϹІЅГ ЃЄϼЀϹЋϴІϹϿАЁЂϹ, Ёϴ ЁϴЌ ϶ϻϷϿГϸ, ЂϵЅІЂГІϹϿАЅІ϶Ђ. ϣЂ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЀ Ϥ. ϔ. ϠϼЀЂЉЂϸϴ,
«ЀЏ ϼЀϹϹЀ ЂІЄϹϻЂϾ
϶ ЄϴЀϾϴЉ XXIII–XXI ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.» (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ: 254, ІϴϵϿ. 2,
ϼϿ. 2). ϣЄϼ БІЂЀ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼЂЁЁЏЀϼ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЀϼ ЀϹІЂϸϴЀϼ ЁϴϸϹϺЁЂ ЇЅІϴЁЂ϶ϿϹЁЂ «ЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼϹ
ϿЂϿϼЁЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϻϴ ϖϠϞϞ ϵϹϻ ЋϴЅІϼЋЁЂϷЂ ЅЂЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼГ» (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ: 254). ϔ϶ІЂЄ ЄϴЅϾЄЏ϶ϴϹІ
ЃϴЄϴϸЂϾЅ ЃЄϴϾІϼϾϼ ЃЄϼЀϹЁϹЁϼГ ЀϹІЂϸϴ ЄϴϸϼЂЇϷϿϹЄЂϸЁЂϷЂ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ϸϿГ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ЅІϹЃЁЂϽ
ϻЂЁЏ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ϙ϶ЄЂЃЏ: ЃЂ϶ЅВϸЇ, ϷϸϹ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼЂЁЁЏЀϼ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЀϼ ЀϹІЂϸϴЀϼ ϸЂϾϴϻϴЁЂ
ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ ϸЄЇϷ ϻϴ ϸЄЇϷЂЀ
ϼ ϷϸϹ ϼЀϹВІЅГ ЅϹЄϼϼ ЄϴϸϼЂЇϷϿϹЄЂϸЁЏЉ ϸϴІ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿАЁЂ ЅЀϹЁГВЍϼЉЅГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ, ЀЏ ЃЂϿЇЋϴϹЀ ЂІЄϹϻϾϼ ЃϹЄϹϾЄЏ϶ϴЁϼГ ϼЁІϹЄ϶ϴϿЂ϶ ЂІ 150 ϸЂ 250 ϿϹІ (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ).
ϡϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ, ϼЁІϹЄ϶ϴϿ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ϼЁϷЇϿАЅϾЂϽ ϾϴІϴϾЂЀϵЁЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ЃЄϼЉЂϸϼІЅГ Ёϴ XXV–
XXI ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б., ϴ ЅЀϹЁГВЍϼϹ ϼЉ ϸЁϹЃЄЂ-ЃЄЇІЅϾϼϹ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ ϕϞ ЂϾϴϻЏ϶ϴВІЅГ ϶ ϸϼϴЃϴϻЂЁϹ XXIII–
XVII ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϖ ϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼІϹϿАЁЂЅІϼ ЅϼІЇϴЊϼГ ϹЍϹ ϵЂϿϹϹ ϴϵЅЇЄϸЁϴ, ЋϹЀ ϹϹ ЂЃϼЅЏ϶ϴϹІ Ϥ. ϔ. ϠϼЀЂЉЂϸ,
ЃЂЅϾЂϿАϾЇ, ϾϴϾ ЅϾϴϻϴЁЂ ϶ЏЌϹ, ϼЁІϹЄ϶ϴϿ ϸϴІ ϕϞ — XXV–XIV ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. —
϶ϹЅА ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ϵЏІЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ϼЁϷЇϿАЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ (ϟϼІ϶ϼЁϹЁϾЂ 2009: 20). ϦϴϾЂϹ ϺϹ ЁϴϿЂϺϹЁϼϹ ϼЁІϹЄ϶ϴϿЂ϶ ϸϹЀЂЁЅІЄϼЄЇВІ ϸϴІЏ ГЀЁЂϽ ϼ ϼЁϷЇϿАЅϾЂϽ ϾϴІϴϾЂЀϵЁЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ, ЄϴЁЁϹϾϴІϴϾЂЀϵЁЏЉ ϼ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϾϴІϴϾЂЀϵЁЏЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ (ϠϼЀЂЉЂϸ 2009: 255). Ϥ. ϔ. ϠϼЀЂЉЂϸ ЃЏІϴϹІЅГ ЂϵЎГЅЁϼІА Г϶ЁЂϹ ЁϹЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ϼϹ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІЂ϶ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ЃЂ 14ϥ ϼ ЅІЄϴІϼϷЄϴЈϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЁϴϵϿВϸϹЁϼϽ ЁϹϼϻϵϹϺЁЂϽ ЃЂϷЄϹЌЁЂЅІАВ ЀϹІЂϸϴ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼГ: «ІϴЀ, ϷϸϹ ЅЄϴ϶Ёϼ϶ϴВІЅГ ЅϹЄϼϼ ϸϴІ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿАЁЂ ЅЀϹЁГВЍϼЉЅГ
209
:
,
,
ϾЇϿАІЇЄ, ЀЏ ϶ЅϹϷϸϴ ϵЇϸϹЀ ЃЂϿЇЋϴІА ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ЇВЍϼϹ ЂІЄϹϻϾϼ ЃϹЄϹϾЄЏ϶ϴЁϼГ
ЄϴϸϼЂЇϷϿϹЄЂϸЁЂϷЂ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼГ» (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ).
ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ЄϴϸϼЂЇϷϿϹЄЂϸЁЏϽ ЀϹІЂϸ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ϼЀϹϹІ ϷЄϴЁϼЊЏ Ѕ϶ЂϼЉ ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂЅІϹϽ:
Ѕ ϹϷЂ ЃЂЀЂЍАВ ЀЂϺЁЂ ЇЅІϴЁЂ϶ϼІА ІЂϿАϾЂ
ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ЅЀϹЁГВЍϼЉ ϸЄЇϷ ϸЄЇϷϴ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ, ЁЂ ЃЂϾϴ ЁϹϿАϻГ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϼІА Ёϼ ЃЄЂІГϺϹЁЁЂЅІА ϵЏІЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ,
Ёϼ ЁϴϸϹϺЁЏϹ ϷЄϴЁϼЊЏ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ЂϾ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶. Ϥ. ϔ. ϠϼЀЂЉЂϸ, ϸϹϿϴГ ЈϴϾІϼЋϹЅϾϼ ІЂЋЁЂ ІϴϾЂϽ ϺϹ
϶Џ϶Ђϸ, ЁϹ ЄϹЌϴϹІЅГ ЂІϾЄЏІЂ ЃЂЅГϷЁЇІА Ёϴ ϴ϶ІЂЄϼІϹІ «Ѕ϶ГЍϹЁЁЂϽ ϾЂЄЂ϶Џ» ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂϽ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼϼ, «ЃЄГЋϴЅА» ϻϴ ЅϿЂ϶ϹЅЁЂϽ «БϾ϶ϼϿϼϵЄϼЅІϼϾЂϽ». ϢЁ ЃϼЌϹІ: «ϕЂϿϹϹ ІЂЋЁЏϽ ЄϴϸϼЂЇϷϿϹЄЂϸЁЏϽ ЄЇϵϹϺ ϶ ЂІЄϹϻϾϹ ЃϹЄϹϾЄЏ϶ϴЁϼГ ϸЂϿϺϹЁ, ϶ϼϸϼЀЂ, ЁϴЉЂϸϼІАЅГ ϶ ϹϷЂ ЊϹЁІЄϹ. ϦЂϷϸϴ ϸϼϴЃϴϻЂЁ ϵЏІЂ϶ϴЁϼГ
ЃЂЅІϾϴІϴϾЂЀϵЁЏЉ ϷЄЇЃЃ ϣЄϹϸϾϴ϶ϾϴϻАГ, ϾϴϾ ϼ ϶ЅϹϷЂ ЃЂЅІϾϴІϴϾЂЀϵЁЂϷЂ ϵϿЂϾϴ, ЀЂϺЁЂ ЂϷЄϴЁϼЋϼІА ϶
ЃЄϹϸϹϿϴЉ XXII–XVIII ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.» (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ: 255).
ϱІЂІ ϸϼϴЃϴϻЂЁ ϸϴІ ϶ЃЂϿЁϹ ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ЇϹІ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϾϴЀ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ϦϞ, ЃЂϿЇЋϹЁЁЏЀ ЁϴЀϼ
ІЄϴϸϼЊϼЂЁЁЂϽ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ЀϹІЂϸϼϾЂϽ, Ѕ ЃЄϼ϶ГϻϾϴЀϼ Ͼ ЁϴϸϹϺЁЂ ϸϴІϼЄЇϹЀЏЀ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЀ
ϣϹЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ϖЂЅІЂϾϴ (ЃЂ ВϺЁЂϽ ϿϼЁϼϼ ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁϼϻϴЊϼϼ). ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ЁϹЃЂЁГІЁЂ, ϾϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ ϵЏϿ
ЃЂϿЇЋϹЁ ЇϾЂЄЂЋϹЁЁЏϽ ϸϼϴЃϴϻЂЁ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ЂϾ ϸϿГ ЃЂЅІϾϴІϴϾЂЀϵЁЏЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶, ЃЂЅϾЂϿАϾЇ ϸϿГ
ЁϼЉ ϼЀϹВІЅГ ϸϴІЏ, ϸϼϴЃϴϻЂЁ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЃЄϼЉЂϸϼІЅГ Ёϴ XXV ϼ XXIV ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ: ІϴϵϿ. 1,
№ 3, 5, 15, 17). ϡϴ ϾϴϾЂЀ ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁϼϼ ЋϴЅІА ϸϼϴЃϴϻЂЁЂ϶ ϵЏϿϴ ЇЅϹЋϹЁϴ? ϖЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ, ϸϹϿЂ ϶ ЂІЅЇІЅІ϶ϼϼ
ЃЂЃЄϴ϶ЂϾ Ёϴ «ЄϹϻϹЄ϶ЇϴЄЁЏϽ БЈЈϹϾІ», ЃЂЅϾЂϿАϾЇ ϵЂϿАЌϼЁЅІ϶Ђ ϸϴІ ЃЂϿЇЋϹЁЏ ЃЂ ЂϵЄϴϻЊϴЀ ϾЂЅІϹϽ
ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹϾϴ ϼϻ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ12. ϡЂ БІЂ ЁϹ ЄϹЌϴϹІ ЃЄЂϵϿϹЀЇ ЂІϵЂЄϴ «ЃЄϴ϶ϼϿАЁЏЉ» ϸϴІ. ϖ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІϹ
ЅϹϷЂϸЁГ, ϾϴϾ ϼ Ёϴ ϻϴЄϹ ЃЄϼЀϹЁϹЁϼГ ЀϹІЂϸϴ, ЅІЂЄЂЁЁϼϾϼ ЄϴϸϼЂЇϷϿϹЄЂϸЁЂϷЂ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ЃЄϼЁϼЀϴВІ ЅЇϵЎϹϾІϼ϶ЁЂϹ ЄϹЌϹЁϼϹ ЃЄϼ ЂІϵЂЄϹ «ЃЄϴ϶ϼϿАЁЏЉ» ϸϴІ ϼ
«ЃЄϴ϶ϼϿАЁЏЉ» ϸϼϴЃϴϻЂЁЂ϶ ϸϴІ.
ϡϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ, ϸϿГ БЃЂЁϼЀЁЂϷЂ ЀЁЂϷЂЅϿЂϽЁЂϷЂ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϥϴЄϴІϴ ϠЂЁІϹЂЄЇ (Motzoi-Chicideanu
2003) ЃЂϿЇЋϹЁЏ 2 ϸϴІЏ ЃЂ 14C: ϸϿГ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴ Ic3 — (Bln-3065) 2200–1970 cal BC (1 ) ϼ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴ
Ic2 — (Bln-4619) 2470–2310 cal BC (1 ). ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ϹЅϿϼ ϸЂ϶ϹЄГІА ϾϴϿϹЁϸϴЄЁЏЀ ϸϴІϴЀ ЃЂ 14C,
϶ϹЄЉЁϼϽ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІ Ic2 ЂϾϴϻЏ϶ϴϹІЅГ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϹ, ЋϹЀ ЁϼϺЁϼϽ Ic3. ϣЂϸЂϵЁϴГ ЅϼІЇϴЊϼГ ϻϴЈϼϾЅϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϴ
Ёϴ ЀЁЂϷϼЉ ЀЁЂϷЂЅϿЂϽЁЏЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЉ, ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЉ ЄϴϸϼЂЇϷϿϹЄЂϸЁЏЀ ЀϹІЂϸЂЀ. ϢЌϼϵЂЋЁЂЅІА
ЃЂϿЇЋϹЁЁЏЉ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІЂ϶ ϶ БІЂЀ ЅϿЇЋϴϹ ЂЋϹ϶ϼϸЁϴ. ϦϹЀ ЅϴЀЏЀ ϻϴϾЂЁЂЀϹЄЁЂ ϶ЂϻЁϼϾϴϹІ ϶ЂЃЄЂЅ, ϹЅІА
Ͽϼ ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ϶ϹЄϼІА ϶ЅϹЀ ϸϴІϴЀ, ЃЂϿЇЋϹЁЁЏЀ ЄϴϸϼЂЇϷϿϹЄЂϸЁЏЀ ЀϹІЂϸЂЀ?
ϥ ЃЄЂϵϿϹЀЂϽ ЁϹЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ϼГ ϴϵЅЂϿВІЁЂϽ ϼ ЂІЁЂЅϼІϹϿАЁЂϽ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼϼ ЅІϴϿϾϼ϶ϴВІЅГ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿϼ ЃЄϼ ϼϻЇЋϹЁϼϼ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ϙ϶ЄЂЃЏ ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЏЉ БЃЂЉ (Ϝ϶ϴЁЂ϶ϴ ϼ ϸЄ. 2005: 171;
ϤϴЅЅϴЀϴϾЙЁ 2004: 17, 26). Ϡ. ϕ. ϭЇϾϼЁ, ϼЅЅϿϹϸЇГ БЃЂЉЇ ϿϴІϹЁϴ, ЂϵЎГЅЁГϿ БІЂ ІϹЀ, ЋІЂ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼ
ϼЀϹВІ ϸϹϿЂ Ѕ «ІϹϾЇЋϼЀϼ» ЃЄЂЊϹЅЅϴЀϼ ϼϻЀϹЁϹЁϼГ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿАЁЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ. ϞϴϺϸЂϹ Г϶ϿϹЁϼϹ (ІϼЃЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ЄГϸ, ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ) ϾЂЄϹЁϼІЅГ ϶ ЃЄϹϸЌϹЅІ϶ЇВЍϼЉ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴЉ, ϶ЁϴЋϴϿϹ
ЃЄЂГ϶ϿГГЅА ЁϹ ЂЋϹЁА ϻϴЀϹІЁЂ. ϖ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІϹ ЅІЄЂϽЁϴГ ЅϼЅІϹЀϴ ЅϹІϾϼ ЂІЁЂЅϼІϹϿАЁЂϽ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼϼ
ЄϴЅІГϷϼ϶ϴϹІЅГ, ГЋϹϽϾϼ ϼϻ Ͼ϶ϴϸЄϴІЁЏЉ ЅІϴЁЂ϶ГІЅГ ЄЂЀϵϼЋϹЅϾϼЀϼ, ЃϹЄϹϾЄЏ϶ϴВЍϼЀϼ ϸЄЇϷ ϸЄЇϷϴ.
Ϡ. ϕ. ϭЇϾϼЁ ЃЄϹϸϿЂϺϼϿ ϼϻЀϹЁϼІА ЅϴЀЇ ЃϴЄϴϸϼϷЀЇ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ЀЏЌϿϹЁϼГ — ЂІ «Ͼ϶ϴϸЄϴІЁЂϷЂ» ЃϹЄϹϽІϼ Ͼ «ЄЂЀϵϼЋϹЅϾЂЀЇ». ϱІЂ, ЃЂ ЀЁϹЁϼВ ϴ϶ІЂЄϴ, ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿϼІ ЅЁГІА ЃЄЂІϼ϶ЂЄϹЋϼГ, ϶ЂϻЁϼϾϴВЍϼϹ ЃЄϼ ЃϹЄϹ϶ЂϸϹ ЂІЁЂЅϼІϹϿАЁЏЉ ϸϴІ ϶ ϴϵЅЂϿВІЁЏϹ (ϭЇϾϼЁ 2004).
ЁϴЌϹЀЇ БϾЅϾЇЄЅЇ ϶ ϴϵЅЂϿВІЁЇВ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼВ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ЈϼЁϴϿАЁЂϷЂ БІϴЃϴ ϥϕϖ ϲϺЁЂϷЂ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ. ϥ ІЂЋϾϼ ϻЄϹЁϼГ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼЂЁЁЏЉ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЀϹІЂϸЂ϶, ϶ϾϿВЋϴГ
ЅЄϴ϶ЁϼІϹϿАЁЂ-ІϼЃЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ϴЁϴϿϼϻ, ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ ϦϞ ЁϴϸϹϺЁЂ ϸϴІϼЄЇВІЅГ ϾЂЁЊЂЀ III — ЃϹЄ϶ЏЀϼ ϶ϹϾϴЀϼ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (2200/2100–1900/1800 ϷϷ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.). ϡϹЀЁЂϷϼϹ ϸϴІЏ ЃЂ 14C ϸϿГ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶
ϦϞ ϼ ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁЁЏЉ ϸЄϹ϶ЁЂЅІϹϽ Ёϴ ϸЄЇϷϼЉ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼГЉ ϿϼϵЂ ЃЂϸІ϶ϹЄϺϸϴВІ ϼЉ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϾЇ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼЂЁЁЏЀϼ ЀϹІЂϸϴЀϼ, ϿϼϵЂ ϸϹЀЂЁЅІЄϼЄЇВІ ϵЂϿϹϹ ЌϼЄЂϾϼϽ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ϸϼϴЃϴϻЂЁ, ЃЄϼЋϹЀ
ЅϴЀЏϹ ЄϴЁЁϼϹ ϸϴІЏ ЂІЁЂЅГІЅГ Ͼ XXVI ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾ ϡϹЄϾϼЁ ϡϴ϶ϹЄ), ϴ ЅϴЀЏϹ ЃЂϻϸЁϼϹ — Ͼ
XV–XIV ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϹ ϥЂЅЉДВϾ, ЅϿЂϽ IVb; ϾЇЄϷϴЁ ϥϴϵϼϸϴЉЋϴ). ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ЀЂϺЁЂ
ϾЂЁЅІϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴІА, ЋІЂ ϶ ЁϴЅІЂГЍϹϹ ϶ЄϹЀГ ϸϴІЏ ЃЂ 14ϥ ЁϹ ЅЃЂЅЂϵЁЏ ϼϷЄϴІА ЅϾЂϿАϾЂ-ЁϼϵЇϸА ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЇВ ЄЂϿА ЃЄϼ ЃЂЅІЄЂϹЁϼϼ ϾЂЄЄϹϾІЁЂϽ ϴϵЅЂϿВІЁЂϽ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼϼ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ЈϼЁϴϿϴ ϥϕϖ
ϲϺЁЂϷЂ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ.
12
ϡϹϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЂϵЄϴϻЊЏ (ϾЂЅІϼ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹϾϴ, ЄϴϾЂ϶ϼЁЏ, ϾЂЅІϼ ЄЏϵ) ϼЀϹВІ ϵЂϿϹϹ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϼϽ ЄϴϸϼЂЇϷϿϹЄЂϸЁЏϽ
϶ЂϻЄϴЅІ ϶ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІϹ ϶ЂϻϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼГ «ЄϹϻϹЄ϶ЇϴЄЁЂϷЂ БЈЈϹϾІϴ» (ϬϼЌϿϼЁϴ 2010; ϬϼЌϿϼЁϴ ϼ ϸЄ. 2006; 2010;
ϣϿϼЉІ ϼ ϸЄ. 2006; Lanting, Plicht 1995/1996).
210
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ϔЄІϹЀϹЁϾЂ 1967 —
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БЃЂЉϼ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ϧϾЄϴϼЁЏ. ϞϼϹ϶: ϡϴЇϾЂ϶ϴ ϸЇЀϾϴ, 1967. ϥ. 6–16.
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ϼЅІЂЄϼϾЂ-ЈϼϿЂЅЂЈЅϾϼЉ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼϽ, 2000. 336 Ѕ.
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ϼ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЂϷϹЁϹϻ ϶ ϼЅІЂЄϼЋϹЅϾЂЀ ϴЅЃϹϾІϹ. ϥϣϵ.: ϜϜϠϞ Ϥϔϡ, 1991. ϥ. 12–19.
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ϵЄЂЁϻЏ // ϞЂЁ϶ϹЄϷϹЁЊϼГ ϼ ϸϼ϶ϹЄϷϹЁЊϼГ ϶ Єϴϻ϶ϼІϼϼ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ БЃЂЉϼ БЁϹЂϿϼІϴ–ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϼ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ
ϙ϶ЄЂЃЏ: ϠϴІϹЄϼϴϿЏ ЁϴЇЋ. ϾЂЁЈ. 21–25 ϴ϶ϷЇЅІϴ 1995 Ϸ. ϥϴЄϴІЂ϶. ϥϴЄϴІЂ϶; ϥϣϵ.: ϜϜϠϞ Ϥϔϡ, ϥϴЄϴІЂ϶ЅϾϼϽ ϗϧ,
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ϞЇϿАІЇЄЏ ЅІϹЃЁЂϽ ϙ϶Єϴϻϼϼ ϼ ϼЉ ϶ϻϴϼЀЂϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼϹ Ѕ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϼЀϼ Њϼ϶ϼϿϼϻϴЊϼГЀϼ: ϠϴІϹЄϼϴϿЏ ЀϹϺϸЇЁϴЄ. ЁϴЇЋ.
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ϞЂЁ϶ϹЄϷϹЁЊϼГ ϼ ϸϼ϶ϹЄϷϹЁЊϼГ ϶ Єϴϻ϶ϼІϼϼ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ БЃЂЉϼ БЁϹЂϿϼІϴ–ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϼ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ϙ϶ЄЂЃЏ:
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ϠϴЉϴЋϾϴϿϴ: Ϝϻϸ-϶Ђ ϘϴϷϹЅІϴЁЅϾЂϷЂ Ϩϔϡ ϥϥϥϤ, 1969. 178 Ѕ.
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ϙ϶Єϴϻϼϼ ϼ ϼЉ ϶ϻϴϼЀЂϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼϹ Ѕ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϼЀϼ Њϼ϶ϼϿϼϻϴЊϼГЀϼ: ϠϴІϹЄϼϴϿЏ ЀϹϺϸЇЁϴЄ. ЁϴЇЋ. ϾЂЁЈ., ЃЂЅ϶ГЍ.
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Problems of chronology and periodization
of the final Middle Bronze Age cultures in the Caucasus
M. B. Rysin
The paper deals with the problems of chronology and periodization of the «blooming period» sites
of the Trialeti culture in the South Caucasus. The author starts with comparing the results of dating obtained by scientific methods with those obtained by traditional archaeological methods. It appears that the
«blooming period» of the Trialeti culture can be dated to neither the first half-middle of the II millennium
BC, nor the middle of the III millennium BC. The rare 14C dates available for the Trialeti culture and synchronous sites from other regions either agree with the dates obtained by traditional archaeological methods or give a wider chronological range from the XXVI c. BC (Nerkin Naver cemetery) through the XV–
XIV cc. BC (Sabidakhcha barrow). It is concluded that at present 14C dates cannot contribute much to the
construction of a reliable chronology for the final stage of the Middle Bronze Age in the South Caucasus.
In the author’s opinion, the «blooming stage» of the Trialeti culture should most likely be dated to the last
centuries of the III–the first quarter of the II mil. BC. This period is characterized by intensive contacts
between the population (including the ruling elites) of the South Caucasus, on one hand, and the inhabitants of the Near East (Cappadocia, Syria, North Mesopotamia, Northwestern Iran), on the other. The scale
and directions of these contacts seem to have depended on the interests of the Assyrian trade network.
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Keywords: North Caucasus, Kurp river, archaeological sites, fortified settlement, settlement, pottery, stages
of settlement
ϖϹЅЁЂϽ 1981 Ϸ. I Єϴϻ϶ϹϸЂЋЁЏϽ ЂІЄГϸ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЂ-Ϟϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾЂϽ БϾЅЃϹϸϼЊϼϼ ϜЁЅІϼІЇІϴ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼϼ
ϔϡ ϥϥϥϤ1 ЃЄЂ϶ϹϿ ЂϵЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼϹ ϶ ЃЄЂϹϾІϼЄЇϹЀЂϽ ϻЂЁϹ ϻϴІЂЃϿϹЁϼГ ϞЇЄЃЅϾЂϷЂ ϶ЂϸЂЉЄϴЁϼϿϼЍϴ ϸϿГ
϶ЏГ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶, ЅЂЉЄϴЁЁЂЅІϼ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЇϷЄЂϺϴϿЂ ЅІЄЂϼІϹϿАЅІ϶Ђ ϶ЂϸЂЉЄϴЁϼϿϼЍ, ϾϴЁϴϿЂ϶ ϼ ЃЄЂϹϾІϼЄЇϹЀЏЉ ЅЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼϽ.
ϛЂЁϴ ϻϴІЂЃϿϹЁϼГ ϞЇЄЃЅϾЂϷЂ ϶ЂϸЂЉЄϴЁϼϿϼЍϴ ЂϾϴϻϴϿϴЅА ЁϴЅЏЍϹЁϴ ЄϴϻЁЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЏЀϼ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЀϼ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЀϼ. ϢЁϼ ЄϴЅЃЂϿϴϷϴϿϼЅА ЃЂ ЂϵЂϼЀ ϵϹЄϹϷϴЀ Є. ϞЇЄЃ ϼ ϶ ВϺЁЂϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ϸЂϿϼЁЏ,
ЃЄϼЀЏϾϴВЍϹϽ Ͼ ЄЇЅϿЇ ЄϹϾϼ Ѕ ϶ЂЅІЂϾϴ, Ёϴ ЅϾϿЂЁϴЉ ϷЂЄ, Ёϴ ϶ϹЄЌϼЁϴЉ ЂІϸϹϿАЁЏЉ ЉЂϿЀЂ϶ ϼ Ёϴ ϶ЂϸЂЄϴϻϸϹϿϹ ЀϹϺϸЇ Є. ϞЇЄЃ ϼ ϵϴϿϾЂϽ ϕϹϿГЀЇϾЂ. ϟϼЌА ϶ ЃЂϽЀϹЁЁЂϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ϸЂϿϼЁЏ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ ЂІЅЇІЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴϿϼ.
ϡϴЀϼ ЂϵЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϴ ЁϼϺЁГГ ЋϴЅІА ІϹЋϹЁϼГ Є. ϞЇЄЃ — ЂІ ЅϿϼГЁϼГ ϹϹ Ѕ Є. ϞЇЄЃЂϾ ϼ ϸЂ ЀϹЅІϴ ϶ЃϴϸϹЁϼГ ϹϹ ϶ ϦϹЄϹϾ (ЄϼЅ. 1). ϠϹЅІЁЂЅІА ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿГϿϴ ЅЂϵЂВ ЌϼЄЂϾЇВ ϸЂϿϼЁЇ, ЂϾϴϽЀϿϹЁЁЇВ
ЉЂϿЀϴЀϼ ЄϴϻЁЂϽ ϶ЏЅЂІЏ. ϤϹϾϴ ϞЇЄЃ ЃЂϿЁЂ϶ЂϸЁϴ ІЂϿАϾЂ ЄϴЁЁϹϽ ϶ϹЅЁЂϽ ϼ ϶ ϸЂϺϸϿϼ϶ЏϹ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЏ,
϶ ЂЅІϴϿАЁЂϹ ϶ЄϹЀГ — БІЂ ЁϹϵЂϿАЌЂϽ ЄЇЋϹϽ, ЃЄЂІϹϾϴВЍϼϽ ЃЂ ϸЁЇ ЃЄЂЄϹϻϴЁЁЂϷЂ ϶ ϸЁϹ ϸЂϿϼЁЏ ϷϿЇϵЂϾЂϷЂ Ђ϶ЄϴϷϴ Ѕ ЂІ϶ϹЅЁЏЀϼ ЅІϹЁϴЀϼ.
Ϥϴϻ϶ϹϸЂЋЁЏϹ ЄϴϵЂІЏ 1981 Ϸ. ЂϾϴϻϴϿϼЅА Ϲϸ϶ϴ Ͽϼ ЁϹ ϹϸϼЁЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЀϼ, ЃЄϼ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЃЄЂ϶ЂϸϼϿЂЅА
ЅЃϿЂЌЁЂϹ ЂϵЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼϹ ЀϹЅІЁЂЅІϼ. ϧϸϼ϶ϼІϹϿАЁЂ, ЁЂ ϶ ЈЇЁϸϴЀϹЁІϴϿАЁЏЉ ЄϴϵЂІϴЉ ЃЂ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼϼ
ϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ϣЄϹϸϾϴ϶ϾϴϻАГ ϼ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϷЂ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ ЈϴϾІϼЋϹЅϾϼ ЁϹІ ЇЃЂЀϼЁϴЁϼϽ
Ђ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЉ ϡϼϺЁϹϷЂ ϞЇЄЃϴ, ϻϴ ϼЅϾϿВЋϹЁϼϹЀ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴ ϔЉϿЂ϶Ђ (ϡϼϺЁϼϽ ϞЇЄЃ) (ϞЂϻϹЁϾЂ϶ϴ
1977: 56), ЂІϾЄЏІЂϷЂ ϼ ЋϴЅІϼЋЁЂ ЄϴЅϾЂЃϴЁЁЂϷЂ ϖ. Ϝ. ϘЂϿϵϹϺϹ϶ЏЀ ϶ 1898 Ϸ. (ϢϔϞ 1901).
.
(ЄϼЅ. 1, 1; 2) ЄϴЅЃЂϿЂϺϹЁЂ Ёϴ ЋϹІЏЄϹЉ ЉЂϿЀϴЉ ϶ ЁϼϺЁϹЀ ІϹЋϹЁϼϼ
Є. ϞЇЄЃ, Ёϴ ϿϹ϶ЂЀ ϹϹ ϵϹЄϹϷЇ, ϶ 1,5 ϾЀ Ͼ ϲϛ ЂІ Ѕ. ϠϴϿϷЂϵϹϾ. Ϟ ВϷЇ ϼ ϶ЂЅІЂϾЇ ЂІ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϴ ЁϴЉЂϸГІЅГ
ЀЁЂϷЂЋϼЅϿϹЁЁЏϹ ϼϻ϶ϼϿϼЁЏ ЄϹϾϼ.
ϥϴЀЏϽ ВϺЁЏϽ ЉЂϿЀ ϼЀϹϿ ЁϹЃЄϴ϶ϼϿАЁЇВ ЂϾЄЇϷϿЇВ ЈЂЄЀЇ ϼ ϵЏϿ ЅЄϹϻϴЁ Ѕ ϲϛ Ђ϶ЄϴϷЂЀ (ЄϼЅ. 2, 1).
ϖЏЅЂІϴ ЉЂϿЀϴ ϸЂЅІϼϷϴϿϴ 8 Ѐ. ϤϴϻЀϹЄЏ ЅЂЉЄϴЁϼ϶ЌϹϽЅГ ЋϴЅІϼ ϶ϹЄЌϼЁЏ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿГϿϼ 10 × 10 Ѐ, ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁϼГ — 20 × 45 Ѐ2. ϥ ϻϴЃϴϸϴ ЄϴЅЃЂϿϴϷϴϿϴЅА ЁϹϵЂϿАЌϴГ ϿЂЍϼЁϴ, ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ, ЂЅІϴІϾϼ ϶ЎϹϻϸϴ Ёϴ ЉЂϿЀ.
ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁϹϹ ϿϹϺϴϿ ϶ІЂЄЂϽ ЉЂϿЀ ЁϹЃЄϴ϶ϼϿАЁЂϽ Ђ϶ϴϿАЁЂϽ ЈЂЄЀЏ, ІϴϾϺϹ ϼЀϹВЍϼϽ ϶ЏЅЂІЇ 8 Ѐ ϼ
ЂЄϼϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϽ ЃЂ ϿϼЁϼϼ ϥϖϖ–ϲϛϛ. ϤϴϻЀϹЄЏ ϹϷЂ ϶ϹЄЌϼЁЏ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿГϿϼ 55 × 130 Ѐ, ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁϼГ —
85 × 160 Ѐ. ϥ ϲϖ ЅІЂЄЂЁЏ ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿϴЅА ЃЂϿЂϷϴГ ϿЂЍϼЁϴ, ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ ЂЅІϴІϾϼ ϶ЎϹϻϸϴ.
ϙЍϹ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЁϹϹ ЄϴЅЃЂϿϴϷϴϿЅГ ІЄϹІϼϽ ЉЂϿЀ ЁϹЃЄϴ϶ϼϿАЁЂϽ ЃГІϼЇϷЂϿАЁЂϽ ЈЂЄЀЏ, ϶ЏЅЂІЂϽ 2 Ѐ, ЂЄϼϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϽ ЃЂ ϿϼЁϼϼ ϛ–ϖ. ϤϴϻЀϹЄЏ ϹϷЂ ϶ϹЄЌϼЁЏ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿГϿϼ 140 × 180 Ѐ, ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁϼГ — 165 × 220 Ѐ.
ϛϴЃϴϸЁϹϹ ϶ІЂЄЂϷЂ ЉЂϿЀϴ ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿЅГ ЋϹІ϶ϹЄІЏϽ ЉЂϿЀ ЁϹЃЄϴ϶ϼϿАЁЂϽ Ђ϶ϴϿАЁЂϽ ЈЂЄЀЏ, ІϴϾϺϹ
ϼЀϹВЍϼϽ ϶ЏЅЂІЇ 2 Ѐ ϼ ЂЄϼϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϽ ЃЂ ϿϼЁϼϼ ϥϥϖ–ϲϲϛ. ϤϴϻЀϹЄЏ ϹϷЂ ЃЂ ϶ϹЄЉЇ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿГϿϼ
125 × 70 Ѐ, ϶ ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁϼϼ — 140 × 90 Ѐ.
1
ϖ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ ЂІЄГϸϴ ϶ЉЂϸϼϿϼ ϖ. ϳ. ϥІϹϷϴЁЊϹ϶ϴ (ЁϴЋϴϿАЁϼϾ), Ϥ. Ϥ. ϤГϵЂ϶, ϙ. ϖ. ϜϻϵϼЊϹЄ, Ϡ. ϔ. ϥІϹϷϴЁЊϹ϶ ϼ
ϔ. Ϝ. ϳЍϴЁЂ϶ (϶ЂϸϼІϹϿА).
2
ϖЅϹ ЄϴϻЀϹЄЏ ϸϴВІЅГ ЅЁϴЋϴϿϴ ЃЂ ϿϼЁϼϼ ϥ–ϲ, ϻϴІϹЀ ЃЂ ϿϼЁϼϼ ϛ–ϖ.
219
:
,
,
. 1. ϔЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ ϸЂϿϼЁЏ Є. ϞЇЄЃ, ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЏϽ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻ, ЃϿϴЁ. ϧЅϿЂ϶ЁЏϹ ЂϵЂϻЁϴЋϹЁϼГ (I):
— ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϹ; — ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϹ; — ϷЄϴЁϼЊЏ ЄϹЅЃЇϵϿϼϾ; — ϷЄϴЁϼЊЏ ЄϴϽЂЁЂ϶; — ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁЁЏϹ ЃЇЁϾІЏ; —
ϷЄϴЁϼЊЏ ЃЄЂϹϾІϼЄЇϹЀЂϷЂ ϶ЂϸЂЉЄϴЁϼϿϼЍϴ; — ϴ϶ІЂЀЂϵϼϿАЁЏϹ ϸЂЄЂϷϼ
Fig. 1. Archaeological sites of the Kurp valley, Northern Caucasus, plan. Legend: — settlement; — fortified
settlement; — borders of republics; — district borders; — modern settlements; — borders of the area intended
for flooding; — automobile roads
220
,
,
ϧЅϿЂ϶ЁЏϹ ЂϵЂϻЁϴЋϹЁϼГ (II) Ͼ ЃϿϴЁϴЀ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍ ϼ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϽ Ёϴ ЄϼЅ. 2; 4, 6–12: — ЃЄЂЅϹϿЂЋЁϴГ ϸЂЄЂϷϴ; —
ЃϴЅІϵϼЍϹ; — ЅЇЉЂϹ ϵЂϿЂІЂ; — ϷЄϴЁϼЊЏ ЃϴЌЁϼ; — ϿϹЅЂЃЂϿЂЅϴ; — ЂϵЄЏ϶; — ϶ЂϸЂЃЄЂ϶ЂϸЁϴГ ϾЂϿЂЁϾϴ;
— ϟϱϣ; — ЅІϹϿϴ; — ЂϾЂЃЏ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁ ϖϹϿϼϾЂϽ ϢІϹЋϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϽ ϶ЂϽЁЏ; — ЌЇЄЈ; — ϷЄϴЁϼЊЏ ЅϹЄЂϷЂ ЃГІЁϴ;
— ϷЄϴЁϼЊЏ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁϼГ ЃЂϸЎϹЀЁЂϷЂ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϴ; — ϷЄϴЁϼЊЏ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁϼГ ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ)
Legend (II) to plans of settlements and fortified settlements on the figs 2; 4, 6–12: — country roads; — pasture;
— dry bog; — arable land borders; — strip of wood; — precipice; — stand-pipe; — electric power
line; — stele; — Great Patriotic War entrenchments; — test pit; — grey spot limits; — surface finds area
limits; — present day pottery distribution area
. 2. ϠϴϿϷЂϵϹϾЅϾЂϹ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϹ: 1 — ЃϿϴЁ, 2–12 — ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЏ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ
Fig. 2. Malgobek fortified settlement: 1 — plan, 2–12 — ceramic fragments
221
:
,
,
ϩЂϿЀЏ ЂІϸϹϿϹЁЏ ϸЄЇϷ ЂІ ϸЄЇϷϴ ϹЅІϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЀϼ ЇϻϾϼЀϼ ϿЂЍϼЁϴЀϼ-ЃЄЂЉЂϸϴЀϼ. ϧ ЊϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЏЉ ЉЂϿЀЂ϶, ϶ϼϸϼЀЂ, ϵЏϿϼ ЃЂϸЄϹϻϴЁЏ ЅІЂЄЂЁЏ. ϖЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ, ϸ϶ϴ ЃϹЄ϶ЏЉ ЉЂϿЀϴ Г϶ϿГϿϼЅА ЊϼІϴϸϹϿАВ,
ϴ ϸ϶ϴ ЀϹЁАЌϼЉ — ЅϹϿϼЍϹЀ.
ϣЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІА ϶ЅϹЉ ЉЂϿЀЂ϶ ЉЂЄЂЌЂ ϻϴϸϹЄЁЂ϶ϴЁϴ. ϥ ϲϛ ЅІЂЄЂЁЏ ЅϴЀЂϷЂ ВϺЁЂϷЂ ϼϻ ЁϼЉ ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿЅГ ЂϵЄЏ϶, ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГВЍϼϽ ЃЄЂЅϿϹϸϼІА ЀЂЍЁЂЅІА ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϷЂ ЅϿЂГ — 1,5–1,8 Ѐ. ϞЇϿАІЇЄЁЏϽ ЅϿЂϽ
ЅЂЅІЂГϿ ϼϻ ЅϹЄЂϷЂ ϷЇЀЇЅϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϷЂ ЅЇϷϿϼЁϾϴ Ѕ ϶ϾϿВЋϹЁϼГЀϼ ЇϷϿϹϽ, ϾЂЅІϹϽ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЏЉ ϼ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ.
ϧ ЂЅЏЃϼ ЂϵЄЏ϶ϴ ϼ ϶ ϶ЏϵЄЂЅϴЉ ЁϹЀЁЂϷЂЋϼЅϿϹЁЁЏЉ ϾЄЂІЂ϶ϼЁ ϵЏϿϴ ЅЂϵЄϴЁϴ ЅЄϹϸЁϹ϶ϹϾЂ϶ϴГ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ
(ЄϼЅ. 2, 2–11) ϼ ϾЂЅІГЁϴГ ЃϿϴЅІϼЁϾϴ Ѕ ЂІ϶ϹЄЅІϼϹЀ (ЄϼЅ. 3, 6). ϠЂЍЁЂЅІА ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϷЂ ЅϿЂГ ϶ІЂЄЂϷЂ
ЉЂϿЀϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϼІϹϿАЁЂ ϸЂЅІϼϷϴϿϴ 1,5–1,8 Ѐ, ϴ ϸ϶ЇЉ ϵЂϿϹϹ ЁϼϻϾϼЉ ЉЂϿЀЂ϶ — 0,5–0,8 Ѐ.
ϣϿЂЍϴϸА ЇϾЄϹЃϿϹЁЁЂϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϴ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿГϿϴ ЂϾЂϿЂ 2400 Ѐ2, ЃϿЂЍϴϸА ЅϹϿϼЍϴ — ϸЂ 5000 Ѐ2.
ϞϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ ϠϴϿϷЂϵϹϾЅϾЂϷЂ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϴ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϴ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІϴЀϼ ϷЂЁЋϴЄЁЏЉ, ЉЂЄЂЌЂ ЂϵЂϺϺϹЁЁЏЉ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶. ϦϹЅІЂ ϼЉ ЃЄϹϼЀЇЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂ ЅϹЄЂϷЂ, ϼϻЄϹϸϾϴ ϾЂЄϼЋЁϹ϶ЂϷЂ Њ϶ϹІЂ϶ ϶ϾϿВЋϴϿЂ ЃЄϼЀϹЅА ЀϹϿϾЂІЂϿЋϹЁЂϽ ϸЄϹЅ϶Џ. ϢЅЁЂ϶ЁЏЀϼ ЈЂЄЀϴЀϼ ЃЂЅЇϸЏ Г϶ϿГВІЅГ ϸ϶ЇЋϿϹЁЁЏϹ ЀϼЅϾϼ, ϷЂЄЌϾϼ Ѕ
ЁϼϻϾϼЀ ϼ ϶ЏЅЂϾϼЀ ϷЂЄϿЂЀ (ІϴϵϿϼЊϴ)3. ϢЄЁϴЀϹЁІϴЊϼГ ϶ЏЃЂϿЁϹЁϴ ЃЄЂЋϹЄЋϹЁЁЏЀϼ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴϿАЁЏЀϼ
ϼ ЁϴϾϿЂЁЁЏЀϼ ϿϼЁϼГЀϼ, ϴ ϶ ЂϸЁЂЀ ЅϿЇЋϴϹ — ϶ЂϿЁЂϽ. ϖ ϷЄЇЃЃЇ ЃЄЂЋϹЄЋϹЁЁЏЉ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІЂ϶ ϶ЉЂϸГІ
ϼ ϾЂЅЏϹ ЁϴЅϹЋϾϼ ЃЂ ϶ϹЁЋϼϾЇ. ϦϴϾϺϹ ϶ЅІЄϹЋϴВІЅГ ЁϴϿϹЃЏ ϶ ϶ϼϸϹ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴϿАЁЏЉ ϼ ϶ϹЄІϼϾϴϿАЁЏЉ
ЃЂϿЂЅ. ϱІϴ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ ϼЀϹϹІ ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼϼ ϶ ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾЂЀ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϹ ЅЄϹϸЁϹ϶ϹϾЂ϶ЏЉ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍ X–XII ϶϶.
ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϷЂ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ (ϘϹЂЃϼϾ 1961: ЄϼЅ. 8).
/
/
)
-
»
(
«
-
-
№
/
ϠϴϿϷЂϵϹϾЅϾЂϹ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϹ
–
2/0/0
–
10/1/0
1/1/0
–
6/2/0
17/0/0
2
ϡϼϺЁϹ-ϞЇЄЃЅϾЂϹ I ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϹ
9/0/0
28/1/1
12/0/0
152/28/6
17/1/0
19/0/0
23/5/4
56/5/3
ϡϼϺЁϹ-ϞЇЄЃЅϾЂϹ I, 1-Ͻ ЉЂϿЀ
4/0/0
15/0/0
7/0/0
69/9/0
6/0/0
10/0/0
5/0/0
38/3/0
ϡϼϺЁϹ-ϞЇЄЃЅϾЂϹ I, 2-Ͻ ЉЂϿЀ
1/0/0
2/0/0
–
8/3/1
2/0/0
1/0/0
5/1/2
2/1/2
ϡϼϺЁϹ-ϞЇЄЃЅϾЂϹ I, ІϹЄЄϴЅϴ
1/0/0
3/0/0
–
10/4/1
2/0/0
2/0/0
4/0/0
4/0/0
ϡϼϺЁϹ-ϞЇЄЃЅϾЂϹ I, ЌЇЄЈЏ
3/0/0
8/1/1
5/0/0
65/12/4
7/1/0
6/0/0
19/4/2
12/1/1
3
ϡϼϺЁϹ-ϞЇЄЃЅϾЂϹ II ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϹ
–
2/0/0
–
13/3/0
3/0/0
–
17/0/0
8/1/0
4
ϞЇЄЃЅϾЂϹ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϹ
–
4/0/0
–
10/7/0
–
–
17/1/1
14/0/0
5
ϞЇЄЃЅϾЂϹ I ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϹ
6/0/0
14/1/0
–
42/11/0
8/0/0
–
20/1/0
10/5/0
6
ϚЂЄЂϾϾЅϾЂϹ I ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϹ
–
–
–
3/1/0
–
–
2/0/0
4/0/0
7
ϚЂЄЂϾϾЅϾЂϹ II ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϹ
1/0/0
3/0/0
–
1/1/0
0/1/0
–
3/0/0
–
8
ϚЂЄЂϾϾЅϾЂϹ III ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϹ
–
1/1/0
–
3/1/0
0/1/0
–
0/5/0
–
9
ϖϹЄЉЁϹ-ϞЇЄЃЅϾЂϹ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϹ
2/0/0
3/0/0
–
22/3/0
1/1/0
–
15/2/0
3/2/0
϶ ІЂЀ ЋϼЅϿϹ:
1
I
(ЄϼЅ. 1, 2; 4) ϻϴЁϼЀϴϹІ ϿϹ϶ЏϽ ϵϹЄϹϷ Є. ϞЇЄЃ, Ї ВϺЁЂϽ ЂϾЄϴϼЁЏ Ѕ. ϡϼϺЁϼϽ ϞЇЄЃ. ϗЂЄЂϸϼЍϹ ЄϴЅЃЂϿϴϷϴϹІЅГ Ёϴ ϸ϶ЇЉ ϶ЏЅЂϾϼЉ ЉЂϿЀϴЉ, ЄϴϻϸϹϿϹЁЁЏЉ Є϶ϴЀϼ-ЃЄЂЉЂϸϴЀϼ, ϼ Ёϴ ϾЄϴВ ϵϹЄϹϷЂ϶ЂϽ ІϹЄЄϴЅЏ ϶ϵϿϼϻϼ БІϼЉ ЉЂϿЀЂ϶. ϣϹЄ϶ЏϽ (϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏϽ) ЉЂϿЀ Ѕ ЃϿЂЅϾЂϽ
϶ϹЄЌϼЁЂϽ ϼЀϹϹІ ЁϹЃЄϴ϶ϼϿАЁЇВ ЅϹϷЀϹЁІЂ϶ϼϸЁЇВ ЈЂЄЀЇ ϼ ЂЄϼϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁ ЃЂ ϿϼЁϼϼ ϥϥϛ–ϲϲϖ.
ϙϷЂ ЄϴϻЀϹЄЏ 80 × 30–50 Ѐ, ϶ЏЅЂІϴ ϸЂЅІϼϷϴϿϴ 7 Ѐ. ϩЂϿЀ ϼЀϹϹІ ϾЄЇІЏϹ, ϾЄЂЀϹ ВϺЁЂϷЂ, ЅϾϿЂЁЏ,
ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЂ-϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏϽ ϼϻ ЁϼЉ ЂЅЏЃϴϿЅГ. ϖ ЊϹЁІЄϹ ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿϼЅА ϸ϶ϴ Ђ϶ϴϿАЁЏЉ ЉЂϿЀϼϾϴ ЄϴϻЀϹЄϴЀϼ 14 × 8 Ѐ ϼ 11 × 4 Ѐ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ϻϴЃϿЏ϶ЌϴГ ГЀϴ (10 × 5 Ѐ). ϥ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЂ-϶ЂЅІЂϾϴ Ͼ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂЀЇ
ϖ ЄϴϵЂІϹ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴЁϴ ЅϼЅІϹЀϴ ЂЃϼЅϴЁϼГ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶, ЄϴϻЄϴϵЂІϴЁЁϴГ Ϝ. ϥ. ϞϴЀϹЁϹЊϾϼЀ ϼ ЃЄϼЁГІϴГ ϶
ϥϹ϶ϹЄЂ-Ϟϴ϶ϾϴϻЅϾЂϽ (ϘЂЁЅϾЂϽ) БϾЅЃϹϸϼЊϼϼ Ϝϔ ϔϡ ϥϥϥϤ.
3
222
,
,
ЉЂϿЀЇ ЃЄϼЀЏϾϴϹІ ЃЂϿЇЄϴϻЄЇЌϹЁЁЏϽ ЂЅІϴЁϹЊ, ϶ЏІГЁЇІЏϽ ЃЂ ϿϼЁϼϼ ϥϛϛ–ϲϖϖ. ϖЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ, БІЂ
ЂЅІϴІϾϼ ϶ЎϹϻϸϴ.
Ϟ ϻϴЃϴϸЇ ЂІ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϷЂ ЉЂϿЀϴ, ЂІϸϹϿϹЁЁЏϽ ЂІ ЁϹϷЂ Є϶ЂЀ-ЃЄЂЉЂϸЂЀ, ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿЅГ ϶ІЂЄЂϽ ЉЂϿЀ
ЁϹЃЄϴ϶ϼϿАЁЂϽ ϶ЏІГЁЇІЂϽ ЅϹϷЀϹЁІЂ϶ϼϸЁЂϽ ЈЂЄЀЏ Ѕ ЃϿЂЅϾЂϽ ϶ϹЄЉЇЌϾЂϽ ϼ Ђ϶ϴϿАЁЏЀ ϶ЏЅІЇЃЂЀ ϶
϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ЋϴЅІϼ. ϩЂϿЀ ЂЄϼϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁ ЃЂ ϿϼЁϼϼ ϥ–ϲ. ϤϴϻЀϹЄЏ ϹϷЂ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿГϿϼ 300 × 60–75 Ѐ ЃЂ
϶ϹЄЉЇ, ϶ЏЅЂІϴ ϸЂЅІϼϷϴϿϴ 6 Ѐ. ϖϸЂϿА ϻϴЃϴϸЁЂϷЂ ϾЄϴГ ЉЂϿЀϴ ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿЂЅА ϶ϴϿЂЂϵЄϴϻЁЂϹ ϶Ђϻ϶ЏЌϹЁϼϹ
. 3. ϡϴЉЂϸϾϼ Ѕ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍ ϼ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϽ, ϶ЏГ϶ϿϹЁЁЏЉ ϶ ϸЂϿϼЁϹ Є. ϞЇЄЃ: 1 — ϡϼϺЁϹ-ϞЇЄЃЅϾЂϹ II
ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϹ; 2 — ϞЇЄЃЅϾЂϹ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϹ; 3, 4 — ϞЇЄЃЅϾЂϹ I ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϹ; 5, 8 — ϖϹЄЉЁϹ-ϞЇЄЃЅϾЂϹ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϹ; 6 —
ϠϴϿϷЂϵϹϾЅϾЂϹ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϹ; 7, 9, 10 — ϡϼϺЁϹ-ϞЇЄЃЅϾЂϹ I ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϹ
Fig. 3. Fig. 5. Finds from hillforts and settlements located in the Kurp river valley: 1 — Lower Kurp II fortified
settlement; 2 — Kurp fortified settlement; 3, 4 — Kurp I settlement; 5, 8 — Upper Kurp fortified settlement; 6 —
Malgobek fortified settlement; 7, 9, 10 — Lower Kurp I fortified settlement
223
:
,
,
϶ЏЅЂІЂВ 1 Ѐ. ϥϹ϶ϹЄЂ-϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏϽ ϾЄϴϽ ЉЂϿЀϴ ЂϵЄЏ϶ϼЅІЏϽ. ϖЅϹ ЅϾϿЂЁЏ ϾЄЇІЏϹ, ІЂϿАϾЂ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏϽ
϶ЏЅІЇЃ ϼЀϹϿ ЃϿϴ϶ЁЂϹ ЃЂЁϼϺϹЁϼϹ. ϖ ВϺЁЂϽ ЋϴЅІϼ БІЂϷЂ ϶ЏЅІЇЃϴ ЁϴЉЂϸϼІЅГ ϸЂЃЂϿЁϼІϹϿАЁЏϽ ЅϹϷЀϹЁІЂ϶ϼϸЁЏϽ ϶ЏЅІЇЃ. ϖ ЀϹЅІϹ ЅЂϹϸϼЁϹЁϼГ ϶ІЂЄЂϷЂ ЉЂϿЀϴ ϼ ϶ЏЅІЇЃϴ ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿϴЅА Ђ϶ϴϿАЁϴГ ГЀϴ
(16 × 10 Ѐ). ϖЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ, БІϼ ϸ϶ϴ ЃЂϿЂϷϼЉ ϶ЏЅІЇЃϴ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿГϿϼ ЅЂϵЂϽ ЂЅІϴІϾϼ ЇϾЄϹЃϿϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϶ЎϹϻϸϴ
Ёϴ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϹ.
. 4. ϡϼϺЁϹ-ϞЇЄЃЅϾЂϹ I ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϹ, ЃϿϴЁ
Fig. 4. Lower Kurp I fortified settlement, plan
224
,
,
ϤЂ϶-ЃЄЂЉЂϸ ЀϹϺϸЇ ЃϹЄ϶ЏЀ ϼ ϶ІЂЄЏЀ ЉЂϿЀϴЀϼ ϼЀϹϿ ЌϼЄϼЁЇ ЂІ 10 ϸЂ 20 Ѐ. ϬϼЄϼЁϴ Є϶ϴЃЄЂЉЂϸϴ ЀϹϺϸЇ ϶ІЂЄЏЀ ЉЂϿЀЂЀ ϼ ІϹЄЄϴЅЂϽ ϾЂЄϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϵϹЄϹϷϴ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿГϿϴ ЂІ 20 ϸЂ 35 Ѐ. ϦϹЄЄϴЅϴ
ϾЂЄϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϵϹЄϹϷϴ ВϺЁϹϹ ϶ІЂЄЂϷЂ ЉЂϿЀϴ ϼЀϹϿϴ ϶ЏЅІЇЃ Ͼ ВϷЇ ЌϼЄϼЁЂϽ 200–250 Ѐ. ϖ ВϷЂ-ϻϴЃϴϸЁЂϽ
ЋϴЅІϼ ϶ЏЅІЇЃϴ ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿϼЅА ϸ϶Ϲ ЁϹϵЂϿАЌϼϹ ϿЂЍϼЁЏ, ЃЂ ЂϸЁЂϽ ϼϻ ЁϼЉ ЃЄЂЉЂϸϼϿϴ ϸЂЄЂϷϴ.
ϣЂϸЎϹЀЁЏϽ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿ, ЅЂϵЄϴЁЁЏϽ Ёϴ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϹ, ЃЄϹϼЀЇЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂ ЅЂЅІЂГϿ ϼϻ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЂ϶ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ (ЄϼЅ. 5), ІϴϾϺϹ Ёϴ ЃϹЄ϶ЂЀ ЉЂϿЀϹ ϵЏϿ ЁϴϽϸϹЁ ϺϹϿϹϻЁЏϽ ІϹЅϿЂ϶ϼϸЁЏϽ ІЂЃЂЄ (ЄϼЅ. 3, 10), ϴ Ёϴ
. 5. ϡϼϺЁϹ-ϞЇЄЃЅϾЂϹ I ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϹ, ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЏ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ
Fig. 5. Lower Kurp I fortified settlement, ceramic fragments
225
:
,
,
ІϹЄЄϴЅЁЂϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϴ — ϾЂЅІГЁϴГ ϼϷϿϴ (ЄϼЅ. 3, 7). ϔЁϴϿЂϷϼϼ ІЂЃЂЄЇ, ЁЂ ϵЂϿϹϹ ЄϴЁЁϼϹ, ІϴϾ ϾϴϾ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁЏ ϼϻ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ, ϼЀϹВІЅГ ϶ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϴЉ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴ ϼ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϾЂϵϴЁЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϥϹЄϺϹЁА-ϲЄІ
(ϞЂϻϹЁϾЂ϶ϴ 1982: 149, ІϴϵϿ. I, 22–24), ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ϶ ϦϿϼϽЅϾЂЀ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϹ (ϞЂϻϹЁϾЂ϶ϴ 1996: 94, ЄϼЅ. 35, 46).
ϡϴ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϹ ϵЏϿϼ ϻϴϿЂϺϹЁЏ ϸ϶ϴ ЌЇЄЈϴ. ϬЇЄЈ 1 ϵЏϿ ЃЄϼЇЄЂЋϹЁ Ͼ ϾЄϴВ ЂϵЄЏ϶ϴ-ЂЅЏЃϼ Ёϴ
ϥϖ ϾЄϴВ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϷЂ ЉЂϿЀϴ. Ϝϻ-ϻϴ ϵЂϿАЌЂϽ ϷϿЇϵϼЁЏ ЅІϹЁЏ ЌЇЄЈϴ ϵЏϿϼ ЅІЇЃϹЁЋϴІЏЀϼ. ϛϴЋϼЅІϾϴ ЃЂϾϴϻϴϿϴ, ЋІЂ ЀЂЍЁЂЅІА ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϷЂ ЅϿЂГ ϸЂЅІϼϷϴϿϴ 6,25 Ѐ. ϡϴ ЃЄЂІГϺϹЁϼϼ ϶ЅϹϽ БІЂϽ ϷϿЇϵϼЁЏ ϷЇЀЇЅϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϽ ϷЄЇЁІ ϵЏϿ ЁϴЅЏЍϹЁ ЂЄϷϴЁϼЋϹЅϾϼЀϼ ЂЅІϴІϾϴЀϼ, ϶ϾϿВЋϹЁϼГЀϼ ЇϷϿϹϽ, ϻЂϿЏ, ЂϵϿЂЀϾЂ϶
ϾЂЅІϹϽ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЏЉ ϼ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЂ϶ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ. ϖ ЁϼϺЁϹϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ЌЇЄЈϴ ϻϴЈϼϾЅϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЏ ϸ϶Ϲ ГЀЏ, ϻϴЃЂϿЁϹЁЁЏϹ ϷЇЀЇЅϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЀ ϷЄЇЁІЂЀ Ѕ ЃЄЂЅϿЂϽϾϴЀϼ ЇϷϿГ ϼ ϻЂϿЏ. ϖ ϶ϹЄЉЁϼЉ ЅϿЂГЉ ЌЇЄЈϴ ЃЄϹЂϵϿϴϸϴϿϴ ЅЄϹϸЁϹ϶ϹϾЂ϶ϴГ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ, ϶ ЁϼϺЁϼЉ — ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ ЅϴЄЀϴІЅϾЂϷЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ: ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЏ ϷЂЁЋϴЄЁЏЉ
ЃЄЂЈϼϿϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЉ ЀϼЅЂϾ, ЄЇЋϾϼ Ѕ ЁϴϿϹЃϴЀϼ.
ϬЇЄЈ 2 ϵЏϿ ЅϸϹϿϴЁ Ёϴ ϾЄϴВ ЇϻϾЂϷЂ Ђ϶ЄϴϷϴ, ЂϵЄϴϻЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϷЂ ЃЄЂЀЏ϶ЂЀ ЄЇЋАГ Ёϴ ϥϖ ЂϾЂЁϹЋЁЂЅІϼ
ІϹЄЄϴЅЏ. ϠЂЍЁЂЅІА ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϷЂ ЅϿЂГ, ЅЂЅІЂГ϶ЌϹϷЂ ϼϻ ЅϹЄЂϷЂ ϼ ϾЂЄϼЋЁϹ϶ЂϷЂ ϷЇЀЇЅϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϷЂ ЅЇϷϿϼЁϾϴ Ѕ ϶ϾϿВЋϹЁϼГЀϼ ϻЂϿЏ, ЇϷϿϹϽ, ЂϵϿЂЀϾЂ϶ ϾЂЅІϹϽ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЏЉ ϼ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЂ϶ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ, ϸЂЅІϼϷϴϿϴ 0,9 Ѐ.
ϞϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅ ϶ ЊϹϿЂЀ ϶ϹЅАЀϴ ЄϴϻЁЂЂϵЄϴϻϹЁ (ІϴϵϿϼЊϴ). ϞϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϴ ϼϻ
ІϹЅІϴ ЉЂЄЂЌϹϷЂ ϾϴЋϹЅІ϶ϴ Ѕ ЃЄϼЀϹЅАВ ϸЄϹЅ϶Џ. ϬϼЄЂϾЂ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ ЀϼЅϾϼ ЄϴϻЁЂϽ ЅІϹЃϹЁϼ ЃЄЂЈϼϿϼЄЂ϶Ͼϼ, ϼЁЂϷϸϴ Ѕ ЁϴϿϹЃϴЀϼ Ёϴ ІЇϿЂ϶Ϲ (ЄϼЅ. 5, 4–18), ϷЂЄЌϾϼ Ѕ ЁϹ϶ЏЅЂϾϼЀ ϷЂЄϿЂЀ ϼ ЂІЂϷЁЇІЏЀ
ЁϴЄЇϺЇ ϶ϹЁЋϼϾЂЀ (ЄϼЅ. 5, 19–30), ϶ЏЅЂϾЂϷЂЄϿЏϹ ЅЂЅЇϸЏ (ЄϼЅ. 5, 31–33), ЀϴЅЅϼ϶ЁЏϹ ЅЂЅЇϸЏ ІϼЃϴ
ЃϼЈЂЅЂ϶ (ЄϼЅ. 5, 34, 35). ϢЄЁϴЀϹЁІ ϶ЏЃЂϿЁϹЁ ϶ ϶ϼϸϹ ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЏЉ ЃЄЂЋϹЄЋϹЁЁЏЉ ЃЂϿЂЅ, ϾЂЄЂІϾϼЉ ЁϴЅϹЋϹϾ Ёϴ ϶ϹЁЋϼϾϹ ϼ ЁϴϿϹЃЂ϶.
ϨЄϴϷЀϹЁІЏ ϸ϶ЇЉ ЂϸЁЂЋϿϹЁЁЏЉ ЀϼЅЂϾ (ЄϼЅ. 5, 4, 5) ЃЂ ЈЂЄЀϹ ЁϴЃЂЀϼЁϴВІ ϴЁІϼЋЁЏϹ ЄЏϵЁЏϹ ІϴЄϹϿϾϼ-ЃϼЁϴϾϼЂЁЏ. ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЁЏϹ ЁϴЀϼ БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄЏ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁЏ ϼϻ ϸЂ϶ЂϿАЁЂ ϷЄЇϵЂϷЂ
ІϹЅІϴ Ѕ ЃЄϼЀϹЅАВ ϸЄϹЅ϶Џ, Ёϴ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІϼ ЅЂЉЄϴЁϼ϶ЌϼϹ ЅϿϹϸЏ ϷЂЁЋϴЄЁЂϷЂ ϾЄЇϷϴ, ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ЁϹЄЂ϶ЁϴГ ЁϴЄЇϺЁϴГ ЋϴЅІА Ѕ ϶ЏЅІЇЃϴВЍϼЀϼ ϻϹЄЁϴЀϼ ϸЄϹЅ϶Џ ϼЀϹϹІ ІϴϾЂϽ ϶ϼϸ, ϾϴϾ ϵЇϸІЂ ϹϹ Ђϵ϶ϴϿГϿϼ ϶
ІЂϿЋϹЁЏЉ ϾЄЂЌϾϴЉ, ϾЄЂЀϹ ІЂϷЂ, ЁϴЄЇϺЁЏϽ ϾЄϴϽ ϻϴϷЁЇІ ЁϹ ϶Ёϼϻ, ϴ ϶϶ϹЄЉ. ϥϾЂЄϹϹ ϶ЅϹϷЂ, БІϼ ЅЂЅЇϸЏ
Г϶ϿГВІЅГ ЃЄЂϸЇϾЊϼϹϽ ЀϹЅІЁЂϷЂ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸЅІ϶ϴ.
ϡϴ ЄЇЋϾϴЉ ϾЇ϶ЌϼЁЂ϶ ϼЀϹВІЅГ ЃЄЂЋϹЄЋϹЁЁЏϹ ϼϿϼ ЁϴϿϹЃЁЏϹ ϻЁϴϾϼ (ЄϼЅ. 5, 1, 33). ϡϴ ЂϸЁЂЀ
ϸЂЁЊϹ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁ ЁϴϿϹЃ ϶ ϶ϼϸϹ ЅЂϿГЄЁЂϷЂ ϻЁϴϾϴ (ЄϼЅ. 3, 9). ϘЂЁЊϴ Ѕ ϾϿϹϽЀϴЀϼ ϶ ϶ϼϸϹ ЄϹϵЄϼЅІЏЉ ϼ
ЁϴЄϹϻЁЏЉ ϾЄϹЅІЂ϶ ϼ ϾЂЁЊϹЁІЄϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЄϹϵЄϼЅІЏЉ ϾЄЇϷЂ϶ ϻϴЈϼϾЅϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЏ Ёϴ ϡϼϺЁϹ-ϘϺЇϿϴІЅϾЂЀ
ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϹ. Ϝ. Ϡ. ϫϹЋϹЁЂ϶ (1967ϵ: 216) ЅЋϼІϴϿ, ЋІЂ ЂЁϼ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ЇВІ Ђ ЅЃϹЊϼϴϿϼϻϴЊϼϼ ϷЂЁЋϴЄЁЂϷЂ ЄϹЀϹЅϿϴ. Ϙ. ϖ. ϘϹЂЃϼϾ (1961: 50) ЇІЂЋЁϼϿ, ЋІЂ ЄϹЀϹЅϿϹЁЁЏϽ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄ ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸЅІ϶ϴ ЃЂϸІ϶ϹЄϺϸϴϹІЅГ ЁϴϿϼЋϼϹЀ ϾϿϹϽЀ ЁϹ ІЂϿАϾЂ Ёϴ ϿЂЍϹЁЂϽ, ЃϴЄϴϸЁЂϽ, ЃЂЅЇϸϹ, ЁЂ ϼ Ёϴ ϸЂЁЊϴЉ
ЃЄЂЅІЏЉ ϾЇЉЂЁЁЏЉ ϷЂЄЌϾЂ϶.
ϡϼϺЁϹ-ϞЇЄЃЅϾЂϹ I ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϹ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴϿЂ ϶ ІϹЋϹЁϼϹ ϸЂϿϷЂϷЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ. ϙϷЂ ЁϼϺЁϼϹ ЅϿЂϼ ЀЂϷЇІ ϵЏІА ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЏ ЄЇϵϹϺЂЀ ЁϴЌϹϽ БЄЏ, ϴ ЅЄϹϸЁϹ϶ϹϾЂ϶ЏϹ ЅϿЂϼ ЁϴЉЂϸГІ ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼϼ ϶ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЉ
ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϷЂ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ X–XII ϶϶. (ϫϹЋϹЁЂ϶ 1967ϴ: 112).
II
(ЄϼЅ. 1, 3, 6) ЄϴЅЃЂϿЂϺϹЁЂ Ёϴ ϿϹ϶ЂЀ ϵϹЄϹϷЇ Є. ϞЇЄЃ, Ёϴ ЀЏЅЇ,
ЂϵЄϴϻЂ϶ϴЁЁЂЀ ЅϿϼГЁϼϹЀ ЄϹϾ ϞЇЄЃ ϼ ϚЂЄЂϾϾϴ, ϶ 0,5 ϾЀ Ͼ ϖ ЂІ Ѕ. ϡϼϺЁϼϽ ϞЇЄЃ. ϢЁЂ ЅЂЅІЂГϿЂ ϼϻ
ІЄϹЉ ЉЂϿЀЂ϶, ϶ЏІГЁЇІЏЉ ϶ ЊϹϿЂЀ ЃЂ ϿϼЁϼϼ ϥ–ϲ. ϣЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІА ЉЂϿЀЂ϶ ЃЂϸ϶ϹЄϷϴϿϴЅА ЄϹϷЇϿГЄЁЂϽ
ЄϴЅЃϴЌϾϹ, ЃЂ ϻϴЃϴϸЁЂЀЇ ϾЄϴВ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϷЂ ЉЂϿЀϴ ЃЄЂЉЂϸϼϿϴ ЃЂϿϹ϶ϴГ ϸЂЄЂϷϴ, ЊϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЏϽ ЉЂϿЀ ЃЂϸЄϹϻϴЁ ЃЂϿϹ϶ЏЀϼ ϸЂЄЂϷϴЀϼ Ѕ ϲϛ ϼ ϥϖ ЅІЂЄЂЁ.
ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЏϽ ЉЂϿЀ ϶ЏЅЂІЂϽ ϸЂ 1 Ѐ ϼЀϹϿ ϶ ЃϿϴЁϹ Ђ϶ϴϿАЁЇВ ЈЂЄЀЇ ϼ ЂЄϼϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁ ЃЂ ϿϼЁϼϼ
ϛ–ϖ. ϤϴϻЀϹЄЏ ϹϷЂ ЃЂ ϶ϹЄЉЇ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿГϿϼ 20 × 30 Ѐ, ϶ ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁϼϼ — 30 × 50 Ѐ.
ϖ 65 Ѐ Ͼ ϲϲϖ ЂІ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϷЂ ЉЂϿЀϴ ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿЅГ ЊϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЏϽ ЉЂϿЀ ЁϹЃЄϴ϶ϼϿАЁЂϽ ІЄϴЃϹЊϼϹ϶ϼϸЁЂϽ ЈЂЄЀЏ, ЂЄϼϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϽ ЃЂ ϿϼЁϼϼ ϥϖϖ–ϲϛϛ. ϖЏЅЂІϴ ЉЂϿЀϴ ϸЂЅІϼϷϴϿϴ 3 Ѐ, ϹϷЂ ЄϴϻЀϹЄЏ
ЃЂ ϶ϹЄЉЇ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿГϿϼ 35 × 10–25 Ѐ, ϶ ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁϼϼ — 50 × 25–45 Ѐ. ϡϴ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІϼ ЉЂϿЀϴ ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿϼЅА
3 ГЀЏ ЁϹЃЄϴ϶ϼϿАЁЂϽ ЈЂЄЀЏ, ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ, ЂЅІϴІϾϼ ЂϾЂЃЂ϶.
ϖ 80 Ѐ Ͼ ϲϲϛ ЂІ ЊϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ЉЂϿЀϴ ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿЅГ ВϺЁЏϽ Ђ϶ϴϿАЁЏϽ ϶ ЃϿϴЁϹ ЉЂϿЀ ϶ЏЅЂІЂϽ
ϸЂ 0,8 Ѐ, ЂЄϼϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϽ ЃЂ ϿϼЁϼϼ ϥϛ–ϲϖ. ϤϴϻЀϹЄЏ ϹϷЂ ЃЂ ϶ϹЄЉЇ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿГϿϼ 10 × 15 Ѐ, ϶ ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁϼϼ — 16 × 25 Ѐ.
ϣЂϸЎϹЀЁЏϽ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿ Ѕ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІϼ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϴ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІϴЀϼ ЅЄϹϸЁϹ϶ϹϾЂ϶ЂϽ
ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ.
226
,
,
ϬЇЄЈ, ϻϴϿЂϺϹЁЁЏϽ Ёϴ ЊϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂЀ ЉЂϿЀϹ, ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿϼϿ ЇЅІϴЁЂ϶ϼІА, ЋІЂ ЀЂЍЁЂЅІА ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϷЂ ЅϿЂГ ϶ БІЂЀ ЀϹЅІϹ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿГϿϴ ЁϹ ЀϹЁϹϹ 1,3 Ѐ. ϞЇϿАІЇЄЁЏϹ ЁϴЃϿϴЅІЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ϵЏϿϼ ЂϵЄϴϻЂ϶ϴЁЏ ЅϿЂГЀϼ ϷЇЀЇЅϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϷЂ ЅЇϷϿϼЁϾϴ Ѕ ϶ϾϿВЋϹЁϼГЀϼ ЀϹϿϾϼЉ ϼ ϾЄЇЃЁЏЉ ЇϷϿϹϽ, ϻЂϿЏ ϼ ϾЂЅІϹϽ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЏЉ,
ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ϿϼЁϻ ЂϵЂϺϺϹЁЁЂϽ ϷϿϼЁЏ.
ϖ ϶ϹЄЉЁϼЉ ЅϿЂГЉ ЌЇЄЈϴ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁϴ ϷϿϼЁГЁϴГ ЈϼϷЇЄϾϴ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЂϷЂ (ЄϼЅ. 3, 1) ϼ ЅЄϹϸЁϹ϶ϹϾЂ϶ϴГ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ (ЄϼЅ. 6, 7–12), ϶ ЁϼϺЁϼЉ — ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЏ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ ϾЂϵϴЁЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ (ЄϼЅ. 6, 2–6).
. 6. ϡϼϺЁϹ-ϞЇЄЃЅϾЂϹ II ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϹ: 1 — ЃϿϴЁ; 2–13 — ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЏ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ
Fig. 6. Lower Kurp II fortified settlement: 1 — plan; 2–13 — pottery fragments
227
:
,
,
ϞϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ ϡϼϺЁϹ-ϞЇЄЃЅϾЂϷЂ II ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϴ ϶ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЂЀ ϷЂЁЋϴЄЁϴГ, ϶ ІЄϹЉ ЅϿЇЋϴГЉ — ϿϹЃЁϴГ,
ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϴ ϼϻ ІϹЅІϴ ЅϹЄЂϷЂ, ϼϻЄϹϸϾϴ ϾЂЄϼЋЁϹ϶ЂϷЂ Њ϶ϹІЂ϶ Ѕ ЃЄϼЀϹЅАВ ЀϹϿϾЂІЂϿЋϹЁЂϽ ϸЄϹЅ϶Џ.
ϡϴϵЂЄ ЃЂЅЇϸЏ ЅЂЅІЂϼІ ϼϻ ϸ϶ЇЋϿϹЁЁЏЉ ЀϼЅЂϾ, ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ Ѕ ЁϼϻϾϼЀ ϼ ϶ ІЄϹЉ ЅϿЇЋϴГЉ Ѕ ϶ЏЅЂϾϼЀ ϷЂЄϿЂЀ (ІϴϵϿϼЊϴ). ϫϴЅІА ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁϴ ЃЄЂЋϹЄЋϹЁЁЏЀϼ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴϿАЁЏЀϼ ϼ ЁϴϾϿЂЁЁЏЀϼ ϿϼЁϼГЀϼ, ЀЁЂϷЂЄГϸЁЏЀ ϻϼϷϻϴϷЂЀ, ϶ ЂϸЁЂЀ ЅϿЇЋϴϹ — ϻϴЌІЄϼЉЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЀϼ ІЄϹЇϷЂϿАЁϼϾϴЀϼ Ѕ ЁϴϾЂϿϴЀϼ. ϣЂϸЂϵЁϴГ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϴЊϼГ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁϴ ϸϿГ ϻϴЃϴϸЁЂϷЂ ϶ϴЄϼϴЁІϴ ϾЂϵϴЁЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ
(ϞЂϻϹЁϾЂ϶ϴ 1989: ІϴϵϿ. IV, 10, 29).
ϠЂϺЁЂ ЃЂϿϴϷϴІА, ЋІЂ ЃϹЄ϶ЂЁϴЋϴϿАЁЂϹ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϹ ϵЏϿЂ ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁЂ Ёϴ ЉЂϿЀϹ ϶ЏЅЂІЂВ ЂϾЂϿЂ 1,5 Ѐ.
ϠЂЍЁЂЅІА ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϷЂ ЅϿЂГ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϷЂ ϼ ВϺЁЂϷЂ ЉЂϿЀЂ϶ ϸЂϿϺЁϴ ϸЂЅІϼϷϴІА ЃЄϼϵϿϼϻϼІϹϿАЁЂ 0,5–0,8 Ѐ.
I (ЄϼЅ. 1, 10) ЄϴЅЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϴ Ёϴ ϶ЂϸЂЄϴϻϸϹϿАЁЂЀ ЃϿϴІЂ ЀϹϺϸЇ Є. ϞЇЄЃ ϼ ϵϴϿϾЂϽ ϕϹϿГЀЇϾЂ. Ϟ ϶ЂЅІЂϾЇ ЃϿϴІЂ ЃЂЁϼϺϴϿЂЅА ϼ ЄϴϻϸϹϿГϿЂЅА Ёϴ ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾЂ ГϻЏϾЂ϶.
ϗЄЇЃЃϴ ϕϹϿГЀЇϾЂ I, ЅЂЅІЂГ϶ЌϴГ ϼϻ 210 ϶ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЂЀ ЁϹϵЂϿАЌϼЉ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЂ϶, ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿϴЅА Ёϴ ЅϴЀЂЀ ВϺЁЂЀ ГϻЏϾϹ ϼ ЃЄϼϿϹϷϴВЍϹϽ Ͼ ЁϹЀЇ Ѕ ϻϴЃϴϸϴ ЋϴЅІϼ ЃЂϿГ. ϥ ВϷϴ ЃϿϴІЂ ЂϷЄϴЁϼЋϹЁЂ ϾЄЇІЏЀ ЅϾϿЂЁЂЀ
϶ЏЅЂІЂϽ ЁϹ ЀϹЁϹϹ 25 Ѐ, Ѕ ЅϹ϶ϹЄϴ — ϸЂ϶ЂϿАЁЂ ЃϿϴ϶ЁЏЀ ЁϹϵЂϿАЌϼЀ ЃЂЁϼϺϹЁϼϹЀ-ϵϴϿϾЂϽ.
ϞЇЄϷϴЁЏ, ЁϴЉЂϸϼ϶ЌϼϹЅГ Ёϴ ЃЂϿϹ, ЄϴЅЃϴЉϴЁЏ. ϡϴЅЏЃϼ ЅЂЅІЂГϿϼ ϼϻ ЅЄϴ϶ЁϼІϹϿАЁЂ Ѕ϶ϹІϿЂϷЂ ЅϹЄЂ-ϺϹϿІЂϷЂ ϼ ЅϹЄЂ-ϾЂЄϼЋЁϹ϶ЂϷЂ ЅЇϷϿϼЁϾϴ. Ϝ. Ϡ. ϫϹЋϹЁЂ϶ ЅЋϼІϴϿ, ЋІЂ ЀЁЂϷЂЋϼЅϿϹЁЁЂЅІА ϾЇЄϷϴЁЂ϶
϶ ϷЄЇЃЃϹ ϼ ϼЉ ЁϹϵЂϿАЌϼϹ ЄϴϻЀϹЄЏ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ЇВІ Ђ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ БІЂ ЅЄϹϸЁϹ϶ϹϾЂ϶ЏϹ ϾϴϵϴЄϸϼЁЅϾϼϹ
ϾЇЄϷϴЁЏ XVII–XVIII ϶϶. (ϿϼЋЁЂϹ ЅЂЂϵЍϹЁϼϹ).
(ЄϼЅ. 1, 4; 7) ЄϴЅЃЂϿЂϺϹЁЂ Ёϴ ϵЂϿАЌЂЀ ЉЂϿЀϹ Ёϴ ЃЄϴ϶ЂЀ ϵϹЄϹϷЇ Є. ϞЇЄЃ,
Ёϴ ϿϹ϶ЂЀ ϵϹЄϹϷЇ Є. ϚЂЄЂϾϾϴ, ϶ 3 ϾЀ Ͼ ϲϲϛ ЂІ Ѕ. ϡϼϺЁϼϽ ϞЇЄЃ. ϩЂϿЀ ЁϹЃЄϴ϶ϼϿАЁЂϽ ϷЄЇЌϹ϶ϼϸЁЂϽ ЈЂЄЀЏ ЂЄϼϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁ ЃЂ ϿϼЁϼϼ ϥϛϛ–ϲϖϖ. ϤϴϻЀϹЄЏ ϹϷЂ Ї ЃЂϸЁЂϺϼГ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿГϿϼ 700 × 400 Ѐ.
ϛϴЃϴϸЁЏϽ, ВϺЁЏϽ ϼ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏϽ ЅϾϿЂЁЏ ЉЂϿЀϴ ЃЂϿЂϷϼϹ, ЅϹ϶ϹЄЁЏϽ ϼ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЂ-϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏϽ — ϾЄЇІЏϹ.
ϖЏЅЂІϴ ЉЂϿЀϴ ϸЂЅІϼϷϴϿϴ 16 Ѐ, ϹϷЂ ϶ϹЄЉЇЌϾϴ ЄϴϻϸϹϿϹЁϴ Ёϴ ЋϹІЏЄϹ ЉЂϿЀϴ Є϶ϴЀϼ-ЃЄЂЉЂϸϴЀϼ.
ϣϹЄ϶ЏϽ, ϻϴЃϴϸЁЏϽ ЉЂϿЀ ЁϹЃЄϴ϶ϼϿАЁЂϽ Ђ϶ϴϿАЁЂϽ ЈЂЄЀЏ ЂЄϼϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁ ЃЂ ϿϼЁϼϼ ϥϛϛ–ϲϖϖ.
ϤϴϻЀϹЄЏ ϹϷЂ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿГϿϼ 200 × 70–45 Ѐ. ϲϷЂ-ϻϴЃϴϸЁϴГ ЅІЂЄЂЁϴ ЃЂЋІϼ ЃЄГЀϴГ, ЂЅІϴϿАЁЏϹ ЅϾЄЇϷϿϹЁЏ. ϠϹϺϸЇ ЊϹЁІЄЂЀ ϼ ϻϴЃϴϸЁЏЀ ϾЂЁЊЂЀ ϲϛ ЅІЂЄЂЁЏ ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿϼЅА ϸ϶Ϲ ГЀЏ: ϻϴЃϴϸЁϴГ — ЂϾЄЇϷϿϴГ,
ϸϼϴЀϹІЄЂЀ 10 Ѐ ϼ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁϴГ — ЇϸϿϼЁϹЁЁЂ-Ђ϶ϴϿАЁϴГ, ЄϴЅЃЂϿЂϺϹЁЁϴГ ЃϴЄϴϿϿϹϿАЁЂ ϲϛ ЅІЂЄЂЁϹ
ЉЂϿЀϴ, ЄϴϻЀϹЄϴЀϼ 10 × 40 Ѐ. ϖ ВϷЂ-϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂЀ ϾЂЁЊϹ ЉЂϿЀϴ ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿϼЅА ЁϹϵЂϿАЌϴГ Ђ϶ϴϿАЁϴГ ГЀϴ,
ЂЄϼϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁϴГ ЃЂ ϿϼЁϼϼ ϥϛϛ–ϲϖϖ, ЄϴϻЀϹЄϴЀϼ 6 × 8 Ѐ ϼ ЁϹϵЂϿАЌЂϽ ЉЂϿЀϼϾ ЃЂЋІϼ ІϴϾϼЉ ϺϹ ЄϴϻЀϹЄЂ϶. ϥϾЂЄϹϹ ϶ЅϹϷЂ, БІЂ ЂЅІϴІϾϼ ЇϾЄϹЃϿϹЁϼϽ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁ ϖϹϿϼϾЂϽ ϢІϹЋϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϽ ϶ЂϽЁЏ.
Ϟ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЂ-϶ЂЅІЂϾЇ ЂІ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϷЂ ЉЂϿЀϴ ϵЏϿ ЄϴЅЃЂϿЂϺϹЁ ϶ІЂЄЂϽ, ЃЂϸІЄϹЇϷЂϿАЁЏϽ ϶ ЃϿϴЁϹ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЁЏϽ ЉЂϿЀ (55 × 35 Ѐ), ЂЄϼϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϽ ЃЂ ϿϼЁϼϼ ϥϥϖ–ϲϲϛ. ϖ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЂ-϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ЉЂϿЀϴ
ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿϼЅА ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾЂ ϻϴЃϿЏ϶ЌϼЉ ІЄϴЁЌϹϽ-ЂϾЂЃЂ϶, ϴ ϶ ВϺЁЂϽ ЋϴЅІϼ — ЁϹϵЂϿАЌϴГ Ђ϶ϴϿАЁϴГ ГЀϴ
(5 × 8 Ѐ), ЂЄϼϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁϴГ ЃЂ ϿϼЁϼϼ ϛ–ϖ.
Ϟ ϶ЂЅІЂϾЇ ЂІ ЂЃϼЅϴЁЁЏЉ ЉЂϿЀЂ϶ ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿЅГ ІЄϹІϼϽ, ЊϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЏϽ ЉЂϿЀ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϴ. ϣЂ ЈЂЄЀϹ
ЂЁ ЁϴЃЂЀϼЁϴϿ ЅϹЄЃ, ЂϵЄϴЍϹЁЁЏϽ ϶ЏϹЀϾЂϽ Ͼ ϥϖ. ϛϴЃϴϸЁϴГ ϼ ВϺЁϴГ ЅІЂЄЂЁЏ — ЂϾЄЇϷϿЏϹ, ϶ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϽ ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿϴЅА ϾЄЇϷϿϴГ ϶ЏϹЀϾϴ ϸϼϴЀϹІЄЂЀ ЂϾЂϿЂ 45 Ѐ, ЅІϹЁЏ ϾЂІЂЄЂϽ ЅЁϴЋϴϿϴ ЃЂЁϼϺϴϿϼЅА Ёϴ
ϷϿЇϵϼЁЇ ЃЂЋІϼ Ёϴ 2 Ѐ, ϴ ϶ ЊϹЁІЄϹ ϹϹ ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿЅГ ЂϾЄЇϷϿЏϽ ЉЂϿЀ ϸϼϴЀϹІЄЂЀ ЂϾЂϿЂ 25 Ѐ, Ёϴ ϶ϹЄЌϼЁϹ
ϾЂІЂЄЂϷЂ ϼЀϹϿϴЅА ЁϹϵЂϿАЌϴГ ϶ЃϴϸϼЁϴ. ϖЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ, БІЂ ϼЅϾЇЅЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϹ ЅЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼϹ. ϡϴ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЂ-ϻϴЃϴϸЁЂЀ ϼ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂЀ ϾЄϴГЉ ЉЂϿЀϴ ϼЀϹϿϼЅА ЃЂϻϸЁϼϹ ϻϴЃϿЏ϶ЌϼϹ ІЄϴЁЌϹϼ-ЂϾЂЃЏ.
Ϟ ВϷЂ-϶ЂЅІЂϾЇ ЂІ ЊϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ЉЂϿЀϴ ϵЏϿ ЄϴЅЃЂϿЂϺϹЁ ЋϹІ϶ϹЄІЏϽ (϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏϽ) ЉЂϿЀ, ЁϹЃЄϴ϶ϼϿАЁЂϽ ЃЂϸІЄϴЃϹЊϼϹ϶ϼϸЁЂϽ ЈЂЄЀЏ, ЂЄϼϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϽ ЃЂ ϿϼЁϼϼ ϛ–ϖ. ϤϴϻЀϹЄЏ ϹϷЂ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿГϿϼ
65 × 50–110 Ѐ. ϛϴЃϴϸЁЏϽ ϾЄϴϽ ЃϹЄϹЅϹЋϹЁ ϸϿϼЁЁЏЀ ЂϾЂЃЂЀ ϶ ЁϴЃЄϴ϶ϿϹЁϼϼ ϥϥϖ–ϲϛϛ. ϡϴ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЁЂЀ
ϾЄϴВ ЉЂϿЀϴ ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿϴЅА ЁϹϵЂϿАЌϴГ ЂϾЄЇϷϿϴГ ГЀϴ ϸϼϴЀϹІЄЂЀ 5 Ѐ.
ϕЂϿАЌϴГ ЋϴЅІА ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϴ ϵЏϿϴ ϻϴϸϹЄЁЂ϶ϴЁϴ. ϫϹЄϹϻ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϹ ϼ Ї ϹϷЂ ЃЂϸЁЂϺϼГ ЃЄЂЉЂϸϼϿϼ
ЃЄЂЅϹϿЂЋЁЏϹ ϸЂЄЂϷϼ. ϡϴ ЄϴЅЃϴЉϴЁЁЂЀ ВϺЁЂЀ ЅϾϿЂЁϹ ЅЂϵЄϴЁ ЃЂϸЎϹЀЁЏϽ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿ — ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЏ
ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ (ЄϼЅ. 7, 2, 4–6, 11–12) ϼ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏϹ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ, ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ ϻϹЄЁЂІϹЄϾϼ.
ϡϴ ВϺЁЂЀ ЃЂϿЂϷЂЀ ϼ Ёϴ ϾЄЇІЂЀ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЁЂЀ ЅϾϿЂЁϹ ЊϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϴ ϵЏϿϼ ϻϴϿЂϺϹЁЏ ϸ϶ϴ ЌЇЄЈϴ. ϖ ЌЇЄЈϹ 1 ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏϽ ЅϿЂϽ, ЀЂЍЁЂЅІАВ 0,6 Ѐ, ЅЂЅІЂГϿ ϼϻ ϷЇЀЇЅϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϷЂ
ЅЇϷϿϼЁϾϴ ІϹЀЁЂ-ЅϹЄЂϷЂ Њ϶ϹІϴ Ѕ ϶ϾϿВЋϹЁϼГЀϼ ϻЂϿЏ, ЇϷϿϹϽ, ϾЂЅІϹϽ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЏЉ ϼ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЂ϶ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ. ϖ ЌЇЄЈϹ 2 ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏϽ ЅϿЂϽ, ЀЂЍЁЂЅІАВ 1,95 Ѐ, ЅЂЅІЂГϿ ϼϻ ϷЇЀЇЅϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϷЂ ЅЇϷϿϼЁϾϴ ЄϴϻЁЂ228
,
,
ϷЂ Њ϶ϹІϴ Ѕ ϶ϾϿВЋϹЁϼГЀϼ ϻЂϿЏ, ЇϷϿϹϽ, ϾЂЅІϹϽ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЏЉ, ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЂ϶ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ, ЃϹЄϹЀϹϺϴВЍϼЉЅГ
ЅϿЂГЀϼ ЂϵЂϺϺϹЁЁЂϽ ϷϿϼЁЏ.
ϞЂЀЃϿϹϾЅ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ ϼϻ ЌЇЄЈЂ϶ ϶ϾϿВЋϴϿ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЏ ЀϼЅЂϾ, ϷЂЄЌϾЂ϶ Ѕ ЂІЂϷЁЇІЏЀ ϶ϹЁЋϼϾЂЀ
ϼ ЂϵϿЂЀϾϼ ЅІϹЁЂϾ, ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЉ ЃЄЂЋϹЄЋϹЁЁЏЀϼ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴϿАЁЏЀϼ ЃЂϿЂЅϴЀϼ ϼ «϶ЂϿЁЂϽ»
(ЄϼЅ. 6, 3, 7–10, 13–22), ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЏЉ ϸϿГ ЅЄϹϸЁϹ϶ϹϾЂ϶ЂϽ ЃЂЅЇϸЏ. ϖ ЌЇЄЈϹ 2 ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ ІϴϾϺϹ ϷϿϼЁГЁЂϹ ϵϼϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾЂϹ ЃЄГЅϿϼЊϹ (ЄϼЅ. 3, 2) ϼ ϴЅІЄϴϷϴϿ Ђ϶ЊЏ, ЃЄЂЅ϶ϹЄϿϹЁЁЏϽ ЁϴϼЅϾЂЅА Ёϴ ЂϸЁЂЀ ϾЂЁЊϹ.
ϣЂЅЇϸϴ ϞЇЄЃЅϾЂϷЂ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϴ ЃЄϹϼЀЇЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϴ Ёϴ ϷЂЁЋϴЄЁЂЀ ϾЄЇϷϹ (ϼϻЄϹϸϾϴ — ϿϹЃЁϴГ). ϦϹЅІЂ ϶ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЂЀ ЅϹЄЂϹ, ЄϹϺϹ ϾЂЄϼЋЁϹ϶ЂϹ, ϶ ЂϸЁЂЀ ЅϿЇЋϴϹ ЋϹЄЁЂϹ, Ѕ ЃЄϼЀϹЅАВ
. 7. ϞЇЄЃЅϾЂϹ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϹ: 1 — ЃϿϴЁ; 2–22 — ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЏ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ
Fig. 7. Kurp fortified settlement: 1 — plan; 2–22 — pottery fragments
229
:
,
,
ЀϹϿϾЂІЂϿЋϹЁЂϽ ϸЄϹЅ϶Џ. ϨЂЄЀЏ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ ϸ϶ЇЋϿϹЁЁЏЀϼ ЀϼЅϾϴЀϼ ϼ ЁϼϻϾЂϷЂЄϿЏЀϼ ЅЂЅЇϸϴЀϼ (ІϴϵϿϼЊϴ).
I
(ЄϼЅ. 1, 5; 8) ЄϴЅЃЂϿЂϺϹЁЂ Ёϴ ЃЄϴ϶ЂЀ ϵϹЄϹϷЇ Є. ϞЇЄЃ, Ёϴ ЅϾϿЂЁϹ ϼ Ї
ЃЂϸЁЂϺϼГ ЉЂϿЀϴ ϾЂЄϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϵϹЄϹϷϴ, ϶ 2,5 ϾЀ Ͼ ϥϥϖ ЂІ ЀϹЅІϴ ЅϿϼГЁϼГ ЄϹϾ ϞЇЄЃ ϼ ϞЇЄЃЂϾ ϼ ϶ 4,5 ϾЀ
Ͼ ϲϲϛ ЂІ Ѕ. ϡϼϺЁϼϽ ϞЇЄЃ.
ϢϵϿϴЅІА ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁϼГ ЃЂϸЎϹЀЁЂϷЂ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϴ ϶ ЃϿϴЁϹ ϵϿϼϻϾϴ Ͼ Ђ϶ϴϿЇ ϼϿϼ ЃЄГЀЂЇϷЂϿАЁϼϾЇ Ѕ ϻϴϾЄЇϷϿϹЁЁЏЀϼ ЇϷϿϴЀϼ ЄϴϻЀϹЄϴЀϼ 270 × 140 Ѐ, ЂЄϼϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂЀЇ ЃЂ ϿϼЁϼϼ ϥϖ–ϲϛ.
ϖ ЊϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ЂϵϿϴЅІϼ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁϼГ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЂ϶ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿЂЅА ЃГІЁЂ ϷЄЇЁІϴ ЅϹЄЂϷЂ Њ϶ϹІϴ, ЂІϿϼЋϴВЍϹϷЂЅГ ЂІ ϷЇЀЇЅϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϷЂ ЃϴЉЂІЁЂϷЂ ЅЇϷϿϼЁϾϴ. ϣГІЁЂ ϼЀϹϿЂ
ЂϾЄЇϷϿЂ-Ђ϶ϴϿАЁЇВ ЈЂЄЀЇ (25 × 24 Ѐ) ϼ ϵЏϿЂ ЂЄϼϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЂ ЃЂ ϿϼЁϼϼ ϥϖϖ–ϲϛϛ. ϖ 80 Ѐ Ͼ ϖ ЂІ
ЃϹЄ϶ЂϷЂ ЃГІЁϴ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЂ ϶ІЂЄЂϹ ЃГІЁЂ ЁϹЃЄϴ϶ϼϿАЁЂϽ Ђ϶ϴϿАЁЂϽ ЈЂЄЀЏ (20 × 17 Ѐ), ЂЄϼϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϹ ЃЂ ϿϼЁϼϼ ϥϖ–ϲϛ, ϴ ϶ 30 Ѐ Ͼ ϥ ЂІ ϶ІЂЄЂϷЂ ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿЂЅА ІЄϹІАϹ, ІϴϾϺϹ Ђ϶ϴϿАЁЂϹ ЃГІЁЂ (15 × 10 Ѐ),
ЂЄϼϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϹ ЃЂ ϿϼЁϼϼ ϥϛ–ϲϖ.
ϖ ϷЄϴЁϼЊϴЉ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϷЂ ϼ ІЄϹІАϹϷЂ ЃГІЁϴ ϵЏϿϼ ϻϴϿЂϺϹЁЏ 2 ЌЇЄЈϴ, ϶ЏГ϶ϼ϶ЌϼϹ ЂϸϼЁϴϾЂ϶ЇВ
ЅІЄϴІϼϷЄϴЈϼВ. ϞЇϿАІЇЄЁЏϽ ЅϿЂϽ, ЀЂЍЁЂЅІАВ 0,9 Ѐ, ЅЂЅІЂГϿ ϼϻ ЅϹЄЂ-ϾЂЄϼЋЁϹ϶ЂϷЂ ϼ ЅϹЄЂϷЂ ϷЇЀЇЅϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϷЂ ЅЇϷϿϼЁϾЂ϶, ЁϴЅЏЍϹЁЁЏЉ ϶ϾϿВЋϹЁϼГЀϼ ϻЂϿЏ ϼ ЇϷϿϹϽ, ЂϵϿЂЀϾЂ϶ ϾЂЅІϹϽ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЏЉ ϼ
ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІϴЀϼ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ.
ϡϴЉЂϸϾϼ ϼϻ ЌЇЄЈϴ 1 ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ ϶ϹЁЋϼϾϴЀϼ ЀϼЅЂϾ ϼ ϷЂЄЌϾЂ϶ Ѕ ЂІЂϷЁЇІЏЀ ϷЂЄϿЂЀ, ЂϵϿЂЀϾϴЀϼ ЅІϹЁЂϾ, ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЉ ЃЄЂЋϹЄЋϹЁЁЏЀϼ ϿϼЁϼГЀϼ ϼ ІЂЁϾϼЀϼ ІЄϹЇϷЂϿАЁЏЀϼ ϶ ЅϹЋϹЁϼϼ
ЁϴϿϹЃϴЀϼ (ЄϼЅ. 8, 4, 10, 12, 24, 26), ϷϿϼЁГЁЏЀ ЃЄГЅϿϼЊϹЀ ϵϼϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ЈЂЄЀЏ (ЄϼЅ. 3, 3) ϼ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІϴЀϼ ϷϿϼЁГЁЂϽ ЅϿϹϷϾϴ ЂϵЂϺϺϹЁЁЂϽ ЂϵЀϴϻϾϼ.
ϖ ЌЇЄЈϹ 2 ϵЏϿ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁ ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼЋЁЏϽ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿ: ϶ϹЁЋϼϾϼ ЀϼЅЂϾ, ϷЂЄЌϾЂ϶ Ѕ ЂІЂϷЁЇІЏЀ
ϼϿϼ ЃЄГЀЏЀ ϷЂЄϿЂЀ, ІЄϼ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІϴ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ, ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϹ ЃЄЂЋϹЄЋϹЁЁЏЀϼ ϿϼЁϼГЀϼ ϼ
ЁϴϿϹЃϴЀϼ (ЄϼЅ. 8, 8, 11, 17, 22, 25), ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ϵϼϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾЂϹ ϷϿϼЁГЁЂϹ ЃЄГЅϿϼЊϹ (ЄϼЅ. 3, 4).
ϢІϿϼЋϼІϹϿАЁЂϽ ЋϹЄІЂϽ ϞЇЄЃЅϾЂϷЂ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГ Г϶ϿГϹІЅГ ІЂ, ЋІЂ ЃЂЋІϼ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁϴ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ
ϵЏϿϴ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϴ ϼϻ ІϹЅІϴ Ѕ ЃЄϼЀϹЅАВ Ͼ϶ϴЄЊϴ, ϴ ЂЅІϴϿАЁϴГ — Ѕ ЃЄϼЀϹЅАВ ϸЄϹЅ϶Џ. ϨЂЄЀЏ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶
ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ ЂϸЁЂ- ϼ ϸ϶ЇЋϿϹЁЁЏЀϼ ЀϼЅϾϴЀϼ, ЁϼϻϾЂ- ϼ ϶ЏЅЂϾЂϷЂЄϿЏЀϼ ϷЂЄЌϾϴЀϼ. ϣЂЅЇϸϴ ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁϴ ЃЄЂЋϹЄЋϹЁЁЏЀϼ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϴЀϼ ϶ ϶ϼϸϹ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴϿАЁЏЉ ϼ ЁϴϾϿЂЁЁЏЉ ϿϼЁϼϽ, ЅϹІϾϼ ϼ ϻϴЌІЄϼЉЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЉ ІЄϹЇϷЂϿАЁϼϾЂ϶ (ЄϼЅ. 8, 4–6, 8); ЂІІϼЅϾϴЀϼ ϷЄϹϵϹЁЋϴІЂϷЂ ЌІϴЀЃϴ ϶ ϶ϼϸϹ ІЄϹЉЄГϸЁЂϷЂ ϻϼϷϻϴϷϴ
(ЄϼЅ. 8, 13, 14); ЄГϸЂЀ ЂϾЄЇϷϿЏЉ ЁϴϿϹЃЂ϶ ϶ ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁϼϼ ϷЂЄϿϴ ϼ ІЄϹЇϷЂϿАЁЏЀϼ ϶ ЅϹЋϹЁϼϼ ЁϴϿϹЃϴЀϼ ϶
϶ϼϸϹ ЃЄГЀЏЉ ϼ ϼϻЂϷЁЇІЏЉ ϿϼЁϼϽ (ЄϼЅ. 8, 10, 23–26).
ϕЂϿАЌϴГ ЋϴЅІА ЃЄЂЋϹЄЋϹЁЁЏЉ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІЂ϶ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁϴ ϸϿГ ϻϴЃϴϸЁЂϷЂ ϶ϴЄϼϴЁІϴ ϾЂϵϴЁЅϾЂϽ
ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ (ϞЂϻϹЁϾЂ϶ϴ 1989: 67, ІϴϵϿ. IV, 19; VIII, 7; X, 7) ϼ ϸϴІϼЄЇϹІЅГ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϽ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁЂϽ I ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.
Ϙ. ϖ. ϘϹЂЃϼϾ ϼ ϙ. Ϝ. ϞЄЇЃЁЂ϶ ЂІЀϹЋϴВІ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІ ϶ ϶ϼϸϹ ЀЁЂϷЂЄГϸЁЂϷЂ ϻϼϷϻϴϷϴ, ϶ЏЃЂϿЁϹЁЁЂϷЂ ЃЄЂЋϹЄЋϼ϶ϴЁϼϹЀ, ЄϹϺϹ — ϼϻ ЂІІϼЅϾЂ϶ ϻЇϵЋϴІЂϷЂ ЌІϴЀЃϴ ϸϿГ ІϼЃϴ 6 ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ (ЀϼЅϾϼ) ϛЀϹϽЅϾЂϷЂ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϾЂϵϴЁЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ (ϘϹЂЃϼϾ, ϞЄЇЃЁЂ϶ 1961: 20, 22, ЄϼЅ. 5, 1). ϢЄЁϴЀϹЁІϴЊϼГ ІЂЁϾϼЀϼ, ІЄϹЇϷЂϿАЁЏЀϼ ϶ ЅϹЋϹЁϼϼ ЁϴϿϹЃϴЀϼ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁϴ ϸϿГ ІЂϿЅІЂЅІϹЁЁЏЉ ЃϼЈЂЅЂЂϵЄϴϻЁЏЉ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶, ЁϴЋϴϿЂ
ϵЏІЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ Ϝ. Ϡ. ϫϹЋϹЁЂ϶ Ёϴ ЂЅЁЂ϶Ϲ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿЂ϶ ϡϼϺЁϹ-ϘϺЇϿϴІЅϾЂϷЂ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϴ ЂІЁЂЅϼІ Ͼ
ϾЂЁЊЇ I ІЏЅ. Ё. Б., ϴ ϾЂЁϹЊ ϵЏІЂ϶ϴЁϼГ — Ͼ XIII ϶. (ϫϹЋϹЁЂ϶ 1967ϵ: 200, ЄϼЅ. 5, 212–213).
I
(ЄϼЅ. 1, 6; 9) ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЂ Ёϴ ϿϹ϶ЂЀ ϵϹЄϹϷЇ Є. ϚЂЄЂϾϾϴ, Ёϴ ϶Ђϻ϶ЏЌϹЁϼϼ ϾЂЄϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϵϹЄϹϷϴ, ϶ 3,5 ϾЀ Ͼ ϲϲϖ ЂІ Ѕ. ϡϼϺЁϼϽ ϞЇЄЃ. ϠЏЅЂЂϵЄϴϻЁЏϽ ϶ЏЅІЇЃ ϶Ђϻ϶ЏЌϹЁϼГ ϶ЏІГЁЇІ Ͼ ϥϛ. ϥϹ϶ϹЄЂ-ϻϴЃϴϸЁϴГ ЋϴЅІА ЉЂϿЀϴ ϵЏϿϴ ЃЄЂЄϹϻϴЁϴ ІЄϴЁЌϹϹϽ ЌϼЄϼЁЂϽ 10–11 Ѐ
ϸЂ ЇЄЂ϶ЁГ ЃЂϽЀϹЁЁЂϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ϸЂϿϼЁЏ. ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЏϽ ЅϾϿЂЁ ЉЂϿЀϴ ϾЄЇІЂϽ, ϻϴЃϴϸЁЏϽ — ЃЂϿЂϷϼϽ.
ϖЏЅЂІϴ ЉЂϿЀϴ Ѕ ЅϹ϶ϹЄϴ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿГϿϴ 10 Ѐ, Ѕ ϻϴЃϴϸϴ — 4 Ѐ. ϖ ϥϛ ЋϴЅІϼ ЉЂϿЀϴ ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿϼЅА ϸ϶Ϲ ϻϴЃϿЏ϶ЌϼϹ ϶ЏІГЁЇІЂ-Ђ϶ϴϿАЁЏϹ ГЀЏ. ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁϴГ ГЀϴ (12 × 3 Ѐ) ЂЄϼϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϴ ЃЂ ϿϼЁϼϼ ϥϖϖ–ϲϛϛ,
ВϺЁϴГ (ЌϼЄϼЁЂϽ 3–5 Ѐ) — ЃЂ ϿϼЁϼϼ ϥϛ–ϲϖ. ϡϴ ϲϛ ЋϴЅІϼ ЉЂϿЀϴ ϵЏϿ ЅЂϵЄϴЁ ЃЂϸЎϹЀЁЏϽ
ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿ, ЅЂЅІЂГ϶ЌϼϽ ϼϻ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЂ϶ ЅЄϹϸЁϹ϶ϹϾЂ϶ЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ (ЄϼЅ. 9, 2–6) ϼ ϷϿϼЁГЁЂϽ ЂϵЂϺϺϹЁЁЂϽ ЂϵЀϴϻϾϼ.
ϖ ϷЄϴЁϼЊϴЉ ЂϵϿϴЅІϼ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁϼГ ЃЂϸЎϹЀЁЂϷЂ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϴ ϵЏϿ ϻϴϿЂϺϹЁ ЌЇЄЈ, ϶ЏГ϶ϼ϶ЌϼϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏϽ ЅϿЂϽ ЀЂЍЁЂЅІАВ 0,6 Ѐ. ϥϿЂϽ ЅЂЅІЂГϿ ϼϻ ІϹЀЁЂϷЂ ϾЂЄϼЋЁϹ϶ϴІЂ-ЅϹЄЂϷЂ
ЅЇϷϿϼЁϾϴ Ѕ ϶ϾϿВЋϹЁϼГЀϼ ϻЂϿЏ ϼ ЇϷϿϹϽ, ЂϵϿЂЀϾЂ϶ ϾЂЅІϹϽ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЏЉ ϼ ЅЄϹϸЁϹ϶ϹϾЂ϶ЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼ230
,
,
Ͼϼ, ЅЄϹϸϼ ϾЂІЂЄЂϽ ϶ЏϸϹϿГϹІЅГ ЂϵϿЂЀЂϾ ЅІϹЁϾϼ ЅЂЅЇϸϴ, ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϽ ЅϹЀϹЋϾЂ϶ϼϸЁЏЀϼ
϶ϸϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГЀϼ (ЄϼЅ. 9, 7).
ϞϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅ ϚЂЄЂϾϾЅϾЂϷЂ I ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϴ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁ ϶ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЂЀ ϷЂЁЋϴЄЁЏЀϼ ЁϼϻϾЂϷЂЄϿЏЀϼ ЅЂЅЇϸϴЀϼ Ѕ ЂІЂϷЁЇІЏЀϼ ЁϴЄЇϺЇ ϶ϹЁЋϼϾϴЀϼ, ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁЁЏЀϼ ϼϻ ЅϹЄЂϷЂ (϶ ЂϸЁЂЀ ЅϿЇЋϴϹ
ϾЂЄϼЋЁϹ϶ЂϷЂ) ІϹЅІϴ, Ѕ ЃЄϼЀϹЅАВ ЀϹϿϾЂІЂϿЋϹЁЂϽ ϸЄϹЅ϶Џ. ϢЄЁϴЀϹЁІ ЃЄЂЋϹЄЋϹЁЁЏϽ, ϶ ϶ϼϸϹ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴϿАЁЏЉ ϿϼЁϼϽ ϼ ϾЂЄЂІϾϼЉ ϾЂЅЏЉ ЁϴЅϹЋϹϾ Ёϴ ϶ϹЁЋϼϾϹ.
. 8. ϞЇЄЃЅϾЂϹ I ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϹ: 1 — ЃϿϴЁ; 2–27 — ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЏ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ
Fig. 8. Kurp I settlement: 1 — plan; 2–27 — pottery fragments
231
:
,
,
ϖ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϴ ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿЂЅА ϶ЅЉЂϿЀϿϹЁϼϹ, ϶ЂϾЄЇϷ ϾЂІЂЄЂϷЂ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ ЂϵϿЂЀϾϼ
ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ ϼ ЈϴГЁЅЂ϶ЂϽ ЃЂЅЇϸЏ. ϣЂ-϶ϼϸϼЀЂЀЇ, ІϴЀ ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿЂЅА ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂϹ ϺϼϿϼЍϹ.
II
(ЄϼЅ. 1, 7; 10) ЄϴЅЃЂϿЂϺϹЁЂ Ёϴ ϸϿϼЁЁЂЀ ϸЂ϶ЂϿАЁЂ ЇϻϾЂЀ ϶ЏЅІЇЃϹ ϾЂЄϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϵϹЄϹϷϴ Є. ϚЂЄЂϾϾϴ, ϶ 2 ϾЀ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁϹϹ ϚЂЄЂϾϾЅϾЂϷЂ I ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϴ ϼ ϶ 5 ϾЀ Ͼ ϲϖ ЂІ
Ѕ. ϡϼϺЁϼϽ ϞЇЄЃ. ϫϹЄϹϻ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϹ ЃЄЂЉЂϸϼϿϴ ϟϱϣ.
ϥϹ϶ϹЄЂ-϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏϽ ЅϾϿЂЁ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϴ ϼЀϹϿ ϶ЂϿЁϼЅІЇВ ϾЂЁЈϼϷЇЄϴЊϼВ — ϹϷЂ ЃϿϴ϶ЁЏϹ ϶ЏЅІЇЃЏ ЀЂϺЁЂ ЅЄϴ϶ЁϼІА Ѕ ϵϴЅІϼЂЁϴЀϼ. ϡϴ ЂϸЁЂЀ ϼϻ ϶ЏЅІЇЃЂ϶ Ѕ ϲϖ ЅІЂЄЂЁЏ ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿЂЅА ϶ЅЉЂϿЀϿϹЁϼϹ,
ЁϴЃЂЀϼЁϴ϶ЌϹϹ ЂЅІϴІϾϼ ϵϴЌЁϼ, ЁЂ ЂЁЂ ϵЏϿЂ ЁϴЄЇЌϹЁЂ ϸ϶ЇЀГ ϻϴЃϿЏ϶ЌϼЀϼ ІЄϴЁЌϹГЀϼ-ЂϾЂЃϴЀϼ,
ЂЄϼϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЀϼ ЃЂ ϿϼЁϼϼ ϛ–ϖ. ϖЏЅЂІϴ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϴ ϸЂЅІϼϷϴϿϴ 7 Ѐ, ЌϼЄϼЁϴ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹϽ ЋϴЅІϼ Єϴ϶Ёϴ
ЂϾЂϿЂ 450 Ѐ. ϣЂϸЎϹЀЁЏϽ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿ, ЅЂϵЄϴЁЁЏϽ Ёϴ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІϼ, ЅЂЅІЂГϿ ϼϻ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЂ϶ ЅЄϹϸЁϹ϶ϹϾЂ϶ЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ (ЄϼЅ. 10, 4, 6). ϢϵϿϴЅІА ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁϼГ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ (600 × 450 Ѐ) ϻϴЁϼЀϴϿϴ ЃЂЋІϼ
. 9. ϚЂЄЂϾϾЅϾЂϹ I ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϹ: 1 — ЃϿϴЁ; 2–7 — ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЏ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ
Fig. 9. Zhorokk I fortified settlement: 1 — plan; 2–7 — pottery fragments
232
,
,
϶ЅВ ЌϼЄϼЁЇ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϴ ϼ ЁϹϵЂϿАЌЇВ ЋϴЅІА ЁϴЃЂϿАЁЂϽ ЅІЂЄЂЁЏ Ѕ ϥϖ. ϖ ϲϛ ϹϹ ЋϴЅІϼ ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿЅГ
Ђ϶ϴϿАЁЏϽ ЉЂϿЀ (30 × 55 Ѐ, ϶ЏЅЂІЂϽ ϸЂ 1 Ѐ), ЂЄϼϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϽ ЃЂ ϿϼЁϼϼ ϛ–ϖ.
ϖ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЂ-϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϴ ϵЏϿ ϻϴϿЂϺϹЁ ЌЇЄЈ, ϶ЏГ϶ϼ϶ЌϼϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏϽ ЅϿЂϽ ЀЂЍЁЂЅІАВ 0,45 Ѐ, ЅЂЅІЂГ϶ЌϼϽ ϼϻ ІϹЀЁЂϷЂ ϾЂЄϼЋЁϹ϶ϴІЂ-ЅϹЄЂϷЂ ЅЇϷϿϼЁϾϴ Ѕ ϶ϾϿВЋϹЁϼГЀϼ ϻЂϿЏ, ЇϷϿϹϽ
ϼ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ (ЄϼЅ. 10, 2–3, 5).
ϞϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ ϚЂЄЂϾϾЅϾЂϷЂ II ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϴ ϶ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЂЀ ϷЂЁЋϴЄЁϴГ, ϶ ЂϸЁЂЀ ЅϿЇЋϴϹ ϿϹЃЁϴГ,
϶ ϸ϶ЇЉ — ЅЃЂЅЂϵ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ЁϹГЅϹЁ. ϦϹЅІЂ ЅϹЄЂϹ, ϶ ϸ϶ЇЉ ЅϿЇЋϴГЉ — ϾЂЄϼЋЁϹ϶ЂϹ, Ѕ ЃЄϼЀϹЅАВ
. 10. ϚЂЄЂϾϾЅϾЂϹ II ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϹ: 1 — ЃϿϴЁ; 2–7 — ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЏ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ
Fig. 10. Zhorokk II fortified settlement: 1 — plan; 2–7 — pottery fragments
233
:
,
,
ЀϹϿϾЂІЂϿЋϹЁЂϽ ϸЄϹЅ϶Џ. ϨЂЄЀЏ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ ϸ϶ЇЋϿϹЁЁЏЀϼ ЀϼЅϾϴЀϼ ϼ ЁϼϻϾЂ- ϼ ϶ЏЅЂϾЂϷЂЄϿЏЀϼ ϷЂЄЌϾϴЀϼ (ІϴϵϿϼЊϴ).
III
(ЄϼЅ. 1, 8; 11) ЄϴЅЃЂϿЂϺϹЁЂ Ёϴ ЋϹІЏЄϹЉ ЉЂϿЀϴЉ ϶ЏЅІЇЃϴ ϾЂЄϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϿϹ϶ЂϷЂ ϵϹЄϹϷϴ Є. ϚЂЄЂϾϾϴ, ϶ 330 Ѐ Ͼ ϲϖϖ ЂІ ϚЂЄЂϾϾЅϾЂϷЂ II ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϴ, ϶ 5,5 ϾЀ Ͼ ϲϖ ЂІ
Ѕ. ϡϼϺЁϼϽ ϞЇЄЃ. ϫϹЄϹϻ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϹ ЃЄЂЉЂϸϼϿϴ ϟϱϣ.
. 11. ϚЂЄЂϾϾЅϾЂϹ III ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϹ: 1 — ЃϿϴЁ; 2–9 — ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЏ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ
Fig. 11. Zhorokk III fortified settlement: 1 — plan; 2–9 — pottery fragments
234
,
,
ϣϹЄ϶ЏϽ (ЅϹ϶ϹЄЂ-ϻϴЃϴϸЁЏϽ) ЉЂϿЀ ϼЀϹϿ ЃЄϴ϶ϼϿАЁЇВ ЂϾЄЇϷϿЇВ ЈЂЄЀЇ. ϘϼϴЀϹІЄ ϹϷЂ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿГϿ
30 Ѐ ϶ ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁϼϼ ϼ 10 Ѐ ЃЂ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹϽ ЃϿЂЍϴϸϾϹ, ϶ЏЅЂІϴ — 5 Ѐ. ϥ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϽ ϼ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЂ-϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ЅІЂЄЂЁ ЉЂϿЀϴ ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿϴЅА ЁϹϵЂϿАЌϴГ ϿЂЍϼЁϴ, ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ ЂЅІϴІϾϼ ϶ЎϹϻϸϴ.
Ϟ ВϷЂ-϶ЂЅІЂϾЇ ЂІ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϷЂ ЉЂϿЀϴ ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿЅГ ϶ІЂЄЂϽ (ВϺЁЏϽ), ϶ЏЅЂІЂϽ ЃЂЋІϼ 7 Ѐ. ϖЏІГЁЇІЏϽ
ЃЂ ϿϼЁϼϼ ϥ–ϲ ЉЂϿЀ ϼЀϹϿ ϸЂ϶ЂϿАЁЂ ϾЄЇІЂϽ ϻϴЃϴϸЁЏϽ ЅϾϿЂЁ ϼ ϵЂϿϹϹ ЃЂϿЂϷϼϹ ЅϾϿЂЁЏ Ёϴ ЅϹ϶ϹЄϹ ϼ
϶ЂЅІЂϾϹ.
. 12. ϖϹЄЉЁϹ-ϞЇЄЃЅϾЂϹ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϹ: 1 — ЃϿϴЁ; 2–17 — ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЏ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ
Fig. 12. Upper Kurp fortified settlement: 1 — plan; 2–17 — pottery fragments
235
:
,
,
Ϟ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЂ-϶ЂЅІЂϾЇ ЂІ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϷЂ ЉЂϿЀϴ ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿЅГ ІЄϹІϼϽ (ЅϹ϶ϹЄЁЏϽ) Ђ϶ϴϿАЁЂϽ ЈЂЄЀЏ ЉЂϿЀ ϶ЏЅЂІЂϽ 3 Ѐ ϼ ЄϴϻЀϹЄϴЀϼ 34 × 26 Ѐ ϶ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ϼ 75 × 55 Ѐ Ї ЃЂϸЁЂϺϼГ. ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЏϽ ЉЂϿЀ ЂІϸϹϿϹЁ ЂІ
ВϺЁЂϷЂ ЉЂϿЀϴ ЁϹϵЂϿАЌϼЀ ϶ϴϿЂЂϵЄϴϻЁЏЀ ϶Ђϻ϶ЏЌϹЁϼϹЀ, ЂЄϼϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЀ ЃЂ ϿϼЁϼϼ ϥϥϖ–ϲϲϛ.
Ϟ ϶ЂЅІЂϾЇ ЂІ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϷЂ ϼ Ͼ ϲϛ ЂІ ІЄϹІАϹϷЂ ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿЅГ ЁϹϵЂϿАЌЂϽ ЋϹІ϶ϹЄІЏϽ ЉЂϿЀ ϶ЏЅЂІЂϽ 3 Ѐ
(ЄϴϻЀϹЄЏ ЃЂ ϶ϹЄЉЇ 22 × 11 Ѐ, ϶ ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁϼϼ 40 × 20 Ѐ), ϶ЏϷϿГϸϹ϶ЌϼϽ ϾϴϾ ϶ЏЅІЇЃ ϾЂЄϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϵϹЄϹϷϴ.
ϣЂϸЎϹЀЁЏϽ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿ ϚЂЄЂϾϾЅϾЂϷЂ III ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϴ ЅЂЅІЂГϿ ϼϻ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЂ϶ ЅЄϹϸЁϹ϶ϹϾЂ϶ЏЉ
ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ (ЄϼЅ. 11, 5, 9). ϢϵϿϴЅІА ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁϼГ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ, ЂЉ϶ϴІЏ϶ϴВЍϴГ ЈϴϾІϼЋϹЅϾϼ ϶ЅВ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼВ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϴ, ϼЀϹϿϴ ϶ ЃϿϴЁϹ ЈЂЄЀЇ Ђ϶ϴϿϴ ЄϴϻЀϹЄϴЀϼ 270 × 150 Ѐ, ЂЄϼϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϷЂ ЃЂ
ϿϼЁϼϼ ϥϥϛ–ϲϲϖ.
Ϙ϶ϴ ЌЇЄЈϴ, ϻϴϿЂϺϹЁЁЏϹ Ёϴ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϹ, ϶ЏГ϶ϼϿϼ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏϽ ЅϿЂϽ ЀЂЍЁЂЅІАВ 0,45 Ѐ, ЅЂЅІЂГЍϼϽ ϼϻ ЅϹЄЂϷЂ ϷЇЀЇЅϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϷЂ ЅЇϷϿϼЁϾϴ Ѕ ϶ϾϿВЋϹЁϼГЀϼ ϻЂϿЏ ϼ ЇϷϿϹϽ. ϖ ЌЇЄЈϴЉ ϵЏϿϼ ϻϴЈϼϾЅϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЏ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЏ ЅЄϹϸЁϹ϶ϹϾЂ϶ЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ (ЄϼЅ. 11, 2–4, 6–8).
ϕЂϿАЌϴГ ЋϴЅІА ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ ϚЂЄЂϾϾЅϾЂϷЂ III ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϴ ϷЂЁЋϴЄЁϴГ, ЂϸЁϴϾЂ ІϴϾϺϹ ϻϸϹЅА ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ
ϿϹЃЁЏϹ ЅЂЅЇϸЏ ϼ ЃЂЅЇϸϴ, ЅЃЂЅЂϵ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ϾЂІЂЄЂϽ ЁϹ ЇЅІϴЁЂ϶ϿϹЁ. ϨЂЄЀЏ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ
ϸ϶ЇЋϿϹЁЁЏЀϼ ЀϼЅϾϴЀϼ, ϷЂЄЌϾϴЀϼ Ѕ ЁϹ϶ЏЅЂϾϼЀ ϷЂЄϿЂЀ ϼ ЂІЂϷЁЇІЏЀ ЁϴЄЇϺЇ ϶ϹЁЋϼϾЂЀ (ІϴϵϿϼЊϴ).
(ЄϼЅ. 1, 9; 12) ЄϴЅЃЂϿЂϺϹЁЂ Ёϴ ЀЏЅЇ Ї ЅϿϼГЁϼГ ЄϹϾ ϞЇЄЃ ϼ
ϞЇЄЃЂϾ, Ёϴ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ЂϾЄϴϼЁϹ Ѕ. ϖϹЄЉЁϼϽ ϞЇЄЃ. ϗЂЄЂϸϼЍϹ ЅІЂГϿЂ Ёϴ ϶ЏЅЂϾЂЀ, ЁϹЀЁЂϷЂ ϼϻЂϷЁЇІЂЀ
ϸϿϼЁЁЂЀ ЉЂϿЀϹ, ЂЄϼϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂЀ ЃЂ ϿϼЁϼϼ ϥϥϛ–ϲϲϖ. ϖϹЄЌϼЁϴ ЉЂϿЀϴ ЄϴϻϸϹϿϹЁϴ Ёϴ ϸ϶Ϲ ЋϴЅІϼ.
ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁϴГ ЋϴЅІА ϵЂϿϹϹ ϶ЏЅЂϾϴГ, ϹϹ ЄϴϻЀϹЄЏ ЃЂ ϶ϹЄЉЇ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿГϿϼ 70 × 40 Ѐ, ϶ ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁϼϼ — 140 × 90 Ѐ.
ϖϹЄЉЇЌϾϴ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿГϿϴ ЅЂϵЂϽ ϸЂ϶ЂϿАЁЂ ЄЂ϶ЁЇВ ІЄϴЃϹЊϼϹ϶ϼϸЁЇВ ЃϿЂЍϴϸϾЇ, ЂЄϼϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЇВ ЃЂ ϿϼЁϼϼ ϥϥϛ–ϲϲϖ. ϖЏЅЂІϴ БІЂϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ЉЂϿЀϴ ϸЂЅІϼϷϴϿϴ 12–13 Ѐ ЂІ ЇЄЂ϶ЁГ ЃЂϽЀϹЁЁЂϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ϸЂϿϼЁЏ. ϛϴЃϴϸЁЏϽ ЅϾϿЂЁ ЉЂϿЀϴ ϾЄЇІЂϽ, ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏϽ — ϵЂϿϹϹ ЃЂϿЂϷϼϽ, ЃЂ ЁϹЀЇ ЃЄЂЉЂϸϼϿϴ ЃЄЂЅϹϿЂЋЁϴГ ϸЂЄЂϷϴ, ϶ϹϸЇЍϴГ Ёϴ ВϺЁЇВ ЋϴЅІА ЉЂϿЀϴ. ϖЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ, ϼЀϹЁЁЂ ϻϸϹЅА ϵЏϿ ϶ЎϹϻϸ
Ёϴ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϹ ϶ ϸЄϹ϶ЁЂЅІϼ. ϥϹ϶ϹЄЂ-ϻϴЃϴϸЁЏϽ ЅϾϿЂЁ ІϴϾϺϹ ϸЂ϶ЂϿАЁЂ ϾЄЇІЂϽ, Ёϴ ЁϹЀ ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿЂЅА ЃЄЂϸЂϿϷЂ϶ϴІЂϹ ϶ЅЉЂϿЀϿϹЁϼϹ ЄϴϻЀϹЄϴЀϼ 15 × 6 Ѐ, ϶ЏІГЁЇІЂϹ Ѕ ϥϥϛ Ёϴ ϲϲϖ. ϖ ЊϹЁІЄϹ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϽ ЋϴЅІϼ
ЉЂϿЀϴ ЄϴЅЃЂϿЂϺϹЁЏ ϸ϶ϴ ЁϹϵЂϿАЌϼЉ ЉЂϿЀϼϾϴ: Ђ϶ϴϿАЁЏϽ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏϽ (10 × 15 Ѐ), ЂЄϼϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϽ
ЃЂ ϿϼЁϼϼ ϛ–ϖ, ϼ ϻϴЃϴϸЁЏϽ (5 × 18 Ѐ), ϶ЏІГЁЇІЏϽ ЃЂ ϿϼЁϼϼ ϥϖϖ–ϲϛϛ. ϡϴ ϥϛ ϼ ϖ ϾЄϴГЉ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹϽ ЃϿЂЍϴϸϾϼ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϷЂ ЉЂϿЀϴ, ЁϹЀЁЂϷЂ ЅЃЇЅϾϴГЅА Ёϴ ЅϾϿЂЁЏ, ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿϼЅА ϻϴЃϿЏ϶ЌϼϹ ϸϿϼЁЁЏϹ ϾϴЁϴ϶Џ,
ЅϾЂЄϹϹ ϶ЅϹϷЂ, ЂϾЂЃЏ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁ ϖϹϿϼϾЂϽ ϢІϹЋϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϽ ϶ЂϽЁЏ.
ϲϺЁϴГ ЋϴЅІА ЉЂϿЀϴ ϵЏϿϴ ЂІϸϹϿϹЁϴ ЂІ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ϸЂ϶ЂϿАЁЂ ЌϼЄЂϾЂϽ ϿЂЍϼЁЂϽ. ϨЂЄЀϴ
БІЂϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ЉЂϿЀϴ ЁϹЃЄϴ϶ϼϿАЁϴГ, ϼϻ϶ϼϿϼЅІϴГ. ϖϹЄЌϼЁϴ ВϺЁЂϽ ϹϷЂ ЋϴЅІϼ, ІϴϾ ϺϹ ϾϴϾ ϼ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϽ, ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿГϿϴ ϸЂ϶ЂϿАЁЂ ЄЂ϶ЁЇВ ЃϿЂЍϴϸϾЇ ЌϼЄϼЁЂϽ ЂІ 30 ϸЂ 70 Ѐ. ϖЏЅЂІϴ БІЂϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ЉЂϿЀϴ ϸЂЅІϼϷϴϿϴ
10–11 Ѐ ЂІ ЇЄЂ϶ЁГ ЃЂϽЀϹЁЁЂϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ϸЂϿϼЁЏ. ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЏϽ ϾЄϴϽ ЃϿЂЍϴϸϾϼ ϵЏϿ Єϴϻϸ϶ЂϹЁ: ϻϸϹЅА ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿϴЅА ЁϹϵЂϿАЌϴГ ϿЂЍϼЁϴ, ЃЂ ϾЂІЂЄЂϽ ЃЄЂЉЂϸϼϿϴ ЃЄЂЅϹϿЂЋЁϴГ ϸЂЄЂϷϴ ϼ ϾЂІЂЄϴГ, ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ, ЂІЀϹЋϴϿϴ
ϸЄϹ϶ЁϼϽ ϶ЎϹϻϸ Ёϴ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϹ. ϖ 60 Ѐ Ͼ ϲ ЂІ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϷЂ ϾЄϴГ ЃϿЂЍϴϸϾϼ ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿϼЅА ϻϴЃϿЏ϶ЌϼϹ ϾϴЁϴ϶Џ — ЂЅІϴІϾϼ ЂϾЂЃЂ϶, ϶ 100 Ѐ ϶ ІЂЀ ϺϹ ЁϴЃЄϴ϶ϿϹЁϼϼ — ЂЅІϴІϾϼ ЃЂЅІЄЂϽϾϼ (ϾϴЀЁϼ ЈЇЁϸϴЀϹЁІϴ ЃЄГЀЂЇϷЂϿАЁЂϽ ЈЂЄЀЏ). ϖ 320–350 Ѐ Ͼ ϲ ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿϴЅА ЅІϴЄϴГ ЌϾЂϿϴ, Ͼ ϾЂІЂЄЂϽ ϶ϹϿϴ ЃЄЂЅϹϿЂЋЁϴГ ϸЂЄЂϷϴ.
ϖЅϹ ЅϾϿЂЁЏ ϼ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІϼ ЉЂϿЀϴ ЉЂЄЂЌЂ ϻϴϸϹЄЁЂ϶ϴЁЏ. ϖ ЁϹЀЁЂϷЂЋϼЅϿϹЁЁЏЉ ЁЂЄϴЉ ЅЇЄϾЂ϶
ϵЏϿ ЅЂϵЄϴЁ ЃЂϸЎϹЀЁЏϽ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿ — ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЏ ЅЄϹϸЁϹ϶ϹϾЂ϶ЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ (ЄϼЅ. 12, 4, 7, 9–10, 12, 14).
ϡϴ ЃϿЂЍϴϸϾϹ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϴ ЌЇЄЈ ϶ЏГ϶ϼϿ ЁϴϿϼЋϼϹ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϷЂ ЅϿЂГ, ЅЂЅІЂГ϶ЌϹϷЂ ϼϻ ЅϹЄЂϷЂ ϷЇЀЇЅϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϷЂ ЅЇϷϿϼЁϾϴ Ѕ ϶ϾϿВЋϹЁϼГЀϼ ϻЂϿЏ, ЇϷϿϹϽ, ЀϹϿϾϼЉ ЂϵϿЂЀϾЂ϶ ϾЂЅІϹϽ
Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЏЉ ϼ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЂ϶ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ (ЄϼЅ. 12, 2–3, 5–6, 11, 15–17). ϡϴ ЇЄЂ϶ЁϹ ІЄϹІАϹϷЂ ЌІЏϾϴ ϵЏϿ
ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏϽ ЂЅϹϿЂϾ (ЄϼЅ. 3, 5), ϴ Ёϴ ЇЄЂ϶ЁϹ ЋϹІ϶ϹЄІЂϷЂ — ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏϽ ІϹЄЂЋЁϼϾ (ЄϼЅ. 3, 8).
ϩЂІГ ϶ ЅϼϿЇ ЄϴϻЁЏЉ ЃЄϼЋϼЁ ЌЇЄЈ ЁϹ ϵЏϿ ϸЂ϶ϹϸϹЁ ϸЂ ЇЄЂ϶ЁГ ЀϴІϹЄϼϾϴ, ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϼІϹϿАЁϴГ ЀЂЍЁЂЅІА ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϷЂ ЅϿЂГ ЀЂϷϿϴ ϸЂЅІϼϷϴІА 1,5–2 Ѐ.
ϖ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϹ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ ϖϹЄЉЁϹ-ϞЇЄЃЅϾЂϷЂ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϴ ϵЏϿϼ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ ϷЂЁЋϴЄЁЏϹ ϸ϶ЇЋϿϹЁЁЏϹ ЀϼЅϾϼ ϼ ϿϹЃЁЏϹ ϷЂЄЌϾϼ Ѕ ЁϹ϶ЏЅЂϾϼЀ ϷЂЄϿЂЀ ϼ ЂІЂϷЁЇІЏЀ ЁϴЄЇϺЇ ϶ϹЁЋϼϾЂЀ. ϢЄЁϴЀϹЁІ ϶ ϶ϼϸϹ
ЀЁЂϷЂЄГϸЁЂϷЂ ϻϼϷϻϴϷϴ ϼ ϻϴЌІЄϼЉЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЉ Ђ϶ϴϿЂ϶ ϶ЏЃЂϿЁϹЁ ЃЄЂЋϹЄЋϼ϶ϴЁϼϹЀ ϼ ЁϴϾЂϿϴЀϼ. ϞϴϾ ЇϺϹ ЇЃЂЀϼЁϴϿЂЅА, ІϴϾЂϽ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄϹЁ ϸϿГ ϻϴЃϴϸЁЂϷЂ ϶ϴЄϼϴЁІϴ ϾЂϵϴЁЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ (ϞЂϻϹЁϾЂ϶ϴ 1989).
ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ϶ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІϹ ЂϵЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼГ 1981 Ϸ. Ёϴ ЅЄϴ϶ЁϼІϹϿАЁЂ ЁϹϵЂϿАЌЂϽ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ
ϸЂϿϼЁЏ Є. ϞЇЄЃ ϵЏϿЂ ЂІϾЄЏІЂ 9 ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍ ϼ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϽ Ѕ ЉЂЄЂЌЂ ϶ЏЄϴϺϹЁЁЏЀ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЀ ЅϿЂϹЀ,
ЅЂϵЄϴЁЂ ϻЁϴЋϼІϹϿАЁЂϹ ϾЂϿϼЋϹЅІ϶Ђ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ ϼ ЂІϸϹϿАЁЏϹ ϼЁϸϼ϶ϼϸЇϴϿАЁЏϹ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϼ. ϨЄϴϷЀϹЁІЏ
236
,
,
. 13. ϞϴЀϹЁЁЏϹ ЅІϹϿЏ Ѕ ЄϹϻАϵЂϽ («ЅЊЏЁЏ») ϶ ЄϴϽЂЁϹ ЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϡϼϺЁϼϽ ϞЇЄЃ: 1, 2 — Ͼ ϶ЂЅІЂϾЇ ЂІ ЅϹϿϹЁϼГ;
3 — Ї ЅϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϷЂ ϶ЎϹϻϸϴ; 4 — Ёϴ ϡϼϺЁϹ-ϞЇЄЃЅϾЂЀ I ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϹ
Fig. 13. Stone stelae with carvings (stsyns) near the village of Lower Kurp: 1–2 — east of the village; 3 — near the
northern entry to the village; 4 — on the Lower Kurp I fortified settlement
ЂϵЂϺϺϹЁЁЂϽ ϷϿϼЁГЁЂϽ ЂϵЀϴϻϾϼ ϵЏϿϼ ϶ЅІЄϹЋϹЁЏ ІЂϿАϾЂ Ёϴ ϞЇЄЃЅϾЂЀ I ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϼ ϼ Ёϴ ϚЂЄЂϾϾЅϾЂЀ I
ϼ II ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϴЉ.
ϞЄЂЀϹ ІЂϷЂ, ϶ ЊϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ϶ЏЅІЇЃϴ ІϹЄЄϴЅЏ ϡϼϺЁϹ-ϞЇЄЃЅϾЂϷЂ I ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϴ, Ї ЅϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϷЂ ϶ЎϹϻϸϴ ϶ Ѕ. ϡϼϺЁϼϽ ϞЇЄЃ ϼ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁϹϹ БІЂϷЂ ЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϻϴЈϼϾЅϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЏ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏϹ ЅІϹϿЏ, ЃЂϾЄЏІЏϹ
ЄϹϻАϵЂϽ (ЀϹЅІЁЂϹ Ёϴϻ϶ϴЁϼϹ — «ЅЊЏЁ»; ЄϼЅ. 13).
ϘЂϿϼЁϴ Є. ϞЇЄЃ ϵЏϿϴ ЃϿЂІЁЂ ϻϴЅϹϿϹЁϴ ϶ ϸЄϹ϶ЁЂЅІϼ. ϣЄϼ ЄϴϻЀϹЍϹЁϼϼ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϽ ЇЅЃϹЌЁЂ
ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴϿЅГ ЄϹϿАϹЈ ЀϹЅІЁЂЅІϼ — ЃЂЋІϼ ϶ЅϹ ЉЂϿЀЏ ϼ ЂЅІϴЁЊЏ, ϶Ђϻ϶ЏЌϴВЍϼϹЅГ Ёϴϸ ЃЂϽЀϹЁЁЂϽ
ЋϴЅІАВ ЄϹϾϼ, ϵЏϿϼ ЂϵϼІϴϹЀЏ.
237
:
,
,
ϢЅ϶ЂϹЁϼϹ ϸЂϿϼЁЏ, ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂ, ЁϴЋϴϿЂЅА ϶ ЀϹЅІϴЉ ЄϴЅЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼГ ϞЇЄЃЅϾЂϷЂ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГ, ϖϹЄЉЁϹϞЇЄЃЅϾЂϷЂ ϼ ϡϼϺЁϹ-ϞЇЄЃЅϾЂϷЂ II ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍ ϶ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϽ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁϹ I ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б., ϷϸϹ ϵЏϿϴ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁϴ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ ϾЂϵϴЁЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ. ϡϴ ЄЇϵϹϺϹ ЁϴЌϹϽ БЄЏ ϶ЂϻЁϼϾϿЂ ϡϼϺЁϹ-ϞЇЄЃЅϾЂϹ I ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϹ,
ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴ϶ЌϹϹ ЃЂЋІϼ ϸЂ XIII ϶., Ђ ЋϹЀ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ЇВІ ЂϵϼϿϼϹ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ ϼ ЃЂЋІϼ 6-ЀϹІЄЂ϶ЏϽ
ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏϽ ЅϿЂϽ. ϖ БЃЂЉЇ ЅЄϹϸЁϹ϶ϹϾЂ϶АГ ϺϼϻЁА ЃЄЂϸЂϿϺϴϿϴЅА Ёϴ ϶ЅϹЉ ЇЃЂЀГЁЇІЏЉ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁЁЏЉ
ЃЇЁϾІϴЉ ϼ ЃЄϴϾІϼЋϹЅϾϼ Ёϴ ϶ЅϹЉ ЇϸЂϵЁЏЉ ϸϿГ ϺϼϻЁϼ ЀϹЅІϴЉ.
ϜЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿϼ ЂІЀϹЋϴВІ ЇЀϹϿЂϹ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴЁϼϹ «ЂЅЂϵϹЁЁЂЅІϹϽ ЄϹϿАϹЈϴ ЀϹЅІЁЂЅІϼ ϸϿГ
ЅЄϹϸЁϹ϶ϹϾЂ϶ЏЉ ЈЂЄІϼЈϼϾϴЊϼЂЁЁЏЉ ЅЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼϽ» ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ϣЄϹϸϾϴ϶ϾϴϻАГ —
ϥІϴЄЂ-ϟϹЅϾϹЁЅϾЂϷЂ (ϫϹЋϹЁЂ϶ 1967ϴ: 117), ϥϹЄϺϹЁА-ϲЄІЂ϶ЅϾЂϷЂ (ϞЂϻϹЁϾЂ϶ϴ 1977: 62, ІϴϵϿ. II, 3) ϼ
ϱІЂϾЅϾЂϷЂ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍ (ϞЂϻϹЁϾЂ϶ϴ 1989: 148, ІϴϵϿ. 1, 1) ϼ ϸЄ.
Ϝ. Ϡ. ϫϹЋϹЁЂ϶ ЂІЀϹЋϴϿ, ЋІЂ Ёϴ ϡϼϺЁϹ-ϘϺЇϿϴІЅϾЂЀ ϼ ϩϴЀϼϸϼϹ϶ЅϾЂЀ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϴЉ, ϼϻЇЋϹЁЁЏЉ
ϵЂϿϹϹ ЃЂϿЁЂ, ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ, ϸϴІϼЄЇϹЀϴГ ЁϴЋϴϿЂЀ I ІЏЅ. Ё. Б., ϶ЅІЄϹЋϹЁϴ ϶ ЁϴϼϵЂϿϹϹ ЇϾЄϹЃϿϹЁЁЏЉ ЋϴЅІГЉ —
϶ «ЊϼІϴϸϹϿГЉ», ϴ Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ «ЃЂЅϴϸЂ϶» ϼ «ЅϹϿϼЍ» ЁϴϽϸϹЁϴ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ X–XIV ϶϶. ϢЁ ЃЂϿϴϷϴϿ, ЋІЂ
ЇϾЄϹЃϿϹЁЁЏϹ ЋϴЅІϼ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍ ϵЏϿϼ ϻϴЅϹϿϹЁЏ ЃϹЄ϶ЏЀϼ, ϴ ϻϴІϹЀ ЂϵϼІϴϹЀЏЀϼ ЅІϴЁЂ϶ϼϿϼЅА ЃЄϼϿϹϷϴВЍϼϹ Ͼ «ЊϼІϴϸϹϿϼ» ϵЂϿϹϹ ЇϸϴϿϹЁЁЏϹ ЀϹЅІϴ (ϫϹЋϹЁЂ϶ 1967ϴ: 126). ϢϵЂϵЍϼ϶ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ϡϼϺЁϹϘϺЇϿϴІЅϾЂϷЂ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϴ, Ϝ. Ϡ. ϫϹЋϹЁЂ϶ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴϿ ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅ ϼϻ ϶ϹЄЉЁϼЉ ЅϿЂϹ϶ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴ VII–XII ϶϶., ϼϻ ЅЄϹϸЁϼЉ — IV–VI ϶϶., ϼϻ ЁϼϺЁϼЉ — I–III ϶϶. (ϫϹЋϹЁЂ϶ 1967ϵ: 216, 215, 223).
ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ϶ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЂϷЂ ϶ϹϾϴ ϶ ϸЂϿϼЁϹ ϞЇЄЃϴ ϵЏϿЂ ІЄϼ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁЁЏЉ
ЃЇЁϾІϴ, ЂϸЁЂ ϼϻ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ — ЀЏЅЂ϶ЂϹ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϹ (ϖϹЄЉЁϹ-ϞЇЄЃЅϾЂϹ) — ϼЀϹϿЂ ЉЂЄЂЌϼϹ ЃЄϼЄЂϸЁЏϹ
ЇϾЄϹЃϿϹЁϼГ. ϖ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ЄϴЁЁϹϷЂ ϺϹϿϹϻЁЂϷЂ ϶ϹϾϴ ϶ ЊϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ϸЂϿϼЁЏ ϶ЂϻЁϼϾϿЂ ϡϼϺЁϹϞЇЄЃЅϾЂϹ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϹ, ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ЃЄϼ ϹϷЂ ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁϼϼ ЃЄϼЄЂϸЁЏϽ ЄϹϿАϹЈ ЀϹЅІЁЂЅІϼ ϵЏϿ ϸЂЃЂϿЁϹЁ ЇϾЄϹЃϿϹЁϼГЀϼ. ϖ БЃЂЉЇ ЅЄϹϸЁϹ϶ϹϾЂ϶АГ, ϾЂϷϸϴ ЃϿЂІЁЂЅІА ЄϴЅЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϵЏϿϴ ЁϴϼϵЂϿАЌϹϽ, ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГЀϼ
ϵЏϿϼ ϻϴЁГІЁЏ ϶ЅϹ ЇϸЂϵЁЏϹ ϸϿГ ЂϵϼІϴЁϼГ ЀϹЅІϴ.
ϘϹЂЃϼϾ 1961 —
. . ϛЀϹϽЅϾЂϹ ЅЄϹϸЁϹ϶ϹϾЂ϶ЂϹ ЅϹϿϼЍϹ // ϔЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЄϴЅϾЂЃϾϼ ϶ ЄϴϽЂЁϹ
ϛЀϹϽЅϾЂϽ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϽ ϢЅϹІϼϼ. ϢЄϸϺЂЁϼϾϼϸϻϹ: ϥϹ϶ϹЄЂ-ЂЅϹІϼЁЅϾЂϹ ϾЁϼϺЁЂϹ ϼϻϸ-϶Ђ, 1961. ϥ. 37–50 (ϠϴІϹЄϼϴϿЏ
ЃЂ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼϼ ϼ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϽ ϼЅІЂЄϼϼ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϽ ϢЅϹІϼϼ. Ϧ. 1).
ϘϹЂЃϼϾ, ϞЄЇЃЁЂ϶ 1961 —
. .,
. . ϛЀϹϽЅϾЂϹ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϹ ϾЂϵϴЁЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ // ϦϴЀ ϺϹ.
ϥ. 11–36.
ϞЂϻϹЁϾЂ϶ϴ 1977 —
. . ϞЂϵϴЁЅϾϴГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴ. ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЏϽ ϶ϴЄϼϴЁІ. Ϡ.: ϡϴЇϾϴ, 1977. 87 Ѕ. (ϥϔϜ.
ϖЏЃ. ϖ2-5. Ϧ. 1).
ϞЂϻϹЁϾЂ϶ϴ 1982 —
. . ϦϼЃЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϴГ ϼ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϴГ ϾϿϴЅЅϼЈϼϾϴЊϼГ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІЂ϶ ϾЂϵϴЁЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ. ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЏϽ ϶ϴЄϼϴЁІ. Ϡ.: ϡϴЇϾϴ, 1982. 177 Ѕ. (ϥϔϜ. ϖЏЃ. ϖ2-5. Ϧ. 2).
ϞЂϻϹЁϾЂ϶ϴ 1989 —
. . ϞЂϵϴЁЅϾϴГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴ. ϛϴЃϴϸЁЏϽ ϶ϴЄϼϴЁІ. Ϡ.: ϡϴЇϾϴ, 1989. 195 Ѕ. (ϥϔϜ.
ϖЏЃ. ϖ2-6. ϖЏЃ. 3).
. . ϞЇϿАІЇЄЁЂ-ϼЅІЂЄϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЃЄЂЊϹЅЅЏ Ёϴ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂЀ Ϟϴ϶ϾϴϻϹ ϶ БЃЂЉЇ ЃЂϻϸϞЂϻϹЁϾЂ϶ϴ 1996 —
ЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ϼ ϶ ЄϴЁЁϹЀ ϺϹϿϹϻЁЂЀ ϶ϹϾϹ (ЇϻϿЂ϶ЏϹ ЃЄЂϵϿϹЀЏ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼГ ϼ Єϴϻ϶ϼІϼГ ϾЂϵϴЁЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ).
Ϡ.: Ϝϔ Ϥϔϡ, 1996. 163 Ѕ.
ϞЂϻϹЁϾЂ϶ϴ 1998 —
. . ϠϴІϹЄϼϴϿАЁЏϹ ЂЅЁЂ϶Џ ϵЏІϴ ϾЂϵϴЁЅϾϼЉ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ. ϛϴЃϴϸЁЏϽ ϶ϴЄϼϴЁІ. Ϡ.:
Ϝϔ Ϥϔϡ, 1998. 200 Ѕ. (ϥϔϜ ϤЂЅЅϼϼ. ϖЏЃ. ϖ2-5. Ϧ. 5).
. . ϥϹ϶ϹЄЂ-ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЏϽ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻ ϶ БЃЂЉЇ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ // ϱЃЂЉϴ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ ϼ
ϠϴЄϾЂ϶ϼЁ 1994 —
ϥЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϔϻϼϼ. ϤϴЁЁГГ ϼ ЅЄϹϸЁГГ ϵЄЂЁϻϴ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ. ϫ. II. ϱЃЂЉϴ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϷЂ Ϟϴ϶Ͼϴϻϴ. Ϡ.: ϡϴЇϾϴ, 1994.
ϥ. 287–333 (ϔЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼГ).
ϢϔϞ 1901 — ϢІЋϹІ ϜЀЃϹЄϴІЂЄЅϾЂϽ ϔЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϾЂЀϼЅЅϼϼ ϻϴ 1898 Ϸ. ϥϣϵ.: ϦϼЃ. ϗϿϴ϶ЁЂϷЂ ЇЃЄϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГ
ЇϸϹϿЂ϶, 1901. ϥ. 53, 156.
ϫϹЋϹЁЂ϶ 1967ϴ —
. . ϔЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЄϴϵЂІЏ Ёϴ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϴЉ ϞϴϵϴЄϸϼЁЂ-ϕϴϿϾϴЄϼϼ ϶ 1965
ϷЂϸЇ // ϧЋϹЁЏϹ ϻϴЃϼЅϾϼ Ϟϕ ϡϜϜ. ϡϴϿАЋϼϾ: Ϟϕ ϾЁϼϺЁЂϹ ϼϻϸ-϶Ђ, 1967. ϥ. 107–127.
ϫϹЋϹЁЂ϶ 1967ϵ —
. . ϤϴЅϾЂЃϾϼ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϴ ϡϼϺЁϼϽ ϘϺЇϿϴІ ϶ 1966 ϷЂϸЇ // ϦϴЀ ϺϹ. ϥ. 192–227.
238
,
,
Archaeological sites in the Kurp river valley,
North Caucasus
V. Ya. Stegantseva
In the spring of 1981, the 1st prospective detachment of the North Caucasian Expedition from the
Institute of Archaeology of the Academy of Science of the USSR explored the valley of the Kurp (a right
tributary of the Terek) in the area intended for flooding. As a result, 9 ancient settlements were discovered. Their placement was dependent on the relief: nearly all hills overlooking the river floodplain were
settled. The oldest sites date from the Koban time. They include the settlement of Kurp I, and fortified
settlements of Upper Kurp and Lower Kurp I. The hand-modeled bowls with scratched geometric patterns
and comb impressions, found on these settlements, are analogous to the materials of the Koban sites from
the central part of the Northern Caucasus. In addition, the fortified settlements of Upper Kurp and Lower
Kurp I yielded the materials of the Sarmat period, including bowls (many of them burnished) with incised
geometric patterns, which have close parallels in the Sarmatian cemeteries of the region. A fragment of an
Antique fish plate was found at Lower Kurp I. The highest population density was reached in the valley in
the Medieval times. Practically all of the studied sites gave fragments of kitchen pottery decorated with
horizontally scratched and undulating lines. This pottery has analogies in the upper layers of the Medieval
settlements of the region and can be dated to the X–XII cc.
239
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:
. . ,
,
(
:
)
,
. . : ϞϴЄЃϴІЂ-ϣЂϸЇЁϴ϶АϹ, ВϷЂ-ϻϴЃϴϸ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ϙ϶ЄЂЃЏ, ЈϼЁϴϿ БЃЂЉϼ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ, ϗϴ϶ϴϗЂϿϼϷЄϴϸЏ-ϗЄБЁϼЋϹЌІА, ϞϼЌϼЁБЇ-ϞЂЄϿБІϹЁА, ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏϹ ЀϴЄϾϹЄЏ, ЁϹЂϸЁЂЄЂϸЁЂЅІА, ЂϵЍϹϹ϶ЄЂЃϹϽЅϾϼϽ ЃЄЂЊϹЅЅ.
Keywords: Carpathian-Danube region, southwest of East Europe, Final Bronze Age, Gáva-HolihradyGrăniceşti, Chişinău-Corlăteni, cultural markers, heterogeneity, Pan-European process.
ϖ ЈϼЁϴϿϹ БЃЂЉϼ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂ-ϼЅІЂЄϼЋϹЅϾЂϹ Єϴϻ϶ϼІϼϹ ЅЂЅϹϸЁϼЉ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϽ — ϶
ϞϴЄЃϴІЂ-ϣЂϸЇЁϴ϶АϹ ϼ ВϷЂ-ϻϴЃϴϸϹ/ВϷϹ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ϙ϶ЄЂЃЏ — ϾϴЄϸϼЁϴϿАЁЂ ЄϴϻϿϼЋϴϿЂЅА. ϢϵЍЁЂЅІϼ
ВϺЁЂϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ϙ϶ЄЂЃЏ, ϷϿϴ϶ЁЏЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ ЃЂϸ϶ϼϺЁЏϹ ЅϾЂІЂ϶ЂϸЏ, ЇІЄϴЋϼ϶ϴВІ ϵЏϿЇВ
ЀЂЁЂϿϼІЁЂЅІА «ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϷЂ ЅІϹЄϺЁГ», Ёϴ БІЂϽ ЂϷЄЂЀЁЂϽ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ЃЄϹЄЏ϶ϴВІЅГ ϸϴϿАЁϼϹ ϼ
Ѕ϶ϹЄЉϸϴϿАЁϼϹ ϾЂЀЀЇЁϼϾϴЊϼϼ Ѕ ϶ЂЅІЂϾЂЀ. ϘЂЅІϼϷЁЇ϶ Єϴϻ϶ϼІЂϷЂ ІϹЉЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ЇЄЂ϶ЁГ, ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄϼϻЇВЍϹϷЂЅГ ЌϼЄЂϾϼЀ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴЁϼϹЀ ϿϼІАГ ϶ ϾϴЋϹЅІ϶Ϲ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЂϷЂ ЅЃЂЅЂϵϴ ϸϿГ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸЅІ϶ϴ
ЀϹІϴϿϿϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ (ϕЂЋϾϴЄД϶ 2006: 54; 2013ϵ: 69 ЅϿ.; ϼ ϸЄ.), ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂϹ϶ЄЂЃϹϽЅϾϼϹ ЀϹІϴϿϿЂЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸЅІ϶Ђ ϼ ЀϹІϴϿϿЂЂϵЄϴϵЂІϾϴ, ϶ ЃϹЄ϶ЇВ ЂЋϹЄϹϸА ϶ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЂ-ЃЄϼЋϹЄЁЂЀЂЄЅϾϼЉ ЀϴЅІϹЄЅϾϼЉ,
ϿϼЌϴВІЅГ ЃЂЅІϴ϶ЂϾ Ѕ ϶ЂЅІЂϾϴ, ЋІЂ ЂϻЁϴЋϴϿЂ ЃЂІϹЄВ ЄϹЌϴВЍϹϽ ЄЂϿϼ ϖЂϿϷЂ-ϧЄϴϿАЅϾЂϷЂ ЄϹϷϼЂЁϴ (ЅЀ. ϕЂЋϾϴЄД϶ 2013϶: 60 ЅϿ.; 2013ϴ: 11). ϡϴЅϹϿϹЁϼϹ, ЅЂϻϸϴ϶ЌϹϹ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏϽ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅ ϡЂЇϴϥϴϵϴІϼЁЂ϶Ͼϴ, ЅЀϹЍϴϹІЅГ ϶ ЃЂϼЅϾϴЉ ЁЂ϶ЏЉ ЃϴЅІϵϼЍ ϼ ϻϹЀϹϿА ϶ЅϹ ϸϴϿАЌϹ Ͼ ϻϴЃϴϸЇ ϼ ВϷЂ-ϻϴЃϴϸЇ,
ЄϴЅЌϼЄϼ϶ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ Ѕ϶ЂϹϷЂ ЂϵϼІϴЁϼГ ЃЂ
ϼ ЂЅ϶ϴϼ϶ϴВІ ϞϴЄЃϴІЅϾЇВ ϾЂІϿЂ϶ϼЁЇ — БІϴЃ ϡЂЇϴ II, ЃЂ ϥϴ϶ϴ (Sava 2002; 2003; 2004: 68 ff.; 2005: 143 ff.; ϥϴ϶ϴ, ϞϴϽϻϹЄ 2011: 441 ff.;
Dietrich L. 2013: 227 ff.).
ϞЇϿАІЇЄЁЂ-ϼЅІЂЄϼЋϹЅϾЂϹ Єϴϻ϶ϼІϼϹ ЀϹЅІЁЏЉ ЂϵЍϹЅІ϶ ϶ ϞϴЄЃϴІЂ-ϣЂϸЇЁϴ϶АϹ, ЁϴЃЄЂІϼ϶, Ёϴ
ϻϴϾϿВЋϼІϹϿАЁЏЉ БІϴЃϴЉ БЃЂЉϼ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ϸЂЅІϼϷϴϹІ ЄϴЅЊ϶ϹІϴ. ϢЅ϶ЂϹЁϼϹ ϼ ϴϾІϼ϶ЁϴГ ЄϴϻЄϴϵЂІϾϴ
ЃЄϼЄЂϸЁЏЉ ϵЂϷϴІЅІ϶ ЄϹϷϼЂЁϴ ЇϾЄϹЃϼϿϼ ЀЂЍА ϾϴЄЃϴІЂ-ϸЇЁϴϽЅϾϼЉ ЀϹІϴϿϿЂϸЂϵЏЋϼ ϼ ЀϹІϴϿϿЂЂϵЄϴϵЂІϾϼ (Petrescu-Dîmbovi a 2001: 272–287; 289–294 ff.; Vulpe 2001: 214 ff.; ϼ ϸЄ.), ϶ЅϿϹϸЅІ϶ϼϹ
ЋϹϷЂ ϶ϿϼГЁϼϹ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϹϽ ϼ ϹϹ ЃЄЂϸЇϾЊϼГ ЂЉ϶ϴІϼϿϼ ϻϴЃϴϸЁЇВ ЋϴЅІА ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϷЂ ϣЄϼЋϹЄЁЂЀЂЄАГ
(ЅЀ. ϕЂЋϾϴЄД϶ 2013ϵ: 75 ЅϿ.; ϘϹЄϷϴЋД϶ 1997: 51–59; 2010; 2011). ϢЅ϶ϴϼ϶ϴГ ЃЄϼЄЂϸЁЏϹ ЄϹЅЇЄЅЏ, ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼϹ ϞϴЄЃϴІЅϾЂϷЂ ϵϴЅЅϹϽЁϴ ϻϴЁϼЀϴϿЂЅА ϸЂϵЏЋϹϽ ϼ ϶Џ϶ЂϻЂЀ ЅЂϿϼ ϻϴ ЃЄϹϸϹϿЏ ЄϹϷϼЂЁϴ (ЅЀ.
Cavruc et al. 2006; Cavruc 2009; Sandu et al. 2010: 225 ff.; Boghian et al. 2012: 212 ff.; Ϟϴ϶ЄЇϾ
2011; ϼ ϸЄ.). ϡϴϿϴϺϹЁЁЏϹ ІЂЄϷЂ϶Ђ(?)-ЂϵЀϹЁЁЏϹ Ѕ϶Гϻϼ ϶ЁЇІЄϼ ЄϹϷϼЂЁϴ (ЀϹϺϸЇ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЂ-ϻϴЃϴϸЁЂϽ ϦЄϴЁЅϼϿА϶ϴЁϼϹϽ ϼ ВϺЁЏЀ ϕϴЁϴІЂЀ) ϼ ЌϼЄЂϾЂ ϻϴ ϹϷЂ ЃЄϹϸϹϿϴЀϼ (ЁϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ, Ѕ ϗЄϹЊϼϹϽ ϼ
ϱϷϹГЀϼ — ЅЀ. Hänsel 1968; 1973: 201 ff.; 1982; 2002: 69 ff.; Vulpe 1975; 1982: 321 ff.; 1997: 33 ff.;
Bader 1990: 17 ff.; Petrescu-Dîmbovi a 2001: 291 ff.; ϩϴЄϸϼЁϷ 2013: 170 ЅϿ.; ϼ ϸЄ.) ЅЃЂЅЂϵЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴϿϼ
ЅЂЊϼϴϿАЁЂЀЇ Єϴϻ϶ϼІϼВ ϼ ЂϵЂϷϴЍϴϿϼ ЀϹЅІЁЏϹ БϿϼІЏ, Ђ ЋϹЀ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ЇВІ, ЁϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ, ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿЏ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЁЂϷЂ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴ ϟБЃЇЌ/LăpuΒ (ЅЀ. Kacsó 2011: 213 ff.; Kascó et al. 2012: 457 ff.;
Metzner-Nebelsick et al. 2010; Teržan 2005: 250–251; Dietrich L. 2010: 199 ff., Abb. 4; ϼ ϸЄ.). ϩЂІГ
϶ ІϹЋϹЁϼϹ ϶ЅϹϽ БЃЂЉϼ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ϦЄϴЁЅϼϿА϶ϴЁϼВ ЀЂϺЁЂ ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴІА ϾϴϾ «ϿϴЁϸЌϴЈІ Ѕ ϵЂϿАЌϼЀ
ϾЂϿϼЋϹЅІ϶ЂЀ ϾϿϴϸЂ϶» (ϩϴЁЅϹЁ 2013: 288), ЃϼϾ ϸϹЃЂЁϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏЉ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ ϶ ϞϴЄЃϴІЅϾЂЀ
ϵϴЅЅϹϽЁϹ ЃЄϼЉЂϸϼІЅГ Ёϴ ЃЂϻϸЁϼϽ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЂϷЂ ϶ϹϾϴ (ЅЄ. Mozsolics 1967; 1973; 1985; PetrescuDîmbovi a 1977; Soroceanu 2012; Dietrich O. 2013/2014), ϴ ЅϴЀϼ ϾϿϴϸЏ ϼЁІϹЄЃЄϹІϼЄЇВІЅГ ϾϴϾ «ϸϴЄЏ
ϵЂϷϴЀ» (ϩϴЁЅϹЁ 2013; Hansen 1994; Hänsel 1997: 11 ff.).
240
,
,
ϧϺϹ ϶ XIII ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. — ЃЄϼ ϸЂЀϼЁϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼϼ ЀϹІϴϿϿЇЄϷϼϼ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ — ϻϸϹЅА ЃЂГ϶ϿГВІЅГ ϼ ЃϹЄ϶ЏϹ ϺϹϿϹϻЁЏϹ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ (László 1977: 58 ff.; Stoia 1989: 52 ff.; Boroffka 1991: 6; Jugănaru 2005: 68 ff.,
79 ff.; Ailincăi 2009: 9; 2013: 243–244; Metzner-Nebelsick et al. 2010: 222–224, fig. 2, 5, 7). ϡЂ϶ЏϽ ЀϹІϴϿϿ
ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁГϹІЅГ ϶ЁЇІЄϼ ϞϴЄЃϴІЅϾЂϽ ϾЂІϿЂ϶ϼЁЏ ϼ ϻϴ ϹϹ ЃЄϹϸϹϿϴЀϼ, ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ϶ XIII–XI ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.
ϺϹϿϹϻЁЏϹ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ, ϾϴϾ ЃЄϴ϶ϼϿЂ, ϶ЅІЄϹЋϹЁЏ ϶ϵϿϼϻϼ ϶ЏЉЂϸЂ϶ ϺϹϿϹϻЁЏЉ ЄЇϸ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ЀϹЅІЂЄЂϺϸϹЁϼϽ
ЀϹϸϼ, ЅϹЄϹϵЄϴ, ϻЂϿЂІϴ ϼ ЅЂϿϼ, ϴ ϶ X ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϺϹϿϹϻЂϸϹϿϴІϹϿАЁЏϹ ЊϹЁІЄЏ ЅЀϹЍϴВІЅГ ϶ ВϺЁЏϽ
ϕϴЁϴІ ϼ ϘЂϵЄЇϸϺЇ (Boroffka 1991: 1–6, Karte 1–2) — ϶ ЂϵϿϴЅІϼ, ϿϼЌϹЁЁЏϹ ЃЄϼЄЂϸЁЏЉ ϵЂϷϴІЅІ϶
ϦЄϴЁЅϼϿА϶ϴЁϼϼ.
ϖ XIII/XII ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ЁϴЋϴϿЂЅА ЃϹЄϹЀϹЍϹЁϼϹ ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЏЉ ϷЄЇЃЃ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϻϴ ЃЄϹϸϹϿЏ
ϞϴЄЃϴІЅϾЂϷЂ ϵϴЅЅϹϽЁϴ ϶ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂЀ ЁϴЃЄϴ϶ϿϹЁϼϼ (ЅЀ. ЁϼϺϹ). ϠϼϷЄϴЊϼЂЁЁЏϹ ЃЂІЂϾϼ ЃЂЌϿϼ ЃЂ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЇ (ЋϴЅІϼЋЁЂ ЋϹЄϹϻ ЃϹЄϹ϶ϴϿЏ ϿϹЅϼЅІЏЉ ϞϴЄЃϴІ1 — ЃϹЄϹ϶ϴϿЏ ЅЀ. Bader 2001: Karte 1) ϼ ВϷЇ (ВϺЁϴГ
ЃЄϹϸϷЂЄЁϴГ ϻЂЁϴ ϼ/ϼϿϼ ϶ϸЂϿА ϘЇЁϴГ, ЂϷϼϵϴГ ϞϴЄЃϴІЏ Ѕ ВϷϴ ϼ ВϷЂ-ϻϴЃϴϸϴ) ϼ ϸЂЅІϼϷϿϼ ϵϴЅЅϹϽЁϴ
ϘЁϹЅІЄϴ. ϦϴϾ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸϼϿϴ ϾЂϿЂЁϼϻϴЊϼГ ϻϹЀϹϿА ЃЂ
, І. Ϲ. ϥϹ϶ϹЄЂ-ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϷЂ ϼ
ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϷЂ ϣЄϼϾϴЄЃϴІАГ ϼϿϼ ϵϴЅЅϹϽЁϴ ϘЁϹЅІЄϴ ϶ ϹϷЂ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹЀ ϼ ЅЄϹϸЁϹЀ ІϹЋϹЁϼϼ (ЄϼЅ. 1).
ϥЄϹϸϼ ЃϹЄ϶ЂЃЄϼЋϼЁ, ϶Џϻ϶ϴ϶ЌϼЉ ϸ϶ϼϺϹЁϼϹ ϾϴЄЃϴІЂ-ϸЇЁϴϽЅϾϼЉ ЅЂЂϵЍϹЅІ϶ Ёϴ ϶ЂЅІЂϾ, ЀЂϷϿϴ ϵЏІА «ϾЂЁІЄϴІϴϾϴ ϾϴЄЃϴІЅϾЂϷЂ ϵϿЂϾϴ», ЂϵϿϴϸϴ϶ЌϹϷЂ ЅЃϹЊϼЈϼЋϹЅϾϼЀϼ ЋϹЄІϴЀϼ ϼ ЅϾϿЂЁЁЂϷЂ Ͼ
ϠЂϿЂϸЏϹ ϼ ϵЂϷϴІЏϹ ϿϹЅЂЀ ЅϾϿϴϸЋϴІЏϹ ϶ЇϿϾϴЁϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϞϴЄЃϴІЏ ϼЀϹВІ ЀЁЂϺϹЅІ϶Ђ ЃϹЄϹ϶ϴϿЂ϶ ϼ ЄϹЋЁЏЉ ЃЄЂЄЏ϶Ђ϶, ЋІЂ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂ ЂϵϿϹϷЋϴϿЂ ϼЉ ЃЄЂЉЂϸϼЀЂЅІА (ЅЀ. Bader 2001: 15 ff., 28, Karte 1).
1
. 1. ϗϴϿАЌІϴІІЅϾϼϹ (ϾϴЄЃϴІЂ-ϸЇЁϴϽЅϾϼϹ) ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ( – ) ЃϹЄϼЂϸЂ϶ HaA–HaB1 ϼ ϵϹϿЂϻϹЄЅϾϴГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴ ( )
϶ ϞϴЄЃϴІЂ-ϣЂϸЇЁϴ϶АϹ ϼ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂЀ ϣЄϼЋϹЄЁЂЀЂЄАϹ: — ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϗϴ϶ϴ-ϗЂϿϼϷЄϴϸЏ-ϗЄБЁϼЋϹЌІА;
— ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϞϼЌϼЁБЇ-ϞЂЄϿБІϹЁА; — ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴ ϦБЀБЂϴЁА-ϩЂϿϹЄϾϴЁА-ϕϴϿІϴ;
— ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ ϵϹϿЂϻϹЄЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϘЁϹЅІЄЂ-ϘЇЁϴϽЅϾЂϷЂ ЀϹϺϸЇЄϹЋАГ; — ЃϹЄϹ϶ϴϿЏ ЋϹЄϹϻ ϞϴЄЃϴІЏ
( – — ЃЂ ϞϴЌЇϵϴ 2012; KaΒuba, Levi ki 2010; — ЃЂ Bader 2001; ϾϴЄІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼϹ — Ϡ. Ϧ. ϞϴЌЇϵϴ, ϷЄϴЈϼϾϴ —
Ϝ. ϡ. ϟϼЊЇϾ)
Fig. 1. Hallstatt (Carpathian-Danube) cultures ( – ) of the HaA–HaB1 periods, and the Belozersk culture ( ) in the
Carpathian-Danube and North Black Sea regions: — Gáva-Holihrady-GrăniceΒti sites; — ChiΒinău-Corlăteni
sites; — Tămăoani-Holercani-Balta horizon sites; — Belozersk sites between the Danube and Dniester; —
passes over the Carpathians ( – — after ϞϴЌЇϵϴ 2012; KaΒuba, Levi ki 2010; — after Bader 2001; plotting
by M. T. Kashuba, graphics by I. N. Litsuk)
241
:
,
,
ЃЄЂЊϹЅЅЇ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϷЂ ЂϵЂЅЂϵϿϹЁϼГ ЂІЁЂЅϼІϹϿАЁЂ ЂϵЍЁЂЅІϹϽ ЄϴЁЁϹϷϴϿАЌІϴІІЅϾЂϷЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ
ϛϴЃϴϸЁЂϽ ϼ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϙ϶ЄЂЃЏ (Nestor 1933: 61 ff.; 1970: 22 ff.). ϱІϼ ЅЂϵЏІϼГ ϶Џϻ϶ϴϿϼ «ϷϴϿАЌІϴІІϼϻϴЊϼВ ϶ЅϹϷЂ ϞϴЄЃϴІЂ-ϕϴϿϾϴЁЅϾЂϷЂ ЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁЅІ϶ϴ», ЃЂϸϾЄϹЃϿϹЁЁЇВ ЈЂЄЀϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼϹЀ ϼ ϾЂЁЅЂϿϼϸϴЊϼϹϽ ϶ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϹϽ ЋϹІ϶ϹЄІϼ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ЃϹЄ϶ЏЉ ЄϴЁЁϹϷϴϿАЌІϴІІЅϾϼЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ ϶ ϞϴЄЃϴІЂ-ϘЇЁϴϽЅϾЂЀ
ЄϹϷϼЂЁϹ (ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ЀϹϺϸЇ ϦϼЅЂϽ ϼ ϛϴЃϴϸЁЏЀϼ ϞϴЄЃϴІϴЀϼ ϼ ϶ ϕϴЁϴІϹ) Ёϴ ЂЅЁЂ϶Ϲ ЀϹЅІЁЏЉ
ϾЇϿАІЇЄ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ЃЄϼ ϼЁЈϼϿАІЄϴЊϼϼ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϹ϶ЄЂЃϹϽЅϾϼЉ БϿϹЀϹЁІЂ϶ (ЅЀ. ЁϼϺϹ; ЂϵЂϵЍϹЁЁЂ — ЅЀ. László 2001: 294–339). «ϗϴϿАЌІϴІІϼϻϴЊϼГ» ЂЉ϶ϴІϼϿϴ ϼ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏϹ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ: ϶ ϞϴЄЃϴІЂϘЁϹЅІЄЂ϶ЅϾϼЉ ϻϹЀϿГЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴ ϡЂЇϴ/Noua ЅЀϹЁϼϿϴЅА ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴЀϼ ЄϴЁЁϹϷϴϿАЌІϴІІЅϾЂϷЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ.
ϢІЀϹЋϹЁЁЏϹ ϶ЏЌϹ ЃЄЂЊϹЅЅЏ ЀЂϺЁЂ ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴІА ϶ ЄЇЅϿϹ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂ-ϼЅІЂЄϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ
ЃЂϸЉЂϸϴ ϾϴϾ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІ ЈЇЁϾЊϼЂЁϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ϾϴЄЃϴІЂ-ϵϴϿϾϴЁЅϾЂϷЂ ЂЋϴϷϴ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЂϷϹЁϹϻϴ, ϶ЂϻϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼϹ ϾЂІЂЄЂϷЂ ϶ ϾЂЁЊϹ БЃЂЉϼ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ, ϵϿϴϷЂϸϴЄГ ЂЅϿϴϵϿϹЁϼВ ϼ ЇЃϴϸϾЇ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂϹ϶ЄЂЃϹϽЅϾϼЉ
ЅЂЂϵЍϹЅІ϶, ЃЄЂЁϼϾϿЂ ϷϿЇϵЂϾЂ Ͼ ϶ЂЅІЂϾЇ, ЂЉ϶ϴІϼ϶ ϻϴЃϴϸЁЏϹ ЂϵϿϴЅІϼ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϷЂ ϣЄϼЋϹЄЁЂЀЂЄАГ
(ЅЀ. ϕЂЋϾϴЄД϶ 1995: 18 ϼ ЅϿ.; 2013϶: 60 ЅϿ.). ϖ ЈϼЁϴϿϹ БЃЂЉϼ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ, ϾϴϾ ЃЂϾϴϻЏ϶ϴВІ ЁЂ϶ϹϽЌϼϹ
ϸϴЁЁЏϹ, ЊϹЁІЄ БІЂϷЂ ЂЋϴϷϴ ЅЀϹЍϴϹІЅГ ϶ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϹ ϣЂϸЇЁϴ϶АϹ, ϷϸϹ ЂЁ ЃЄЂϸЂϿϺϴϹІ ЈЇЁϾЊϼЂЁϼЄЂ϶ϴІА ϹЍϹ ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾЂ ЅІЂϿϹІϼϽ ϶ЃϿЂІА ϸЂ VIII/VII ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϶ϾϿВЋϼІϹϿАЁЂ (ϞϴЌЇϵϴ 2008: 56 ЅϿ.;
2012ϴ). ϔϾІϼ϶ϼϻϴЊϼГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂ-ϼЅІЂЄϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ Єϴϻ϶ϼІϼГ ϶ ЈϼЁϴϿϹ БЃЂЉϼ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ϼ ЁϴЋϴϿϹ ϺϹϿϹϻЁЂϷЂ ϶ϹϾϴ ϼЀϹЁЁЂ ϶ ϥЄϹϸЁϹЀ ϣЂϸЇЁϴ϶АϹ ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿϼϿϴ ЃЄϼЀϹЁϼІϹϿАЁЂ Ͼ БІϼЀ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴЀ Ёϴϻ϶ϴІА ЇЃЂЀГЁЇІЏϽ ЂЋϴϷ ϾϴϾ «ЅЄϹϸЁϹϸЇЁϴϽЅϾϼϽ (ϾϴЄЃϴІЂ-ϵϴϿϾϴЁЅϾϼϽ) ЂЋϴϷ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЂϷϹЁϹϻϴ». ϙϷЂ ϻϴЄЂϺϸϹ-
. 2. ϧЃЂЀϼЁϴϹЀЏϹ ϶ ЅІϴІАϹ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЏϹ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ ЄϴЁЁϹϷϴϿАЌІϴІІЅϾϼЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ Ѕ ϾϴЁЁϹϿϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϽ
ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾЂϽ: — ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϗϴ϶ϴ-ϗЂϿϼϷЄϴϸЏ-ϗЄБЁϼЋϹЌІА; — ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ/ϞЄЇЋϹЁАϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ II ϼ ϞϼЌϼЁБЇ-ϞЂЄϿБІϹЁА; — ЃϹЄϹ϶ϴϿЏ ЋϹЄϹϻ ϞϴЄЃϴІЏ; — ЇЅϿЂ϶ЁϴГ ϷЄϴЁϼЊϴ ЀϹϺϸЇ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴЀϼ
ϗϴ϶ϴ ϼ ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ II/ϞЄЇЋϹЁА-ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ II ϶ ϞϴЄЃϴІЂ-ϣЂϸЇЁϴ϶АϹ ( — ЃЂ Bader 2001; — ЃЂ Forenbaher 1994;
ϾϴЄІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼϹ — Ϡ. Ϧ. ϞϴЌЇϵϴ, ϷЄϴЈϼϾϴ — Ϝ. ϡ. ϟϼЊЇϾ)
Fig. 2. Early Hallstatt sites with fluted pottery mentioned in the text: — Gáva-Holihrady-GrăniceΒti sites;
— sites of the Belegiš/Cruceni-Belegiš II and ChiΒinău-Corlăteni cultures; — passes over the Carpathians;
— conditional boundary between the Gáva and Belegiš II/Cruceni-Belegiš II cultures in the Carpathian-Danube
region ( — after Bader 2001; — after Forenbaher 1994; plotting by M. T. Kashuba, graphics by I. N. Litsuk)
242
,
,
ЁϼϹ ЃЄϼЉЂϸϼІЅГ Ёϴ ЈϼЁϴϿ БЃЂЉϼ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ (ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϗϴ϶ϴ-ϗЂϿϼϷЄϴϸЏ-ϗЄБЁϼЋϹЌІА ϼ ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ II —
ϞϼЌϼЁБЇ-ϞЂЄϿБІϹЁА). ϢϸЁϴϾЂ Ѕ϶ЂϼЀϼ ϼЀЃЇϿАЅϴЀϼ (϶ЂϿЁϴЀϼ ЀϼϷЄϴЊϼϽ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼГ) ЂЁ ϶ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЂЀ
ЂϵϹЅЃϹЋϼ϶ϴϿ ЅІϴЁЂ϶ϿϹЁϼϹ ϼ Єϴϻ϶ϼІϼϹ ЁЂ϶ЂϽ БЃЂЉϼ ϺϹϿϹϻЁЂϷЂ ϶ϹϾϴ, ϾϴϾ ϶ ЅϴЀЂЀ ϣЂϸЇЁϴ϶АϹ (Ѕ϶ϼІϴ
ЀϹЅІЁЏЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ϼ ϡϼϺЁϹϷЂ ϣЂϸЇЁϴ϶АГ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЂ϶ ϡϴϔ–ϡϴϥ), ІϴϾ ϼ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁϹϹ ϹϷЂ —
϶ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂЀ ϣЄϼЋϹЄЁЂЀЂЄАϹ, ϴ ϼЀϹЁЁЂ ϶ ϥЄϹϸЁϹЀ ϣЂϸЁϹЅІЄЂ϶АϹ (ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϞЂϻϼГ-ϥϴЉϴЄЁϴ ϼ
ϕϴЅϴЄϴϵА-ϬЂϿϸБЁϹЌІА) ϼ ϶ ВϺЁЂϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ϣЄϴ϶ЂϵϹЄϹϺАГ ϘЁϹЃЄϴ (ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴ ϚϴϵЂІϼЁ) (ϞϴЌЇϵϴ
2012ϴ: ЄϼЅ. 5–6; 2013: 102 ЅϿ.).
ϔЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿЏ ЈϼЁϴϿϴ БЃЂЉϼ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ϸϹЀЂЁЅІЄϼЄЇВІ ЅϿϹϸЇВЍϹϹ Єϴϻ϶ϼІϼϹ ЅЂϵЏІϼϽ Ёϴ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂЀ (ЃЄϼϾϴЄЃϴІЅϾЂЀ) ЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁЅІ϶Ϲ. ϖ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЇВ ϣЄϼϾϴЄЃϴІЅϾЇВ ϻЂЁЇ,
ϥЇЋϴ϶ЅϾЂϹ ЃϿϴІЂ ϼ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹϹ ІϹЋϹЁϼϹ Є. ϥЇЋϴ϶ϴ ЃϹЄϹЅϹϿГВІЅГ ЃϿϹЀϹЁϴ ЄϴЁЁϹϷϴϿАЌІϴІІЅϾЂϽ
ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϗϴ϶ϴ/Gáva, ЅЈЂЄЀϼЄЂ϶ϴ϶ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏϽ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅ Ѕ ϾϴЁЁϹϿϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾЂϽ ϗϴ϶ϴϗЂϿϼϷЄϴϸЏ-ϗЄБЁϼЋϹЌІА/Gáva-Holigrady-GrănicheΒti (Smirnova 1974; ϥЀϼЄЁЂ϶ϴ 1976; ϠϴϿϹϹ϶ 1981;
ϞЄЇЌϹϿАЁϼЊАϾϴ ϼ ϸЄ. 1982; ϞЄЇЌϹϿАЁϼЊϾϴГ, ϠϴϿϹϹ϶ 1990: 123 ЅϿ.; László 1976; 1980; 1989; 1994;
ϼ ϸЄ.). ϦϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ Ͼ ВϷЇ — ϿϹЅЂЅІϹЃЁϴГ ЋϴЅІА ϞϴЄЃϴІЂ-ϘЁϹЅІЄЂ϶ЅϾЂϷЂ ЄϹϷϼЂЁϴ — ЂЅ϶ϴϼ϶ϴВІЅГ
ЂϵЍЁЂЅІГЀϼ ϶ІЂЄЂϷЂ ЄϴЁЁϹϷϴϿАЌІϴІІЅϾЂϷЂ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴ Ѕ ϾϴЁЁϹϿϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾЂϽ ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ II/
BelϹgiš II, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЈЂЄЀϼЄЇВІ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЇ ϞϼЌϼЁБЇ-ϞЂЄϿБІϹЁА/ChiΒinău-Corlăteni (ϠϹϿВϾЂ϶ϴ 1961;
ϟϴЃЇЌЁГЁ 1979; ϥЀϼЄЁЂ϶ϴ 1990ϵ; László 1994; Levi ki 1994a; 1994b) (ЅЀ. ЁϼϺϹ). ϲϷ ϛϴЃЄЇІЅϾЂϽ
ϠЂϿϸЂ϶Џ ϼ ЁϹЌϼЄЂϾϴГ ϻЂЁϴ Ёϴ ϷЄϴЁϼЊϹ ЅІϹЃϼ ϼ ϿϹЅЂЅІϹЃϼ ϶ ϣЄЇІЂ-ϘЁϹЅІЄЂ϶ЅϾЂЀ ЀϹϺϸЇЄϹЋАϹ
ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿГВІ ϴЄϹϴϿ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЉ ϷЄЇЃЃ ϦБЀБЂϴЁА/Tămăoani ϼ ϩЂϿϹЄϾϴЁА-ϩϴЁЅϾϴ/Holercani-Hansca
ЄϴЁЁϹϷϴϿАЌІϴІІЅϾЂϷЂ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴ Ѕ ЃЄЂЋϹЄЋϹЁЁЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾЂϽ ϦБЀБЂϴЁА-ϩЂϿϹЄϾϴЁА-ϕϴϿІϴ (László
1986; Levi ki 1994b; 1994Ѕ; Nicic 2008). ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЏϽ ЄЇϵϹϺ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁϼГ ЄϴЁЁϹϷϴϿАЌІϴІІЅϾϼЉ ЂϵЄϴϻЂ϶ϴЁϼϽ ЂϷЄϴЁϼЋϼ϶ϴϹІЅГ Є. ϘЁϹЅІЄ (ЄϼЅ. 1; 2). ϡϴ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЂ-϶ЂЅІЂϾϹ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼϹ ЄϴЁЁϹϷϴϿАЌІϴІІЅϾϼЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ ЅЂЅϹϸЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴϿЂ Ѕ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϹϽ, ϻϴЁГІЂϽ ЂϵЍЁЂЅІГЀϼ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϕϹϿЂϷЄЇϸЂ϶ϾϴϫϹЄЁЏϽ ϟϹЅ I, Ёϴ ВϷЂ-϶ЂЅІЂϾϹ — Ѕ ϴЄϹϴϿЂЀ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϕϹϿЂϻϹЄϾϴ (Levi ki 2003: 9, 15, fig. 1; KaΒuba,
Levi ki 2010: 316–324).
ϤϴЁЁϹϷϴϿАЌІϴІІЅϾϼЀ (ϾϴЄЃϴІЂ-ϸЇЁϴϽЅϾϼЀ) ЂϵЍЁЂЅІГЀ Ѕ ϾϴЁЁϹϿϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾЂϽ
Ѕ϶ЂϽЅІ϶ϹЁ ЊϹϿЏϽ ЄГϸ ЂϵЍϼЉ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄϼЅІϼϾ, ЂϸЁϴϾЂ ЇϺϹ ϶ ЁϴЋϴϿАЁЏϽ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ЂϵϼІϴЁϼГ ϼЉ ЁЂЅϼІϹϿϹϽ Ёϴ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏЉ ЄЇϵϹϺϴЉ (ЃЂ
ϼϿϼ ϶ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЂ-ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂЀ ϼ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂЀ
ϣЄϼϾϴЄЃϴІАϹ) ЀϹϺϸЇ ЁϼЀϼ ГЅЁЂ ЃЄЂЅϿϹϺϼ϶ϴВІЅГ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏϹ ЄϴϻϿϼЋϼГ (ЅЀ. ϶ЏϵЂЄЂЋЁЂ: László
1976: 89–98; 1980: 181–187; 1989: 111 ff.; 1994; Levi ki 1994a; 1994b: 159 ff.; 1998: 65 ff.; 2003: 15–29;
Smirnova 1974: 359 ff.; ϥЀϼЄЁЂ϶ϴ 1976: 18 ЅϿ.; 1990ϴ: 31–33; 1990ϵ: 20 ЅϿ.; 1991: 211 ЅϿ.; ϼ ϸЄ.). ϩЂІГ
ЂЁϼ ЈϼϾЅϼЄЇВІЅГ ϶ ЄϴϻЁЏЉ ЅЈϹЄϴЉ, ЂЅІϴЁЂ϶ϼЀЅГ ϶ϾЄϴІЊϹ ϿϼЌА Ёϴ ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾЂЀ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸЅІ϶Ϲ ϼ
ϸЂЀЂЅІЄЂϼІϹϿАЅІ϶Ϲ2.
ϖ ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾЂЀ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸЅІ϶Ϲ, ЁϹЅЀЂІЄГ Ёϴ ЂϵЍϼϹ ЋϹЄІЏ (ЂϵϺϼϷ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ ϶ ЂϾϼЅϿГВЍϹϽ
ϼ ЄϹϸЇЊϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϽ ЅЄϹϸϹ, ϶ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІϹ ЋϹϷЂ ЅЂЅЇϸЏ ЃЄϼЁϼЀϴϿϼ ϸ϶ЂϽЁЇВ ЂϾЄϴЅϾЇ — ЋϹЄЁЇВ Ѕ
϶ЁϹЌЁϹϽ ЅІЂЄЂЁЏ ϼ ϾЄϴЅЁЂϾϼЄЃϼЋЁЇВ ϼϿϼ ϺϹϿІЂ-ЂЄϴЁϺϹ϶ЇВ — Ѕ ϶ЁЇІЄϹЁЁϹϽ, ϼϿϼ ЁϴЂϵЂЄЂІ),
ЂІЋϹІϿϼ϶Ђ ЃЄЂЅІЇЃϴВІ ЄϴϻϿϼЋϼГ ІϹЉЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ, ЀЂЄЈЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ϼ ЅІϼϿϼЅІϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄϴ (ЄϼЅ. 3–8). ϦϹЉЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЀϼ ЂЅЂϵϹЁЁЂЅІГЀϼ ЃЂЅЇϸЏ ϗϴ϶ϴ-ϗЂϿϼϷЄϴϸЏ-ϗЄБЁϼЋϹЌІА
Г϶ϿГВІЅГ ЄϴЅЋϹЅЏ, ЂЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЁЏϹ ІЄϴ϶ЂϽ Ёϴ ϷЄЇϵЂϽ/ϾЇЉЂЁЁЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϹ, ϼ ϾЄϴЅЁЂϾϼЄЃϼЋЁϴГ
϶ЁЇІЄϹЁЁГГ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІА ϿЂЍϹЁЂϽ ЃЂЅЇϸЏ, ϴ ϸϿГ ЃЂЅЇϸЏ ϞϼЌϼЁБЇ-ϞЂЄϿБІϹЁА ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЏ ϶ϹЄІϼϾϴϿАЁЂϹ ϻϴϷϿϴϺϼ϶ϴЁϼϹ ЃϴϿАЊϴЀϼ ϷЄЇϵЏЉ/ϾЇЉЂЁЁЏЉ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ ϼ ϺϹϿІЂ-ЂЄϴЁϺϹ϶ϴГ ϶ЁЇІЄϹЁЁГГ
ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІА ϿЂЍϹЁЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ. ϖ БІϼЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴЉ ЄϴϻϿϼЋϴВІЅГ ІϼЃЏ ϿЂЍϹЁЏЉ ϴЀЈЂЄ/ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ЇЄЁ 3 ϼ ЋϹЄЃϴϾЂ϶ (ЅЀ. ЁϼϺϹ). ϘϿГ ϗϴ϶ϴ-ϗЂϿϼϷЄϴϸЏ-ϗЄБЁϼЋϹЌІА ЃЄϼЅЇЍϼ ЌϼЄЂϾЂ ЂІϾЄЏІЏϹ ϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЀϼЅϾϼ ϼ ϷϿЇϵЂϾϼϹ ЋϴЌϼ Ѕ ЊϼϿϼЁϸЄϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ЌϹϽϾЂϽ, ϾЄϴГ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЂЈЂЄЀϿϹЁЏ ϶ ϶ϼϸϹ
ЋϹІЏЄϹЉ-ЃГІϼ ϿϹЃϹЅІϾЂ϶ (ϿЂЃϴЅІϹϽ), ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ϶ϴϻЂЋϾϼ Ёϴ ЃЂϿЂϽ ЁЂϺϾϹ; ϸϿГ ϞϼЌϼЁБЇ-ϞЂЄϿБІϹЁА
ІϼЃϼЋЁЏ ϾЇϵϾϼ ϼ ϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЀϼЅϾϼ, ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁЁЏϹ ϶ЁЇІЄϼ ϼϿϼ ЅЁϴЄЇϺϼ ЄГϸϴЀϼ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴϿАЁЏЉ
ϾϴЁЁϹϿВЄ ϼ ϼЀϹВЍϼϹ ϶ЏЅІЇЃЏ-ЇЃЂЄЏ (ЄϼЅ. 6, 3, 6–8). ϢІЀϹІϼЀ, ЋІЂ ϸϿГ ϷЂϿϼϷЄϴϸЅϾЂϽ ϿЂЍϹЁЂϽ/
ЅІЂϿЂ϶ЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ Ѕ϶ЂϽЅІ϶ϹЁЁϴ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϴЊϼГ ϶ ϶ϼϸϹ ϶ЂϿЁϼЅІЂϷЂ ЇϻЂЄϴ, ЁϴЁϹЅϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϷЄϹϵϹЁЋϴІЏЀ ЌІϴЀЃЂЀ, ϼ ϶ЂϿЁϼЅІЏϹ ϾϴЁЁϹϿВЄЏ, ϴ ϸϿГ ϾϼЌϼЁБЇ-ϾЂЄϿБІϹЁЅϾЂϽ ЃЂЅЇϸЏ — ЃϴЄЁЂ ЄϴЅЃЂϿЂϺϹЁЁЏϹ ϶ ϶ϹЄІϼϾϴϿАЁЂϽ ЃϿЂЅϾЂЅІϼ ϶ЏЅІЇЃЏ-ЇЃЂЄЏ ϼ ЃЂϿЂЅЏ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴϿАЁЏЉ ϾϴЁЁϹϿВЄ
2
ϠϹІϴϿϿЂϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЏ БІϼЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂ-ЃЂЀϼЁϴϿАЁϴГ ЅЈϹЄϴ ϶ ЁϴЅІЂГЍϹϽ ЄϴϵЂІϹ ЁϹ
ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴВІЅГ.
3
ϖ ЄЇЅЅϾЂГϻЏЋЁЂϽ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϿϼІϹЄϴІЇЄϹ ϸϿГ ϼЉ ЂϵЂϻЁϴЋϹЁϼГ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЇϹІЅГ ІϹЄЀϼЁ «ϾЂЄЋϴϷϼ».
243
:
,
,
Ёϴ ϶ЁϹЌЁϹϽ ЅІЂЄЂЁϹ ЀϼЅЂϾ. ϢІϿϼЋϼϹ ϶ ЇϻЂЄϹ (ІϹЉЁϼЋϹЅϾЂЀ ϸϹϾЂЄϹ-?) ϷЄЇϵЏЉ/ϾЇЉЂЁЁЏЉ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶
ЅЂЅІЂϼІ ϶ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ Ёϴ ϷЂϿϼϷЄϴϸЅϾϼЉ ϷЂЄЌϾϴЉ ЃЄϹЂϵϿϴϸϴВІ ЄЇЋϾϼ-ЇЃЂЄЏ, ϴ Ёϴ ϾϼЌϼЁБЇ-ϾЂЄϿБІϹЁЅϾϼЉ — ϶ϴϿϼϾ (ЄϼЅ. 6, 2, 4).
ϖ ЂϵϿϴЅІϼ ϸЂЀЂЅІЄЂϼІϹϿАЅІ϶ϴ Ї ЁЂЅϼІϹϿϹϽ БІϼЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ ЃЄЂЅϿϹϺϼ϶ϴВІЅГ ЂϵЍϼϹ БϿϹЀϹЁІЏ: ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴЁϼϹ ϸϹЄϹ϶ϴ ϼ ϷϿϼЁЏ, ІϹЉЁϼϾϴ ϿϹϷϾЂϽ ЅІϹЁЏ ϼϻ ϸЄϹ϶ϹЅЁЂ-ϷϿϼЁГЁЂϷЂ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϴ ϼ
ϿϹϷϾϴГ ϾЄЂ϶ϿГ, ЃЄϼ БІЂЀ ϶ϹϸЇЍϼЀ ІϼЃЂЀ ϺϼϿЏЉ ЃЂЅІЄЂϹϾ Г϶ϿГϿЅГ ЁϴϻϹЀЁЏϽ ϸЂЀ (ϵϹϻ ЈЇЁϸϴЀϹЁІϴ) Ѕ ϿϹϷϾϼЀϼ ЅІϹЁϴЀϼ ϼϻ ϸЄϹ϶ϹЅЁЂ-ϷϿϼЁГЁЂϷЂ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϴ. ϣЄЂ϶ϹϸϹЁЁЂϹ ЅЄϴ϶ЁϼІϹϿАЁЂϹ ϼϻЇЋϹЁϼϹ
ϸЂЀЂЅІЄЂϼІϹϿАЅІ϶ϴ ЃЂϾϴϻϴϿЂ, ЋІЂ ϸϿГ ЅІЄЂϼІϹϿАЁЏЉ ЊϹϿϹϽ ЃϿϹЀϹЁϴ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϗϴ϶ϴ-ϗЂϿϼϷЄϴϸЏϗЄБЁϼЋϹЌІА ϵЂϿАЌϹ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴϿϼ ϸϹЄϹ϶Ђ (ϾϴЄϾϴЅЁЏϹ ЅІЂϿϵЂ϶ЏϹ ϸϹЄϹ϶Ђ-ϷϿϼЁЂϵϼІЁЏϹ ϼ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЂϸϹЄϹ϶ГЁЁЏϹ ЅІЄЂϹЁϼГ), ϴ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼϹ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϞϼЌϼЁБЇ-ϞЂЄϿБІϹЁА ЃЄϹϸЃЂЋІϹЁϼϹ ЂІϸϴ϶ϴϿЂ ϷϿϼЁϹ
(ЁϹЅЇЍϴГ ϷϿϼЁЂϵϼІЁϴГ ЅІϹЁϴ ϼϻ ϷϿϼЁГЁЏЉ ϶ϴϿАϾЂ϶/ϾϼЄЃϼЋϹϽ) (ϞϴЌЇϵϴ 2012ϵ: 433 ЅϿ.; KaΒuba,
Zanoci 2010).
ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ЁϹ ЅІЂϿАϾЂ ЁЂ϶ϴГ ϸϿГ ЀϼϷЄϴЁІЂ϶ ЀϹЅІЁϴГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁϴГ ЅЄϹϸϴ, ϾϴϾ БІЂ ЃЂϸЋϹЄϾϼ϶ϴϿϴ ϟ. Ϝ. ϞЄЇЌϹϿАЁϼЊϾϴГ (ϞЄЇЌϹϿАЁϼЊϾϴГ 1979: 306), ЅϾЂϿАϾЂ ЄϴϻЁЏϹ ЇЅϿЂ϶ϼГ Ёϴ ϼЉ ЃϹЄ϶ϼЋЁЏЉ
ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼГЉ ϶ ϞϴЄЃϴІЂ-ϣЂϸЇЁϴ϶АϹ, ϶ ϾЂЁϹЋЁЂЀ ϼІЂϷϹ, ЅЃЂЅЂϵЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴϿϼ ЈЂЄЀϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼВ Ї ЃϹЄϹЅϹϿϹЁЊϹ϶ ЅЃϹЊϼЈϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЉ ЃЄϼϻЁϴϾЂ϶. ϢϵЄϴϻЂ϶ϴЁϼϹ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ ϗϴ϶ϴ ϼ ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ/ϞЄЇЋϹЁАϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ ϶ ІϹЋϹЁϼϹ XIII ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸϼϿЂ Ёϴ ЂЅЁЂ϶Ϲ ЀϹЅІЁЏЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ϶ ϸ϶ЇЉ
ЂЋϴϷϴЉ ϼЉ ЈЂЄЀϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼГ: ϸϿГ ϗϴ϶Џ — БІЂ ϖϹЄЉЁϹϹ ϼ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϹ ϣЂІϼЅАϹ, ϸϿГ ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ/ϞЄЇЋϹЁАϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ — ϥЄϹϸЁϹϹ ϣЂϸЇЁϴ϶АϹ (ϕϴЁϴІ) (ЅЀ. ЁϼϺϹ).
ϦϹЀ ЁϹ ЀϹЁϹϹ ϶ ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЏЉ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼГЉ, ЃЂЅ϶ГЍϹЁЁЏЉ ЈϼЁϴϿЇ БЃЂЉϼ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ϞϴЄЃϴІЂϣЂϸЇЁϴ϶АГ, ЂϵЅЇϺϸϴВІЅГ ϾϴϾ ЃЄЂϵϿϹЀϴ ϸϹЈϼЁϼЊϼϼ «ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϗϴ϶ϴ» ϼ/ϼϿϼ «ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ ϗϴ϶ϴ»
(ϾЄϴІϾЂ ЅЀ. Metzner-Nebelsick 2012: 65 ff.), ІϴϾ ϼ ϶ЂЃЄЂЅ ϹϸϼЁЂЂϵЄϴϻϼГ ϼ ЂϸЁЂЄЂϸЁЂЅІϼ ЄϴЁЁϹϷϴϿАЌІϴІІЅϾϼЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЉ ЂϵЄϴϻЂ϶ϴЁϼϽ Ѕ ϾϴЁЁϹϿϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾЂϽ ϶ БІЂЀ ЄϹϷϼЂЁϹ. ϡϹЄϹϸϾЂ ϶ϹЅА
ЀϴЅЅϼ϶ ЄϴЁЁϹϷϴϿАЌІϴІІЅϾϼЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ Ѕ ϾϴЁЁϹϿϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾЂϽ ϶ ϞϴЄЃϴІЂ-ϣЂϸЇЁϴ϶АϹ
ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴϹІЅГ ϾϴϾ ЃЄЂГ϶ϿϹЁϼϹ ϹϸϼЁЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϗϴ϶ϴ-ϗЂϿϼϷЄϴϸЏ, Ͼ ϾЂІЂЄЂϽ ІϴϾϺϹ ЃЄϼЋϼЅϿГВІЅГ ϶ЅϹ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ Ѕ ϾϴЁЁϹϿϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾЂϽ ЃЂ
(ЅЀ. Bader 2012: 7 ff.).
ϣЄϼЁϼЀϴГ ϶Ђ ϶ЁϼЀϴЁϼϹ ЌϼЄЂІЇ ЀЁϹЁϼϽ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿϹϽ ϼ ЃЂϿЇЋϹЁЁЏϹ ЁЂ϶ϹϽЌϼϹ ϸϴЁЁЏϹ, ЂϵЄϴІϼЀЅГ Ͼ
/
, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ЄϴЅЅЀЂІЄϼЀ
϶ ЃϹЄ϶ϼЋЁЏЉ ЂϵϿϴЅІГЉ ϼЉ ЈЂЄЀϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼГ — ϖϹЄЉЁϹϹ ϼ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϹ
ϣЂІϼЅАϹ ϼ, ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂ, ϥЄϹϸЁϹϹ ϣЂϸЇЁϴ϶АϹ 4.
/
-
-
:
ϣЄЂЊϹЅЅЏ ЈЂЄЀϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ЄϴЁЁϹϷϴϿАЌІϴІІЅϾϼЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ ϗϴ϶ϴ ϶ ϖϹЄЉЁϹЀ ϼ ϥЄϹϸЁϹЀ
ϣЂІϼЅАϹ ϼ ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ/ϞЄЇЋϹЁА-ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ ϶ ϥЄϹϸЁϹЀ ϣЂϸЇЁϴ϶АϹ, ϾϴϾ ϶ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂЀ ϴЅЃϹϾІϹ,
ІϴϾ Ѕ ІЂЋϾϼ ϻЄϹЁϼГ ЅϿϴϷϴВЍϼЉ ϾЂЀЃЂЁϹЁІЂ϶, ϶ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЂЀ ϼϻЇЋϴВІЅГ ЅЃϹЊϼϴϿϼЅІϴЀϼ ІϹЉ ЅІЄϴЁ
(ϖϹЁϷЄϼГ, ϥϿЂ϶ϴϾϼГ, ϧϾЄϴϼЁϴ, ϣЂϿАЌϴ, ϤЇЀЏЁϼГ, ϥϹЄϵϼГ/ϖЂϹ϶ЂϸϼЁϴ — ЅЀ. Bader 2012: 21), Ёϴ
ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЁϹЃЂЅЄϹϸЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁЏ БІϼ ϸЄϹ϶ЁЂЅІϼ (ЄϼЅ. 1–6; 8).
I.
Ёϴ ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂЀ ЇЄЂ϶ЁϹ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼϽ ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴϹІЅГ ϾϴϾ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϷЂ ЅϼЁІϹϻϴ ІЄϹЉ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЏЉ ϾЂЀЃЂЁϹЁІЂ϶: ЃЄϹϸЌϹЅІ϶ЇВЍϼϹ ЀϹЅІЁЏϹ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϖϹЄЉЁϹϷЂ ϼ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ϣЂІϼЅАГ (ϩϴϽϸЇϵϴϷЂЅ/Hajdúbagos, ЃЂϻϸЁГГ ϢІЂЀϴЁА/Otomani târziu,
ϕϹЄϾϹЅ/Berkesz, ϥЇЋϼЇ ϸϹ ϥЇЅ/Suciu de Sus, ϣϼϿϼЁА/Piliny); ϶ϿϼГЁϼГ, ϼϸЇЍϼϹ Ѕ ВϷϴ — ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴ
ϞЄЇЋϹЁА-ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ/Cruceni-Belegiš; ϼ ЃЄЂЁϼϾЌϼϹ Ѕ ϻϴЃϴϸϴ БϿϹЀϹЁІЏ ϷЄЇЃЃЏ ϞЅЂЄ϶ϴ/Csórva ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЁЏЉ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ (Hügelgräberkultur). ϖ ЁϴЅІЂГЍϹϹ ϶ЄϹЀГ ϸЂϾϴϻϴЁЂ, ЋІЂ ϶ ЅϿЂϺϹЁϼϼ
ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϗϴ϶ϴ ЁϹЃЂЅЄϹϸЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϹ ЇЋϴЅІϼϹ ЃЄϼЁϼЀϴϿϼ ЂϵЍЁЂЅІϼ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЉ ϷЄЇЃЃ ϫϹЉБϿЇЊ/
Cehălu (ϩϴϽϸЇϵϴϷЂЅ-ϫϹЉБϿЇЊ/Hajdúbagos-Cehălu , ϩϴϽϸЇϵϴϷЂЅ/ϣϼЌϾЂϿЊ-ϫϹЉБϿЇЊ/Hajdúbagos/
PiΒcol -Cehălu ) ϼ ϜϷЄϼЊϴ/Igri a ϶ ϞЄϼЌϴЁϹ ϼ ϟБЃЇЌ ϶ ϠϴЄϴЀЇЄϹЌϹ. ϣϹЄ϶ЏϹ ϸ϶Ϲ ϷЄЇЃЃЏ ЅϿЂϺϼϿϼЅА Ёϴ ЂЅЁЂ϶Ϲ ЃЂϻϸЁϼЉ ϶ϴЄϼϴЁІЂ϶ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϢІЂЀϴЁА ЃЄϼ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЉ ϶ϿϼГЁϼГЉ ЅЂ ЅІЂЄЂЁЏ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЁЏЉ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ ϥЇЋϼЇ ϸϹ ϥЇЅ ϼ ϣϼϿϼЁА, ϴ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁГГ ϷЄЇЃЃϴ — Ёϴ ЂЅЁЂ϶Ϲ
ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϥЇЋϼЇ ϸϹ ϥЇЅ Ѕ БϿϹЀϹЁІϴЀϼ ϩϴϽϸЇϵϴϷЂЅ-ϫϹЉБϿЇЊ. ϖ ЈЂЄЀϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼϼ ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ
ϧЋϼІЏ϶ϴГ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЁЂЅІА ϼ ЅϿЂϺЁЂЅІА ЃЂϸЁϼЀϴϹЀЏЉ ЃЄЂϵϿϹЀ, ϶ ЄϴϵЂІϹ ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴВІЅГ ІЂϿАϾЂ
ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЏϹ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄϼЅІϼϾϼ ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЂ϶ БІϼЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ.
4
244
,
,
. 3. ϠЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾ ϟБЃЇЌ, ϥϹ϶ϹЄЂ-ϛϴЃϴϸЁϴГ ϦЄϴЁЅϼϿА϶ϴЁϼГ (ϤЇЀЏЁϼГ), ϴЀЈЂЄЏ/ЅЂЅЇϸЏ-ЇЄЁЏ (1–5) ϼ ϼЉ
ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЏ (6–8) Ѕ ЃЄЂІЂЀϴЀϼ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЏЉ, ЃЄЂІЂЀϴЀϼ ϼ ЄЂϷЂ϶ϼϸЁЏЀϼ ϶ЏЅІЇЃϴЀϼ Ѕ ϾϴЁЁϹϿВЄϴЀϼ: 1 —
ϾЇЄϷ. 4; 2 — ϾЇЄϷ. 2; 3–4 — ϾЇЄϷ. 9; 5 — ϾЇЄϷ. 20; 6–8 — ϾЇЄϷ. 26 (1–5 — ЃЂ Kacsó 2001; 6–8 — ЃЂ MetznerNebelsick 2012)
Fig. 3. LăpuΒ cemetery, northwestern Transylvania (Romania), amphorae/vessels-urns (1–5) and their fragments
(6–8) with animal protomes and fluted horn-like projections: 1 — barrow 4; 2 — barrow 2; 3–4 — barrow 9; 5 —
barrow 20; 6–8 — barrow 26 (1–5 — after Kacsó 2001; 6–8 — after Metzner-Nebelsick 2012)
245
:
,
,
ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴ ϷЄЇЃЃЏ ϜϷЄϼЊϴ ЃЄϼЁϼЀϴϿϼ ЇЋϴЅІϼϹ ІϴϾϺϹ ϼ БϿϹЀϹЁІЏ ВϺЁЂϷЂ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼГ —
ІЄϴϸϼЊϼϼ ϞЄЇЋϹЁА-ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ ϼ, ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ, ϗЏЄϿϴ ϠϴЄϹ/Gârla Mare (Kacsó 1990: 41–50; László
2001: 308).
I. 1.
. ϜЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϹϷЂ ϸϹЅГІϼϿϹІϼГ ЃЂϾϴϻЏ϶ϴВІ,
ЋІЂ ϷϹЁϹϻϼЅ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϷЂ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴ ϟБЃЇЌ II — ϗϴ϶ϴ I Г϶ϿГϹІЅГ ЋϴЅІАВ ϵЂϿϹϹ ЀϴЅЌІϴϵЁЂϷЂ ЃЄЂЊϹЅЅϴ, ЂЉ϶ϴІϼ϶ЌϹϷЂ ЂϵЌϼЄЁЇВ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼВ ϞϴЄЃϴІЅϾЂϷЂ ϵϴЅЅϹϽЁϴ ϼ Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁЁЂϷЂ Ѕ ЃЂГ϶ϿϹЁϼϹЀ ϼ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁϼϹЀ ϾϴЁЁϹϿϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϽ «ЋϹЄЁЂ-ϾЄϴЅЁЂϽ» ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ. ϣЄЂЊϹЅЅ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϽ ЇЁϼЈϼϾϴЊϼϼ
(ЃЄϼЁГІϼϹ ϼ ЇЅ϶ЂϹЁϼϹ ϾϴЁЁϹϿϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ) ϶ ЄϹϷϼЂЁϹ ϦϼЅϾЂϽ Єϴ϶ЁϼЁЏ — ϶ ЂϵϿϴЅІГЉ, ϻϴЁГІЏЉ ϶ ЃЄϹϸЌϹЅІ϶ЇВЍϼϽ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ЂϵЍЁЂЅІГЀϼ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЉ ϷЄЇЃЃ ϩϴϽϸЇϵϴϷЂЅ-ϫϹЉБϿЇЊ, ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ
ϥЇЋϼЇ ϸϹ ϥЇЅ (Јϴϻϴ IIb) ϼ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϽ ϷЄЇЃЃЏ ϟБЃЇЌ (Јϴϻϴ I), — ϼЀϹϿ ЀϹЅІЂ ϶ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ, ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ЇВЍϼϽ ϾЂЁЊЇ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ BzD ϼ ϶ ІϹЋϹЁϼϹ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ HaA1 (Marta 2009: 216–220; 2010: 319–321; Bejenaru
2010: 243–244; Nemeti 2010: 282–283).
ϜЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼГЀϼ, ЃЄЂ϶ϹϸϹЁЁЏЀϼ ϶ ЄϴЀϾϴЉ ЁϹЀϹЊϾЂ-ЄЇЀЏЁЅϾЂ-ЃЂϿАЅϾЂϷЂ ЃЄЂϹϾІϴ Ёϴ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЁЂЀ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϹ ϟБЃЇЌ, ЇЅІϴЁЂ϶ϿϹЁЂ, ЋІЂ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЏϹ ІϹЉЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ, ЀЂЄЈЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϼ ЅІϼϿϼЅІϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЃϴЄϴЀϹІЄЏ, ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЏϹ ϸϿГ ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴ ЄϴЁЁϹϽ ЈϴϻЏ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϗϴ϶ϴ
(ϟБЃЇЌ II — ϗϴ϶ϴ I): ЅЃϹЊϼЈϼЋϹЅϾϴГ ϸ϶ЇЉЊ϶ϹІЁϴГ ЂϾЄϴЅϾϴ ЅІϹЁЂϾ ϾЂЄЋϴϷ (ЋϹЄЁЂϿЂЍϹЁϴГ ϶ЁϹЌЁГГ
ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІА ϼ ϾЄϴЅЁЂϾϼЄЃϼЋЁϴГ ϶ЁЇІЄϹЁЁГГ); ϶ϹϸЇЍϼϽ ІϼЃ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ (ϵϼЇЅϹЋϹЁЁЂϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϴЀЈЂЄЏ/ЇЄЁЏ Ѕ ЃЂϿЇЅЈϹЄϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ЁϼϺЁϹϽ ЋϴЅІАВ ϼ ЇЅϹЋϹЁЁЂϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϼϿϼ ЊϼϿϼЁϸЄϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹϽ
ЋϴЅІАВ ϼ ЂІЂϷЁЇІЏЀ ЁϴЄЇϺЇ ϶ϹЁЋϼϾЂЀ); ϾϴЁЁϹϿϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϽ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІ ϶ ЅЂЋϹІϴЁϼϼ Ѕ ϷϼЃϹЄІЄЂЈϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЀϼ ЃЂϿЏЀϼ ϶ЁЇІЄϼ ϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾϼЀϼ ϶ЏЅІЇЃϴЀϼ Ѕ ϾЂЁЊϹЁІЄϼЋϹЅϾϼЀϼ ϾϴЁЁϹϿВЄϴЀϼ (ЄЂϷЂ϶ϼϸЁЏϹ ϶ЏЅІЇЃЏ); ЋϹЄЃϴϾϼ Ѕ ЁϼϻϾЂϽ ЋϴЌϹЋϾЂϽ, ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϹ ϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾϼЀϼ ϶ЏЃЇϾϿЂЅІГЀϼ ϼ
ЅЁϴϵϺϹЁЁЏϹ ϶Ђϻ϶ЏЌϴВЍϹϽЅГ ЄЇЋϾЂϽ, — ϶ ЄϹϷϼЂЁϹ ϖϹЄЉЁϹϷЂ ϼ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ϣЂІϼЅАГ ϵЏϿϼ ϶ЏЄϴϵЂІϴЁЏ ϹЍϹ ЁЂЅϼІϹϿГЀϼ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϟБЃЇЌ ϶ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЏ BzC–BzD (ЄϼЅ. 2–3). ϛϸϹЅА ЂЅЂϵϹЁЁЂ ϶ϴϺЁЂ ЂІЀϹІϼІА, ЋІЂ ϴЀЈЂЄЏ/ЇЄЁЏ Ѕ ϸ϶ЇЉЊ϶ϹІЁЂϽ ЂϾЄϴЅϾЂϽ ЅІϹЁЂϾ, ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁЁЏϹ ϶ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴϿАЁЏЀϼ ϾϴЁЁϹϿВЄϴЀϼ, ϴ ϶ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϽ ЅЁϴϵϺϹЁЁЏϹ ЄЂϷЂ϶ϼϸЁЏЀϼ ϶ЏЅІЇЃϴЀϼ Ѕ ϾЂЁЊϹЁІЄϼЋϹЅϾϼЀϼ ϾϴЁЁϹϿВЄϴЀϼ, Г϶ϿГВІЅГ ЂϸЁЂϽ ϼϻ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЏЉ ЈЂЄЀ ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴ ϶ІЂЄЂϽ ЈϴϻЏ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ
ϟБЃЇЌ (ϟБЃЇЌ II) (ЄϼЅ. 3, 3–8). ϧЋϼІЏ϶ϴГ, ЋІЂ ІϴϾϴГ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ ϶ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЁЂЀ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϹ ϟБЃЇЌ
϶ЅІЄϹЋϴϹІЅГ ϶ ϾЂЁІϹϾЅІϴЉ Ѕ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏЀϼ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІϴЀϼ, ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЀϼ ЁϹ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϹ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ϡϴϔ1,
ϴ ϼЉ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁϴГ ЋϴЅІА ЂІЁЂЅϼІЅГ Ͼ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІЇ ϾϿϴϸЂ϶ ϧЄϼЇ-ϘЂЀБЁϹЌІА/Uriu-DomăneΒti (ЃϹЄϼЂϸ BzD),
ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿϼ ЃЂϿϴϷϴВІ, ЋІЂ ϼ ЃЂГ϶ϿϹЁϼϹ ϾϴЁЁϹϿϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ, ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЂϽ ϸϿГ ЄϴЁЁϹϽ
ЈϴϻЏ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϗϴ϶ϴ (ϗϴ϶ϴ I), ЅϿϹϸЇϹІ ЂІЁϹЅІϼ ϾЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ, ЃЄϹϸЌϹЅІ϶ЇВЍϹЀЇ ЁϴЋϴϿЇ XII ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.
ϱІЂ ЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼϹ ϶ЃЂϿЁϹ ЅЂϷϿϴЅЇϹІЅГ Ѕ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІϴЀϼ 14C ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ϶ϾϿВЋϴВЍϼЉ ІϴϾЇВ ϺϹ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾЇ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϾЂЁІϹϾЅІЂ϶ ϼϻ ϾЇЄϷϴЁϴ 26 ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴ ϟБЃЇЌ (ЄϼЅ. 3, 6–8), ϶ЂϻЄϴЅІ ϾЂІЂЄЂϷЂ
ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿГϹІЅГ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЂЀ 1380–1120 cal BC (Metzner-Nebelsick 2012: 66 ff.; Metzner-Nebelsick et al.
2010: 222–224, fig. 7; Kacsó et al. 2011: 341 ff.).
ϤϴЁЁϹϹ ЃЂГ϶ϿϹЁϼϹ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЏЉ ϸϿГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϷЂ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴ ϟБЃЇЌ II — ϗϴ϶ϴ I ЃϴЄϴЀϹІЄЂ϶
ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ ЇЅІϴЁЂ϶ϿϹЁЂ ϼ ЅІЄϴІϼϷЄϴЈϼϹϽ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϣϹІГ-ϫϹЁϷϹЄЅϼЀϴ/Petea-Csengersima (ЄϼЅ. 2).
Ϙ϶ЇЉЊ϶ϹІЁϴГ ЂϾЄϴЅϾϴ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІϹϽ (ЋϹЄЁЂϿЂЍϹЁϴГ ϶ЁϹЌЁГГ ϼ ϾЄϴЅЁϴГ ϶ЁЇІЄϹЁЁГГ), ϵϼЇЅϹЋϹЁЁЂϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϼ ЂϾЄЇϷϿЂϵЂϾϼϹ ϴЀЈЂЄЏ/ЇЄЁЏ Ѕ ϶ЏЅЂϾϼЀ ЊϼϿϼЁϸЄϼЋϹЅϾϼЀ ϷЂЄϿЂЀ, ЋϹЄЃϴϾϼ Ѕ ЁϼϻϾЂϽ
ЋϴЌϹЋϾЂϽ ϼ ЅϼϿАЁЂ ϶Ђϻ϶ЏЌϴВЍϹϽЅГ ЄЇЋϾЂϽ ЃЂГ϶ϿГВІЅГ ЇϺϹ Ёϴ ЈϴϻϹ ϥЇЋϼЇ ϸϹ ϥЇЅ IIb–ϟБЃЇЌ I,
ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁЁЂϽ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІЇ ϾϿϴϸЂ϶ ϧЄϼЇ-ϢЃϴϿАϼ/Uriu-Ópályi ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ BzD (Marta 2009: 216 ff.).
ϖЁЂ϶А ЂϵЄϴϻЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏϽ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІ, ϶ ЅЇЍЁЂЅІϼ, ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄϼϻЇϹІЅГ ЇЁϼЈϼϾϴЊϼϹϽ
ЈЂЄЀ ϼ ЀЂІϼ϶Ђ϶ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϴЊϼϼ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ЁЂ϶ЂϽ ІϹЉЁЂϿЂϷϼϹϽ ЂϵϺϼϷϴ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ (Bejenaru 2010:
244). ϡϴ ϦϼЅϾЂϽ Єϴ϶ЁϼЁϹ БІЂІ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁ ЁϴϵЂЄЂЀ ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЈЂЄЀ ϼ ІϼЃЂ϶ ϸϹϾЂЄϴ,
ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЋϹІϾЂ ϶ЏϸϹϿГВІ ϹϷЂ ЅЄϹϸϼ ЅЂЅϹϸЁϼЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЉ ϴЄϹϴϿЂ϶ ϜϷЄϼЊЏ ϼϿϼ ϕϼЉϴЄГ/Biharea
(ϻЂЁЏ ϕϼЉЂЄ/Bihor), ЃЄϹ-ϗϴ϶Џ (ϻЂЁЏ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ϵϴЅЅϹϽЁϴ ϦϼЅЏ) ϼϿϼ ϸЄϹ϶ЁЂЅІϹϽ ІϼЃϴ ϞЇϺϼЄ-ϕϴЁϸ/
Cugir-Band (ϦЄϴЁЅϼϿА϶ϴЁϼГ). ϢЅЁЂ϶ЁЏЀϼ БϿϹЀϹЁІϴЀϼ, ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄϼϻЇВЍϼЀϼ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾЇ ЄϹϷϼЂЁϴ
ϖϹЄЉЁϹϷЂ ϣЂІϼЅАГ, Г϶ϿГВІЅГ ϴЀЈЂЄЏ Ѕ ЂϸЁϼЀ ЄГϸЂЀ ϶ЏЅІЇЃЂ϶ (ϷϼЃϹЄІЄЂЈϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϹ ЃЂϿЏϹ
϶ЁЇІЄϼ ϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϶ЏЅІЇЃЏ, ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϹ ϾЂЁЊϹЁІЄϼЋϹЅϾϼЀϼ ϾϴЁЁϹϿВЄϴЀϼ); ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІ
ϼϻ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴϿАЁЏЉ ЌϼЄЂϾϼЉ ϾϴЁЁϹϿВЄ ϼϿϼ ЁϹЄ϶ВЄ; ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾЂ ІϼЃЂ϶ ЀϼЅЂϾ Ѕ ЇІЂϿЍϹЁЁЏЀ ϾЄϴϹЀ, ϼЀϹВЍϼЉ ЈϴЅϹІЏ ϼϿϼ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴϿАЁЏЀϼ ϾϴЁЁϹϿВЄЏ; ЋϹЄЃϴϾϼ Ѕ ЁϼϻϾЂϽ ЋϴЌϹЋϾЂϽ ϼ ЅϼϿАЁЂ
϶Ђϻ϶ЏЌϴВЍϹϽЅГ ЄЇЋϾЂϽ, ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϹ ϶ЏЅІЇЃϴЀϼ/ϾЁЂЃϾϴЀϼ (Marta 2009: 219, tipological
plate 5–7).
246
,
,
ϣЄЂЊϹЅЅ ϴϸϴЃІϴЊϼϼ ϾϴЁЁϹϿϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϽ ЋϹЄЁЂ-ϾЄϴЅЁЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ ϶ ϵϴЅЅϹϽЁϹ ϖϹЄЉЁϹϽ ϦϼЅЏ
ЃЄЂЉЂϸϼϿ ϶ ІϹЋϹЁϼϹ ϸ϶ЇЉ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿАЁЏЉ БІϴЃЂ϶. ϡϴ ЃϹЄ϶ЂЀ ϼϻ ЁϼЉ (ϷϹЁϹϻϼЅ ϟБЃЇЌ II — ϗϴ϶ϴ I)
ІϴϾϴГ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ ЀϴϿЂЋϼЅϿϹЁЁϴ, ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϴ ЅЃϹЊϼЈϼЋϹЅϾϼЀ ЁϴϵЂЄЂЀ ЈЂЄЀ, ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϴϿАЁЏЉ ЀЂІϼ϶Ђ϶ ϼ ЅЂЅЇЍϹЅІ϶ЇϹІ Ѕ ЃЂЅЇϸЂϽ, ІϼЃϼЋЁЂϽ ϸϿГ ЃЄϹϸЌϹЅІ϶ЇВЍϹϷЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ. ϢІϾϴϻ ЂІ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼЂЁЁЏЉ ЈЂЄЀ ЃЂЅЇϸЏ ϼ ЀЂІϼ϶Ђ϶ ϹϹ ϸϹϾЂЄϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ЃЄЂϼϻЂϽϸϹІ ЂϸЁЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂ Ѕ ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸЂЀ Ͼ ϾϿϴЅЅϼЋϹЅϾЂЀЇ БІϴЃЇ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϗϴ϶ϴ (ϗϴ϶ϴ II), ЂІЀϹЋϹЁЁЂЀЇ ЅϹЄϼϹϽ ЁЂ϶ЏЉ ЈЂЄЀ ϼ БϿϹЀϹЁІЂ϶ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϴ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϼϿϼЅА ϶ ЂϵЌϼЄЁЂЀ ЄϹϷϼЂЁϹ, ϶ϾϿВЋϴВЍϹЀ ϥЄϹϸЁВВ ϼ ϖϹЄЉЁВВ ϦϼЅЇ,
ϦЄϴЁЅϼϿА϶ϴЁϼВ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ Ͼ ϶ЂЅІЂϾЇ — ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϹ ϣЄϼϾϴЄЃϴІАϹ (ϗϴϿϼЊϼГ ϼ ϕЇϾЂ϶ϼЁϴ).
ϞЇϿАІЇЄЁЏϽ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІ ϟБЃЇЌ II — ϗϴ϶ϴ I ϶ ϖϹЄЉЁϹЀ ϣЂІϼЅАϹ ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁϼϻϼЄЇϹІЅГ ϶ ЊϹϿЂЀ Ѕ
ЅϹЄϼϹϽ ϾϿϴϸЂ϶ ϫϼЁϾЇ-ϥЇЅϹЁА/ϞЇЄϸ (Cincu-Suseni/Kurd) ϼ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼЂЁЁЂ ϸϴІϼЄЇϹІЅГ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЂЀ HaA1,
ЃЄϼ БІЂЀ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿϼ ЃЂϸЋϹЄϾϼ϶ϴВІ, ЋІЂ ІЄЇϸЁЂ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϼІА, ϾϴϾ ϸЂϿϷЂ БІЂІ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴϿ Ёϴ ЃЄЂІГϺϹЁϼϼ ЇϾϴϻϴЁЁЂϷЂ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ (Marta 2009: 216 ff.).
I. 2.
. ϛϸϹЅА ЄϴЁЁГГ Јϴϻϴ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϗϴ϶ϴ ЁϴЅІЇЃϴϹІ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϹ, ЋϹЀ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІ ϟБЃЇЌ II-ϗϴ϶ϴ I ϶ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЂ-ϻϴЃϴϸЁЂϽ ϦЄϴЁЅϼϿА϶ϴЁϼϼ. ϩ. ϫϼЇϷЇϸГЁ ϶ЏϸϹϿГϹІ ϶
ЅЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϼ ВϺЁЂϽ ϦЄϴЁЅϼϿА϶ϴЁϼϼ ЄГϸ ϶ϴϺЁЏЉ ЀϹЅІЂЁϴЉЂϺϸϹЁϼϽ ЈϴϻЏ ϗϴ϶ϴ I, ϶ ІЂЀ ЋϼЅϿϹ ЄϴЁЁϼϽ
ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІ ЀЁЂϷЂЅϿЂϽЁЂϷЂ ЇϾЄϹЃϿϹЁЁЂϷЂ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴ ϦϹϿϹϴϾ/Teleac Iϴ, ЃЂЀϹЍϴГ ϹϷЂ ϶ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ϡϴϔ2
(ЅЀ. Ciugudean 2011: 75 ff.; 2012: fig. 14). ϖ БІϼЉ ЂϵϿϴЅІГЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴ ϗϴ϶ϴ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶ЇϹІ ϶ЃϿЂІА ϸЂ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ϡϴϥ1.
ϞЄϴІϾЂ ЂЅІϴЁЂ϶ϼЀЅГ Ёϴ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϴЉ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϴ ϦϹϿϹϴϾ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϗϴ϶ϴ (ЄϼЅ. 2; 4). ϡϹЅЀЂІЄГ
Ёϴ ЁЂ϶ЏϹ ϸϴЁЁЏϹ ЃЂ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼϼ, ЂϸϼЁ ϼϻ ϹϷЂ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿϹϽ ϖ. ϖϴЅϼϿϼϹ϶, ϶ ЂІϿϼЋϼϹ ЂІ ϵЂϿАЌϼЁЅІ϶ϴ ЅЃϹЊϼϴϿϼЅІЂ϶, ЃЄϼϸϹЄϺϼ϶ϴϹІЅГ ϵЂϿϹϹ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϽ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶Ͼϼ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϗϴ϶ϴ ϶ ϞϴЄЃϴІЅϾЂϽ ϾЂІϿЂ϶ϼЁϹ ϼ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂ-ϾϴЄЃϴІЅϾЂЀ ЄϹϷϼЂЁϹ (Vasiliev 1988: 83 ff.; 2004-2005: 10 ff.). ϡЂ, ЅЇϸГ ЃЂ ЄϴϵЂІϴЀ ϖ. ϖϴЅϼϿϼϹ϶ϴ, ϸϴϺϹ Ѕ ЈЂЄЀϴϿАЁЂϽ ІЂЋϾϼ ϻЄϹЁϼГ ЀЂϺЁЂ ϷЂ϶ЂЄϼІА Ђ ϵЂϿϹϹ ЄϴЁЁϼЉ ϸϴІϴЉ ϸϿГ
ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІЂ϶ ϦϹϿϹϴϾϴ. ϞϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴ ϦϹϿϹϴϾ II (ϡϴϖ3 ϼϿϼ VIII ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б., ЃЂ ЅЉϹЀϹ ϤϴϽЁϹϾϹ/
ϠВϿϿϹЄϴ-ϞϴЄЃϹ) ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁϼϻϼЄЇϹІЅГ ϖ. ϖϴЅϼϿϼϹ϶ЏЀ Ѕ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴЀϼ Ϸϴ϶ЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϠϴϷϴϿϴ III —
ϥЂЀЂІЂЄ ϼ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴЀϼ ϕϴϵϴϸϴϷ II — ϞЂϻϼГ— ϜЁЅЇϿϴ ϕϴЁЇϿЇϽ; ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ ЅϿϹϸЇВЍϹϷЂ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴ
ϦϹϿϹϴϾ III (ϡϴϥ ϼϿϼ VII ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б., ЃЂ ЅЉϹЀϹ ϤϴϽЁϹϾϹ/ϠВϿϿϹЄϴ-ϞϴЄЃϹ) — Ѕ Ϸϴ϶ЅϾϼЀϼ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴЀϼ
ϠϴϷϴϿϴ IV — ϥЂЀЂІЂЄ II ϼ, ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂ, ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴЀϼ ϕϴϵϴϸϴϷ III — ϕϴЅϴЄϴϵА — ϠϹϻëЋϴІ ЃЂϻϸЁϼϽ (Vasiliev et al. 1991: 99–100). ϢϵЍϹЃЄϼЁГІЏϹ ϸϴІЏ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ, Ѕ ϾЂІЂЄЏЀϼ ЃЄЂ϶ЂϸϼϿϴЅА ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁϼϻϴЊϼГ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІЂ϶ ϦϹϿϹϴϾϴ, ЃЂ ЂϵЁЂ϶ϿϹЁЁЂϽ Ϲ϶ЄЂЃϹϽЅϾЂϽ ЅЉϹЀϹ ϷϴϿАЌІϴІІЅϾЂϷЂ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ЅϹϽЋϴЅ
ЃЄϼЉЂϸГІЅГ Ёϴ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЏ ϡϴϖ1–ϡϴϖ3 ϼ ϡϴϥ1ϴ, І. Ϲ. Ёϴ X–VIII ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.
ϥ ϸЄЇϷЂϽ ЅІЂЄЂЁЏ, ϶ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϼϹ ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾЂ ϿϹІ ϩ. ϫϼЇϷЇϸГЁ ЃЄϹϸϿЂϺϼϿ ЁЂ϶ЇВ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϼϻϴЊϼВ
ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿЂ϶ ϦϹϿϹϴϾϴ. ϢЁ ϶ЏϸϹϿϼϿ ЄϴЁЁϼϹ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЏ: ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІ ϦϹϿϹϴϾ Ia (ϗϴ϶ϴ I) (ЄϼЅ. 4, 1–4), ЃЂϸЋϹЄϾЁЇ϶ ϹЍϹ Єϴϻ, ЋІЂ ЂϵЂЄЂЁϼІϹϿАЁЏϹ ЅЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼГ ϻϸϹЅА ЁϴЋϴϿϼ ЅІЄЂϼІАЅГ ϶Ђ ϶ІЂЄЂЀ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϹ
ЂϵϼІϴЁϼГ (ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІ ϦϹϿϹϴϾ Ib (ϗϴ϶ϴ II), ЁϴЋϴϿЂ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ϡϴϖ1 — ЄϼЅ. 4, 5–10), ϾЂϷϸϴ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴϿЂ
ЁϹϵЂϿАЌЂϹ ЇϾЄϹЃϿϹЁϼϹ («ϴϾЄЂЃЂϿА»). ϖ ЊϹϿЂЀ ϺϹ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴ ϗϴ϶ϴ ϻϸϹЅА ЃЄЂЅϿϹϺϼ϶ϴϹІЅГ ϶ЃϿЂІА ϸЂ
ЁϴЋϴϿϴ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴ ϦϹϿϹϴϾ IIIb (ЁϴЋϴϿЂ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ϡϴϥ1 ϼϿϼ ЂІ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϽ ІЄϹІϼ VIII ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б., ЃЂ ЂϵЁЂ϶ϿϹЁЁЂϽ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ЅЉϹЀϹ), ϾЂϷϸϴ ЃЂГ϶ϿГВІЅГ ЁЂЅϼІϹϿϼ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϷЂ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴ ϕϴЅϴЄϴϵА
(Ciugudean 2011: 69–81, fig. 3; 2012: 107 ff., fig. 2, 9, 14). ϥЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼϹ ϼϿϼ ϸЂϺϼ϶ϴЁϼϹ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ
ϗϴ϶ϴ ϶ ϦЄϴЁЅϼϿА϶ϴЁϼϼ ϶ЃϿЂІА ϸЂ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ϡϴϥ ЃЂϸІ϶ϹЄϺϸϴϹІЅГ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϴЀϼ ϸЄЇϷϼЉ ЀϹЅІЂЁϴЉЂϺϸϹЁϼϽ, ЁϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ ϬϼЀϿϹЇ ϥϼϿА϶ϴЁϼϹϽ/Αimleu Silvaniei (ЅЀ. Ciugudean 2011: 77; Sana 2006: 45 ff.).
I. 3.
(
)
—
. ϩϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЏϹ ϸϿГ
ϾϿϴЅЅϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ЈϴϻЏ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϗϴ϶ϴ (ϗϴ϶ϴ II — ЃϹЄϼЂϸЏ ϡϴϔ2–ϡϴϖ1) ϶ ϖϹЄЉЁϹЀ ϣЂІϼЅАϹ ІϼЃЏ
ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ (ϵϼЇЅϹЋϹЁЁЂϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϼ ϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЅЂЅЇϸЏ; БІϴϺϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϹ ϴЀЈЂЄЏ/ϾЂЄЋϴϷϼ; ЇЅϹЋϹЁЁЂϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЀϼЅϾϼ Ѕ ϻϴϷЁЇІЏЀ ϾЄϴϹЀ, Ѕ ϿϹЃϹЅІϾЂ϶ϼϸЁЏЀ ϾЄϴϹЀ ϼϿϼ ІВЄϵϴЁЂ϶ϼϸЁЏЀ ЂЈЂЄЀϿϹЁϼϹЀ ϾЄϴГ; ЋϹЄЃϴϾϼ Ѕ ЁϼϻϾЂϽ ЌϼЄЂϾЂϽ ЋϴЌϹЋϾЂϽ ϼ ЅϼϿАЁЂ ϶Ђϻ϶ЏЌϴВЍϹϽЅГ ЄЇЋϾЂϽ; ϾЄЇϺϾϼ Ѕ
϶ЏЅЂϾϼЀ ϷЂЄϿЂЀ ϼ ϶ЏЃЇϾϿЏЀ ІЇϿЂ϶ЂЀ; ЅЂЅЇϸЏ Ёϴ ЃЂϿЂϽ ЁЂϺϾϹ; ЅЂЅЇϸЏ Ѕ ϿϹЃϹЅІϾЂ϶ϼϸЁЏЀ ϾЄϴϹЀ) ϼ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЀЂІϼ϶Џ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϴ (ЃЄЂЋϹЄЋϹЁЁЏϹ ϶ЂϿЁϼЅІЏϹ ϿϼЁϼϼ, ЄϹϿАϹЈЁЏϹ ϶ϴϿϼϾϼ, ϿЂЍϹЁЏϹ ЇϻЂЄЏ ϶ ϶ϼϸϹ ϻ϶ϹϻϸЏ) (Kacsó 1990: 48) ЅІϴЁЇІ ϶ϹϸЇЍϼЀϼ ϼ ϸϿГ ϷЂϿϼϷЄϴϸЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ
(ϗϴ϶ϴ-ϗЂϿϼϷЄϴϸЏ) ϖϹЄЉЁϹϷЂ ϣЂϸЁϹЅІЄЂ϶АГ — ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІ ϠϴϷϴϿϴ III, ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ϡϴϔ2 ϼϿϼ ϩI ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.
(Smirnova 1974; ϥЀϼЄЁЂ϶ϴ 1976; ϠϴϿϹϹ϶ 1981; ϞЄЇЌϹϿАЁϼЊϾϴГ, ϠϴϿϹϹ϶ 1990). ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЏϽ ЇЄЂ϶ϹЁА ϻЁϴЁϼϽ ЃЂϾϴϻЏ϶ϴϹІ, ЋІЂ ІϴϾϼϹ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶Ͼϼ, ϴϾІЇϴϿАЁЏϹ ϸϿГ ϷЂϿϼϷЄϴϸЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ
20–30 ϿϹІ Ёϴϻϴϸ, ЅϹϷЂϸЁГ ЁЇϺϸϴВІЅГ ϶ ЇІЂЋЁϹЁϼϼ ϼ ϾЂЄЄϹϾІϼЄЂ϶ϾϹ. ϖ БІЂЀ ϾЂЁІϹϾЅІϹ ЂϵЄϴІϼЀ
247
:
,
,
϶ЁϼЀϴЁϼϹ Ёϴ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІ ϴЀЈЂЄЏ/ЇЄЁЏ Ѕ ϷϼЃϹЄІЄЂЈϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЀ ЃЂϿЏЀ ϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾϼЀ ϶ЏЅІЇЃЂЀ ϼ
ϾЂЁЊϹЁІЄϼЋϹЅϾϼЀϼ ϾϴЁЁϹϿВЄϴЀϼ Ёϴ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϼ ϗЄБЁϼЋϹЌІА (ϥЇЋϴ϶ЅϾЂϹ ЃϿϴІЂ) (ЄϼЅ. 2). ϣЂ ЀЁϹЁϼВ ϔ. ϟϴЅϿЂ, ϾЂІЂЄЂϹ ЀЏ ЄϴϻϸϹϿГϹЀ, БІϴ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϴ ϸϹЀЂЁЅІЄϼЄЇϹІ, ЋІЂ ϶ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂ-ϞϴЄЃϴІЅϾЂЀ
ЄϹϷϼЂЁϹ БϿϹЀϹЁІЏ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϗϴ϶ϴ ЃЂГ϶ϿГВІЅГ ЄϴЁАЌϹ, ЋϹЀ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІ ϠϴϷϴϿϴ III, І. Ϲ. ϹЍϹ ϶ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ
ϵЏІЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ϶ ϖϹЄЉЁϹЀ ϣЂІϼЅАϹ БІϴЃϴ ϟБЃЇЌ II–ϗϴ϶ϴ I, ЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿАЁЂ, ЁϹ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϹ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϽ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁЏ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ϡϴϔ1 ϼϿϼ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϽ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁЏ ϩII ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (László 1994: 91–95). ϙЍϹ ЂϸЁϼЀ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЂЀ, ЃЂϾϴϻЏ϶ϴВЍϼЀ ЃЂГ϶ϿϹЁϼϹ ϻϸϹЅА ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϗϴ϶Џ ϹЍϹ Ёϴ ЄϴЁЁϹЀ БІϴЃϹ Ѕ϶ЂϹϷЂ Єϴϻ϶ϼІϼГ Г϶ϿГϹІЅГ ϾϿϴϸ ϗЄЇЌϾϴ, ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏϹ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ ϾЂІЂЄЂϷЂ, ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЏϹ, ϶ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЂЀ, ϸϿГ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ϡϴϔ1,
ϵЏϿϼ ЃЂЀϹЍϹЁЏ ϶ ІϼЃϼЋЁЇВ ЇЄЁЇ ϗϴ϶ϴ (ЅЀ. urowski 1949: 159–162; ϞЄЇЌϹϿАЁϼЊАϾϴ 1985: 52–54).
ϘЄЇϷϴГ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶Ͼϴ БІЂϷЂ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴ ϸϴЁϴ ϶ ЄϴϵЂІϹ Ϝ. Ϟ. ϥ϶ϹЌЁϼϾЂ϶ϴ, ЃЄϴ϶ϸϴ, ЂЋϹЁА ϸϴ϶ЁϹϽ ϼ, ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂ, ϶ ЁϹϽ ЂЁ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴϿ ЅІϴЄЏϹ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶Ͼϼ ϷϴϿАЌІϴІІЅϾϼЉ БІϴЃЂ϶ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϹ϶ЄЂЃϹϽЅϾЂϽ
. 4. ϠЁЂϷЂЅϿЂϽЁЂϹ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϹ ϦϹϿϹϴϾ, ϲϺЁϴГ ϦЄϴЁЅϼϿА϶ϴЁϼГ (ϤЇЀЏЁϼГ), ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ: 1–4 — ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІ
ϦϹϿϹϴϾ Ia (ϗϴ϶ϴ I); 5–10 — ϼϻ ϺϼϿϼЍϴ 6, ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІ ϦϹϿϹϴϾ Ib (ϗϴ϶ϴ II) (ЃЂ Ciugudean 2012)
Fig. 4. Multilayer settlement of Teleac, South Transylvania (Romania), pottery: 1–4 –Teleac Ia horizon (Gáva I);
5–10 — from dwelling 6, Teleac Ib horizon Ib (Gáva II) (after Ciugudean 2012)
248
,
,
ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ЅЉϹЀЏ (ЅЀ. ϥ϶єЌЁiϾЂ϶ 1964: 45 ЅϿ., 62, ІϴϵϿ. III, 1–24). ϤϴЁЁϹϽ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϾϹ БІЂϷЂ
ϾϿϴϸϴ ЁϹ ЃЄЂІϼ϶ЂЄϹЋϼІ ϼ ЁЂ϶ϴГ ϾϿϴЅЅϼЈϼϾϴЊϼГ ϶ЉЂϸГЍϼЉ ϶ ϹϷЂ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ ЅϹЄЃЂ϶, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ, ϾϴϾ ЃЂϾϴϻϴϿϼ ϖ. ϥ. ϕЂЋϾϴЄД϶ ϼ ϖ. ϔ. ϘϹЄϷϴЋД϶, ЂІЁЂЅГІЅГ Ͼ ІϼЃϴЀ ϞЂЅϼϸϹЄ (16 БϾϻ.) ϼ ϣϹЋ (2 БϾϻ.) (ЅЀ.
ϘϹЄϷϴЋД϶, ϕЂЋϾϴЄД϶ 2002: 277–278, 290–294).
ϖЂ ϶ЅϹϽ ϶ϼϸϼЀЂЅІϼ, ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁϼϹ ϼ ϴϸϴЃІϴЊϼГ ЋϹЄЁЂ-ϾЄϴЅЁЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϗϴ϶ϴ
϶ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЂ-ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂЀ ϼ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂЀ ϣЄϼϾϴЄЃϴІАϹ ϼЀϹϿϼ ЂϸϼЁϴϾЂ϶ЏϹ ЄϼІЀЏ Єϴϻ϶ϼІϼГ Ѕ ЃЄЂЊϹЅЅϴЀϼ,
ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЈϼϾЅϼЄЇВІЅГ ϶ ЂЋϴϷϹ БІЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ — ϶ ϖϹЄЉЁϹЀ ϣЂІϼЅАϹ. ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ϸϿГ ЃЂϸІ϶ϹЄϺϸϹЁϼГ
ϼ ЃЄЂ϶ϹЄϾϼ БІЂϷЂ ЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼГ ЁϹЂϵЉЂϸϼЀЂ ϶ЁЂ϶А ЂϵЄϴІϼІАЅГ Ͼ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϴЀ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϠϴϷϴϿϴ —
϶ϴϺЁЂϷЂ ЀЁЂϷЂЅϿЂϽЁЂϷЂ ЅІЄϴІϼЈϼЊϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϷЂ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϷЂ ϣЄϼϾϴЄЃϴІАГ (ЄϼЅ. 2).
ϡϹЂϵЉЂϸϼЀЂ ЁϹ ІЂϿАϾЂ ЇІЂЋЁϼІА ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϾЇ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІЂ϶ ϠϴϷϴϿϴ III ϼ ϠϴϷϴϿϴ IV (ϷЂϿϼϷЄϴϸЅϾϴГ
ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴ), ЁЂ ІϴϾϺϹ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϼІА ϸϿϼІϹϿАЁЂЅІА ϼЉ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼГ ϼ ЅІЄϴІϼϷЄϴЈϼЋϹЅϾЂϹ ЅЂϸϹЄϺϴЁϼϹ, ЇЋϼІЏ϶ϴГ ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂЅІА ϸϹϿϹЁϼГ ЅϴЀϼЉ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІЂ϶ Ёϴ ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾЂ Јϴϻ. ϥ϶ЂϹ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂЅІА ІϴϾЂϷЂ
ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ϸϹЀЂЁЅІЄϼЄЇϹІ ϼ ІЂІ ЈϴϾІ, ЋІЂ ϶ ЂϸЁЂϽ ϼϻ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϼЉ Ѕ϶ЂϼЉ ЄϴϵЂІ Ϡ. ϡ. ϕϴЁϸЄϼ϶ЅϾϼϽ
ЃЄϼϻЏ϶ϴϹІ ЂІϾϴϻϴІАЅГ ЂІ «ЂϵЎϹϸϼЁϹЁϼГ» ϾЇϿАІЇЄ ϗϴ϶ϴ ϼ ϗЂϿϼϷЄϴϸЏ ϼ ЃЂϿϴϷϴϹІ, ЋІЂ ЂЁϼ Єϴϻ϶ϼ϶ϴϿϼЅА
ϞϴЄЃϴІ, ϼ ЁϹІ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ «ЃϹЄϹЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ЁЂЅϼІϹϿϹϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϗϴ϶ϴ Ёϴ
ЅϹ϶ϹЄЂ-϶ЂЅІЂϾ, Ёϴ ϷЂϿϼϷЄϴϸЅϾЇВ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼВ». ϣЄϼ БІЂЀ ЁϴЋϴϿАЁЏϽ БІϴЃ ϷЂϿϼϷЄϴϸЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ
ЂЁ ЃЄϹϸϿϴϷϴϹІ ЇϸЄϹ϶ЁϼІА, ЃЂЀϹЅІϼ϶ ϹϷЂ ЁϹ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϹ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϽ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁЏ XIII ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (ϕϴЁϸЄϼ϶ЅϾϼϽ
2012: 476–477; ЅЀ. ІϴϾϺϹ ϕϴЁϸЄi϶ЅАϾϼϽ, ϞЄЇЌϹϿАЁϼЊАϾϴ 2012: ЄϼЅ. 35-ϴ).
ϔϾІЇϴϿАЁЏЀϼ ϶ ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЏЉ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼГЉ ЂЅІϴВІЅГ ЃЄЂϵϿϹЀЏ ϸϿϼІϹϿАЁЂЅІϼ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼГ ϼ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶Ͼϼ ЃЂϻϸЁϼЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ϼ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿЂ϶ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϗϴ϶ϴ-ϗЂϿϼϷЄϴϸЏ-ϗЄБЁϼЋϹЌІА
Ёϴ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏЉ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼГЉ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ϶ϿϼГЁϼГ ϼ ϶ϾϿϴϸϴ ϷЂЁЋϴЄЂ϶ БІЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϶ ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾЂϹ
ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸЅІ϶Ђ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ЀϹЅІЁЏЉ (ЅϹ϶ϹЄЂ-ЃЄϼЋϹЄЁЂЀЂЄЅϾϼЉ, ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂ-Ϲ϶ЄЂЃϹϽЅϾϼЉ) ϾЇϿАІЇЄ ЁϹ
ІЂϿАϾЂ ϶ ϵϴЅЅϹϽЁϹ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ϘЁϹЅІЄϴ (ЃЂϻϸЁϹЋϹЄЁЂϿϹЅЅϾϴГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴ), ЁЂ ϼ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁϹϹ — ϶ ϿϹЅЂЅІϹЃЁЏЉ ЂϵϿϴЅІГЉ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ϣЂϵЇϺАГ ϼ ϣЄϴ϶ЂϵϹЄϹϺАГ ϘЁϹЃЄϴ. ϖ ЄЇЅϿϹ БІЂϽ ЃЄЂϵϿϹЀϴІϼϾϼ ЇЃЂЀГЁϹЀ ϶ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂ-ϾϴЄЃϴІЅϾЂЀ ЄϹϷϼЂЁϹ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿЏ ЅЄϴ϶ЁϼІϹϿАЁЂ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϴ ϗϼЄЅϾϹ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ϵЏϿϼ ЂІЁϹЅϹЁЏ Ͼ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴЀ HaB–ϡϴC1 (ϞЄЇЌϹϿАЁϼЊАϾϴ 1993: 120–122), ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ЁϹЂϸЁЂЄЂϸЁЂЅІА ЃЂϻϸЁϹЋϹЄЁЂϿϹЅЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ϘЁϹЅІЄϴ, ЂϸϼЁ ϼϻ ϿЂϾϴϿАЁЏЉ ϶ϴЄϼϴЁІЂ϶ ϾЂІЂЄЂϽ
(ϘЁϹЅІЄЂ϶Ͼϴ-ϟϹЁϾЂ϶ЊЏ) ЅϿЂϺϼϿЅГ ϵϿϴϷЂϸϴЄГ ϶ϹЅЂЀЏЀ Ϸϴ϶ЅϾЂ-ϷЂϿϼϷЄϴϸЅϾϼЀ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼГЀ ϶ ϹϷЂ ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾЂЀ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϹ (ϥЀϼЄЁЂ϶ϴ, ϞϴЌЇϵϴ 1988: 18 ЅϿ.). ϖ ЊϹϿЂЀ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴ ϗϴ϶ϴ-ϗЂϿϼϷЄϴϸЏ ϶ЁϹЅϿϴ
ϻЁϴЋϼІϹϿАЁЏϽ ϶ϾϿϴϸ ϶ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЂϷϹЁϹϻ ЀϹЅІЁЏЉ ЂϵЍϹЅІ϶ ЄϴЁЁϹϷЂ ϺϹϿϹϻЁЂϷЂ ϶ϹϾϴ ϶ ϣЄϼϾϴЄЃϴІАϹ ϼ
ϛϴЃϴϸЁЂϽ ϖЂϿЏЁϼ (ϞЄЇЌϹϿАЁϼЊϾϴГ 1991: 24 ЅϿ.). ϣЄЂ϶ϹϸϹЁЁЂϹ ϴ϶ІЂЄϴЀϼ ЅІϴІАϼ ЁϹϸϴ϶ЁϹϹ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼϹ (ϟϹ϶ϼЊϾϼϽ, ϞϴЌЇϵϴ 2011: 244 ЅϿ., ЄϼЅ. 5; ϞϴЌЇϵϴ, ϟϹ϶ϼЊϾϼϽ 2011) ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿϼϿЂ ϶ЏЅϾϴϻϴІА
ϷϼЃЂІϹϻЇ Ђ ЄϴЁЁϹϷϴϿАЌІϴІІЅϾЂЀ — ϼϻ Ϸϴ϶ЅϾЂ-ϷЂϿϼϷЄϴϸЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϽ ЅЄϹϸЏ ϞϴЄЃϴІЅϾЂϷЂ ϵϴЅЅϹϽЁϴ ϼ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϷЂ ϣЄϼϾϴЄЃϴІАГ — ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼϼ ЋϹЄЃϴϾЂ϶ Ѕ ЁϼϻϾЂϽ ЋϴЌϹЋϾЂϽ ϼ ϶Ђϻ϶ЏЌϴВЍϹϽЅГ
ЄЇЋϾЂϽ (ЄϼЅ. 8). ϫϹЄЃϴϾϼ Ѕ ІϴϾϼЀϼ ЀЂЄЈЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЀϼ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄϼЅІϼϾϴЀϼ ϵЏϿϼ ЌϼЄЂϾЂ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁЏ ϶ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϽЌϼϽ ЃЄϹϸЅϾϼЈЅϾϼϽ ϼ ЄϴЁЁϹЅϾϼЈЅϾϼϽ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЏ ϶ ϿϹЅЂЅІϹЃϼ ϘЁϹЅІЄϴ (ϾЇЄϷ. 1
ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴ ϠЏЌϾЂ϶ЊЏ ϻϴЃϴϸЁЂ-ЃЂϸЂϿАЅϾЂϽ ϷЄЇЃЃЏ ЄϴЁЁϹЅϾϼЈЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ– ЅЀ. ϠϴϿϹϹ϶ 1991:
126, ЄϼЅ. 2, 1) ϼ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁϹϹ — ϶ ϘЁϹЃЄЂ϶ЅϾЂЀ ϵϴЅЅϹϽЁϹ: ЁϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ, Ёϴ ϚϴϵЂІϼЁЅϾЂЀ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϼ (ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІЏ ϚϴϵЂІϼЁ II–III, ЂІ ЅϹЄϹϸϼЁЏ VIII ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. — ЅЀ. ϘϴЄϴϷϴЁ 2006: 11; ϘϴЄϴϷϴЁ, ϞϴЌЇϵϴ
2008: ЄϼЅ. 1). ϥЄϴ϶ЁϼІϹϿАЁЂ ЄϴЁЂ, ϹЍϹ ϶ VIII ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б., ІϴϾϼϹ ЋϹЄЃϴϾϼ ЃЂГ϶ϿГВІЅГ ϼ Ёϴ ϟϹ϶ЂϵϹЄϹϺАϹ
ϘЁϹЃЄϴ — ϛϴЃϴϸЁЂϹ ЇϾЄϹЃϿϹЁϼϹ ϕϹϿАЅϾЂϷЂ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϴ ϼ ϸЄЇϷϼϹ ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁЁЏϹ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ (ϬЄϴЀϾЂ
2006: 34 ЅϿ, 40 ЅϿ.; 2010: 38; 2012: 170 ЅϿ.).
ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ЁϹϸϴ϶ЁЂ ϶ ЅЃϹЊϼϴϿАЁЂϽ ϿϼІϹЄϴІЇЄϹ ϵЏϿϴ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϴ ϷϼЃЂІϹϻϴ, ЅЂϷϿϴЅЁЂ ϾЂІЂЄЂϽ
ϷЂϿϼϷЄϴϸЅϾϴГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴ ϖϹЄЉЁϹϷЂ ϣЂϸЁϹЅІЄЂ϶АГ (ϾϴϾ ϼ ϗϴ϶ϴ ϶ ϞϴЄЃϴІЅϾЂϽ ϾЂІϿЂ϶ϼЁϹ) ЂІЁϹЅϹЁϴ ϼЅϾϿВЋϼІϹϿАЁЂ Ͼ ЃЂϻϸЁϹЀЇ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЂЀЇ ϶ϹϾЇ ϼ ϻϴϾϴЁЋϼ϶ϴϹІ Ѕ϶ЂϹ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼϹ ϷϸϹ-ІЂ ϶ ϾЂЁЊϹ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ϡϴϖ1–ЄЇϵϹϺϹ ϡϴϖ1/ϡϴϖ3 (ЃЄϼЀϹЄЁЂ ЅϹЄϹϸϼЁϴ–϶ІЂЄϴГ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁϴ ϩ ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.), ϴ ϹϹ ЅЀϹЁГϹІ
϶ЁЂ϶А ϶ЏϸϹϿϹЁЁϴГ ЀϼЉϴϿϾЂ϶ЅϾϴГ ϷЄЇЃЃϴ (ϕϴЁϸЄi϶ЅАϾϼϽ, ϞЄЇЌϹϿАЁϼЊАϾϴ 2012: 64 ЅϿ., ЄϼЅ. 35-ϴ). ϡϹ
ЂϵЅЇϺϸϴГ ϶ ЁϴЅІЂГЍϹϽ ЅІϴІАϹ БІЇ ϷϼЃЂІϹϻЇ, ІЄϹϵЇВЍЇВ ІЍϴІϹϿАЁЂϷЂ ϴЁϴϿϼϻϴ, ЂІЀϹІϼЀ, ЋІЂ Ёϴ
϶ЅϹЀ ЂϷЄЂЀЁЂЀ ЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁЅІ϶Ϲ БІЂϷЂ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϷЂ ЂϵЄϴϻЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ЅϼІЇϴЊϼГ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЃЂЅІ-ϗϴ϶ϴ (ЃЂЅІ
ϗϴ϶ϴ-ϗЂϿϼϷЄϴϸЏ-ϗЄБЁϼЋϹЌІА) ϵЏϿϴ ЁϹЂϸϼЁϴϾЂ϶ЂϽ. ϣЂБІЂЀЇ ЃЄЂϵϿϹЀЏ ϼϸϹЁІϼЈϼϾϴЊϼϼ ЃЂϻϸЁϼЉ
ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ϗϴ϶ϴ-ϗЂϿϼϷЄϴϸЏ-ϗЄБЁϼЋϹЌІА ϼ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶Ͼϴ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹϽ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϷЄϴЁϼЊЏ БІЂϽ
ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ Ёϴ ϹϹ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏЉ ЄЇϵϹϺϴЉ (ϥϹ϶ϹЄЂ-ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϹ ϼ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϹ ϣЄϼϾϴЄЃϴІАϹ) ІЄϹϵЇВІ ϸϴϿАЁϹϽЌϹϷЂ ϼϻЇЋϹЁϼГ.
249
:
,
,
. 5. ϠЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾ ϞЄЇЋϹЁА (1–3 — ЃЂϷЄ. 85; 4–6 — ЃЂϷЄ. 92; 7–8 — ЃЂϷЄ. 84; 9 — ЃЂϷЄ. 83) ϼ ЃЂϷЄ.
5 ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴ ϞЂ϶ϴЋϼЊϴ-ϖϼЁЂϷЄϴϸϼ (10–12) ϥЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ϣЂϸЇЁϴ϶АГ: 1–6 — БІϴЃ ϞЄЇЋϹЁА I; 7–9 — БІϴЃ
ϞЄЇЋϹЁА II; 10–12 — БІϴЃ ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ II (1–5, 7, 9, 10–11 — ϷϿϼЁϴ; 6, 8, 12 — ϵЄЂЁϻϴ; ЀϴЅЌІϴϵЏ ЄϴϻЁЏϹ,
ЃЄЂЃЂЄЊϼЂЁϴϿАЁЂЅІА ϶ ЊϹϿЂЀ ЅЂϵϿВϸϹЁϴ) (1–9 — ЃЂ Radu 1973; Morintz 1978; 10–12 — ЃЂ BukviΕ 2000)
Fig. 5. Cruceni cemetery (1–3 — burial 85; 4–6 — burial 92; 7–8 — burial 84; 9 — burial 83) and burial
5 of the Kovačica-Vinogradi cemetery (10–12) from the Middle Danube region: 1–6 — Cruceni stage I;
7–9 — Cruceni stage II; 10–12 — Belegiš II stage (1–5, 7, 9, 10–11 — clay; 6, 8, 12 — Bronze; not to scale,
proportions are close to real) (1–9 — after Radu 1973; Morintz 1978; 10–12 — after BukviΕ 2000)
250
,
,
II.
/
Г϶ϿГϹІЅГ ϶ ЁϴЅІЂГЍϹϹ ϶ЄϹЀГ ЂϸЁЂϽ ϼϻ ЁϴϼϵЂϿϹϹ ЂϵϹЅЃϹЋϹЁЁЏЉ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϴЀϼ ЅЄϹϸϼ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЉ ЂϵЍЁЂЅІϹϽ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЂϷЂ ϶ϹϾϴ ϲϷЂϛϴЃϴϸЁЂϽ ϤЇЀЏЁϼϼ (ϻϴЃϴϸЁЏϹ ЂϵϿϴЅІϼ ϕϴЁϴІϴ) ϼ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϽ ϥϹЄϵϼϼ, ЂЅЂϵϹЁЁЂ, ϖЂϹ϶ЂϸϼЁЏ. ϖ ЅϹЄϵЅϾЂϽ ϿϼІϹЄϴІЇЄϹ ЂЁϴ, ЃЄϹϼЀЇЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂ, ЂϵЂϻЁϴЋϴϹІЅГ ІϹЄЀϼЁϴЀϼ «ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴ/ϷЄЇЃЃϴ ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ» ϼϿϼ
«ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴ ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ-ϞЄЇЋϹЁА» (ϦϴЅϼħ 1983: 91–107), ϴ ϶ ЄЇЀЏЁЅϾЂϽ — ϼЅϾϿВЋϼІϹϿАЁЂ ІϹЄЀϼЁЂЀ
«ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴ ϞЄЇЋϹЁА-ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ» (Morintz 1978: 40–45; Gumă 1993: 150–157; ЅЀ. ІϴϾϺϹ ϦϴЅϼħ 1984: 33–
34; Gumă 1995: 100; 1997: 55). ϡϴϼϵЂϿϹϹ ϻЁϴЋϼЀЏϹ ЀϹЅІЂЁϴЉЂϺϸϹЁϼГ БІЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ
ϷϿϴ϶ЁЏЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ ϷЄЇЁІЂ϶ЏЀϼ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴЀϼ Ѕ ІЄЇЃЂЅЂϺϺϹЁϼГЀϼ («ЇЄЁЂ϶ЏϹ ЃЂϿГ») ϼ ϶ ЀϹЁАЌϹϽ
ЅІϹЃϹЁϼ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГЀϼ (Gumă 1993: 150–157).
II. 1.
. ϜЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼГЀϼ ЅϹЄϵЅϾϼЉ ϼ ЄЇЀЏЁЅϾϼЉ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷЂ϶ ЇЅІϴЁЂ϶ϿϹЁЂ, ЋІЂ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴ ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ/ϞЄЇЋϹЁА-ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ (BelϹgiš/Cruceni-BelϹgiš) ЅϿЂϺϼϿϴЅА ϶ ϾЂЁЊϹ
ЅЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ БІϴЃϴ БЃЂЉϼ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ϶ ЄϹϷϼЂЁϹ ϥЄϹЀϴ, ЅϹЄϵЅϾЂϷЂ ϼ ЄЇЀЏЁЅϾЂϷЂ ϕϴЁϴІϴ ϼ ЂІЋϴЅІϼ ЄϹϷϼЂЁϹ ϕϴЋϾϹ. ϕЂϿАЌϼЁЅІ϶Ђ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿϹϽ ЃЂϿϴϷϴВІ, ЋІЂ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴ ЅЈЂЄЀϼЄЂ϶ϴϿϴЅА ϶ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІϹ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϷЂ ЅϼЁІϹϻϴ Ёϴ ЂЅЁЂ϶Ϲ ЃЄϹϸЌϹЅІ϶ЇВЍϹϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϖϴІϼЁ/Vatin (Vatina), Ёϴ ϾЂІЂЄЇВ ЁϴϿЂϺϼϿϼЅА БϿϹЀϹЁІЏ ϻϴϸЇЁϴϽЅϾϼЉ/ЃϴЁЂЁЁЅϾϼЉ ϷЄЇЃЃ ϥϹЄϹЀϿϹ/Szeremle ϼ ϟϼІЊϹЁϾϹЄϴЀϼϾ/
Litzenkeramik (ЃЄϼЁϴϸϿϹϺϴЍϼЉ ІϼЃЇ ϗЇЀІЄϴЁЅϸЂЄЈ-ϘЄϴЅЅϵЇЄϷ/Gumtransdorf-Drassburg) ЅЂЅϹϸЁϼЉ ЂϵϿϴЅІϹϽ ϩЂЄ϶ϴІϼϼ, ϖϹЁϷЄϼϼ, ϥϿЂ϶ϴϾϼϼ ϼ ϔ϶ЅІЄϼϼ, ϴ ϶ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЅІ϶ϼϼ — ЂІϸϹϿАЁЏϹ ϶ϿϼГЁϼГ
ЅЄϹϸЁϹϹ϶ЄЂЃϹϽЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЁЏЉ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ, Ѕ ϾЂІЂЄЂϽ ЂЁϴ ЋϴЅІϼЋЁЂ ϵЏϿϴ ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁЁϴ. ϩЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЄϴЀϾϼ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϞЄЇЋϹЁА-ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ ЇЅІϴЁϴ϶Ͽϼ϶ϴВІЅГ ϶ ЃЄϹϸϹϿϴЉ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЂ϶
Bzϥ-BzD, ЉЂІГ ЃЂГ϶ϿϹЁϼϹ ϹϹ ЅϴЀЏЉ ЄϴЁЁϼЉ БϿϹЀϹЁІЂ϶ ЀЂϺЁЂ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴІА ϹЍϹ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЂЀ BzB (ЅϾЂЄϹϹ BzB2), ϴ ϻϴ϶ϹЄЌϹЁϼϹ ϹϹ Єϴϻ϶ϼІϼГ ЃЄЂЅϿϹϺϼ϶ϴϹІЅГ ϶ЃϿЂІА ϸЂ ϾЂЁЊϴ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ BzD — ЁϴЋϴϿϴ
ϡϴϔ ϼϿϼ ϸЂ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϽ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁЏ XII ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (Horedt 1967: 147–148; Radu 1973: 506–507; TodoroviΕ
1977: 155; Morintz 1978: 45; Vinski-Gasparini 1973: 484; ϦϴЅϼħ 1983: 88, 95–98; TasiΕ 2001: 313–315;
Benkovsky-Pivovarová 1992: 341–345; Gumă 1997: 53–57; Gogâltan 1998: 184; Szentmiklosi 2006:
231–234; 2009; ϼ ϸЄ.).
ϡϴ ЂЅЁЂ϶Ϲ ϴЁϴϿϼϻϴ, ϶ ЃϹЄ϶ЇВ ЂЋϹЄϹϸА, ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁЁЏЉ ІϼЃЂ϶ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ ϼ ІϹЉЁϼϾϼ ϼЉ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϴЊϼϼ: ϴЀЈЂЄЏ/ЅЂЅЇϸЏ-ЇЄЁЏ ϼϻ ЁϹϾЄЂЃЂϿϹϽ ϶ ϥϹЄϵϼϼ (ϞϴЄϴϵЇЄЀϴ/Karaburma, ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ, ϥЇЄЋϼЁ/
Surčin, ϜϿϴЁЊϴ/Ilandža, ϤϴЈϼЁϹЄϼГ/Rafinerija ϶ЂϻϿϹ ϣϴЁЋϹ϶Ђ/Pančevo) ϼ ϤЇЀЏЁϼϼ (ϞЄЇЋϹЁА,
ϕЂϵϸϴ/Bobda, ϟϼ϶ϹϻϼϿϹ-ϦЂϿ϶ϴϸϼϴ/Livezile-Tolvadia, ϦϼϾ϶ϴЁϼЇϿ ϠϴЄϹ/Ticvaniul Ϡϴre, ϦϼЀϼЌЂϴЄϴ/TimiΒoara-Fratelia ϼ ϸЄ.), ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ЅЂЅЇϸЏ ϼϻ ЁϹЃЂЅЄϹϸЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂ ЃϹЄϹϾЄЏ϶ϴВЍϼЉ ϸЄЇϷ
ϸЄЇϷϴ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЉ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІЂ϶ ЀЁЂϷЂЅϿЂϽЁЏЉ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϽ (ϗЂЀЂϿϴ϶ϴ/Gomolava-Hrtkovci,
ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ, ϨϹЇϸ϶ϴЄ/Feudvar-Mošorin ϼ ϸЄ.), — ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴϹЀϴГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴ ϵЏϿϴ
ЄϴϻϸϹϿϹЁϴ Ёϴ ϸ϶ϴ ЃЄЂϸЂϿϺϼІϹϿАЁЏЉ БІϴЃϴ. ϤϹЋА ϼϸϹІ Ђϵ БІϴЃϹ ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ I/ϞЄЇЋϹЁА-ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ I (ЃϹЄϼЂϸЏ BzB2-BzC) ϼ Ђϵ БІϴЃϹ ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ II/ϞЄЇЋϹЁА-ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ II (ЃϹЄϼЂϸЏ Bzϥ–BzD), ϷЄϴЁϼЊϴ ЀϹϺϸЇ
ϾЂІЂЄЏЀϼ ЇЅІϴЁϴ϶Ͽϼ϶ϴϹІЅГ ϷϸϹ-ІЂ ϶ ϾЂЁЊϹ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ Bzϥ (Horedt 1967: 148; TodoroviΕ 1977: 145; ϦϴЅϼħ
1983: 100; Gumă 1993: 154–155; 1997: 70; Gogâltan 1998: 184). ϱІϴЃЏ ϵЏϿϼ ϶ЏϸϹϿϹЁЏ, ϶ ЃϹЄ϶ЇВ ЂЋϹЄϹϸА, Ёϴ ЂЅЁЂ϶Ϲ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЉ ЂІϿϼЋϼϽ ϶ ІϹЉЁϼϾϹ ЁϴЁϹЅϹЁϼГ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϴ ϼ ϶ ЀϹЁАЌϹϽ ЅІϹЃϹЁϼ ЀЂЄЈЂϿЂϷϼϼ ϼ ІϹЉЁЂϿЂϷϼϼ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ (ЄϼЅ. 5).
ϘϿГ БІϴЃϴ ϞЄЇЋϹЁА-ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ I (ЄϼЅ. 5, 1–5) ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЏ ЅІЄЂϽЁЏϹ ϴЀЈЂЄЏ/ЅЂЅЇϸЏ-ЇЄЁЏ Ѕ
϶ЏЃЇϾϿЏЀ ІЇϿЂ϶ЂЀ, ϶ЏЅЂϾЂϽ ЊϼϿϼЁϸЄϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ЌϹϽϾЂϽ Ѕ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴϿАЁЏЀ ϾЄϴϹЀ ϼ ϸ϶ЇЀГ ЄЇЋϾϴЀϼ
϶ ЀϹЅІϹ ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸϴ ЌϹϽϾϼ ϶ ІЇϿЂ϶Ђ ϼϿϼ Ѕ ϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾϼЀϼ ϶ЏЅІЇЃϴЀϼ ϼ ЋϹІЏЄАЀГ ІЄЇϵЋϴІЏЀϼ ЄЇЋϾϴЀϼ Ёϴ ІЇϿЂ϶Ϲ; ϷϿЇϵЂϾϼϹ ЇЅϹЋϹЁЁЂϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЀϼЅϾϼ ϼ ϾЄЇϺϾϼ Ѕ ϵϼЇЅϹЋϹЁЁЂϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾϼЀ ІЇϿЂ϶ЂЀ ϼ
ЊϼϿϼЁϸЄϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ЌϹϽϾЂϽ. ϥЃϹЊϼЈϼЋЁϴГ ϸϿГ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϷЂ БІϴЃϴ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϴЊϼГ (ЃϴЄϴϿϿϹϿАЁЏϹ
ϿϼЁϼϼ, ЂІІϼЅЁЇІЏϹ Ѕ ЃЂЀЂЍАВ ЌЁЇЄϴ ϼϿϼ ЃЄЂЋϹЄЋϹЁЁЏϹ) ЁϴЁϹЅϹЁϴ ϶ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЂЀ Ёϴ ЅЂЅЇϸЏ-ЇЄЁЏ ϼ
ϾЄЇϺϾϼ. ϣЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІϼ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ ϵЂϿАЌϹϽ ЋϴЅІАВ ϼЀϹϿϼ ЅϹЄЏϽ Њ϶ϹІ.
ϡϴ БІϴЃϹ ϞЄЇЋϹЁА-ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ II ϶ ЊϹϿЂЀ ϵЏІЇВІ ІϹ ϺϹ ІϼЃЏ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶, ЂϸЁϴϾЂ ϼЀ ЃЄϼЅЇЍϼ ЂІϸϹϿАЁЏϹ ЅЃϹЊϼЈϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЋϹЄІЏ (ЄϼЅ. 5, 7, 10–11). ϔЀЈЂЄЏ/ЅЂЅЇϸЏ-ЇЄЁЏ ЃЄϼЁϼЀϴВІ ϵϼЇЅϹЋϹЁЁЂϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЂЋϹЄІϴЁϼГ ϼ ЅЁϴϵϺϹЁЏ ϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾϼЀϼ ϶ЏЅІЇЃϴЀϼ ϼ ЀϴЅЅϼ϶ЁЏЀϼ ЄЇЋϾϴЀϼ-ЇЃЂЄϴЀϼ, ЄϴЅЃЂϿЂϺϹЁЁЏЀϼ ϶ ϶ϹЄІϼϾϴϿАЁЂϽ ЃϿЂЅϾЂЅІϼ Ёϴ ϶ЏЃЇϾϿЂϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ІЇϿЂ϶ϴ. ϣЄЂЈϼϿА ϶ϹЄЉЁϹϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ЀϼЅЂϾ
ЅІϴЁЂ϶ϼІЅГ ϻϴϾЄЇϷϿϹЁЁЏЀ, ϴ ϾЄϴϽ — ϻϴϷЁЇІЏЀ ϶ЁЇІЄА. ϞЄЇϺϾϼ ϼЀϹВІ ЇЅϹЋϹЁЁЂϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾЂϹ ІЇϿЂ϶Ђ
ϼ ЅϼϿАЁЂ ϶Ђϻ϶ЏЌϴВЍϼϹЅГ ЄЇЋϾϼ. ϔЀЈЂЄЏ/ЅЂЅЇϸЏ-ЇЄЁЏ БІЂϷЂ БІϴЃϴ ϸϹϾЂЄϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЏ ϶ϹЄІϼϾϴϿАЁЏЀϼ ϾϴЁЁϹϿВЄϴЀϼ ϶ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ІЇϿЂ϶ϴ, ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴϿАЁЏЀϼ ϾϴЁЁϹϿВЄϴЀϼ ϼϿϼ ϾϴЁЁϹϿВЄϴЀϼ ϶
϶ϼϸϹ ϷϼЄϿГЁϸ Ёϴ ЌϹϽϾϹ. ϣЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІϼ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ ϼЀϹВІ ІϹЀЁЂ-ЅϹЄЏϽ ϼϿϼ ЋϹЄЁЏϽ Њ϶ϹІ.
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ϦЄϴЁЅЈЂЄЀϴЊϼГ ϴЄЉϼІϹϾІЂЁϼϾϼ ϶ϹϸЇЍϼЉ ІϼЃЂ϶ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ, ЃЂГ϶ϿϹЁϼϹ ϼ ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸ Ͼ ϾϴЁЁϹϿϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϽ ІϹЉЁϼϾϹ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϴЊϼϼ, ЂЅ϶ЂϹЁϼϹ ϼ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴЁϼϹ ІϹЉЁЂϿЂϷϼϼ ЂϵϺϼϷϴ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ, ЃЄϼ ϾЂІЂЄЂЀ ϶ЁϹЌЁГГ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІА ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ ЅІϴЁЂ϶ϼІЅГ ϿЂЍϹЁЂϽ ϼ ϼЀϹϹІ ІϹЀЁЂ-ЅϹЄЏϽ ϼϿϼ ЋϹЄЁЏϽ Њ϶ϹІϴ
(ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂ, ЃЂЅІϹЃϹЁЁЏϽ ЂІϾϴϻ ЂІ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼЂЁЁЏЉ ϸϿГ ЃЄϹϸЌϹЅІ϶ЇВЍϹϷЂ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ЈЂЄЀ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ ϼ ЀЂІϼ϶Ђ϶ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϴ), І. Ϲ. ЃЂГ϶ϿϹЁϼϹ ЃϴЄϴЀϹІЄЂ϶, ЅЃϹЊϼЈϼЋЁЏЉ ЇϺϹ ϸϿГ ϶ІЂЄЂϷЂ БІϴЃϴ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ (ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ II /ϞЄЇЋϹЁА-ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ II), ЁϴЋϼЁϴϹІЅГ ϶ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ Bzϥ (Bzϥ2) ЂϸЁЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂ Ѕ ϼϻЀϹЁϹЁϼϹЀ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂ-ϼЅІЂЄϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ЅϼІЇϴЊϼϼ ϶ ϥЄϹϸЁϹЀ ϣЂϸЇЁϴ϶АϹ, ЋІЂ ϵЏϿЂ ЂϵЇЅϿЂ϶ϿϹЁЂ ЃЄЂϸ϶ϼϺϹЁϼϹЀ ϶ ЄϹϷϼЂЁ БϿϹЀϹЁІЂ϶/ЁЂЅϼІϹϿϹϽ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϹ϶ЄЂЃϹϽЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЁЏЉ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ (Horedt
1967: 137; ϦϴЅϼħ 1983: 100; Gumă 1997: 54). ϣЂГ϶ϿϹЁϼϹ БІϼЉ ϼЁЁЂ϶ϴЊϼϽ Ёϴ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϹ ϞϴЄϴϵЇЄЀϴ
ЂІЀϹЋϹЁЂ ϶ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϴЉ БІϴЃϴ ϞϴЄϴϵЇЄЀϴ II (ЃϹЄϼЂϸЏ Bzϥ1–BzD, 1400–1230 ϷϷ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.), ϾЂϷϸϴ ЂЁϼ
ϹЍϹ ЅЂЅЇЍϹЅІ϶ЇВІ Ѕ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼЂЁЁЏЀϼ ϸϿГ ЃЄϹϸЏϸЇЍϹϷЂ БІϴЃϴ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЏЀϼ БϿϹЀϹЁІϴЀϼ ЃЂЅЇϸЏ
(TodoroviΕ 1977: 144–146, 155–156), ϴ Ёϴ ЀЁЂϷЂЅϿЂϽЁЂЀ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϼ ϨϹЇϸ϶ϴЄ-ϠЂЌЂЄϼЁ — ϶ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϴЉ ЁϴЋϴϿϴ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ Bzϥ2 (Hänsel, MedoviΕ 1991: 65, Abb. 4).
. 6. ϞϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϞϼЌϼЁБЇ-ϞЂЄϿБІϹЁА ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϷЂ ϣЄϼϾϴЄЃϴІАГ: 1 — ϞЂЌЁϼЊϴ;
2 — Ϝ϶ϴЁЋϴ; 3, 5, 7 — ϠЏЁϸЄϹЌІА; 4, 6 — ϞЂЅІϹЌІА VII; 8 — ϡϹϷЄϹЌІА; 9–10 — ϦЄϼЈϹЌІА (ЃЂ Levi ki 2010)
Fig. 6. Pottery complex of the ChiΒinău-Corlăteni culture: 1 — CoΒni a; 2 — Ivancea; 3, 5, 7 — MîndreΒti; 4, 6 —
CosteΒti VII; 8 — NegreΒti; 9–10 — TrifeΒti (after Levi ki 2010)
252
,
,
ϱІϴЃ ϞЄЇЋϹЁА-ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ II ϶ ЄЇЀЏЁЅϾЂϽ ϼЅІЂЄϼЂϷЄϴЈϼϼ ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴϹІЅГ ϾϴϾ ϹϸϼЁЂϹ ЊϹϿЂϹ.
ϣЂ ЀЁϹЁϼВ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿϹϽ, ЂЁ ϻϴ϶ϹЄЌϴϹІ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼϹ ϶ ϾЂЁЊϹ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ BzD ϼ ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁϼϻϼЄЇϹІЅГ Ѕ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІЂЀ ϾϿϴϸЂ϶ ІϼЃϴ ϧЄϼЇ-ϘЂЀБЁϹЌІА. ϖ ІЂ ϺϹ ϶ЄϹЀГ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЃϴЄϴϿϿϹϿϼ ЀϹϺϸЇ ЂІϸϹϿАЁЏЀϼ БϿϹЀϹЁІϴЀϼ БІϴЃϴ ϞЄЇЋϹЁА II ϼ ЄϴЁЁϼЀϼ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГЀϼ ϶ ϕЂϵϸϹ ϼ «ϾϿϴϸЂЀ» ϞЂЄЁЇЊϹϿ/
Cornu el, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ϼЁ϶ϹЁІϴЄϹЀ ЄГϸϴ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϽ ЈϴϻЏ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾЂ϶ ϣϹЋϼЇ ϡЂЇ/Peciu Nou
ϼ ϦϼЀϼЌЂϴЄϴ(ЃЂϷЄ. 31), ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЀЂϷЇІ ϵЏІА ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЏ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϽ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁЂϽ ϼϿϼ ЅϹЄϹϸϼЁЂϽ XII ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б., ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГВІ ЃЄЂϸϿϼІА ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϾЇ БІϴЃϴ ϶ЃϿЂІА ϸЂ ЁϴЋϴϿϴ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ϡϴϔ1 ϼϿϼ ϸЂ
ЃϹЄ϶ЂϽ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁЏ XII ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б., ЃЄϼ БІЂЀ ϶ϹЄЉЁϼϽ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ЄЇϵϹϺ ЃЄϼЉЂϸϼІЅГ ЃЄϼЀϹЄЁЂ
Ёϴ 1150 Ϸ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (Gumă 1995: 100).
ϢϸЁϴϾЂ Б϶ЂϿВЊϼГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϞЄЇЋϹЁА-ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ Ёϴ БІЂЀ ЁϹ ϻϴ϶ϹЄЌϼϿϴЅА. ϡϴ ϹϹ ЂЅЁЂ϶Ϲ ϼ Ёϴ ϵϴϻϹ
ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁЁЏЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЉ ЂϵЍЁЂЅІϹϽ ЃЄϼϿϹϷϴВЍϼЉ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϽ (ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴ ϚЇІЂ ϕЄϸЂ-ϗЏЄϿϴ ϠϴЄϹ/
Žuto Brdo-Gîrla Mare ϼ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁϴГ ϷЄЇЃЃϴ ϕϴϿІϴ ϥБЄϴІБ/Balta Sărată, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ Єϴϻ϶ϼ϶ϴϿϼЅА ϶ЃϿЂІА ϸЂ
ЁϴЋϴϿϴ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ϡϴϔ) ЃЂϸ ϶ϿϼГЁϼГЀϼ ϼϻ϶ЁϹ (ЅЂ ϻЁϴЋϼІϹϿАЁЏЀ ϶ϾϿϴϸЂЀ ϷЄЇЃЃЏ ϞЅЂЄ϶ϴ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϹ϶ЄЂЃϹϽЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЁЏЉ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ), ϴ ϸϴϿϹϹ ЃЂϸ ϶ϿϼГЁϼϹЀ ϾЂЁІϴϾІЂ϶ Ѕ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏЀϼ ϷЄЇЃЃϴЀϼ
ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ЃЂϿϹϽ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏЉ ЇЄЁ (Urnenfelderkultur) ϼ ϷЄЇЃЃЏ ϜϷЄϼЊϴ ЅϾϿϴϸЏ϶ϴВІЅГ ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾЂ
ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЉ ЂϵЄϴϻЂ϶ϴЁϼϽ. ϖ ЊϹϿЂЀ ЂЁϼ ЂІЁЂЅГІЅГ Ͼ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЇ ϡϴϔ ϼ ЂϵЂϵЍϹЁЁЂ ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴВІЅГ «ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴЀϼ», ϼϿϼ «ϷЄЇЃЃϴЀϼ» («ϥЇЅϴЁА», «ϥЇЅϴЁА-ϕЂϵϸϴ»), ϼϿϼ ЅЇЀЀϴЄЁЂ ϼЁІϹϷЄϼЄЇВІЅГ ϶ ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ II.
ϖЃЂЅϿϹϸЅІ϶ϼϼ ЅІϴϿЂ ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЏЀ ЄϴϻϸϹϿϹЁϼϹ БІЂϷЂ ϴЀЂЄЈЁЂϷЂ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϷЂ ЀϴЅЅϼ϶ϴ Ёϴ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏϹ ϷЄЇЃЃЏ ІϼЃϴ ϦϼϾ϶ϴЁϼЇϿ ϠϴЄϹ-ϞϴЄϴϵЇЄЀϴ III/Ticvaniul Mare-Karaburma III, ϖЏЋϹϸЂϿ-ϡЂ϶ϼ
ϕϹϷϹϽ/Vučedol-Novi Begey, ϠЂϿϸЂ϶ϴ ϡЂЇϴ-ϟϼϵЂЄϴϺϸϹϴ/Moldova Noua-Liborajdea, ϩϼЁЂ϶ϴ-ϠϴϿϴ
ϖЄϵϼЊϴ/Hinova-Mala Vrbi a, ϥЇЅϴЁА/Susani, ϕЂϵϸϴ ϼ ϸЄ. ϜЉ Єϴϻ϶ϼІϼϹ ЇϾϿϴϸЏ϶ϴϹІЅГ ϶ ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸЁЏϽ
ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ЂІ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ Ͼ ЄϴЁЁϹЀЇ ϺϹϿϹϻЁЂЀЇ ϶ϹϾЇ (ЅϹЄϹϸϼЁϴ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ϡϴϔ1 — ЅϹЄϹϸϼЁϴ/ϾЂЁϹЊ
ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ϡϴϔ2) ϼ ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁϼϻϼЄЇϹІЅГ Ѕ ЈЇЁϾЊϼЂЁϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼϹЀ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏЉ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ, ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЏЉ ϸϿГ
ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴ ϾϿϴϸЂ϶ ІϼЃϴ ϫϼЁϾЇ-ϥЇЅϹЁА. ϖ ЊϹϿЂЀ ϵЏІЂ϶ϴЁϼϹ БІϼЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ/ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЉ ϷЄЇЃЃ ϻϴϾϴЁЋϼ϶ϴϹІЅГ ϷϸϹ-ІЂ ϶ ϾЂЁЊϹ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ϡϴϔ2. ϖ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ЄϹϷϼЂЁϴ, ϻϴЁГІЂϷЂ БІϼЀϼ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴЀϼ/
ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЀϼ ϷЄЇЃЃϴЀϼ, ϻϴ ЁϼЀϼ ЅϿϹϸЇϹІ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІ ЁϴЉЂϸЂϾ Ѕ ЋϹЄЁЂϿЂЍϹЁЂϽ ϾϴЁЁϹϿϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾЂϽ ІϼЃϴ ϗϴ϶ϴ-ϠϹϸϼϴЌ (ϾЂЁϹЊ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ϡϴϔ — ϡϴϖ1), ϶ ВϺЁЂϽ — ЃϹЄ϶ЏϹ ЃЄЂГ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ІϼЃϴ
ϗЂЄЁГ-ϞϴϿϴϾϴЋϴ ϼ ЂЅЂϵϹЁЁЂ ϜЁЅЇϿϴ ϕϴЁЇϿЇϽ (϶ІЂЄϴГ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁϴ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ϡϴϖ1) (Gumă 1993: 168 ff.;
1995: 103–104, 110–111; László 2001: 313–316).
II. 2.
(
)
—
. ϢϵЍЁЂЅІА
ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ Ѕ ϾϴЁЁϹϿϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾЂϽ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ϣЂϸЇЁϴ϶АГ ϼ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂ-ϾϴЄЃϴІЅϾЂϷЂ ЄϹϷϼЂЁϴ
ЃЄЂГ϶ϿГϹІЅГ ϶ ЃϹЄ϶ЇВ ЂЋϹЄϹϸА ϶ ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾЂЀ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸЅІ϶Ϲ. ϘϿГ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ЂϵЂϼЉ ЄϹϷϼЂЁЂ϶ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЂ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴЁϼϹ ЂϸϼЁϴϾЂ϶ЂϽ ІϹЉЁЂϿЂϷϼϼ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ЃЂЅЇϸЏ, ЂЅЂϵϹЁЁЂ ЋϹЄЁЂϿЂЍϹЁЂϽ,
ϼ ІЂІ ϺϹ ЁϴϵЂЄ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ ЅЂ ЅЃϹЊϼЈϼЋϹЅϾϼЀϼ ЀЂЄЈЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЀϼ ЂЅЂϵϹЁЁЂЅІГЀϼ (ϵЂϿАЌϼϹ ϵϼЇЅϹЋϹЁЁЂϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϴЀЈЂЄЏ/ЅЂЅЇϸЏ-ЇЄЁЏ Ѕ ϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾϼЀϼ ϶ЏЃЇϾϿЂЅІГЀϼ ϼ ЀϴЅЅϼ϶ЁЏЀϼ ЄЇЋϾϴЀϼЇЃЂЄϴЀϼ, ЄϴЅЃЂϿЂϺϹЁЁЏЀϼ ϶ ϶ϹЄІϼϾϴϿАЁЂϽ ЃϿЂЅϾЂЅІϼ Ёϴ ϶ЏЃЇϾϿЂϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ІЇϿЂ϶ϴ; ЂϾЄЇϷϿЂϵЂϾϼϹ
ЅЂЅЇϸЏ; ϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЀϼЅϾϼ Ѕ ϻϴϷЁЇІЏЀ ϶ЁЇІЄА ϾЄϴϹЀ; ЁϼϻϾϼϹ ЋϹЄЃϴϾϼ Ѕ ЅϼϿАЁЂ ϶Ђϻ϶ЏЌϴВЍϹϽЅГ
ЄЇЋϾЂϽ), ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ЃЄϼЀϹЁϹЁϼϹ ЂϸϼЁϴϾЂ϶ЂϽ ІϹЉЁϼϾϼ ЁϴЁϹЅϹЁϼГ ЇϻЂЄϴ ЃЂЅЄϹϸЅІ϶ЂЀ ϾϴЁЁϹϿВЄ, ЄϴЅЃЂϿЂϺϹЁЁЏЉ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴϿАЁЂ, ϶ϹЄІϼϾϴϿАЁЂ, ϾЂЅЂ ϼϿϼ ϶ ϶ϼϸϹ ϷϼЄϿГЁϸ, ϶ ЅЂЋϹІϴЁϼϼ Ѕ ϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾϼЀϼ ϶ЏЅІЇЃϴЀϼ ϼϿϼ Ђ϶ϴϿАЁЏЀϼ ЄЇЋϾϴЀϼ-ЇЃЂЄϴЀϼ (ЄϼЅ. 6). ϖ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴЉ Ѕ ϾϴЁЁϹϿϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾЂϽ
ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂ-ϾϴЄЃϴІЅϾЂϷЂ ЄϹϷϼЂЁϴ (ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴ ϞϼЌϼЁБЇ-ϞЂЄϿБІϹЁА) ГЅЁЂ ЃЄЂЅϿϹϺϼ϶ϴВІЅГ БϿϹЀϹЁІЏ
ІϼЃϴ ϥЇЅϴЁА, ϕЂϵϸϴ II, ϦϼϾ϶ϴЁϼЇϿ ϠϴЄϹ-ϞϴЄϴϵЇЄЀϴ III, ϩϼЁЂ϶ϴ-ϠϴϿϴ ϖЄϵϼЊϴ (László 1976: 89–98;
1980: 181–187; 1994: 125–128; 2001: 320; ϥЀϼЄЁЂ϶ϴ 1985: 46-47; 1990ϴ; 1990ϵ: 17–19; 1991: 211–217;
ϟϹ϶ϼЊϾϼϽ 1991: 21–22; Levi ki 1994ϴ: 152–154; 2010: 333–337; ϼ ϸЄ.).
ϖ ЃЂϿАϻЇ ϷϹЁϹІϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ЄЂϸЅІ϶ϴ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϞϼЌϼЁБЇ-ϞЂЄϿБІϹЁА ϼ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ
ϣЂϸЇЁϴ϶АГ, ЂІЁЂЅГЍϼЉЅГ Ͼ ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸЁЂЀЇ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЇ ЂІ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЂϷЂ ϶ϹϾϴ Ͼ ϺϹϿϹϻЁЂЀЇ, Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ЇϹІ ϹϸϼЁЅІ϶Ђ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ЂϵЄГϸϴ (ЅЀ. Levi ki 1994ϴ: 71–72; 2010: 335). ϞЄЂЀϹ ІЂϷЂ, ЁЂЅϼІϹϿϼ БІϼЉ
ϾЇϿАІЇЄ ЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴϿϼЅА ЂϸЁϼЀϼ ϼ ІϹЀϼ ϺϹ ІϼЃϴЀϼ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏЉ ЂЄЇϸϼϽ ІЄЇϸϴ, ЃЄϹϸЀϹІЂ϶ ϶ЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼГ ϼ, ЋІЂ ЂЅЂϵϹЁЁЂ ϶ϴϺЁЂ, ЂϸЁЂІϼЃЁЏЀϼ ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁϼГЀϼ: ЅЀЏЋϾЂ϶ЏϹ ϸ϶ЇЅЃϼЄϴϿАЁЏϹ ЈϼϵЇϿЏ Ѕ
ЃЄЂϷЁЇІЂϽ ЅЃϼЁϾЂϽ (ІϼЃ VBF II.2.B, ЃЂ ϞϴЌЇϵϴ — Kašuba 2008: 205, 224 Abb. 12), ЈϼϵЇϿЏ ІϼЃϴ
«posamenterie», ϵЄϴЅϿϹІЏ Ѕ ЄϴЅЌϼЄГВЍϼЀϼЅГ ϾЂЁЊϴЀϼ Ѕ ІЄϹЇϷЂϿАЁЏЀ ЅϹЋϹЁϼϹЀ, ϵЇϿϴ϶Ͼϼ Ѕ ϵϼϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϷЂϿЂ϶ϾЂϽ ϼ Ϸ϶ЂϻϸϹ϶ϼϸЁЏϹ ϵЇϿϴ϶Ͼϼ (Levi ki 1994ϴ: 154; 2003: fig. 3, 1–6; 10–17; ϘϹЄϷϴЋД϶
1997: 38–42; 2010: 98–110).
253
:
,
,
ϢІЁЂЅϼІϹϿАЁϴГ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϞϼЌϼЁБЇ-ϞЂЄϿБІϹЁА ϶ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂЀ ϣЄϼϾϴЄЃϴІАϹ Ёϴ ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂЀ БІϴЃϹ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼϽ ϶ЏϷϿГϸϼІ ЅϿϹϸЇВЍϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ. ϙϹ ЁϼϺЁϼϽ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ЄЇϵϹϺ ϶ЅϹЀϼ ЅЃϹЊϼϴϿϼЅІϴЀϼ ЇЅІϴЁϴ϶Ͽϼ϶ϴϹІЅГ Ёϴ ЂЅЁЂ϶Ϲ ЅІЄϴІϼϷЄϴЈϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϸϴЁЁЏЉ, ЃЂϿЇЋϹЁЁЏЉ
϶ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІϹ ЄϴЅϾЂЃЂϾ ЀЁЂϷЂЅϿЂϽЁЏЉ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϽ, ϷϸϹ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІЏ ЂϵϼІϴЁϼГ ЄϴЁЁϹϷϴϿАЌІϴІІЅϾЂϷЂ
϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ (ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϞϼЌϼЁБЇ-ϞЂЄϿБІϹЁА) ЁϹЃЂЅЄϹϸЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂ ЃϹЄϹϾЄЏ϶ϴВІ ЅϿЂϼ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ
БЃЂЉϼ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ (ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϡЂЇϴ).
ϥІЄϴІϼϷЄϴЈϼЋϹЅϾЂϹ ЅЂЂІЁЂЌϹЁϼϹ Ѕ ЃЄϹϸЌϹЅІ϶ЇВЍϹϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЂϽ ϡЂЇϴ (ЃЄГЀϴГ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿАЁЂЅІА) ІϴϾϺϹ ЅϿЇϺϼІ ЂЃЂЄЁЏЀ ЄϹЃϹЄЂЀ ЃЄϼ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁϼϼ ϴϵЅЂϿВІЁЂϽ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼϼ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ
ϞϼЌϼЁБЇ-ϞЂЄϿБІϹЁА. ϜЅЉЂϸГ ϼϻ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶ЇВЍϼЉ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϼϽ Ђ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϾϹ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹϽ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϷЄϴЁϼЊЏ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϡЂЇϴ ϶ ЃЄϹϸϹϿϴЉ ϶ІЂЄЂϽ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁЏ XII ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (Florescu 1964: 185,
189; Petrescu-Dîmbovi a 1964: 264–267; ϥЀϼЄЁЂ϶ϴ 1978: 70; Morintz 1978: 155; ϕϴϿϴϷЇЄϼ 1985: 488;
ϘϹЄϷϴЋД϶ 1986: 171) ϼ ЂЅЁЂ϶Џ϶ϴГЅА Ёϴ ϼЀϹВЍϹϽЅГ ЅϹЄϼϼ ϸϴІϼЄЇВЍϼЉ ϶ϹЍϹϽ ϼϻ ЄϴЁЁϹϷϴϿАЌІϴІІЅϾϼЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶, ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿϼ ЂІЁЂЅϼϿϼ ЃЂГ϶ϿϹЁϼϹ ϶ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂ-ϾϴЄЃϴІЅϾЂЀ ЄϹϷϼЂЁϹ ЄϴЁЁϹϷϴϿАЌІϴІІЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ Ѕ ϾϴЁЁϹϿϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾЂϽ Ͼ XII ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (Hänsel 1976: 111–113), Ͼ ЄЇϵϹϺЇ
ϩII–ϩI/ЁϹ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϹ ϾЂЁЊϴ ϩII ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (ϥЀϼЄЁЂ϶ϴ 1985: 47; 1991: 146) ϼϿϼ Ͼ ЅϹЄϹϸϼЁϹ XII ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.
(László 1976: 98; 1985: 20; 1989: 121–122). ϣЄϼ БІЂЀ ϻϴ϶ϹЄЌϹЁϼϹ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϕ. ϩБЁϻϹϿА ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴϿ ЁϴЋϴϿЂЀ X ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б., ϗ. Ϝ. ϥЀϼЄЁЂ϶ϴ — ϾЂЁЊЂЀ X ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б., ϔ. ϟϴЅϿЂ — ϾЂЁЊЂЀ IX ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϼ ϸϴϺϹ
ЃЂϻϸЁϹϹ. ϢϸϼЁ ϼϻ ϴ϶ІЂЄЂ϶ ЁϴЅІЂГЍϹϽ ЄϴϵЂІЏ ϶ Ѕ϶ЂϼЉ ЃЄϹϸЏϸЇЍϼЉ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼГЉ (ϟϹ϶ϼЊϾϼϽ 1991:
19–20; Levi ki 1994ϴ: 144–146) ЃЄϼ϶ЂϸϼϿ ϴЄϷЇЀϹЁІЏ ϶ ЃЂϿАϻЇ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϞϼЌϼЁБЇϞЂЄϿБІϹЁА ϶Ђ ϶ІЂЄЂϽ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁϹ ϩII — ϾЂЁЊϹ ϩ/ЁϴЋϴϿϹ IX ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.
ϡϴ ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂЀ БІϴЃϹ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼϽ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГ Ђ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϷЄϴЁϼЊϴЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϷЂ ϵϿЂϾϴ ϡЂЇϴ-ϥϴϵϴІϼЁЂ϶Ͼϴ-ϞЂЅϿЂϺϹЁА ϶Ђ ЀЁЂϷЂЀ ϼϻЀϹЁϼϿϼЅА. ϞϴϿϼϵЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϹ ЄϴϸϼЂϾϴЄϵЂЁЁЏϹ
ϸϴІЏ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ϼ ЁЂ϶ЏϹ БϷϹϽЅϾϼϹ ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼϼ ϾϴЄЃϴІЂ-ϵϴϿϾϴЁЅϾϼЀ ϵЄЂЁϻϴЀ ЃЂϾϴϻЏ϶ϴВІ ЇЅІЂϽЋϼ϶ЇВ
ІϹЁϸϹЁЊϼВ Ͼ ЇϸЄϹ϶ЁϹЁϼВ, ЃЂ ϾЄϴϽЁϹϽ ЀϹЄϹ ϸϴІЏ ЁϴЋϴϿϴ БІϼЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ (ЅЀ. Sava 2002: 202 ff., 213–
220; 2003; ϥϴ϶ϴ 2003: 147–149; ϘϹЄϷϴЋД϶ 2011: 241–246; ϕЂЋϾϴЄД϶ 2012: 194 ЅϿ.; ϼ ϸЄ.). ϙ. ϡ. ϥϴ϶ϴ ЃЄϼ϶ЂϸϼІ ϴЄϷЇЀϹЁІЏ ϶ ЃЂϿАϻЇ ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸϴ ЂІ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ Ͼ ϵϿЂϾЇ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ ϡЂЇϴ-ϥϴϵϴІϼЁЂ϶Ͼϴ
ϹЍϹ ϶ XVI ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (Sava 2002: 219–220; ϥϴ϶ϴ, ϞϴϽϻϹЄ 2011: 378 ЅϿ.). ϢЅЁЂ϶Џ϶ϴГЅА Ёϴ ϼЀϹВЍϼЉЅГ
ЄϴϸϼЂЇϷϿϹЄЂϸЁЏЉ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϾϴЉ Ѕ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϷЂ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴ ϡЂЇϴ-ϥϴϵϴІϼЁЂ϶Ͼϴ-ϞЂЅϿЂϺϹЁА
ϼ ЄϴЁЁϹϷϴϿАЌІϴІІЅϾϼЉ, ϖ. ϔ. ϘϹЄϷϴЋД϶ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿГϹІ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼГ ЃϹЄ϶ЏЉ ϶ ЃЄϹϸϹϿϴЉ 1600/1500–1250/1150 ϖϥ (BzB1/BzB2–BzD/HaA1), ϴ ϶ІЂЄЏЉ — ϶ ϸϼϴЃϴϻЂЁϹ XII–X ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.
(ЅЀ. ϘϹЄϷϴЋД϶ 2011: 241–246, ЄϼЅ. 154). ϖ Ѕ϶ЂВ ЂЋϹЄϹϸА ϖ. ϥ. ϕЂЋϾϴЄД϶ ЃЄЂϵϿϹЀЇ ЇϸЄϹ϶ЁϹЁϼГ ϵϿЂϾϴ
ϾЇϿАІЇЄ ϡЂЇϴ-ϥϴϵϴІϼЁЂ϶Ͼϴ-ϞЂЅϿЂϺϹЁА ЄϴЅЅЀЂІЄϹϿ Ѕ ЃЂϻϼЊϼϽ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂϹ϶ЄЂЃϹϽЅϾЂϽ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼϼ,
ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЇГ ϶ ϾϴЋϹЅІ϶Ϲ ϵϴϻЂ϶ЏЉ ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІЂ϶ ЀϹІϴϿϿϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏЉ ІϼЃЂ϶, ЁϴϽϸϹЁЁЏϹ
϶ ϡϼϺЁϹЀ ϣЂϸЇЁϴ϶АϹ, ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂЀ ϣЄϼϾϴЄЃϴІАϹ ϼ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЂ-ϛϴЃϴϸЁЂЀ ϣЄϼЋϹЄЁЂЀЂЄАϹ. ϣЂ ϹϷЂ ЀЁϹЁϼВ, ЃЄϼ϶ϹϸϹЁЁЏϹ ϸϴЁЁЏϹ ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГВІ ЁϴЋϴϿЂ ϡЂЇϴ ϼ ϥϴϵϴІϼЁЂ϶Ͼϼ ЂІЁЂЅϼІА ϾЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЁϹ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϹ
XV ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б., ϴ ϼЉ ϾЂЁϹЋЁЏϹ ЈϴϻЏ ЃЂЀϹЍϴІА ϶ ЃЄϹϸϹϿЏ XIII ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (ϕЂЋϾϴЄД϶ 2012: 206).
ϘϿГ ЁϴЌϹϷЂ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ϶ϴϺЁЂ ЃЂϸЋϹЄϾЁЇІА, ЋІЂ ЁϴϾЂЃϿϹЁЁЏϹ Ͼ ЁϴЅІЂГЍϹЀЇ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ϸϴЁЁЏϹ ЃЂ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϹ ϞϼЌϼЁБЇ-ϞЂЄϿБІϹЁА ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГВІ ϷЂ϶ЂЄϼІА Ђ ϵЂϿϹϹ ЄϴЁЁϹЀ, ЋϹЀ ЅϹЄϹϸϼЁϴ
XII ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б., ϹϹ ЃЂГ϶ϿϹЁϼϼ ϶ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂ-ϞϴЄЃϴІЅϾЂЀ ЄϹϷϼЂЁϹ — ϶ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϽ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁϹ XII ϼ, ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ, ϶ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϹϽ ЋϹІ϶ϹЄІϼ XIII ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϖ ЃЂϿАϻЇ БІЂϷЂ ϼЀϹВІЅГ ЄϴϻЁЂЂϵЄϴϻЁЏϹ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ϴ ϼ ϴЄϷЇЀϹЁІЏ. ϖЂ-ЃϹЄ϶ЏЉ, ЅϿϹϸЇϹІ ЇЃЂЀГЁЇІА ϾϿϴϸЏ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏЉ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ, ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЏϹ ϶ ϴЄϹϴϿϹ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϡЂЇϴ ϼ ЅЂϸϹЄϺϴЍϼϹ ЃϹЄ϶ЏϹ «ϷϴϿАЌІϴІІЅϾϼϹ ϶ϾЄϴЃϿϹЁϼГ», І. Ϲ. ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϸЇЁϴϽЅϾϼЉ, ІЄϴЁЅϼϿА϶ϴЁЅϾϼЉ ϼ/ϼϿϼ ϶ϹЁϷϹЄЅϾϼЉ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼϽ, — ϞЏЁϸϹЌІА/CândeΒti, ϕБϿϹЁА/Băleni, ϗϼЂЌϹЁА/
GioΒeni, ϪϼϷБЁϹЌІА/ igăneΒti, ϦБІБЄБЁА/Tătărăni, ϡϹϷЄϹЌІА/NegreΒti, ϦЂЀϹЌІА/TomeΒti, ϠЏЁϸЄϹЌІА/
MândreΒti, ϦϹЊϾϴЁА/Te cani ϼ ϸЄ. (ϘϹЄϷϴЋД϶ 2011: 259–260); ϶Ђ-϶ІЂЄЏЉ, ϾϿϴϸЏ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏЉ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ, ЁϴϽϸϹЁЁЏϹ Ёϴ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϞϼЌϼЁБЇ-ϞЂЄϿБІϹЁА ϼ ЁϹ ϼЀϹВЍϼϹ ϶ Ѕ϶ЂϹЀ ЅЂЅІϴ϶Ϲ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЏϹ
ϸϿГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϡЂЇϴ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІЏ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏЉ ІϼЃЂ϶ — ϜϿϼЌϹЁА/IliΒeni (Foit 1964: 461–469), ϤЇϺϼЁЂϴЅϴ/
Ruginoasa (Ursachi 1968a: 27 ff.) ϼ ϸЄ.; ϶-ІЄϹІАϼЉ, ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂ-ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІЏ Ѕ ϾϴЁЁϹϿϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾЂϽ Ёϴ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГЉ, ϶ ЅϿЂГЉ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏϹ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϸЇЁϴϽЅϾϼЉ, ІЄϴЁЅϼϿА϶ϴЁЅϾϼЉ ϼ/ϼϿϼ ϶ϹЁϷϹЄЅϾϼЉ ІϼЃЂ϶ ЅϹЄϼϼ ϫϼЁϾЇ-ϥЇЅϹЁА (Haϔ1): ϣЂГЁϴ ϘЇϿЋϹЌІА/
Poiana DulceΒti — ϵЇϿϴ϶Ͼϼ Ѕ ϸϼЅϾЂ϶ϼϸЁЂϽ ϼϿϼ ϵϼϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϷЂϿЂ϶ϾЂϽ (Ursachi 1968b: 150, fig. 29,
1, 6); ϦЏЄЃϹЌІА-ϤЏЃϴ ϿЇϽ ϕЂϸϴϽ /TârpeΒti-Rîpa lui Bodai — ϵЇϿϴ϶Ͼϼ Ѕ Ϸ϶ЂϻϸϹ϶ϼϸЁЂϽ ϷЂϿЂ϶ϾЂϽ
(Marinescu-Bîlcu 1981: 147–159, fig. 4, 1–3); ϣЂϹЁϹЌІА/PoieneΒti — ЀϹЋ Ѕ ГϻЏЋϾЂ϶ϼϸЁЂϽ ЄЇϾЂГІϾЂϽ
254
,
,
ІϼЃϴ ϡϹЁЊϼЁϷϹЁ/Nenzingen (Petrescu-Dîmbovi a 1953: 465, 472–473, fig. 13); ϤϴІϹЌЇϿ ϞЇϻϹϽ/RateΒul
Cuzei — ЈϼϵЇϿϴ ІϼЃϴ ϣϹЅϾАϹЄϴ/Peschiera (Buzdugan 1979: 59–75) ϼϿϼ ІϼЃϴ VBF I.1.A, ЃЂ ϞϴЌЇϵϴ
(Kašuba 2008: 205, 224, Abb. 12); ϕЇЁϹЌІА/BuneΒti — ϾϹϿАІ ІϼЃϴ ϣϹІϹЄϸ/Peterd (Petrescu-Dîmbovi a
1953: 465; Coman 1980: 89), ϕЇВϾϴЁϼϽ ϖϹϾА/Buiucanii Vechi — ЃϿЂЅϾϼϽ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾ ЅІЄϹϿЏ Ѕ ϸ϶ЇЀГ
ϾЄЏϿЏЌϾϴЀϼ (ϔϷЇϿАЁϼϾЂ϶, ϦϾϴЋЇϾ 1990: 105–107); ϦЄϼЁϾϴ/Trinca — ϵЇϿϴ϶Ͼϼ Ѕ ϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϼϿϼ ϵϼϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϷЂϿЂ϶ϾЂϽ (Levi ki et al. 2003: 171–182) ϼ ϸЄ. Ϝ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЊ, ϶ БІЂЀ ϾЂЁІϹϾЅІϹ ЁЇϺЁЂ Ёϴϻ϶ϴІА
ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГ, ϶ ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴЉ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЋϹЄЁЂϿЂЍϹЁЏϹ ϵϼЇЅϹЋϹЁЁЂϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϴЀЈЂЄЏ/
ЅЂЅЇϸЏ-ЇЄЁЏ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЏ ϶ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ЃЂϿЂЅЂϽ ϼϻ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴϿАЁЏЉ ЃϴЄϴϿϿϹϿАЁЏЉ ϾϴЁЁϹϿВЄ ϶ ЅЂЋϹІϴЁϼϼ Ѕ ЄГϸЂЀ ЂϾЄЇϷϿЏЉ ЇϷϿЇϵϿϹЁϼϽ — ЀЂІϼ϶, ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЏϽ ϸϿГ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ϞЄЇЋϹЁАϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ (Radu 1973: fig. 7, 1; ϦЄϵЇЉЂ϶ϼħ 1960–1961: ЅϿ. 33) ϼ ЁϹϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЏϽ Ёϴ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЉ ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸЁЂϷЂ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЉ ϷЄЇЃЃ ϦϼϾ϶ϴЁϼЇϿ ϠϴЄϹ-ϞϴЄϴϵЇЄЀϴ III, ϖЏЋϹϸЂϿ-ϡЂ϶ϼ ϕϹϷϹϽ, ϠЂϿϸЂ϶ϴ
ϡЂЇϴ-ϟϼϵЂЄϴϺϸϹϴ, ϩϼЁЂ϶ϴ-ϠϴϿϴ ϖЄϵϼЊϴ, ϥЇЅϴЁА, ϕЂϵϸϴ ϼ ϸЄ. (ЅЀ. Gumă 1995): ϣЂϸЇϿ ϜϿЂϴϹϽ/
Podul Iloaiei (Nestor 1952: 31, fig. 5, 1; László 1994: 123, 137, Nota 294), ϟЇϾϴЌϹЇϾϴ/LucaΒeuca II
(Levi ki 1994ϴ: 85, fig. 16, 7), ϠЏЁϸЄϹЌІА/MândreΒti (ϟϴЃЇЌЁГЁ 1979: ЄϼЅ. 22, 2, 5; Levi ki 1994ϴ: 85,
fig. 24, 4), ϣϹІЄЇЉϴ/Petruha (Levi ki 1994ϴ: 85, fig. 39, 4), ϕЇЄЅЇЋϹЁА/Bursuceni I (ϟϴЄϼЁϴ, ϣЂЅІϼϾБ
1990: 257, ЄϼЅ. 2, 2, 6), ϣϹІЄЇЌϹЁА/PetruΒeni, ϥϹϿϼЌІϹ/SeliΒte, ϠБЁЂϼϿϹЌІА/MănoileΒti, ϗϼϸϼϷϼЋАЅϴІ/Ghidighici-sat ϼ ϸЄ. (Levi ki 1994ϴ: 85, fig. 35, 10; 46, 11).
ϜЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϼЉ ϿϹІ ЀϹЁГВІ ЁϴЌϼ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ЁϹ ІЂϿАϾЂ Ђ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ϵЏІЂ϶ϴЁϼГ
ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϞϼЌϼЁБЇ-ϞЂЄϿБІϹЁА, ЁЂ ІϴϾϺϹ Ђ ЅЇϸАϵϴЉ ϹϹ ЁЂЅϼІϹϿϹϽ ϼ Ђ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄϹ ϼЉ ϶ϻϴϼЀЂЂІЁЂЌϹЁϼϽ Ѕ ЂϾЄЇϺϴВЍϼЀ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼϹЀ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϷЂ ϣЄϼЋϹЄЁЂЀЂЄАГ. ϘЂϿϷЂϹ ϶ЄϹЀГ Ђϵ ЇЋϴЅІϼ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ,
ЅЂϻϸϴ϶ЌϼЉ ϶ЏЌϹЁϴϻ϶ϴЁЁЇВ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЇ, ЁϹ ЀЂϷϿϼ ЅϾϴϻϴІА ЁϼЋϹϷЂ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁЁЂϷЂ. ϥЋϼІϴϿϼ, ЁϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ, ЋІЂ ЂЁϼ ϵЏϿϼ ϴЅЅϼЀϼϿϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЏ (ЅЀ. ϥЀϼЄЁЂ϶ϴ 1990ϴ: 32; ϟϹ϶ϼЊϾϼϽ 1991: 20–22; Levi ki 1994ϴ:
154–156). ϥϹϽЋϴЅ ϶ЅϹ ϵЂϿϹϹ ЂЋϹ϶ϼϸЁЂ, ЋІЂ ЁЂЅϼІϹϿϼ БІЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϷϸϹ-ІЂ ϶ ЁϴЋϴϿϹ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ϡϴϖ1
«ЇЌϿϼ» ϶ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЁЂЀ/ЅϹ϶ϹЄЂ-ϻϴЃϴϸЁЂЀ ЁϴЃЄϴ϶ϿϹЁϼϼ (ϵϿϼϺϹ Ͼ ϞϴЄЃϴІϴЀ) ϼ ЂЅ϶ЂϼϿϼ ϵϴЅЅϹϽЁЏ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹϷЂ ІϹЋϹЁϼГ Є. ϥϼЄϹІ ϼ ЂІЋϴЅІϼ ϖϹЄЉЁϹϷЂ ϣЂϸЁϹЅІЄЂ϶АГ (Levi ki 2010: 356–357), ϷϸϹ ЈϼϾЅϼЄЇВІЅГ
ЁϴϼϵЂϿϹϹ ЃЂϻϸЁϼϹ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ — ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϹ ϥϼϿϼЌІϹϴ ϡЂЇБ/SiliΒtea Nouă, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ЃЂϻϸЁϼϹ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІЏ ϷЂϿϼϷЄϴϸЅϾϼЉ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϽ ϠϴϷϴϿϴ (ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІ ϠϴϷϴϿϴ IV), ϟЂϹ϶ϴ, ϦϹϾЇЋϴ ϼ ϸЄ. (Levi ki 2003:
23–26). ϢϸЁϴ ϼϻ ЃЄϼЋϼЁ ІϴϾЂϷЂ ЃЄЂϸ϶ϼϺϹЁϼГ ЀЂϷϿϴ ϵЏІА Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁϴ Ѕ ЃЂГ϶ϿϹЁϼϹЀ ϶ ЄϹϷϼЂЁϹ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ
ЄϴЁЁϹϷϴϿАЌІϴІІЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϞЂϻϼГ-ϥϴЉϴЄЁϴ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ Ѕ ϾЂЁЊϴ XI ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ЁϴЋϼЁϴВІ ЂЅ϶ϴϼ϶ϴІА
ЄϹϷϼЂЁ ϼ ϻϴЅϹϿГВІ ВϺЁЏϹ ЂϵϿϴЅІϼ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ϣЂϸЁϹЅІЄЂ϶АГ, ЂЅЂϵϹЁЁЂ ϘЁϹЅІЄЂ϶ЅϾЂ-ϤϹЇІЅϾЂϹ ЀϹϺϸЇЄϹЋАϹ (ЅЀ. ϞϴЌЇϵϴ 2000: 242 ЅϿ., 255 ЅϿ., ЄϼЅ. I; KaΒuba 2010: 357 ff.). ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ЃЄЂϵϿϹЀϴ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶Ͼϼ
ϼ ЅЂϸϹЄϺϴЁϼГ ЈϼЁϴϿАЁЂϽ ЅІϴϸϼϼ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϞϼЌϼЁБЇ-ϞЂЄϿБІϹЁА ЂЅІϴϹІЅГ ЅЃЂЄЁЂϽ. ϤГϸ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿϹϽ ЃЄϼϸϹЄϺϼ϶ϴϹІЅГ ЀЁϹЁϼГ, ЋІЂ ЃЂГ϶ϿϹЁϼϹ ϶ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂ-ϞϴЄЃϴІЅϾЂЀ ЄϹϷϼЂЁϹ ЁЂЅϼІϹϿϹϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϞЂϻϼГ-ϥϴЉϴЄЁϴ ЅЃЂЅЂϵЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴϿЂ ЃЄϹϾЄϴЍϹЁϼВ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϞϼЌϼЁБЇ-ϞЂЄϿБІϹЁА
(ϥЀϼЄЁЂ϶ϴ 1985: 48; ϟϹ϶ϼЊϾϼϽ 1991: 20; ϟϹ϶ϼЊϾϼϽ, ϘϹЀЋϹЁϾЂ 1991: 147–149). ϘЄЇϷϼϹ ЇЋϹЁЏϹ, ЁϴЃЄЂІϼ϶, ЃЂϿϴϷϴВІ, ЋІЂ ЃЂГ϶ϼ϶ЌϹϹЅГ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼϹ ϻϴЁГϿЂ ІЂϿАϾЂ ЋϴЅІА ϴЄϹϴϿϴ, ЃЄϼЁϴϸϿϹϺϴЍϹϷЂ ϴ϶ІЂЉІЂЁЁЏЀ ЃϿϹЀϹЁϴЀ, ЃЄϼ БІЂЀ ЂϵϹ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ЅЂЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴϿϼ ϶ЃϿЂІА ϸЂ ϡϴϥ1 (László 1976: 97–98; 1985:
11, 14, 19; 1989: 121–122; Petrescu-Dîmbovi a 1988: 182).
ϡϴ ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂЀ ЇЄЂ϶ЁϹ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼϽ ϾЂЁІϴϾІЏ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϷЂ ϣЄϼЋϹЄЁЂЀЂЄАГ ϼ ЁЂЅϼІϹϿϹϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϞϼЌϼЁБЇ-ϞЂЄϿБІϹЁА ЂЊϹЁϼ϶ϴВІЅГ ϾϴϾ ϼЁІϹЁЅϼ϶ЁЏϹ. ϡϹЃЂЅЄϹϸЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂ ЂІ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϼЉ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼϹ ЅІϹЃЁЂϽ ϵϹϿЂϻϹЄЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ЃϹЄϹЁГϿЂ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ІϼЃЏ ϿЂЍϹЁЂϽ ЃЂЅЇϸЏ, ϶ ЋϴЅІЁЂЅІϼ ϾЇϵϾϼ ϼ ϾЇϵϾЂ϶ϼϸЁЏϹ ЅЂЅЇϸЏ, ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϹ ϾϴЁЁϹϿϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЀϼ, ЃЄЂЋϹЄЋϹЁЁЏЀϼ ϼϿϼ
ЄϹϿАϹЈЁЏЀϼ ЀЂІϼ϶ϴЀϼ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ЋϴЌϼ, ϵϼЇЅϹЋϹЁЁЂϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϴЀЈЂЄЏ/ЅЂЅЇϸЏ-ЇЄЁЏ (ϼϿϼ ϾЂЄЋϴϷϼ),
ЋϹЄЃϴϾϼ ϼ ЀϼЅϾϼ Ѕ ϻϴϷЁЇІЏЀ ϾЄϴϹЀ (ЅЀ. Levi ki 2003: 40–66).
ϢЃЄϹϸϹϿГВЍЇВ ЄЂϿА ЅЏϷЄϴϿϼ ЁЂЅϼІϹϿϼ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϞϼЌϼЁБЇ-ϞЂЄϿБІϹЁА ϶ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁϼϼ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ϼЁЁЂ϶ϴЊϼϽ (ЁϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ, ϸϹІϴϿϼ ϾЂЅІВЀϴ). ϣЂГ϶ϿϹЁϼϹ ϶ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂЀ ϣЄϼЋϹЄЁЂЀЂЄАϹ
ЅЃϹЊϼЈϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϼІϴϿϼϽЅϾЂϽ ЂϸϹϺϸЏ ϼ, ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂ, ЈϼϵЇϿ (ЃϿϴЍ-ЁϴϾϼϸϾϴ Ѕ ϻϴЅІϹϺϾЂϽ) ЂЅЇЍϹЅІ϶ϼϿЂЅА ϵϿϴϷЂϸϴЄГ ІЄϴЁЅϸЇЁϴϽЅϾЂЀЇ ϸϴϿАЁϹЀЇ ЃЇІϼ, ЃЄЂЉЂϸϼ϶ЌϹЀЇ ЂІ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЂ-϶ЂЅІЂϾϴ ϜІϴϿϼϼ
ЃЂ Є. ϥϴ϶ϴ ϸЂ ϶ЃϴϸϹЁϼГ ϹϹ ϶ ϘЇЁϴϽ (϶ ϹϷЂ ЅЄϹϸЁϹЀ ІϹЋϹЁϼϼ) ϼ ϸϴϿϹϹ ϶ϸЂϿА ϘЇЁϴГ. ϦϴϾϼϹ ϸϴϿАЁϼϹ
ϾЂЁІϴϾІЏ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЂ-ЃЄϼЋϹЄЁЂЀЂЄЅϾЂϷЂ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ЀЂϷϿϼ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴІА ІЂϿАϾЂ ϵϿϴϷЂϸϴЄГ ЃЂЅЄϹϸЁϼЋϹЅІ϶Ї ЂϵЍЁЂЅІϹϽ ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ II/ϞЄЇЋϹЁА-ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ II, ϿЂϾϴϿϼϻЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЉ ϶ ЄϴϽЂЁϹ ϚϹϿϹϻЁЏЉ ϖЂЄЂІ
Ёϴ ϥЄϹϸЁϹЀ ϘЇЁϴϹ. ϖ ϼЉ ЅЄϹϸϹ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЏ ЄϴЁЁϼϹ ЅЀЏЋϾЂ϶ЏϹ ϸ϶ЇЅЃϼЄϴϿАЁЏϹ ЈϼϵЇϿЏ Ѕ ЃЄЂϷЁЇІЂϽ
ЅЃϼЁϾЂϽ (ІϼЃЏ VBF II.2.ϔ ϼ VBF II.2.B, ЃЂ ϞϴЌЇϵϴ). ϠϼϷЄϴЊϼГ БІϼЉ ЂϵЍЁЂЅІϹϽ ϶ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂЀ Ёϴ255
:
,
,
ЃЄϴ϶ϿϹЁϼϼ ϼ ЃЂГ϶ϿϹЁϼϹ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϞϼЌϼЁБЇ-ϞЂЄϿБІϹЁА (Ёϴ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϼ ϟЇϾϴЌϹЇϾϴ II ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁϴ ЂϸЁϴ
ЄϴЁЁГГ ЈϼϵЇϿϴ: ІϼЃ VBF II.2.B, ЃЂ ϞϴЌЇϵϴ) ЅЃЂЅЂϵЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴϿϴ ІЄϴЁЅЈϹЄЇ ЅЃЂЅЂϵϴ ϺϹЅІϾЂϷЂ ϻϴϾЄϹЃϿϹЁϼГ ЂϸϹϺϸЏ ϼ/ϼϿϼ ЃϹЄϹϸϴЋϹ ЅϴЀЂϷЂ ЂϸϹГЁϼГ. ϖ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІϹ БІЂϷЂ ϶ ІϹЋϹЁϼϹ XI — ЁϴЋϴϿϹ ϩ ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.
϶ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂЀ ϣЄϼЋϹЄЁЂЀЂЄАϹ ϵЏϿЂ ЁϴϿϴϺϹЁЂ ЀϹЅІЁЂϹ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸЅІ϶Ђ ЄϴЁЁϼЉ ЈϼϵЇϿ «ЅϹ϶ϹЄЂЃЂЁІϼϽЅϾЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ» (ЅЀ. Kašuba 2008: 211 ff., Abb. 19).
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ϢІЁϹЅϹЁϼϹ ЄϴЁЁϹϷϴϿАЌІϴІІЅϾϼЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ Ѕ ϾϴЁЁϹϿϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾЂϽ ϶ ϞϴЄЃϴІЂϣЂϸЇЁϴ϶АϹ ϼ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂ-ϾϴЄЃϴІЅϾЂЀ ЄϹϷϼЂЁϹ Ͼ ϹϸϼЁЂЀЇ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂЀЇ ЀϴЅЅϼ϶Ї (ЅЀ. ϶ЏЌϹ) ϶Ђ ЀЁЂϷЂЀ
ЂϵЇЅϿЂ϶ϿϹЁЂ ЂІЅЇІЅІ϶ϼϹЀ Ї ЅЃϹЊϼϴϿϼЅІЂ϶ ЂϵЍϹϷЂ ЀЁϹЁϼГ ЂІЁЂЅϼІϹϿАЁЂ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂ-ϼЅІЂЄϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ
ЃЄЂЊϹЅЅЂ϶, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЃЄϼ϶ϹϿϼ Ͼ ЅϿЂϺϹЁϼВ БІϴЃϴ ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ II/ϞЄЇЋϹЁА-ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ II, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ЄϴϻЁЂϷϿϴЅϼГЀϼ ЃЂ ЃЂ϶ЂϸЇ ЅЂϸϹЄϺϴЁϼГ, ЃЄЂϸЂϿϺϼІϹϿАЁЂЅІϼ ϼ ЅЂЂІЁЂЌϹЁϼГ ϸϴЁЁЂϷЂ БІϴЃϴ Ѕ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЂϽ ϗϴ϶ϴ —
ІЂЋЁϹϹ, ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁЁЂϽ ϹЀЇ ЄϴЁЁϹϽ ЈϴϻЂϽ ϟБЃЇЌ II — ϗϴ϶ϴ I. ϢЅІϴЁЂ϶ϼЀЅГ Ёϴ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϹЀ ϶ЂЃЄЂЅϹ.
ϞϴϾ ϵЏϿЂ ЃЂϾϴϻϴЁЂ ϶ЏЌϹ, ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ/ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏϹ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЏ Ѕ ϾϴЁЁϹϿϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾЂϽ
ϟБЃЇЌ II — ϗϴ϶ϴ I ϼ ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ II/ϞЄЇЋϹЁА-ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ II ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿГВІ ЅЂϵЂϽ ϸ϶ϴ ЄЂϸЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЉ, ЋϴЅІϼЋЁЂ ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁЁЏЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЉ ЂϵЄϴϻЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ БЃЂЉϼ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ Ѕ ЋϹІϾЂ ЂϵЂϻЁϴЋϹЁЁЏЀϼ ϴЄϹϴϿϴЀϼ, ϷЄϴЁϼЊϹϽ ЀϹϺϸЇ ϾЂІЂЄЏЀϼ ЇЅϿЂ϶ЁЂ ЅЋϼІϴϹІЅГ ϸЂϿϼЁϴ Є. ϠЇЄϹЌ (ЅЀ. Forenbaher
1994: 49–50) (ЄϼЅ. 1–2). ϩЂІГ ЂЁϼ ЅϿЂϺϼϿϼЅА Ёϴ ЂЅЁЂ϶Ϲ ЀϹЅІЁЏЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ ЃЄϹϸЌϹЅІ϶ЇВЍϹϷЂ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ
(ϥЇЋϼЇ ϸϹ ϥЇЅ II — ϟБЃЇЌ I ϼ ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ I/ϞЄЇЋϹЁА-ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ I), ϶ ЃЄЂЊϹЅЅϴЉ ϼЉ ЈЂЄЀϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ϴϾІϼ϶ЁЇВ ЄЂϿА ЅЏϷЄϴϿϼ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼϼ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϹ϶ЄЂЃϹϽЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЁЏЉ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ, ЋІЂ ЃЄϼϸϴϿЂ
ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴϹЀЏЀ ЄϴЁЁϹϷϴϿАЌІϴІІЅϾϼЀ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴЀ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁЁЂϹ ЅЉЂϸЅІ϶Ђ.
ϫϹЄЁЂϿЂЍϹЁϴГ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ, ϴЀЈЂЄЏ/ЅЂЅЇϸЏ-ЇЄЁЏ ϵϼЇЅϹЋϹЁЁЂϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЂЋϹЄІϴЁϼϽ, ϾϴЁЁϹϿϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϽ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІ Г϶ϿГВІЅГ ЅЃϹЊϼЈϼЋϹЅϾϼЀϼ ϾЂЀЃЂЁϹЁІϴЀϼ ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЂ϶
ЂϵЂϼЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЉ ЂϵЄϴϻЂ϶ϴЁϼϽ Ѕ ϾϴЁЁϹϿϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾЂϽ ϶ ϞϴЄЃϴІЂ-ϘЇЁϴϽЅϾЂЀ ЄϹϷϼЂЁϹ.
ϢϸЁЂЄЂϸЁЂЅІА ϼЀϹЁЁЂ БІϼЉ БϿϹЀϹЁІЂ϶ ϶ ϖϹЄЉЁϹЀ ϣЂІϼЅАϹ ϼ ϥЄϹϸЁϹЀ ϣЂϸЇЁϴ϶АϹ ЃЄϼ϶ϹϿϴ Ͼ ІЂЀЇ,
ЋІЂ ϸϿГ ЂϵЂϻЁϴЋϹЁϼГ ϴЀЈЂЄ/ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶-ЇЄЁ ЁϹЄϹϸϾЂ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЇϹІЅГ ЂϸϼЁ ϼ ІЂІ ϺϹ ІϹЄЀϼЁ — «ІϼЃ ϗϴ϶ϴ».
Ϙ϶ϴ ЂϵЅІЂГІϹϿАЅІ϶ϴ ϶Ђ ЀЁЂϷЂЀ ЅЃЂЅЂϵЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴϿϼ ЃЄЂЋЁЂЀЇ ϻϴϾЄϹЃϿϹЁϼВ БІЂϷЂ ІϹЄЀϼЁϴ ϸϿГ ЂϵЂϻЁϴЋϹЁϼГ ϴЀЈЂЄ/ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶-ЇЄЁ ϼ ϶ ϥЄϹϸЁϹЀ ϣЂϸЇЁϴ϶АϹ. ϥ ЂϸЁЂϽ ЅІЂЄЂЁЏ, Ͼ «ІϼЃЇ ϗϴ϶ϴ» ϔ. ϠЂϺЂϿϼЋ
ЃЄϼЋϼЅϿϼϿϴ ЅЂЅЇϸ (ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЏϽ ϸϿГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ II), ϶ ϾЂІЂЄЂЀ ϵЏϿ ЁϴϽϸϹЁ ϾϿϴϸ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏЉ
ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ ϣϹЋϼϾϴ II (Mozsolics 1957: 120–121, Note 11), ЂІЁЂЅГЍϼϽЅГ Ͼ ЅϹЄϼϼ ϫϼЁϾЇ-ϥЇЅϹЁА (ЃϹЄϼЂϸ
ϡϴϔ1) (Petrescu-Dîmbovi a 1977: 101–102, Єl. 169, 5–18; 170). ϥ ϸЄЇϷЂϽ ЅІЂЄЂЁЏ, ϶ ЅϹЄϵЅϾЂϽ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϿϼІϹЄϴІЇЄϹ ІϹЄЀϼЁЂЀ «ІϼЃ ϗϴ϶ϴ» ϻϴЋϴЅІЇВ ЂϵЂϻЁϴЋϴВІЅГ ϶ЅϹ ЋϹЄЁЂϿЂЍϹЁЏϹ ϴЀЈЂЄЏ/
ЅЂЅЇϸЏ-ЇЄЁЏ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ϣЂϸЇЁϴ϶АГ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЂ϶ BzD-HaA (ЅЀ. ϦϴЅϼħ 1984: 34).
. 7. ϔЀЈЂЄЏ/ЅЂЅЇϸЏ-ЇЄЁЏ — ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏϹ ЀϴЄϾϹЄЏ ϗϴ϶ϴ (1) ϼ ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ (2) (ЃЂ Forenbaher 1994)
Fig. 7. Amphorae/vessels-urns — cultural markers of Gáva (1) and Belegiš (2) (after Forenbaher 1994)
256
,
,
ϣЄϼЀϹЁϹЁϼϹ ІϹЄЀϼЁЂ϶ «ІϼЃ ϗϴ϶ϴ», ϼϿϼ «ЅІϼϿА ϗϴ϶ϴ», «ϾϴЁЁϹϿϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁϴГ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴ ϗϴ϶ϴ», «ЋϹЄЁϴГ ϿЂЍϹЁϴГ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸЁЂϷЂ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ» (BukviΕ 2000; Medoviħ 1988–1989) ЂϵЇЅϿЂ϶ϿϹЁЂ ϹЍϹ ϼ ІϹЀ, ЋІЂ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿϼ ЃЂ-ЄϴϻЁЂЀЇ ϼЁІϹЄЃЄϹІϼЄЇВІ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂ-ϼЅІЂЄϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЃЄЂЊϹЅЅЂ϶, ЃЂ϶ϿϹϾЌϼЉ ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸ ЂІ ЄϴЁЁϹϽ ЈϴϻЏ Ͼ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϽ ϶ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϹ ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ/ϞЄЇЋϹЁАϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ. ϜϻЀϹЁϹЁϼГ ϶ϹϸЇЍϼЉ ІϼЃЂ϶ ЃЂЅЇϸЏ, ЃЂГ϶ϿϹЁϼϹ ϼ ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸ Ͼ ϾϴЁЁϹϿϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϽ ІϹЉЁϼϾϹ ϹϹ
ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϴЊϼϼ, ЂЅ϶ЂϹЁϼϹ ІϹЉЁЂϿЂϷϼϼ ЂϵϺϼϷϴ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ ϼ ІϹЉЁϼϾϼ ЂϵЄϴϵЂІϾϼ ϶ЁϹЌЁϹϽ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІϼ
ϿЂЍϹЁЏЉ ІϹЀЁЂ-ЅϹЄЏЉ ϼϿϼ ЋϹЄЁЏЉ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶, ЃЂ ЀЁϹЁϼВ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЇЋϹЁЏЉ, ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГВІ ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴІА ЈϴϻЏ I ϼ II ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ/ϞЄЇЋϹЁА-ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ ϾϴϾ ϸ϶ϴ ЅϴЀЂЅІЂГІϹϿАЁЏЉ ЂϵЄϴϻЂ϶ϴЁϼГ. ϦϹЀ
ЅϴЀЏЀ ЂІЄϼЊϴϹІЅГ ЃЄϹϹЀЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂЅІА ЀϹϺϸЇ ЄϴЁЁϹϽ ϼ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϽ ЈϴϻϴЀϼ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ/ϞЄЇЋϹЁАϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ ϼ ϸϴϺϹ ЇЅІϴЁϴ϶Ͽϼ϶ϴϹІЅГ ЁϹϾϼϽ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂϽ ЄϴϻЄЏ϶ ЀϹϺϸЇ ЁϼЀϼ (ЅЀ. ϦЄϵЇЉЂ϶ϼħ 1960–1961:
163; ϞЄЅІϼħ 1961). ϣЄϼ БІЂЀ ЃЂЅЇϸϴ ϶ІЂЄЂϽ ЈϴϻЏ БІЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ЂϵЂϻЁϴЋϴϹІЅГ ϼЅϾϿВЋϼІϹϿАЁЂ ϾϴϾ
«ϾϴЁЁϹϿϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁϴГ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴ ϗϴ϶ϴ» ϼϿϼ «ЋϹЄЁϴГ ϿЂЍϹЁϴГ/ЃЂϿϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁϴГ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸЁЂϷЂ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ» (ЅЀ. BukviΕ 2000; Medoviħ 1988–1989).
ϘЄЇϷϼϹ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿϼ, ϶ ЃϹЄ϶ЇВ ЂЋϹЄϹϸА ϡ. ϦϴЅϼЋ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ ϶ЃϹЄ϶ЏϹ ϼϸϹЁІϼЈϼЊϼЄЂ϶ϴϿ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЇ ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ ϶ ϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЏЉ ϕϴϿϾϴЁϴЉ ϼ ЃЂЅ϶ГІϼϿ ϹϽ ЊϹϿЇВ ЅϹЄϼВ Ѕ϶ЂϼЉ ЄϴϵЂІ (ϦϴЅϼħ 1962; 1967;
1983, 1984, TasiΕ 1999; 2001; ϼ ϸЄ.), ЃЄϼ϶ЂϸГІ ЂϵЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϹ ϴЄϷЇЀϹЁІЏ, ЋІЂ Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ϖЂϹ϶ЂϸϼЁЏ
ϼ ЋϴЅІϼЋЁЂ ЄЇЀЏЁЅϾЂϷЂ ϕϴЁϴІϴ ϸϴЁЁϴГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿГϹІ ЅЂϵЂϽ ϼЁІϹϷЄϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϹ ЊϹϿЂЅІЁЂϹ
ЂϵЄϴϻЂ϶ϴЁϼϹ. Ϣϵ БІЂЀ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ЇВІ Єϴϻ϶ϼІϼϹ ϴЀЈЂЄ/ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶-ЇЄЁ, ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁЁЏЉ ϶ЄϹϻЁЏЀϼ ϿϼЁϼГЀϼ, ЃЅϹ϶ϸЂЌЁЇЄЂ϶ЏЀ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІЂЀ ϼϿϼ ϾϴЁЁϹϿВЄϴЀϼ; ЅІЄϴІϼϷЄϴЈϼГ (ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϽ ЈϴϻЏ
϶ЅϹϷϸϴ ЃϹЄϹϾЄЏ϶ϴВІ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЏ ЃЄϹϸЌϹЅІ϶ЇВЍϹϷЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ); ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЁЏϹ ϶ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴЉ ϥϹЄϵϼϼ
(ϞϴЄϴϵЇЄЀϴ, ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ, ϜϿϴЁЊϴ, ϤϴЈϼЁϹЄϼГ ϶ЂϻϿϹ ϣϴЁЋϹ϶Ђ) ϼ ϤЇЀЏЁϼϼ (ϞЄЇЋϹЁА, ϕЂϵϸϴ, ϟϼ϶ϹϻϼϿϹϦЂϿ϶ϴϸϼϴ, ϦϼϾ϶ϴЁϼЇϿ ϠϴЄϹ ϼ ϸЄ.) «ЇЄЁЏ ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸЁЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ», ϶ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЅЂЋϹІϴВІЅГ БϿϹЀϹЁІЏ (ЈЂЄЀϴ
ЅЂЅЇϸϴ, ІϹЉЁϼϾϴ ϼ ЀЂІϼ϶ ϸϹϾЂЄϴ, ЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼϹ ϼ ІϼЃ ЄЇЋϹϾ), ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЏϹ ϸϿГ ЄϴЁЁϼЉ ϼ ЃЂϻϸЁϼЉ ІϼЃЂ϶
ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ.
ϣЂГ϶ϿϹЁϼϹ ЋϹЄЁЂϿЂЍϹЁЂϽ ϾϴЁЁϹϿϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ, ЃЂ ЀЁϹЁϼВ ϡ. ϦϴЅϼЋϴ, ЁϹ ЂϻЁϴЋϴϹІ
ϼϻЀϹЁϹЁϼГ ϶ ЅЂЅІϴ϶Ϲ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϶ ϥЄϹЀϹ ϼ ϕϴЁϴІϹ, ϴ ЂІЄϴϺϴϹІ ЃЄϼЁГІϼϹ «ЁЂ϶ЂϽ ЀЂϸЏ ϶ ЂЈЂЄЀϿϹЁϼϼ» ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ, ЂЃЂЅЄϹϸЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϽ ϶ϿϼГЁϼГЀϼ, ϼϸЇЍϼЀϼ ЋϴЅІϼЋЁЂ ϼϻ ЂϵϿϴЅІϹϽ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁϼГ
ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴ ϗϴ϶ϴ ϼ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ЃЂϿϹϽ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏЉ ЇЄЁ (TasiΕ 2001: 312).
ϤϴϻЄϴϵϴІЏ϶ϴГ ϶ЁЇІЄϹЁЁВВ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϼϻϴЊϼВ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ, ϡ. ϦϴЅϼЋ ЃϹЄ϶ЂЁϴЋϴϿАЁЂ ЄϴϻϸϹϿϼϿ БІϴЃ ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ II Ёϴ ЈϴϻЏ ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ IIa ϼ ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ IIb. ϞЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЏ, ЂІЁЂЅГЍϼϹЅГ Ͼ ЈϴϻϹ ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ
IIa, ЃЄϴϾІϼЋϹЅϾϼ ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ЇВІ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϴЀ, ЃЄϼЁϴϸϿϹϺϴЍϼЀ ЈϴϻϹ ϞЄЇЋϹЁА II, ϼ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЏ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЂЀ
ϡϴϔ1 (XII ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.), ϴ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϼ, Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁЁЏϹ Ѕ ЈϴϻЂϽ ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ IIb ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁЁЏ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴЀ ϡϴϔ2–ϡϴϖ1–ϖ2
(ϦϴЅϼħ 1984: 36). ϖ ЅϿϹϸЇВЍϹϽ ЄϴϵЂІϹ ϸϿГ ЂϵЂϻЁϴЋϹЁϼГ ϶ІЂЄЂϷЂ БІϴЃϴ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ (ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ II) ЂЁ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЇϹІ ІϹЄЀϼЁ ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ-ϕЂϵϸϴ, ϴ ЅϴЀ БІϴЃ ЄϴϻϸϹϿГϹІ ЇϺϹ Ёϴ ІЄϼ ЈϴϻЏ: ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ IIa (ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ϡϴϔ1,
ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ЇВЍϼϽ ЈϴϻϹ ϕЂϵϸϴ Iϴ), ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ IIb (ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ϡϴϔ2, ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ЇВЍϼϽ ЈϴϻϹ ϕЂϵϸϴ IIa),
ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ IIc (ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ϡϴϖ1, ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ЇВЍϼϽ ЈϴϻϹ ϦϼϾ϶ϴЁϼЇϿ ϠϴЄϹ-ϞϴЄϴϵЇЄЀϴ III). ϣЂГ϶ϿϹЁϼϹ «ЁϴЅІЂГЍϼЉ» БϿϹЀϹЁІЂ϶ ϼϿϼ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЂ϶ ІϼЃϴ ϗϴ϶ϴ ϶ ВϺЁЏЉ ЂϵϿϴЅІГЉ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ϣЂϸЇЁϴ϶АГ ϴ϶ІЂЄ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿГϹІ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϹЀ БІϴЃϴ ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ IIЅ (ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ϡϴϖ1 ϼϿϼ ϸϴϺϹ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϹ) (TasiΕ 2001: 318–320).
ϖ БІЂЀ ϾЂЁІϹϾЅІϹ ЅϿϹϸЇϹІ ЂϵЄϴІϼІА ϶ЁϼЀϴЁϼϹ Ёϴ ІЂ, ЋІЂ ϶ ЄЇЀЏЁЅϾЂϽ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϿϼІϹЄϴІЇЄϹ ϶ ЃЄϹϸϹϿϴЉ БІϴЃЂ϶ I ϼ II ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϞЄЇЋϹЁА-ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ ЂϵЏЋЁЂ ЁϹ ϶ЏϸϹϿГВІ ϾϴϾϼЉ-ϿϼϵЂ Јϴϻ
ϼЉ Б϶ЂϿВЊϼϼ. ϱІϴЃ ϞЄЇЋϹЁА-ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ II (ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ II-ϕЂϵϸϴ I) Єϴϻ϶ϼ϶ϴϹІЅГ ϸЂ ЅϹЄϹϸϼЁЏ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ
ϡϴϔ1 ϼϿϼ ϸЂ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϽ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁЏ XII ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б., ϻϴ ЁϼЀ ЅϿϹϸЇВІ ϷϹЁϹІϼЋϹЅϾϼ Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁЁЏϹ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏϹ
ϷЄЇЃЃЏ ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸЁЂϷЂ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ЂІ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЂϷЂ Ͼ ЄϴЁЁϹЀЇ ϺϹϿϹϻЁЂЀЇ ϶ϹϾЇ (ЅϹЄϹϸϼЁϴ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ
ϡϴϔ1 — ЅϹЄϹϸϼЁϴ/ϾЂЁϹЊ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ϡϴϔ2): ϦϼϾ϶ϴЁϼЇϿ ϠϴЄϹ-ϞϴЄϴϵЇЄЀϴ III, ϖЏЋϹϸЂϿ-ϡЂ϶ϼ ϕϹϷϹϽ,
ϠЂϿϸЂ϶ϴ ϡЂЇϴ-ϟϼϵЂЄϴϺϸϹϴ, ϩϼЁЂ϶ϴ-ϠϴϿϴ ϖЄϵϼЊϴ, ϥЇЅϴЁА, ϕЂϵϸϴ ϼ ϸЄ. (Gumă 1993: 168 ff.; 1995:
103–104, 110–111; László 2001: 313–316).
ϢІЁЂЅϼІϹϿАЁЂ ЁϴЀϹЄϹЁϼГ ϡ. ϦϴЅϼЋϴ ЂϵЂЅЁЂ϶ϴІА ЅІЂϿА ЃЂϻϸЁВВ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϾЇ БІϴЃϴ ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ II
ϼ ϶ϾϿВЋϼІА ϶ ЁϹϷЂ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЏ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ Ͼ ЁϹЀЇ ЁϹ ЂІЁЂЅГІЅГ (ЅЀ. ϦϴЅϼħ 1984) ϶ Ѕ϶ЂϹ ϶ЄϹЀГ ϶ЏЅϾϴϻЏ϶ϴϿЅГ Ϡ. ϗЇЀБ. ϣЂ ϹϷЂ ЀЁϹЁϼВ, Јϴϻϴ ϞЄЇЋϹЁА II (ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ IIa) ϸЂϿϺЁϴ ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁϼϻϼЄЂ϶ϴІАЅГ Ѕ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЂЀ BzD ϼ ІЂϿАϾЂ ЁϴЋϴϿЂЀ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ϡϴϔ (ЅϴЀЂϹ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϹ — Ѕ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϽ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁЂϽ XII ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.), ЋІЂ
ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГϹІ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴІА ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ IIb ЃϹЄϼЂϸЂЀ ϡϴϔ. ϥ ϸЄЇϷЂϽ ЅІЂЄЂЁЏ, ЅЂϸϹЄϺϴЁϼϹ ЈϴϻЏ ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ
IIb, ЃЂ ϡ. ϦϴЅϼЋЇ, ϶ϾϿВЋϴϹІ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЏ, ЁϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ, ϞϴЄϴϵЇЄЀϴ III, ЃϹЄ϶ЏϽ (I) ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾ ϶ ϣϴЁЋϹ϶Ђ/
ϖЂϿЂ϶ϼЊϴ-ϤϴЈϼЁϹЄϼГ ϼϿϼ ϦϼϾ϶ϴЁϼЇϿ ϠϴЄϹ. ϢЁϼ ϵЏϿϼ ЂІЁϹЅϹЁЏ Ϡ. ϗЇЀБ ЇϺϹ Ͼ ЃЂЅІϵϹϿϹϷϼЌЅϾϼЀ
257
:
,
,
ϸЄϹ϶ЁЂЅІГЀ ϼ ЂЄϷϴЁϼЋЁЂ Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁЏ ЅЂ ϶ІЂЄЂϽ ЈϴϻЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϞЄЇЋϹЁА-ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ (ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ IIa), ІϴϾ
ϾϴϾ Ёϴϻ϶ϴЁЁЏϹ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ ЃЄϴϾІϼЋϹЅϾϼ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿГВІ ϹϹ ЈϼЁϴϿ (Gumă 1995: 101).
ϡϹЅЀЂІЄГ Ёϴ ϼЀϹВЍϼϹЅГ ЄϴϻЁЂϷϿϴЅϼГ ϶ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁϼϼ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϷЄϴЁϼЊ БІϴЃϴ
ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ II/ϞЄЇЋϹЁА-ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ II (ϼϿϼ ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ II-ϕЂϵϸϴ I) ϶ ϾЂЁІϹϾЅІϹ ЁϴЌϹϷЂ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ϶ϴϺЁЂ
ЃЂϸЋϹЄϾЁЇІА, ЋІЂ
(
/
)
II —
I Б
II/
—Б
II (ЄϼЅ. 7), ϾϴϾ ϼ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЇВЍϼЉ ЃЂЅІ-ϞЄЇЋϹЁА-ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ II ϾЇϿАІЇЄ ϼ ϷЄЇЃЃ,
ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂ ЄϴϻϿϼЋϴВІЅГ (ЅЀ. Forenbaher 1994: 49–50, fig. 1).
/
II —
I ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄϼϻЇВІЅГ: ЅЃϹЊϼЈϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϸ϶ЇЉЊ϶ϹІЁЂϽ ЂϾЄϴЅϾЂϽ ЅІϹЁЂϾ (ЋϹЄЁЂϿЂЍϹЁϴГ ϶ЁϹЌЁГГ ϼ ϾϼЄЃϼЋЁЂ-ϾЄϴЅЁϴГ ϶ЁЇІЄϹЁЁГГ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІА);
ЃЂϿЇЅЈϹЄϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ЁϼϺЁϹϽ ЋϴЅІАВ ϼ ЇЅϹЋϹЁЁЂϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϼϿϼ ЊϼϿϼЁϸЄϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹϽ ЋϴЅІАВ;
ЂІЂϷЁЇІЏЀ ЁϴЄЇϺЇ ϶ϹЁЋϼϾЂЀ; ϾϴЁЁϹϿϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЀ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІЂЀ ϶ ЅЂЋϹІϴЁϼϼ Ѕ ϷϼЃϹЄІЄЂЈϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЀϼ ЃЂϿЏЀϼ ϶ЁЇІЄϼ ϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾϼЀϼ ϶ЏЅІЇЃϴЀϼ (ЄЂϷЂ϶ϼϸЁЏϹ ϶ЏЅІЇЃЏ), ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЀϼ ϾЂЁЊϹЁІЄϼЋϹЅϾϼЀϼ ϾϴЁЁϹϿВЄϴЀϼ (ЄϼЅ. 7, 1).
/
II/
II (ϾϴϾ ϼ ЃЂЅІ-ϵϹϿϹϷϼЌЅϾϼЉ/ЃЂЅІϾЄЇЋϹЁА-ϵϹϿϹϷϼЌЅϾϼЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ ϼ ϷЄЇЃЃ) ϼЀϹВІ: ІϹЀЁЂ-ЅϹЄЇВ ϼϿϼ ЋϹЄЁЇВ ЂϾЄϴЅϾЇ ϶ЁϹЌЁϹϽ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІϼ ϼ ЃЄϹϼЀЇЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂ ϺϹϿІЂ-ЂЄϴЁϺϹ϶ЇВ — ϶ЁЇІЄϹЁЁϹϽ; ϵϼЇЅϹЋϹЁЁЂϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЂЋϹЄІϴЁϼГ; ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϴЊϼВ ϶ ϶ϼϸϹ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴϿАЁЏЉ ϾϴЁЁϹϿВЄ ϶ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹϽ ϼ ϶ϹЄІϼϾϴϿАЁЏЉ ϾϴЁЁϹϿВЄ ϶
ЅЄϹϸЁϹϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ІЇϿЂ϶ϴ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ЁϹϵЂϿАЌϼϹ ϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϶ЏЃЇϾϿЂЅІϼ ϼ ЀϴЅЅϼ϶ЁЏϹ ЄЇЋϾϼ-ЇЃЂЄЏ, ЄϴЅЃЂϿЂϺϹЁЁЏϹ ϶ ϶ϹЄІϼϾϴϿАЁЂϽ ЃϿЂЅϾЂЅІϼ Ёϴ ϶ЏЃЇϾϿЂϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ІЇϿЂ϶ϴ (ЄϼЅ. 7, 2).
ϖ ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴЉ БІϼЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ ϵЏІЂ϶ϴϿϼ ЄϴϻЁЂІϼЃЁЏϹ ЋϹЄЃϴϾϼ (ЄϼЅ. 8).
ϡϹЅЀЂІЄГ Ёϴ ϵϿϼϻϾϼϹ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄϼЅІϼϾϼ (ЁϼϻϾϴГ ЋϴЌϹЋϾϴ ϼ ЅϼϿАЁЂ ϶Ђϻ϶ЏЌϴВЍϴГЅГ ЄЇЋϾϴ), ЂЁϼ
. 8. ϡϹ϶ЏЅЂϾϼϹ ЋϹЄЃϴϾϼ Ѕ ϶Ђϻ϶ЏЌϴВЍϹϽЅГ ЄЇЋϾЂϽ (ЃϹЄϼЂϸЏ BzD–HaC1a) ϼϻ ϞϴЄЃϴІЂ-ϣЂϸЇЁϴ϶АГ ϼ
ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϷЂ ϣЄϼϾϴЄЃϴІАГ (ЃЂ ϟϹ϶ϼЊϾϼϽ, ϞϴЌЇϵϴ 2011; ϷЄϴЈϼϾϴ — Ϝ. ϡ. ϟϼЊЇϾ)
Fig. 8. Low scoops with a rising handle (BzD–HaC1a stages) from the Carpathian-Danube and East Carpathian
regions (after ϟϹ϶ϼЊϾϼϽ, ϞϴЌЇϵϴ 2011; graphics by I. N. Litsuk)
258
,
,
ϼЀϹВІ ГЄϾЂ ϶ЏЄϴϺϹЁЁЏϹ ЅЃϹЊϼЈϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЃЄϼϻЁϴϾϼ. ϘϿГ ЋϹЄЃϴϾЂ϶ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϗϴ϶ϴ-ϗЂϿϼϷЄϴϸЏϗЄБЁϼЋϹЌІА ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄϹЁ ϿЂЀϴЁЏϽ ЃЄЂЈϼϿА Ѕ ϾЂЄЂІϾЂϽ ϶ЂϷЁЇІЂϽ ЌϹϽϾЂϽ ϼ ЂІЂϷЁЇІЏЀ ЁϴЄЇϺЇ
϶ϹЁЋϼϾЂЀ, ІЂϷϸϴ ϾϴϾ
II/
II (
А) ϼЀϹВІ
ЃЂϿЇЅЈϹЄϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ЃЄЂЈϼϿА, ЁϹ϶ЏϸϹϿϹЁЁЇВ ЌϹϽϾЇ ϼ ЃЄГЀЂϽ ϼϿϼ ЅϿϹϷϾϴ ϻϴϷЁЇІЏϽ ϶ЁЇІЄА ϶ϹЁЋϼϾ (ϟϹ϶ϼЊϾϼϽ, ϞϴЌЇϵϴ 2011: 244–248, ЄϼЅ. 5; ϞϴЌЇϵϴ, ϟϹ϶ϼЊϾϼϽ 2011: 148 ЅϿ.). ϖ ЊϹϿЂЀ ЂϵϹ
ЄϴϻЁЂ϶ϼϸЁЂЅІϼ ЋϹЄЃϴϾЂ϶ Ѕ ЁϼϻϾЂϽ ЋϴЌϹЋϾЂϽ ЄϴЁЁϹϷϴϿАЌІϴІІЅϾϼЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ ϞϴЄЃϴІЂ-ϣЂϸЇЁϴ϶АГ
϶ЂЅЉЂϸГІ Ͼ ЃЄЂІЂІϼЃϴЀ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ БЃЂЉϼ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ. ϖ ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾЂЀ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϹ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ
ϗϴ϶ϴ-ϗЂϿϼϷЄϴϸЏ-ϗЄБЁϼЋϹЌІА Ёϴ ϶ЅϹϽ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ϹϹ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁϼГ ЃЂЅІϹЃϹЁЁϴГ Б϶ЂϿВЊϼГ
ЋϹЄЃϴϾЂ϶ ЃЄЂЅϿϹϺϼ϶ϴϹІЅГ ϶ЃϿЂІА ϸЂ ЃЂЅІ-Ϸϴ϶ЅϾЂϷЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ (ЄϼЅ. 8). ϖ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴЉ ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ II/
ϞЄЇЋϹЁА-ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ II ϶ ϕϴЁϴІϹ ЂЁϼ ЃЄЂϸЂϿϺϴВІ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴІА ϼ ϶ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϷЂ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴ
ϕϴЅϴЄϴϵА (ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ϡϴϥ), ІЂϷϸϴ ϾϴϾ ϶ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂ-ϾϴЄЃϴІЅϾЂЀ ЄϹϷϼЂЁϹ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼГ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ЋϹЄЃϴϾЂ϶ БІЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ ЃЄϹЄЏ϶ϴϹІЅГ ϶ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ϡϴB1 — ЂϸЁЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂ Ѕ ЃЄϹϾЄϴЍϹЁϼϹЀ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼГ
ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϞϼЌϼЁБЇ-ϞЂЄϿБІϹЁА (Levi ki 1994: 144–148).
ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЏϹ ЃϴЄϴЀϹІЄЏ ϶ϹϸЇЍϹϷЂ ІϼЃϴ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ (ϴЀЈЂЄϴ/ЇЄЁϴ) ϼ ЋϹЄЃϴϾЂ϶ ϟБЃЇЌ II — ϗϴ϶ϴ I ϼ ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ II/ϞЄЇЋϹЁА-ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ II ϸϴВІ ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁϼϹ
БІϼ ЄϴЁЁϹϷϴϿАЌІϴІІЅϾϼϹ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ/ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏϹ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЏ Ѕ ϾϴЁЁϹϿϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϽ
ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾЂϽ ϞϴЄЃϴІЂ-ϣЂϸЇЁϴ϶АГ. ϦϴϾЂϹ ЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼϹ ϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼІϹϿАЁЂ ϼ ϸϿГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ ϗЂϿϼϷЄϴϸЏ ϼ
ϞϼЌϼЁБЇ-ϞЂЄϿБІϹЁА ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏЉ (ЃЄϼϾϴЄЃϴІЅϾϼЉ) ϴЄϹϴϿЂ϶ ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴϹЀЏЉ ϾϴЄЃϴІЂ-ϸЇЁϴϽЅϾϼЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ.
ϖ ЃЂϿАϻЇ БІЂϷЂ ІϴϾϺϹ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ЇВІ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄ ϼ ЌϼЄЂІϴ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁϼГ ЅЃϹЊϼЈϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ Ϸϴ϶ЅϾϼЉ ϴЀЈЂЄ/ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶-ЇЄЁ Ѕ ЃЂϿЏЀϼ ϶ЁЇІЄϼ ϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾϼЀϼ (ЄЂϷЂ϶ϼϸЁЏЀϼ) ϶ЏЅІЇЃϴЀϼ (ЅЀ.
Metzner-Nebelsick 2012: 70 ff., fig. 4) (ЄϼЅ. 9, )5. ϦϴϾϼϹ ЅЂЅЇϸЏ ЃЂГ϶ϼϿϼЅА Ї ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ
ϟБЃЇЌ ϶ ЄЇЅϿϹ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼϼ, ϴЅЅЂЊϼϼЄЇВЍϹϽЅГ Ѕ ЄϼІЇϴϿАЁЂϽ ЃЄϴϾІϼϾЂϽ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁЁЂϽ ЅϼЅІϹЀЏ
϶ϹЄЂ϶ϴЁϼϽ. ϘϴϿϹϹ БІϴ «ЅϼЀ϶ЂϿϼЋϹЅϾϴГ ЈЂЄЀϴ» ЃЂЅЇϸЏ ЌϼЄЂϾЂ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁГϹІЅГ ЁϹ ІЂϿАϾЂ ϶
ϞϴЄЃϴІЂ-ϣЂϸЇЁϴ϶АϹ, ЁЂ ІϴϾϺϹ ϻϴ ϹϷЂ ЃЄϹϸϹϿϴЀϼ Ͼ ВϷЇ ϼ ВϷЂ-϶ЂЅІЂϾЇ, ЂЉ϶ϴІϼ϶ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЏϹ ϕϴϿϾϴЁЏ,
϶ ІЂЀ ЋϼЅϿϹ ІЇЄϹЊϾЇВ ϨЄϴϾϼВ, ϼ ϻϴЅ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϴ ϶ ϦЄЂϹ, ЅϿЂϽ VIIb2 («ϵЇϾϹϿА-ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ» —
«Buckelware» ϼϿϼ «Knobbed Ware») (ЄϼЅ. 9, ). ϣЄЂ϶ϹϸϹЁЁЏϹ ЃϹІЄЂϷЄϴЈϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϼ ϷϹЂЉϼЀϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ
ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ІЄЂГЁЅϾЂϽ «ϵЇϾϹϿА-ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ» (ЅϿЂϽ VIIb2)6 ЃЂϾϴϻϴϿϼ, ЋІЂ БІϴ ЃЂЅЇϸϴ Г϶ϿГϹІЅГ
ϢІЀϹІϼЀ ϹЍϹ ЂϸЁЇ ЁϹЇЋІϹЁЁЇВ ЅϴЀЇВ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЁЇВ ЁϴЉЂϸϾЇ ЃЂϿЂϷЂ ϶ЁЇІЄϼ ϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ϶ЏЅІЇЃϴ Ѕ
11-В ЄГϸϴЀϼ ϾЂЁЊϹЁІЄϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϾϴЁЁϹϿВЄ ЂІ ϴЀЈЂЄЏ/ЇЄЁЏ. ϱІЂІ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁ ϶Ђ ϶ЄϹЀГ ЄϴЅϾЂЃЂϾ
1948–1949 ϷϷ. ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϶Ђ ϶ЁЇІЄϹЁЁϹЀ ϸ϶ЂЄϹ ϧϺϷЂЄЂϸЅϾЂϷЂ ϻϴЀϾϴ (ϕϹЄЁГϾЂ϶ϼЋ 1955: 178 ЅϿ., ІϴϵϿ. II, 3).
6
ϘϴЁЁЏϹ, ЃЂϿЇЋϹЁЁЏϹ ϶ ЉЂϸϹ ЀЁЂϷЂϿϹІЁϼЉ ЄϴЅϾЂЃЂϾ ЃЂϸ ЄЇϾЂ϶ЂϸЅІ϶ЂЀ Ϡ. ϞЂЄЈЀϴЁЁϴ, ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿϼϿϼ
ЄϴϻϸϹϿϼІА ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ϦЄЂГ VII Ёϴ ЋϹІЏЄϹ ЈϴϻЏ: VIIa (1300–1190 ϷϷ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.), VIIb1 (ЂϾЂϿЂ 1190–1130 ϷϷ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.),
VIIb2 (1130–1050/30 ϷϷ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.) ϼ VIIb3 (1025–950 ϷϷ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.) (Korfmann 1996: 24; 1997: 41–43; Koppenhöfer
1997: 343–346; Hnila, Pienią ek-Sikora 2002: 94 ff.; Becks 2003: 41 ff., tab. 2; ϼ ϸЄ.). ϢІЀϹЋϹЁЂ, ЋІЂ «ϵЇϾϹϿАϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ» ϶ ϦЄЂϹ VIIb2 ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁϴ ϶ ЄϴϻЁЏЉ ϾЂЁІϹϾЅІϴЉ, ϸϿГ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ϼЀϹВІЅГ, ЁϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ, ϼ ϵЂϿϹϹ ЃЂϻϸЁϼϹ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶Ͼϼ, ЃЄϼ϶ϹϸϹЁЁЏϹ ϶ ЄϴϵЂІϹ Ϙ. ϞЂЃЃϹЁЉДЈϹЄϴ — 938–906 cal ϖϥ ϼ 984–961 cal ϖϥ (Koppenhöfer
1997: 314 f.). ϘϴІϼЄЂ϶Ͼϼ ЂІϸϹϿАЁЏЉ Јϴϻ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ϦЄЂГ VII ІϹЅЁЂ Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁЏ Ѕ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼϹϽ ЃЂϻϸЁϹБϿϿϴϸЅϾЂϽ/
ЃЂϻϸЁϹЀϼЁЂϽЅϾЂϽ IIIC (LH IIIC) ϼ ЄϴЁЁϹϽ ЃЄЂІЂϷϹЂЀϹІЄϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ (EPG) БϷϹϽЅϾЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ (ЅЀ. Becks 2003:
tabl. 2, Ѕ ϵϼϵϿϼЂϷЄϴЈϼϹϽ). ϩЂІГ ЃЄЂϸЂϿϺϴϹІЅГ ϸϼЅϾЇЅЅϼГ ЂІЁЂЅϼІϹϿАЁЂ ЁϴЋϴϿϴ ЄϴЁЁϹϷЂ ЃЄЂІЂϷϹЂЀϹІЄϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ (Ёϴ ЅІЂ ϿϹІ ЄϴЁАЌϹ ϶ ЃЄЂІϼ϶Ђ϶ϹЅ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼЂЁЁЏЀ ϸϴІϴЀ), ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁϴГ ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁϴГ ϾЂЄЄϹϾІϼЄЂ϶Ͼϴ
EPG ЃЄϹϸϿϴϷϴϹІЅГ ϶ ЃЄϹϸϹϿϴЉ 1070/40–1000 ϖϥ (Weninger, Jung 2009: 374 ff., fig. 14). ϱІϼ ϸϴЁЁЏϹ ϶ϴϺЁЏ ϸϿГ
ϞϴЄЃϴІЂ-ϣЂϸЇЁϴ϶АГ ϼ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϷЂ ϣЄϼϾϴЄЃϴІАГ, ІϴϾ ϾϴϾ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ϵЏІЂ϶ϴЁϼГ «ϵЇϾϹϿА-ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ» ϶ ϦЄЂϹ VII
b2 ϶ϴϺϹЁ ϸϿГ ЃЂЅІЄЂϹЁϼГ ЅϵϴϿϴЁЅϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЉ ЀϹϺЄϹϷϼЂЁϴϿАЁЏЉ ЅЉϹЀ ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁϼϻϴЊϼϽ (ЅЀ. László 1996–1997:
89 ff.; 2013: 257 ff.; Kašuba 2006: 231 ff.).
ϖЂϻ϶ЄϴЍϴГЅА Ͼ ϦЄЂϹ, ЅІЂϼІ ЂІЀϹІϼІА, ЋІЂ ϶ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЏ ϦЄЂГ VIIb1 ϼ ϦЄЂГ VIIb2 ϻϴЈϼϾЅϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЏ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏϹ ϼЁЁЂ϶ϴЊϼϼ (ЁЂ϶ϴГ ЅІЄЂϼІϹϿАЁϴГ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼГ, ϷЄЇϵϴГ ϾЇЉЂЁЁϴГ ЃЂЅЇϸϴ, «ϵЇϾϹϿА-ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ» ϼ ϸЄ.),
Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁЁЏϹ Ѕ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЁЏЀϼ ϼϿϼ ϻϴЃϴϸЁЏЀϼ ϶ϿϼГЁϼГЀϼ (ϸ϶Ϲ ϶ЂϿЁЏ ЀϼϷЄϴЊϼϽ — ЅϿϴϵϴГ ϼ ϵЂϿϹϹ ЅϼϿАЁϴГ), ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ Ͼ ЈϴϻϹ ϦЄЂГ VIIb3 ЈϴϾІϼЋϹЅϾϼ ϻϴϾЂЁЋϼϿϼЅА (ЅЀ. Koppenhöfer 1997: 337 ff.; Becks 2003: 41 ff.; Pienią ekSikora 2003: 36 ff). ϱІϼ ϶ϿϼГЁϼГ Ѕ϶ГϻЏ϶ϴВІ Ѕ ЁϹϵЂϿАЌЂϽ, ЁЂ ϴϵЅЂϿВІЁЂ ϸЂЀϼЁϼЄЇВЍϹϽ ϷЄЇЃЃЂϽ ЀϼϷЄϴЁІЂ϶,
ЅЄϹϸϼ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ϵЏϿϼ ϼ ϷЂЁЋϴЄЏ. ϣЂЅϿϹϸЁϼϹ ϶ ЉЂϻГϽЅІ϶ϴЉ ϶ЁЂ϶А ЃЂЅϹϿϼ϶ЌϼЉЅГ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸϼϿϼ ЃЄϼ϶ЏЋЁЏϹ ϸϿГ
ЁϼЉ ϿϹЃЁЏϹ ЅЂЅЇϸЏ. ϣЄϼЀϹЋϴІϹϿАЁЂ, ЋІЂ ЃЄϼЌϹϸЌϼϹ ЀϴЅІϹЄϴ ЇЅ϶ЂϼϿϼ ІЄЂГЁЅϾЇВ ІϹЉЁЂϿЂϷϼВ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸЅІ϶ϴ
ϷЂЁЋϴЄЁЂϽ ЅϹЄЂϷϿϼЁГЁЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ, ϶ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІϹ ЋϹϷЂ Ёϴ ЅϹЄЂϷϿϼЁГЁЇВ ЃЂЅЇϸЇ ЁϹ ІЂϿАϾЂ ЃϹЄϹЌϿϼ ЄϴЁϹϹ
ЁϹϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЏϹ ЂІϸϹϿАЁЏϹ ЀЂІϼ϶Џ ϷϹЂЀϹІЄϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ЇϻЂЄϴ, ЁЂ ІϴϾϺϹ ЃЂГ϶ϼϿϼЅА S-ЂϵЄϴϻЁЏϹ ЈЂЄЀЏ ЃЂЅЇϸЏ, ІϼЃϼЋЁЏϹ ϸϿГ ϿϹЃЁЂϽ «ϵЇϾϹϿА-ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ» (ЅЀ. Koppenhöfer 1997: 320 ff., 333 ff.; ϞϴЌЇϵϴ, ϟϹ϶ϼЊϾϼϽ 2009: ЄϼЅ. 3,
/1–5, /9–11, 14–15).
5
259
:
,
,
ЃЄЂϸЇϾЊϼϹϽ ЀϹЅІЁЂϷЂ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸЅІ϶ϴ. ϣЂ ЀЁϹЁϼВ Ϩ. ϣϼЁІϹЄϴ, БІЂ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ЇϹІ Ђ «ІЄϴЁЅЈϹЄϹ
ІϹЉЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЄϹЌϹЁϼϽ» (Pintér 2005: 144 ff., 177 ff.). ϞϴϾ ЃЂϸЋϹЄϾЁЇϿϴ Ϟ. ϠϹІЊЁϹЄ-ϡϹϵϹϿАϻϼϾ,
ІϴϾЂϽ ІЄϴЁЅЈϹЄ ЀЂϷϿЂ ЂϵϹЅЃϹЋϼІА ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼϹ ϼϻ ϡϼϺЁϹϷЂ ϣЂϸЇЁϴ϶АГ ϼ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЏЉ ϕϴϿϾϴЁ, ϾЂІЂЄЂϹ
ЃЂЃϴϿЂ ϶ ϦЄЂВ ϼ ϻϸϹЅА ϺϹ ЁϴЋϴϿЂ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸϼІА ϼϻ ЀϹЅІЁЂϽ ϷϿϼЁЏ ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴϹЀЏϹ ЅЂЅЇϸЏ ЃЂ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЏЀ ϹЀЇ ЂϵЄϴϻЊϴЀ (Metzner-Nebelsick 2012: 71).
260
,
,
ϣЂϸЂϵЁЂϹ Єϴϻ϶ϼІϼϹ ЅЂϵЏІϼϽ ϶ЃЂϿЁϹ ЀЂϷϿЂ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸϼІА Ёϴ ϶ЅϹЉ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼГЉ, ϷϸϹ ϻϴЅ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁЏ ϸЄЇϷϼϹ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЏϹ ЅЂЅЇϸЏ «ІϼЃϴ ϗϴ϶ϴ», ϶ ІЂЀ ЋϼЅϿϹ ϵϹϻ ЄЂϷЂ϶ϼϸЁЏЉ ϶ЏЅІЇЃЂ϶. ϣЂБІЂЀЇ
ЂІЀϹЋϴϹЀϴГ ЅЃϹЊϼϴϿϼЅІϴЀϼ ЂϵЍϴГ ЅЃϹЊϼЈϼϾϴ ЄϴЁЁϹϷϴϿАЌІϴІІЅϾϼЉ ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЂ϶
϶ ϞϴЄЃϴІЂ-ϣЂϸЇЁϴ϶АϹ (ЋϹЄЁЂϿЂЍϹЁϴГ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ, ϴЀЈЂЄЏ/ЅЂЅЇϸЏ-ЇЄЁЏ ϵϼЇЅϹЋϹЁЁЂϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ
ЂЋϹЄІϴЁϼϽ ϼ ϾϴЁЁϹϿϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϽ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІ) ЀЂϷϿϴ ЃЂГ϶ϼІАЅГ ϶ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІϹ ІЄϴЁЅЈϹЄϴ ІϹЉЁЂϿЂϷϼϼ ϼ/
ϼϿϼ ϼϸϹϼ. ϜЅЃЂϿАϻЇГ ЁЂ϶ЇВ ІϹЉЁЂϿЂϷϼВ ϼ ЁЂ϶ЇВ ІϹЉЁϼϾЇ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϴЊϼϼ, ЀϴЅІϹЄϴ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸϼϿϼ
ЃЄϼ϶ЏЋЁЏϹ ϸϿГ ЁϼЉ ϼ ЃЂІЄϹϵϼІϹϿϹϽ ЀϹЅІЁЏϹ ЈЂЄЀЏ ЃЂЅЇϸЏ, ЃЂБІЂЀЇ ϶ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЉ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴЉ
ϟБЃЇЌ II — ϗϴ϶ϴ I (ЄϼЅ. 7, 1; 8) ϼ ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ II/ϞЄЇЋϹЁА-ϕϹϿϹϷϼЌ II (ЄϼЅ. 7, 2; 8) ϶ ϞϴЄЃϴІЂ-ϣЂϸЇЁϴ϶АϹ,
ϾϴϾ ϼ Ёϴ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏЉ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼГЉ, ϵЏІЂ϶ϴϿϼ
ϴЀЈЂЄЏ/ЅЂЅЇϸЏ-ЇЄЁЏ ϼ ЋϹЄЃϴϾϼ.
ϖ ЁϴЌϹЀ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼϼ ϵЏϿϴ ЂϵЅЇϺϸϹЁϴ ЃЄЂϵϿϹЀϴ
ϵЂϿАЌЂϷЂ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϷЂ ЀϴЅЅϼ϶ϴ Ѕ ϾϴЁЁϹϿϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾЂϽ ЈϼЁϴϿϴ БЃЂЉϼ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ϶ ϞϴЄЃϴІЂ-ϣЂϸЇЁϴ϶АϹ.
ϔЁϴϿϼϻ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЏЉ ЃϴЄϴЀϹІЄЂ϶ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЉ ЀϴЄϾϹЄЂ϶ (ϴЀЈЂЄЏ/ЅЂЅЇϸЏ-ЇЄЁЏ) ϼ ЋϹЄЃϴϾЂ϶ ЃЂϾϴϻЏ϶ϴϹІ, ЋІЂ
II —
I ϼ
II/
II
϶ЁЇІЄϼ ЂϵЌϼЄЁЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϽ ЂϵЍЁЂЅІϼ Ѕ ϾϴЁЁϹϿϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾЂϽ
ЈϼЁϴϿϴ БЃЂЉϼ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ϶ ϞϴЄЃϴІЂ-ϣЂϸЇЁϴ϶АϹ. ϜЉ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЇВЍϹϹ Єϴϻ϶ϼІϼϹ ЃЄЂϸЂϿϺϼϿЂЅА ϶ ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸЁЏϽ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ Ͼ ЄϴЁЁϹЀЇ ϺϹϿϹϻЁЂЀЇ ϶ϹϾЇ, ЃЄϼ БІЂЀ ϼЉ ϴЄϹϴϿЏ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂ ЄϴЅЌϼЄϼϿϼЅА ϼ ЂЉ϶ϴІϼϿϼ ϞϴЄЃϴІЅϾЇВ ϾЂІϿЂ϶ϼЁЇ, ϥЄϹϸЁϹϹ ϼ ϡϼϺЁϹϹ ϣЂϸЇЁϴ϶АϹ, ϥϹ϶ϹЄЂ-ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϹ ϼ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϹ
ϣЄϼϾϴЄЃϴІАϹ. ϥϿϹϸЅІ϶ϼϹЀ ІϴϾЂϷЂ ЄϴЅЌϼЄϹЁϼГ ЅІϴϿЂ ЃЂГ϶ϿϹЁϼϹ ϶ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϼϹ ϶ϹϾϴ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.
Ёϴ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏЉ ЃЄϼϾϴЄЃϴІЅϾϼЉ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼГЉ ϸ϶ЇЉ ЁЂ϶ЏЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЉ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЂ϶ Ѕ ϾϴЁЁϹϿϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾЂϽ: ϗϴ϶ϴ-ϗЂϿϼϷЄϴϸЏ-ϗЄБЁϼЋϹЌІА ϼ ϞϼЌϼЁБЇ-ϞЂЄϿБІϹЁА. ϱІϼ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЏ ϼЀϹВІ
ЋϹІϾЂ ЂϾЂЁІЇЄϹЁЁЏϹ ϴЄϹϴϿЏ ϼ ЅЂЉЄϴЁϼϿϼ ЅЃϹЊϼЈϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϸϿГ ЂϵϿϴЅІϹϽ ϼЉ ЅϿЂϺϹЁϼГ БϿϹЀϹЁІЏ
ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿАЁЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ. ϜЀϹЁЁЂ ЄϴϻЁЏϹ ЃϹЄ϶ϼЋЁЏϹ ЂЋϴϷϼ БІϼЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ ЂϵϹЅЃϹЋϼ϶ϴϿϼ ЁϹ ІЂϿАϾЂ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЏϹ ЁϴЃЄϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ЀϼϷЄϴЊϼЂЁЁЏЉ ЃЂІЂϾЂ϶ (Ѕ ϻϴЃϴϸϴ/ВϷЂ-ϻϴЃϴϸϴ Ёϴ ϶ЂЅІЂϾ/ЅϹ϶ϹЄЂ-϶ЂЅІЂϾ), ЁЂ ІϴϾϺϹ ЂЅІϴ϶ϴϿϼЅА ІϹЀϼ ЂϵϿϴЅІГЀϼ, Ёϴ ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ϶ ЃϹЄ϶ЇВ ЂЋϹЄϹϸА ϵЏϿϼ ЂЄϼϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЏ
ϻϴЃϴϸЁЏϹ ϾЂЁІϴϾІЏ ϼЉ ЁЂЅϼІϹϿϹϽ.
ϨЂЄЀϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼϹ ϶ ЈϼЁϴϿϹ БЃЂЉϼ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ϶ ϞϴЄЃϴІЂ-ϣЂϸЇЁϴ϶АϹ ϼ Ёϴ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏЉ ЃЄϼϾϴЄЃϴІЅϾϼЉ
ЄЇϵϹϺϴЉ ЂϵЌϼЄЁЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϽ ЂϵЍЁЂЅІϼ ϾϴЁЁϹϿϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ Ѕ ϸ϶ЇЀГ ϾЄЇЃЁЏЀϼ ЄϹϷϼЂЁϴϿАЁЏЀϼ ЂϵЄϴϻЂ϶ϴЁϼГЀϼ Г϶ϿГϿЂЅА ЅϿϹϸЅІ϶ϼϹЀ ϼ ЋϴЅІАВ ЂϵЍϹϷЂ Ϲ϶ЄЂЃϹϽЅϾЂϷЂ ЃЄЂЊϹЅЅϴ, Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁЁЂϷЂ Ѕ ЂϵЄϴϻЂ϶ϴЁϼϹЀ ϶ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϙ϶ЄЂЃϹ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ЃЂϿϹϽ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏЉ ЇЄЁ ϼ ϶ЂϻЄЂЅЌϹϽ ЀЂϵϼϿАЁЂЅІАВ ЄϴϻЁЏЉ ϷЄЇЃЃ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼГ Ёϴ ЂϵЌϼЄЁЏЉ ЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁЅІ϶ϴЉ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϽ ϙ϶ЄЂЃЏ. ϖ ϾЂЁϹЋЁЂЀ ϼІЂϷϹ БІϼ
ЃЄЂЊϹЅЅЏ ЂϵЇЅϿЂ϶ϼϿϼ ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸ ЂІ БЃЂЉϼ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ Ͼ ϺϹϿϹϻЁЂЀЇ ϶ϹϾЇ ЂІ ϤЂЁЏ ϸЂ ϘЁϹЅІЄϴ.
ϔϷЇϿАЁϼϾЂ϶, ϦϾϴЋЇϾ 1990 —
. .,
. . ϡϴЉЂϸϾϼ ЄϴЁЁϹϷЂ ϺϹϿϹϻЁЂϷЂ ϶ϹϾϴ Ѕ ЃЂЅ.
ϥІϴЄЏϹ ϕЂВϾϴЁЏ // ϔЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ЀЂϿЂϸЏЉ ЇЋϹЁЏЉ ϠЂϿϸϴ϶ϼϼ. ϞϼЌϼЁϹ϶: ϬІϼϼЁЊϴ,
1990. ϥ. 105–107.
ϕϴϿϴϷЇЄϼ 1985 —
. . ϞЇϿАІЇЄϴ ϡЂϴ // ϔЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼГ ϧϾЄϴϼЁЅϾЂϽ ϥϥϤ. ϞϼϹ϶: ϡϴЇϾЂ϶ϴ ϸЇЀϾϴ, 1985.
Ϧ. 1. ϥ. 481–489.
ϕϴЁϸЄϼ϶ЅϾϼϽ 2012 —
. . ϞЂЀЀϹЁІϴЄϼϼ Ͼ ЅІϴІАϹ Ϡ. Ϧ. ϞϴЌЇϵЏ [ϥЄϴ϶ЁϼІϹϿАЁЂϹ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼϹ ϸЂЀЂЅІЄЂϼІϹϿАЅІ϶ϴ ϷϴϿАЌІϴІІЅϾϼЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϷЂ ϣЄϼϾϴЄЃϴІАГ (XII–VIII/VII ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.)] // Ϥϔϙ.
2012. № 2. ϥ. 473–478.
. 9. ϥЂЅЇϸЏ Ѕ ЄЂϷЂ϶ϼϸЁЏЀϼ ϶ЏЅІЇЃϴЀϼ ϶ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЏ BzD–HaB1 ϶ ϞϴЄЃϴІЂ-ϣЂϸЇЁϴ϶АϹ, ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂЀ
ϣЄϼϾϴЄЃϴІАϹ, Ёϴ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЏЉ ϕϴϿϾϴЁϴЉ ϼ ЅϹ϶ϹЄϹ ЀϴϿЂϴϻϼϽЅϾЂϷЂ ЃЂϵϹЄϹϺАГ: ϔ — «϶ϴЄ϶ϴЄЅϾϴГ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ»,
ЁϴϽϸϹЁЁϴГ ϗ. ϬϿϼЀϴЁЂЀ ϶ ЅϿЂϹ ϦЄЂГ VIIb2 (ЃЂ ϩБЁϻϹϿА 2013); ϕ — ϾϴЄІϴ Ѕ ЇϾϴϻϴЁϼϹЀ ЂІϸϹϿАЁЏЉ
ЀϹЅІЂЁϴЉЂϺϸϹЁϼϽ, ЇЃЂЀϼЁϴϹЀЏЉ ϶ ЁϴЅІЂГЍϹϽ ЅІϴІАϹ: — BzD–HaA1 (ϗϴ϶ϴ I); — ϗϴ϶ϴ I ϼ ϗϴ϶ϴ II; —
HaA2–HaB1 (ϗϴ϶ϴ II); — ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁϴГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁϴГ ЃЄϼЁϴϸϿϹϺЁЂЅІА; — ϗϴ϶ϴ, ЁϹЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁЁϴГ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶Ͼϴ (ЃЂ
Metzner-Nebelsick 2012)
Fig. 9. Vessels with horn-like projections from the BzD–HaB1 periods of the Carpathian-Danube, East Carpathian,
East Balkan regions, and the north of Asia Minor: ϔ — «barbaric pottery» found by Schliemann at Troy, layer
VIIb2 (after ϩБЁϻϹϿА 2013); ϕ — map showing the location of some of the sites mentioned in this paper: — BzD–
HaA1 (Gáva I); — Gáva I and Gáva II; — HaA2–HaB1 (Gáva II); — different cultural affiliation; — Gáva,
dating uncertain (after Metzner-Nebelsick 2012)
261
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ϵЄЂЁϻЏ (ЂЃЏІ ЅЄϴ϶ЁϼІϹϿАЁЂϽ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄϼЅІϼϾϼ) // ϞЂЁ϶ϹЄϷϹЁЊϼГ ϼ ϸϼ϶ϹЄϷϹЁЊϼГ ϶ Єϴϻ϶ϼІϼϼ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ БЃЂЉϼ
БЁϹЂϿϼІϴ–ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϼ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ϙ϶ЄЂЃЏ: ϠϴІϹЄϼϴϿЏ ϾЂЁЈ. 21–25 ϴ϶ϷЇЅІϴ 1995 ϷЂϸϴ, ϥϴЄϴІЂ϶. ϥϣϵ.:
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ϣЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏϹ ЊϹЁІЄЏ: ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾϼ, «ϸЂЄЂϷϼ», ϴЄϹϴϿ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁϼГ: ϠϴІϹЄϼϴϿЏ ІϹЀϴІϼЋ. ЁϴЇЋ. ϾЂЁЈ.
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ЂЄЇϸϼϽ ϶ ЅІϹЃЁЏЉ (ЅϾЂІЂ϶ЂϸЋϹЅϾϼЉ) ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴЉ БЃЂЉϼ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ϙ϶ЄЂЃЏ // Ϥϔϙ. 2012. № 2.
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ϕЂЋϾϴЄД϶ 2013ϴ —
ё . . ϔЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЃЄЂϵϿϹЀЏ ЄϴϸϼЂϾϴЄϵЂЁЁЂϽ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼϼ (ЃЂ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϴЀ БЃЂЉϼ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ВϺЁЂϽ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁЏ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ϙ϶ЄЂЃЏ) // ϣЄЂϵϿϹЀЏ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϼϻϴЊϼϼ ϼ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼϼ ϶ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼϼ БЃЂЉϼ ЄϴЁЁϹϷЂ ЀϹІϴϿϿϴ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ϙ϶ЄЂЃЏ: ϠϴІϹЄϼϴϿЏ ІϹЀϴІϼЋ. ЁϴЇЋ. ϾЂЁЈ. ϥϣϵ.: ϥϾϼЈϼГ-ЃЄϼЁІ, 2013.
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ϕЂЋϾϴЄД϶ 2013ϵ —
ё . . «ϤϴϸϼЂϾϴЄϵЂЁЁϴГ ЄϹ϶ЂϿВЊϼГ» ϼ ЃЄЂϵϿϹЀϴ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϼϻϴЊϼϼ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶
БЃЂЉϼ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ВϺЁЂϽ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁЏ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ϙ϶ЄЂЃЏ / «Radiocarbon Revolution» and the Periodization Problem of
Bronze Age Materials in South Part of Eastern Europe // ϣЄϼЁЊϼЃЏ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ БЃЂЉϼ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ, ϺϹϿϹϻЁЂϷЂ ϶ϹϾϴ ϼ ЅЄϹϸЁϹ϶ϹϾЂ϶АГ: ϠϴІϹЄϼϴϿЏ ЄЂЅЅϼϽЅϾЂ-ϷϹЄЀϴЁЅϾЂϷЂ ϾЂϿϿЂϾ϶ϼЇЀϴ (2–3 ϸϹϾϴϵЄГ 2013 Ϸ., ϥϴЁϾІϣϹІϹЄϵЇЄϷ). ϥϣϵ.: ϜϜϠϞ Ϥϔϡ, ϥϣϵϗϧ, 2013. ϥ. 59–77.
ϕЂЋϾϴЄД϶ 2013ϵ —
ё . ϱЃЂЉϴ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ ϶ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ϙ϶ЄЂЃϹ / Die Bronzezeit in Osteuropa // ϕЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏϽ
϶ϹϾ. ϙ϶ЄЂЃϴ ϵϹϻ ϷЄϴЁϼЊ. ϫϹІ϶ϹЄІЂϹ–ЃϹЄ϶ЂϹ ІЏЅГЋϹϿϹІϼГ ϸЂ Ё. Б.: ϞϴІϴϿЂϷ ϶ЏЅІϴ϶Ͼϼ. ϥϣϵ.: ϫϼЅІЏϽ ϿϼЅІ, 2013.
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ϣЄϴ϶ЂϵϹЄϹϺЁЂϷЂ ϿЙЅЂЅІϹЃЇ (ϻϴ ЀϴІϹЄЙϴϿϴЀϼ ϚϴϵЂІϼЁЅАϾЂϷЂ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁЁГ): ϔ϶ІЂЄϹЈ. ϸϼЅ. … ϾϴЁϸ. iЅІ. ЁϴЇϾ.
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ϘϴЄϴϷϴЁ, ϞϴЌЇϵϴ 2008 —
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ё . . ϠЂϿϸϴ϶ϼГ ϼ ЅЂЅϹϸЁϼϹ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ϶ БЃЂЉЇ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ (ϔЁϴϿϼϻ ϼ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄϼЅІϼϾϴ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЉ ϷЄЇЃЃ). ϞϼЌϼЁϹ϶: ϬІϼϼЁЊϴ, 1986. 222 Ѕ.
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ϞϴЄЃϴІЂ-ϘϴЁЇϵϼЂ-ϡЂЄϸЃЂЁІϼϽЅϾЂϷЂ ЄϹϷϼЂЁϴ. ϞϼЌϼЁБЇ: ϦϼЃЂϷЄϴЈϼГ ϔϡ, 1997. 104 Ѕ.
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ЅϹЄЃЏ ϡϼϺЁϹϷЂ ϣЂϸЇЁϴ϶АГ. ϞϼЌϼЁБЇ: ϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁϴГ ІϼЃЂϷЄϴЈϼГ, 2011. 459 Ѕ.
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ё
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ё
. . ϠϹІϴϿϿϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЅϹЄЃЏ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϽ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ
ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ϙ϶ЄЂЃЏ. ϞϼЌϼЁϹ϶: ϖЏЅЌϴГ ϴЁІЄЂЃЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϴГ ЌϾЂϿϴ, 2002. 348 Ѕ.
Ϟϴ϶ЄЇϾ 2011 —
. ϢϿЂ϶Ђ ϼ ЅЂϿА ϶ ϞϴЄЃϴІЅϾЂЀ ϵϴЅЅϹϽЁϹ ϶ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЂЀ ϶ϹϾϹ (ϫϴЅІА ЃϹЄ϶ϴГ) // RA. SN.
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ϞϴЌЇϵϴ 2008 —
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ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂЀЇ ϣЄϼЋϹЄЁЂЀЂЄАВ // ϜЅІЂЄϼГ ϼ ЃЄϴϾІϼϾϴ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼϽ: ϠϴІϹЄϼϴϿЏ ϠϹϺϸЇЁϴЄ.
ЁϴЇЋ. ϾЂЁЈ., ЃЂЅ϶ГЍ. 150-ϿϹІϼВ ЅЂ ϸЁГ ЄЂϺϸ. ЋϿ.-ϾЂЄЄ. ϔϡ ϥϥϥϤ, ЃЄЂЈ. ϔ. ϔ. ϥЃϼЊЏЁϴ (ϥϴЁϾІ-ϣϹІϹЄϵЇЄϷ,
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. . Ϣ ϷϴϿАЌІϴІІϹ ϼ ϗϴϿАЌІϴІІϹ ϶ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂЀ ϣЄϼЋϹЄЁЂЀЂЄАϹ — ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂϹ
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ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϷЂ ϣЄϼϾϴЄЃϴІАГ (XII–VIII/VII ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.) // Ϥϔϙ. 2012. № 2. ϥ. 433–472.
ϞϴЌЇϵϴ 2013 —
. . ϗϴϿАЌІϴІІЅϾϼϹ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿЏ ϼϻ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϷЂ ϣЄϼЋϹЄЁЂЀЂЄАГ — ϼЉ ЃЂІϹЁЊϼϴϿ
ϸϿГ ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁϼϻϴЊϼϼ Ѕ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴЀϼ Haϔ–Haϥ Ϲ϶ЄЂЃϹϽЅϾЂϽ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ЅЉϹЀЏ / Hallstatt Materials in the
Northern Black Sea Region — Their Potential for Synchronization with the Hallstatt A–Hallstatt C Periods of the
European Chronological Scheme // ϣЄϼЁЊϼЃЏ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ϶ БЃЂЉЇ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ, ϺϹϿϹϻЁЂЀ ϶ϹϾϹ ϼ ЅЄϹϸЁϹ϶ϹϾЂ϶АϹ:
ϠϴІϹЄϼϴϿЏ ЄЂЅЅϼϽЅϾЂ-ϷϹЄЀϴЁЅϾЂϷЂ ϾЂϿϿЂϾ϶ϼЇЀϴ (2–3 ϸϹϾϴϵЄГ 2013 Ϸ., ϥϴЁϾІ-ϣϹІϹЄϵЇЄϷ). ϥϣϵ.: ϜϜϠϞ Ϥϔϡ;
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Final Bronze Age in the Carpathian-Danube region:
cultural-historical landscape and its eastern boundary
O. G. Levitsky, M. T. Kashuba
The study is devoted to the problem of cultural heterogeneity within the Final Bronze Age massive of assemblages with fluted pottery in the Carpathian-Danube region (fig. 1–2). The analysis of the
cultural and historical situation in the whole, as well as the main cultural markers (amphorae/vessels/
urns) (fig. 3; 5, 1, 4–5, 7, 10; 6, 9–10; 7) and scoops (cups with a handle) (fig. 8) shows, that LăpuΒ IIGáva I and Belegiš II/Cruceni-Belegiš II are regional formations. Their subsequent development continued during the Bronze to Iron Age transition, when their areas expanded and embraced the Carpathian
depression, the Middle and Lower Danube, the northeastern and eastern parts of the Carpathians. As
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a result of this, two new cultures with fluted pottery appeared in the eastern part of the Carpathian region in the last centuries of the II millennium BC: Gáva-Holihrady-GrăniceΒti and ChiΒinău-Corlăteni
(fig. 1–2). They have clear-cut boundaries and retain the most important elements of material culture
typical for their formation areas (fig. 6–8). The formation of this vast cultural unity with two large
regional subdivisions was a part of the Pan-European processes, connected with the appearance of the
Urnfield culture in Central Europe, and with the increasing mobility of groups inhabiting Central and
Southeastern Europe. Ultimately, these processes caused the transition from the Bronze to Iron Age on
the territory from the Rhone and the Dniester.
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Keywords: Minor Asia, Turkey, Hakkâri, steles, representations, heart-like faces, warriors, Early Scythian
weaponry, painted pottery, Amazonomachy, vase paintings, Cimmerians.
ϠЁЂϷϼϹ ЄЂЅЅϼϽЅϾϼϹ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼ ЃЂЅ϶ГІϼϿϼ Ѕ϶Ђϼ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ЃЄЂϵϿϹЀϹ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼГ
ϴЁІЄЂЃЂЀЂЄЈЁЂϽ ЅϾЇϿАЃІЇЄЏ ЅϾϼЈЅϾЂϷЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ (ϦϹЄϹЁЂϺϾϼЁ 1976; ϥϴ϶ϼЁЂ϶, ϫϿϹЁЂ϶ϴ 1980;
ϢϿАЉЂ϶ЅϾϼϽ, ϙ϶ϸЂϾϼЀЂ϶ 1994; ϢϿАЉЂ϶ЅϾϼϽ 2005; ϞЂ϶ϴϿД϶ 2000). ϖ ЂЅЁЂ϶Ϲ БІϼЉ ЄϴϵЂІ ϿϹϺϼІ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϼϹ Ђ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ ЅϾϼЈЅϾϼЀ ϴЁІЄЂЃЂЀЂЄЈЁЏЀ ЅІϹϿϴЀ ЃЄϹϸЌϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴϿϴ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϻϼІϹϿАЁϴГ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼГ ЂϿϹЁЁЏЉ ϾϴЀЁϹϽ, ЃЄϼ϶ЁϹЅϹЁЁϴГ ϶ Ϲ϶ЄЂЃϹϽЅϾϼϹ ЅІϹЃϼ ЀϼϷЄϴЊϼЂЁЁЂϽ ϶ЂϿЁЂϽ ϼϻ ϷϿЇϵϼЁ
ϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϽ ϔϻϼϼ. ϛϴЃϴϸЁЏϹ ЂϿϹЁЁЏϹ ϾϴЀЁϼ ϶ ϵЂϿАЌϼЁЅІ϶Ϲ Ѕ϶ЂϹЀ ІЄϴϾІЂ϶ϴϿϼЅА ϾϴϾ ϾϼЀЀϹЄϼϽЅϾϼϹ ϶ ЃЂϿЁЂЀ ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ϼϼ ЅЂ «ϥϾϼЈЅϾϼЀ ϿЂϷЂЅЂЀ» ϗϹЄЂϸЂІϴ, ЅЂϷϿϴЅЁЂ ϾЂІЂЄЂЀЇ ЅϾϼЈЏ ϼϻϷЁϴϿϼ
ϾϼЀЀϹЄϼϽЊϹ϶ ϼϻ ϣЄϼЋϹЄЁЂЀЂЄАГ ϼ ЃЄϹЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴϿϼ ϼЉ ϶ ϠϴϿЂϽ ϔϻϼϼ.
ϗϹЄЂϸЂІ ЂЃϼЅЏ϶ϴϿ ЅЂϵЏІϼГ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЃЄЂϼϻЂЌϿϼ ϻϴ 200 ϿϹІ ϸЂ ϹϷЂ ЄЂϺϸϹЁϼГ, ЂЃϼЄϴГЅА Ёϴ
ІЄЇϸЏ ϷЄϹЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϿЂϷЂϷЄϴЈЂ϶ ϼ ЃЄϼ϶ЁЂЅГ Ѕ϶ЂϹ ЃЂЁϼЀϴЁϼϹ БІϼЉ ϼЅІЂЄϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЅЂϵЏІϼϽ. ϡϴЋϼЁϴГ Ѕ
ЅϹЄϹϸϼЁЏ ЃЄЂЌϿЂϷЂ ϶ϹϾϴ ϶ ЁϴЇЋЁЏϽ ЂϵЂЄЂІ ϵЏϿЂ ϶϶ϹϸϹЁЂ ϵЂϿАЌЂϹ ϾЂϿϼЋϹЅІ϶Ђ ЁЂ϶ЂϴЅЅϼЄϼϽЅϾϼЉ
ϾϿϼЁЂЃϼЅЁЏЉ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾЂ϶, ϴЁϴϿϼϻ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЃЂϾϴϻЏ϶ϴϹІ ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾЂ ϼЁЇВ ϾϴЄІϼЁЇ ϼЅІЂЄϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ
ЅЂϵЏІϼϽ. ϥІϴϿЂ ГЅЁЂ, ЋІЂ ϗϹЄЂϸЂІ ЃЄϹЇ϶ϹϿϼЋϼϿ ЄЂϿА ЅϾϼЈЂ϶, ϻЁϴЋϹЁϼϹ ϾϼЀЀϹЄϼϽЊϹ϶ ϶ ϼЅІЂЄϼϼ
ϘЄϹ϶ЁϹϷЂ ϖЂЅІЂϾϴ ЁϹϸЂЂЊϹЁϼ϶ϴϿϼ, ϴ ЅϴЀϼ ЂЁϼ ϼЀϹϿϼ ϼЁЇВ ϿЂϾϴϿϼϻϴЊϼВ.
ϞϿϼЁЂЃϼЅЁЏϹ ІϹϾЅІЏ ЈϼϾЅϼЄЇВІ ЃЄϹϵЏ϶ϴЁϼϹ ϾϼЀЀϹЄϼϽЊϹ϶ (Gimiraja — ϺϼІϹϿϼ ЅІЄϴЁЏ ϗϴЀϼЄ) Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЂ-ϛϴЃϴϸЁЂϷЂ ϜЄϴЁϴ, ЁϴЋϼЁϴГ Ѕ ЊϴЄЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼГ ϥϴЄϷЂЁϴ II (722–
705 ϷϷ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.). ϤϹЋА ϼϸϹІ Ђ ϶ЂϹЁЁЏЉ ЅІЂϿϾЁЂ϶ϹЁϼГЉ БІϼЉ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ Ѕ ϧЄϴЄІЇ. ϣЂϻϸЁϹϹ ЂІЀϹЋϹЁЂ ϴϾІϼ϶ЁЂϹ ЃЄϼЅЇІЅІ϶ϼϹ ϾϼЀЀϹЄϼϽЊϹ϶ ϶ ϠϴϿЂϽ ϔϻϼϼ. ϥЂϷϿϴЅЁЂ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾϴЀ, ЂЁϼ ϶ЀϹЅІϹ ЅЂ ЅϾϼЈϴЀϼ, ЀϴЁϹГЀϼ ϼ ЀϼϸϼϽЊϴЀϼ ЁϴЃϴϸϴϿϼ Ёϴ ϴЅЅϼЄϼϽЅϾϼϹ ЂІЄГϸЏ, ЅЂϵϼЄϴ϶ЌϼϹ ϸϴЁА. ϣЂЅϿϹ ЄϴϻϷЄЂЀϴ ЅϾϼЈЅϾЂϽ
ϸЄЇϺϼЁЏ ЊϴЄГ ϜЌϾϴЃϴГ (680–679 Ϸ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.) ЅϾϼЈЏ ϶ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾϴЉ ЁϹ ЇЃЂЀϼЁϴВІЅГ. ϞϼЀЀϹЄϼϽЊЏ
ϺϹ ЃЄЂϸЂϿϺϴϿϼ ІЄϹ϶ЂϺϼІА ϻϴЃϴϸЁЏϹ ϷЄϴЁϼЊЏ ϔЅЅϼЄϼϼ ϶ЃϿЂІА ϸЂ 630-Љ ϷϷ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (Ϝ϶ϴЁЋϼϾ 2001).
ϟЂϾϴϿϼϻϴЊϼГ ЅІЄϴЁЏ ϗϴЀϼЄϴ ЂЅІϴϹІЅГ ϸϼЅϾЇЅЅϼЂЁЁЂϽ, ЂϸЁϴϾЂ, ЅЇϸГ ЃЂ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾϴЀ, ϶ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЁЏЉ ЃЄϹϸϹϿϴЉ ϔЅЅϼЄϼϼ ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿϴЅА ϵϴϻϴ ϾϼЀЀϹЄϼϽЊϹ϶, ЂІϾЇϸϴ ЂЁϼ ЅЂ϶ϹЄЌϴϿϼ Ѕ϶Ђϼ ЁϴϵϹϷϼ
(ϠϹϸ϶ϹϸЅϾϴГ 2010: 181).
ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ϾϿϼЁЂЃϼЅЁЏϹ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾϼ ЇϾϴϻЏ϶ϴВІ Ёϴ ϴϾІϼ϶ЁЂϹ ϼ ϸϿϼІϹϿАЁЂϹ ЃЄϼЅЇІЅІ϶ϼϹ
ϾϼЀЀϹЄϼϽЊϹ϶ ϶ ϠϴϿЂϽ ϔϻϼϼ. «ϔЅЅϼЄϼϽЅϾϼϹ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾϼ Ёϴ ЃЄЂІГϺϹЁϼϼ ЁϹ ЀϹЁϹϹ ЋϹЀ 75 ϿϹІ <…>
ЈϼϾЅϼЄЂ϶ϴϿϼ Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ϜЄϴЁϴ ϼ ϛϴϾϴ϶ϾϴϻАГ ϸЂ ϠϴϿЂϽ ϔϻϼϼ ЃЄϹϼЀЇЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂ ϾϼЀЀϹЄϼϽЊϹ϶,
ЅϾϼЈЏ ϺϹ ЇЃЂЀϼЁϴВІЅГ ϶ ІϹЋϹЁϼϹ ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾϼЉ ϿϹІ ϶ 670-Ϲ ϷϷ. ϼ ІЂϿАϾЂ ϶ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЂ-ϛϴЃϴϸЁЂЀ ϜЄϴЁϹ»
(ϦϴЀ ϺϹ).
ϡϹЅЀЂІЄГ Ёϴ ϸЂϿϷЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂϹ ЃЄϼЅЇІЅІ϶ϼϹ ϾϼЀЀϹЄϼϽЊϹ϶ Ёϴ ϕϿϼϺЁϹЀ ϖЂЅІЂϾϹ, ϻϸϹЅА ЁϹ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϻϼІϹϿАЁЏϹ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ, ЅЂЃЂЅІϴ϶ϼЀЏϹ Ѕ ЂϿϹЁЁЏЀϼ ϾϴЀЁГЀϼ. ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, Ѕ϶ГϻА
ЂϿϹЁЁЏЉ ϾϴЀЁϹϽ ϼ ϼЅІЂЄϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϾϼЀЀϹЄϼϽЊϹ϶ ЁϹ ЁϴЉЂϸϼІ ЃЂϸІ϶ϹЄϺϸϹЁϼГ.
ϖ Ѕ϶Гϻϼ Ѕ БІϼЀ ϶ЂϻЁϼϾϴϹІ ϶ЂЃЄЂЅ, ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴϿϴ Ͽϼ Ї ϾϼЀЀϹЄϼϽЊϹ϶ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼГ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϼГ
ϼ ЇЅІϴЁЂ϶Ͼϼ ϴЁІЄЂЃЂЀЂЄЈЁЏЉ ЅІϹϿ ϼϿϼ ЂЁϼ ЃЄϹϸЃЂЋϼІϴϿϼ ϸЄЇϷϼϹ, ϼЀϹВЍϼϹ ЅІϹЃЁЂϹ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼϹ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼГ, ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁЁЏϹ ϶ ЀϹЅІϴЉ ϼЉ ЄϹϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ЄϴЅЅϹϿϹЁϼГ. ϥϿЇЋϴϽЁЂϹ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁϼϹ ϶ 1999 Ϸ. ϶ ЊϹЁІЄϹ Ϸ. ϩϴϾϾϴЄϼ (ϲϷЂ-ϖЂЅІЂЋЁϴГ ϦЇЄЊϼГ) ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴ, ϶ϾϿВЋϴВЍϹϷЂ 13 ЉЂЄЂЌЂ
271
:
272
,
,
,
,
ЅЂЉЄϴЁϼ϶ЌϼЉЅГ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾЂ϶ЏЉ ϴЁІЄЂЃЂЀЂЄЈЁЏЉ ЅІϹϿ (ЄϼЅ. 1; 2; 4), ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГϹІ ϶ϻϷϿГЁЇІА Ёϴ БІЇ
ЃЄЂϵϿϹЀЇ Ѕ ЁЂ϶ЂϽ ІЂЋϾϼ ϻЄϹЁϼГ.
ϥІϹϿЏ ϩϴϾϾϴЄϼ ЃЄϼ϶ϿϹϾϴВІ ϶ЁϼЀϴЁϼϹ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿϹϽ Ѕ ЀЂЀϹЁІϴ ЂЃЇϵϿϼϾЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϽ
ϼЁЈЂЄЀϴЊϼϼ, ЃЂЅІЇЃϼ϶ЌϹϽ ЂІ ϸЂЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴ϶ЌϹϷЂ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϴ, ЃЄЂЈ. ϥІϴЀϵЇϿАЅϾЂϷЂ ЇЁϼ϶ϹЄЅϼІϹІϴ ϖ. ϥϹ϶ϼЁϴ (Sevin 2000; 2005). ϢІϹЋϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏϹ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿϼ ІϴϾϺϹ ЁϹ ЂϵЂЌϿϼ ϶ЁϼЀϴЁϼϹЀ
БІЂ ЂІϾЄЏІϼϹ. ϖ. ϥ. ϢϿАЉЂ϶ЅϾϼϽ ЂІЀϹІϼϿ, ЋІЂ ЅϾϼЈЅϾϼϹ ЅІϹϿЏ ЁϹ ЃЂЉЂϺϼ Ёϴ ЃϿϼІЏ ϼϻ ϩϴϾϾϴЄϼ
(ϢϿАЉЂ϶ЅϾϼϽ 2005). ϖ ЁϴЇЋЁЏЉ ϺЇЄЁϴϿϴЉ ЃЂГ϶ϼϿϼЅА ϼЁЈЂЄЀϴЊϼЂЁЁЏϹ ЅІϴІАϼ Ђ ІЇЄϹЊϾϼЉ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϴЉ
(ϟϹЇЅ 2007; ϖϴЅϼϿАϹ϶ ϔ., ϖϴЅϼϿАϹ϶ Ϙ. 2011). ϧЃЂЀГЁЇІЏϹ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏϹ ϴЁІЄЂЃЂЀЂЄЈЁЏϹ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼГ
ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴЁЏ ІϴϾϺϹ ϶ ϾϴЋϹЅІ϶Ϲ ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼϽ ϶ ЄϴϵЂІϹ ϳ. ϖ. ϖϴЅϼϿАϾЂ϶ϴ (Vassilkov 2011). ϖ 2012 ϴ϶ІЂЄ ЁϴЅІЂГЍϹϽ ЅІϴІАϼ ЅϸϹϿϴϿϴ ϸЂϾϿϴϸ Ёϴ IV ϠϹϺϸЇЁϴЄЂϸЁЂЀ ϞЂЁϷЄϹЅЅϹ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼϼ ϙ϶Єϴϻϼϼ
(ϔϻϹЄϵϴϽϸϺϴЁ) Ёϴ ІϹЀЇ: «ϔЁІЄЂЃЂЀЂЄЈЁЏϹ ЅІϹϿЏ ϫϹЀЇЄЋϹϾϴ ϼ ϩϴϾϾϴЄϼ».
ϡϴЉЂϸϾϼ ϼϻ ϩϴϾϾϴЄϼ ϶ЏГ϶ϿϹЁЏ ЁϹЃЂϸϴϿϹϾЇ ЂІ ϵϹЄϹϷϴ Є. ϕВϽВϾ ϛϴϵ (ϕЂϿАЌЂϽ ϛϴϵ ϴЅЅϼЄϼϽЅϾϼЉ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾЂ϶), ЁϹЃЂЅЄϹϸЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂ Ї ЂІ϶ϹЅЁЂϽ ЅϾϴϿЏ, ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿГВЍϹϽ ЅЂϵЂϽ ϶ЏЅЂϾЂϹ ЃϿЂЅϾЂϹ
ЃϿϴІЂ Ѕ ЂІ϶ϹЅЁЏЀϼ ЅІϹЁϴЀϼ. ϱІЂ ЀϹЅІЂ ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴϹІЅГ «ϻϴЀЂϾ ϫДϿϹЀϹЄϼϾ» (ЂЅЀϴЁЅϾϴГ ϾЄϹЃЂЅІА, ЃЂЅІЄЂϹЁЁϴГ ϻϸϹЅА ϶ XIV ϶.). ϖЃЂЅϿϹϸЅІ϶ϼϼ ЇϾЄϹЃϿϹЁϼϹ ϵЏϿЂ ЄϴϻЄЇЌϹЁЂ ϻϹЀϿϹІЄГЅϹЁϼϹЀ. ϣЂ ЀЁϹЁϼВ ϖ. ϥϹ϶ϼЁϴ (Sevin 2000), ЂЃЂϿϻЁϼ ϼ ЂϵЄЇЌϼ϶ЌϼϹЅГ ЋϴЅІϼ ϾЄϹЃЂЅІЁЏЉ ЅІϹЁ ЅϾЄЏϿϼ ЅІϹϿЏ, ЄϴЅЃЂϿϴϷϴ϶ЌϼϹЅГ ЃЂϸ ЅϾϴϿЂϽ Ͼ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЇ ЂІ ϻϴЀϾϴ.
ϗЂЄЂϸ ϩϴϾϾϴЄϼ ЁϴЉЂϸϼІЅГ ϶ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЁЏЉ ЃЄϹϸϷЂЄАГЉ ϷЂЄЁЂϽ ЅϼЅІϹЀЏ ϛϴϷЄЂЅ, ВϺЁϹϹ Ђϻ. ϖϴЁ
(ЄϼЅ. 1, 1). ϖ ϸЄϹ϶ЁЂЅІϼ БІЂІ ЄϴϽЂЁ, ϷЄϴЁϼЋϴЍϼϽ Ёϴ ϶ЂЅІЂϾϹ Ѕ ϜЄϴЁЂЀ, ϴ Ёϴ ВϷϹ — Ѕ ϜЄϴϾЂЀ ϼ ϥϼЄϼϹϽ,
Г϶ϿГϿЅГ ЃЂϷЄϴЁϼЋЁЂϽ ϻЂЁЂϽ ЀϹϺϸЇ ϩϹІІЅϾϼЀ ЊϴЄЅІ϶ЂЀ ϼ ϠϹЅЂЃЂІϴЀϼϹϽ, ϧЄϴЄІЇ, ϔЅЅϼЄϼϹϽ ϼ ЊϴЄЅІ϶ЂЀ ϠϴЁЁЇ. ϘϴЁЁϴГ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼГ, ϶ЉЂϸϼ϶ЌϴГ ϶ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЏЉ ϷЂЅЇϸϴЄЅІ϶ (ϔЅЅϼЄϼГ, ϠϼϸϼГ,
ϣϹЄЅϼГ), ЂϾϴϻϴϿϴЅА ϶ ЅЈϹЄϹ ЄϴϻЁЏЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЉ ϼ ϼϸϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϶ϿϼГЁϼϽ. ϦϹЀ ϵЂϿϹϹ ЁϹЂϺϼϸϴЁЁЏЀ ϶ЏϷϿГϸϼІ ІЂ ЂϵЅІЂГІϹϿАЅІ϶Ђ, ЋІЂ, ЁϴЉЂϸГЅА Ёϴ ЃϹЄϹϾЄϹЅІϾϹ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϼЉ Њϼ϶ϼϿϼϻϴЊϼϽ ϖЂЅІЂϾϴ,
БІЂІ ЄϹϷϼЂЁ ϸϴϿ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼϽ, ϸϹЀЂЁЅІЄϼЄЇВЍϼЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЇВ ЅϴЀЂϵЏІЁЂЅІА ϼ ϷϹЁϹІϼЋϹЅϾЇВ Ѕ϶ГϻА ЅЂ ЅІϹЃЁЂϽ ϻЂЁЂϽ ϙ϶Єϴϻϼϼ.
ϱІЂ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼϹ, ϶ЏЅϾϴϻϴЁЁЂϹ ϖ. ϥϹ϶ϼЁЂЀ (Sevin 2005), ІЄϹϵЇϹІ ЃЂϸЄЂϵЁЂϷЂ ϴЁϴϿϼϻϴ, ІϴϾ
ϾϴϾ ЅІϹЃЁЂϽ ЃЂГЅ ϙ϶Єϴϻϼϼ ЃЄЂЅІϼЄϴϹІЅГ Ёϴ ІЏЅГЋϼ ϾϼϿЂЀϹІЄЂ϶ ϼ ϶ ЁϹЀ ЅϾϿϴϸЏ϶ϴϿϼЅА ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЏϹ
ϼϾЂЁЂϷЄϴЈϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼϼ. ϟЂϷϼЋЁЂ ϵЏϿЂ ϵЏ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϼІА, ЋІЂ ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴϹЀЏϹ ЅІϹϿЏ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸГІ ϼϻ ϞЄЏЀϴ ϼϿϼ ϣЄϹϸϾϴ϶ϾϴϻАГ ϾϴϾ ЅϴЀЏЉ ϵϿϼϻϾϼЉ Ͼ ϦЇЄЊϼϼ ЅІϹЃЁЏЉ ЄϴϽЂЁЂ϶. ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ϶Ђ ϶ІЂЄЂϽ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁϹ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϶ ϣЄϼЋϹЄЁЂЀЂЄАϹ ЁϹІ ЅЂЃЂЅІϴ϶ϼЀЏЉ ϴЁІЄЂЃЂЀЂЄЈЁЏЉ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼϽ,
ϴ ЂϿϹЁЁЏϹ ϾϴЀЁϼ ЁϹ ϶ЏϻЏ϶ϴВІ ϴЅЅЂЊϼϴЊϼϽ ЅЂ ЅІϹϿϴЀϼ ϩϴϾϾϴЄϼ.
ϣϹЄ϶ЂЁϴЋϴϿАЁЏϽ ЃЂЄГϸЂϾ ЇЅІϴЁЂ϶Ͼϼ ЅІϹϿ ЁϹ ϻϴЈϼϾЅϼЄЂ϶ϴЁ, ЃЂЅϾЂϿАϾЇ Ͼ ЀЂЀϹЁІЇ ЃЂГ϶ϿϹЁϼГ
ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷЂ϶ ЀϹЅІЁЏϹ ϺϼІϹϿϼ ЇϺϹ ЋϴЅІϼЋЁЂ ϼЉ ЄϴЅϾЂЃϴϿϼ ϼ ЃϹЄϹЀϹЅІϼϿϼ ЅЂ Ѕ϶ЂϼЉ ЀϹЅІ (ЄϼЅ. 1, 3).
ϢЃЇϵϿϼϾЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϽ ЄϼЅЇЁЂϾ ϖ. ϥϹ϶ϼЁϴ (ЄϼЅ. 1, 4; Sevin 2005: ЄϼЅ. 5) ЄϹϾЂЁЅІЄЇϼЄЇϹІ ЄϴЅЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼϹ
ЃϿϼІ Ёϴ ЀϹЅІϹ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϼ. ϦϹЀ ЁϹ ЀϹЁϹϹ ЅЂЃЂЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϼϹ ЄϼЅЇЁϾϴ Ѕ ЈЂІЂϷЄϴЈϼГЀϼ, ЅϸϹϿϴЁЁЏЀϼ ϶Ђ ϶ЄϹЀГ ЄϴЅϾЂЃЂϾ, ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГВІ ЂІЁϹЅІϼЅА Ͼ БІЂϽ ЄϹϾЂЁЅІЄЇϾЊϼϼ Ѕ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁЁЏЀ ϸЂ϶ϹЄϼϹЀ. ϣϿЂЍϴϸА,
ϾЂІЂЄЇВ ϻϴЁϼЀϴϿϼ ЅІϹϿЏ, ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿГϿϴ 29,5 Ѐ2 (6,5 × 4,5 Ѐ), ϶ЏЅЂІϴ ϻϴ϶ϴϿϴ — 1,7 Ѐ. ϖЏЅЂІϴ ЃϿϼІ ϾЂϿϹϵϿϹІЅГ ЂІ 0,71 Ѐ (ЅІϹϿϴ 7) ϸЂ 3 Ѐ (ЄϴЅϾЂϿЂІϴГ ЃЂЅϹЄϹϸϼЁϹ ЅІϹϿϴ 13), ІЂϿЍϼЁϴ — ЂІ 0,30 ϸЂ 0,35 Ѐ.
ϥЇϸГ ЃЂ ЄϼЅЇЁϾЇ ϖ. ϥϹ϶ϼЁϴ, ЃϿϼІЏ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿГϿϼ ϸ϶ϴ ЁϹЄЂ϶ЁЏЉ ЄГϸϴ, ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ЂϸϼЁ ϼϻ ЁϼЉ ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿЅГ
ЁϹЃЂЅЄϹϸЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂ Ї ЅϾϴϿАЁЂϽ ЅІϹЁϾϼ, ϴ ϸЄЇϷЂϽ ϶ЏЅІЇЃϴϿ ϶ЃϹЄϹϸ Ёϴ 30–50 ЅЀ. ϣЄϼ ϸϹІϴϿАЁЂЀ ЄϴЅЅЀЂІЄϹЁϼϼ ϶ ЇЅІϴЁЂ϶ϾϹ ЅІϹϿ ЇϿϴ϶Ͽϼ϶ϴϹІЅГ ϿЂϷϼϾϴ, ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄϼϻЇВЍϴГ ЃЄЂЊϹЅЅ Єϴϻ϶ϼІϼГ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼϽ Ёϴ ЃϿϼІϴЉ.
ϖ ϻϴϸЁϹЀ ЄГϸЇ Ї ЅϾϴϿАЁЂϽ ЅІϹЁϾϼ ЃГІА ЅІϹϿ ϵЏϿϼ ϶ϾЂЃϴЁЏ Ёϴ ЂϸЁЂЀ ЇЄЂ϶ЁϹ, ЂϵЄϴϻЇГ ϿϼЁϼВ ϸϿϼЁЂϽ 6,5 Ѐ, ЃЄϼ БІЂЀ ЃϿϼІЏ ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿϼЅА Ёϴ ЄϴЅЅІЂГЁϼϼ 20–30 ЅЀ ϸЄЇϷ ЂІ ϸЄЇϷϴ. ϣϹЄϹϸЁϼϽ
ЄГϸ ЅІϹϿ ЇЅІϴЁЂ϶ϿϹЁ Ёϴ ЄϴЅЅІЂГЁϼϼ 1,5–2 Ѐ ЂІ ϻϴϸЁϹϷЂ, ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ϶ ЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁЅІ϶Ђ ЀϹϺϸЇ ЄГϸϴЀϼ
. 1. 1 — CЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁϴГ ϲϷЂ-ϛϴЃϴϸЁϴГ ϔϻϼГ, ϾϴЄІϴ; 2–3 — ЈЂІЂϷЄϴЈϼϼ Ѕ ЀϹЅІϴ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁϼГ ЅІϹϿ; 4 —
ЄϼЅЇЁЂϾ ЅІϹϿ ϩϴϾϾϴЄϼ, ϶ЏЃЂϿЁϹЁЁЏϽ ϖ. ϥϹ϶ϼЁЂЀ (2–3 — ЃЂ Sevin 2000; 4 — ЃЂ Sevin 2005)
Fig. 1. 1 — Map of modern Southwest Asia; 2–3 — photos of the place where the steles were found; 4 — Hakkâri
steles, drawing by V. Sevin (2–3 — after Sevin 2000; 4 — after Sevin 2005)
273
:
,
,
ЃЂЀϹЍϹЁЏ ЃϿϼІЏ 6 ϼ 7. ϡϴ ЃϹЄ϶ЂЀ ЃϿϴЁϹ Ёϴ ЄϴЅЅІЂГЁϼϼ ЂϾЂϿЂ 1 Ѐ ЂІ ЅІϹϿ ЃϹЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ЄГϸϴ ϵЏϿϴ
϶ϾЂЃϴЁϴ ЃϿϼІϴ 13. ϡϴ ЈЂІЂϷЄϴЈϼГЉ, ЅϸϹϿϴЁЁЏЉ Ёϴ ЀϹЅІϹ ЄϴЅϾЂЃЂϾ, ϶ϼϸЁЂ, ЋІЂ ЅІϹϿЏ ЃϹЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ЄГϸϴ
ЃЄϴϾІϼЋϹЅϾϼ ϿϹϺϴІ Ёϴ ЃϿϼІϴЉ ϻϴϸЁϹϷЂ ЄГϸϴ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ, ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ, ϵЏϿϼ ϻϴЅЏЃϴЁЏ ЃϹЄϹϸ ЇЅІϴЁЂ϶ϾЂϽ
ЃϹЄϹϸЁϼЉ ЅІϹϿ (ЄϼЅ. 1, 2–3), ЋІЂ ЂϵϹЅЃϹЋϼϿЂ ϿЇЋЌЇВ ЅЂЉЄϴЁЁЂЅІА ϵЂϿϹϹ ЄϴЁЁϼЉ ЃϿϼІ.
ϞЇЋЁЂϹ ЄϴЅЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼϹ ЅІϹϿ (ЄϼЅ. 1, 3) ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГϹІ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϼІА, ЋІЂ ЂЁϼ ЅϾЂЁЊϹЁІЄϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЏ Ёϴ ЇЋϴЅІϾϹ, Ёϴϸ ϾЂІЂЄЏЀ Ёϴ ϶ϹЄЌϼЁϹ ЅϾϴϿЏ ϵЏϿЂ ЇЅІЄЂϹЁЂ ϾϴϾЂϹ-ІЂ ЅІЄЂϹЁϼϹ. ϢϸЁϴϾЂ Ѕ϶ϹϸϹЁϼϽ Ђ ЁϴϿϼЋϼϼ ІϴЀ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЂϵЎϹϾІЂ϶ ЁϹІ, ІϴϾ ϾϴϾ ϶ БІЂЀ ЀϹЅІϹ ЁϴЉЂϸϼІЅГ ІЇЄϹЊϾϴГ
϶ЂϹЁЁϴГ ϵϴϻϴ.
. 2. ϞЂЀЃϿϹϾЅ ЅІϹϿ ϩϴϾϾϴЄϼ: 1, 3–4, 6–10, 12 — ЃЄЂЄϼЅЂ϶Ͼϴ ЅІϹϿ ЃЂ ЈЂІЂϷЄϴЈϼГЀ (϶ЏЃЂϿЁϹЁϴ ϴ϶ІЂЄЂЀ);
2, 5, 11, 13 — ЈЂІЂϷЄϴЈϼϼ ЅІϹϿ (ЃЂ Sevin 2005)
Fig. 2. Complex of Hakkâri steles: 1, 3–4, 6–10, 12 — author’s drawing from photographs; 2, 5, 11, 13 —
photographs of the steles (after Sevin 2005)
274
,
,
ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ϾЂЀЃϴϾІЁЂϹ ЄϴЅЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼϹ ЃϿϼІ ЅЂϻϸϴϹІ ЅϼІЇϴЊϼВ ЃЄГЀЂϽ ЅІЄϴІϼϷЄϴЈϼϼ,
ЃЂЅϾЂϿАϾЇ ЃϹЄϹЀϹЅІϼІА ЅІϹϿЏ ЂІЁЂЅϼІϹϿАЁЂ ϸЄЇϷ ϸЄЇϷϴ ЃЄϼ ІϴϾЂϽ ϼЉ ЇЅІϴЁЂ϶ϾϹ ϵЏϿЂ ϻϴІЄЇϸЁϼІϹϿАЁЂ. ϱІЂ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼϹ ЃЂϸϾЄϹЃϿГϹІЅГ ЅІϼϿϼЅІϼϾЂϽ ЃϿϼІ. ϖ ϻϴϸЁϹЀ ЄГϸЇ ЅЂЅЄϹϸЂІЂЋϹЁЏ ЅІϹϿЏ Ѕ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼГЀϼ, ϸϿГ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЏ ϴЄЉϴϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϸϹІϴϿϼ, ЃЄϼЅЇЍϼϹ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂϴϻϼϴІЅϾЂϽ
ϼϾЂЁЂϷЄϴЈϼϼ, ϴ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼГ Ёϴ ЃϿϼІϴЉ ЃϹЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ЄГϸϴ ϸϹЀЂЁЅІЄϼЄЇВІ ЇЅϼϿϼ϶ϴВЍϹϹЅГ ϶ϿϼГЁϼϹ
ЃϹЄϹϸЁϹϴϻϼϴІЅϾЂϷЂ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϻϼІϹϿАЁЂϷЂ ϼЅϾЇЅЅІ϶ϴ (ЄϼЅ. 1, 4).
1, ϶ϼϸϼЀЂ, ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿГϹІ ЅЂϵЂϽ ЅϴЀЇВ ϸЄϹ϶ЁВВ ЃϿϼІЇ, ІϴϾ ϾϴϾ ЂІϿϼЋϴϹІЅГ ЃЄϹϸϹϿАЁЏЀ ϿϴϾЂЁϼϻЀЂЀ ЃϹЄϹϸϴЋϼ ϴЁІЄЂЃЂЀЂЄЈЁЂϷЂ ЂϵЄϴϻϴ ϼ ЂІЅЇІЅІ϶ϼϹЀ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼϽ ϾϴϾϼЉ-ϿϼϵЂ
ЃЄϹϸЀϹІЂ϶ (ЄϼЅ. 1, 4; 2, 1). ϢЋϹ϶ϼϸЁЂ, ЅІϹϿϴ ϵЏϿϴ ЄϴϻϵϼІϴ ϹЍϹ ϶ ϸЄϹ϶ЁЂЅІϼ. ϥϹЄϸЊϹ϶ϼϸЁЏϽ ϾЂЁІЇЄ
ϿϼЊϴ ЈϼϷЇЄЏ ЂЈЂЄЀϿϹЁ ϶ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ϾЂЁІЄЄϹϿАϹЈЂЀ. ϣЄϴ϶ϴГ ЄЇϾϴ ЃϹЄЅЂЁϴϺϴ ЃЄϼϾϴЅϴϹІЅГ Ͼ
ЃЂϸϵЂЄЂϸϾЇ, ϿϹ϶ϴГ — ЃЄϼϺϴІϴ Ͼ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЇ. ϗϿϴϻϴ ЃЂϾϴϻϴЁЏ ϷϿЇϵЂϾϼЀϼ ГЀϾϴЀϼ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ, ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂ,
ϵЏϿϼ ϼЁϾЄЇЅІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЏ ϶ЅІϴ϶ϾϴЀϼ ϼϻ ϵϹϿЂϷЂ ϾϴЀЁГ. ϦϴϾϼϹ ϶ЅІϴ϶Ͼϼ, ЃЂЉЂϺϹ, ϵЏϿϼ Ї ϶ЅϹЉ ЃϹЄЅЂЁϴϺϹϽ, ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁЁЏЉ Ёϴ ϴЁІЄЂЃЂЀЂЄЈЁЏЉ ЃϿϼІϴЉ, ϾЄЂЀϹ ЈϼϷЇЄ Ёϴ ЅІϹϿϴЉ 3 ϼ 11, ЁЂ ЅЂЉЄϴЁϼϿϼЅА
ІЂϿАϾЂ Ёϴ ЃϿϼІϹ 8. ϖ. ϥϹ϶ϼЁ ЅЋϼІϴϹІ, ЋІЂ Ёϴ ЅІϹϿϹ 1 ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁ ϺϹЁЅϾϼϽ ЂϵЄϴϻ. ϣЄϼЁϼЀϴГ ϶Ђ ϶ЁϼЀϴЁϼϹ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЂ-϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏϹ ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼϼ, ЀЂϺЁЂ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϼІА, ЋІЂ ЅϹЄϸЊϹ϶ϼϸЁϴГ ϿϼЋϼЁϴ ЇϾϴϻЏ϶ϴϹІ Ёϴ
Ѕ϶ГϻА ЈϼϷЇЄЏ Ѕ ЅϴϾЄϴϿАЁЂϽ ЅЈϹЄЂϽ. ϙЅϿϼ ϵЏ БІϴ ЃϿϼІϴ ϵЏϿϴ ЁϴϽϸϹЁϴ ϶ ϥϼϵϼЄϼ, ϹϹ ϶ЃЂϿЁϹ ЀЂϷϿϼ
ϵЏ ЃЄϼϻЁϴІА ЂϾЇЁϹ϶ЅϾЂϽ ϼϿϼ ϾϴЄϴϾЂϿАЅϾЂϽ (ϞЇϵϴЄϹ϶ 2009), ϼЅЉЂϸГ ϼϻ ϼϾЂЁЂϷЄϴЈϼϼ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЅϼϵϼЄЅϾϼЉ ϿϼЋϼЁ.
2 (ЄϼЅ. 1, 4; 2, 2) ϶ϹЅАЀϴ ϼЁЈЂЄЀϴІϼ϶Ёϴ, ЁϹЅЀЂІЄГ Ёϴ ЃЂ϶ЄϹϺϸϹЁϼϹ ϹϹ ϿϹ϶ЂϽ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁЏ.
ϖЂ-ЃϹЄ϶ЏЉ, ЅϹЄϸЊϹ϶ϼϸЁЏϽ ϾЂЁІЇЄ ϿϼЊϴ ЂЈЂЄЀϿϹЁ Ѕ϶ϹЄЉЇ ЁϹ ϷЄϴ϶ϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЀϼ ϿϼЁϼГЀϼ, ϴ ІЄϹЀГ
϶ЏЃЇϾϿЏЀϼ ϶ϴϿϼϾϴЀϼ, ЋІЂ ЃЄϼϸϴϹІ ϹЀЇ ЂЅЂϵЇВ ϶ЏЄϴϻϼІϹϿАЁЂЅІА. ϖЂ-϶ІЂЄЏЉ, ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴϹЀЏϽ
ϴЁІЄЂЃЂЀЂЄЈЁЏϽ ЂϵЄϴϻ Г϶ϿГϹІЅГ ϹϸϼЁЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЀ, Ёϴ ЍϹϾϴЉ ϾЂІЂЄЂϷЂ ЃЂϾϴϻϴЁЏ ϸϹІϴϿϼ ЂϾЄЇϷϿЏЉ
ЂЋϹЄІϴЁϼϽ (ІϴІЇϼЄЂ϶Ͼϼ?). ϗϿϴϻϴ ϶ЂЅЃЄЂϼϻ϶ϹϸϹЁЏ ϶ ϶ϼϸϹ ЀϴϿϹЁАϾϼЉ ЇϻϾϼЉ ЅϹϷЀϹЁІЂ϶. ϡϴϸ ЃЄϴ϶ЏЀ
ЃϿϹЋЂЀ ЃϹЄЅЂЁϴϺϴ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁ ϵЂϹ϶ЂϽ ЃЄЂЇЌЁЂϽ ІЂЃЂЄ. ϣЂϸ ЁϼЀ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІ, ЃЂЉЂϺϼϽ Ёϴ
ϾЄϹЅϴϿЂ (?) ϼϿϼ ЃЄГϺϾЇ (?). ϡϴ ЃЂГЅϹ ЃЂϾϴϻϴЁЏ ϾϼЁϺϴϿ Ѕ Ёϴ϶ϼЅϴВЍϼЀ ЃϹЄϹϾЄϹЅІАϹЀ ϼ ЄϹϵЄϼЅІЏЀ
ϿϹϻ϶ϼϹЀ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϹ ЁϹЃЂЁГІЁЂϷЂ ЁϴϻЁϴЋϹЁϼГ ϶ ϶ϼϸϹ ЅІϹЄϺЁГ Ѕ ЃϹІϿϹϽ. ϤЇϾϼ ЈϼϷЇЄЏ ЅЂЃЄϼϾϴЅϴВІЅГ ЃϴϿАЊϴЀϼ. ϣЄϴ϶ϴГ ЄЇϾϴ ЇϸϹЄϺϼ϶ϴϹІ ЀϴϿϹЁАϾϼϽ ϾЄЇϺЂϾ, ϶ЏЃЂϿЁϹЁЁЏϽ ϶ЏЃЇϾϿЏЀ ϶ϴϿϼϾЂЀ. ϣЂϸ БІϼЀ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІЂЀ ϶ϼϸЁϴ ϶ЏЃЇϾϿЂЅІА ЁϹГЅЁЏЉ ЂЋϹЄІϴЁϼϽ. ϗЂϿЂ϶ЁЂϽ ЇϵЂЄ ϶ЂЅЃЄЂϼϻ϶ϹϸϹЁ
϶ ϶ϼϸϹ ЌϼЄЂϾЂϽ ϿϹЁІЏ, ϾЂЁЊЏ ϾЂІЂЄЂϽ ϶ЏЉЂϸГІ ϻϴ ЃЄϹϸϹϿЏ ϾЂЁІЇЄϴ ϷЂϿЂ϶Џ (ЄϼЅ. 3, ,
2).
ϖЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ, ЄϹЋА ϼϸϹІ Ђ ЅІϼϿϼϻЂ϶ϴЁЁЂЀ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼϼ ϾϴЃВЌЂЁϴ ϼϿϼ ϵϴЌϿЏϾϴ, ϻϴϾϼЁЇІЂϷЂ ϻϴ ЃϿϹЋϼ,
ϴ ЁϹ ϻϴ϶ГϻϴЁЁЂϷЂ ЃЂϸ ЃЂϸϵЂЄЂϸϾЂЀ. ϣЂϸЂϵЁЏϹ ϷЂϿЂ϶ЁЏϹ ЇϵЂЄЏ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ ϹЍϹ Ёϴ ЋϹІЏЄϹЉ ЅІϹϿϴЉ ϩϴϾϾϴЄϼ. ϖ ЁϼϺЁϹϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ІЇϿЂ϶ϼЍϴ ϹЅІА ϸЂЃЂϿЁϼІϹϿАЁЏϽ ЃЂГЅ ϼϿϼ ЌЁЇЄЂϾ, ЃЂЅЄϹϸϼЁϹ ϾЂІЂЄЂϷЂ ϼЀϹϹІЅГ ЂϵЄϴЀϿϹЁϼϹ ЃЂϿЇϾЄЇϷϿЂϽ ЈЂЄЀЏ. ϱІЇ ϸϹІϴϿА, ϾЂІЂЄЇВ ϖ. ϥϹ϶ϼЁ ЅЋϼІϴϹІ ϷЇϿАЈϼϾЂЀ
ϼϿϼ ЁϴϵϹϸЄϹЁЁЂϽ ЃЂ϶ГϻϾЂϽ, ЅϾЄЏ϶ϴВЍϹϽ ЈϴϿϿЂЅ, ЀЂϺЁЂ Ї϶ϼϸϹІА Ёϴ ϶ЅϹЉ ЂЅІϴϿАЁЏЉ ЃϿϼІϴЉ, ϾЄЂЀϹ
ЃЂ϶ЄϹϺϸϹЁЁЂϽ ЅІϹϿЏ 8 ϼ ЃϿϼІЏ 11.
3 ϼЀϹϹІ ЅϿϹϷϾϴ ϶ЏІГЁЇІЇВ ЂϾЄЇϷϿЇВ ЈЂЄЀЇ (ЄϼЅ. 1, 4; 2, 3). ϣϹЄЅЂЁϴϺ БІЂϽ ЅІϹϿЏ
ϼЀϹϹІ ЃЂϸІЄϹЇϷЂϿАЁЂϹ ЅІϼϿϼϻЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϹ ϿϼЊЂ, ϷϿϴϻϴ ϶ ϶ϼϸϹ ϶ЏЃЇϾϿЏЉ ЃЂϿЇЌϴЄϼϽ, ЌϼЄЂϾϼϽ ϸϿϼЁЁЏϽ
ЁЂЅ ϼ ЀϴϿϹЁАϾϼϽ ЄЂІ. ϥϹЄϸЊϹ϶ϼϸЁЏϽ ϾЂЁІЇЄ ϷЂϿЂ϶Џ ЃЂϸЋϹЄϾЁЇІ ϶ЏЃЇϾϿЏЀ ϶ϴϿϼϾЂЀ. ϗЂϿЂ϶ЁЂϽ
ЇϵЂЄ, ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼЋЁЏϽ ϷЂϿЂ϶ЁЂЀЇ ЇϵЂЄЇ Ёϴ ЅІϹϿϹ 2, ϸϹϾЂЄϼЄЂ϶ϴЁ (ЄϼЅ. 3, ,
3). ϤЇϾϼ ЅЂЃЄϼϾϴЅϴВІЅГ ЃϴϿАЊϴЀϼ, ϾϴϾ ϼ Ёϴ ЃϿϼІϹ 2, ЂϸЁϴϾЂ ϶ ЁϼЉ ЁϼЋϹϷЂ ЁϹІ. ϡϴϸ ЃЄϴ϶ЏЀ ЃϿϹЋЂЀ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁ ЃЂЅЂЉ,
ЄГϸЂЀ Ѕ ϾЂІЂЄЏЀ ЃЂϾϴϻϴЁ ϵЂϹ϶ЂϽ ІЂЃЂЄ, ϴ ЃЂϸ ЄЇϾЂϽ — ϶ϹЍА, ЃЂЉЂϺϴГ Ёϴ ЇϸϼϿϴ ЅЂ ЅІЄϹЀГЋϾЂ϶ϼϸЁЏЀ ЂϾЂЁЋϴЁϼϹЀ, ϼ ЃГІϼЇϷЂϿАЁЏϽ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІ ЁϹЃЂЁГІЁЂϷЂ ЁϴϻЁϴЋϹЁϼГ. ϧ ϿϹ϶ЂϷЂ ЃϿϹЋϴ ЈϼϷЇЄЏ ϶ЂЅЃЄЂϼϻ϶ϹϸϹЁЂ ϶ІЇϿАЋϴІЂϹ ϾЂЃАϹ ϼ ϶ϹЍА, ϼЀϹВЍϴГ ЅЉЂϸЅІ϶Ђ Ѕ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿϴϷϴϹЀЏЀ ϾЄϹЅϴϿЂЀ, ϾЂІЂЄЂϹ
ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЂ Ёϴ ЅІϹϿϹ 2. ϡϴ ЃЂГЅϹ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁЏ ϾϼЁϺϴϿ ϼ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІ Ѕ ЃϹІϿϹϽ. ϛϴ ϿϹ϶ЏЀ ϿЂϾІϹЀ ЃϹЄЅЂЁϴϺϴ ϶ϼϸϹЁ ЅІϹЄϺЁϹ϶ϼϸЁЏϽ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІ ЁϹЃЂЁГІЁЂϷЂ ЁϴϻЁϴЋϹЁϼГ.
4 (ЄϼЅ. 1, 4; 2, 4) ϶ ЊϹϿЂЀ ϶ЏЃЂϿЁϹЁϴ ϷЄϴ϶ϼЄЂ϶ϾЂϽ, ϼ ІЂϿАϾЂ ЅϹЄϸЊϹ϶ϼϸЁЏϽ ϾЂЁІЇЄ
ϷЂϿЂ϶Џ ЃϹЄЅЂЁϴϺϴ ЂЈЂЄЀϿϹЁ ϾЂЁІЄЄϹϿАϹЈЂЀ Ѕ ІЄϹЀГ ϷЄϴ϶ϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЀϼ ϿϼЁϼГЀϼ. ϦϴϾϴГ ЅІϼϿϼЅІϼϾϴ ϵϿϼϻϾϴ ЉЇϸЂϺϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϽ ЀϴЁϹЄϹ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼГ Ёϴ ЃϿϼІϹ 1. ϥІϼϿϼϻЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϹ ЃЂϸІЄϹЇϷЂϿАЁЂϹ ϿϼЊЂ
ЃϹЄЅЂЁϴϺϴ ϶ ϹϷЂ ЁϼϺЁϹϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ϼЀϹϹІ ϸЂЃЂϿЁϼІϹϿАЁЏϽ ϾЂЁІЇЄ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ ЁϴЋϼЁϴϹІЅГ ϶ЏЌϹ ЁЂϻϸЄϹϽ,
ЋІЂ ЁϹ ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГϹІ ЅЋϼІϴІА БІЂІ ϾЂЁІЇЄ ϵЂЄЂϸЂϽ. ϤЂІ ЃЂϾϴϻϴЁ ЇϷЂϿϾЂЀ, ϶ϹЄЌϼЁϴ ϾЂІЂЄЂϷЂ ЁϴЃЄϴ϶ϿϹЁϴ ϶϶ϹЄЉ. ϗЂϿЂ϶ϴ ЃЂϾЄЏІϴ ІЄϹЇϷЂϿАЁЏЀ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЀ ϷЂϿЂ϶ЁЏЀ ЇϵЂЄЂЀ (ЄϼЅ. 3, ,
4).
ϡϴϸ ЃЄϴ϶ЏЀ ЃϿϹЋЂЀ ϶ϼϸϹЁ ІЂЃЂЄ Ѕ ЂϵЇЌϾЂЀ, ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁЁЏЀ ЋϹІЏЄАЀГ ЂЅІЄϼГЀϼ. ϡϴϸ ϿϹ϶ЏЀ ЃϿϹЋЂЀ
϶ЂЅЃЄЂϼϻ϶ϹϸϹЁЂ ϾЂЃАϹ Ѕ ϺϹϿЂϵЋϴІЏЀ ЃϹЄЂЀ ϼ ϸϹϾЂЄϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϽ ϶ІЇϿϾЂϽ. ϣЂϿЂϺϹЁϼϹ ЄЇϾ ЃϹЄЅЂЁϴϺϴ,
275
:
,
,
. 3. ϔ — ЃЄЂЄϼЅЂ϶Ͼϴ ϷЂϿЂ϶ЁЏЉ ЇϵЂЄЂ϶ (ЅІϹϿЏ ϩϴϾϾϴЄϼ) ϼ ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼϼ Ͼ ЁϼЀ: 1 — ЅϼЁϸЅϾϼϽ ϶ЂϼЁ; 2 —
ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼϹ ϴЅЅϼЄϼϽЅϾЂϷЂ ЊϴЄГ ϦϼϷϿϴІЃϴϿϴЅϴЄϴ III; 3 — ЄϹϿАϹЈ ϼϻ ϣϹЄЅϹЃЂϿГ; 4 — ϷЂϿЂ϶ϴ ϶ЂϼЁϴ ϼϻ
ϩϴϿЋϴГЁϴ; 5 — ϴЄϼЅІЂϾЄϴІ ϼϻ ϣϹЄЅϹЃЂϿГ (1 — ЃЂ uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/ϥϼЁϸϼϾϴ; 2–3, 5 — ЃЂ ϳЊϹЁϾЂ 2006;
4 — ЃЂ ϣЇϷϴЋϹЁϾЂ϶ϴ 1971). ϕ — ЃЄЂЄϼЅЂ϶Ͼϴ ЀϴϿϹЁАϾϼЉ ЈϼϷЇЄЂϾ ЅІϹϿ ϩϴϾϾϴЄϼ. ϖ: 1 — ϷϿϼЁГЁϴГ ЀЂϸϹϿА
ЉϹІІЅϾϼЉ ϵϴЌЀϴϾЂ϶; 2 — ЄϹϿАϹЈ ϼϻ ϞϴЄϾϹЀϼЌϴ; 3 — ϴЅЅϼЄϼϽЅϾϼϽ ЄϹϿАϹЈ ϼϻ ϡϼЀЄЇϸϴ (1–2 — ЃЂ ϘАГϾЂЁЂ϶
1968; 3 — ЃЂ ϗЇϿГϹ϶ 2004)
Fig. 3. ϔ — drawings of the headgears (Hakkâri steles) and analogies to them: 1 — Sind warrior; 2 — image of
the Assyrian king Tiglatpalasar III; 3 — relief from Persepol; 4 — warrior’s head from Khalchayan, 5 — noble
man from Persepol (1 — uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/ϥϼЁϸϼϾϴ; 2–3, 5 — after ϳЊϹЁϾЂ 2006; 4 — after ϣЇϷϴЋϹЁϾЂ϶ϴ
1971). ϕ — drawings of small figures from the Hakkâri steles. ϖ: 1 — clay model of Hittite shoes; 2 — relief from
Karkemish; 3 — Assyrian relief from Nimrud (1–2 — after ϘАГϾЂЁЂ϶ 1968; 3 — after ϗЇϿГϹ϶ 2004)
276
,
,
ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁЁЂϷЂ Ёϴ ЅІϹϿϹ 4, ЃЂ϶ІЂЄГϹІЅГ Ї ϶ЅϹЉ ЂЅІϴϿАЁЏЉ ЈϼϷЇЄ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴ ϩϴϾϾϴЄϼ: ЃЄϴ϶ϴГ ЃЂϸЁГІϴГ ЄЇϾϴ ϸϹЄϺϼІ ЀϴϿϹЁАϾϼϽ ϾЄЇϷϿЏϽ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІ, ϿϹ϶ϴГ ЄЇϾϴ ЄϴЅϾЄЏІЂϽ ϿϴϸЂЁАВ ЃЄϼϺϴІϴ Ͼ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЇ.
ϛϴ ЃЂГЅЂЀ ЃϹЄЅЂЁϴϺϴ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϴ ЂϸϹІϴГ ϶ ϾЂЅІВЀ Ѕ ϿϹ϶ЏЀ ϻϴЃàЉЂЀ ЀϴϿϹЁАϾϴГ ϴЁІЄЂЃЂЀЂЄЈЁϴГ
ЈϼϷЇЄϾϴ Ѕ ЅϹЄϸЊϹ϶ϼϸЁЂϽ ϿϼЋϼЁЂϽ. ϖ ЄЇϾϴЉ ЂЁϴ ϸϹЄϺϼІ ϸ϶ϴ ЁϹЃЂЁГІЁЏЉ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІϴ. ϖϹЍА ϶ ЃЄϴ϶ЂϽ
ЄЇϾϹ ЁϴЃЂЀϼЁϴϹІ ϼ ЃГІϼЇϷЂϿАЁЏϽ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІ Ёϴ ЃϿϼІϹ 3, ϼ ЁϼϺЁВВ ЋϴЅІА ϵЇЄϸВϾϴ Ёϴ ЅІϹϿϹ 10. ϖ ϿϹ϶ЂϽ ЄЇϾϹ ЀϴϿϹЁАϾϴГ ЈϼϷЇЄϾϴ ЅϺϼЀϴϹІ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІ Ѕ ϶ЂϷЁЇІЏЀϼ ЅІϹЁϾϴЀϼ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ ϼЀϹϹІ ЅЉЂϸЅІ϶Ђ Ѕ
ϾЂϿЋϴЁϴЀϼ, ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁЁЏЀϼ Ёϴ ЃϿϼІϴЉ 8–12.
5 (ЄϼЅ. 1, 4; 2, 5), ІϴϾ ϺϹ ϾϴϾ ϼ ЃϿϼІЏ 1 ϼ 4, ϶ЏЃЂϿЁϹЁϴ ϷЄϴ϶ϼЄЂ϶ϾЂϽ, ϼ ІЂϿАϾЂ ϿϼЊЂ
ЃϹЄЅЂЁϴϺϴ ЂЈЂЄЀϿϹЁЂ ϾЂЁІЄЄϹϿАϹЈЂЀ. ϢЁЂ ϸЂЃЂϿЁϹЁЂ, ϾϴϾ ϼ Ёϴ ЅІϹϿϹ 4, ϶ЁЇІЄϹЁЁϼЀ ϾЂЁІЇЄЂЀ,
ϼϸЇЍϼЀ ЂІ ЅϹЄϹϸϼЁЏ ЁЂЅϴ. ϱІϴ ϸϹІϴϿА, ϶ЏГ϶ϿϹЁЁϴГ Ёϴ ІЄϹЉ ЃϿϼІϴЉ, ЁϹЅϿЇЋϴϽЁϴ. ϗЂϿЂ϶ЁЂϽ ЇϵЂЄ
Ѕ ЁϹГЅЁЏЀϼ ЂЋϹЄІϴЁϼГЀϼ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁ ϾЂЅЏЀϼ ЁϴЅϹЋϾϴЀϼ (ЄϼЅ. 3, ,
5). ϡϴ ЃЂГЅϹ ЈϼϷЇЄЏ, ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁЁЂЀ ϻϴЌІЄϼЉЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЀϼ ІЄϹЇϷЂϿАЁϼϾϴЀϼ, ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁ ЂϸЁЂϿϹϻ϶ϼϽЁЏϽ ЁЂϺ, ІЂϷϸϴ ϾϴϾ
Ёϴ ЂЅІϴϿАЁЏЉ ЅІϹϿϴЉ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ ϸ϶ЇϿϹϻ϶ϼϽЁЏϹ ϾϼЁϺϴϿЏ. ϖ ЃЄϴ϶ЂϽ ЄЇϾϹ ЁϴЉЂϸϼІЅГ, ϾϴϾ ϼ Ёϴ
ЃϿϼІϹ 4, ЀϴϿϹЁАϾϼϽ ϾЄЇϷϿЏϽ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІ, ЃЂϾϴϻϴЁЁЏϽ ϶ ϶ϼϸϹ ϷϿЇϵЂϾЂ ЃЄЂЅ϶ϹЄϿϹЁЁЂϽ ЂϾЄЇϷϿЂϽ ГЀϾϼ.
ϖ ϿϹ϶ЂϽ ЄЇϾϹ ϶ϼϸϹЁ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІ, ЄЂϸЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏϽ ϾЇ϶ЌϼЁЇ ϼϿϼ ϾЄЇϺϾϹ Ѕ ЃЄГЀЂЇϷЂϿАЁЂϽ ЄЇЋϾЂϽ. ϧ ЃЄϴ϶ЂϷЂ ЃϿϹЋϴ ЈϼϷЇЄЏ ЅЉϹЀϴІϼЋЁЂ ϶ЏЄϹϻϴЁЂ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼϹ ϵЂϹ϶ЂϷЂ ІЂЃЂЄϴ, Ї ϿϹ϶ЂϽ ЄЇϾϼ — ϾЂЃАГ.
6, ЅЂϷϿϴЅЁЂ ЄϹϾЂЁЅІЄЇϾЊϼϼ ϖ. ϥϹ϶ϼЁϴ, ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿϴЅА ЀϹϺϸЇ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЏЀϼ ЄГϸϴЀϼ
(ЄϼЅ. 1, 4; 2, 6). ϣЂ ЅЄϴ϶ЁϹЁϼВ Ѕ ЃϿϼІϴЀϼ ϻϴϸЁϹϷЂ ЄГϸϴ ЂЁϴ ϸϹЀЂЁЅІЄϼЄЇϹІ ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾЂ ЁЂ϶ЏЉ ϸϹІϴϿϹϽ. ϖЂ-ЃϹЄ϶ЏЉ, ϷЂϿЂ϶ϴ ϴЁІЄЂЃЂЀЂЄЈЁЂϷЂ ЂϵЄϴϻϴ ЃЂϾЄЏІϴ ϶ЏЅЂϾϼЀ ϷЂϿЂ϶ЁЏЀ ЇϵЂЄЂЀ Ѕ ЂϾЄЇϷϿЏЀ ϶ϴϿϼϾЂЀ, ЄϴЅЃЂϿЂϺϹЁЁЏЀ ЁϹЃЂЅЄϹϸЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂ Ёϴϸ ϷϿϴϻϴЀϼ. ϖЂ-϶ІЂЄЏЉ, ЃЂϾϴϻϴЁЏ ЇЌϼ ϿϼЋϼЁЏ
(ЄϼЅ. 3, ,
6). ϖ-ІЄϹІАϼЉ, ϹϹ ЅϹЄϸЊϹ϶ϼϸЁЏϽ ϾЂЁІЇЄ ЂЈЂЄЀϿϹЁ ЂϾЄЇϷϿЏЀ ϶ϴϿϼϾЂЀ Ёϴ ЇЄЂ϶ЁϹ
ϵЄЂ϶ϹϽ, ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸГЍϼЀ ϶ ЃЄГЀЂϽ ЁЂЅ. ϖ-ЋϹІ϶ϹЄІЏЉ, ϿϼЊЂ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁЂ ЄϹϴϿϼЅІϼЋЁЂ, ЁϹЅЀЂІЄГ Ёϴ ЅЂ϶ϹЄЌϹЁЁЂ ϾЄЇϷϿЏϹ ϷϿϴϻϴ, ϼЁϾЄЇЅІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϹ ϵϹϿЏЀ ϾϴЀЁϹЀ.
ϡϴϵЂЄ ϶ЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼГ ІϴϾϺϹ ϶ϾϿВЋϴϹІ ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾЂ ЁЂ϶ЏЉ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІЂ϶. ϣЂϸ ϿϹ϶ЂϽ ЄЇϾЂϽ ЈϼϷЇЄЏ
ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁ ЇϻϾϼϽ ЃЄГЀЂЇϷЂϿАЁЏϽ ϾЂϿЋϴЁ Ѕ ϾЄЇϷϿЏЀ ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁϼϹЀ ϶ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ϼ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϴϿАЁЂϽ ЃЂϿЂЅЂϽ ϶ЁϼϻЇ. ϘϿϼЁЁЏϽ ϼϻЂϷЁЇІЏϽ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІ, ЃЂЀϹЍϹЁЁЏϽ ЄГϸЂЀ Ѕ ϾЂϿЋϴЁЂЀ, ЀЂϺЁЂ ІЄϴϾІЂ϶ϴІА ϾϴϾ ЋϴЅІА ϿЇϾϴ. ϡϴ БІЂϽ ЃϿϼІϹ ϶ϼϸЁЏ ϸ϶ϴ ЂϸϼЁϴϾЂ϶ЏЉ ϾϼЁϺϴϿϴ Ѕ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЀϼ
ЄЇϾЂГІϾϴЀϼ: ЂϸϼЁ, ϾϴϾ ϼ ЃЂϿЂϺϹЁЂ, ЁϴЉЂϸϼІЅГ Ёϴ ЃЂГЅϹ, ϶ІЂЄЂϽ ЃЂϾϴϻϴЁ Ёϴ ЇЄЂ϶ЁϹ ϿϹ϶ЂϷЂ ЃϿϹЋϴ.
ϡϴ ЃϹЄ϶ЂЀ ϼϻ ЁϼЉ ЋϹІϾЂ ЂϵЂϻЁϴЋϹЁЏ ϻϴϾϿϹЃϾϼ, Ѕ ЃЂЀЂЍАВ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЄЇϾЂГІА ϾЄϹЃϼϿϴЅА Ͼ ЁϴЅϴϸЇ.
ϖІЇϿϾϴ ЊϹЄϹЀЂЁϼϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ІЂЃЂЄϴ, ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁЁЂϷЂ Ї ϿϹ϶ЂϷЂ ЃϿϹЋϴ, ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁϴ ЋϹІЏЄАЀГ ЃЄЂϸЂϿАЁЏЀϼ ϶ϴϿϼϾϴЀϼ. ϧ ЃЄϴ϶ЂϷЂ ЃϿϹЋϴ ϶ЂЅЃЄЂϼϻ϶ϹϸϹЁЏ ϾЂЃАϹ, ϸЄЂІϼϾ ϼ, ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ, ϸЄϹ϶ϾЂ ЃЂЅЂЉϴ. ϖ ЄЇϾϴЉ
ЃϹЄЅЂЁϴϺ ϸϹЄϺϼІ ϵЇЄϸВϾ Ѕ ϶ЏЅЂϾϼЀ ЈϼϷЇЄЁЏЀ ϷЂЄϿЏЌϾЂЀ. ϣЂϸ ϹϷЂ ЃЄϴ϶ЏЀ ϿЂϾІϹЀ ϶ϼϸϹЁ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІ, ЁϴЃЂЀϼЁϴВЍϼϽ ЃϹЄϹ϶ϹЄЁЇІЏϽ ЅЂЅЇϸ.
Ϙ϶ϴ ЀϴϿϹЁАϾϼЉ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹЋϾϴ ЁϴЉЂϸГІЅГ ϶ ЄϴϻЁЏЉ ЋϴЅІГЉ ЅІϹϿЏ: ЂϸϼЁ Ѕ ЃЂϸЁГІЏЀϼ ЄЇϾϴЀϼ
(ЃϿϹЁЁЏϽ?) ЃЂϾϴϻϴЁ Ёϴ ϿϹ϶ЂЀ ЃϿϹЋϹ ϴЁІЄЂЃЂЀЂЄЈЁЂϷЂ ЂϵЄϴϻϴ, ϸЄЇϷЂϽ, ЃЂЀϹЍϹЁЁЏϽ ЃЂϸ ϿЂϾІϹЀ
ϹϷЂ ЃЄϴ϶ЂϽ ЄЇϾϼ, ϵЏϿ, ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂ, ϻϴІϾЁЇІ ϻϴ ЃЂГЅ, ЂϸЁϴϾЂ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼϹ БІЂϽ ЈϼϷЇЄϾϼ ЃЂ϶ЄϹϺϸϹЁЂ.
ϖ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹЀ ϿϹ϶ЂЀ ЇϷϿЇ ЃϿϼІЏ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϴ ЈϼϷЇЄϴ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЂϷЂ (ϿЂЌϴϸА?).
7, ЃЂ ϶ЅϹϽ ϶ϼϸϼЀЂЅІϼ, ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿϴЅА ЀϹϺϸЇ ϻϴϸЁϼЀ ϼ ЃϹЄϹϸЁϼЀ ЄГϸϴЀϼ ϴЁІЄЂЃЂЀЂЄЈЁЏЉ ЃϿϼІ ϩϴϾϾϴЄϼ. ϱІЂ ЅϴЀЂϹ ЀϴϿϹЁАϾЂϹ ϼϻ϶ϴГЁϼϹ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴ (ЄϼЅ. 1, 4; 2, 7). ϥϹЄϸЊϹ϶ϼϸЁЏϽ ϴϵЄϼЅ
ϷЂϿЂ϶Џ ЃϹЄЅЂЁϴϺϴ ЂЈЂЄЀϿϹЁ ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁЁЏЀ ЃЂЃϹЄϹЋЁЏЀϼ ЁϴЅϹЋϾϴЀϼ ϶ЏЃЇϾϿЏЀ ϶ϴϿϼϾЂЀ, ϾϴϾ ϼ Ёϴ
ЃϿϼІϹ 9. ϦЂЃЂЄ, ϾЂЃАϹ ϼ ϾЄϹЅϴϿЂ (?) ЁϴЉЂϸГІЅГ Ёϴϸ ЃЄϴ϶ЏЀ ЃϿϹЋЂЀ ϴЁІЄЂЃЂЀЂЄЈЁЂϷЂ ЂϵЄϴϻϴ. ϡϴϸ
ϹϷЂ ϿϹ϶ЏЀ ЃϿϹЋЂЀ ϶ϼϸϹЁ ϷЂЄЁЏϽ ϴЄЉϴЄ, ϴ Ёϴϸ ЁϼЀ — ЃЄϹϸЀϹІ, ЃЂЉЂϺϼϽ Ёϴ ЃϹЄϹ϶ϹЄЁЇІЏϽ ЅЂЅЇϸ.
ϖ ЃЄϴ϶ЂϽ ЄЇϾϹ ЃϹЄЅЂЁϴϺ ϸϹЄϺϼІ ЁϴЃЂЀϼЁϴВЍЇВ ϷЂЄϿЏЌϾЂ ϵЇЄϸВϾϴ ϸϿϼЁЁЇВ ІЄЇϵЂЋϾЇ, ϿϹ϶ϴГ
ЄЇϾϴ ЃЄϼϺϼЀϴϹІ ϹϹ Ͼ ІЇϿЂ϶ϼЍЇ. ϡϴ ЃЂГЅϹ, ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂЀ ІЄϹЇϷЂϿАЁϼϾϴЀϼ, ϶ϼЅϼІ ϾϼЁϺϴϿ.
ϥЃЄϴ϶ϴ ϻϴ ЃЂГЅЂЀ ϻϴІϾЁЇІϴ ЈϼϷЇЄϾϴ ЀϴϿϹЁАϾЂϷЂ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹЋϾϴ ϶ ЂϵЇ϶ϼ Ѕ ϻϴϷЁЇІЏЀϼ ЁЂЅϴЀϼ. ϡϼϺϹ
Ёϴ ЇϻϾЂЀ ЄϹЀϹЌϾϹ, ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁЁЂЀ ЃЂЃϹЄϹЋЁЏЀϼ ЁϴЅϹЋϾϴЀϼ, ϾЄϹЃϼІЅГ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϽ ϷЇϿАЈϼϾ.
ϥ ЃϿϼІϴЀϼ ϻϴϸЁϹϷЂ ЄГϸϴ БІЇ ЅІϹϿЇ ЂϵЎϹϸϼЁГϹІ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼϹ ϷЂϿЂ϶ЁЂϷЂ ЇϵЂЄϴ ϶ ϶ϼϸϹ ϸϿϼЁЁЂϽ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϽ ϿϹЁІЏ ϼ ЂІЅЇІЅІ϶ϼϹ Ї ϿϼЋϼЁЏ ЇЌϹϽ (ЄϼЅ. 3, ,
7).
8 (ЄϼЅ. 1, 4; 2, 8) ϶ЏϻЏ϶ϴϹІ ЂЅЂϵЏϽ ϼЁІϹЄϹЅ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼϹЀ ϷЂϿЂ϶ЁЂϷЂ ЇϵЂЄϴ ϶ ϶ϼϸϹ ϶ЏЅЂϾЂϽ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϽ «ЈϹЅϾϼ», ЃЂϸЂϵЁЂϽ ІϹЀ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ϶ЂЅЃЄЂϼϻ϶ϹϸϹЁЏ Ёϴ ϴЅЅϼЄϼϽЅϾϼЉ ЄϹϿАϹЈϴЉ
(ЄϼЅ. 3, ,
8). ϥϹЄϸЊϹ϶ϼϸЁЏϽ ϴϵЄϼЅ ϷЂϿЂ϶Џ ЃϹЄЅЂЁϴϺϴ ЂЈЂЄЀϿϹЁ, ϾϴϾ ϼ Ёϴ ЅІϹϿϹ 7, ϶ ϶ϼϸϹ ϵЄЂ϶ϹϽ, ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸГЍϼЉ ϶ ЃЄГЀЂϽ ЁЂЅ. ϡϴϸ ϵЄЂ϶ГЀϼ ϴϵЄϼЅ ЃЂ϶ІЂЄГϹІЅГ ϶ ϶ϼϸϹ ЄϹϻЁЂϽ ϿϼЁϼϹϽ, ϾЂІЂЄϴГ, ϶ϼϸϼЀЂ, ЃϹЄϹϸϴϹІ ЀЂЄЍϼЁЏ Ёϴ ϿϵЇ. ϖ ЄЇϾϴЉ ЈϼϷЇЄϴ ϸϹЄϺϼІ ϵЇЄϸВϾ Ѕ ϶ЏЅЂϾϼЀ ϷЂЄϿЏЌϾЂЀ. ϡϴ ЃϿϼІϹ 8,
277
:
,
,
϶ ЂІϿϼЋϼϹ ЂІ ϶ЅϹЉ ЂЅІϴϿАЁЏЉ ЅІϹϿ, ЁϹ ЃЂϾϴϻϴЁ ϵЂϹ϶ЂϽ ІЂЃЂЄ. ϖЀϹЅІЂ ЁϹϷЂ ЄГϸЂЀ Ѕ ϾЂЃАϹЀ ϶ЂЅЃЄЂϼϻ϶ϹϸϹЁ ЃЂЅЂЉ. ϧ ϿϹ϶ЂϷЂ ЃϿϹЋϴ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶ϴ ЁϹЃЂЁГІЁЏϹ ϸϿϼЁЁЏϹ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІЏ, ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ, ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿГВІ ϿЇϾ.
ϡϴϸ ϿϹ϶ЏЀ ЃϿϹЋЂЀ ЁϴЉЂϸϼІЅГ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІ, ЃЂЉЂϺϼϽ Ёϴ ЃϹЄϹ϶ϹЄЁЇІЏϽ ЅЂЅЇϸ, ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼЋЁЏϽ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼГЀ Ёϴ ЃϿϼІϴЉ 6 ϼ 7. ϡϴ ЃЂГЅϹ, ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂЀ ϾЂЅЂϽ ЅϹІϾЂϽ, ϶ϼϸϹЁ ϸ϶ЇϿϹϻ϶ϼϽЁЏϽ ϾϼЁϺϴϿ ІЂϷЂ ϺϹ
ІϼЃϴ, ЋІЂ ϼ ЂЄЇϺϼϹ Ёϴ ϵЂϿАЌϼЁЅІ϶Ϲ ϸЄЇϷϼЉ ЅІϹϿ, ЁЂ ϵϹϻ ϶ЏϸϹϿϹЁЁЂϷЂ Ёϴ϶ϹЄЌϼГ. Ϙ϶ϴ ϴЄЉϴЄϴ ЂϵЄϴϻЇВІ
ϷϹЄϴϿАϸϼЋϹЅϾЇВ ϾЂЀЃЂϻϼЊϼВ ЃЂ ЂϵϹ ЅІЂЄЂЁЏ ЂІ ϷЂϿЂ϶Џ ЃϹЄЅЂЁϴϺϴ.
9 ЅЂ϶ЀϹЍϴϹІ ЋϹЄІЏ, ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЏϹ ϸϿГ ЃϿϼІ ЂϵЂϼЉ ЄГϸЂ϶ (ЄϼЅ. 1, 4; 2, 9). ϕЂϷϴІЂ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϽ ϷЂϿЂ϶ЁЂϽ ЇϵЂЄ ϴЁІЄЂЃЂЀЂЄЈЁЂϽ ЈϼϷЇЄЏ ЂІЁЂЅϼІЅГ Ͼ ІϼЃЇ «ϵϴЌϿЏϾЂ϶» (ϾϴЃВЌЂЁЂ϶?), ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЁЏЉ Ёϴ ЅІϹϿϴЉ 2, 3, 5 ϼ 7 (ЄϼЅ. 3, ,
9). ϫϹІϾЂ ЃЄЂЄϴϵЂІϴЁЁЏϽ ЅϹЄϸЊϹ϶ϼϸЁЏϽ
ϾЂЁІЇЄ ϿϼЊϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ЁϴЉЂϸϼІ ЃϴЄϴϿϿϹϿϼ ϶ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼГЉ ЃϹЄЅЂЁϴϺϹϽ Ёϴ ЃϿϼІϴЉ ϻϴϸЁϹϷЂ ЄГϸϴ. ϢϸЁϴϾЂ
ЄϹϴϿϼЅІϼЋЁЂЅІА ϿϼЋϼЁЏ, ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼϹ Ї ЁϹϹ ЇЌϹϽ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ЈϼϷЇЄϾϴ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЂϷЂ ϵЂϿϹϹ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЏ
ϸϿГ ЅІϹϿ ЃϹЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ЄГϸϴ. ϦЂЃЂЄ, ЃЂϾϴϻϴЁЁЏϽ Ї ϿϹ϶ЂϷЂ ЃϿϹЋϴ ϷϹЄЂГ, ϼЀϹϹІ ϸЂЃЂϿЁϼІϹϿАЁЏϽ ϶ЏЅІЇЃЇЃЂЄ ЂϾЂϿЂ ϶ІЇϿϾϼ ϼ ЁϹϵЂϿАЌЂϽ ЂϵЇЌЂϾ, ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁЁЏϽ, ϾϴϾ ϼ ІЂЃЂЄ Ёϴ ЃϿϼІϹ 6, ЃЄЂϸЂϿАЁЏЀϼ ϶ϴϿϼϾϴЀϼ. ϣЂϸ ϿϹ϶ЂϽ ЄЇϾЂϽ ЃϹЄЅЂЁϴϺϴ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁ ϾЂϿЋϴЁ Ѕ ϸ϶ЇЀГ ϾЄЇϷϿЏЀϼ ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁϼГЀϼ, ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼЋЁЏϽ ϼϻϸϹϿϼВ Ёϴ ЅІϹϿϹ 8. ϡϴ ЃЄϴ϶ЂЀ ЃϿϹЋϹ ϴЁІЄЂЃЂЀЂЄЈЁЂϷЂ ЂϵЄϴϻϴ ϶ЂЅЃЄЂϼϻ϶ϹϸϹЁ «ЃϹЄϹ϶ϹЄЁЇІЏϽ
ЅЂЅЇϸ», ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼЋЁЏϽ ЃЂЅЇϸϹ, ЃЂϾϴϻϴЁЁЂϽ Ёϴ ЃϿϼІϴЉ 7 ϼ 8. ϣЂϸ ЃЄϴ϶ЂϽ ЄЇϾЂϽ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁЂ ϾЂЃАϹ Ѕ
ЄϼЈϿϹЁЏЀ ЂЅІЄϼϹЀ ϼ ЃЂЅЂЉ, ϴ ЃЂϸ ϿϹ϶ЏЀ ϿЂϾІϹЀ — ϴЄЉϴЄ. ϖ ЄЇϾϴЉ ϷϹЄЂϽ ϸϹЄϺϼІ ϵЇЄϸВϾ Ѕ ϾЄЇϷϿЏЀ
ϷЂЄϿЏЌϾЂЀ. ϡϴ ЃϿϼІϹ ϸϹІϴϿАЁЂ ЃЄЂЄϴϵЂІϴЁЏ ЈϼϷЇЄϾϼ ϸ϶ЇЉ ЀϴϿϹЁАϾϼЉ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹЋϾЂ϶ (ЀЇϺЋϼЁЏ Ѕ
«ϷЇϿАЈϼϾϴЀϼ», ЄϴϵЏ ϼϿϼ ϶ЂϹЁЁЂЃϿϹЁЁЏϹ?). ϢϸϼЁ ϼϻ ЁϼЉ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼЂЁЁЂ ϻϴІϾЁЇІ ϻϴ ЃЂГЅ ЃЂϸ ЃЄϴ϶ЏЀ
ϿЂϾІϹЀ ϷϿϴ϶ЁЂϽ ЃϹЄЅЂЁЏ, ϸЄЇϷЂϽ ϶ ϾЄЇϷϿЂϽ ЌϴЃЂЋϾϹ ϿϹϺϼІ ϶ЁϼϻЇ Ѕ ЃЂϸЁГІЏЀϼ ЄЇϾϴЀϼ.
10 ЂІϿϼЋϴϹІЅГ ЂІ ϶ЅϹЉ ЂЅІϴϿАЁЏЉ ЃϿϼІ ЊϹϿЏЀ ЁϴϵЂЄЂЀ ЀϴϿϹЁАϾϼЉ ЈϼϷЇЄЂϾ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ
ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГϹІ ϶ЏЅІЄЂϼІА ЅВϺϹІЁЇВ ϿϼЁϼВ ЅЂϵЏІϼϽ, ϻϴЃϹЋϴІϿϹЁЁЏЉ Ёϴ ЅІϹϿϹ (ЄϼЅ. 1, 4; 2, 10). ϣЂϸ
ϿϹ϶ЂϽ ЄЇϾЂϽ ϴЁІЄЂЃЂЀЂЄЈЁЂϽ ЈϼϷЇЄЏ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁ ϶ЅϴϸЁϼϾ Ѕ ЁϴϷϴϽϾЂϽ ϶ ЃЄϴ϶ЂϽ ЄЇϾϹ. ϟϹ϶ЂϽ ЄЇϾЂϽ ЁϴϹϻϸЁϼϾ ϸϹЄϺϼІ ЃЂ϶ЂϸАГ ϿЂЌϴϸϼ, ϾЂІЂЄЂϽ ЂЁ ЇЃЄϴ϶ϿГϹІ Ѕ ЃЂЀЂЍАВ ЁϹϸЂЇϻϸϾϴ. ϣЂϸ ЃЄϴ϶ЏЀ
ϿЂϾІϹЀ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЂϷЂ ϷϹЄЂГ ϶ЂЅЃЄЂϼϻ϶ϹϸϹЁϴ ϺϹЁЍϼЁϴ Ѕ ЃЂϾϿϴϺϹϽ Ёϴ ϷЂϿЂ϶Ϲ. ϣЂϸ ϹϹ ЁЂϷϴЀϼ ЁϴЉЂϸϼІЅГ
ЈϼϷЇЄϾϴ ϿϹϺϴЍϹϷЂ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹЋϾϴ (ЄϹϵϹЁЂϾ?) Ѕ ЃЂϸЁГІЂϽ ϶϶ϹЄЉ ЃЄϴ϶ЂϽ ЄЇϾЂϽ. ϣЂϸ ЁϼЀ ЃЂϾϴϻϴЁ ЂЉЂІГЍϼϽЅГ ϿϹЂЃϴЄϸ. ϖ ЁϼϺЁϹϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ЅІϹϿЏ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϴ ЈϼϷЇЄϾϴ ЀЇϺЋϼЁЏ ϶ ЀϴϿϹЁАϾЂϽ ϾЄЇϷϿЂϽ
ЌϴЃЂЋϾϹ ϼ ϶ ЁϴϵϹϸЄϹЁЁЂϽ ЃЂ϶ГϻϾϹ. ϣЄϴ϶ЂϽ ЄЇϾЂϽ ЂЁ ϸϹЄϺϼІ ϵЇϿϴ϶Ї, ϴ ϿϹ϶ЂϽ — Љ϶ЂЅІ ЃГІЁϼЅІЂϷЂ
Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЂϷЂ (ϿϹЂЃϴЄϸ?). ϙЍϹ ЂϸϼЁ ϿϹЂЃϴЄϸ ϶ЂЅЃЄЂϼϻ϶ϹϸϹЁ ϶ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹЀ ϿϹ϶ЂЀ ЇϷϿЇ ЃϿϼІЏ. ϡϹ ϼЀϹВЍϹϹ
ЃГІϹЁ ϼ Љ϶ЂЅІϴ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЂϹ, ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁЁЂϹ ЃЂϸ ЃЂГЅЂЀ ϷϿϴ϶ЁЂϷЂ ϴЁІЄЂЃЂЀЂЄЈЁЂϷЂ ЂϵЄϴϻϴ, ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ, Г϶ϿГϹІЅГ ЀϹϸ϶ϹϸϹЀ. ϡϹ ϼЅϾϿВЋϹЁЂ, ЋІЂ ЅІϹϿϴ ЃЂ϶ϹЅІ϶ЇϹІ Ђ ϷϹЄЂϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЃЂϸ϶ϼϷϴЉ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЂϷЂ
ЃϹЄЅЂЁϴϺϴ, ЅЃϴЅϴ϶ЌϹϷЂ ЅЂЃϿϹЀϹЁЁϼϾЂ϶ ЂІ ϸϼϾϼЉ ϻ϶ϹЄϹϽ. ϙϷЂ ϷЂϿЂ϶ЁЂϽ ЇϵЂЄ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿГϹІ ЅЂϵЂϽ
ЁϹ ϻϴϾЄЏ϶ϴВЍЇВ ЇЌϹϽ ЀϴϿϹЁАϾЇВ ЌϴЃЂЋϾЇ Ѕ ЃЄГЀЂЇϷЂϿАЁЏЀ ϶ЏЄϹϻЂЀ (ЄϼЅ. 3, ,
10). ϱІЂІ
ЇϵЂЄ ЁϴЃЂЀϼЁϴϹІ ЌϿϹЀ Ѕ ϾЂϻЏЄАϾЂЀ (ЄϼЅ. 3, , 4). ϡϹЃЄϴ϶ϸЂЃЂϸЂϵЁЂ ϶ЏІГЁЇІЂϹ ЅІϼϿϼϻЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϹ
ϿϼЊЂ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶ϴ ϼЀϹϹІ ϸϿϼЁЁЏϽ ЁЂЅ ϼ ЀϴϿϹЁАϾϼϽ ЄЂІ. ϥϹЄϸЊϹ϶ϼϸЁЏϽ ϴϵЄϼЅ ϷЂϿЂ϶Џ ЂЈЂЄЀϿϹЁ Ѕ ЃЂЀЂЍАВ ϶ЏЃЇϾϿЂϷЂ ϶ϴϿϼϾϴ, ϾϴϾ Ёϴ ЅІϹϿϴЉ 7 ϼ 9. ϕЇЄϸВϾ ϶ ЄЇϾϴЉ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЂϽ ЈϼϷЇЄЏ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄϼϻЇϹІЅГ
ЅϿЂϺЁЂϽ ЃГІϼЇϷЂϿАЁЂϽ ЈЂЄЀЂϽ ϼ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІЂЀ. ϖ ϾЂϿЋϴЁϹ ЁϴЉЂϸГІЅГ, ЃЂ ϶ЅϹϽ ϶ϼϸϼЀЂЅІϼ, ϸ϶ЇЉϿЂЃϴЅІЁЏϹ ЋϹЄϹЌϾЂ϶ЏϹ ЅІЄϹϿЏ Ѕ ЂЃЇЍϹЁЁЏЀϼ ϺϴϿАЊϴЀϼ. ϟϹϻ϶ϼϹ ІЂЃЂЄϴ Ѕ ІЄϹЀГ ЃЄЂϸЂϿАЁЏЀϼ
϶ϴϿϼϾϴЀϼ ЃЂ϶ЄϹϺϸϹЁЂ ЅϾЂϿЂЀ ЃϿϼІЏ; ЂϵЇЌЂϾ БІЂϷЂ ЂЄЇϺϼГ ϸϹϾЂЄϼЄЂ϶ϴЁ ІЄϹЀГ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴϿАЁЏЀϼ
϶ϴϿϼϾϴЀϼ. ϤГϸЂЀ Ѕ ІЂЃЂЄЂЀ ЃЂϾϴϻϴЁ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІ, ЃЂЉЂϺϼϽ Ёϴ ϵЇϿϴ϶Ї ϼϿϼ ЅϾϼЃϹІЄ. ϣЂϸ ЃЄϴ϶ЂϽ ЄЇϾЂϽ
ϷϿϴ϶ЁЂϷЂ ЃϹЄЅЂЁϴϺϴ ϶ЂЅЃЄЂϼϻ϶ϹϸϹЁЏ ϾЂЃАϹ, ϸЄЂІϼϾ ϼ ЃЂЅЂЉ. ϤГϸЂЀ ϶ϼϸϹЁ ϼϻЂϷЁЇІЏϽ ϶ ЁϼϺЁϹϽ
ЋϴЅІϼ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІ Ѕ ЇІЂϿЍϹЁϼϹЀ Ёϴ ϾЂЁЊϹ, ϶ЏϻЏ϶ϴВЍϼϽ ϴЅЅЂЊϼϴЊϼВ Ѕ ЁϴϷϴϽϾЂϽ, ІϹЀ ϵЂϿϹϹ ЋІЂ Ёϴ
ЅІϹϿϹ ЇϺϹ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁ ϶ЅϴϸЁϼϾ Ѕ ЁϴϷϴϽϾЂϽ. ϞϼЁϺϴϿ ЂϵЏЋЁЂϷЂ ϸϿГ ЃϿϼІ ϩϴϾϾϴЄϼ ІϼЃϴ ϻϴϾЄϹЃϿϹЁ Ёϴ
ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂЀ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴϿАЁЏЀϼ ЄЂЀϵϴЀϼ ЃЂГЅϹ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЂϷЂ ϷϹЄЂГ.
11 (ЄϼЅ. 1, 4; 2, 11) ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿГϹІ ϶ϴϺЁЇВ ЃϹЄЅЂЁЇ ϶ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂЀ ϷЂϿЂ϶ЁЂЀ
ЇϵЂЄϹ, ЁϴЃЂЀϼЁϴВЍϹЀ ЀϼІЄЇ (ЄϼЅ. 3, ,
11). ϣϹЄЅЂЁϴϺ ϼЀϹϹІ ЂϾЄЇϷϿЂϹ ϿϼЊЂ Ѕ ЀϴЅЅϼ϶ЁЏЀ
ЃЂϸϵЂЄЂϸϾЂЀ ϼ ЀϴϿϹЁАϾϼЀϼ ЇЌϴЀϼ. ϥϹЄϸЊϹ϶ϼϸЁЏϽ ϴϵЄϼЅ ϿϼЋϼЁЏ ЃϹЄϹЂЅЀЏЅϿϹЁ ϼ ЂЈЂЄЀϿϹЁ ϶
϶ϼϸϹ ЅЄЂЅЌϼЉЅГ ϵЄЂ϶ϹϽ. ϨЂЄЀЇ ϴϵЄϼЅϴ ЃЂ϶ІЂЄГϹІ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼϹ ϷϿϴϻЁϼЊ. ϗϹЄЂϽ ЅІϹϿЏ ЂϵϿϴϸϴϹІ ϶ЅϹЀϼ ϴІЄϼϵЇІϴЀϼ ϶ЂϼЁϴ: ϾϼЁϺϴϿЂЀ Ёϴ ЃЂГЅϹ, ϿЇϾЂЀ, ІЂЃЂЄЂЀ ϼ ϾЂЃАϹЀ. ϦЂЃЂЄ Ѕ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϽ
϶ІЇϿϾЂϽ ϼ ЂϵЇЌϾЂЀ ЅЁϴϵϺϹЁ ϶ЏЅІЇЃЂЀ-ЇЃЂЄЂЀ ЃϹЄϹϸ ϶ІЇϿϾЂϽ, ϾϴϾ ϼ ЂЄЇϺϼϹ Ёϴ ЃϿϼІϹ 9. ϞЂЃАϹ Ѕ ЄϹϵЄϼЅІЏЀ ЃϹЄЂЀ ϼ ϸϿϼЁЁЂϽ ϶ІЇϿϾЂϽ, ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁЁЂϽ ϾЂЅЏЀϼ ЁϴЅϹЋϾϴЀϼ, ЅЁϴϵϺϹЁЂ ϸϿϼЁЁЏЀ ϸЄϹ϶ϾЂЀ,
ϾЂІЂЄЂϹ ЃϹЄϹЅϹϾϴϹІ ϶ЅВ ЅІϹϿЇ. ϘϿϼЁЁЏϽ ϿЇϾ ЁϴЋϼЁϴϹІЅГ Ї ЃЄϴ϶ЂϷЂ ЃϿϹЋϴ ЈϼϷЇЄЏ ϼ ЃЄЂϸЂϿϺϴϹІЅГ
ЃЂϸ ϹϹ ϿϹ϶ЂϽ ЄЇϾЂϽ. ϢЄЁϴЀϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϽ ϾЂϿЋϴЁ ϼЀϹϹІ ϾЄЇϷϿЏϹ ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁϼГ, ϾϴϾ ϼ Ї ϾЂϿЋϴЁЂ϶ Ёϴ
278
,
,
ЅІϹϿϴЉ 6 ϼ 9. ϣϹЄЅЂЁϴϺ ϸϹЄϺϼІ ϶ ЄЇϾϴЉ ϵЇЄϸВϾ Ѕ ϸϿϼЁЁЏЀ ϷЂЄϿЏЌϾЂЀ. ϣЂϸ ЃЄϴ϶ЏЀ ϿЂϾІϹЀ ϶ϼϸЁϴ
ϻϴІϾЁЇІϴГ ϻϴ ЃЂГЅ ЀϴϿϹЁАϾϴГ ЈϼϷЇЄϾϴ ЀЇϺЋϼЁЏ ϶ ЂϵЇ϶ϼ Ѕ ϻϴϷЁЇІЏЀϼ ЁЂЅϴЀϼ. ϡϴ ЃϿϹЋϴЉ ЃϹЄЅЂЁϴϺϴ
ЃЂЀϹЍϹЁЏ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼГ ϴЄЉϴЄЂ϶, ϴ ϶ ЁϼϺЁϹϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ЃϿϼІЏ, ЅϿϹ϶ϴ, ЃЂϾϴϻϴЁ ЁЂ϶ЏϽ ϶ϼϸ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЂϷЂ —
ϵϿϴϷЂЄЂϸЁЏϽ ЂϿϹЁА.
12 ϻϴ϶ϹЄЌϴϹІ ЃϹЄϹϸЁϼϽ ЄГϸ ЃϿϼІ (ЄϼЅ. 1, 4; 2, 12). ϗЂϿЂ϶ϴ ЈϼϷЇЄЏ, ЃЂϾϴϻϴЁЁЂϽ Ёϴ
ЃϿϼІϹ, ЃЂϾЄЏІϴ ЇϵЂЄЂЀ ЁЂ϶ЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ, ЃЂЉЂϺϼЀ Ёϴ ϵϹЄϹІ (ЄϼЅ. 3, ,
12). ϖ ЄЇϾϴЉ ЃϹЄЅЂЁϴϺ ϸϹЄϺϼІ ϵЇЄϸВϾ Ѕ ϶ЏЅЂϾϼЀ ϷЂЄϿЏЌϾЂЀ ϼ ЌϼЄЂϾϼЀ ЄϹϻϹЄ϶ЇϴЄЂЀ. ϥϿϹ϶ϴ ЂІ ϷϹЄЂГ ϶ЂЅЃЄЂϼϻ϶ϹϸϹЁ ІЂЃЂЄ,
ϼЀϹВЍϼϽ Ёϴ ϶ІЇϿϾϹ ϼ ЂϵЇЌϾϹ ϹϸϼЁЇВ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϴϿАЁЇВ ϻЂЁЇ, ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿГВЍЇВ ІЄϹЇϷЂϿАЁЏϽ ЅϹϷЀϹЁІ Ѕ ЄϴЅЉЂϸГЍϼЀϼЅГ ϶ϴϿϼϾϴЀϼ. ϡϼϺЁГГ ЋϴЅІА ІЂЃЂЄϼЍϴ ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁϴ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴϿАЁЏЀϼ ЄϹϻЁЏЀϼ
ϿϼЁϼГЀϼ. ϣЂϸ ϿϹ϶ЂϽ ЄЇϾЂϽ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶ϴ ϶ϼϸϹЁ ϾЂϿЋϴЁ, ІϴϾϺϹ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϽ. ϤГϸЂЀ Ѕ ЁϼЀ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁ ϾЂЄЂІϾϼϽ ϾЂЀЃЂϻϼІЁЏϽ ϿЇϾ Ѕ ЂϵЀЂІϾЂϽ, Ёϴ ІϹІϼ϶Ϲ ϾЂІЂЄЂϷЂ ϻϴϾЄϹЃϿϹЁϴ ЂϾЄЇϷϿϴГ ЁϴϾϿϴϸϾϴ
Ѕ ϸ϶ЂϽЁЏЀ ЄГϸЂЀ ЂІ϶ϹЄЅІϼϽ. ϣЂϸ ЃЄϴ϶ЂϽ ЄЇϾЂϽ ϴЁІЄЂЃЂЀЂЄЈЁЂϷЂ ЂϵЄϴϻϴ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЂ ϾЂЃАϹ ϼ
ІЂЁϾϼϽ ϸϿϼЁЁЏϽ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІ, ϴ ЃЂϸ ЃЄϴ϶ЏЀ ϿЂϾІϹЀ — ЈϼϷЇЄϾϴ ЀЇϺЋϼЁЏ ϶ ЌϴЃЂЋϾϹ, Ѕ «ϷЇϿАЈϼϾЂЀ» ϼ
Ѕ ЃЂϸЁГІЏЀϼ ЄЇϾϴЀϼ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ ϸϹЄϺϼІ ϶ ЃЄϴ϶ЂϽ ЄЇϾϹ ϾЂЃАϹ, ϴ ϶ ϿϹ϶ЂϽ — ϵЇϿϴ϶Ї (?). ϡϴ ЃЄϴ϶ЂЀ ЃϿϹЋϹ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЂϷЂ ЃϹЄЅЂЁϴϺϴ ϶ϼϸЁϴ ЈϼϷЇЄϴ ЃГІЁϼЅІЂϷЂ ϵϹЅЉ϶ЂЅІЂϷЂ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЂϷЂ (ϿϹЂЃϴЄϸ ϼϿϼ ЀϹϸ϶ϹϸА?),
ЁϴЃϴϸϴВЍϹϷЂ Ёϴ ϻЀϹВ. ϥϿϹ϶ϴ ЂІ ϷЂϿЂ϶Џ ϷϹЄЂГ ЃЂϾϴϻϴЁϴ ЅЊϹЁϴ ІϹЄϻϴЁϼГ ϿϹЂЃϴЄϸЂЀ ϴЄЉϴЄϴ (ЈϼϷЇЄϾϴ
ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϹϷЂ ϼЅЃЂЄЋϹЁϴ ЅϾЂϿЂЀ).
13, ЅϴЀϴГ ϾЄЇЃЁϴГ, ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿϴЅА Ёϴ ЃϹЄϹϸЁϹЀ ЃϿϴЁϹ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴ (ЄϼЅ. 1, 4; 2, 13). ϡϴ ЂЃЇϵϿϼϾЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЉ ЈЂІЂϷЄϴЈϼГЉ ϹϹ ЁϹ ϶ϼϸЁЂ. ϣЂ ϶ЅϹϽ ϶ϼϸϼЀЂЅІϼ, Ͼ ЀЂЀϹЁІЇ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁϼГ ЂЁϴ ϵЏϿϴ ЅϿЂЀϴЁϴ ϼ ϻϴ϶ϴϿϼϿϴЅА Ёϴϻϴϸ. ϜϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼϹ Ёϴ ЅІϹϿϹ ϶ЏЃЂϿЁϹЁЂ ϷЄϴ϶ϼЄЂ϶ϾЂϽ ϶ ϷЄЇϵЂϽ ϼ ЃЄϼЀϼІϼ϶ЁЂϽ
ЀϴЁϹЄϹ, ЂІϿϼЋϴВЍϹϽЅГ ЂІ ЉЇϸЂϺϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϽ ЅІϼϿϼЅІϼϾϼ ϸЄЇϷϼЉ ЃϿϼІ. ϖ. ϥϹ϶ϼЁ ЅЋϼІϴϹІ, ЋІЂ Ёϴ ЅІϹϿϹ
ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϴ ϺϹЁЍϼЁϴ, «ϵЂЄЂϸϾЇ» ϾЂІЂЄЂϽ ЂЁ ІЄϴϾІЇϹІ ϾϴϾ ЂϺϹЄϹϿАϹ. ϔЁІЄЂЃЂЀЂЄЈЁЏϽ ЂϵЄϴϻ
ϻϴЁϼЀϴϹІ ϶ϹЄЉЁВВ ІЄϹІА ЃϿϼІЏ, ЃЂЅЄϹϸϼЁϹ ϾЂІЂЄЂϽ ЁϴЉЂϸϼІЅГ Ͼ϶ϴϸЄϴІЁЏϽ ϾϴЄІЇЌ, ϴ ЃЂϸ ЁϼЀ —
ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϽ ЃЂГЅ, ЁϴϿϼЋϼϹ ϾЂІЂЄЂϷЂ ЄЂϸЁϼІ ЅІϹϿЇ Ѕ ЂЃЂГЅϾϴЀϼ, ϶ЂЅЃЄЂϼϻ϶ϹϸϹЁЁЏЀϼ Ёϴ
ЂЅІϴϿАЁЏЉ ЃϿϼІϴЉ. ϣЂϸ ЃЂГЅЂЀ ЃЂϾϴϻϴЁ ЁϹϵЂϿАЌЂϽ ϾЄЇϺЂϾ, ЅЀϹЍϹЁЁЏϽ ϶ЃЄϴ϶Ђ ЂІ ЊϹЁІЄϴ ЅІϹϿЏ.
ϤЇϾϼ ЈϼϷЇЄЏ ЁϴЋϼЁϴВІЅГ ЃЄГЀЂ ЂІ ϹϹ ϷЂϿЂ϶Џ, ϶ ЂІϿϼЋϼϹ ЂІ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼϽ Ёϴ ЂЅІϴϿАЁЏЉ ЅІϹϿ, ϸϿГ
ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЏ ЌϼЄЂϾϼϹ ЃϿϹЋϼ ϴЁІЄЂЃЂЀЂЄЈЁЏЉ ЈϼϷЇЄ. ϢЋϹ϶ϼϸЁЂ, ЋІЂ БІϴ ЃϿϼІϴ ЂІЁЂЅϼІЅГ
Ͼ ϼЁЂϽ, ϵЂϿϹϹ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϽ, ϼϾЂЁЂϷЄϴЈϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼϼ. ϡϼ ЂϸϼЁ ϼϻ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁЁЏЉ БϿϹЀϹЁІЂ϶ ϸϴЁЁЂϷЂ
ЂϵЄϴϻϴ ЁϹ ЅЂ϶ЃϴϸϴϹІ Ѕ ІϹЀϼ, ЋІЂ ЀЂϺЁЂ ϶ϼϸϹІА Ёϴ ЅІϹϿϴЉ 1–12.
ϣϿϼІЏ ϩϴϾϾϴЄϼ ϶ЏЃЂϿЁϹЁЏ ϼϻ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾϴ — ЃЂЄϼЅІЂϽ ЂЅϴϸЂЋЁЂϽ ЃЂЄЂϸЏ, ϶ЃϼІЏ϶ϴВЍϹϽ
ϵЂϿАЌЂϹ ϾЂϿϼЋϹЅІ϶Ђ ϶ЂϸЏ, ϾЂІЂЄϴГ ЃЄϼ ϻϴЀϹЄϻϴЁϼϼ ЄϴϻЄЇЌϴϹІ ЅІЄЇϾІЇЄЇ ϾϴЀЁГ. ϖ Ѕ϶Гϻϼ Ѕ БІϼЀ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾЂ϶ЏϹ ЅϾЇϿАЃІЇЄЏ ЅІϴЁЂ϶ГІЅГ ЉЄЇЃϾϼЀϼ ϶ ЀЂЄЂϻЁЂЀ ϼ ϸЂϺϸϿϼ϶ЂЀ ϾϿϼЀϴІϹ ϷЂЄЂϸϴ ϩϴϾϾϴЄϼ,
ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ ЄϴЅЃЂϿЂϺϹЁ ϶ ϶ЏЅЂϾЂϷЂЄЁЂЀ ЄϴϽЂЁϹ, ϷϸϹ ЅЁϹϷ ЀЂϺϹІ ϿϹϺϴІА ϸЂ ЌϹЅІϼ ЀϹЅГЊϹ϶ ϶ ϷЂϸЇ.
ϥІϹϿЏ ϩϴϾϾϴЄϼ ЉЂЄЂЌЂ ЅЂЉЄϴЁϼϿϼЅА, ЁϹЅЀЂІЄГ Ёϴ Ѕ϶ЂϽ ІЄϹЉІЏЅГЋϹϿϹІЁϼϽ ϶ЂϻЄϴЅІ, ЃЂІЂЀЇ
ЋІЂ ϵЏϿϼ ϻϴϾЄЏІЏ, ЃЂ ЀЁϹЁϼВ ϖ. ϥϹ϶ϼЁϴ (Sevin 2005), ϷϿϼЁϼЅІЏЀϼ ЂЃЂϿϻЁГЀϼ, ЅЂЌϹϸЌϼЀϼ ЅЂ
ЅϾϴϿЏ. ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ЁϹϿАϻГ ϼЅϾϿВЋϴІА ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂЅІϼ ІЂϷЂ, ЋІЂ ϼϻ϶ϴГЁϼГ ЀЂϷϿϼ ϵЏІА ЁϴЀϹЄϹЁЁЂ ϻϴϾЂЃϴЁЏ
ЃЄϼ ϾЄЇЌϹЁϼϼ ϸϼЁϴЅІϼϼ ЃЄϴ϶ϼІϹϿϹϽ, ЂЅІϴ϶ϼ϶ЌϼЉ БІЂІ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅ. ϖ ϿВϵЂЀ ЅϿЇЋϴϹ ЀЂϺЁЂ Ѕ Ї϶ϹЄϹЁЁЂЅІАВ ϾЂЁЅІϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴІА, ЋІЂ ЃϿϼІЏ ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿϼЅА Ї ЅϾϴϿЏ Ёϴ ЂІϾЄЏІЂЀ ЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁЅІ϶Ϲ ЂІЁЂЅϼІϹϿАЁЂ
ЁϹϸЂϿϷЂ. ϣЄϼ БІЂЀ ЅІϹϿЏ ϻϴϸЁϹϷЂ ЄГϸϴ ЃЂ϶ЄϹϺϸϹЁЏ (ЃϿϼІЏ 1 ϼ 2), ϶ ЂІϿϼЋϼϹ ЂІ ϼϻ϶ϴГЁϼϽ ЃϹЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ
ЄГϸϴ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЃЂЅІЄϴϸϴϿϼ ІЂϿАϾЂ ЃЄϼ ЃϹЄϹЁЂЅϾϹ ϼЉ ϶ ЀЇϻϹϽ ϼ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЇВЍϹϽ ЇЅІϴЁЂ϶ϾϹ ЃϿϼІ ϶ БϾЅЃЂϻϼЊϼϼ. ϱІЂІ ЈϴϾІ ІϴϾϺϹ ϾЂЅ϶ϹЁЁЂ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ЇϹІ Ђ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ ЅІϹϿЏ ϻϴϸЁϹϷЂ ЄГϸϴ ϵЏϿϼ ЃЂЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ Ї ЅϾϴϿЏ ЄϴЁАЌϹ, ЋϹЀ ЃϿϼІЏ ЃϹЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ЄГϸϴ.
ϣЂ ІϹЉЁϼϾϹ ϼЅЃЂϿЁϹЁϼГ ЅІϹϿЏ ЀЂϺЁЂ ЄϴϻϸϹϿϼІА Ёϴ ЋϹІЏЄϹ ϷЄЇЃЃЏ: ϷЄЇЃЃϴ 1 —
(
,
)
(ЅІϹϿЏ 1, 4 ϼ 5); ϷЄЇЃЃϴ 2 —
, І. Ϲ.
϶ϼϸ ЄϹϿАϹЈЁЂϽ ЅϾЇϿАЃІЇЄЏ, ϶ ϾЂІЂЄЂЀ ϶ЏЃЇϾϿϴГ ЋϴЅІА ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼГ ϶ЏЅІЇЃϴϹІ Ёϴϸ ЃϿЂЅϾЂЅІАВ
ЈЂЁϴ ЁϹ ϵЂϿϹϹ ЋϹЀ Ёϴ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁЇ Ѕ϶ЂϹϷЂ ЂϵЎϹЀϴ (ЅІϹϿЏ 2, 3, 6–10 ϼ 12); ϷЄЇЃЃϴ 3 —
(ЅІϹϿϴ 11);
ϷЄЇЃЃϴ 4 —
(ЅІϹϿϴ 13).
ϥІϹϿЏ
1 ϶ЏЃЂϿЁϹЁЏ ϶ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЂЀ ϷЄϴ϶ϼЄЂ϶ϾЂϽ, ϼ ІЂϿАϾЂ ϶ϹЄЉЁϼϽ ϾЂЁІЇЄ ϿϼЊ ϶Џ϶ϹϸϹЁ
϶ ϾЂЁІЄЄϹϿАϹЈ, ϸЂЃЂϿЁϼІϹϿАЁЏϹ ϸϹІϴϿϼ ϼϿϼ ЁϹ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϴВІЅГ ЅЂ϶ЅϹЀ (ЃϿϼІϴ 1), ϼϿϼ ϷЄϴ϶ϼЄЇВІЅГ
ЁϹϵЄϹϺЁЂ (ЅІϹϿЏ 4 ϼ 5). ϢЅЁЂ϶ЁЂϹ ϶ЁϼЀϴЁϼϹ ЄϹϻЋϼϾϼ ЇϸϹϿГϿϼ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹЀЇ ϾЂЁІЇЄЇ ϿϼЋϼЁ, ЃϹЄϹϸϴ϶ϴГ
279
:
,
,
ϹϷЂ ЅϹЄϸЊϹ϶ϼϸЁЇВ ЈЂЄЀЇ ϷϿЇϵЂϾϼЀ ϾЂЁІЄЄϹϿАϹЈЂЀ. ϖЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ, ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼГ Ёϴ БІϼЉ ЃϿϼІϴЉ ЃЂϸЋϹЄϾϼ϶ϴϿϼ Ѕ϶ГϻА ЃЄϴ϶ϼІϹϿГ Ѕ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϼЀϼ ϵЂϺϹЅІ϶ϴЀϼ.
ϣϿϼІЏ
2 ϼЅЃЂϿЁϹЁЏ Ѕ ІЍϴІϹϿАЁЂϽ ЃЄЂЄϴϵЂІϾЂϽ ϶ЅϹЉ ϸϹІϴϿϹϽ, ϼЀϹϹІЅГ ІϹЁϸϹЁЊϼГ
Ͼ Ёϼ϶ϹϿϼЄЂ϶ϾϹ ϼ ЃϹЄϹЂЅЀЏЅϿϹЁϼВ ЃЄϹϺЁϹϷЂ ЉЇϸЂϺϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϷЂ ЅІϼϿГ ϼ ЁϴЋϴϿЇ ϾЂЃϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ЃЄϼϹЀЂ϶ ϵϿϼϺЁϹ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂϷЂ ϼЅϾЇЅЅІ϶ϴ, ЁϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ ЃЂ϶ІЂЄϹЁϼϹ ЅϹЄϸЊϹ϶ϼϸЁЂϷЂ ϾЂЁІЇЄϴ ЃϹЄϹЂЈЂЄЀϿϹЁЂ
϶ ϶ϼϸϹ ЀЁЂϷЂЋϼЅϿϹЁЁЏЉ ЀЂЄЍϼЁ Ёϴ ϿϵЇ ϿϼЋϼЁЏ (ЄϼЅ. 2, 7–8) ϼϿϼ ЁϹЃЄϴ϶ϸЂЃЂϸЂϵЁЂ ЀϴЅЅϼ϶ЁЏЉ
. 4. ϞϼЁϺϴϿЏ: ϔ — ЈЂІЂϷЄϴЈϼϼ ϼ ЃЄЂЄϼЅЂ϶Ͼϼ ϾϼЁϺϴϿЂ϶, ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁЁЏЉ Ёϴ ЅІϹϿϴЉ ϩϴϾϾϴЄϼ; ϕ —
ЄϹϾЂЁЅІЄЇϾЊϼГ; ϖ — ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼϼ ϾϼЁϺϴϿϴЀ ЅЂ ЅІϹϿ ϩϴЄϼЄϼ (ЃЂ ϢϾЌЂІІ 2004)
Fig. 4. Daggers: ϔ — photos and drawings of the daggers depicted on the Hakkâri steles: ϕ — reconstruction; ϖ —
analogies to the daggers depicted on the Hakkâri steles (after ϢϾЌЂІІ 2004)
280
,
,
ϵЄЂ϶ϹϽ ЃϹЄЅЂЁϴϺϹϽ (ЄϼЅ. 2, 12), ЋϹЄІЏ ЃЂЃϹЄϹЋЁЂϷЂ ЋϿϹЁϹЁϼГ ϿϼЋϼЁЏ ЃϹЄϹЂЅЀЏЅϿϼ϶ϴВІЅГ ϾϴϾ ЁЂЅЂϷЇϵЁЏϹ ЅϾϿϴϸϾϼ (ЄϼЅ. 2, 7, 12). ϦϴϾϼϹ ϼϻЀϹЁϹЁϼГ ϶ ϼϾЂЁЂϷЄϴЈϼϼ ЀЂϷЇІ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴІА Ђ ІЂЀ,
ЋІЂ ЅІϹϿЏ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁЏ ЄϴϻЁЏЀϼ ЀϴЅІϹЄϴЀϼ ϶ ІЂ ϶ЄϹЀГ, ϾЂϷϸϴ ϻЁϴϾЂ϶ЏϽ ϾЂϸ, ЂІЄϴϺϹЁЁЏϽ ϶ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼГЉ ϷЄЇЃЃЏ 1, ЅІϴЁЂ϶ϼІЅГ ЁϹЃЂЁГІЁЏЀ ЃЂІЂЀϾϴЀ (ЄϼЅ. 2, 7–8, 10, 12). ϡϴ ЃϿϼІϴЉ ϷЄЇЃЃЏ 2 ϶ϼϸЁЏ ЃЄϼϻЁϴϾϼ ϶ЏЅЂϾЂϷЂ ЅЂЊϼϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ЅІϴІЇЅϴ: ЄЂЅϾЂЌЁЏϹ ϷЂϿЂ϶ЁЏϹ ЇϵЂЄЏ, ЃϴЄϴϸЁЂϹ ЂЄЇϺϼϹ (϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ, ЊϹЄϹЀЂЁϼϴϿАЁЂϹ), ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼϹ ϶ЄϴϷЂ϶, ЅЊϹЁЏ ЂЉЂІЏ, ЋІЂ ϸϹЀЂЁЅІЄϼЄЇϹІ, ϶ ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ϼϼ Ѕ
ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏЀϼ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼГЀϼ, ϵЂϷϴІЅІ϶Ђ ϼ ϿϼЋЁЏϹ ϸЂЅІϼϺϹЁϼГ ϷϹЄЂГ.
Г϶ϿГϹІЅГ ϹϸϼЁЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϽ ϸϹІϴϿАВ ІЇϴϿϹІϴ, ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼϹ ϾЂІЂЄЂϷЂ ЃЄϼЅЇІЅІ϶ЇϹІ Ёϴ ϶ЅϹЉ ЅІϹϿϴЉ, ϾЄЂЀϹ ЃϿϼІЏ 1 (ЄϼЅ. 3, ,
2–12). ϡϴ ЌϹЅІϼ ЅІϹϿϴЉ ϷЂϿЂ϶ЁЂϽ ЇϵЂЄ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁ ϶ ϶ϼϸϹ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϽ ЃЂϿЂЅЏ, ϾЂІЂЄϴГ ϶ЏЉЂϸϼІ ϸϴϿϹϾЂ ϻϴ ϾЂЁІЇЄ ϷЂϿЂ϶Џ ЃϹЄЅЂЁϴϺϴ.
ϠЏ ІЄϴϾІЇϹЀ БІЇ ϸϹІϴϿА ϾϴϾ ЋϴЅІА ϵϴЌϿЏϾϴ (ЃϿϴІϾϴ, ϾϴЃВЌЂЁϴ?), ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ ЁϹ ϻϴ϶ГϻϴЁ ЃЂϸ ЃЂϸϵЂЄЂϸϾЂЀ, ϴ ЅЃϴϸϴϹІ ϻϴ ЃϿϹЋϼ (ЄϼЅ. 3, , 1). ϡϴ ЃГІϼ ЃϿϼІϴЉ ЃЂϾϴϻϴЁЏ ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЏϹ ЌϴЃϾϼ. ϣϹЄ϶ϴГ
ϼϻ ЁϼЉ — ЅІϹϿϴ 8 — Ёϴ ЃϹЄ϶ЏϽ ϶ϻϷϿГϸ ЁϴЃЂЀϼЁϴϹІ ІЇЄϹЊϾЇВ ЈϹЅϾЇ, ЁЂ ІϴϾ ϺϹ ϶ЏϷϿГϸϹϿϼ ϼ ϷЂϿЂ϶ЁЏϹ ЇϵЂЄЏ ϴЅЅϼЄϼϽЅϾϼЉ ЊϴЄϹϽ (϶ЏЅЂϾϼϹ ЇϵЂЄЏ Ѕ ϾЂЁЇЅЂЀ Ёϴ ϶ϹЄЌϼЁϹ), ЁϹЋІЂ ЃЂЉЂϺϹϹ ЁЂЅϼϿϼ
ЃЄϼ ϸ϶ЂЄϹ ϔЌЇЄϵϴЁϼЃϴϿϴ. Ϟ ЅЂϺϴϿϹЁϼВ, ϶ϹЄЉ БІЂϽ ЃϿϼІЏ ЃЂϾЄЏІ ЅϾЂϿϴЀϼ ϼ ЋϹЀ ϻϴϾϴЁЋϼ϶ϴϹІЅГ
«ЈϹЅϾϴ» ЁϹ ЃЂЁГІЁЂ (ЄϼЅ. 3, , 2). ϡϴ ЅІϹϿϹ 6 ϶ЂЅЃЄЂϼϻ϶ϹϸϹЁ ϶ЏЅЂϾϼϽ ϷЂϿЂ϶ЁЂϽ ЇϵЂЄ Ѕ ЂϾЄЇϷϿЏЀ ϶ϴϿϼϾЂЀ (ЄϼЅ. 3, , 3). ϡϴ ЃϿϼІϹ 10 ϷЂϿЂ϶ЁЂϽ ЇϵЂЄ ЃЂЉЂϺ Ёϴ ЌϿϹЀ Ѕ Ͼ϶ϴϸЄϴІЁЏЀ ϶ЏЄϹϻЂЀ ϼ ϾЂϻЏЄАϾЂЀ
(ЄϼЅ. 3, , 4). ϡϴ ЅІϹϿϴЉ 11 ϼ 12 ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁЏ ІВЄϵϴЁЏ ЄϴϻЁЏЉ ϶ϼϸЂ϶ (ЄϼЅ. 3, , 5). ϡϴϸЂ ЂІЀϹІϼІА,
ЋІЂ Ёϴ ЃϿϼІϴЉ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ ϷϹЂЀϹІЄϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІЏ, ϶ ІЂ ϶ЄϹЀГ ϾϴϾ ϶ ϴЅЅϼЄϼϽЅϾЂЀ ϼЅϾЇЅЅІ϶Ϲ
ϵЂϿϹϹ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁЏ ЇϻЂЄЏ ϶ ϶ϼϸϹ ЄЂϻϹІЂϾ (ϖϹЄЀϴЁ 2000: 234).
ϢЅЂϵЂϹ ϻЁϴЋϹЁϼϹ ϼЀϹϹІ
ЃϹЄЅЂЁϴϺϴ (ЄϼЅ. 2), ЂϵГϻϴІϹϿАЁϴГ ϸϿГ
϶ЅϹЉ ЅІϹϿ, ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ЃЄϴ϶ϴГ ϾϼЅІА ϸϹЄϺϼІ ЀϴϿϹЁАϾϼϽ ϾЄЇϷϿЏϽ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІ, ϴ ϿϹ϶ϴГ ϿϴϸЂЁА ЃЄϼϺϼЀϴϹІ Ͼ
ІЇϿЂ϶ϼЍЇ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϹ ЁϹГЅЁЏЉ ЂЋϹЄІϴЁϼϽ. ϢϸЁϴϾЂ, ЅЇϸГ ЃЂ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼВ Ёϴ ЂϸЁЂϽ ЃϿϼІϹ, Ї ϷϹЄЂГ ϶ ЄЇϾϴЉ ЁϴЉЂϸϼІЅГ ϾЂϺϴЁЏϽ ϵЇЄϸВϾ — ЅϴЀЏϽ ЇϸЂϵЁЏϽ ЅЂЅЇϸ ϸϿГ ϾЂЋϹ϶ЁϼϾϴ (ЄϼЅ. 5, ,
6, 8–12).
ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ЃЄϴ϶ϴГ ϾϼЅІА ЂЉ϶ϴІЏ϶ϴϹІ ϷЂЄϿЏЌϾЂ ϵЇЄϸВϾϴ, ϾЂІЂЄЂϹ ЋϴЅІЂ ЂЈЂЄЀϿϹЁЂ ϾЂЅІГЁЂϽ
ϼϿϼ ЀϹІϴϿϿϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϶ІЇϿϾЂϽ, ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГВЍϹϽ ЁϴϸϹϺЁЂ ϻϴϾЄЏ϶ϴІА ϹЀϾЂЅІА. ϟϹ϶ϴГ ЄϴЅϾЄЏІϴГ ϿϴϸЂЁА,
ЃЄϼϺϼЀϴВЍϴГ Ͼ ІϹϿЇ ϵЇЄϸВϾ, ЃЂϾϴϻЏ϶ϴϹІ, ЋІЂ ЂЁ ЂЃЂЄЂϺЁϹЁ. ϥϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿАЁЂ, Ёϴ ЅІϹϿϹ ϺϼϻЁА ЅЄϴ϶Ёϼ϶ϴϹІЅГ Ѕ ЁϴЃЂϿЁϹЁЁЏЀ ЅЂЅЇϸЂЀ, ϴ ЅЀϹЄІА — Ѕ ЃЇЅІЏЀ. Ϧϴ ϺϹ ϼϸϹГ ϶ЏЄϴϺϹЁϴ Ёϴ ЅϾϼЈЅϾϼЉ, ϴ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϹ ϼ ІВЄϾЅϾϼЉ ϼϻ϶ϴГЁϼГЉ, ϷϸϹ ϴЁІЄЂЃЂЀЂЄЈЁЏϹ ЈϼϷЇЄЏ ϸϹЄϺϴІ ϶ ЄЇϾϴЉ ЄϼІЂЁЏ ϼ ЁϹϵЂϿАЌϼϹ ЅЂЅЇϸЏ. ϣЂ ЀЁϹЁϼВ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿϹϽ, ϶ ЅϾϼЈЅϾЇВ БЃЂЉЇ ϼ ϶ ЅЄϹϸЁϹ϶ϹϾЂ϶АϹ ІϴϾ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϴϿϼ ЃЂЅЀϹЄІЁЏϽ
ЃϼЄ ϷϹЄЂГ.
, ЁϴЅϾЂϿАϾЂ ЀЂϺЁЂ ЅЇϸϼІА ЃЂ ϼЉ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼГЀ, ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ ϾЄЇЃЁЏЀϼ БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄϴЀϼ, ϼЀϹВЍϼЀϼ ЄϹϵЄϼЅІЂϹ ЅϹЋϹЁϼϹ ϼ ЄЇϾЂГІА, ЃЄϼϾϿϹЃϴЁЁЇВ Ͼ ϾϿϼЁϾЇ, ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ϻϴϾϿϹЃϾϼ
ЂЈЂЄЀϿϹЁЏ ϶ ϶ϼϸϹ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ЄГϸϴ (ЄϼЅ. 4, – ). ϦϴϾϼϹ ЄЇϾЂГІϼ ЃϹЄ϶ЂЁϴЋϴϿАЁЂ ϵЏϿϼ ϾЂЅІГЁЏЀϼ, ЃЂϻϸЁϹϹ — ЀϹІϴϿϿϼЋϹЅϾϼЀϼ ЊϹϿАЁЂϿϼІЏЀϼ Ѕ ϼЀϼІϴЊϼГЀϼ ϻϴϾϿϹЃЂϾ. ϖЂЅЃЄЂϼϻ϶ϹϸϹЁЁЏϹ Ёϴ
ЃϿϼІϴЉ ϾϼЁϺϴϿЏ ЂІЁЂЅГІЅГ Ͼ ЂЄЇϺϼВ ЃϹЄϹϸЁϹϴϻϼϴІЅϾЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ, ЂϸЁϴϾЂ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϼІА ЀϹЅІЂ ϼ ϶ЄϹЀГ
ϹϷЂ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ϻϴІЄЇϸЁϼІϹϿАЁЂ, ЃЂЅϾЂϿАϾЇ Ёϴ ЅІϹϿϴЉ ЃЂϾϴϻϴЁЏ ІϼЃЏ, ЌϼЄЂϾЂ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁЁЏϹ
ϾϴϾ ϶ ϠϴϿЂϽ ϔϻϼϼ, ІϴϾ ϼ ϶ ϙ϶ЄЂЃϹ. ϣϹЄ϶ЏϹ ЂϵЄϴϻЊЏ ІϴϾЂϷЂ ЂЄЇϺϼГ ЃЂГ϶ϿГВІЅГ ϶ ϾЂЁЊϹ III ІЏЅ.
ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϶ ϠϹЅЂЃЂІϴЀϼϼ, ϴ ϻϴІϹЀ ϶ЅІЄϹЋϴВІЅГ ϶ ϔЁϴІЂϿϼϼ, ϠϼϾϹЁϴЉ ϼ ϙ϶ЄЂЃϹ (ЄϼЅ. 4, ) ϶ЃϿЂІА ϸЂ
ЅЄϹϸЁϹ϶ϹϾЂ϶АГ (ϢϾЌЂІІ 2004).
ϣЄЂЇЌЁЏϹ
Ѕ ЂϵЇЌϾЂЀ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ Ёϴ ЅІϹϿϴЉ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼГЀϼ ІЄϹЉ ІϼЃЂ϶:
1) Ѕ ЂϵЇЉЂЀ, Ёϴ ϾЂІЂЄЂЀ ϼЀϹϹІЅГ ЋϹІЏЄϹ ЌϼЃϴ (ЅІϹϿϴ 4) (ЄϼЅ. 5, ); 2) Ѕ ϺϹϿЂϵЋϴІЂϽ ϶ІЇϿϾЂϽ ϼ
ЂϵЇЌϾЂЀ, ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЀ ЃЄЂϸЂϿАЁЏЀϼ ϶ϴϿϼϾϴЀϼ (ЅІϹϿЏ 7–12); ІЂЃЂЄЏ Ёϴ ЅІϹϿϴЉ 9, 11 ϼ
12 ϼЀϹВІ ІϴϾϺϹ ϶ЏЅІЇЃ-ЇЃЂЄ Ї ЃϹЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ϾЄϴГ ϶ІЇϿϾϼ (ЄϼЅ. 5, ); 3) ЃЄЂЅІЏϹ ЃЄЂЇЌЁЏϹ ІЂЃЂЄЏ ϵϹϻ ϸЂЃЂϿЁϼІϹϿАЁЏЉ ϸϹІϴϿϹϽ. ϖЅϹ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁЁЏϹ ІЂЃЂЄЏ, ЃЂ ϶ЅϹϽ ϶ϼϸϼЀЂЅІϼ, ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸГІ ϼϻ
ϟЇЄϼЅІϴЁϴ (ЄϼЅ. 5, , 1–5).
Ёϴ ЅІϹϿϴЉ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼГЀϼ ϶ІЇϿАЋϴІЏЉ ЁϴϾЂЁϹЋЁϼϾЂ϶ Ѕ ЄϹϵЄϴЀϼ ϺϹЅІϾЂЅІϼ, ЃЄϼЋϹЀ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ϼϻ ЁϼЉ ϼЀϹВІ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЇВ ϶ІЇϿϾЇ.
ϥϿϹϸЇϹІ ЂІЀϹІϼІА, ЋІЂ ϶ЅϹ ЇЃЂЀГЁЇІЏϹ ІϼЃЏ ЂЄЇϺϼГ, ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁЁЏϹ Ёϴ ЅІϹϿϴЉ, ϼЀϹВІЅГ ϶
ЉЄϴЁϼϿϼЍϴЉ ϖϴЁЅϾЂϷЂ ЀЇϻϹГ, ϷϸϹ ЂІЁЂЅГІЅГ Ͼ ЂϵЄϴϻЊϴЀ, ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁЁЏЀ ϼϻ ϵЄЂЁϻЏ. ϖ ЃЂϸЂϵЁЏЉ
281
:
,
,
. 5. ϔ — ЃЄЂЄϼЅЂ϶Ͼϴ ІЂЃЂЄЂ϶, ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁЁЏЉ Ёϴ ЅІϹϿϴЉ ϩϴϾϾϴЄϼ, ϼ ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼϼ Ͼ ЁϼЀ: 1–5 — БϾЅЃЂϻϼЊϼГ
ϥІϴЀϵЇϿАЅϾЂϷЂ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ЀЇϻϹГ (ЈЂІЂ ϴ϶ІЂЄϴ). ϕ: 1–2 — ЃЄЂЄϼЅЂ϶Ͼϴ ϾЂϿЋϴЁЂ϶, ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁЁЏЉ
Ёϴ ЅІϹϿϴЉ ϩϴϾϾϴЄϼ, ϼ ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼϼ Ͼ ЁϼЀ ϼϻ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϷЂ ϦЇЄϾϹЅІϴЁϴ, ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾ ϳЁЉϴϽ-3 (ЃЂ ϬЇϿАϷϴ 2010).
ϖ — ЃЄЂЄϼЅЂ϶Ͼϴ ϵЇЄϸВϾЂ϶, ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁЁЏЉ Ёϴ ЅІϹϿϴЉ ϩϴϾϾϴЄϼ, ϼ ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼϼ Ͼ ЁϼЀ (ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЀЂϸϹϿϼ
ϵЇЄϸВϾЂ϶): 1 — ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ЅЂЅЇϸ, ЀЇϻϹϽ ϔϻϹЄϵϴϽϸϺϴЁϴ (ЃЂ ϞЇϿϼϾϴЁ 2002); 2 — ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЏϽ ϜЄϴЁ, ϔЀϿϴЌ
(ЃЂ Virtual Museum of Iran Art; 488066_511970002189638_1784226733_n ); 3 — ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЏϽ ϦЇЄϾϹЅІϴЁ,
ϵϴЅЅϹϽЁ Є. ϜϿϼ (ЃЂ ϬЇϿАϷϴ 2010)
Fig. 5. ϔ — drawings of the axes depicted on the Hakkâri steles, and analogies to them: 1–5 — Istanbul
Archaeological Museum (photo by the author). ϕ: 1–2 — drawings of the quivers depicted on the Hakkâri steles,
and analogies to them from the cemetery of Yankhai-3 in East Turkestan (after ϬЇϿАϷϴ 2010). ϖ — drawing of
waterskins depicted on the Hakkâri steles, and analogies to them (ceramic models of waterskins): 1 — ceramic
vessel, Azerbaijan Museum (after ϞЇϿϼϾϴЁ 2002); 2 — North Iran, Amlash (Virtual Museum of Iran Art;
488066_511970002189638_1784226733_n); 3 — East Turkestan, the Ili river valley (after ϬЇϿАϷϴ 2010)
282
,
,
ЅЂЋϹІϴЁϼГЉ ϼЉ ЁϴЉЂϸГІ ϶ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЉ ϟЇЄϼЅІϴЁϴ, Ѕ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϾЂϽ IX–VIII ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.
(ϘАГϾЂЁЂ϶ 1956).
, ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁЁЏϹ ІЂϿАϾЂ Ёϴ ЃϿϼІϴЉ ЃϹЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ЄГϸϴ (ЅІϹϿЏ 6, 9–12), ϼЀϹВІ ϶ϼϸ ЇϻϾϼЉ
ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЉ, ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂ, ϾЂϺϴЁЏЉ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІЂ϶ (ЄϼЅ. 5, ). ϡϴ ЅІϹϿϹ 10 ϶ ϾЂϿЋϴЁϹ ϶ϼϸЁЏ ϸ϶ЇЉϿЂЃϴЅІЁЏϹ ЋϹЄϹЌϾЂ϶ЏϹ ЅІЄϹϿЏ. ϞЂϿЋϴЁЏ Ёϴ ЅІϹϿϴЉ 6, 9 ϼ 11 ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁЏ ЇϻЂЄЂЀ ϶ ϶ϼϸϹ ϾЄЇϷϴ, ЄϴЅЃЂϿЂϺϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϶ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹϽ ϼ ЁϼϺЁϹϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ. ϡϴ ЃϿϼІϹ 12 ϾЂϿЋϴЁ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁ ϶ϹЄІϼϾϴϿАЁЏЀ
ЈЄϼϻЂЀ, ЅЂЅІЂГЍϼЀ ϼϻ ϻϴЌІЄϼЉЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЉ ІЄϹЇϷЂϿАЁϼϾЂ϶. ϡϴ ЅІϹϿϴЉ 6, 9 ϼ 11 ЅЃЄϴ϶ϴ ЃЂϾϴϻϴЁϴ ЃϿϴЁϾϴ, ЃЄϼϸϴВЍϴГ ϺϹЅІϾЂЅІА ϾЂϺϴЁЂЀЇ ϾЂϿЋϴЁЇ (ЄϼЅ. 5, ).
ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁ Ёϴ ЃϿϼІϹ 12 ϼ, ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϼІϹϿАЁЂ, Ёϴ ЅІϹϿϹ 11, ЃЄϼЋϹЀ Ёϴ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϹϽ ϻϴ ЃЄϴ϶ЏЀ
ЃϿϹЋЂЀ ЃϹЄЅЂЁϴϺϴ ϶ϼϸЁϴ ІЂϿАϾЂ ϶ϹЄЉЁГГ ЋϴЅІА ЂЄЇϺϼГ ϵϹϻ ІϹІϼ϶Џ. ϡϴ ЃϿϼІϹ 12 ЃЂϾϴϻϴЁ ϾЂЀЃЂϻϼІЁЏϽ
Ѕ ЁϴІГЁЇІЂϽ ІϹІϼ϶ЂϽ ϿЇϾ ϶ ЂЃϿϹІϾϹ, ϶ЂЅЃЄЂϼϻ϶ϹϸϹЁЁЂϽ ЌІЄϼЉЂ϶ϾЂϽ. ϘϿГ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ІϴϾЂϷЂ ЂЄЇϺϼГ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴϿϼ ϸЄϹ϶ϹЅϼЁЇ, ЄЂϷ ϼ ϶Џ϶ϴЄϹЁЁЏϹ ЅЇЉЂϺϼϿϼГ. ϕϿϴϷЂϸϴЄГ БІЂЀЇ ϿЇϾ ϼЀϹϿ ЁϹЂϵЉЂϸϼЀЇВ
ЇЃЄЇϷЂЅІА ϼ ЀЂЍА. ϡϴ ϹϷЂ ІϹІϼ϶Ϲ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϴ, ϾϴϾ ЇЃЂЀГЁЇІЂ ϶ЏЌϹ, ЁϴϾϿϴϸϾϴ Ѕ ϸ϶ЂϽЁЏЀ ЄГϸЂЀ ЂІ϶ϹЄЅІϼϽ, ϾЂІЂЄϴГ ЃЄϹϸЂЉЄϴЁГϿϴ ЃϴϿАЊЏ ЃЄϼ ЅІЄϹϿАϵϹ (ЄϼЅ. 6, , 1). ϣЂϸЂϵЁЏϽ ЅϿЂϺЁЏϽ ЅϹϷЀϹЁІЂ϶ϼϸЁЏϽ ϿЇϾ ϸϿϼЁЂϽ 64,6 ЅЀ ϵЏϿ ЁϴϽϸϹЁ ϶ ϾЇЄϷ. 2 ϷЄЇЃЃЏ «ϦЄϼ ϵЄϴІϴ» ϶ 20 ϾЀ Ͼ ϲ ЂІ ϞϹЄЋϼ (ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЏϽ
ϞЄЏЀ). ϱІЂ ЂЄЇϺϼϹ ЅЂЅІЂГϿЂ ϼϻ ІЄϹЉ ϸϹЄϹ϶ГЁЁЏЉ ЃϿϴЅІϼЁ, ЂϵЀЂІϴЁЁЏЉ ЃЂϿЂЅϾЂϽ ϾЂЄЏ ЌϼЄϼЁЂϽ 1,3–
1,5 ЅЀ. ϦЂϿЍϼЁϴ ЃϿϴЅІϼЁ ϸЂЅІϼϷϴϹІ 2 ЅЀ, ϸϿϼЁϴ — 58 ЅЀ (ЄϼЅ. 6, , 2; ϕϹЅЅЂЁЂ϶ϴ 1973: 247, ЄϼЅ. 6, 1–2).
ϜЅІЂЄϼГ ЅϿЂϺЁЏЉ ϿЇϾЂ϶ ЃЂϸЄЂϵЁЂ ЂЅ϶ϹЍϹЁϴ ϕ. ϔ. ϟϼІ϶ϼЁЅϾϼЀ. ϢЁ ЃЂϿϴϷϴϿ, ЋІЂ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϽЌϼϹ БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄЏ БІЂϷЂ ЂЄЇϺϼГ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЏ ϶ ϣЄϼϵϴϽϾϴϿАϹ ϶ III ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б., ϴ Ѕ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϽ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁЏ
I ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϻϸϹЅА ϺϹ «ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴϿϴ ϼ ϵЂϿϹϹ Єϴϻ϶ϼІϴГ ЈЂЄЀϴ ЅϿЂϺЁЂЅЂЅІϴ϶ЁЂϷЂ ϿЇϾϴ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ ϔ. ϣ. ϢϾϿϴϸЁϼϾЂ϶ ЃЄϹϸϿЂϺϼϿ ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴІА ϿЇϾЂЀ «ЊϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϴϻϼϴІЅϾЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ» — Ї БІЂϷЂ ϿЇϾϴ
ϵЏϿЂ ЃЂ ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾЇ ЁϴϾϿϴϸЂϾ» (ϟϼІ϶ϼЁЅϾϼϽ 1966: 58). ϣЂ ЀЁϹЁϼВ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿГ, ЃЂГ϶ϿϹЁϼϹ ЅϿЂϺЁЏЉ ϿЇϾЂ϶ ϶ ЅІЄϴЁϴЉ ϘЄϹ϶ЁϹϷЂ ϖЂЅІЂϾϴ Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁЂ Ѕ ЃЄЂЁϼϾЁЂ϶ϹЁϼϹЀ ЅВϸϴ ЁЂЀϴϸЂ϶ ϼϻ ЅІϹЃϹϽ ЁϹ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϹ VIII ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ).
. ϘϿГ ЄϹЌϹЁϼГ ϶ЂЃЄЂЅϴ Ђ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼϼ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴ ЅІϹϿ ϼϻ ϩϴϾϾϴЄϼ ЂЅЂϵЇВ ЄЂϿА ϼϷЄϴϹІ, Ёϴ ЁϴЌ ϶ϻϷϿГϸ, ЃϿϼІϴ 10 Ѕ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼϹЀ ϶ЅϴϸЁϼϾϴ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ ЇЃЄϴ϶ϿГϹІ ϿЂЌϴϸАВ Ѕ ЃЂЀЂЍАВ
ЁϹϸЂЇϻϸϾϴ Ѕ ЂϸЁϼЀ ЁϴЁЂЅЁЏЀ ЄϹЀЁϹЀ (ЄϼЅ. 6, , 1–2). ϖЅϴϸЁϼϾ ЅϼϸϼІ, Єϴϻ϶ϹЄЁЇ϶ЌϼЅА ϶ЃЄϴ϶Ђ, ϼ ЄϴϻЀϴЉϼ϶ϴϹІ ЁϴϷϴϽϾЂϽ. ϙϻϸϴ Ѕ ЁϹϸЂЇϻϸϾЂЀ ϼ ϶ ЁϴЌϼ ϸЁϼ ЅЋϼІϴϹІЅГ ЂЃϴЅЁЂϽ, ЃЂЅϾЂϿАϾЇ ЂЁϴ ЁϹ ЂϵϹЅЃϹЋϼ϶ϴϹІ ЁϴϸϹϺЁЂϷЂ ϾЂЁІЄЂϿГ Ёϴϸ ϿЂЌϴϸАВ. ϦЂϿАϾЂ ЉЂЄЂЌЂ ЂϵЎϹϻϺϹЁЁЏϹ ϿЂЌϴϸϼ, ЂϷЄϴЁϼЋϹЁЁЏϹ
ЅІЂϿА ЁϹЁϴϸϹϺЁЂϽ ЇϻϸЂϽ, ϵЇϸЇІ ЃЂϸЋϼЁГІАЅГ ϶ЅϴϸЁϼϾЇ. ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼϹ ЁϴϹϻϸЁϼϾϴ Ёϴ
ЅІϹϿϹ 10 ϶ЄГϸ Ͽϼ ЀЂϺЁЂ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴІА ЄϴЁϹϹ VIII ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.
. ϖЏГ϶ϿϹЁЏ ϸ϶Ϲ ϷЄЇЃЃЏ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼϽ ЀϴϿϹЁАϾϼЉ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹЋϾЂ϶. ϡϴ ЃϿϼІϴЉ 6
(϶ЁϼϻЇ), 7, 9 ϼ 11 ЂЁϼ ЃЂϾϴϻϴЁЏ, ϾϴϾ ϵЏ ϻϴІϾЁЇІЏЀϼ ϻϴ ЃЂГЅ. ϱІϼ ЃϹЄЅЂЁϴϺϼ, ϻϴ ϼЅϾϿВЋϹЁϼϹЀ ЃϿЂЉЂ
ЅЂЉЄϴЁϼ϶ЌϹϷЂЅГ ЂϵЄϴϻϴ Ёϴ ЅІϹϿϹ 6, ϼЀϹВІ ЂϵЇ϶А Ѕ ϻϴϷЁЇІЏЀϼ ЁЂЅϴЀϼ (ЄϼЅ. 3, ), ϾϴϾЇВ ЁЂЅϼϿϼ ЉϹІІЏ
(ЄϼЅ. 3, , 1) ϼ ϾϴϾЇВ ЀЂϺЁЂ ϶ϼϸϹІА Ёϴ ϶ЏЃЂϿЁϹЁЁЏЉ ϶ ϴЅЅϼЄϼϽЅϾЂЀ ЅІϼϿϹ ЄϹϿАϹЈϴЉ VIII ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϼϻ
ϞϴЄϾϹЀϼЌϴ (ЄϼЅ. 3, , 2; ϘАГϾЂЁЂ϶ 1968: ЄϼЅ. 40). ϤЇϼЁЏ БІЂϷЂ ЉϹІІЅϾЂϷЂ ϷЂЄЂϸϴ, ЅІϴ϶ЌϹϷЂ ϶ ЁϴЋϴϿϹ
I ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ЅϴЀЂЅІЂГІϹϿАЁЏЀ ЊϴЄЅІ϶ЂЀ, ЁϴЉЂϸГІЅГ Ёϴ ϷЄϴЁϼЊϹ ϦЇЄЊϼϼ ϼ ϥϼЄϼϼ, ЁϹϸϴϿϹϾЂ ЂІ ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂϷЂ Ϸ. ϩϴϾϾϴЄϼ, ϼ ϶ЃЂϿЁϹ ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ, ЋІЂ ϷϹЄЂϼ, ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЁЏϹ Ёϴ ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴϹЀЏЉ ЃϿϼІϴЉ,
ЇЋϴЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴϿϼ ϶ ЅЄϴϺϹЁϼГЉ Ѕ ϶ЂϼЁϴЀϼ ϼϻ ϞϴЄϾϹЀϼЌϴ ϼϿϼ ϸЄЇϷϼЉ ЀϴϿЂϴϻϼϽЅϾϼЉ ϷЂЄЂϸЂ϶. ϘϴЁЁϼϾϼ,
ЁЂЅГЍϼϹ ІϴϾЇВ ЂϵЇ϶А, ϶ЂЅЃЄЂϼϻ϶ϹϸϹЁЏ ϼ Ёϴ ϴЅЅϼЄϼϽЅϾϼЉ ЄϹϿАϹЈϴЉ ϼϻ ϡϼЀЄЇϸϴ (ЄϼЅ. 3, , 3; ϗЇϿГϹ϶
2004: ϼϿ. 121).
ϘЄЇϷϼϹ ЀϴϿϹЁАϾϼϹ ЈϼϷЇЄϾϼ ЃЂϾϴϻϴЁЏ ЃЂϸ ϼϿϼ Ёϴϸ ЃЂГЅЂЀ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЂϷЂ ЃϹЄЅЂЁϴϺϴ. ϢϵЇ϶А БІϼЉ
ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹЋϾЂ϶ ЁϹ ϼЀϹϹІ ϻϴϷЁЇІЏЉ ЁЂЅЂ϶. ϫϴЅІА ІϴϾϼЉ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼϽ, ЃЂϸЂϵЁЂ ϴЅЅϼЄϼϽЅϾϼЀ ЄϹϿАϹЈϴЀ,
ЀЂϺЁЂ ІЄϴϾІЂ϶ϴІА ϾϴϾ ЅВϺϹІЁЏϽ ЄϴЅЅϾϴϻ, ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂ, Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁЁЏϽ Ѕ ϺϼϻЁАВ ϷϿϴ϶ЁЂϷЂ ЃϹЄЅЂЁϴϺϴ.
ϛϸϹЅА ЂЁ ЅϾϴЋϹІ Ёϴ ϾЂЁϹ ϼ ЅЃϴЅϴϹІ ϺϹЁЍϼЁЇ Ѕ ЄϹϵϹЁϾЂЀ ЂІ ЁϴЃϴϸϹЁϼГ ϿϹЂЃϴЄϸϴ, ЅЉ϶ϴІϼ϶ ІЂϷЂ ϿϹ϶ЂϽ
ЄЇϾЂϽ ϻϴ Љ϶ЂЅІ (ЄϼЅ. 3, ).
ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϴ ІЂϿАϾЂ Ї ЅϴЀЂϽ ϾЄЇЃЁЂϽ ϼϻ ЀϴϿϹЁАϾϼЉ ЈϼϷЇЄЂϾ, ЄϴϻЀϹЍϹЁЁЂϽ ЃЂЅЄϹϸϼЁϹ ЃϿϼІЏ 4, ϻϴ ЃЂГЅЂЀ ϷϿϴ϶ЁЂϷЂ ЃϹЄЅЂЁϴϺϴ. ϤϹЋА ϼϸϹІ Ђ ЄϴЅЃϴЌЁЂϽ ϾЇЄІϾϹ ϵϹϻ ϶ЂЄЂІЁϼϾϴ, ЃϹЄϹЃЂГЅϴЁЁЂϽ ЌϼЄЂϾϼЀ ЃЂГЅЂЀ (ЄϼЅ. 3, ). ϣϹЄЅЂЁϴ ϶ ϾЇЄІϾϹ ϸϹЄϺϼІ ϶ ЄЇϾϴЉ ϸ϶ϴ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІϴ (ϵЇЄϸВϾ?,
ϾЂϿЋϴЁ?). ϟϼЋϼЁϴ ЀϴϿϹЁАϾЂϽ ЈϼϷЇЄϾϼ ϼϸϹЁІϼЋЁϴ ϿϼЋϼЁϹ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЂϷЂ ЃϹЄЅЂЁϴϺϴ. ϖЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ, ϶ ϸϴЁЁЂЀ ЅϿЇЋϴϹ ЃЂЀϹЍϹЁϼϹ ϻϴ ЃЂГЅ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹЋϾϴ ЂϻЁϴЋϴϹІ, ЋІЂ ϹЀЇ ЃЂϾЄЂ϶ϼІϹϿАЅІ϶ЇϹІ ϷϿϴ϶ЁϴГ ЃϹЄЅЂЁϴ.
ЃЄϼЅЇІЅІ϶ЇВІ ІЂϿАϾЂ Ёϴ ЅІϹϿϴЉ ЃϹЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ЄГϸϴ. ϡϴ ЃϿϼІϴЉ 7,
8, 9, 11 ϼ 12 ϶ЂЅЃЄЂϼϻ϶ϹϸϹЁЏ ϴЄЉϴЄЏ, Ёϴ ЅІϹϿϹ 10 — ІЄϼ ϿϹЂЃϴЄϸϴ ϼ ЀϹϸ϶ϹϸА (?), Ёϴ ЃϿϼІϹ 12 —
283
:
,
,
. 6. ϔ: 1 — ЃЄЂЄϼЅЂ϶Ͼϴ ϶ЅϴϸЁϼϾϴ (ЅІϹϿϴ 10); 2 — ЄϹϾЂЁЅІЄЇϾЊϼГ ЁϹϸЂЇϻϸϾϴ. ϕ: 1 — ЃЄЂЄϼЅЂ϶Ͼϴ ϿЇϾϴ
(ЅІϹϿϴ 12); 2 — ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼЋЁЏϽ ϿЇϾ ϼϻ ϣЄϼЋϹЄЁЂЀЂЄАГ (ЃЂ ϕϹЅЅЂЁЂ϶ϴ 1973). ϖ — ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼГ ϾЂЋϹ϶ЁϼϾЂ϶:
1, 3 — ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏϹ ЈϼϷЇЄϾϼ (ЃЂ ϩЇϿІϾЄϴЁІЊ 1994), 2 — ЀϼϸϼϽЅϾϼϽ ϾЂЁЁϼϾ-ϴЄϼϻϴЁІ, ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼϹ Ёϴ
БϿϴЀЅϾЂϽ ЃϹЋϴІϼ (ЃЂ ϘАГϾЂЁЂ϶ 1956), 4 — ЈЄϼϻ ϶ϴϻЏ ϼϻ ϱІЄЇЅЅϾЂϷЂ ЀЇϻϹГ ϖϴІϼϾϴЁϴ (ЃЂ Ϝ϶ϴЁЋϼϾ 2001),
5 — «϶ϴϻϴ ϨЄϴЁЅЇϴ» (ЃЂ ϕϿϴ϶ϴІЅϾϼϽ 1953); 6 — ϷЄϹЋϹЅϾϼϽ ЀϹІЂЃ ϼϻ ϥϹϿϼЁЇЁІϴ (ЃЂ Marconi 2011); 7–8 —
ϾЄϴЅЁЂЈϼϷЇЄЁϴГ ϴІІϼЋϹЅϾϴГ ІϴЄϹϿϾϴ Ѕ ЄЂЅЃϼЅАВ ϱЃϼϾІϹІϴ, ϕЄϼІϴЁЅϾϼϽ ЀЇϻϹϽ (ЃЂ ϳЊϹЁϾЂ 2011)
Fig. 6. ϔ: 1 — rider (stele 10); 2 — headstall reconstruction. ϕ: 1 — bow (stele 12); 2 — analogous bow from the
Black Sea region (after ϕϹЅЅЂЁЂ϶ϴ 1973). ϖ — depictions of nomads: 1, 3 — bronze figurines (after ϩЇϿІϾЄϴЁІЊ
1994), 2 — Median rider on a stamp from Elam (after ϘАГϾЂЁЂ϶ 1956), 4 — frieze of a vase from the Etruscan
Museum of Vatican (after Ϝ϶ϴЁЋϼϾ 2001), 5 — «vase François» (after ϕϿϴ϶ϴІЅϾϼϽ 1953); 6 — Greek metope
from Selinunt (after Marconi 2011); 7–8 — red-figure Attic plate painted by Epictetus, the British Museum (after
ϳЊϹЁϾЂ 2011)
284
,
,
ϿϹЂЃϴЄϸ, ІϹЄϻϴВЍϼϽ ϴЄЉϴЄϴ, ϼ ϻЀϹГ, ЁϴЃϴϸϴВЍϴГ Ёϴ ЉϼЍЁϼϾϴ (ϿϹЂЃϴЄϸ?, ЀϹϸ϶ϹϸА?), Ёϴ ЅІϹϿϹ 11 —
ϵϿϴϷЂЄЂϸЁЏϽ ЂϿϹЁА. ϥϴЀЏЀ ϶ϴϺЁЏЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ Г϶ϿГϹІЅГ ЈϼϷЇЄϴ ϶ЅϴϸЁϼϾϴ, ЅϾϴЋЇЍϹϷЂ Ёϴ ЇЃЄГϺЁЂϽ ϿЂЌϴϸϼ (ЃϿϼІϴ 10; ЄϼЅ. 6, , 1–2).
ϣЄϼ϶ϿϹϾϴϹІ ϶ЁϼЀϴЁϼϹ ЀϴЁϹЄϴ ϶ЂЅЃЄЂϼϻ϶ϹϸϹЁϼГ ϴϵЄϼЅϴ ϿϼЊ ЃϹЄЅЂЁϴϺϹϽ, ϾЂІЂЄϴГ, ϾϴϾ ЅЃЄϴ϶ϹϸϿϼ϶Ђ ЇϾϴϻЏ϶ϴВІ ϴ϶ІЂЄЏ ЃϹЄ϶ЏЉ ЃЇϵϿϼϾϴЊϼϽ Ђ ЅІϹϿϴЉ ϼϻ ϩϴϾϾϴЄϼ, ЁϹ ϼЀϹϹІ ϾЂЄЁϹϽ ϶ ϼЅϾЇЅЅІ϶Ϲ
ϕϿϼϺЁϹϷЂ ϖЂЅІЂϾϴ. ϢϸЁϴϾЂ БІЁϼЋϹЅϾϴГ ЃЄϼЁϴϸϿϹϺЁЂЅІА ЁЂЅϼІϹϿϹϽ БІЂϽ ЉЇϸЂϺϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϽ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼϼ ϶ЅϹ ϹЍϹ ЁϹГЅЁϴ. ϣЂϸЄЂϵЁЏϽ ϴЁϴϿϼϻ ϴЁІЄЂЃЂЀЂЄЈЁЏЉ ЂϵЄϴϻЂ϶ ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГϹІ ϶ЏГ϶ϼІА ІЄϼ ЃЄϼϻЁϴϾϴ, Ѕ϶ГϻЏ϶ϴВЍϼϹ ЃϿϼІЏ ϩϴϾϾϴЄϼ Ѕ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЂ-ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ϔϻϼϹϽ.
ϣϹЄ϶ЏϽ ЃЄϼϻЁϴϾ — ЅϹЄϸЊϹ϶ϼϸЁϴГ ϿϼЋϼЁϴ. ϱІЂІ ІϹЄЀϼЁ ϵЏϿ ϶϶ϹϸϹЁ ϔ. ϣ. ϢϾϿϴϸЁϼϾЂ϶ЏЀ
(ϢϾϿϴϸЁϼϾЂ϶ 1971: 77). ϥϴЀЏϹ ЄϴЁЁϼϹ ϿϼЋϼЁЏ ІϴϾЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ ЃЂГ϶ϿГВІЅГ ϶ ЁϹЂϿϼІϹ Ёϴ ϘϴϿАЁϹЀ
ϖЂЅІЂϾϹ Ёϴ ϥϼϾϴЋϼ-ϔϿГЁϹ (ЄϼЅ. 7, 1–2) (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ). ϢЁϼ Єϴϻ϶ϼ϶ϴВІЅГ ϻϸϹЅА ϼϻ ЋϹЄϹЃЂ϶ϼϸЁЏЉ ϿϼЋϼЁ
(ЄϼЅ. 7, 4–5, 7–8). ϕЂϿАЌϼЁЅІ϶Ђ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿϹϽ ЃЂϿϴϷϴϹІ, ЋІЂ БІЂІ ЅІϼϿА ЃЂГ϶ϼϿЅГ ϶ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІϹ ϶ϿϼГЁϼГ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϷЂ ϾЇϿАІϴ ЋϹЄϹЃϴ. ϕЂϿϹϹ ЃЂϻϸЁϼϹ ЄϹЃϿϼϾϼ ϿϼЋϼЁ Ёϴ ЋϴЌϴЉ ϼϻ ϕϴЁАЃЂ (ϞϼІϴϽ)
ϸϴІϼЄЇВІЅГ IV ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б., ЋІЂ ЇϾϴϻЏ϶ϴϹІ Ёϴ ЃЄϼЀϹЄЁЏϽ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁϼГ БІЂϷЂ ЅІϼϿГ
(ϞϼЅϹϿД϶ 1960). ϥϹЄϸЊϹ϶ϼϸЁЏϹ ϿϼЋϼЁЏ ЇϾЄϴЌϴВІ ЃЂϿϼЉЄЂЀЁЏϹ ЅЂЅЇϸЏ ϶ЂϻЁϹЅϹЁЂ϶ЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ
(III ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.) (ЄϼЅ. 7, 3, 6, 10) (ϢϾϿϴϸЁϼϾЂ϶ 1971). ϣЂ ϶ЅϹϽ ϶ϼϸϼЀЂЅІϼ, ϶ ЃЂϻϸЁϹЀ ЁϹЂϿϼІϹ —
БЁϹЂϿϼІϹ ЁЂЅϼІϹϿϼ БІЂϽ ϼϾЂЁЂϷЄϴЈϼϼ ЃЄЂЁϼϾϴВІ Ёϴ ϔЁϷϴЄЇ (ЄϼЅ. 7, 17–19; ϛϴϼϾϴ 2001). ϛϴІϹЀ ЂЁϼ
ϸ϶ϼϷϴϿϼЅА Ёϴ ϻϴЃϴϸ ϸЂ ϙЁϼЅϹГ ϼ ϛϴЃϴϸЁЂϽ ϥϼϵϼЄϼ (ЄϼЅ. 7, 12–15; ϛϴϼϾϴ 2012). ϖ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЉ ЂϾЇЁϹ϶ЅϾЂϽ (ЄϼЅ. 7, 20–21, 25) (ϥЂϾЂϿЂ϶ϴ 2012) ϼ ϴϿІϴϽЅϾЂϽ ϾϴЄϴϾЂϿАЅϾЂϽ (ЄϼЅ. 7, 26; ϞЇϵϴЄϹ϶ 2009) ϾЇϿАІЇЄ ІϴϾϼϹ ϿϼЋϼЁЏ ϶ЅІЄϹЋϴВІЅГ ЄϹϸϾЂ. ϣЂϿЂ϶ϼЁϴ ЇϸЂ϶ϿϹІ϶ЂЄϼІϹϿАЁЂ ЅЂЉЄϴЁϼ϶ЌϼЉЅГ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼϽ
ЋϹЀЇЄЋϹϾЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ЇЁϴЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴϿϴ БІЂІ ЃЄϼϻЁϴϾ (ЄϼЅ. 7, 28–32, 34–35; ϞЂ϶ϴϿД϶ 2005). ϱІϼ ЃЄϼϻЁϴϾϼ ЃЄϼЅЇІЅІ϶ЇВІ ϼ Ёϴ ЅІϹϿϴЉ ϩϴϾϾϴЄϼ (ЄϼЅ. 7, 36–38).
ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ЅϹЄϸЊϹ϶ϼϸЁЏϹ ϿϼЋϼЁЏ Г϶ϿГВІЅГ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЏЀ ϸϿГ ϼϾЂЁЂϷЄϴЈϼϼ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЂϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ϔϻϼϼ ЃЄϼϻЁϴϾЂЀ, ЀϴЄϾϼЄЇВЍϼЀ ЀϼϷЄϴЊϼЂЁЁЏϹ ЃЇІϼ, ЃЂ ϾЂІЂЄЏЀ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϼϹ ЃϿϹЀϹЁϴ
ЃЄЂϸ϶ϼϷϴϿϼЅА Ёϴ ЂϵЌϼЄЁЏЉ ЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁЅІ϶ϴЉ ϔϻϼϴІЅϾЂϷЂ ϾЂЁІϼЁϹЁІϴ.
ϖІЂЄЂϽ ЃЄϼϻЁϴϾ — ЋϿϹЁϹЁϼϹ ϿϼЋϼЁЏ ϸЂЃЂϿЁϼІϹϿАЁЏЀϼ ϸϹІϴϿГЀϼ ϼϿϼ ЈϼϷЇЄϴЀϼ. ϱІϴ ЂЅЂϵϹЁЁЂЅІА ЃЄϼЅЇЍϴ ЁϹЂϿϼІϼЋϹЅϾϼЀ ЃϹІЄЂϷϿϼЈϴЀ ϥϼϾϴЋϼ-ϔϿГЁϴ (ЄϼЅ. 7, 2, 5, 7–9, 11) ϼ ЅЂЅЇϸϴЀ
ϖЂϻЁϹЅϹЁЂ϶Ͼϼ (ЄϼЅ. 7, 10; ϢϾϿϴϸЁϼϾЂ϶ 1971). ϢЁϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ϶ЏЄϴϺϹЁϴ Ёϴ ϿϼЋϼЁϹ ϦЂЀЅϾЂϽ ЃϼЅϴЁϼЊЏ
(ЄϼЅ. 7, 16; ϢϾϿϴϸЁϼϾЂ϶, ϠϴЄІЏЁЂ϶ 1972). ϘϴЁЁЏϽ ЃЄϼϻЁϴϾ Г϶ϿГϹІЅГ ϸϼϴϷЁЂЅІϼЋϹЅϾϼЀ ϸϿГ ϵЂϿϹϹ 300
ЅІϹϿ ЂϾЇЁϹ϶ЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ (ЄϼЅ. 7, 22–24; ϟϹЂЁІАϹ϶ ϼ ϸЄ. 2006). ϣЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁ ЂЁ ϼ ϶ ϾϴЄϴϾЂϿАЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϹ (ЄϼЅ. 7, 27; ϞЇϵϴЄϹ϶ 2009). ϘϿГ ЋϹЀЇЄЋϹϾЅϾϼЉ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼϽ ϶ЏϸϹϿϹЁЂ ϸ϶ϴ ϶ϴЄϼϴЁІϴ БІЂϷЂ ЃЄϼϻЁϴϾϴ: ϾЄЇϷϿЏϹ ϶ϴϿϼϾϼ Ёϴ ЅϾЇϿϴЉ (ЄϼЅ. 7, 30) ϼ ІЄϹЇϷЂϿАЁЏϹ ЈϼϷЇЄЏ Ёϴ ЍϹϾϴЉ ϿϼЋϼЁЏ (ЄϼЅ. 7, 33–34;
ϞЂ϶ϴϿД϶ 2005). ϡϴ ЅІϹϿϴЉ ϼϻ ϩϴϾϾϴЄϼ ϶ϼϸЁЏ ІЂЁϾϼϹ ϿϼЁϼϼ, ЃϹЄϹЅϹϾϴВЍϼϹ ϿϼЋϼЁЇ ЃЂϸ ЇϷϿЂЀ ϶ЏЌϹ
ϾЄЏϿАϹ϶ ЁЂЅϴ (ЄϼЅ. 7, 39–40, 42), ЃЄϼЋϹЀ Ёϴ ЃϿϼІϹ 2 (ЄϼЅ. 7, 41) ЂЁϼ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁЏ ЂϾЄЇϷϿЏЀϼ ЅϾЂϵϾϴЀϼ,
ЋІЂ ЅϵϿϼϺϴϹІ БІЂ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼϹ Ѕ ЈϼϷЇЄЂϽ Ёϴ ЂϸЁЂϽ ϼϻ ЋϹЀЇЄЋϹϾЅϾϼЉ ЅІϹϿ (ЄϼЅ. 7, 30). ϥϿϹϸЇϹІ ЂІЀϹІϼІА, ЋІЂ ЁϹЃЂЁГІЁЏϹ ϾЄЇϷϿЏϹ ϶ЏЅІЇЃЏ ЂІЀϹЋϹЁЏ ϼ Ёϴ ϿϼЋϼЁϴЉ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЂϾЇЁϹ϶ЅϾϼЉ ЅІϹϿ.
ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ЀЂϺЁЂ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϼІА, ЋІЂ ЅІϼϿϼЅІϼϾϴ ЃϿϼІ ϩϴϾϾϴЄϼ ЈЂЄЀϼЄЂ϶ϴϿϴЅА Ёϴ ЂЅЁЂ϶Ϲ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЂϴϻϼϴІЅϾЂϷЂ ϼϾЂЁЂϷЄϴЈϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ЃϿϴЅІϴ, ЂІ ϾЂІЂЄЂϷЂ ЃЄЂϼϻЂЌϿϴ ЅϾЇϿАЃІЇЄϴ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϼЉ
ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ϠЂЁϷЂϿϼϼ ϼ ϥϼЁАЊϻГЁϴ. ϥІϴЄЏϹ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼϼ ЅЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϹЀ ЇϷϴЅϴϿϼ, ЁЂ ЂІϾЄЏІϼϹ ϼϻ϶ϴГЁϼϽ ϫϹЀЇЄЋϹϾϴ ϼ ϩϴϾϾϴЄϼ ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿϼϿЂ ϶ЂЅЅІϴЁЂ϶ϼІА ЊϹЃЂЋϾЇ ІЄϴЁЅЈЂЄЀϴЊϼϽ ϼЅЉЂϸЁЏЉ ЂϵЄϴϻЂ϶ ϶
ЁЂ϶ЏϹ ЅІϼϿϼЅІϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЅЉϹЀЏ.
ϖ ЂІϿϼЋϼϹ ЂІ ЂϾЇЁϹ϶ЅϾϼЉ ЅІϹϿ, ЋϹЀЇЄЋϹϾЅϾϼϹ ЃϿϼІЏ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϴВІ ЁϹ ϵЂϷЂ϶, ϴ ЅЂЊϼϴϿАЁЏЉ
ϿϼϸϹЄЂ϶, ϼ ЃЂБІЂЀЇ ЇЅІϴЁЂ϶ϿϹЁЏ ϶ ЄГϸ ЃϹЄϹϸ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЂЀ — ЀϹЅІЂЀ ЇЃЂϾЂϹЁϼГ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϼЉ. ϱІЂ ЂϵЅІЂГІϹϿАЅІ϶Ђ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ЇϹІ Ђ ϵЂϿϹϹ ЃЂϻϸЁϹЀ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЅЂϻϸϴЁϼГ ЋϹЀЇЄЋϹϾЅϾϼЉ ϼϻ϶ϴГЁϼϽ. ϖЄϹЀГ
ϵЂϷЂ϶ ЇЌϿЂ, ЁϴЅІЇЃϴϿЂ ϶ЄϹЀГ ϶ЂϺϸϹϽ ϼ ϷϹЄЂϹ϶. ϥІϹϿЏ ϼϻ ϩϴϾϾϴЄϼ, ϶ Ѕ϶ЂВ ЂЋϹЄϹϸА, ϸϹЀЂЁЅІЄϼЄЇВІ
ϸϴϿАЁϹϽЌϹϹ ЂϵЂЅЂϵϿϹЁϼϹ ЅЂЊϼϴϿАЁЂϽ БϿϼІЏ ϼ ЂІЁЂЅГІЅГ Ͼ ϹЍϹ ϵЂϿϹϹ ЃЂϻϸЁϹЀЇ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ.
ϜІϴϾ, ЅІϼϿϼЅІϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ϴЁϴϿϼϻ ЃЂϾϴϻЏ϶ϴϹІ, ЋІЂ ЃϿϼІЏ ϼϻ ϩϴϾϾϴЄϼ ϶ ЄϴϻЁЏЉ ЅЂЋϹІϴЁϼГЉ ϸϹЀЂЁЅІЄϼЄЇВІ ЋϹЄІЏ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϽ ЅϼϵϼЄЅϾЂϽ ϼϾЂЁЂϷЄϴЈϼϼ. ϥϴЀЏЀ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁЁЏЀ ЃЄϼϻЁϴϾЂЀ, ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄϼϻЇВЍϼЀ Ђϵϴ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϻϼІϹϿАЁЏЉ ЃϿϴЅІϴ, Г϶ϿГϹІЅГ ЅϹЄϸЊϹ϶ϼϸЁϴГ ϿϼЋϼЁϴ. ϤϹϺϹ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЇϹІЅГ
ЃЄϼϹЀ ϹϹ ЋϿϹЁϹЁϼГ ϸЂЃЂϿЁϼІϹϿАЁЏЀϼ ϸϹІϴϿГЀϼ.
285
:
,
,
. 7. ϥІϼϿϼЅІϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ϴЁϴϿϼϻ ϿϼЋϼЁ (1–11– ЃЂ ϢϾϿϴϸЁϼϾЂ϶ 1971; 12–15, 17–19 — ЃЂ ϛϴϼϾϴ 2001; 2012;
16 — ЃЂ ϢϾϿϴϸЁϼϾЂ϶, ϠϴЄІЏЁЂ϶ 1972; 20–25 — ЃЂ ϟϹЂЁІАϹ϶ ϼ ϸЄ. 2006; 26–27 — ЃЂ ϞЇϵϴЄϹ϶ 2009; 28–35 —
ЃЂ ϞЂ϶ϴϿД϶ 2005; 36–40 — ЃЄЂЄϼЅЂ϶Ͼϼ ϴ϶ІЂЄϴ; 41–42 — ЃЂ Sevin 2005)
Fig. 7. Stylistic analysis of mask faces (1–11– after ϢϾϿϴϸЁϼϾЂ϶ 1971; 12–15, 17–19 — after ϛϴϼϾϴ 2001; 2012;
16 — after ϢϾϿϴϸЁϼϾЂ϶, ϠϴЄІЏЁЂ϶ 1972; 20–25 — after ϟϹЂЁІАϹ϶ ϼ ϸЄ. 2006; 26–27 — after ϞЇϵϴЄϹ϶ 2009;
28–35 — after ϞЂ϶ϴϿД϶ 2005; 36–40 — drawings by the author; 41–42 — after Sevin 2005)
286
,
,
ϦЄϹІϼϽ ЃЄϼϻЁϴϾ, ЂϵЎϹϸϼЁГВЍϼϽ ЂϵϹ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼϼ, — ЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼϹ ЄЇϾ ϷϹЄЂϹ϶. ϖ ϸ϶ЇЉ ЅϿЇЋϴГЉ
ЃϹЄЅЂЁϴϺ ϼϻ ϥϼЁАЊϻГЁϴ ϸϹЄϺϼІ ЃЂЅЂЉ (ЄϼЅ. 7, 32, 35), ϶ ЂϸЁЂЀ — ϿЇϾ (ЄϼЅ. 7, 31). ϖ ϸϹ϶ГІϼ ЅϿЇЋϴГЉ
ЋϹЀЇЄЋϹϾЅϾϼϹ ЀϴЅІϹЄϴ ϶ЂЂϵЍϹ ЁϹ ЅЂЋϿϼ ЁЇϺЁЏЀ ϶ЂЅЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸϼІА ЄЇϾϼ (ЄϼЅ. 7, 28–31, 33), ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ
Ёϴ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЅІϹϿϴЉ ЃЂϾϴϻϴЁЏ ϿϼЌА ϸϿГ ІЂϷЂ, ЋІЂϵЏ ЃЂϸЋϹЄϾЁЇІА ЅІϴІЇЅ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϿϼЊϴ,
ϸϹЄϺϴЍϹϷЂ ϶ ЃЄϴ϶ЂϽ ЄЇϾϹ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ ЇϾϴϻЏ϶ϴϹІ Ёϴ ϹϷЂ ЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼϹ ϶ ЂϵЍϹЅІ϶Ϲ.
ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ЁϴЃЄϴЌϼ϶ϴϹІЅГ ϶Џ϶Ђϸ Ђ ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ ЋϹЀЇЄЋϹϾЅϾЂϹ ЂϵЍϹЅІ϶Ђ ІЂϿАϾЂ ϶ЅІЇЃϴϿЂ ϶
ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ЅЂЊϼϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ϸϹϿϹЁϼГ, ϾЂІЂЄЂϹ ІЄϹϵЂ϶ϴϿЂ ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ЇВЍϹϷЂ ЂЈЂЄЀϿϹЁϼГ ϶ ІϴϾϼЉ ЃЄϹЅІϼϺЁЏЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЉ, ϾϴϾ ϴЁІЄЂЃЂЀЂЄЈЁЏϹ ϼϻ϶ϴГЁϼГ.
ϣϹЄЅЂЁϴϺϼ, ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЁЏϹ Ёϴ ЃϿϼІϴЉ ϩϴϾϾϴЄϼ, ЁϹЅЂЀЁϹЁЁЂ, ЃЄϼЁϴϸϿϹϺϴϿϼ Ͼ БϿϼІϹ Ѕ϶ЂϹϷЂ
ЂϵЍϹЅІ϶ϴ ϼ ϼЅЃЏІЏ϶ϴϿϼ ϶ϿϼГЁϼϹ ЅЇϵϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϵϿϼϺЁϹ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ϴЄϼЅІЂϾЄϴІϼϼ, ЋІЂ ϶ЏЄϴϺϴϹІЅГ
϶ ЃЂГ϶ϿϹЁϼϼ ЄЂЅϾЂЌЁЏЉ ϷЂϿЂ϶ЁЏЉ ЇϵЂЄЂ϶ Ёϴ ЅІϹϿϴЉ ЃϹЄϹϸЁϹϷЂ ЄГϸϴ. ϨϼϷЇЄЏ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁЏ Ѕ ϾЂϺϴЁЏЀ ϵЇЄϸВϾЂЀ ϶ ЄЇϾϴЉ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ ЅϼЀ϶ЂϿϼϻϼЄЇϹІ ЃЂЅЀϹЄІЁЏϽ ЃϼЄ ϷϹЄЂГ.
ϘϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼϹ ЁϹ ϼЀϹВЍϼЉ ЁϴϸЃϼЅϹϽ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼϽ ϼϻ ϩϴϾϾϴЄϼ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿГϹІ ІЄЇϸЁЂЄϴϻЄϹЌϼЀЇВ ϻϴϸϴЋЇ. ϢІЁЂЅϼІϹϿАЁЂ ϼЉ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼϼ ϖ. ϥϹ϶ϼЁ ϶ЏЅϾϴϻϴϿ ϸ϶Ϲ ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЏϹ ІЂЋϾϼ ϻЄϹЁϼГ. ϖ ЂϸЁЂϽ
ЄϴϵЂІϹ ЂЁ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿϴϷϴϿ, ЋІЂ ϴЁІЄЂЃЂЀЂЄЈЁЏϹ ЂϵЄϴϻЏ Ёϴ ЃϿϼІϴЉ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿГВІ ЃЄϴ϶ГЍЇВ БϿϼІЇ ϶
ЁϴЋϴϿϹ I ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϸϼЁϴЅІϼϼ ЊϴЄЅІ϶ϴ ϩЇϵЇЌϾϼϼ (Sevin 2000), ϶ ϸЄЇϷЂϽ — ЅϾϿЂЁГϿЅГ Ͼ ЀЏЅϿϼ Ђ
ІЂЀ, ЋІЂ ЂЁϼ ЀЂϷϿϼ ϵЏІА ϶ЂϺϸГЀϼ ЂϸЁЂϷЂ ϼϻ ЉЇЄЄϼІЅϾϼЉ ϷЂЄЁЏЉ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ, ϾЂЁІЄЂϿϼЄЂ϶ϴ϶ЌϼЉ ІЂЄϷЂ϶ϿВ ЂϿЂ϶ЂЀ ϼϿϼ ϵЄЂЁϻЂϽ ЀϹϺϸЇ 1450 ϼ 1000 ϷϷ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (Sevin 2005).
ϥІЄϴЁϴ ϩЇϵЇЌϾϼГ (Hubuškia), ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁϴГ ЃЂ ϴЅЅϼЄϼϽЅϾϼЀ ЃϼЅАЀϹЁЁЏЀ ϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾϴЀ,
ϵЏϿϴ ϻϴ϶ЂϹ϶ϴЁϴ ϥϴϿЀϴЁϴЅϴЄЂЀ III (858–824 ϷϷ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.) ϶ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІϹ ІЄϹЉ ϶ЂϹЁЁЏЉ ϾϴЀЃϴЁϼϽ
(ϘАГϾЂЁЂ϶ 1956). ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅ ϶ЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼϽ, ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЁЏϽ Ёϴ ЅІϹϿϴЉ ϼϻ ϩϴϾϾϴЄϼ, ЂІЁЂЅϼІЅГ,
ЃЂ ЀЁϹЁϼВ ϖ. ϥϹ϶ϼЁϴ, Ͼ ϵЂϿϹϹ ЄϴЁЁϹЀЇ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ — ϾЂ ϶ІЂЄЂϽ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁϹ II ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (Sevin 2005).
Ϟ ЅЂϺϴϿϹЁϼВ, ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿА ЁϹ ϴЄϷЇЀϹЁІϼЄЇϹІ Ѕ϶ЂВ ІЂЋϾЇ ϻЄϹЁϼГ, ЁЂ ЀЂϺЁЂ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϼІА, ЋІЂ
ЂЁ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴϿ ϴЁϴϿϼϻϼЄЇϹЀЏϹ ЃϿϼІЏ ЃЂ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼГЀ ϾϼЁϺϴϿЂ϶ (ЄϼЅ. 4), ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴϿϼ
ЂІ 1900 Ϸ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϸЂ 900/700 ϷϷ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ϶ЂЅЃЄЂϼϻ϶ϹϸϹЁЁЏϹ Ёϴ ЅІϹϿϴЉ ІЂЃЂЄЏ ϿЇЄϼЅІϴЁЅϾЂϷЂ
ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼГ (ЄϼЅ. 5, ) ЅЇϺϴВІ ϸϴІЏ ϾϼЁϺϴϿЂ϶ ϸЂ X–VIII ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (ϢϾЌЂІІ 2004).
ϨϼϷЇЄϴ ϶ЅϴϸЁϼϾϴ (ЅІϹϿϴ 10) ϹЍϹ ϵЂϿϹϹ ЂϷЄϴЁϼЋϼ϶ϴϹІ ϸϴІЇ ϶ЅϹϷЂ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴ. ϖϹЄЉЂ϶ЂϽ Ї϶ϹЄϹЁЁЂ ЇЃЄϴ϶ϿГϹІ ϿЂЌϴϸАВ Ѕ ЃЂЀЂЍАВ ЁϹϸЂЇϻϸϾϴ, ЁϹЅЀЂІЄГ Ёϴ ІЂ ЋІЂ Ϲϻϸϴ ϵϹϻ ЁϴϿЂϵЁЂϷЂ ЄϹЀЁГ
ІЄϹϵЂ϶ϴϿϴ ЂЅЂϵЂϷЂ ЀϴЅІϹЄЅІ϶ϴ ϶ ЇЃЄϴ϶ϿϹЁϼϼ ϾЂЁϹЀ. ϢІЃЄϴ϶ЁЂϽ ІЂЋϾЂϽ ϵϿϼϺЁϹ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂϷЂ ЁϴϹϻϸЁϼЋϹЅІ϶ϴ ЀЂϺЁЂ ЅЋϼІϴІА ЄϹϿАϹЈ ϼϻ ϸ϶ЂЄЊϴ ϔЌЌЇЄ-ЁϴЊϼЄ-ϴЃϴϿϴ II (884–858 ϷϷ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.) ϶ ϡϼЀЄЇϸϹ,
Ёϴ ϾЂІЂЄЂЀ ЃЂϾϴϻϴЁЏ ϶ЅϴϸЁϼϾϼ, ЅϼϸГЍϼϹ Ёϴ ϿЂЌϴϸГЉ ϵЂϾЂЀ ϼ ЅІЄϹϿГВЍϼϹ ϼϻ ϿЇϾЂ϶, ϶ ІЂ ϶ЄϹЀГ ϾϴϾ
ϼЉ ϿЂЌϴϸϼ ЇЃЄϴ϶ϿГВІЅГ ЃЄϴ϶ЋϼЀϼ (Ϝ϶ϴЁЋϼϾ 2002: 103). ϜЅЉЂϸГ ϼϻ БІЂϷЂ, ЀЂϺЁЂ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϼІА,
ЋІЂ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼϹ ϶ϹЄЉЂ϶ЂϷЂ Ёϴ ЅІϹϿϹ 10 ЂІЁЂЅϼІЅГ Ͼ ϵЂϿϹϹ ЃЂϻϸЁϹЀЇ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ, ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϼІϹϿАЁЂ
Ͼ VIII ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.
ϖϴϺЁЏЀ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿГВЍϼЀ ЈϴϾІЂЄЂЀ Г϶ϿГϹІЅГ ІЂ, ЋІЂ ϶ЅϹ ЃϹЄЅЂЁϴϺϼ Ёϴ ЅІϹϿϴЉ
ϩϴϾϾϴЄϼ ЃЂϾϴϻϴЁЏ ϷϿϴϸϾЂ ϶ЏϵЄϼІЏЀϼ, ϶ ІЂ ϶ЄϹЀГ ϾϴϾ Ёϴ ϘЄϹ϶ЁϹЀ ϖЂЅІЂϾϹ ϻЄϹϿЏϽ ЀЇϺЋϼЁϴ, ІϹЀ
ϵЂϿϹϹ ЃЄϴ϶ϼІϹϿА, ϸЂϿϺϹЁ ϵЏϿ ЁЂЅϼІА ЇЉЂϺϹЁЁЇВ ϵЂЄЂϸЇ, ϾЂІЂЄϴГ ϻϸϹЅА ЅЋϼІϴϿϴЅА ЅϼЀ϶ЂϿЂЀ ϻЄϹϿЂЅІϼ ϼ ЅЂЅІЂГІϹϿАЁЂЅІϼ. ϘϴϺϹ ЊϴЄϼЊϴ ϩϴІЌϹЃЅЇІ ϵЏϿϴ ϶ЏЁЇϺϸϹЁϴ ЁЂЅϼІА ЁϴϾϿϴϸЁЇВ ϵЂЄЂϸЇ.
ϱІϴ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁϴГ ϸϹІϴϿА ЃЄЂІϼ϶ЂЃЂЅІϴ϶ϿГϹІ ЀЇϺЋϼЁ ϩϴϾϾϴЄϼ ЁϹ ІЂϿАϾЂ ϵϿϼϺЁϹ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂЀЇ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼВ, ЁЂ ϼ ЅϾϼЈϴЀ. ϣЂ ϸϴЁЁЏЀ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼϼ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼВ ϵЄϼІАГ ϵЂЄЂϸЏ ЀЂϺЁЂ ЇЅІϴЁЂ϶ϼІА
ϿϼЌА ϶ ЅϿЇЋϴϹ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁϼГ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼϽ ϼϿϼ ЀЇЀϼϽ. ϠЇϺЅϾϼϹ ЀЇЀϼϼ Ѕ ϵЄϼІЏЀϼ ϿϼЊϴЀϼ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ ϶ ϾЂϿϿϹϾЊϼГЉ ϥϼЁАЊϻГЁϴ (Mair 2006), ϶ ϣϴϻЏЄЏϾϹ (ϔϿІϴϽ) (ϕϴЄϾЂ϶ϴ, ϣϴЁϾЂ϶ϴ 2005) ϼ
ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϹ ІϴЌІЏϾЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϢϷϿϴЉІЏ (ϠϼЁЇЅϼЁЅϾϴГ ϾЂІϿЂ϶ϼЁϴ) (ϞЏϻϿϴЅЂ϶, ϣϴЁϾЂ϶ϴ 2004).
ϦϴЌІЏϾЅϾϼϹ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏϹ ЀϴЅϾϼ ϼ ϸϹЄϹ϶ГЁЁЏϹ ЃϿϴϾϹІϾϼ ЂЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ ЃЂЃЇϿГЊϼϹϽ, ЀЇϺЅϾϴГ ЋϴЅІА
ϾЂІЂЄЂϽ ЁϹ ЁЂЅϼϿϴ ϵЂЄЂϸ. ϜϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼГ ϵϹϻϵЂЄЂϸЏЉ ЀЇϺЋϼЁ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЏ ϼ ϶ ϸϹЄϹ϶ГЁЁЂϽ ЅϾЇϿАЃІЇЄϹ
ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ЋϴЇЉЇ ϶ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂЀ ϦЇЄϾϹЅІϴЁϹ (ЄϼЅ. 9, 1–5). ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ЂϵЏЋϴϽ ϵЄϼІАГ ϵЂЄЂϸЏ ϵЏϿ
ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄϹЁ ϶ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЂЀ ϸϿГ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏЉ ЁЂЀϴϸЂ϶.
287
:
,
,
ϡЂ ϾϴϾ ϺϹ ЁЂЀϴϸЏ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЂ-϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏЉ ЅІϹЃϹϽ ЃЄЂЌϿϼ ϶ ϠϴϿЇВ ϔϻϼВ? ϤϴЅЅЀЂІЄϼЀ ϸϴЁЁЏϹ
ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼϼ. ϡϹϸϴ϶ЁЂ ЅІϴϿϴ ϸЂЅІЇЃЁϴ ϼЁЈЂЄЀϴЊϼГ ЃЂ ЄϴϵЂІϴЀ ϾϼІϴϽЅϾϼЉ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷЂ϶ ϶ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂЀ
ϦЇЄϾϹЅІϴЁϹ (ϥϼЁАЊϻГЁ) (ϬЇϿАϷϴ 2010). ϢϷЄЂЀЁЏϹ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϼ (ϸЂ 700 ϾЇЄϷϴЁЂ϶) ЂЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ ЁЂЅϼІϹϿГЀϼ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ ЅϾϼЈЅϾЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ (ЋϴЇЉЇ, ГЁАϵЇϿϴϾБ, ЅЇϵϹϽЅϼ). ϱІϼ ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁЁЏϹ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ, ϴЄϹϴϿЏ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЄϴЅЃЂϿЂϺϹЁЏ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁϹϹ ϼ ВϺЁϹϹ Ђϻ. ϜЅЅЏϾ-ϞЇϿА, ЄϴϻϿϼЋϴВІЅГ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏЀϼ ЂϵЄГϸϴЀϼ ϼ
. 8. ϠϴІϹЄϼϴϿАЁϴГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴ ϾЂЋϹ϶ЁϼϾЂ϶ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϷЂ ϦЇЄϾϹЅІϴЁϴ — ЃЄϹϸЀϹІЏ ЂϸϹϺϸЏ ϼ ϶ЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼГ
(ЃЂ ϬЇϿАϷϴ 2010)
Fig. 8. Material culture of the nomads of East Turkestan — clothes and weaponry (after ϬЇϿАϷϴ 2010)
288
,
,
ЂІЋϴЅІϼ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾЂϽ. ϞЂЀЃϿϹϾЅ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏЉ ϼϻϸϹϿϼϽ ЄϴЁЁϹϷЂ ЅϾϼЈЅϾЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ, ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸГЍϼϽ ϼϻ БІϼЉ
ϾЇЄϷϴЁЂ϶, ЂϸЁЂЄЂϸϹЁ. ϜЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϹ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϼ ϸϴІϼЄЇВІЅГ ЃЂ 14ϥ ϶ ϼЁІϹЄ϶ϴϿϹ ЂІ 1100 Ϸ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.
ϸЂ 500 Ϸ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϖ БІЂϽ ЄϴϵЂІϹ ЀЏ ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴϹЀ ЀϴЅЅϼ϶ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶, ЃЄϼЁϴϸϿϹϺϴ϶ЌϼЉ ϵϿϼϻϾϼЀ ЃЂ
ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼВ ЃϿϹЀϹЁϴЀ, ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴЀϼ ІϼЃϴ ЋϴЇЉЇ, ЃЂЅϾЂϿАϾЇ ϼЀϹЁЁЂ БІϴ ϷЄЇЃЃϴ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЂ϶ ϸϴϿϴ
ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϼІϹϿАЁЏϽ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿ (ϬЇϿАϷϴ 2010).
ϞЂЁЅϹЄ϶ϴЊϼГ ϶ ЀЂϷϼϿϴЉ ϶ϹЍϹϽ ϼϻ ЂЄϷϴЁϼϾϼ, ϶ϾϿВЋϴГ ЂϸϹϺϸЇ, ЂϵЇ϶А, ϾЂϿЋϴЁЏ, ЅЇЀϾϼ, ϵЇЄϸВϾϼ ϼ ЀЇЀϼЈϼϾϴЊϼГ ЂЅІϴЁϾЂ϶, ЃЄЂϼϻЂЌϹϸЌϴГ ϶ ЇЅϿЂ϶ϼГЉ ЅЇЉЂϷЂ ϾϿϼЀϴІϴ (ЄϼЅ. 8, 1–16), ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿϼϿϴ
ϼϻЇЋϴІА ϵЏІ ϾЂЋϹ϶ЁϼϾЂ϶ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ ІϼЃϴ ЋϴЇЉЇ Ёϴ БІЁЂϷЄϴЈϼЋϹЅϾЂЀ ЇЄЂ϶ЁϹ. ϖ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГЉ, ЂЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЁЏЉ БІϼЀϼ ЁЂЀϴϸϴЀϼ, ϵЏϿϼ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ ІϴϾϺϹ ЃЂЅЂЉϼ, ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼЋЁЏϹ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁЁЏЀ Ёϴ ЅІϹϿϴЉ
ϫϹЀЇЄЋϹϾϴ (ϞЂ϶ϴϿД϶ 2005) ϼ ϩϴϾϾϴЄϼ (ЄϼЅ. 8, 32). ϧϾЄϴЌϹЁϼГ ϼϻ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ ϥϼЁАЊϻГЁϴ ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼЋЁЏ ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁϼГЀ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ ϶ ЄϴЁЁϹЅϾϼЈЅϾϼЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴЉ ϔϿІϴГ, ϦЇ϶Џ ϼ ϠϼЁЇЅϼЁЅϾЂϽ
ϾЂІϿЂ϶ϼЁЏ (ЄϼЅ. 9, 8–14, 17–19; ϬЇϿАϷϴ 2010: 109–110). ϖ ЀЂϷϼϿϴЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ ІϼЃϴ ЋϴЇЉЇ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ
ІϴϾϺϹ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ, ϶ЏЃЂϿЁϹЁЁЏϹ ϶ ЅϾϼЈЂ-ЅϼϵϼЄЅϾЂЀ ϻ϶ϹЄϼЁЂЀ ЅІϼϿϹ, ϶ϾϿВЋϴГ ϾЂЀЃЂϻϼЊϼϼ ЅЂ Ѕ϶ϹЄЁЇ϶ЌϼЀЅГ ЉϼЍЁϼϾЂЀ (ЄϼЅ. 9, 19, 29–31), ЂϵЄϴϻЏ ϾЂЃЏІЁЏЉ (ЄϼЅ. 9, 21–23, 28, 32), ϷЄϼЈϴ ϼ ϷЄϼЈЂϵϴЄϴЁϴ (ЄϼЅ. 9, 15–16, 25–27). ϡϴ ϸϹЄϹ϶ГЁЁЏЉ ϶ϹϸϹЄϾϴЉ ЅЂЉЄϴЁϼϿϴЅА ЄЂЅЃϼЅА ϶ ЅІϼϿϹ, ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЂЀ
ІЂϿАϾЂ ϸϿГ ЅϼϵϼЄЅϾϼЉ ЃϹІЄЂϷϿϼЈЂ϶ (ЄϼЅ. 9, 35–40).
ϠЇЀϼϼ ϧЄЇЀЋϼ — ЄϴϽЂЁϴ, ϷϸϹ ІϴϾϺϹ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁЏ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ ІϼЃϴ ЋϴЇЉБ, ЃЄϼЁϴϸϿϹϺϴІ ϶ЏЅЂϾϼЀ ϿВϸГЀ Ϲ϶ЄЂЃϹЂϼϸЁЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ. ϤЂЅІ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϶ 1978 Ϸ. ЀЇϺЋϼЁЏ ϸЂЅІϼϷϴϿ 2 Ѐ,
ЄЂЅІ ϺϹЁЍϼЁЏ ϶ ϾЄϴЅЁЂЀ ЃϿϴІАϹ — 1,8 Ѐ. ϢϵϹ ЀЇЀϼϼ, ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЁЏϹ ϶ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϹ ϫϹЄЋϹЁ (ϾЇЄϷ.
2), ϸϴІϼЄЇВІЅГ ЃЂ 14ϥ ЂІ 1800 ϸЂ 500 ϷϷ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (Mair 2006).
ϞЇϿАІЇЄЏ ІϼЃϴ ЋϴЇЉЇ ЂІϿϼЋϴВІЅГ ЂІ ϸЄЇϷϼЉ ЄϴЁЁϹЅϾϼЈЅϾϼЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ ЄϴЅЃϼЅЁЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾЂϽ
ϼ ЄϴϻЁЂЂϵЄϴϻϼϹЀ ЈЂЄЀ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ (ЋϴϽЁϼϾϼ, ϾЇ϶ЌϼЁЏ ϼ ЀϼЅϾϼ ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЏЉ ЄϴЅЊ϶ϹІЂϾ ϼ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІЂ϶;
ϬЇϿАϷϴ 2010). ϣЂϾЄЏІϴГ ϵϹϿЏЀ ϴЁϷЂϵЂЀ ЃЂЅЇϸϴ ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁϴ ЋϹЄЁЏЀϼ ϼ ϾЄϴЅЁЏЀϼ ϷϹЂЀϹІЄϼЋϹЅϾϼЀϼ
ЇϻЂЄϴЀϼ ϶ ϶ϼϸϹ ЅϹІЂϾ, ЀϹϴЁϸЄЂ϶, ϻϴЌІЄϼЉЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЉ ІЄϹЇϷЂϿАЁϼϾЂ϶ ϼ ЅЃϼЄϴϿϹϽ (ЄϼЅ. 10, 1–8).ϱІϴ
ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ ЀЂϺϹІ ϵЏІА ЅЂЃЂЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϴ Ѕ ЅЂЅЇϸϴЀϼ ϼϻ ϠϴϿЂϽ ϔϻϼϼ — БІЂ ІϴϾ ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴϹЀЏϽ ЃЂϻϸЁϼϽ
ϾЄϴЅЁЏϽ ЄϴЅЃϼЅЁЂϽ ЅІϼϿА (ЄϼЅ. 10, 9–12; ϟЇϾЂЁϼЁ 1977).
ϖ ІЂ ϺϹ ϶ЄϹЀГ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏϹ ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϷЂ ϦЇЄϾϹЅІϴЁϴ ϼЀϹВІ ϵϿϼϻϾϼϹ ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼϼ ϶ ϥϴГЁЂϔϿІϴϹ. ϖϹЄЂГІЁЂ, ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ІϼЃϴ ЋϴЇЉЇ ЅϿЂϺϼϿϼЅА ϶ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІϹ ЀϼϷЄϴЊϼϼ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЁЏЉ ЁЂЀϴϸЂ϶ Ёϴ
ВϷ, ϷϸϹ ЂЁϼ ϴЅЅϼЀϼϿϼЄЂ϶ϴϿϼ ЀϹЅІЁЂϹ ϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾЂϹ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼϹ, ϶ϿϴϸϹВЍϹϹ ІϹЉЁЂϿЂϷϼϹϽ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸЅІ϶ϴ ЄϴЅЃϼЅЁЂϽ ЃЂЅЇϸЏ.
ϖ VI ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϾЂϿϼЋϹЅІ϶Ђ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ІϼЃϴ ЋϴЇЉЇ ЄϹϻϾЂ ЅЂϾЄϴЍϴϹІЅГ, ϴ ϶ V ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. БІϼ
ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ЃЄϹϾЄϴЍϴВІ Ѕ϶ЂϹ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼϹ. ϢЋϹ϶ϼϸЁЂ, ЅІЄϹЀϼІϹϿАЁϴГ ϴЄϼϸϼϻϴЊϼГ ϾϿϼЀϴІϴ ϻϴЅІϴ϶ϼϿϴ ϾЂЋϹ϶ЁϼϾЂ϶ ЃЂϾϼЁЇІА ЃЄϼ϶ЏЋЁЏϹ ЀϹЅІϴ ЂϵϼІϴЁϼГ. ϥϿϹϸЏ ЀϼϷЄϴЊϼϼ ЁЂЀϴϸЂ϶ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϷЂ
ϦЇЄϾϹЅІϴЁϴ Ёϴ ЅϹ϶ϹЄϹ ЁϹ ЃЄЂЅϿϹϺϼ϶ϴВІЅГ. ϡϴ ВϷϹ ЃЄЂЅІϼЄϴВІЅГ ЂІЄЂϷϼ ϗϼЀϴϿϴϹ϶ ϼ ЁϴЋϼЁϴВІЅГ
ЅЇϵІЄЂЃϼϾϼ. ϡЂЅϼІϹϿϼ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ ІϼЃϴ ЋϴЇЉЇ ЀЂϷϿϼ ЃϹЄϹЅϹϿГІАЅГ ІЂϿАϾЂ ϶ ϻϴЃϴϸЁЂЀ ЁϴЃЄϴ϶ϿϹЁϼϼ.
Ϙ϶ϼϺϹЁϼϹ Ёϴ ϻϴЃϴϸ ЃЄϼ϶ϹϿЂ ϼЉ ЅЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϹЀ Ͼ ϴЅЅϼЀϼϿГЊϼϼ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼϹЀ ϘЄϹ϶ЁϹϷЂ ϖЂЅІЂϾϴ. ϦЂϿАϾЂ
ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾЂ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ІϼЃϴ ϛϼ϶ϼϹ, ϥϼϴϿϾ VI, ϩϴЅϴЁϿЇ ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГВІ ϶ЏГ϶ϼІА ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЃЄϼϻЁϴϾϼ ЄϴЁЁϼЉ ЅϾϼЈЅϾϼЉ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ ϶ ϣϹЄϹϸЁϹϽ ϔϻϼϼ (ϠϹϸ϶ϹϸЅϾϴГ 2010).
ϣϹЄЅЂЁϴϺϼ Ѕ ЃϿϼІ ϩϴϾϾϴЄϼ ϼϿϿВЅІЄϼЄЇВІ БІЂІ ЃЄЂЊϹЅЅ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϷЂ ЃЂϷϿЂЍϹЁϼГ ϾЂЋϹ϶ЁϼϾЂ϶ ϴ϶ІЂЉІЂЁЁЏЀϼ ЂϵϼІϴІϹϿГЀϼ. ϣЄϼЌϹϿАЊЏ ЃЄϴϾІϼЋϹЅϾϼ ЅЄϴϻЇ ЅІϴϿϼ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴІА ЀϹЅІЁЂϹ
ЂЄЇϺϼϹ ϼ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІЏ ЂϵϼЉЂϸϴ. ϖ ЊϹЄϹЀЂЁϼϴϿАЁЂϽ ЂϸϹϺϸϹ ЅІϹЃЁГϾϼ ІϴϾϺϹ ЃЂϸЄϴϺϴϿϼ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ЀЂϸϹ, ЉЂІГ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЏϹ ЋϹЄІЏ ϾЂЋϹ϶ЁϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ЂЁϼ ϶ЅϹ-ІϴϾϼ ЅЂЉЄϴЁϼϿϼ:
ϵЄϼІАϹ ϵЂЄЂϸЏ, ЄϴЅЃϴЌЁϴГ ЂϸϹϺϸϴ.
ϡϹϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЅЃϹЊϼЈϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЂЅЂϵϹЁЁЂЅІϼ ЂϵϿϼϾϴ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏЉ ЁЂЀϴϸЂ϶ ϸЂЌϿϼ ϸЂ ЁϴЅ ϶ ϷЄϹЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϶ϴϻЂЃϼЅϼ. ϖ ЋϴЅІЁЂЅІϼ, ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼГ ϶ЏЅЂϾϼЉ ЌϴЃЂϾ Ѕ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЏЀ ϼϻϷϼϵЂЀ ϼЀϹВІЅГ Ёϴ
϶ϴϻϹ ϼϻ БІЄЇЅЅϾЂϷЂ ЀЇϻϹГ ϖϴІϼϾϴЁϴ (ϾЂЁϹЊ VI ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.) (ЄϼЅ. 6, , 3) ϼ Ёϴ «϶ϴϻϹ ϨЄϴЁЅЇϴ» (ЂϾЂϿЂ 570 Ϸ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.) (ЄϼЅ. 6, , 4) (Ϝ϶ϴЁЋϼϾ 2002). ϣЂϸЂϵЁЏϹ ЌϴЃϾϼ ϵЏϿϼ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ ϶ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼГЉ
ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϷЂ ϦЇЄϾϹЅІϴЁϴ (X–VIII ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.) (ЄϼЅ. 8, 23) (Wayland Barber 1999) ϼ ϶ ϣϴϻЏЄЏϾЅϾϼЉ
ϾЇЄϷϴЁϴЉ (IV–III ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.) (ϳЊϹЁϾЂ 2006: ЄϼЅ. 46).
ϙЅϿϼ ЃЄϼЁГІА ІЂЋϾЇ ϻЄϹЁϼГ ϔ. Ϝ. Ϝ϶ϴЁЋϼϾϴ, ЋІЂ ЅЂϻϸϴІϹϿϼ ϷЄϹЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϶ϴϻ ЁϹ ЀЂϷϿϼ ϶ϼϸϹІА
ЄϹϴϿАЁЏЉ ϾϼЀЀϹЄϼϽЊϹ϶ «ЃЂ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЀ ЅЂЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼГЀ» (Ϝ϶ϴЁЋϼϾ 2002: 114), ІЂ ϾϴϾ ЂЁϼ
ЀЂϷϿϼ ϶ЂЅЃЄЂϼϻ϶ϹЅІϼ БІϼ ЅЃϹЊϼЈϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϷЂϿЂ϶ЁЏϹ ЇϵЂЄЏ? ϡϼ ЅϾϼЈЏ, Ёϼ ЃϹЄЅЏ ІϴϾϼЉ ϶ЏЅЂϾϼЉ
ЌϴЃЂϾ ЁϹ ЁЂЅϼϿϼ. «ϙЅϿϼ Ї ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏЉ ЄЂϸЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЉ ЅЂЅϹϸϹϽ (ЁϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ, Ї ЄϴϻЁЏЉ ϷЄЇЃЃ ЅϴϾЂ϶)
289
:
,
,
ІϴϾЂϽ ЇϵЂЄ ϼϻ ЃϿЂІЁЂϷЂ, ϸЂ϶ЂϿАЁЂ ϷЄЇϵЂϷЂ ϶ЂϽϿЂϾϴ ЃЂ-ЃЄϹϺЁϹЀЇ ЁЂЅϼϿϼ ЅІЂГЍϼЀ ϶϶ϹЄЉ <…>, ІЂ
Ї ЃϹЄЅЂ϶ ЂЁ ЅІϴϿ ϸϹϿϴІАЅГ ϼϻ ϵЂϿϹϹ ЀГϷϾЂϷЂ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϴ (ІϾϴЁϹϽ), ІϴϾ ЋІЂ ϶ϹЄЉЇЌϾϴ Ѕ϶ϼЅϴϿϴ ϶ϵЂϾ»
(ϳЊϹЁϾЂ 2006: 48).
ϖЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ, ЂІ϶ϹІЂЀ Ёϴ БІЂІ ϶ЂЃЄЂЅ ЃЂЅϿЇϺϼІ ϸЄЇϷЂϹ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼϹ. ϡϴ ϕϹЉϼЅІЇЁЅϾЂЀ ЄϹϿАϹЈϹ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϼЀ ϶ ЄГϸЇ «ЀГІϹϺЁЏЉ ЊϴЄϹϽ» ЅІЂϼІ ϶ЏЅЂϾϼϽ ϵЂЄЂϸϴІЏϽ ЀЇϺЋϼЁϴ ϶ ЂЋϹЁА ϶ЏЅЂϾЂЀ ϾЂϿ-
. 9. ϠϴІϹЄϼϴϿАЁϴГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴ ϾЂЋϹ϶ЁϼϾЂ϶ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϷЂ ϦЇЄϾϹЅІϴЁϴ — ЃЄϹϸЀϹІЏ ϼЅϾЇЅЅІ϶ϴ ϼ ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁϼГ
(ЃЂ ϬЇϿАϷϴ 2010)
Fig. 9. Material culture of the nomads of East Turkestan — art and decorative objects (after ϬЇϿАϷϴ 2010)
290
,
,
ЃϴϾϹ (ϾЂЁϹЊ VI ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.). ϣЂЅϾЂϿАϾЇ ІϴϾЂϽ ϷЂϿЂ϶ЁЂϽ ЇϵЂЄ ЀЂϺЁЂ ЅЋϼІϴІА ϶ϼϻϼІЁЂϽ ϾϴЄІЂЋϾЂϽ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏЉ ЁЂЀϴϸЂ϶ (ϾϼЀЀϹЄϼϽЊϹ϶), ЁϹ ЂϻЁϴЋϴϹІ Ͽϼ БІЂ, ЋІЂ ϾϼЀЀϹЄϼϽЊЏ ϶ЅІЇЃϼϿϼ ϶ ЅЂВϻ Ѕ ЂϸЁϼЀ ϼϻ
϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏЉ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ, ϶ЅϿϹϸЅІ϶ϼϹ ЋϹϷЂ ϼЉ ЅϴЀЂЁϴϻ϶ϴЁϼϹ ϼЅЋϹϻϿЂ ϼϻ ϴЁЁϴϿЂ϶? ϖ VI–V ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. БІЁЂЁϼЀ
(
) ϶ ϶ϴ϶ϼϿЂЁЅϾϼЉ ІϹϾЅІϴЉ ϴЅЅЂЊϼϼЄЇϹІЅГ Ѕ БІЁЂЁϼЀЂЀ
(ϠϹϸ϶ϹϸЅϾϴГ
2010). ϡϴ ϕϹЉϼЅІЇЁЅϾЂЀ ЄϹϿАϹЈϹ ЀЏ ϶ϼϸϼЀ, ϾϴϾ ϸϴϿϹϾЂ ϻϴЌϹϿ ЃЄЂЊϹЅЅ ϴЅЅϼЀϼϿГЊϼϼ: ЅϴϾЅϾϼϹ ЊϴЄϼ
ІϴϾϺϹ ЅІϴϿϼ ЁЂЅϼІА ϵЂЄЂϸЏ (ϘϴЁϸϴЀϴϹ϶ 1963).
ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ЀЏ ЃЂϸЂЌϿϼ Ͼ ϷϿϴ϶ЁЂЀЇ ϶Џ϶ЂϸЇ: ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅ ЅІϹϿ ϩϴϾϾϴЄϼ ϵЏϿ ЅЂϻϸϴЁ ϾЂЋϹ϶ЁϼϾϴЀϼ, ЃЄϼЌϹϸЌϼЀϼ ϼϻ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϷЂ ϦЇЄϾϹЅІϴЁϴ (ϥϼЁАЊϻГЁ) ЋϹЄϹϻ ϴϻϼϴІЅϾϼϹ ЅІϹЃϼ ЁϹ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϹ
VIII ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϖ БІЂ ϶ЄϹЀГ ϶ ϠϴϿЂϽ ϔϻϼϼ ϾϿϼЁЂЃϼЅЁЏϹ ІϹϾЅІЏ ЈϼϾЅϼЄЇВІ ЃЄϹϵЏ϶ϴЁϼϹ ЁϴЄЂϸϴ
(ϷЄЇЃЃЏ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ?) ϾϼЀЀϹЄϼϽЊϹ϶.
ϣЂ ЀЁϹЁϼВ ϔ. Ϝ. Ϝ϶ϴЁЋϼϾϴ (1999), ЄϴЁЁϹЅϾϼЈЅϾϼϹ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ ϠϴϿЂϽ ϔϻϼϼ, ЂІЁЂЅГЍϼϹЅГ Ͼ
ЃϹЄ϶ЏЀ ІЄϹЀ ЋϹІ϶ϹЄІГЀ VII ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б., ЂЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ ϹϸϼЁЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЀϼ ϻϴЅ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁЁЏЀϼ ϻϸϹЅА
϶ БІЂ ϶ЄϹЀГ ϾЂЋϹ϶ЁϼϾϴЀϼ, ϴ ϼЀϹЁЁЂ Gimirraia ЁЂ϶ЂϴЅЅϼЄϼϽЅϾϼЉ ІϹϾЅІЂ϶. ϢЁ ІϴϾϺϹ ЃЂϿϴϷϴϹІ, ЋІЂ
. 10. ϥЄϴ϶ЁϼІϹϿАЁϴГ ІϴϵϿϼЊϴ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ: 1–8 — ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЏϽ ϦЇЄϾϹЅІϴЁ (ЃЂ ϬЇϿАϷϴ 2010); 9–12 — ϦϹЃϹ
ϥϼϴϿϾ, ϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЏϽ ϜЄϴЁ (ЃЂ ϟЇϾЂЁϼЁ 1977)
Fig. 10. Pottery, comparative table: 1–8 — East Turkestan (after ϬЇϿАϷϴ 2010); 9–12 — Tepe Sialk, Central Iran
(after ϟЇϾЂЁϼЁ 1977)
291
:
,
,
БІЂІ ЁϴЄЂϸ ϵЏϿ ЁЂЅϼІϹϿϹЀ ЄϴЁЁϹЅϾϼЈЅϾЂϽ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ, ϾЂІЂЄϴГ ЇϺϹ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴϿϴ
϶ ЃϹЄ϶ЂϽ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁϹ VII ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ).
ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ϾϼЀЀϹЄϼϽЊЏ ЇЃЂЀϼЁϴВІЅГ ϼ ϶ ІϹϾЅІϹ ϷЂЀϹЄЂ϶ЅϾЂϽ «ϢϸϼЅЅϹϼ» (Ϝ϶ϴЁЋϼϾ 2005).
ϥϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿАЁЂ, ϶ ЀЂЀϹЁІ ЁϴЃϼЅϴЁϼГ ЃЂБЀЏ, ЃЄϼЀϹЄЁЂ ϶ VIII ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б., ЂЁϼ ϵЏϿϼ ЇϺϹ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЏ
ϷЄϹϾϴЀ. «ϢϸϼЅЅϹГ» ІЂЋЁЂ ЃϹЄϹϸϴϹІ ЅϴЀЂЁϴϻ϶ϴЁϼϹ ϾϼЀЀϹЄϼϽЊϹ϶, ϾЂІЂЄЂϹ ϶ ϵϿϼϻϾЂϽ ЈЂЄЀϹ ϻϴЈϼϾЅϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЂ ϶ ЁЂ϶ЂϴЅЅϼЄϼϽЅϾϼЉ ϾϿϼЁЂЃϼЅЁЏЉ ІϹϾЅІϴЉ ϼ ϕϼϵϿϼϼ. «ϢϸϼЅЅϹГ» ЅЂЉЄϴЁϼϿϴ ϼЁЈЂЄЀϴЊϼВ Ђ
϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ЅІЄϴЁϹ ϾϼЀЀϹЄϼϽЊϹ϶ Ёϴ ЂЅІЄЂ϶Ϲ ϞϼЄϾϼ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ ЄϴЅЃЂϿЂϺϹЁ ІϴЀ, ϷϸϹ ϶ЂЅЉЂϸϼІ ϗϹϿϼЂЅ,
І. Ϲ. Ёϴ ϾЄϴϽЁϹЀ ϶ЂЅІЂϾϹ. ϥЂϷϿϴЅЁЂ ϗЂЀϹЄЇ, ϾϼЀЀϹЄϼϽЊЏ ϺϼϿϼ Ёϴ ЅϹ϶ϹЄϹ, ϶ ЅІЄϴЁϹ «ϷϸϹ ЁϹ ϶ϼϸЁЂ
ЅЂϿЁЊϴ», Ї ϶ЉЂϸϴ ϶ ЃЂϸϻϹЀЁЂϹ ЊϴЄЅІ϶Ђ Ёϴ ϵϹЄϹϷЇ ϢϾϹϴЁϴ. ϦϴϾЂϹ ЂЃϼЅϴЁϼϹ ϾϴϺϹІЅГ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿГЀ
ЁϹ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЏЀ ϼ ЃЄЂІϼ϶ЂЄϹЋϴЍϼЀ ϻϸЄϴ϶ЂЀЇ ЅЀЏЅϿЇ (ϦϴЀ ϺϹ). ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЁЏϹ ЁЂЀϴϸЏ, ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂ,
ϼЀϹϿϼ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГ Ђ ЃЂϿГЄЁЂϽ ЁЂЋϼ. ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ϼЁЈϼϿАІЄϴЊϼГ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ ЅϾϼЈЅϾЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ ϶ ϠϴϿЇВ ϔϻϼВ ЀЂϷϿϴ ЁϴЋϴІАЅГ ЇϺϹ ϶ ЁϴЋϴϿϹ VIII ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.
ϙЅϿϼ ЃϹЄЅЂЁϴϺϼ ЅІϹϿ ϩϴϾϾϴЄϼ ϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼІϹϿАЁЂ Г϶ϿГϿϼЅА ЃЄϹϸ϶ЂϸϼІϹϿГЀϼ ЅІϹЃЁЏЉ ϶ЂϼЁЂ϶, ІЂ
ЀЂϺЁЂ ЅϹϵϹ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϼІА, ϾϴϾЂϹ ϶ЃϹЋϴІϿϹЁϼϹ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸϼϿϴ ϼЉ ϶ЁϹЌЁЂЅІА Ёϴ ЀϹЅІЁЂϹ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼϹ. ϜЉ
϶ЏϵЄϼІЏϹ ϿϼЊϴ Ёϴ϶ϹЄЁГϾϴ ϶ЏϻЏ϶ϴϿϼ ЁϴЅЀϹЌϾϼ ϼ ЅЃϿϹІЁϼ, ЃЄϹ϶ЄϴЍϹЁЁЏϹ ϶ ЇЅϿЂ϶ϼГЉ ІЂІϴϿАЁЂϷЂ
ЀϼЈЂІ϶ЂЄЋϹЅІ϶ϴ ϶ ЅϾϴϻϴЁϼГ Ђ «ϺϹЁЅϾЂЀ ЁϹϸЇϷϹ», ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ ЃЂ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼϼ ϵЏϿ ЃЄϼЃϼЅϴЁ ϗϹЄЂϸЂІЂЀ
ЅϾϼЈϴЀ. Ϙϴ ϼ ЅϴЀ ЀϼЈ Ђϵ ϴЀϴϻЂЁϾϴЉ ЀЂϺϹІ ϼЀϹІА ϶ ЂЅЁЂ϶Ϲ ϼЀϹЁЁЂ БІЇ ЅϼІЇϴЊϼВ.
ϣЂ ЃЂ϶ЂϸЇ ϴЀϴϻЂЁЂϾ ЅϾϹЃІϼЋϹЅϾϼ ϶ЏЅϾϴϻЏ϶ϴϿϼЅА ЇϺϹ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ϴЁІϼЋЁЏϹ ϴ϶ІЂЄЏ.
ϡϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ, ϣϴϿϹЈϴІ (IV ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.) ІϴϾ ϾЂЀЀϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴϿ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϼϹ ЀϼЈЏ Ђ ϶ЂϼІϹϿАЁϼЊϴЉ: «Ϝ ЃЄЂ ϴЀϴϻЂЁЂϾ Г ЇІ϶ϹЄϺϸϴВ ЅϿϹϸЇВЍϹϹ: БІЂ ϵЏϿϼ ЁϹ ϶ЂϼЁЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏϹ ϺϹЁЍϼЁЏ, ϴ ЀЇϺЋϼЁЏ-϶ϴЄ϶ϴЄЏ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЁЂЅϼϿϼ ЉϼІЂЁЏ ϸЂ ЃГІ, ϾϴϾ ЈЄϴϾϼГЁϾϼ, Ёϴ ϷЂϿЂ϶ϴЉ — ЀϼІЄЏ, ϴ ϵЂЄЂϸЏ ЅϵЄϼ϶ϴϿϼ, ϾϴϾ ϼ ІϹЃϹЄА
ЃϴІϴЄϼϴІЏ, Ϻϼ϶ЇЍϼϹ Ї ϞЅϴЁЈϴ. ϣЂБІЂЀЇ ϶ЄϴϷϼ ϼ ϻ϶ϴϿϼ ϼЉ ϵϴϵϴЀϼ. ϖЂЂϵЍϹ ϺϹ ϴЀϴϻЂЁЏ ϵЏϿϼ ЃϿϹЀϹЁϹЀ ϸЂϵϿϹЅІЁЏЀ ϶ ЅЄϴϺϹЁϼГЉ. ϔ ЋІЂϵЏ ϾЂϷϸϴ-ЁϼϵЇϸА ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴϿЂ ϺϹЁЅϾЂϹ ϶ЂϽЅϾЂ, ЁϹ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂ,
ϼ ЅϹϽЋϴЅ ЁϼϷϸϹ ІϴϾЂϷЂ ЁϹІ» (ϣϴϿϹЈϴІ 1988: ϷϿ. 32).
ϖ ЅЉЂϿϼГЉ Ͼ «ϜϿϼϴϸϹ» ϗЂЀϹЄϴ ЅϾϴϻϴЁЂ: «ϡϹϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ϷЂ϶ЂЄГІ, ЋІЂ ϶ЏЅІЇЃϼ϶ЌϼϹ ϶ ЃЂЉЂϸ ϵЏϿϼ
ЁϹ ϺϹЁЍϼЁЏ, ϴ ЀЇϺЋϼЁЏ-϶ϴЄ϶ϴЄЏ: ЂЁϼ ЁЂЅϼϿϼ ϸϿϼЁЁЏϹ ϸЂ ϻϹЀϿϼ ЉϼІЂЁЏ, ϶ЂϿЂЅЏ ЃЂ϶ГϻЏ϶ϴϿϼ ЃЂ϶ГϻϾϴЀϼ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ϵЄϼϿϼ ϵЂЄЂϸЏ, ϼ ЃЂБІЂЀЇ ϶ЄϴϷϼ ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴϿϼ ϼЉ ϺϹЁЍϼЁϴЀϼ. ϢЁϼ ϵЏϿϼ ϼϻ ЃϿϹЀϹЁϼ
ϴЀϴϻЂЁЂ϶ [’ ηααόθ μ] ϼ ЉЄϴϵЄЏ ϶ ϵЂВ. ϡϹ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂ, ЋІЂϵЏ ϾЂϷϸϴ-ЁϼϵЇϸА ϵЏϿ ϺϹЁЅϾϼϽ ЃЂЉЂϸ: ϶ϹϸА ϼ
ЁЏЁϹ ЁϼϷϸϹ ϼЉ ЁϹ ϵЏ϶ϴϹІ» (ϟϴІЏЌϹ϶ 1947: ϾЁ. VI, 186; III, 290).
ϘϹϽЅІ϶ϼІϹϿАЁЂ, ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЂϵЄϴϻЊЏ ϷЄϹЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ϼЅϾЇЅЅІ϶ϴ ϸϹЀЂЁЅІЄϼЄЇВІ Г϶ЁЏϹ ЁϹЅІЏϾЂ϶Ͼϼ ϶ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼГЉ ϴЀϴϻЂЁЂϾ. ϛϴЋϴЅІЇВ «ϴЀϴϻЂЁЂЀϴЉϼϹϽ» ϼЅϾЇЅЅІ϶Ђ϶ϹϸЏ ЅЋϼІϴВІ ϵЂЄАϵЇ ϵϹϻϵЂЄЂϸЏЉ ЃϹЄЅЂЁϴϺϹϽ ϶ ЅϾϼЈЅϾЂϽ ЂϸϹϺϸϹ. ϢϸЁϴϾЂ ϹЅІА ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼГ ϵϹϻϵЂЄЂϸЏЉ ЈϼϷЇЄ Ѕ Г϶ЁЂ ϶ЏЄϴϺϹЁЁЏЀϼ ЀЇϺЅϾϼЀϼ ЃЄϼϻЁϴϾϴЀϼ. ϡϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ, «ϴЀϴϻЂЁϾϴ» Ёϴ ϷЄϹЋϹЅϾЂЀ ЀϹІЂЃϹ ϼϻ ϩЄϴЀϴ ϙ ϶ ϥϹϿϹЁЇЁІϹ
(ЅϹЄϹϸϼЁϴ V ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.) Г϶ЁЂ ϾЄЇЃЁϹϹ ϗϹЄϴϾϿϴ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ Љ϶ϴІϴϹІ «ϹϹ» ЁϹ ϻϴ ϶ЂϿЂЅЏ, ϴ, ϶ϼϸϼЀЂ, ϻϴ
϶ЂϽϿЂЋЁЏϽ ЌϿϹЀ (ЄϼЅ. 6, , 2; Marconi 2011). ϡϴ ϷЄϹЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϶ϴϻЂЃϼЅϼ (ϾЂЁϹЊ VI ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б.) ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼГ ϴЀϴϻЂЁЂϾ ЀЂϺЁЂ ЄϴϻϸϹϿϼІА Ёϴ ϸ϶Ϲ ϷЄЇЃЃЏ: ϺϹЁЅϾϼϹ ЂϵЄϴϻЏ Ѕ ϸϿϼЁЁЏЀϼ ϿЂϾЂЁϴЀϼ ϼ ϾЄЇЃЁЏϹ
ЈϼϷЇЄЏ Ѕ ϾЂЄЂІϾЂ ЃЂЅІЄϼϺϹЁЁЏЀϼ ϶ЂϿЂЅϴЀϼ, ϶ϼϸЁЏЀϼ ϼϻ-ЃЂϸ ЌϿϹЀϴ (ЄϼЅ. 6, , 3–5; ϳЊϹЁϾЂ 2011).
ϢЅЁЂ϶ЁЂϽ ЃЄϼЋϼЁЂϽ, ЃЂ ϾЂІЂЄЂϽ ϼЅϾЇЅЅІ϶Ђ϶ϹϸЏ ЅЋϼІϴВІ ЃϹЄЅЂЁϴϺϹϽ ϶ІЂЄЂϽ ϷЄЇЃЃЏ ϴЀϴϻЂЁϾϴЀϼ,
ЃЂ ϶ЅϹϽ ϶ϼϸϼЀЂЅІϼ, Г϶ϿГϹІЅГ ЂІЅЇІЅІ϶ϼϹ Ї ЁϼЉ ϵЂЄЂϸЏ.
ϗЄϹϾϼ, ϸЂϿϺЁЂ ϵЏІА, ϶ЅϹ-ІϴϾϼ ЅЂЃЄϼϾЂЅЁЇϿϼЅА Ѕ ϾϴϾϼЀϼ-ІЂ ЃЂϻϸЁϼЀϼ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϼІϹϿГЀϼ
϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏЉ ЁЂЀϴϸЂ϶, ЃЂЅϾЂϿАϾЇ ϻϴЃϹЋϴІϿϹϿϼ ϶ Ѕ϶ЂϹЀ ϼЅϾЇЅЅІ϶Ϲ ЃЂЄϴϻϼІϹϿАЁЏϹ ЃЂϸЄЂϵЁЂЅІϼ ϼЉ
ЂϵϿϼϾϴ ϼ ϾЂЅІВЀϴ. ϧЃЂЀГЁϹЀ, Ͼ ЃЄϼЀϹЄЇ, ϸ϶Ϲ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏϹ ЈϼϷЇЄϾϼ ϶ЅϴϸЁϼϾЂ϶ ϾЂЁЊϴ VI — ЁϴЋϴϿϴ V ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (ЄϼЅ. 6, , 1, 3), ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЅЂЃЂЅІϴ϶ϼЀЏ Ѕ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼϹЀ Ёϴ БϿϴЀЅϾЂϽ ЃϹЋϴІϼ VII–
VI ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (ЄϼЅ. 6, , 2) (ϠϴϷϼϸЂ϶ϼЋ Ϝ., ϠϴϷϼϸЂ϶ϼЋ ϖ. 1982). ϡϴ БІϼЉ ЄϴϻϸϹϿϹЁЁЏЉ ЅЂІЁϹϽ ϿϹІ
ϴЄІϹЈϴϾІϴЉ ϶ЂЅЃЄЂϼϻ϶ϹϸϹЁϴ ЂϸЁϴ ϼ Іϴ ϺϹ ϸϹІϴϿА ϾЂЅІВЀϴ: ЌІϴЁЏ, ϾϴϾ ϵЏ ϻϴϾЄЇЋϹЁЁЏϹ ϶ЂϾЄЇϷ ЁЂϷ.
ϱІϴ ϸϹІϴϿА ЁϹ ЃЄϼ϶ϿϹϾϿϴ ϵЏ ЂЅЂϵЂϷЂ ϶ЁϼЀϴЁϼГ, ϹЅϿϼ ϵЏ ЂЁϴ ЁϹ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϼϿϴ Їϸϼ϶ϼІϹϿАЁЂϹ ЅЉЂϸЅІ϶Ђ
Ѕ ϶ЂϽϿЂЋЁЏЀϼ «ϿϹϷϼЁЅϴЀϼ» ЋϹЄЋϹЁЅϾЂϷЂ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹϾϴ ϼϻ ϥϼЁАЊϻГЁϴ (Wayland Barber 1999: 65). ϣЂ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶Ї ϱ. ϖ. ϕϴЄϵϹЄ, Ёϴ ЀЇЀϼϼ ЀЇϺЋϼЁЏ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЂ ЃЂϸЂϵϼϹ ЌІϴЁЂ϶, ЅϸϹϿϴЁЁЏЉ ϼϻ ЃЂϿЂЅ ГЄϾЂ
ЄϴЅϾЄϴЌϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϶ЂϽϿЂϾϴ. ϥ. ϔ. ϳЊϹЁϾЂ ІϴϾϺϹ ЂІЀϹЋϴϹІ, ЋІЂ ϶ ϷЄϹЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϶ϴϻЂЃϼЅϼ ЂϸϹϺϸϴ ЃϹЄЅЂ϶ ϶ЂЅЃЄЂϼϻ϶ϹϸϹЁϴ ЁϹІЂЋЁЂ: «ЌІϴЁЏ ϼ ϶ϹЄЉЁГГ ЋϴЅІА ЁϹЄϴЅЃϴЌЁЂϷЂ ЅϴЄϴЃϼЅϴ ЂϵЏЋЁЂ ЃϹЄϹϸϴЁЏ ЅϿϼЌϾЂЀ
ЃϿЂІЁЂ ЂϵϿϹϷϴВЍϼЀϼ ІϹϿЂ Ёϴ ЀϴЁϹЄ ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂϽ ЅЃЂЄІϼ϶ЁЂϽ ЈЂЄЀЏ, ЋϹϷЂ ЀЏ ЁϼϾЂϷϸϴ ЁϹ ϶ЅІЄϹІϼЀ
Ёϴ ЅЂϵЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂ ЃϹЄЅϼϸЅϾϼЉ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼГЉ» (ϳЊϹЁϾЂ 2006: 48). ϗЄϹЋϹЅϾϴГ ϶ϴϻЂЃϼЅА, ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂ, ЈϼϾЅϼЄЇϹІ БІЁЂϷЄϴЈϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЂЅЂϵϹЁЁЂЅІϼ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏЉ ЁЂЀϴϸЂ϶, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ϹЍϹ ЅЂЉЄϴЁГϿϼ Ѕ϶ЂϽ
292
,
,
ЂЄϼϷϼЁϴϿАЁЏϽ ЃЂϾЄЂϽ ЂϸϹϺϸЏ. ϢЄϼϷϼЁϴϿАЁЏϽ ϾЂЅІВЀ ЅІϹЃЁГϾϴ ЁϹ ЅϾЂ϶Џ϶ϴϿ ϸ϶ϼϺϹЁϼϽ ϼ ϵЏϿ ЇϸЂϵϹЁ ϸϿГ ϾЂЋϹ϶ЂϷЂ ЂϵЄϴϻϴ ϺϼϻЁϼ. ϘЂ϶ЂϿАЁЂ ЅϾЂЄЂ ϼ ϻϴЃϴϸЁЏϹ ЁϴЄЂϸЏ ЂЊϹЁϼϿϼ ЃЄϹϼЀЇЍϹЅІ϶ϴ ЂϸϹϺϸЏ
϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏЉ «϶ϴЄ϶ϴЄЂ϶» — ЌІϴЁЏ.
ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ϾϼІϴϽЅϾϼЉ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷЂ϶ ϶ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂЀ ϦЇЄϾϹЅІϴЁϹ (ϥϼЁАЊϻГЁϹ)
ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿϼϿϼ ЂІϾЄЏІА ЁЂ϶ЇВ ЅІЄϴЁϼЊЇ ϶ ϼϻЇЋϹЁϼϼ ЃЄЂЊϹЅЅЂ϶ ϶ϿϼГЁϼГ ЁЂЀϴϸЂ϶ Ёϴ Єϴϻ϶ϼІϼϹ ϵϿϼϺЁϹ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏЉ Њϼ϶ϼϿϼϻϴЊϼϽ. ϙЅϿϼ ЃЄϹϺϸϹ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿϴϷϴϿЂЅА ϸ϶ϼϺϹЁϼϹ ЄϴЁЁϹЅϾϼЈЅϾϼЉ ЃϿϹЀϹЁ ЃЂ ЅІϹЃЁЂЀЇ Ϲ϶ЄϴϻϼϽЅϾЂЀЇ ЃЂГЅЇ, ІЂ ІϹЃϹЄА ЅІϴЁЂ϶ϼІЅГ ГЅЁЂ, ЋІЂ ϾЂЋϹ϶ЁϼϾϼ ϸ϶ϼϷϴϿϼЅА ІϴϾϺϹ ϼϻ ϲϺЁЂϽ
ϥϼϵϼЄϼ Ёϴ ВϷ, ϶ ЃЄϹϸϹϿЏ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϷЂ ϦЇЄϾϹЅІϴЁϴ. ϛϸϹЅА ЂЁϼ ϴЅЅϼЀϼϿϼЄЂ϶ϴϿϼ ЀϹЅІЁЂϹ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϹ Ϲ϶ЄЂЃϹЂϼϸЁЂϹ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼϹ ϼ ЅЂϻϸϴϿϼ ГЄϾЇВ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЇВ ЂϵЍЁЂЅІА, ϶ЅІЇЃϼ϶ЌЇВ, ЃЂ ϶ЅϹϽ ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂЅІϼ,
϶ ϾЂЁІϴϾІЏ Ѕ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼϹЀ ϕϿϼϺЁϹϷЂ ϖЂЅІЂϾϴ. ϡϴЅІЇЃϴВЍϴГ ϴЄϼϸϼϻϴЊϼГ ϾϿϼЀϴІϴ ϻϴЅІϴ϶ϼϿϴ БІЇ ЄϴЁЁϹЅϾϼЈЅϾЇВ ЃЂЃЇϿГЊϼВ ϸ϶ϼϷϴІАЅГ Ёϴ ϻϴЃϴϸ ϶ ЃЂϼЅϾϴЉ ϵЂϿϹϹ ϵϿϴϷЂЃЄϼГІЁЂϽ БϾЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ЁϼЌϼ.
ϛϸϹЅА ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏϹ ЁЂЀϴϸЏ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴϿϼ Ѕ϶Ђϼ Ёϴ϶ЏϾϼ ϾЂЁЁЏЉ ϶ЂϹЁЁЏЉ ϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼϽ, ЋІЂ ЅЂϻϸϴ϶ϴϿЂ ϼЀ
Ёϴ ЃϹЄ϶ЏЉ ЃЂЄϴЉ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁЁЏϹ ϾЂЁϾЇЄϹЁІЁЏϹ ЃЄϹϼЀЇЍϹЅІ϶ϴ ϶ ЅІЂϿϾЁЂ϶ϹЁϼГЉ Ѕ ЀϹЅІЁЏЀϼ ϶ЂϼЁЅϾϼЀϼ ЃЂϸЄϴϻϸϹϿϹЁϼГЀϼ ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЏЉ ϷЂЅЇϸϴЄЅІ϶.
ϖ ϼІЂϷϹ Ͼ ЁϴЋϴϿЇ I ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б. Ёϴ ϶ЂЅІЂϾϹ Ϲ϶ЄϴϻϼϽЅϾЂϷЂ ЅІϹЃЁЂϷЂ ЃЂГЅϴ ЅЈЂЄЀϼЄЂ϶ϴϿϼЅА ЇЅϿЂ϶ϼГ ϸϿГ ЃЂГ϶ϿϹЁϼГ Ёϴ ϼЅІЂЄϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ϴЄϹЁϹ ЃЄϼЁЊϼЃϼϴϿАЁЂ ЁЂ϶ЂϽ ЅЂЊϼЂϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϽ ЂϵЍЁЂЅІϼ ЁЂЀϴϸЂ϶. ϥϿϹϸЇϹІ ЅЂϷϿϴЅϼІАЅГ Ѕ ϖ. Ϡ. ϠϴЅЅЂЁЂЀ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ ЅЋϼІϴϿ, ЋІЂ ϶ЂϻЁϼϾЁЂ϶ϹЁϼϹ ϾЂЋϹ϶ЁϼЋϹЅІ϶ϴ
ЅЂЃЂЅІϴ϶ϼЀЂ Ѕ ЈЂЄЀϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼϹЀ ЂЅЁЂ϶ ЇЄϵϴЁϼϻЀϴ ϼ ϷЂЄЂϸЅϾЂϽ ЄϹ϶ЂϿВЊϼϹϽ ϶ ϻЂЁϴЉ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁϼГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄ ЄϴЁЁϼЉ ϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЊϹ϶ (ϠϴЅЅЂЁ 2003: 82, 94). ϦϹЀ ЅϴЀЏЀ ЁЂЀϴϸϼϻЀ ЁϴЋϼЁϴϹІ ЅЂϻϸϴ϶ϴІА
ЁЂ϶ЏϽ ϶ϹϾІЂЄ Єϴϻ϶ϼІϼГ ЀϼЄЂ϶ЂϽ Њϼ϶ϼϿϼϻϴЊϼϼ.
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294
,
,
Anthropomorphous stela from Hakkâri
(Southeastern Turkey) in a historical context
L. A. Sokolova
The paper deals with the origin of the Hakkâri stelae, discovered in 1999 in the town of the same
name in the southeast of Turkey (fig. 1). The Hakkâri stelae are stone slabs bearing anthropomorphic images. Most of them were erected in the honor of chiefs, since the depicted persons are shown fully armored,
with ceremonial axes, daggers, bows, etc. (fig. 2). V. Sevin, who became the first who studied the stelae,
failed to find any analogies in the Near East and attributed them to the Scythian circle. However, nor such
finds are known in the Black Sea steppes. The figures on the stelae are depicted naked, but wearing various headgears, some of which find analogies in Central Asia and the Near East (fig. 3, ). In addition, the
stelae bear depictions of small human figures in shoes with turned-up toes (fig. 3, – ). The heroes on the
stelae are armed with the daggers, which were widely distributed in both Europe and the Near East during
the period of the Bronze to Iron Age transition (fig. 4). They also bear eared axes with differently shaped
butts, having analogies among he bronzes of Luristan (fig. 5, ). Five steles seem to represent ornamented
leather quivers. The quiver on stele 10 contains bilobate arrows with lowered barbs, similar to that known
in the materials of the Chauhu culture of Xinjiang (fig. 5, ). Each of the depicted persons holds an object
that appears to be an empty waterskin (fig. 5, ), symbolizing the idea of the posthumous feast of the hero.
The bow depicted on stele 12 has a close parallel in the materials from Scythian barrow No. 2 («Three
Brothers» group) near Kerch (East Crimea) (fig. 6, ). In the author’s opinion, the small figure of a rider
on stele 10 (fig. 6, ), which cannot predate the VIII c. BC, allows to solve the question about the age of
the stelae. The fact that the depicted persons lack beards and mustaches makes us to pay attention to the
Attic vase painting and small plastics, which are abundant in images of beardless warriors dressed in the
Scythian type clothes (fig. 6, ). The figure depicted on the so called vase François bears the inscription
«Cimmerian». Thus, the cumulative evidence shows, that the persons depicted on the Hakkâri stelae
were related to the steppe zone of Eurasia, possibly to Cimmerians. One of the most convincing signs of
their northern origin is the iconography of their faces of the first row stelae. Of special importance are so
called heart-shaped mask-faces. In North Asia the evolution of this tradition can be traced in detail from
the Neolithic (Far East) through the Bronze Age (Xiajiang) (fig. 7). Recently a number of Scythian-type
cemeteries have been found in Eastern Turkestan, where they date from the period between 1100–500 BC.
The materials of these cemeteries (type of the Chauhu culture) have analogies in Asia Minor and may
prove to be prototypes of some of the local antiques of the Scythian type (fig. 8–10). One has to agree
with V. M. Masson, who believed that the emergence of pastoral nomadism was a phenomenon of the
same magnitude as the formation of urbanism and urban revolution in the early farming zone. Effectively,
nomadism started to create a new vector in the development of world civilization.
295
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:
,
,
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VI)1
. . ϞϿВЋϹ϶ЏϹ ЅϿЂ϶ϴ:
,
,
ā ,
Keywords: civilization of South Arabia, Raybūn oasis, temple of Siyāna, ceramic finds.
.
ϢϸЁϼЀ ϼϻ ϾЄЇЃЁϹϽЌϼЉ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϼЉ ϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЂϴϻϼЅЂ϶ ϲϷϴ ϔЄϴ϶ϼϼ (ϾЂЁϹЊ II–I ІЏЅ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.) Г϶ϿГϹІЅГ
ϘϴЇ’ϴЁ, І. Ϲ. ϻϴЃϴϸЁЏϽ ЃЄϼІЂϾ
ϩϴϸЄϴЀϴЇІ. ϖЂϾЄЇϷ
ϷϿϴ϶ЁЂϷЂ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϴ ЂϴϻϼЅϴ (ϤϴϽϵЇЁ I) ЄϴЅЃЂϿϴϷϴϿϴЅА ЅϹЄϼГ ЁϹϵЂϿАЌϼЉ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϽ, ЉЄϴЀЂ϶ЏЉ
ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЂ϶, ЁϹϾЄЂЃЂϿϹϽ ϼ І. ϸ. (ϥϹϸЂ϶ 1996; 2005: 214 ЅϿ.). ϤЇϼЁЏ ЂϸЁЂϷЂ ϼϻ ЉЄϴЀЂ϶, ЂϵЂϻЁϴЋϹЁЁЏϹ ϾϴϾ ϤϴϽϵЇЁ VI, ЁϴЉЂϸГІЅГ ЃЄϼϵϿϼϻϼІϹϿАЁЂ ϶ 700 Ѐ Ͼ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЂ-ϻϴЃϴϸЇ ЂІ ЊϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϴ; ЄϴЅϾЂЃϾϼ ϻϸϹЅА ϵЏϿϼ ЃЄЂ϶ϹϸϹЁЏ ϶ 2004 Ϸ. ϤЂЅЅϼϽЅϾЂϽ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ЀϼЅЅϼϹϽ ϶ ЄϹЅЃЇϵϿϼϾϹ ϝϹЀϹЁϹ (ϥϹϸЂ϶ 2005: 234, 237, ЄϼЅ. 130; ϥϹϸЂ϶ ϼ ϸЄ. 2005: 385–400; Sedov 2005: 107–109).
ϞϴϾ ϵЏϿЂ ϶ЏГЅЁϹЁЂ, ЉЄϴЀ ЄϴЅЃЂϿϴϷϴϿЅГ Ёϴ ϶ЏЅЂϾЂϽ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЂϽ ЃϿϴІЈЂЄЀϹ Ϧ-ЂϵЄϴϻЁЂϽ ϶ ЃϿϴЁϹ
ЈЂЄЀЏ. ϱЃϼϷЄϴЈϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϼ ЃЂϾϴϻЏ϶ϴВІ, ЋІЂ ЂЁ ϵЏϿ ЃЂЅ϶ГЍϹЁ ϵЂϷЇ ϥϼϽ ЁЇ, І. Ϲ. «ЈϹϸϹЄϴϿАЁЂЀЇ» ЉϴϸЄϴЀϴЇІЅϾЂЀЇ ϵЂϺϹЅІ϶Ї (ϥϹϸЂ϶ ϼ ϸЄ. 2005: 396–399; ЅЀ. ІϴϾϺϹ: ϨЄϴЁЊЇϻЂ϶ 2012:
91–95, 100–103). ϥϿϹϸЇϹІ ЂІЀϹІϼІА, ЋІЂ ЂϵϿЂЀϾЂ϶ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏЉ ЁϴϸЃϼЅϹϽ ϻϸϹЅА ϵЏϿЂ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЂ
϶ϹϿϼϾЂϹ ЀЁЂϺϹЅІ϶Ђ (Frantsouzoff, Prioletta 2013: 91–101). ϖЅϹ ЃЄЂЋϼϹ ϶ϹЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏϹ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϼ,
ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸГЍϼϹ ϼϻ ЄЇϼЁ ЉЄϴЀϴ, ЁϹ ЂЋϹЁА ЀЁЂϷЂЋϼЅϿϹЁЁЏ.
ϱІЂ ЂІЁЂЅϼІЅГ ϸϴϺϹ Ͼ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϹ, ЂϵЏЋЁЂ ϸЂЀϼЁϼЄЇВЍϹϽ Ёϴ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГЉ ЂϴϻϼЅϴ. ϖ ЂϵЍϹϽ
ЅϿЂϺЁЂЅІϼ ЃЄϼ ЄϴЅϾЂЃϾϴЉ ϤϴϽϵЇЁϴ VI ϵЏϿЂ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЂ ϶ЅϹϷЂ 288 ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЂ϶ ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЏЉ ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶. ϖЅϹ ЂЁϼ ЃЄϼЁϴϸϿϹϺϴІ ЀϹЅІЁЏЀ ІϼЃϴЀ; Ёϼ ϹϸϼЁЂϷЂ ϼЀЃЂЄІЁЂϷЂ ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ
ЃЄϹϸЀϹІϴ ЁϹ ϻϴЈϼϾЅϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЂ. ϤϴϽϵЇЁЅϾϴГ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ Ͼ ЁϴЅІЂГЍϹЀЇ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ϼϻЇЋϹЁϴ ЅЄϴ϶ЁϼІϹϿАЁЂ
ЁϹЃϿЂЉЂ — ЇЅІϴЁЂ϶ϿϹЁ ϹϹ ІϼЃЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ ϼ ЂϵЍϼϹ ϻϴϾЂЁЂЀϹЄЁЂЅІϼ Єϴϻ϶ϼІϼГ Ёϴ ЃЄЂІГϺϹЁϼϼ ІЏЅГЋϼ ϿϹІ (ϖϼЁЂϷЄϴϸЂ϶ 1996: 73–76, 78–80, 82–83; ϥϹϸЂ϶ 2005: 65 ЅϿ.). ϥ ЅϴЀЂϷЂ ЁϴЋϴϿϴ ϺϼϻЁϼ ϶ ϻϹЀϿϹϸϹϿАЋϹЅϾЂЀ ЂϴϻϼЅϹ ЃЂЅЇϸϴ ϼϻϷЂІϴ϶Ͽϼ϶ϴϿϴЅА Ёϴ ϷЂЁЋϴЄЁЂЀ ϾЄЇϷϹ; ϶ ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾЂЀ ІϹЅІϹ
϶ ϾϴЋϹЅІ϶Ϲ ЃЄϼЀϹЅϼ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴϿЅГ ІЂϿЋϹЁЏϽ ϾϴЀϹЁА, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ϵЂϿАЌЂϹ ϾЂϿϼЋϹЅІ϶Ђ ЂЄϷϴЁϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ
ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿЂ϶ (ЄЇϵϿϹЁϴГ ЅЂϿЂЀϴ ϼ ЃЄ.). ϖ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІϹ ϶ЏϷЂЄϴЁϼГ ЂЄϷϴЁϼϾϼ ЃЄϼ ЂϵϺϼϷϹ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ ЅІЄЇϾІЇЄϴ ЋϹЄϹЃϾϴ ЃЄϼЂϵЄϹІϴϿϴ ЄЏЉϿЇВ, ЃЂЄϼЅІЇВ ЅІЄЇϾІЇЄЇ, ϴ ЁϴЄЇϺЁϴГ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІА ЀЁЂϷϼЉ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶
(϶ ЂЅЂϵϹЁЁЂЅІϼ ϾЄЇЃЁЏЉ ЃЂ ЄϴϻЀϹЄϴЀ) ЅІϴЁЂ϶ϼϿϴЅА ϶ϹЅАЀϴ ϷЄЇϵЂϽ. ϛЁϴЋϼІϹϿАЁϴГ ЋϴЅІА ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ
ϼЀϹϿϴ ϾЂϿАЊϹ϶ЏϹ ЃЂϸϸЂЁЏ (ЄϼЅ. 1, 3; 2, 8; 4, 5), ϶ϹЅАЀϴ ІϼЃϼЋЁЏ ІϴϾϺϹ ϸЂЁАГ ЂϾЄЇϷϿЏЉ ЂЋϹЄІϴЁϼϽ
Ѕ ϶ЏЅІЇЃЂЀ-϶ЀГІϼЁЂϽ ϶ ЊϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϽ ЋϴЅІϼ (ЅЄ. ϖϼЁЂϷЄϴϸЂ϶ 1996: 285, ІϴϵϿ. LVII, 13, 15, 16; 2004:
159, ЄϼЅ. 1, 1–2; 3, 18, 23).
ϡϴ ЃϹЄ϶ЏϽ ϶ϻϷϿГϸ ϶ϹЅА БІЂІ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿ ЁϹ ϼЀϹϹІ ЁϼЋϹϷЂ ЂЅЂϵϹЁЁЂϷЂ, ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿГГ ЂϵЏЋЁЏϽ
ЁϴϵЂЄ ІϼЃϼЋЁЂϽ ϸϿГ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ϤϴϽϵЇЁЅϾЂϷЂ ЂϴϻϼЅϴ ϵЏІЂ϶ЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ. Ϟ ЁϹЀЇ, ЂϸЁϴϾЂ, ЅІЂϼІ
ЃЄϼЅЀЂІЄϹІАЅГ ЃЂ϶ЁϼЀϴІϹϿАЁϹϽ. ϣЄϼ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼϼ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴ ЄϴϽϵЇЁЅϾЂϽ ЃЂЅЇϸЏ ЃЄϴ϶ЂЀϹЄЁЂ ϶ЏϸϹϿГІА ЁϹ ІЂϿАϾЂ ЈЇЁϾЊϼЂЁϴϿАЁЏϹ ϷЄЇЃЃЏ (ЅІЂϿЂ϶ϴГ, ϾЇЉЂЁЁϴГ ЃЂЅЇϸϴ, ЅЂЅЇϸЏ ϸϿГ ЉЄϴЁϹЁϼГ ϼ ЃЄ.),
ЁЂ ϼ ЋϿϹЁϼІА ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЏ ЃЂ ІЂϿЍϼЁϹ ЋϹЄϹЃϾϴ: ІЂЁϾЂЅІϹЁЁϴГ — ϸЂ 0,5 ЅЀ, ЅЄϹϸЁГГ — 0,5–1 ЅЀ, ІЂϿЅІЂЅІϹЁЁϴГ — ϵЂϿϹϹ 1 ЅЀ (ϖϼЁЂϷЄϴϸЂ϶, ϕϴ ϠϴЉЄϴЀϴ 1995: 109; ϖϼЁЂϷЄϴϸЂ϶ 1996: 73–74; 2004: 151).
ϙЅϿϼ ЃЄЂϴЁϴϿϼϻϼЄЂ϶ϴІА ЃЂ БІЂЀЇ ЃЄϼЁЊϼЃЇ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϼ ϼϻ ЉЄϴЀϴ ϥϼϽ Ёϴ, ІЂ 55,2 % ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ
ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴ ЃЄϼЉЂϸϼІЅГ Ёϴ ЂϵϿЂЀϾϼ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЀЂϺЁЂ ЃЄϼϻЁϴІА ЅІЂϿЂ϶ЏЀϼ (15,6 % ЃЄϼЁϴϸϿϹϺϴІ ІЂЁϾЂЅІϹЁЁЏЀ ЅЂЅЇϸϴЀ, 39,6 % — ЅЂЅЇϸϴЀ ЅЂ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϽ ІЂϿЍϼЁЂϽ ЅІϹЁЂϾ), 44,1 % ЂІЁЂЅϼІЅГ
Ͼ ϾЄЇЃЁЏЀ ІЂϿЅІЂЅІϹЁЁЏЀ ЅЂЅЇϸϴЀ (І.Ё.
) ϼ ϶ЅϹϷЂ 0,7 % — Ͼ ϾЇЉЂЁЁЏЀ. ϱІϴ ЅІϴІϼЅІϼЋϹЅϾϴГ
ϾϴЄІϼЁϴ ЅϼϿАЁЂ ЂІϿϼЋϴϹІЅГ ЂІ ЅЂЂІЁЂЌϹЁϼГ ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЁϴЉЂϸЂϾ, ϻϴЈϼϾЅϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϷЂ ϶ ϺϼϿЏЉ
ϣЇϵϿϼϾϴЊϼГ ЃЂϸϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϴ ϶ ЄϴЀϾϴЉ ϷЄϴЁІϴ INTAS 05-1000008-8067 «Religions of pre-Islamic Arabia
in the Middle Eastern Context».
1
296
,
,
. 1. ϤϴϽϵЇЁ VI, ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϾЇϵϾϼ ϼ ЀϼЅϾϼ
Fig. 1. Raybūn VI, ceramic beakers and bowls
297
:
,
,
ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴЉ ϤϴϽϵЇЁϴ. ϦϴЀ ϾЇЉЂЁЁϴГ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿГϹІ ЂІ 14 ϸЂ 17 %, ϴ ϸЂϿГ ϻϼЄЂ϶ ЁϹ ЃЄϹ϶ЏЌϴϹІ
35 % (ϖϼЁЂϷЄϴϸЂ϶ 1996: 74, ІϴϵϿ. I). ϥ ϸЄЇϷЂϽ ЅІЂЄЂЁЏ, ЂЁϴ ϵϿϼϻϾϴ ϾϴЄІϼЁϹ, ϻϴЈϼϾЅϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϽ ϶Ђ
϶ЄϹЀГ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ЉЄϴЀϴ ϵЂϷϼЁϼ ϛϴІ ϩϼЀϽϴЀ — ϤϴϽϵЇЁϴ V (ϖϼЁЂϷЄϴϸЂ϶ 2004: 152, ІϴϵϿ. I). ϦϴЀ
ϾЇЉЂЁЁϴГ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ ІЂϺϹ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿГϹІ ЁϼЋІЂϺЁЏϽ ЃЄЂЊϹЁІ (1,9 %), ϸЂЀϼЁϼЄЇВІ ϺϹ ЂϵϿЂЀϾϼ ІЂϿЅІЂЅІϹЁЁЏЉ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ (49 %). ϕϿϼϻЂЅІА ϸ϶ЇЉ Ёϴϻ϶ϴЁЁЏЉ ЉЄϴЀЂ϶ЏЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ЃЂ ЅЂЅІϴ϶Ї ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴ ЋЄϹϻ϶ЏЋϴϽЁЂ ЃЂϾϴϻϴІϹϿАЁϴ, ЋІЂ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ЇϹІ Ђ ϶ϴϺЁЂЅІϼ ϸϴϿАЁϹϽЌϹϷЂ ϼϻЇЋϹЁϼГ
ЄϴϽϵЇЁЅϾЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ ЃЂ ϻϴϸϴЁЁЏЀ ϾЄϼІϹЄϼГЀ2.
ϥЄϹϸϼ ІЂЁϾЂЅІϹЁЁЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ ϶ЏϸϹϿГϹІЅГ ϷЄЇЃЃϴ ϾЇϵϾЂ϶ Ѕ ϶ϹЄІϼϾϴϿАЁЂ ЃЂЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЁЏЀϼ
ЅІϹЁϾϴЀϼ, ЁϹЃЄЂЈϼϿϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЀ ϾЄϴϹЀ ϼ ЄϹϻЁЂϽ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴϿАЁЂϽ ϿϼЁϼϹϽ ЃЂϸ ЁϼЀ. ϣЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІА ІϴϾϼЉ ϾЇϵϾЂ϶ ЃЂϾЄЏІϴ ϾЄϴЅЁЏЀ ϿЂЍϹЁϼϹЀ ЁϹЃϿЂЉЂϷЂ ϾϴЋϹЅІ϶ϴ (ЄϼЅ. 1, 1, 2, 4). ϖϹЄЂГІЁЂ, Ͼ БІϼЀ ЅЂЅЇϸϴЀ ЂІЁЂЅϼІЅГ ЀϼЁϼϴІВЄЁЏϽ ЃЂϸϸЂЁ, ЃЂϾЄЏІЏϽ ЃЂϸЂϵЁЏЀ ϾЄϴЅЁЂ϶ϴІЏЀ ϿЂЍϹЁϼϹЀ (ЄϼЅ. 1, 3).
ϖ ЂЅІϴϿАЁЂЀ ІЂЁϾЂЅІϹЁЁϴГ ЃЂЅЇϸϴ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϴ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІϴЀϼ ЀϼЅЂϾ, ЅІϹЁϾϼ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЀЂϷЇІ ϵЏІА
ЃЂЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ ϶ϹЄІϼϾϴϿАЁЂ ϼϿϼ ϺϹ ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾЂ ϻϴϷЁЇІЏ ϶ЁЇІЄА (ЄϼЅ. 1, 5–7, 9, 11), ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ, ϷЂЄϴϻϸЂ
ЄϹϺϹ, ЂІЂϷЁЇІЏ ЁϴЄЇϺЇ (ЄϼЅ. 1, 10). ϢЄЁϴЀϹЁІϴЊϼГ ЀϼЅЂϾ ϶ϹЅАЀϴ ЅϾЇϸЁϴ, ЂЁϴ Ѕ϶ЂϸϼІЅГ ϿϼЌА Ͼ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴϿАЁЂϽ ЄϹϻЁЂϽ ϿϼЁϼϼ ЃЂϸ ϾЄϴϹЀ.
ϥІЂϿЂ϶ϴГ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ ЅЂ ЅЄϹϸЁϹϽ ІЂϿЍϼЁЂϽ ЅІϹЁЂϾ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄϼϻЇϹІЅГ ІϹЀϼ ϺϹ ІϼЃϴЀϼ ЀϼЅЂϾ,
ЋІЂ ϼ ІЂЁϾЂЅІϹЁЁϴГ (ЄϼЅ. 1, 8, 13–16). ϖЅϹϷЂ ЂϸϼЁ ЂϵϿЂЀЂϾ ϼЀϹϹІ ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁϼϹ ϶ ϶ϼϸϹ Ђ϶ϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ЁϴϿϹЃϴ ЃЂϸ ϾЄϴϹЀ (ЄϼЅ. 1, 16). ϖϹЅАЀϴ ϼЁІϹЄϹЅЁϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϴ ЋϴЅІϼ ЁϹϷϿЇϵЂϾЂϽ ЀϼЅϾϼ, Ёϴ ϸЁϹ ϾЂІЂЄЂϽ
ЃЂ ЅЏЄЂϽ ϷϿϼЁϹ ϵЏϿϼ ЅϸϹϿϴЁЏ ЃЄЂϾЂϿЏ (ЄϼЅ. 1, 12). ϣЂЋІϼ ЁϹІ ЅЂЀЁϹЁϼГ, ЋІЂ БІϴ ЀϼЅϾϴ ЅϿЇϺϼϿϴ
ЊϹϸϼϿϾЂϽ.
ϡϹϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЀϼЅϾϼ ϼЀϹВІ ІЂϿЍϼЁЇ ЅІϹЁЂϾ ЂϾЂϿЂ 0,75 ЅЀ, ЁЂ ϼ ЂЁϼ ЃЂ϶ІЂЄГВІ ЇϺϹ Ёϴϻ϶ϴЁЁЏϹ
ІϼЃЏ — Ѕ ϶ϹЄІϼϾϴϿАЁЏЀϼ ЅІϹЁϾϴЀϼ ϼϿϼ ЅЂ ЅІϹЁϾϴЀϼ, ЅϿϹϷϾϴ ϻϴϷЁЇІЏЀϼ ϶ЁЇІЄА (ЄϼЅ. 2, 1–5; 3,
1–2). ϢЄЁϴЀϹЁІϴЊϼГ ϼЉ Ѕ϶ЂϸϼІЅГ Ͼ ЄϹϻЁЂϽ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴϿАЁЂϽ ϿϼЁϼϼ ЃЂϸ ϾЄϴϹЀ, ϶ ЄϹϸЋϴϽЌϼЉ ЅϿЇЋϴГЉ
БІϼЉ ϿϼЁϼϽ ЁϴЁϹЅϹЁЂ ϸ϶Ϲ (ЄϼЅ. 2, 2); ЅІЂϿА ϺϹ ЄϹϸЂϾ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІ ϶ ϶ϼϸϹ ϶ЂϿЁϼЅІЏЉ ϿϼЁϼϽ ЃЂ ІЇϿЂ϶Ї
(ЄϼЅ. 2, 5). ϧЁϼϾϴϿϹЁ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІ ЀϼЅϾϼ, ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁЁЂϽ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴϿАЁЏЀ ϶ϴϿϼϾЂЀ, ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉ ϾЂІЂЄЂϷЂ
ϼЀϹϹІЅГ ЂϾЄЇϷϿЏϽ ЁϴϿϹЃ (ЄϼЅ. 2, 1).
ϢϵЏЋЁЏЀϼ ϶ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϹ ЁϴЉЂϸЂϾ ϼϻ ЉЄϴЀϴ ϥϼϽ Ёϴ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴВІ ЅЂЅЇϸЏ Ѕ ЂϾЄЇϷϿЏЀϼ ЅІϹЁϾϴЀϼ,
ЅЇϺϴВЍϼЀϼЅГ Ͼ ϾЄϴВ (ЄϼЅ. 3, 1–5). ϡϹϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ϼϻ ЁϼЉ ϼЀϹВІ ϾЄϴϽ, ЅϿϹϷϾϴ ЂІІГЁЇІЏϽ Ёϴ϶ϹЄЉ. ϡϴ ЂϸЁЂЀ ϼϻ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЂ϶ ІϴϾЂϽ ЂІІГЁЇІЏϽ ϾЄϴϽ ЂІϿϼЋϴϹІЅГ ЋϹЄЁЏЀ Њ϶ϹІЂЀ, ϶ЏϸϹϿГВЍϼЀЅГ Ёϴ ϾЄϴЅЁЂ϶ϴІЂЀ ЈЂЁϹ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІϼ ІЇϿЂ϶ϴ (ЄϼЅ. 3, 4). ϦϴϾЂϽ Њ϶ϹІ Г϶ЁЂ ЂϵЄϴϻЂ϶ϴϿЅГ ЃЄϼ ЂϵϺϼϷϹ ЅЂЅЇϸϴ, ЁЂ ІЄЇϸЁЂ
ЅЇϸϼІА, ϵЏϿЂ Ͽϼ БІЂ ЅϸϹϿϴЁЂ ЅЃϹЊϼϴϿАЁЂ ϼϿϼ ϺϹ ЃЄЂϼϻЂЌϿЂ ЅϿЇЋϴϽЁЂ. ϥϿϹϸЇϹІ ЂІЀϹІϼІА, ЋІЂ ЅЂЅЇϸЏ
ЂϾЄЇϷϿЂϽ ЈЂЄЀЏ Ѕ ЃЂϸЂϵЁЂϽ ЃЄЂЈϼϿϼЄЂ϶ϾЂϽ ϾЄϴГ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЏ ϸϿГ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂ БІϴЃϴ Єϴϻ϶ϼІϼГ ЄϴϽϵЇЁЅϾЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ (ЅЄ. ϖϼЁЂϷЄϴϸЂ϶ 1996: 74, ІϴϵϿ. LVII, 22–25; 2004: 159, ЄϼЅ. 3, 19, 20; 160, ЄϼЅ. 4, 7–8).
ϡϴ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЅЂЅЇϸϴЉ ІЂϿЍϼЁϴ ЅІϹЁЂϾ Ї϶ϹϿϼЋϼ϶ϴϹІЅГ Ͼ ϾЄϴВ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ ϵϿϴϷЂϸϴЄГ БІЂЀЇ
ЃЄϼЂϵЄϹІϴϹІ ЂЋϹЄІϴЁϼГ, ЁϴЃЂЀϼЁϴВЍϼϹ ЃЄЂЈϼϿϼЄЂ϶ϾЇ ІЂϿЅІЂЅІϹЁЁЏЉ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ (ЄϼЅ. 2, 6; ЅЄ.
ЄϼЅ. 4, 1–2). ϖЂ ϶ЄϹЀГ ЄϴЅϾЂЃЂϾ Ёϴ ϤϴϽϵЇЁϹ VI ϵЏϿ ЁϴϽϸϹЁ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІ ϾЄϴГ ЅЂЅЇϸϴ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ ЀЂϺЁЂ
Ёϴϻ϶ϴІА ЀϼЁϼϴІВЄЁЏЀ
(ЄϼЅ. 2, 7). ϡϼϺϹ ϵЇϸϹІ ЅϾϴϻϴЁЂ, ЋІЂ Ёϴ
ЃЂ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹϽ ϷЄϴЁϼ ϾЄϴГ
ЋϴЅІЂ ЁϴЁЂЅϼϿϼЅА ϵЇϾ϶Џ, ЌІϴЀЃЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϹ ϼϿϼ ЃЄЂЋϹЄЋϹЁЁЏϹ ЃЂ ЅЏЄЂϽ ϷϿϼЁϹ (ЅЀ. ЄϼЅ. 4, 6). ϡϴ ЄϴЅЅЀϴІЄϼ϶ϴϹЀЂЀ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІϹ ЃЂ ϾЄϴВ Ѕ϶ϹЄЉЇ ЁϴЁϹЅϹЁ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІ ϶ ϶ϼϸϹ ϻϴ϶ϼІϾЂ϶.
ϥЄϹϸϼ ІЂϿЅІЂЅІϹЁЁЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ ϶ЅІЄϹЋϴВІЅГ ЂϵϿЂЀϾϼ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЀЂϺЁЂ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϼІА
ϾϴϾ ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ІϴϻЏ , ЁЂ ϷЂЅЃЂϸЅІ϶ЇВЍϹϽ ЈЂЄЀЂϽ ϶ БІЂϽ ϾϴІϹϷЂЄϼϼ, ϵϹϻЇЅϿЂ϶ЁЂ, Г϶ϿГВІЅГ
,
І. Ϲ. ϾЄЇЃЁЏϹ ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ «ϵЂЋϾϼ», ЃЄϹϸЁϴϻЁϴЋϹЁЁЏϹ ϸϿГ ЉЄϴЁϹЁϼГ ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЂϽ ЅϹϿАЅϾЂЉЂϻГϽЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϽ ЃЄЂϸЇϾЊϼϼ (ϻϹЄЁϴ, ЈϼЁϼϾЂ϶ ϼ І.ϸ.). ϖ ϼЉ ЅЂЅІϴ϶Ϲ ЀЂϺЁЂ ϶ЏϸϹϿϼІА ϸ϶ϴ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЏЉ ІϼЃϴ.
ϣϹЄ϶ЏϽ — ϾЄЇЃЁЏϹ ЅЂЅЇϸЏ Ѕ ЃЂЋІϼ ϶ϹЄІϼϾϴϿАЁЏЀϼ ЅІϹЁϾϴЀϼ, ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾЂ ЂІЂϷЁЇІЏЀϼ ϶ЁЇІЄА, ІЂϿЍϼЁϴ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЅϿϹϷϾϴ Ї϶ϹϿϼЋϼ϶ϴϹІЅГ Ͼ ЁϹЃЄЂЈϼϿϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂЀЇ ϾЄϴВ (ЄϼЅ. 4, 1–2). ϢЁϼ, ϾϴϾ ЃЄϴ϶ϼϿЂ, ϼЀϹВІ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴϿАЁЏϽ ϶ϴϿϼϾ Ѕ ϶ЁϹЌЁϹϽ ЅІЂЄЂЁЏ. ϡϴ ЅЂЅЇϸϴЉ, ϶ЏϸϹϿГВЍϼЉЅГ ЂІЁЂЅϼІϹϿАЁЏЀ
ЂϵϼϿϼϹЀ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϴЊϼϼ, БІЂІ ϶ϴϿϼϾ ЇϾЄϴЌϹЁ ЃϴϿАЊϹ϶ЏЀϼ ϶ϸϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГЀϼ, ϴ ЃЂϸ ϾЄϴϹЀ ЃЄЂ϶ϹϸϹЁЏ
ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴϿАЁϴГ ϼ ϶ЂϿЁϼЅІϴГ ϿϼЁϼϼ (ЄϼЅ. 4, 1).
2
ϡϹЂϵЉЂϸϼЀЂ ЂІЀϹІϼІА, ЋІЂ ЃЄϼ ЄϴЅϾЂЃϾϴЉ ЉЄϴЀϴ ϛϴІ ϩϼЀϽϴЀ (ϤϴϽϵЇЁ V) ϵЏϿϴ ЂІϾЄЏІϴ ІϴϾ ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴϹЀϴГ ІЄϴЃϹϻЁϴГ, ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅ ϾЂІЂЄЂϽ ЂІϿϼЋϴϹІЅГ ϻЁϴЋϼІϹϿАЁЏЀ Ѕ϶ЂϹЂϵЄϴϻϼϹЀ. ϣϼЍЇ ϸϿГ ЂϵЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЉ ІЄϴЃϹϻ, ϶ ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЂЀ, ЃЄϼϷЂІϴ϶Ͽϼ϶ϴϿϼ ϶ ϸЂ϶ЂϿАЁЂ ϾЄЇЃЁЏЉ ЂІϾЄЏІЏЉ ЅЂЅЇϸϴЉ ІϼЃϴ ІϴϻЂ϶, ϼ ϸЂϿГ
ϾЇЉЂЁЁЂϽ ЃЂЅЇϸЏ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿГϹІ ϶ БІЂЀ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϹ 13,4 %, ϻϼЄЏ ϺϹ ЂІЁЂЅϼІϹϿАЁЂ ЀϴϿЂЋϼЅϿϹЁЁЏ — 20,1 %
(ϖϼЁЂϷЄϴϸЂ϶ 1994: 90–91; 2004: 154, ІϴϵϿ. II; Sedov, Vinogradov 2007: 20).
298
,
,
. 2. ϤϴϽϵЇЁ VI, ЅІЂϿЂ϶ϴГ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ
Fig. 2. Raybūn VI, tableware
299
:
,
,
ϖІЂЄЂϽ ІϼЃ ϻϼЄЂ϶ ЂІϿϼЋϴϹІЅГ ϾЄϴϹЀ, ϻϴЀϹІЁЂ ЂІІГЁЇІЏЀ ϶ЁЇІЄА, ЂІЋϹϷЂ ІЂІ Ёϴ ЀЁЂϷϼЉ БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄϴЉ ЃЄϼЂϵЄϹІϴϹІ «ϾϿВ϶Ђ϶ϼϸЁЏϹ» ЂЋϹЄІϴЁϼГ. ϥЄϹϸϼ ЁϴЉЂϸЂϾ Ѕ ϤϴϽϵЇЁϴ VI ϼЀϹВІЅГ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЏ ϾϴϾ Ѕ ЂІЁЂЅϼІϹϿАЁЂ ЅϿϴϵЂ ϶ЏЄϴϺϹЁЁЂϽ «ϾϿВ϶Ђ϶ϼϸЁЂЅІАВ» (ЄϼЅ. 4, 3–4), ІϴϾ ϼ ϶ЃЂϿЁϹ Єϴϻ϶ϼІЏϹ ЈЂЄЀЏ БІЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ (ЄϼЅ. 4, 6). ϡϴ ЌϼЄЂϾЂЀ ϾЄϴϹ ІϴϾϼЉ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ Ѕ϶ϹЄЉЇ ЋϴЅІЂ ЃЄЂЋϹЄЋϼ϶ϴϿϼЅА
ϼϿϼ ЌІϴЀЃЂ϶ϴϿϼЅА ϵЇϾ϶Џ. ϱІЂІ ІϼЃ ϼЀϹϹІ ЃЄϹϸЌϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁϼϾЂ϶ ϶ ϵЂϿϹϹ ЄϴЁЁϼϹ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϴ, ЁЂ Г϶ϿГϹІЅГ
ЂЋϹЁА ІϼЃϼЋЁЏЀ ϸϿГ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂ БІϴЃϴ Єϴϻ϶ϼІϼГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ ЄϴϽϵЇЁЅϾЂϷЂ ЂϴϻϼЅϴ (ЅЄ. ϖϼЁЂϷЄϴϸЂ϶ 1996:
282, ІϴϵϿ. LVIII, 19–23; 2004: 157, ЄϼЅ. 1, 37–39; 161, ЄϼЅ. 5, 15–18; 162, ЄϼЅ. 6).
. 3. ϤϴϽϵЇЁ VI, ЅІЂϿЂ϶ϴГ (1–5) ϼ ϾЇЉЂЁЁϴГ (6–8) ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ
Fig. 3. Raybūn VI, tableware (1–5) and kitchenware (6–8)
300
,
,
ϖ ЁϴϵЂЄϹ ЄϴϽϵЇЁЅϾЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ, ЃЄϹϸЁϴϻЁϴЋϹЁЁЂϽ ϸϿГ ЉЄϴЁϹЁϼГ ЃЄЂϸЇϾІЂ϶, ϼЀϹϹІЅГ ϹЍϹ ЂϸϼЁ
— ϾЄЇЃЁЏϹ ϷЂЄЌϾЂ϶ϼϸЁЏϹ ЅЂЅЇϸЏ Ѕ ϻϹϿϹЁЂ϶ϴІЂϽ, ЀϹϿϾЂЃЂЄϼЅІЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ЀϴЅЅЂϽ.
БІЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЏ ϼЅϾϿВЋϼІϹϿАЁЂ ϸϿГ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂ БІϴЃϴ Єϴϻ϶ϼІϼГ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ ϤϴϽϵЇЁϴ (ЅЀ. ІϴЀ
ϺϹ: 76, 282, ІϴϵϿ. LVIII, 12–18; 2004: 157, ЄϼЅ. 1, 28, 29; 158, ЄϼЅ. 2). ϖ ЁϴϵЂЄϹ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ, ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸГЍϹϽ ϼϻ
ЄϴЅϾЂЃЂϾ ЉЄϴЀϴ ϥϼϽ Ёϴ, ІϴϾϼϹ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϼ ЃЄϴϾІϼЋϹЅϾϼ ЂІЅЇІЅІ϶ЇВІ; ЂЋϹЁА ЄϹϸϾϼ ϸϴϺϹ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЏ ЅІϹЁЂϾ, ЃЂ ЅІЄЇϾІЇЄϹ ІϹЅІϴ ЁϴЃЂЀϼЁϴВЍϼϹ БІϼ ЅЂЅЇϸЏ. ϘϴЁЁЂϹ ЂϵЅІЂГІϹϿАЅІ϶Ђ ϼЀϹϹІ ЁϹЀϴϿЂϹ ϻЁϴЋϹЁϼϹ,
ЃЂЅϾЂϿАϾЇ ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГϹІ ϵЂϿϹϹ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁЁЂ ЅЇϸϼІА Ђ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЈЇЁϾЊϼЂЁϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ϾЇϿАІЂ϶ЂϷЂ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴ.
ІϼЃ
. 4. ϤϴϽϵЇЁ VI, ІЂϿЅІЂЅІϹЁЁϴГ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ
Fig. 4. Raybūn VI, thick-walled pottery
301
:
,
,
ϡϹЅЀЂІЄГ Ёϴ ЀϼϻϹЄЁЂϹ ϾЂϿϼЋϹЅІ϶Ђ ϾЇЉЂЁЁЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ, ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾЂ ЅϿЂ϶ ЅϿϹϸЇϹІ ЅϾϴϻϴІА ϼ Ђϵ
БІЂϽ ЈЇЁϾЊϼЂЁϴϿАЁЂϽ ϷЄЇЃЃϹ. ϤϴϽϵЇЁЅϾϼϹ ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϾϴЅІЄВϿϼ ЂІϿϼЋϴВІЅГ ϶ϹЅАЀϴ Ѕ϶ЂϹЂϵЄϴϻЁЂϽ, ЃϿЂІЁЂϽ ЅІЄЇϾІЇЄЂϽ ІϹЅІϴ, ϾЂІЂЄϴГ ЂІЋϴЅІϼ ЁϴЃЂЀϼЁϴϹІ ϾϴЀϹЁА. ϦϼЃЂϿЂϷϼГ ІϴϾϼЉ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶
ІЂϺϹ ϶ЏϸϹϿГϹІ ϼЉ ϼϻ ЂϵЍϹϽ ЀϴЅЅЏ — ϾЄЇϷϿЂϹ ϸЁЂ, ϶ϹЄІϼϾϴϿАЁЏϹ ЅІϹЁϾϼ ϼ ЁϹЃЄЂЈϼϿϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϽ
ϾЄϴϽ, ЃЂϸ ϾЂІЂЄЏЀ Ѕ ЋϹІЏЄϹЉ ЅІЂЄЂЁ ϸϹϿϴϿϼЅА ЁϴϿϹЃЏ-ЇЌϾϼ (ЄϼЅ. 3, 6–8). ϡϴ ЃЂϻϸЁϹЀ БІϴЃϹ Єϴϻ϶ϼІϼГ БІϼ ЇЌϾϼ ЅЄϹϻϴϿϼЅА ЃЂ ЂϸЁЂЀЇ ЇЄЂ϶ЁВ Ѕ ϾЄϴϹЀ (ЅЀ. ІϴЀ ϺϹ: 281, ІϴϵϿ. LVII, 34–36; 2004: 160,
ЄϼЅ. 4, 4–5). ϜЀϹЁЁЂ ІϴϾϼϹ ЂЋϹЄІϴЁϼГ ϼЀϹϹІ ЁϴϿϹЃ Ёϴ ϹϸϼЁЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂЀ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІϹ ЃЂϸЂϵЁЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ,
ЁϴϽϸϹЁЁЂЀ ϶ ЉЄϴЀϹ ϥϼϽ Ёϴ (ЄϼЅ. 3, 8).
ϖ ЂІЁЂЌϹЁϼϼ ϾЇЉЂЁЁЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ, ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЁЂϽ Ёϴ ϤϴϽϵЇЁϹ VI, ЅϿϹϸЇϹІ ЅϸϹϿϴІА ЂЋϹЁА ϶ϴϺЁЇВ ЂϷЂ϶ЂЄϾЇ. ϡϼ Ёϴ ЂϸЁЂЀ ϼϻ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЂ϶ ЃЂЅЇϸЏ БІЂϽ ϾϴІϹϷЂЄϼϼ ЅІϹЁϾϼ ЁϹ ϻϴϾЂЃЋϹЁЏ, ЋІЂ ЂІϿϼЋϴϹІ ϼЉ ЂІ ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϾϴЅІЄВϿА, ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸГЍϼЉ ϼϻ ϺϼϿЏЉ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЂ϶. ϘϴЁЁЂϹ ЂϵЅІЂГІϹϿАЅІ϶Ђ
ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГϹІ ЅЋϼІϴІА, ЋІЂ ϾϴЅІЄВϿϼ ϻϸϹЅА ЁϹ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴϿϴЅА ЃЂ ЃЄГЀЂЀЇ ЁϴϻЁϴЋϹЁϼВ, ϴ ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ,
Г϶ϿГϿϼЅА ЃЄϼЁЂЌϹЁϼГЀϼ ϶ ЉЄϴЀ ϼϿϼ ϶ЏЃЂϿЁГϿϼ ϾϴϾЇВ-ЁϼϵЇϸА ϼЁЇВ ЈЇЁϾЊϼВ.
ϔЁϴϿϼϻ ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЁϴЉЂϸЂϾ ϼϻ ЉЄϴЀϴ ϥϽϼ Ёϴ ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГϹІ ЅЋϼІϴІА ϼЉ ϶ЃЂϿЁϹ ІϼЃϼЋЁЏЀϼ
ϸϿГ ЄϴϽϵЇЁЅϾϼЉ ЉЄϴЀЂ϶ЏЉ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЂ϶ ϾϴϾ ЃЂ Ѕ϶ЂϹЀЇ ЅЂЅІϴ϶Ї, ІϴϾ ϼ ЃЂ ϾЂϿϼЋϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂЀЇ ЅЂЂІЁЂЌϹЁϼВ ЄϴϻϿϼЋЁЏЉ ϷЄЇЃЃ ЃЂЅЇϸЏ. ϡϴϼϵЂϿϹϹ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЏϹ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϼ, ЃЄϹϺϸϹ ϶ЅϹϷЂ ϻϼЄЏ, ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГВІ Ї϶ϹЄϹЁЁЂ ЅЇϸϼІА, ЋІЂ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ ЂІЁЂЅϼІЅГ Ͼ ЃЂϻϸЁϹЀЇ БІϴЃЇ Єϴϻ϶ϼІϼГ ЄϴϽϵЇЁЅϾЂϽ ЃЂЅЇϸЏ.
ϡϹЂϵЉЂϸϼЀЂ ЂІЀϹІϼІА, ЃЄϴ϶ϸϴ, ЋІЂ ϶ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϹ ЂІЅЇІЅІ϶ЇВІ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁϹϽЌϼϹ ϸϿГ БІЂϷЂ
϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЈЂЄЀЏ: ЀϼЅϾϼ Ѕ ϾЂЅЂ ЅЄϹϻϴЁЁЏЀ ϾЄϴϹЀ, ϷЂЄЌϾЂ϶ϼϸЁЏϹ ЅІЂϿЂ϶ЏϹ ЅЂЅЇϸЏ
(ЅЄ. ϖϼЁЂϷЄϴϸЂ϶, ϕϴ ϠϴЉЄϴЀϴ 1995: 104, ЄϼЅ. 1, 1, 3, 4, 9; ϖϼЁЂϷЄϴϸЂ϶ 1996: 281, ІϴϵϿ. LVII, 6–8, 12,
14; 27–29; 2004: 159, ЄϼЅ. 3, 4, 10, 11; 24), ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ, ϾϴϾ ЇϺϹ ϷЂ϶ЂЄϼϿЂЅА, ϷЂЄЌϾЂ϶ϼϸЁЏϹ
.
ϘϴЁЁЂϹ ЂϵЅІЂГІϹϿАЅІ϶Ђ ϶ЄГϸ Ͽϼ ЅϿϹϸЇϹІ ЂІЁЂЅϼІА Ͼ ЄϴϻЄГϸЇ ЅϿЇЋϴϽЁЂЅІϹϽ. ϙϷЂ, ЅϾЂЄϹϹ,
ЀЂϺЁЂ ЅЋϼІϴІА ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЀ ϼЁϸϼϾϴІЂЄЂЀ ϸϿГ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁϼГ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ЈЇЁϾЊϼЂЁϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼГ
ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴ. ϣЄϹϸ϶ϴЄϼІϹϿАЁЏϽ ϴЁϴϿϼϻ ЁϴЉЂϸЂϾ ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿϼϿ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϼІА, ЋІЂ ϤϴϽϵЇЁ VI ϵЏϿ ЅЂЂЄЇϺϹЁ ϶ IX–VIII ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. ϼ ЃЄЂЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴϿ ϶ЃϿЂІА ϸЂ ϾЂЁЊϴ I ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б., ϾЂϷϸϴ ϼ ϵЏϿ ЄϴϻЄЇЌϹЁ ϶ЀϹЅІϹ Ѕ ϸЄЇϷϼЀϼ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГЀϼ ϼ ЉЄϴЀϴЀϼ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϷЂ ЂϴϻϼЅϴ ϤϴϽϵЇЁ (ϥϹϸЂ϶ ϼ ϸЄ. 2005: 393).
ϥЃϹЊϼϴϿАЁЂϹ ϼϻЇЋϹЁϼϹ ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЁϴЉЂϸЂϾ ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГϹІ ЅϾЂЄЄϹϾІϼЄЂ϶ϴІА БІЂІ ϶Џ϶Ђϸ ϼ ЅϸϹϿϴІА
ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿЂϺϹЁϼϹ, ЋІЂ ЉЄϴЀ ϥϽϼ Ёϴ ЃЄϹϾЄϴІϼϿ Ѕ϶ЂϹ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼϹ Ёϴ ЃЂϻϸЁϹЀ БІϴЃϹ Єϴϻ϶ϼІϼГ
ϤϴϽϵЇЁϴ, ЁЂ ϶ЅϹ-ІϴϾϼ ЄϴЁϹϹ ЃЂϿЁЂϷЂ ϻϴЃЇЅІϹЁϼГ ЂϴϻϼЅϴ. ϥϾЂЄϹϹ ϶ЅϹϷЂ, ЉЄϴЀ ϵЏϿ ЃЂ ϾϴϾϼЀ-ІЂ
ЃЄϼЋϼЁϴЀ ЂЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁ ЅЄϴ϶ЁϼІϹϿАЁЂ ЄϴЁЂ, ϾЂϷϸϴ Ёϴϻ϶ϴЁЁЏϹ ІϼЃЏ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ (ЀϼЅϾϼ Ѕ ϾЂЅЂ ЅЄϹϻϴЁЁЏЀ
ϾЄϴϹЀ, ϷЂЄЌϾЂ϶ϼϸЁЏϹ ЅІЂϿЂ϶ЏϹ ЅЂЅЇϸЏ ϼ ϷЂЄЌϾЂ϶ϼϸЁЏϹ
) ϹЍϹ ЁϹ ЃЂГ϶ϼϿϼЅА ϼϿϼ, ЃЂ ϾЄϴϽЁϹϽ ЀϹЄϹ, ЁϹ ϶ЂЌϿϼ ϶ ЌϼЄЂϾϼϽ ЂϵϼЉЂϸ.
ϖϼЁЂϷЄϴϸЂ϶ 1994 —
. . ϤϴЅϾЂЃϾϼ ЉЄϴЀϴ ϛϴІ-ϩϼЀАГЀ ϶ ϻϴЃϴϸЁЂЀ ϩϴϸЄϴЀϴЇІϹ (ϤϴϽϵЇЁ V) //
ϔϖ. 1994. № 3. ϥ. 88–95.
ϖϼЁЂϷЄϴϸЂ϶ 1996 —
. . ϔЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼГ Ёϴ ЇЋϴЅІϾϹ ϛϸϴЁϼГ 6 // ϗЂЄЂϸϼЍϹ
ϤϴϽϵЇЁ (ЄϴЅϾЂЃϾϼ 1983–1987 ϷϷ.). Ϡ.: ϖЂЅІЂЋЁϴГ ϿϼІϹЄϴІЇЄϴ, 1996. ϥ. 68–84 (ϦЄ. ϥЂϝϞϱ. Ϧ. 2).
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. . ϞϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϼ ϼϻ ЄϴЅϾЂЃЂϾ ЉЄϴЀϴ ϛϴІ ϩϼЀϽϴЀ ϶ ϛϴЃϴϸЁЂЀ
ϩϴϸЄϴЀϴЇІϹ // Scripta Yemenica. ϜЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ЃЂ ϲϺЁЂϽ ϔЄϴ϶ϼϼ: ϥϵ. ЁϴЇЋЁЏЉ ЅІϴІϹϽ ϶ ЋϹЅІА 60-ϿϹІϼГ Ϡ. ϕ. ϣϼЂІЄЂ϶ЅϾЂϷЂ. Ϡ.: ϖЂЅІЂЋЁϴГ ϿϼІϹЄϴІЇЄϴ, 2004. ϥ. 151–164.
ϖϼЁЂϷЄϴϸЂ϶, ϕϴ ϠϴЉЄϴЀϴ 1995 —
. .,
. . ϢЃЏІ ЅЄϴ϶ЁϼІϹϿАЁЂϷЂ ϴЁϴϿϼϻϴ
ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЂ϶ ϛϸϴЁϼГ 6 ϼ ϧЋϴЅІϾϴ I Ёϴ ϷЂЄЂϸϼЍϹ ϤϴϽϵЇЁ I // ϩϴϸЄϴЀϴЇІ. ϔЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ,
БІЁЂϷЄϴЈϼЋϹЅϾϼϹ ϼ ϼЅІЂЄϼϾЂ-ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏϹ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼГ. Ϡ.: ϖЂЅІЂЋЁϴГ ϿϼІϹЄϴІЇЄϴ, 1995. ϥ. 103–111 (ϦЄ.
ϥЂϝϞϱ. Ϧ. 1).
ϥϹϸЂ϶ 1996 —
. . ϤϴϽϵЇЁ — ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶ ϶ ЁϼϻЂ϶АГЉ ϶ϴϸϼ ϘϴЇ’ϴЁ //
ϗЂЄЂϸϼЍϹ ϤϴϽϵЇЁ (ЄϴЅϾЂЃϾϼ 1983–1987 ϷϷ.). Ϡ.: ϖЂЅІЂЋЁϴГ ϿϼІϹЄϴІЇЄϴ, 1996. ϥ. 19–30 (ϦЄ. ϥЂϝϞϱ. Ϧ. 2).
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ϥϹϸЂ϶ ϼ ϸЄ. 2005 —
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ЂϴϻϼЅϹ (ЄϴЅϾЂЃϾϼ 2004 Ϸ.) // Arabia Vitalis. ϔЄϴϵЅϾϼϽ ϖЂЅІЂϾ, ϼЅϿϴЀ, ϸЄϹ϶ЁГГ ϔЄϴ϶ϼГ: ϥϵ. ЅІϴІϹϽ, ЃЂЅ϶ГЍ.
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archéologique // Frantsouzoff S. Raybūn Kafas/Na‘m n, temple de la Dh t Himyam. Paris; Rome, 2007. Ϥ. 15–25
(Inventaire des inscriptions Sudarabiques. T. 6).
Ceramic finds from the Temple of Siyāna
in Western Hadramaut (Raybūn VI)
Yu. A. Vinogradov
The farming oasis of Raybūn in the south of Yemen (late II–I millennium BC) was one of the main
objects studied by the Soviet-Yemen (then Russian-Yemen) Complex Expedition. The Temple of Siy na
was excavated in 2004. While the ceramic finds from the temple are not numerous, they are meaningful
and informative. In its composition the temple pottery is quite analogous to the materials from residential
assemblages, but quantitative parameters of some of its functional groups are very special. Fragments of
tableware make about 55 % of all ceramic objects (a similar percentage is characteristic for the residential
assemblages), fragments of thick-walled vessels, designed for storage of various food products, make almost 44 % (this is much more then in the dwellings), while fragments of kitchenware are extremely rare
(less than 1 %). As we can see, the ceramic finds enable us to better understand some peculiarities in the
functioning of the Raybūn temples.
303
###
:
,
,
. . ϞϿВЋϹ϶ЏϹ ЅϿЂ϶ϴ:
,
,
II–IV . . .
Keywords: Cyprus, Hellenistic olive oil production workshop, rural sanctuary of Apollo of the II–IV cc. AD.
«ϞϼЃЄ ϺϹ ЂЅІЄЂ϶ ϶ϹϿϼϾ ϶ϹϿЀϼ, ϼ ЀЁЂϺϹЅІ϶Ђ ϶ ЁϹЀ ϿВϸϹϽ, ϼ ЂϵϼϿϹЁ ϺϹ ϹЅІА ϶ЅϹЀ ϸЂϵЄЂЀ,
ϼ ЅЇІА ϵЂ ϹЃϼЅϾЂЃϼϽ ϶ ЁϹЀ 24, ϴ ϶ЅϹ ЀϼІЄЂЃЂϿϼГ ϹϸϼЁϴ. Ϝ Ѕ϶ГІЏЉ ІЇ ЀЁЂϷЂ ϵϹϻ ЋϼЅϿϴ ϿϹϺϼІ»
(ϣЇІϹЌϹЅІ϶ϼϹ ϼϷЇЀϹЁϴ ϘϴЁϼϼϿϴ… 1864: 148), — ІϴϾ ЂЃϼЅЏ϶ϴϿ Ѕ϶Ђϼ ϶ЃϹЋϴІϿϹЁϼГ ЂІ ЃЂЅϹЍϹЁϼГ БІЂϷЂ ϵϿϴϷЂЅϿЂ϶ϹЁЁЂϷЂ ЀϹЅІϴ ЂϾЂϿЂ 1106 Ϸ. ϼϷЇЀϹЁ ϘϴЁϼϼϿ — ЃϹЄ϶ЏϽ ЃϴϿЂЀЁϼϾ ϼϻ ϤЇЅϼ ϶
ϥ϶ГІЇВ ϛϹЀϿВ. ϱІЂ ЅЂϵЏІϼϹ ЃЂϿЂϺϼϿЂ ЁϴЋϴϿЂ ЄЇЅЅϾЂ-ϾϼЃЄЅϾϼЀ ϸЇЉЂ϶ЁЏЀ Ѕ϶ГϻГЀ. Ϝ ϶ ϸϴϿАЁϹϽЌϹЀ ϶ЁϼЀϴЁϼϹ ЃϴϿЂЀЁϼϾЂ϶ ϼ ЃЇІϹЌϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁϼϾЂ϶ ϼϻ ϸϴϿϹϾЂϽ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϽ ЅІЄϴЁЏ ЃЄϼ϶ϿϹϾϴϿϼ
ЃЄϹϺϸϹ ϶ЅϹϷЂ ЀЁЂϷЂЋϼЅϿϹЁЁЏϹ ЉЄϼЅІϼϴЁЅϾϼϹ Ѕ϶ГІЏЁϼ (ЅЀ., ЁϴЃЄϼЀϹЄ, ϥІЄϴЁЅІ϶ϼГ ϖϴЅϼϿϼГ
ϗЄϼϷЂЄЂ϶ϼЋϴ-ϕϴЄЅϾЂϷЂ 1886: 241–334). Ϟ ЁϼЀ ϵЏϿЂ ЂϵЄϴЍϹЁЂ ϼ ϶ЁϼЀϴЁϼϹ ЃϹЄ϶ЏЉ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϼІϹϿϹϽ ЄЂЅЅϼϽЅϾЂϽ ЁϴЇϾϼ, ЂϻЁϴϾЂЀϼ϶ЌϼЉЅГ Ѕ ϸЄϹ϶ЁЂЅІГЀϼ ЂЅІЄЂ϶ϴ. ϦϴϾ, ЂЅϹЁАВ 1895 Ϸ. Ёϴ ϞϼЃЄϹ
ЃЂϵЏ϶ϴϿ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЏϽ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷ ϼ ϼЅІЂЄϼϾ ϼЅϾЇЅЅІ϶ϴ ϳ. Ϝ. ϥЀϼЄЁЂ϶ (1869–1918), ϾЂІЂЄЏϽ ϸϹІϴϿАЁЂ ЂϵЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴϿ ЅЂЉЄϴЁϼ϶ЌϼϹЅГ ϻϸϹЅА ϶ϼϻϴЁІϼϽЅϾϼϹ ЀЂϻϴϼϾϼ Ѕ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼϹЀ ϕЂϷЂЀϴІϹЄϼ.
ϖ ЋϴЅІЁЂЅІϼ, ϶ ϸϹЄϹ϶ЁϹ ϞϼІϼ ϵϿϼϻ ϟϴЄЁϴϾϼ ЂЁ ЃЄЂ϶ϹϿ ϸϹІϴϿАЁЇВ ЈЂІЂЅЎϹЀϾЇ ϻϿϴІЂЈЂЁЁЂϷЂ ЀЂϻϴϼЋЁЂϷЂ ЇϵЄϴЁЅІ϶ϴ ϾЂЁЊϴ VI ϶. ЊϹЄϾ϶ϼ ϣϴЁϴϷϼϼ ϔЁϷϹϿЂϾІϼЅІЂЅ ϼ ЃЂϸЄЂϵЁЂ ЂЃϼЅϴϿ ϹϷЂ.
ϘЄЇϷϼЀ ЂϵЎϹϾІЂЀ ЅІϴϿϴ ЊϹЄϾЂ϶А ϣϴЁϴϷϼϼ ϞϴЁϴϾЄϼϼ VII ϶. Ёϴ ЃЂϿЇЂЅІЄЂ϶Ϲ ϞϴЄЃϴЅϼГ (ϥЀϼЄЁЂ϶
1897: 27–65). ϱІЂ ϵЏϿЂ ЂϸЁЂ ϼϻ ЃϹЄ϶ЏЉ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼϽ, ЃЄϹϸЃЄϼЁГІЏЉ ЃЂ ϼЁϼЊϼϴІϼ϶Ϲ ІЂϿАϾЂ
ЋІЂ ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϷЂ ϶ ϞЂЁЅІϴЁІϼЁЂЃЂϿϹ ϤЇЅЅϾЂϷЂ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ϼЁЅІϼІЇІϴ. ϣЂϻϺϹ ІЇϸϴ ЃЂЅІЇЃϼϿϼ ϻϴϾϴϻϴЁЁϴГ ϞЂЀϼІϹІЂЀ ЃЂЃϹЋϼІϹϿАЅІ϶ϴ Ђ ЄЇЅЅϾЂϽ ϼϾЂЁЂЃϼЅϼ ϴϾ϶ϴЄϹϿАЁϴГ ϾЂЃϼГ ЀЂϻϴϼϾϼ
ϴЃЅϼϸЏ ϼ ϴЄЉϼІϹϾІЇЄЁЏϹ ЋϹЄІϹϺϼ ϻϸϴЁϼГ, ЅϸϹϿϴЁЁЏϹ ЉЇϸЂϺЁϼϾЂЀ ϡ. Ϟ. ϞϿВϷϹ ϶ 1907 Ϸ. (ϬЀϼІ
1911: 206 ЅϿ., ІϴϵϿ. I–IX). ϦЂϷϸϴ ϺϹ ϶ ЀЇϻϹГЉ ϥϴЁϾІ-ϣϹІϹЄϵЇЄϷϴ, ϠЂЅϾ϶Џ ϼ ϢϸϹЅЅЏ ЃЂГ϶ϿГВІЅГ ЁϹϵЂϿАЌϼϹ, ЁЂ ϸЂЅІϴІЂЋЁЂ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϼІϹϿАЁЏϹ ϾЂϿϿϹϾЊϼϼ ϾϼЃЄЅϾϼЉ ϸЄϹ϶ЁЂЅІϹϽ (ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϴ,
ІϹЄЄϴϾЂІЂ϶ЏϹ ЅІϴІЇБІϾϼ, ϾϴЀϹЁЁϴГ ЅϾЇϿАЃІЇЄϴ, ϼϻϸϹϿϼГ ϼϻ ЅІϹϾϿϴ, ϸЄϹ϶ЁϼϹ ЀЂЁϹІЏ), ЃϹЄϹϸϴЁЁЏϹ ЂІ ϸϴЄϼІϹϿϹϽ, ϼϿϼ ЃЂЅϿϹ 1917 Ϸ. — ϶ ЅЂЅІϴ϶Ϲ ЁϴЊϼЂЁϴϿϼϻϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЉ ЋϴЅІЁЏЉ ЅЂϵЄϴЁϼϽ
(Karageorghis 2005).
ϡЂ϶ЏϽ БІϴЃ ϶ Єϴϻ϶ϼІϼϼ ЁϴЇЋЁЏЉ ϼ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЉ Ѕ϶ГϻϹϽ Ѕ ϞϼЃЄЂЀ Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁ ЇϺϹ Ѕ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЂЀ ЃЂЅϿϹ ЂϵЄϹІϹЁϼГ ЂЅІЄЂ϶ЂЀ ЁϹϻϴ϶ϼЅϼЀЂЅІϼ (ϥϼϸЂЄЂ϶ϴ 1963), ϸϹЅГІϼϿϹІЁГГ ϷЂϸЂ϶ЍϼЁϴ ϾЂІЂЄЂϽ ϶ 1970 Ϸ.
ϵЏϿϴ ЂІЀϹЋϹЁϴ ϶ϹϿϼϾЂϿϹЃЁЂϽ ϶ЏЅІϴ϶ϾЂϽ «ϥЂϾЄЂ϶ϼЍϴ ϞϼЃЄϴ», ϸϹЀЂЁЅІЄϼЄЂ϶ϴ϶ЌϹϽЅГ ϶ ϱЄЀϼІϴϺϹ
ϼ ϠЇϻϹϹ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϻϼІϹϿАЁЏЉ ϼЅϾЇЅЅІ϶ ϼЀ. ϔ. ϥ. ϣЇЌϾϼЁϴ (ϞЂЄЂ϶ϼЁϴ, ϥϼϸЂЄЂ϶ϴ 1977). ϡϴ ЁϹϽ ϵЏϿϼ
ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼ ϼЅϾЇЅЅІ϶ϴ ЁϴЋϼЁϴГ Ѕ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ ЁϹЂϿϼІϴ ϸЂ XVI ϶., ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ЁϴЄЂϸЁЂϹ І϶ЂЄЋϹЅІ϶Ђ XIX–XX ϶϶.
ϜϸϹГ ЃЄϼ϶ϿϹЋϹЁϼГ ЄЂЅЅϼϽЅϾϼЉ ЇЋϹЁЏЉ Ͼ ϼϻЇЋϹЁϼВ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϷЂ ЁϴЅϿϹϸϼГ ϞϼЃЄϴ ЁϹЃЂЅЄϹϸЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂ Ёϴ ЂЅІЄЂ϶Ϲ ЄЂϸϼϿϴЅА ϶ 2006 Ϸ., ϶ 900-ϿϹІЁВВ ϷЂϸЂ϶ЍϼЁЇ ЇЅІϴЁЂ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ЃϹЄ϶ЏЉ ЄЇЅЅϾЂ-ϾϼЃЄЅϾϼЉ ϾЂЁІϴϾІЂ϶. ϥ ІϴϾЂϽ ϼЁϼЊϼϴІϼ϶ЂϽ ϶ЏЅІЇЃϼϿϴ «ϨϼϿϼГ» — ϔЅЅЂЊϼϴЊϼГ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϷЂ ϼ ϸϹϿЂ϶ЂϷЂ ЅЂІЄЇϸЁϼЋϹЅІ϶ϴ ϼ ϸЄЇϺϵЏ ЀϹϺϸЇ ЁϴЄЂϸϴЀϼ ϤЂЅЅϼϼ, ϗЄϹЊϼϼ ϼ ϞϼЃЄϴ. Ϙ϶ϴ ϷЂϸϴ
ЅЃЇЅІГ ϶ЃϹЄ϶ЏϹ ϶ ϼЅІЂЄϼϼ ЄЂЅЅϼϽЅϾЂϽ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼϼ ЁϴЋϴϿϴ Ѕ϶ЂВ ЄϴϵЂІЇ ϞϼЃЄЅϾϴГ БϾЅЃϹϸϼЊϼГ
ϜϜϠϞ Ϥϔϡ. ϣЄϹϸϿЂϺϹЁЁЏϽ ϾϼЃЄЅϾЂϽ ЅІЂЄЂЁЂϽ ϸϿГ ϼϻЇЋϹЁϼГ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾ ЁϴЉЂϸϼІЅГ ϶ 2,5 ϾЀ Ͼ ϥϖ ЂІ ϸϹЄϹ϶Ёϼ ϔЁЂϷϼЄϴ (ЄϼЅ. 1, 1). ϖЃϹЄ϶ЏϹ БІЂ ЀϹЅІЂ ЃЂϸ Ёϴϻ϶ϴЁϼϹЀ «ϖϿВ»,
ϷϸϹ Ёϴ ϸЂЅІϴІЂЋЁЂ ЁϹϵЂϿАЌЂЀ ЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁЅІ϶Ϲ ЀЂϺЁЂ ϶ϼϸϹІА ЀЂЍЁЏϹ Єϴϻ϶ϴϿЏ ϾϴЀЁϹϽ ЂІ ЅІЄЂϼІϹϿАЁЏЉ ЂЅІϴІϾЂ϶ ϴЁІϼЋЁЂϷЂ ЃϹЄϼЂϸϴ, ЃЄϼ϶ϿϹϾϿЂ ϶ЁϼЀϴЁϼϹ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷЂ϶ ЂϾЂϿЂ 70 ϿϹІ Ёϴϻϴϸ,
ϾЂϷϸϴ ІЇІ ϵЏϿϼ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ ϸ϶Ϲ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾЂ϶ЏϹ ЅІϴІЇϼ (ϔЃЂϿϿЂЁ ϼ ϺϹЁЅϾϴГ ЈϼϷЇЄϴ). ϛϸϹЅА ϺϹ ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿЅГ ϼϻϸϴ϶Ёϴ ЃЂЃЇϿГЄЁЏϽ Ї ЀϹЅІЁЂϷЂ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ЂϵЎϹϾІ — ІЂЄЋϴЍϼϽ ϼϻ ϻϹЀϿϼ Ёϴ 2,22 Ѐ ϶϶ϹЄЉ
304
,
,
. 1. 1 — ϾϴЄІϴ ϞϼЃЄϴ Ѕ ЂϵЂϻЁϴЋϹЁϼϹЀ ЀϹЅІЂЁϴЉЂϺϸϹЁϼГ ϸϹЄ. ϔЁЂϷϼЄϴ (ЂϾЄЇϷ ϟϼЀϴЅЂϿ); 2 ϼ 3 — ЂϵЍϼϽ
϶ϼϸ ϼ ЅЃЇІЁϼϾЂ϶ϴГ ЈЂІЂϷЄϴЈϼГ ЄϴϽЂЁϴ ϔЁЂϷϼЄϴ-ϖϿВ
Fig. 1. 1 — map of Cyprus showing the location of the Anogyra village (Limasol district); 2 and 3 — general view
and a satellite photograph of the Anogyra-Vlou area
305
:
,
,
ЀϴЅЅϼ϶ЁЏϽ ϶ϹЄІϼϾϴϿАЁЂ ЇЅІϴЁЂ϶ϿϹЁЁЏϽ ϾϴЀϹЁА Ѕ ЃЄЂЄЇϵϿϹЁЁЏЀ ϶ ЁϹЀ ЂІ϶ϹЄЅІϼϹЀ (0,9 × 0,26
Ѐ)1, ϶ ϾЂІЂЄЂЀ ϾЂϷϸϴ-ІЂ ϾЄϹЃϼϿЅГ ϵЄЇЅ ЃЄϹЅЅϴ ϸϿГ ϶Џϸϴ϶Ͽϼ϶ϴЁϼГ ЂϿϼ϶ϾЂ϶ЂϷЂ ЀϴЅϿϴ 2.
ϡϴ ЃϹЄ϶ЂЀ БІϴЃϹ ЃЄЂϹϾІϴ (2008) ЃЄЂ϶ЂϸϼϿϴЅА ІЂϿАϾЂ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϴГ Єϴϻ϶ϹϸϾϴ Ёϴ ЅІЏϾϹ Г϶ϿГВЍϼЉЅГ ЋϴЅІЁЏЀϼ ϶ϿϴϸϹЁϼГЀϼ ЇЋϴЅІϾЂ϶ № 179, 190, 345 ϼ 346 ЃЂ ϾϴϸϴЅІЄЂ϶ЂϽ ϾϴЄІϹ. ϙϹ ЊϹϿАВ
ϵЏϿЂ ЇІЂЋЁϹЁϼϹ ϷЄϴЁϼЊ ϼ ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼϼ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴ, ЂЊϹЁϾϴ ЅІϹЃϹЁϼ ϹϷЂ ЅЂЉЄϴЁЁЂЅІϼ ϼ ЅϵЂЄ ЃЂϸЎϹЀЁЂϷЂ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϴ. ϣЄϹϸ϶ϴЄϼІϹϿАЁЂ Ёϴ ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁϼϼ ЅϿЇЋϴϽЁЏЉ ЁϴЉЂϸЂϾ ϼ ЅЂЉЄϴЁϼ϶ЌϼЉЅГ ϶ ϔЁЂϷϼЄϴϖϿВ ЅІЄЂϼІϹϿАЁЏЉ ЂЅІϴІϾЂ϶ ЃЄϹϸЃЂϿϴϷϴϿЂЅА, ЋІЂ ϻϸϹЅА ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿЂЅА ЅϹϿАЅϾЂϹ Ѕ϶ГІϼϿϼЍϹ ϔЃЂϿϿЂЁϴ
Ѕ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЀ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЂЀ ϸϿГ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ЂϿϼ϶ϾЂ϶ЂϷЂ ЀϴЅϿϴ.
ϢϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЁЏϹ ЂЅІϴІϾϼ ϸ϶ЇЉ ЃЂЅІЄЂϹϾ ЁϴЉЂϸГІЅГ Ёϴ ϹЅІϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϽ ІϹЄЄϴЅϹ (϶ЏЅЂІϴ ЂϾЂϿЂ 514 Ѐ),
ЂϵЄϴЍϹЁЁЂϽ ϶ ЅІЂЄЂЁЇ ЀЂЄГ. ϙϹ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЂ-϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏϽ ϾЄϴϽ ϼЀϹϹІ ϾЄЇІЂϽ ЅϾϿЂЁ. ϡϴ ЃЄЂІГϺϹЁϼϼ 7,2 Ѐ
ЅϾϿЂЁ ЇϾЄϹЃϿϹЁ ЃЂϸЃЂЄЁЂϽ ЅІϹЁЂϽ, ЅϿЂϺϹЁЁЂϽ Ёϴ ЂϸЁЂ ϿϼЊЂ ϼϻ ϷЄЇϵЂ ЂϵϾЂϿЂІЏЉ ϾϴЀЁϹϽ ЄϴϻЀϹЄϴЀϼ ЂІ
0,33 × 0,21 × 0,18 Ѐ ϸЂ 0,56 × 0,25 × 0,12 Ѐ. ϡϴ ЅϹ϶ϹЄϹ ЇЋϴЅІϾϴ ϷЄϴЁϼЋϼІ Ѕ ЁϹϵЂϿАЌϼЀ ЅϾϴϿϼЅІЏЀ ЃϿϴІЂ,
Ёϴ ϻϴЃϴϸϹ — ЃϴЌЁГ Ѕ ЃЂЅϴϸϾϴЀϼ ЄЂϺϾЂ϶ЏЉ ϸϹЄϹ϶АϹ϶. ϢϵЍϴГ ЃϿЂЍϴϸА ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁϼГ ϶ЏГ϶ϿϹЁЁЂϷЂ
ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϷЂ ЅϿЂГ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϼϿϴ ЂϾЂϿЂ 0,5 Ϸϴ. ϥЄϹϸϼ ЅЂϵЄϴЁЁЏЉ Ёϴ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІϼ ЁϴЉЂϸЂϾ ЀЂϺЁЂ ЂІЀϹІϼІА,
Ѕ ЂϸЁЂϽ ЅІЂЄЂЁЏ, ЂϵϿЂЀЂϾ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾЂ϶ЂϽ ЃϿϼІЏ Ѕ ϵЇϾ϶ϴЀϼ ϾϼЃЄЅϾЂϷЂ ЅϼϿϿϴϵϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ЃϼЅАЀϴ, ϶ЏЌϹϸЌϹϷЂ ϼϻ ЇЃЂІЄϹϵϿϹЁϼГ Ͼ ϾЂЁЊЇ IV ϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б. (ЅЄ.: Mitford 1971: 395, tabl. 6), ϼ ЀϹϸЁЇВ ЀЂЁϹІЇ ϹϷϼЃϹІЅϾЂϷЂ ЊϴЄГ ϣІЂϿϹЀϹГ II (285–246 ϷϷ. ϸЂ Ё. Б.) [Av: ϷЂϿЂ϶ϴ ϛϹ϶Ѕϴ-ϔЀЀЂЁϴ ϶ЃЄϴ϶Ђ; Rv: ϢЄϹϿ Ёϴ ЀЂϿЁϼϼ,
ЁϴϸЃϼЅА [ΠΣ]O[Λ Μ] ΙΟΤ
΢ΙΛ Ω[΢]] (Svoronos 1904: № 708), Ѕ ϸЄЇϷЂϽ — ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЏ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЉ ЃϼЈЂЅЂ϶ IV ϶. Ё. Б. (ЅЄ.: Waage 1933: 293 ff.; Hayes 1983: 156, fig. 26, 93; Paraschiv 2002).
ϦϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ϵЏϿ ЅϸϹϿϴЁ ϶Џ϶Ђϸ, ЋІЂ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ЈЇЁϾЊϼЂЁϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼГ БІЂϷЂ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ
ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴ ЁϴЅЋϼІЏ϶ϴϹІ ЂϾЂϿЂ 700 ϿϹІ, ϴ ЃЄϼЋϼЁЂϽ ϹϷЂ ϷϼϵϹϿϼ, ЅϾЂЄϹϹ ϶ЅϹϷЂ, ЅІϴϿЂ ЄϴϻЄЇЌϼІϹϿАЁЂϹ ϻϹЀϿϹІЄГЅϹЁϼϹ 365 Ϸ., ЃЄϴϾІϼЋϹЅϾϼ ЇЁϼЋІЂϺϼ϶ЌϹϹ ЄϴЅЃЂϿЂϺϹЁЁЏϽ ϶ 16 ϾЀ Ͼ ϲϖ ϷЂЄЂϸ ϞЇЄϼЂЁ
(ϗЂЄЂЁЋϴЄЂ϶ЅϾϼϽ 2012).
ϘЂЃЂϿЁϼІϹϿАЁЏЀ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІЂЀ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ Єϴϻ϶ϹϸϾϼ ϶ ЂϾЄϹЅІЁЂЅІГЉ ϔЁЂϷϼЄϴ-ϖϿВ
ЅІϴϿЂ ЂІϾЄЏІϼϹ ϶ 700 Ѐ Ͼ ϲϛ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼГ ϼ ЁϹϾЄЂЃЂϿГ ЄϼЀЅϾЂϷЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ (ЄϼЅ. 1, 2). ϛϸϹЅА ІϴϾϺϹ
ЀЂϺЁЂ ϵЏϿЂ ϶ϼϸϹІА Ёϴ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІϼ ϻϹЀϿϼ ЅϾЂЃϿϹЁϼГ ϾϴЀЁϹϽ, ЂЅІϴІϾϼ ЅІϹЁ ϼ ϶ЏЀЂЅІЂϾ, ЂϵϿЂЀϾϼ
ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ III–IV ϶϶. ϣЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏϹ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЏ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏ ϶ЏЄЇϵϿϹЁЁЂϽ ϶ ЅϾϴϿϹ ϾϴІϴϾЂЀϵЂϽ Ѕ
ЁϹϵЂϿАЌϼЀ ЅІЇЃϹЁЋϴІЏЀ ϸЄЂЀЂЅЂЀ. ϣЂ ЅϿЂ϶ϴЀ ЀϹЅІЁЏЉ ϺϼІϹϿϹϽ, ЂϾЂϿЂ 100 ϿϹІ Ёϴϻϴϸ ϻϸϹЅА ЁϴЌϿϼ
ЁϴϵЂЄ ЃЄЂϻЄϴЋЁЏЉ ЅІϹϾϿГЁЁЏЉ ЅЂЅЇϸϼϾЂ϶ Ѕ ІЂЁϾϼЀ ϶ЏІГЁЇІЏЀ ϷЂЄϿЂЀ (ϵϴϿАϻϴЀϴЄϼϹ϶?) ϼ ЃЂБІЂЀЇ
ЄϹЌϼϿϼ, ЋІЂ ІЇІ ϵЏϿϴ ϸЄϹ϶ЁГГ «ϴЃІϹϾϴ». ϖ ϿВϵЂЀ ЅϿЇЋϴϹ ІϴϾϴГ ЁϴЉЂϸϾϴ ІЂϺϹ ЇϾϴϻЏ϶ϴϹІ Ёϴ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ
ЃϹЄ϶ЏЉ ϶ϹϾЂ϶ ЁЂ϶ЂϽ БЄЏ, ЋІЂ ЃЂϻ϶ЂϿГϹІ ЅϸϹϿϴІА ϶Џ϶Ђϸ, ЋІЂ ЂІϾЄЏІЂϹ ЁϴЀϼ ЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϹ ЅϼЁЉЄЂЁЁЂ
ЈϼЁϴϿАЁЂϽ ЅІϴϸϼϼ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼГ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴ ϔЁЂϷϼЄϴ-ϖϿВ.
ϛϴ ЃϹЄϼЂϸ ЄϴЅϾЂЃЂϾ 2009–2012 ϷϷ. ϻϸϹЅА ϶ЅϾЄЏІЂ ЂϾЂϿЂ 500 Ѐ² (ЄϼЅ. 2). ϖ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІϹ ЇϸϴϿЂЅА
ЇЅІϴЁЂ϶ϼІА, ЋІЂ ϶ III–I ϶϶. ϸЂ Ё. Б., ϾЂϷϸϴ ЂЅІЄЂ϶ ϵЏϿ ЋϴЅІАВ ϙϷϼЃϹІЅϾЂϷЂ ЊϴЄЅІ϶ϴ ϣІЂϿϹЀϹϹ϶, Ёϴ
БІЂЀ ЀϹЅІϹ ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿϴЅА ЀϴЅІϹЄЅϾϴГ ЃЂ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸЅІ϶Ї ЂϿϼ϶ϾЂ϶ЂϷЂ ЀϴЅϿϴ, ЄϴϻЄЇЌϹЁЁϴГ ϶ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІϹ ЀЂЍЁЂϷЂ ЃЂϸϻϹЀЁЂϷЂ ІЂϿЋϾϴ. ϢІЅВϸϴ ϵЂϿАЌЂϹ ϾЂϿϼЋϹЅІ϶Ђ ЅЃϹЊϼЈϼЋϹЅϾϼЉ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏЉ ϸϹІϴϿϹϽ,
϶ІЂЄϼЋЁЂ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЉ ЃЄϼ ϶Ђϻ϶ϹϸϹЁϼϼ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϹ Ёϴ БІЂЀ ЀϹЅІϹ ϻϸϴЁϼГ ЅϹϿАЅϾЂϷЂ Ѕ϶ГІϼϿϼЍϴ.
ϢІ Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁЁЏЉ Ѕ ЀϴЅϿЂϸϹϿАЁϹϽ ЅЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼϽ ЇЊϹϿϹϿϴ ЃЄГЀЂЇϷЂϿАЁϴГ ϶ЏϹЀϾϴ ϶ ЅϾϴϿϹ (3,44 × 1,24–
1,29 Ѐ, ϷϿЇϵϼЁϴ 0,9 Ѐ), ϷϸϹ ϿϹϺϴϿϴ ЂϷЄЂЀЁϴГ ϾϴЀϹЁЁϴГ ϷϼЄГ ϶ϹЅЂЀ ЂϾЂϿЂ 2,8 І (1,26 × 0,98 × 0,96 Ѐ).
ϖЂ ϶ЄϹЀГ ЈϼЁϴϿАЁЂϷЂ ϸϿГ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴЁϼГ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴ ϻϹЀϿϹІЄГЅϹЁϼГ ЂЁϴ ϵЏϿϴ
ЅЀϹЍϹЁϴ ЂІЁЂЅϼІϹϿАЁЂ ЊϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϽ ЂЅϼ ϶ЏϹЀϾϼ (ЄϼЅ. 3, 1). Ϟ ЅЂϺϴϿϹЁϼВ, Ѕ ϸϴІЂϽ БІЂϷЂ ЅЂϵЏІϼГ,
ЃЂЀϼЀЂ ϶ϹЅАЀϴ ЁϹϻЁϴЋϼІϹϿАЁЂϷЂ ϾЂϿϼЋϹЅІ϶ϴ ЁϹЃЄЂЈϼϿϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЉ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЂ϶ ϾЄϴЅЁЂϷϿϼЁГЁЂϽ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ ϼϻ ϻϴЃЂϿЁϹЁϼГ ϶ЏϹЀϾϼ, ЀЂϺЁЂ ЅЂЂІЁϹЅІϼ ІЂϿАϾЂ ЀϹϿϾϼϽ ЂϵϿЂЀЂϾ ЃЂϻϸЁϹБϿϿϼЁϼЅІϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ
ЄϹϿАϹЈЁЂϷЂ ЅЂЅЇϸϴ Ѕ ЂЄЁϴЀϹЁІЂЀ ϶ ϶ϼϸϹ ЃϿВЍϴ.
ϥЂЉЄϴЁϼ϶ЌϼϹЅГ Ёϴ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІϼ ϷϼЄϼ ЃЄЂϸЂϿАЁЏϹ ϼ ϶ϹЄІϼϾϴϿАЁЏϹ ϶ЏЄЇϵЏ ЃЄϹϸЁϴϻЁϴЋϴϿϼЅА ϸϿГ ЅЃϹЊϼϴϿАЁЂϽ ЄϴЀЏ, Ёϴ ϾЂІЂЄЇВ ϾЄϹЃϼϿЅГ ЄЏЋϴϺЁЂ-϶ϼЁІЂ϶ЂϽ ЀϹЉϴЁϼϻЀ ЃЄϹЅЅϴ ϸϿГ
1
ϥЂϷϿϴЅЁЂ ЅІϴЄЂϽ ϾϼЃЄЅϾЂϽ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼϼ ІϴϾϼϹ ϾϴЀЁϼ, ϴ ϼЉ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЂ ЂϾЂϿЂ ЃГІϼϸϹЅГІϼ, ЃЄϼЁЂЅГІ ЅЋϴЅІАϹ ϿВϵЂЀЇ, ϾІЂ ЅЀЂϺϹІ ЃЄЂϿϹϻІА ЋϹЄϹϻ ϼЉ Ѕ϶ЂϹЂϵЄϴϻЁЂϹ «ЂϾЁЂ».
2
ϖ 1992 Ϸ. БІЂІ ЀЂЁЂϿϼІ ϵϹϻ ЇϾϴϻϴЁϼГ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶Ͼϼ ϵЏϿ ϶ϾϿВЋϹЁ ϶ ϾϴІϴϿЂϷ ЃЂϸЂϵЁЏЉ ЂϵЎϹϾІЂ϶ Ёϴ ϞϼЃЄϹ
(Hajisavvas 1992: 102, fig. 187, 212Ѕ). ϖ 0,36 Ѐ ЁϼϺϹ ЂІ϶ϹЄЅІϼГ Ёϴ ϹϷЂ ϶ϼϸϼЀЂϽ ВϺЁЂϽ ϷЄϴЁϼ ϼЀϹϹІЅГ ЁϹϵЂϿАЌϴГ
϶ϹЄІϼϾϴϿАЁЂ ЂЄϼϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁϴГ ЃЄГЀЂЇϷЂϿАЁϴГ ЁϼЌϴ (0,27 × 0,26 Ѐ ЃЄϼ ϷϿЇϵϼЁϹ 0,15 Ѐ), ϴ ϶ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ϾϴЀЁГ — ЁϹϵЂϿАЌϴГ ЁϼЌϴ Ѕ ЃЂϿЇϾЄЇϷϿЏЀ ϻϴ϶ϹЄЌϹЁϼϹЀ (0,23 × 0,13 Ѐ, ϷϿЇϵϼЁϴ 0,04 Ѐ) ϼ ЃЂ ЅІЂЄЂЁϴЀ ϸ϶ϴ ϾЄЇϷϿЏЉ
ЇϷϿЇϵϿϹЁϼГ ϸϼϴЀϹІЄЂЀ 0,11–0,12 Ѐ.
306
,
,
. 2. ϨЂІЂЃϿϴЁ ЄϴЅϾЂЃЂϾ Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴ ϔЁЂϷϼЄϴ-ϖϿВ
Fig. 2. Photographic plan of the Anogyra-Vlou excavations
307
:
,
,
. 3. ϔЁЂϷϼЄϴ-ϖϿВ: 1 — ЂЅІϴІϾϼ БϿϿϼЁϼЅІϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ЀϴЅІϹЄЅϾЂϽ ϸϿГ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸЅІ϶ϴ ЂϿϼ϶ϾЂ϶ЂϷЂ ЀϴЅϿϴ, ϶ϼϸ Ѕ
ϥ; 2 — ЁϼϺЁГГ ЋϴЅІА ЅІϴІЇϼ ϶ ϶ϼϸϹ ϻϴϸЄϴЃϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϽ ϺϹЁЅϾЂϽ ЈϼϷЇЄЏ
Fig. 3. Anogyra-Vlou: 1 — remains of the Hellenistic olive oil production workshop, view from the north; 2 — the
basal part of the statue representing a draped woman
ЂІϺϼЀϴ ЂϿϼ϶ЂϾ. ϖϴϺЁЏЀ БϿϹЀϹЁІЂЀ ϹϷЂ Г϶ϿГϿЅГ ϵЂϿАЌЂϽ ϸϹЄϹ϶ГЁЁЏϽ ϵЄЇЅ, ЃЄϼЀϹЁГ϶ЌϼϽЅГ ϶
ϾϴЋϹЅІ϶Ϲ ЄЏЋϴϷϴ. ϱІЂІ ϵЄЇЅ ϶ЅІϴ϶ϿГϿЅГ ϶ ЂІ϶ϹЄЅІϼϹ ЇϺϹ ЇЃЂЀϼЁϴ϶ЌϹϷЂЅГ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϵϿЂϾϴ, ЄϴЅЃЂϿЂϺϹЁЁЂϷЂ Ёϴ ЄϴЅЅІЂГЁϼϼ 3,08 Ѐ ЂІ ϷϼЄϼ. ϤϴЅЋϼЅІϾϴ ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁϼГ ЀЂЁЂϿϼІϴ ЃЂϾϴϻϴϿϴ, ЋІЂ ϹϷЂ
ЂϵЍϴГ ϶ЏЅЂІϴ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿГϹІ 2,6 Ѐ ЃЄϼ ЌϼЄϼЁϹ 0,94 Ѐ ϼ ІЂϿЍϼЁϹ 0,42 Ѐ3, ϴ ϶ϹЅ, ІϴϾϼЀ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ, ϸЂЅІϼϷϴϹІ ЃЂ ЀϹЁАЌϹϽ ЀϹЄϹ 2,4 І. ϖϹЄЂГІЁЂ, ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅ ЃЂ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϼВ ЂϿϼ϶ϾЂ϶ЂϷЂ ЀϴЅϿϴ ϶ϾϿВЋϴϿ
ϾϴϾ ЀϼЁϼЀЇЀ ϹЍϹ ϸ϶ϴ ЃЄϹЅЅϴ ЀϹЁАЌϼЉ ЄϴϻЀϹЄЂ϶. Ϣϵ БІЂЀ ЀЂϺЁЂ ЅЇϸϼІА ЃЂ ϶ІЂЄϼЋЁЂ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϽ ϶ ϾϿϴϸϾϹ ЃЂϻϸЁϹЄϼЀЅϾЂϷЂ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ ϷϼЄϹ ЄϴϻЀϹЄϴЀϼ 1,02 × 0,68 × 0,68 Ѐ (϶ϹЅ ЂϾЂϿЂ 1 І) ϼ
ЁϴϽϸϹЁЁЂϽ ЅЄϹϸϼ ЇЃϴ϶ЌϼЉ ϾϴЀЁϹϽ Ёϴ ЅϾϿЂЁϹ ЃЄГЀЂЇϷЂϿАЁЂϽ ϷϼЄϹ ЄϴϻЀϹЄϴЀϼ 1,32 × 0,42 × 0,36 Ѐ
϶ϹЅЂЀ ЂϾЂϿЂ 0,5 І.
ϥ ЁϹЃЂЅЄϹϸЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЀ ЂІϺϼЀЂЀ ЃϿЂϸЂ϶ Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁϴ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЁϴГ ІϴϾϴГ ϸϹІϴϿА ЃЄϹЅЅϴ, ϾϴϾ ІϴЄϴЃϴЁ —
ЃϿЂЅϾϴГ ЃЂЋІϼ Ͼ϶ϴϸЄϴІЁϴГ ϾϴЀϹЁЁϴГ ЃϿϼІϴ ЄϴϻЀϹЄϴЀϼ 0,81 × 0,78 × 0,12 Ѐ. ϖ ЊϹЁІЄϹ ЂЁϴ ϼЀϹϿϴ ϾЄЇϷϿЇВ ЃϿϴІЈЂЄЀЇ ϸϼϴЀϹІЄЂЀ 0,56 Ѐ, ϶ЏϸϹϿϹЁЁЇВ ЇϻϾϼЀ ϾϴЁϴϿЂЀ 3–4 ЅЀ ϷϿЇϵϼЁЂϽ ϼ ЅϿϼ϶ЂЀ ϶ ЂϸЁЂЀ
ЇϷϿЇ. ϱІϴ ϸϹІϴϿА ϵЏϿϴ ϶ІЂЄϼЋЁЂ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴЁϴ ϸϿГ ЀЂЍϹЁϼГ ϸ϶ЂЄϴ. ϕϿϼϺϴϽЌϹϽ ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼϹϽ ϶ ϸϴЁЁЂЀ
ЅϿЇЋϴϹ Г϶ϿГϹІЅГ ϶ІЂЄϼЋЁЂ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϽ ІϴЄϴЃϴЁ ϼϻ ϟϼЀϴЅЂϿϴ, ЂІЁЂЅГЍϼϽЅГ Ͼ ЃЂϻϸЁϹБϿϿϼЁϼЅІϼЋϹЅϾЂЀЇ ϼϿϼ ЄϴЁЁϹЄϼЀЅϾЂЀЇ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЇ (ЅЄ.: Hajisavvas 1992: 55, fig. 93, 105).
ϧЃЂЀГЁЇІЏϽ ϶ϹЄІϼϾϴϿАЁЏϽ ϾϴЀϹЁА ЃЄϹЅЅϴ ЀϴЅϿЂϸϹϿАЁϼ ЃЂЅϿϹ ϹϹ ЄϴϻЄЇЌϹЁϼГ ЂЅІϴϿЅГ
in situ ϼ ϵЏϿ ϶ϾϿВЋϹЁ ϶ ϾϿϴϸϾЇ ЅІϹЁЏ ЂϸЁЂϷЂ ϼϻ ЃЂЀϹЍϹЁϼϽ ЁЂ϶ЂϷЂ ϻϸϴЁϼГ, ϶Ђϻ϶ϹϸϹЁЁЂϷЂ ЃЄГЀЂ
Ёϴ ЂЅІϴІϾϴЉ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴ ϶ ϾЂЁЊϹ II ϶. Ё. Б. ϾϴϾ ЅϹϿАЅϾЂϹ Ѕ϶ГІϼϿϼЍϹ. ϫϴЅІА ЀϴЅϿЂϸϹϿАЁϼ ЃЂЅϿϹ ϻϴЅЏЃϾϼ ϶ЏϹЀϾϼ Ѕ ϷϼЄϹϽ, ЅЀϹЍϹЁЁЂϽ Ѕ ЃϹЄ϶ЂЁϴЋϴϿАЁЂϽ ЂЅϼ ЃЂϸϻϹЀЁЏЀ ІЂϿЋϾЂЀ,
ЃЄϹ϶ЄϴІϼϿϼ ϶ ЃЂϸ϶ϴϿ. ϡϴ ϸЁϹ ϹϷЂ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЂ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЂϹ ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁϼϹ ϿϹЅІЁϼЊЏ, ϴ ЃЂϸ ЁϹϽ, Ёϴ ЇЄЂ϶ЁϹ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹϽ ϷЄϴЁϼ ϶ЏϹЀϾϼ, — ϾЂЅІϼ ϾЄЇЃЁЂϷЂ ϵЏϾϴ ϼ ІϹϿϹЁϾϴ. ϔЁϴІЂЀϼЋϹЅϾϼ БІЂ Ёϴ 90 % ϾЂЅІϼ
ЃϹЄϹϸЁϼЉ ϼ ϻϴϸЁϼЉ ϾЂЁϹЋЁЂЅІϹϽ, ЂϵϿЂЀϾЂ϶ ϾЄϴЁϼϴϿАЁЂϽ ЂϵϿϴЅІϼ ЁϹЀЁЂϷЂ. ϣЄϼ БІЂЀ ϶ ϼЉ ЅЂЅІϴ϶
3
308
ϛϴЈϼϾЅϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϹ GPS ϾЂЂЄϸϼЁϴІЏ ЀЂЁЂϿϼІϴ: N 34°45’ 250»; E 32°45’ 168».
,
,
϶ЉЂϸГІ ϾϴϾ ϸЂЅІϴІЂЋЁЂ ЊϹЁЁЏϹ ϶ ЃϼЍϹ϶ЂЀ ЂІЁЂЌϹЁϼϼ ЋϴЅІϼ, ІϴϾ ϼ ЃЄϴϾІϼЋϹЅϾϼ ЁϹЅЎϹϸЂϵЁЏϹ —
ЈϴϿϴЁϷϼ ϼ ЀϹІϴЃЂϸϼϼ. ϥϿϹϸЇϹІ ЂІЀϹІϼІА, ЋІЂ Ёϴ ϾЂЅІГЉ ЁϹ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ ЅϿϹϸЏ ϶ЂϻϸϹϽЅІ϶ϼГ ЂϷЁГ,
ЄϴϻϸϹϿϾϼ, ЄϹϻϾϼ ЁЂϺЂЀ ϼϿϼ ЄЇϵϾϼ, І. Ϲ., ϶ϼϸϼЀЂ, ЄϹЋА ϼϸϹІ Ђϵ ЂЅІϴІϾϴЉ ϺϹЄІ϶ЂЃЄϼЁЂЌϹЁϼГ4. ϤГϸЂЀ
Ѕ ϿϹЅІЁϼЊϹϽ Ёϴ ЃЂϿЇ ϿϹϺϴϿϴ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾЂ϶ϴГ ЃϿϼІϴ (0,53 × 0,52 × 0,14 Ѐ) Ѕ ЃГІЁϴϸЊϴІАВ ϾЄЇϷϿЏЀϼ
ЇϷϿЇϵϿϹЁϼГЀϼ ϸϼϴЀϹІЄЂЀ ЂІ 3 ϸЂ 12 ЅЀ. ϥЋϼІϴϹІЅГ, ЋІЂ ІϴϾϼϹ ϾϴЀЁϼ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴϿϼЅА ϸϿГ ϼϷЄЏ.
ϡϴ ЉЄϴЁϹЁϼϹ ЃЄЂϸЇϾІЂ϶ ϶ ЃЂϸ϶ϴϿϹ ЇϾϴϻЏ϶ϴϹІ ЃЄϼЅЇІЅІ϶ϼϹ ϶ ϹϷЂ ϻϴЃЂϿЁϹЁϼϼ ϾЄЇЃЁЏЉ ЂϵϿЂЀϾЂ϶
ϾЄϴЅЁЂϷϿϼЁГЁЏЉ ЃϼЈЂЅЂ϶.
ϣЂ-϶ϼϸϼЀЂЀЇ, Ѕ϶ГІϼϿϼЍϹ ϵЏϿЂ Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁЂ Ѕ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁЁЏЀ ϶ БІЂϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ϞϼЃЄϴ ϾЇϿАІЂЀ ϔЃЂϿϿЂЁϴ ϗϼϿϴІЅϾЂϷЂ (ϟϹЅЁЂϷЂ)5. ϣϿϴЁϼЄЂ϶Ͼϴ ϹϷЂ ϸЂ϶ЂϿАЁЂ ЃЄЂЅІϴГ. ϣЄϹϺϸϹ ϶ЅϹϷЂ, ЃЂЅϹІϼІϹϿϼ ЃЂЃϴϸϴϿϼ ϶ ϵЂϿАЌЂϽ ЂІϾЄЏІЏϽ ЋϹІЏЄϹЉЇЄЂ϶ЁϹ϶ЏϽ ϸ϶ЂЄ 4 (ЂϾЂϿЂ 90 Ѐ²), ϷϸϹ ЅϴЀЇВ
϶ϹЄЉЁВВ ЃϿЂЍϴϸϾЇ ЃЂϾЄЏ϶ϴϿϼ ϵЂϿАЌϼϹ, ЁϹ Єϴϻ ЄϹЀЂЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴ϶ЌϼϹЅГ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾЂ϶ЏϹ ЃϿϼІЏ (ϸЂ
1,32 × 1,32 Ѐ). Ϭ϶Џ ЀϹϺϸЇ ЃϿϼІϴЀϼ, ЄϴϻЂЌϹϸЌϼЀϼЅГ ЃЂЅϿϹ ЁϹЂϸЁЂϾЄϴІЁЏЉ ϻϹЀϿϹІЄГЅϹЁϼϽ, ϻϴЃЂϿЁГϿϼЅА ЁϹϵЂϿАЌϼЀϼ ЃϿЂЅϾϼЀϼ ϾϴЀЁГЀϼ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЃϿЂІЁЂ Ёϴϵϼ϶ϴϿϼЅА ϶ ЍϹϿϼ ЌϼЄϼЁЂϽ ϸЂ
0,15 Ѐ ІЂЄЊϴЀϼ ϶϶ϹЄЉ. ϣЂЀϼЀЂ ЀϴЅЅЂ϶ЂϷЂ ϾϹЄϴЀϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϴ ϻϸϹЅА ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІ
ЄЇЋϾϼ ЅІϹϾϿГЁЁЂϷЂ ϾЇ϶ЌϼЁϴ ϶ІЂЄЂϽ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁЏ III–ЁϴЋϴϿϴ IV ϶. ϼ ϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ЃϹЅІϼϾ ϼϻ ІϹЀЁЂϻϹϿϹЁЂϷЂ ϸϼЂЄϼІϴ.
ϖІЂЄЂϽ ЇЄЂ϶ϹЁА ϸ϶ЂЄϴ, ϷϸϹ ЅϾϴϿАЁϴГ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІА ϵЏϿϴ ϶ЏЄЂ϶ЁϹЁϴ Ѕ ЃЂЀЂЍАВ ЃЂϸЀϴϻЂϾ ϷϿϼЁЏ, ЅЂϹϸϼЁГϿЅГ Ѕ ϶ϹЄЉЁϼЀ ЁϹϵЂϿАЌЂϽ ϿϹЅІЁϼЊϹϽ ϼϻ ϸ϶ЇЉ ЅІЇЃϹЁϹϾ. Ϟ ϶ЂЅІЂϾЇ ЂІ ЁϹϹ, ϶ϸЂϿА ЇЅІЇЃϴ,
ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿЅГ ϶ІЂЄϼЋЁЂ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϽ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾЂ϶ЏϽ ЅϴЄϾЂЈϴϷ (ϸϿϼЁϴ 1,85 ЅЀ), ЃЄϹ϶ЄϴЍϹЁЁЏϽ ϶
Ѕ϶ЂϹϷЂ ЄЂϸϴ ϶ϴЁЁЇ (ЄϼЅ. 4, 1). ϥІϹϾϴ϶ЌϴГ ЅВϸϴ Ѕ϶ϹЄЉЇ ϸЂϺϸϹ϶ϴГ ϶Ђϸϴ ЃЂЃϴϸϴϿϴ ϶ ЄϹϻϹЄ϶ЇϴЄ ϹЀϾЂЅІАВ ЂϾЂϿЂ 560 Ͽ. ϤϹϷЇϿϼЄЂ϶ϴІА ϹϹ ϾЂϿϼЋϹЅІ϶Ђ ЀЂϺЁЂ ϵЏϿЂ Ѕ ЃЂЀЂЍАВ ϻϴІϾЁЇІЂϷЂ ϾЄЇϷϿЏЀ ϾϴЀЁϹЀ ЁϹϵЂϿАЌЂϷЂ ЂІ϶ϹЄЅІϼГ (ϸϼϴЀϹІЄЂЀ 7 ЅЀ) ϶ ЂϸЁЂЀ ϼϻ ЁϼϺЁϼЉ ЇϷϿЂ϶ ЅϴЄϾЂЈϴϷϴ.
ϡϹЃЂϸϴϿϹϾЇ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁϴ ЄϴЅІЄϹЅϾϴ϶ЌϴГЅГ ϾЄЇϷϿϴГ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾЂ϶ϴГ ЃϿϼІϴ ϸϼϴЀϹІЄЂЀ 1,56 ϼ
ІЂϿЍϼЁЂϽ 0,19 Ѐ. ϥϾЂЄϹϹ ϶ЅϹϷЂ, ЂЁϴ ЃЄϹϸЁϴϻЁϴЋϴϿϴЅА ϸϿГ ЇЅІϴЁЂ϶Ͼϼ ϾЄЇϷϿЂϽ ЀϹϿАЁϼЊЏ ЄЂІϴЊϼЂЁЁЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ ϼ ЅϵЂЄϴ ЀЇϾϼ (ЅЄ.: ϞЂϴЄϹϿϿϼ ϼ ϸЄ. 2002: 138). ϡϴ ВϺЁЂϽ ЅІЂЄЂЁϹ ϸ϶ЂЄϴ ϼЀϹВІЅГ ϸ϶Ϲ ЁϹϵЂϿАЌϼϹ ІϹЄЄϴЅЏ, ϶ЏЄЇϵϿϹЁЁЏϹ ϶ ЅϿЂϹ ЁϴϸЅϾϴϿАЁЂϽ ϾЄЂЌϾϼ. ϖϹЄЉЁГГ ϼϻ ЁϼЉ ϼЀϹϹІ ЌϼЄϼЁЇ 1,7 Ѐ
ϼ ϶ЏЄЂ϶ЁϹЁϴ Ѕ ЃЂЀЂЍАВ ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾϼЉ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾЂ϶ЏЉ ЃϿϼІ. ϘϿГ ЅЃЇЅϾϴ Ёϴ ЁϹϹ ϾϴϾ ЅІЇЃϹЁАϾϴ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴϿЅГ ϵЂϿАЌЂϽ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏϽ Ͼ϶ϴϸЄ. ϥЇϸГ ЃЂ Єϴϻ϶ϴϿϴЀ ϵϼІЂϽ ЋϹЄϹЃϼЊЏ (ЂϾЂϿЂ 58 % ЂІ ЂϵЍϹϷЂ
ϾЂϿϼЋϹЅІ϶ϴ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЂ϶ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ), ЁϴϽϸϹЁЁЏЀ ϶ϸЂϿА ЃЄЂϸЂϿАЁЏЉ ЅІЂЄЂЁ ϸ϶ЂЄϴ, ЃЂ ϹϷЂ ЃϹЄϼЀϹІЄЇ
ЄϴϻЀϹЍϴϿϼЅА ϸϴ϶ϴ϶ЌϼϹ ЃЄЂЉϿϴϸЁЇВ ІϹЁА ϾЄЏІЏϹ Ёϴ϶ϹЅЏ.
ϛЁϴЋϼІϹϿАЁϴГ ЋϴЅІА ϼЅЅϿϹϸЇϹЀЂϷЂ ЅІЄЂϼІϹϿАЁЂϷЂ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴ, Ͼ ЅЂϺϴϿϹЁϼВ, ЄϴϻЄЇЌϹЁϴ ϶ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІϹ ϼЁІϹЁЅϼ϶ЁЂϽ ЄϴЅЃϴЌϾϼ, ϶ ІЂЀ ЋϼЅϿϹ ϼ ϷϿϴ϶ЁЂϹ ϾЇϿАІЂ϶ЂϹ ЃЂЀϹЍϹЁϼϹ 3. ϢЁЂ ЄϴЅЃЂϿЂϺϹЁЂ
Ёϴ 0,5 Ѐ ϶ЏЌϹ ЃЂ ЅϾϿЂЁЇ ІϹЄЄϴЅЏ ϼ ІЍϴІϹϿАЁЂ ϶ЏЀЂЍϹЁЂ ЃЄГЀЂЇϷЂϿАЁЏЀϼ ЃϿϼІϴЀϼ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾϴ
ЄϴϻЀϹЄϴЀϼ ϸЂ 1,33 × 0,66 Ѐ (ЄϼЅ. 4, 2). ϖЉЂϸ ϶ ЁϹϷЂ ЅЂ ЅІЂЄЂЁЏ ϸ϶ЂЄϴ ЁϹ ЅЂЉЄϴЁϼϿЅГ, ЁЂ, ϾϴϾ ЄϴЅЅϾϴϻЏ϶ϴϿ ЀϹЅІЁЏϽ ϻϹЀϿϹ϶ϿϴϸϹϿϹЊ ϹЍϹ ϸЂ ЁϴЋϴϿϴ ЄϴЅϾЂЃЂϾ, ϼЀϹЁЁЂ Ёϴ БІЂЀ ЀϹЅІϹ ϵЏϿϼ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ ЇϺϹ
ЇЃЂЀϼЁϴ϶ЌϼϹЅГ ЅІϴІЇϼ. ϦЏϿАЁϴГ ЅІЂЄЂЁϴ Ї ЁϼЉ ЃЂЋІϼ ЁϹ ЂϵЄϴϵЂІϴЁϴ, І. Ϲ. ЂЁϼ ϵЏϿϼ ЃЄϼЅІϹЁЁЏЀϼ
ϼ, ЅϾЂЄϹϹ ϶ЅϹϷЂ, ЂϵЄϴЀϿГϿϼ ЃϴЄϴϸЁЏϽ ЃЄЂЉЂϸ ϶ «Ѕ϶ГІϴГ Ѕ϶ГІЏЉ». ϲϷЂ-϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЏϽ ЇϷЂϿ БІЂϷЂ ЃЂЀϹЍϹЁϼГ Ѕ ϶ЏЀЂЅІϾЂϽ ϼ ЋϴЅІАВ ЅІϹЁЏ 3 ϵЏϿ ЇЁϼЋІЂϺϹЁ ЂϸЁϼЀ ϼϻ ϻϹЀϿϹІЄГЅϹЁϼϽ ϼ ЁЂ϶ЇВ ЅІϹЁЇ 2 ϶Ђϻ϶ϹϿϼ ЃЄГЀЂ Ёϴ ЂЅІϴ϶ЌϼЉЅГ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾЂ϶ЏЉ ЃϿϼІϴЉ ϶ЏЀЂЅІϾϼ. ϞЄЂ϶ϿВ ϻϸϴЁϼГ, ЅЇϸГ ЃЂ ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾϼЀ
ЂϵϿЂЀϾϴЀ ϾЄЇϷϿЏЉ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏЉ ϵϴϻ Ѕ ЁϼϺЁϼЀ ϸϼϴЀϹІЄЂЀ 0,7 Ѐ, ЃЂϸϸϹЄϺϼ϶ϴϿϼ ϾЂϿЂЁЁЏ ІЂЅϾϴЁЅϾЂϷЂ
ЂЄϸϹЄϴ ϶ЏЅЂІЂϽ ЁϹ ЀϹЁϹϹ 4,9 Ѐ6.
Ϟ ϶ЂЅІЂϾЇ ЂІ ϸ϶ЂЄϴ ЄϴЅЃЂϿϴϷϴϿϼЅА ЋϹІЏЄϹ ЅϿЇϺϹϵЁЏЉ ЃЂЀϹЍϹЁϼГ 1, 2, 5 ϼ 12. ϖ ЅІϹЁЇ 5
ЀϹϺϸЇ ЃЂЀϹЍϹЁϼГЀϼ 1 ϼ 2 (ϾϴϺϸЂϹ ЃϿЂЍϴϸАВ ЂϾЂϿЂ 16 Ѐ²) ϼ ϵЏϿ ϶ϾϿВЋϹЁ ЇЃЂЀϼЁϴ϶ЌϼϽЅГ ЄϴЁϹϹ
ЂϷЄЂЀЁЏϽ ϶ϹЄІϼϾϴϿАЁЏϽ ϾϴЀϹЁА ЂІ ЃЄϹЅЅϴ. ϖ ЃЂЀϹЍϹЁϼϼ 1 Ѕ ϷϿϼЁЂϵϼІЁЏЀ ЃЂϿЂЀ ϼЀϹϿϴЅА ЁϹϵЂϿАЌϴГ ЃϹЋА (0,76 × 0,65 Ѐ), ЄГϸЂЀ Ѕ ϾЂІЂЄЂϽ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ ϸ϶ϴ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІϴ ЅІϹϾϿГЁЁЏЉ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶
II — ЃϹЄ϶ЂϽ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁЏ III ϶϶. Ё. Б., ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ ЂϵϿЂЀЂϾ ϿЂЃϴІϾϼ Ђ϶ЊЏ/ϾЂϻЏ — ЂϸϼЁ ϼϻ ϵЇϾ϶ϴϿАЁЂ ϹϸϼЁϼЋЁЏЉ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЂ϶ ϾЂЅІЁЏЉ ЂЅІϴІϾЂ϶, ЁϴϽϸϹЁЁЏЉ Ёϴ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼ БІЂϷЂ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴ ϻϴ ЃЄϹϸϹϿϴЀϼ
ϢЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁϼϹ ϼ ϼЁІϹЄЃЄϹІϴЊϼГ ЂЅІϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿϴ ЃЄЂ϶ϹϸϹЁЏ ЅЂІЄЇϸЁϼϾЂЀ ϟϴϵЂЄϴІЂЄϼϼ
ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϽ ІϹЉЁЂϿЂϷϼϼ ϜϜϠϞ Ϥϔϡ, Ͼ. ϼ. Ё. ϔ. Ϟ. ϞϴЅЃϴЄЂ϶ЏЀ.
5
ϜЀϹЁЁЂ БІЂІ ϵЂϷ ЅЋϼІϴϿЅГ ЃЂϾЄЂ϶ϼІϹϿϹЀ ϵϿϼϺϴϽЌϹϷЂ ϴЁІϼЋЁЂϷЂ ϷЂЄЂϸϴ ϞЇЄϼЂЁ (The Sanctuary of
Apollo Hylates… 1987: 24).
6
ϥЄϴ϶Ёϼ Ѕ ЄϹϾЂЁЅІЄЇϾЊϼϹϽ ЉЄϴЀϴ ЁϴЋϴϿϴ II ϶. Ё. Б. ϶ Ѕ϶ГІϼϿϼЍϹ ϔЃЂϿϿЂЁϴ ϗϼϿϴІЅϾЂϷЂ (The Sanctuary
of Apollo Hylates… 1987: 163, fig. 106).
4
309
:
,
,
. 4. ϔЁЂϷϼЄϴ-ϖϿВ: 1 — ϶ϹЄЉЁГГ ЋϴЅІА ϸ϶ЂЄϴ 4 Ѕ ϿϹЅІЁϼЊϹϽ ϼ ϶ЂϸЂЅϵЂЄЁϼϾЂЀ, ϶ϼϸ Ѕ ϲ; 2 — ЋϴЅІА
϶ЏЀЂЅІϾϼ ϷϿϴ϶ЁЂϷЂ ϾЇϿАІЂ϶ЂϷЂ ЃЂЀϹЍϹЁϼГ Ѕ϶ГІϼϿϼЍϴ; 3 — ЃЂЀϹЍϹЁϼϹ 5, ЂϵЍϼϽ ϶ϼϸ Ѕ ϲ; 4 — ЅϹ϶ϹЄЂ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁϴГ ЋϴЅІА Ѕ϶ГІϼϿϼЍϴ, ЃϹЄϹЅІЄЂϹЁЁϴГ ϶ IV ϶., ЂϵЍϼϽ ϶ϼϸ; 5 — ϸЂЀ ϾЂЁЊϴ IV–ЁϴЋϴϿϴ V ϶., ЂϵЍϼϽ
϶ϼϸ Ѕ ϥϖ
Fig. 4. Anogyra-Vlou: 1– the upper part of courtyard 4 with the staircase and water-collecting header, view
from the south; 2 — a part of the main cult room pavement; 3 — room 5, general view from the south; 4 —
the northwestern part of the shrine rebuilt in the IV c., general view; 5 — house of the late IV–early V c., general
view from the northeast
ЃЂϸ϶ϴϿϴ 177. ϖ ЅЂЅϹϸЁϹЀ ЃЂЀϹЍϹЁϼϼ 2 ЋϴЅІϼЋЁЂ ЅЂЉЄϴЁϼϿϼЅА ЂЅІϴІϾϼ ϶ЏЀЂЅІϾϼ ϼϻ ϷЄЇϵЂ ЂϵϾЂϿЂІЏЉ ϾϴЀЁϹϽ.
ϦЄϹІАϹ ЅϿЇϺϹϵЁЂϹ ЃЂЀϹЍϹЁϼϹ 5 ЃϿЂЍϴϸАВ 28 Ѐ2 ЂϵЂЄЇϸЂ϶ϴЁЂ ЂІϸϹϿАЁЏЀ ϶ЉЂϸЂЀ Ѕ ВϷЂ-϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ЅІЂЄЂЁЏ. ϣЂϿЂЀ ϶ ϸϴЁЁЂЀ ЅϿЇЋϴϹ ЅϿЇϺϼϿϴ ϶ЏЄЂ϶ЁϹЁЁϴГ Ѕ ЃЂЀЂЍАВ ЁϹϵЂϿАЌϼЉ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾЂ϶ЏЉ ЃϿϼІЂϾ ϼ ЃЂϸЀϴϻЂϾ ϷϿϼЁЏ ЅϾϴϿАЁϴГ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІА. ϖЂϻϿϹ ϶ЉЂϸϴ ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿϴЅА ЃϹЋА (0,79 × 0,72 Ѐ)
ϦϴϾϴГ ϾϴЄІϼЁϴ ЅЂ϶ϹЄЌϹЁЁЂ ЁϹ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁϴ ϸϿГ ЂϵЏЋЁЂϷЂ ϺϼϿЂϷЂ ϸЂЀϴ ϼϿϼ ЇЅϴϸАϵЏ, ЁЂ ϶ЃЂϿЁϹ ЂϵЏЋЁϴ ϸϿГ Ѕ϶ГІϼϿϼЍϴ, ϷϸϹ ϵЏϿЂ ЃЄϼЁГІЂ ЃЂϸϸϹЄϺϼ϶ϴІА ЋϼЅІЂІЇ.
7
310
,
,
ϼ ЁϹϵЂϿАЌϴГ ГЀϾϴ ϸϿГ ϻЂϿЏ. ϜЁІϹЄϹЅЁЂ ЂІЀϹІϼІА, ЋІЂ ϼ Ёϴ БІЂІ Єϴϻ ЂЅІϴІϾЂ϶ ЃϼЍϼ ЃЄϴϾІϼЋϹЅϾϼ
ЁϹ ϵЏϿЂ, ϻϴ ϼЅϾϿВЋϹЁϼϹЀ ЋϹІЏЄϹЉ ЁϹϵЂϿАЌϼЉ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЂ϶ ІЄЇϵЋϴІЂϽ ϾЂЅІϼ Ђ϶ЊЏ/ϾЂϻЏ. ϞϴϾЂϹ-ІЂ
ϾЄЇЃЁЂϹ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЂϹ, ЂЋϹ϶ϼϸЁЂ, ЅЂϸϹЄϺϴϿЂЅА ϶ ЂІЅϹϾϹ ЌϼЄϼЁЂϽ 2,15 Ѐ ϶ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ЃЂЀϹЍϹЁϼГ 5
(ЄϼЅ. 4, 3). ϖ ϸϴЁЁЂЀ ЅϿЇЋϴϹ ЁϼϻϾϴГ ЂϷЄϴϸϴ Ѕ ЃЄЂЉЂϸЂЀ ϵЏϿϴ ϸЂЃЂϿЁϹЁϴ ЃЂϼϿϾЂϽ, ЇЅІϴЁЂ϶ϿϹЁЁЂϽ Ёϴ
϶ЏЅЂІϹ 0,47 Ѐ ЂІ ЇЄЂ϶ЁГ ЃЂϿϴ. ϙЀϾЂЅІА ϹϹ ІЍϴІϹϿАЁЂ ϶ЏЄϹϻϴЁϴ ϶ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾЂ϶ЂЀ Ͼ϶ϴϸЄϹ Ѕ ϶ЁϹЌЁϼЀϼ
ЄϴϻЀϹЄϴЀϼ 0,6 × 0,6 × 0,3 Ѐ ϼ ϼЀϹϹІ ϶ ЊϹЁІЄϹ ϾЄЇϷϿЇВ ϶ЏϹЀϾЇ ϸϼϴЀϹІЄЂЀ 0,27 Ѐ.
ϡϹϾЂІЂЄЏϹ ЇЋϴЅІϾϼ ЅІϹЁ ЃЂЀϹЍϹЁϼГ 5 ЅϼϿАЁЂ ϸϹЈЂЄЀϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЏ ЀЂЍЁЏЀ ЃЂϸϻϹЀЁЏЀ ІЂϿЋϾЂЀ. ϖ ЂϵЄϴϻЂ϶ϴ϶ЌϼЉЅГ ϻϴ϶ϴϿϴЉ ϾϴЀЁϹϽ ЃЂЀϼЀЂ ЂϵϿЂЀϾЂ϶ ЃϿЂЅϾЂϽ ЋϹЄϹЃϼЊЏ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЏ ЃϼЈЂЅЂ϶ ϼ ЅЂЅЇϸЂ϶ Ѕ ϸ϶ЇЀГ ЄЇЋϾϴЀϼ ϼ ϸϿГ ЉЄϴЁϹЁϼГ ЃЄЂϸЇϾІЂ϶ ЃϼІϴЁϼГ, ЃЄГЀЂЇϷЂϿАЁЏϽ ЂϵϿЂЀЂϾ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹϷЂ ϾϴЀЁГ ϻϹЄЁЂІϹЄϾϼ ϼϻ ϷЂЄЁЂϽ ЃЂЄЂϸЏ ІϹЀЁЂ-ЈϼЂϿϹІЂ϶ЂϷЂ Њ϶ϹІϴ ϼ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼ
ЊϹϿЏϽ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾЂ϶ЏϽ ϿЇІϹЄϼϽ. Ϝϻ ЅϿЂГ Ёϴϸ ϶ЏЀЂЅІϾЂϽ ϶ ВϺЁЂϽ ЋϴЅІϼ ЃЂЀϹЍϹЁϼГ 5 ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸГІ
ϾЂЁϼЋϹЅϾϼϽ ЃϹЅІϼϾ ϼϻ ІϹЀЁЂ-ϻϹϿϹЁЂϷЂ ϸϼЂЄϼІϴ ϼ ЋϹІЏЄϹ ЁϹϵЂϿАЌϼЉ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾЂ϶ЏЉ ϸϴ϶ϼϿАЁϼ ϸϿГ
ЃЄϼϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁϼГ ϶ ЂϷЄϴЁϼЋϹЁЁЂЀ ϾЂϿϼЋϹЅІ϶Ϲ ЅЂϾϴ ϼϿϼ ЀϴЅϿϴ. ϤГϸЂЀ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ ЌϹЅІА ϵЂϿАЌϼЉ ϷϴϿϹϾ
ЂϾЄЇϷϿЂϽ ЈЂЄЀЏ, ϾЂІЂЄЏϹ, ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂ, ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴϿϼЅА ϶ БІЂЀ ЃЄЂЊϹЅЅϹ.
ϥ ВϷϴ ЅϿЇϺϹϵЁЏϽ ϾЂЄЃЇЅ ϻϴЀЏϾϴϿЂ ЃЂЀϹЍϹЁϼϹ 12 ЃϿЂЍϴϸАВ ЂϾЂϿЂ 10 Ѐ² (3,58 × 2,71 Ѐ)
Ѕ ЃЂϿЂЀ ϶ ϶ϼϸϹ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІϼ ЅϾϴϿЏ, ЅЁϼ϶ϹϿϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϽ ЃЄϼ ЃЂЀЂЍϼ ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾϼЉ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾЂ϶ЏЉ
ЃϿϼІ. ϢϸЁϴ ϼϻ ЁϼЉ ЃϹЄϹϾЄЏ϶ϴϿϴ ЁϹϵЂϿАЌЇВ ГЀЇ (ϸϼϴЀϹІЄ 0,75 Ѐ, ϷϿЇϵϼЁϴ 0,42 Ѐ), Ї ϷЂЄϿЂ϶ϼЁЏ
ϾЂІЂЄЂϽ ϵЏϿϼ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏ ϿϹϺϴЍϼϹ ϶ЀϹЅІϹ ЅϹЀА ЇЃϿЂЍϹЁЁЏЉ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЏЉ ϾЂϿϹЊ ϸϼϴЀϹІЄЂЀ ЂІ 1,9
ϸЂ 2,3 ЅЀ. ϥЄϹϸϼ ϸЄЇϷϼЉ ЁϴЉЂϸЂϾ ϶ ЅϿЂϹ Ёϴϸ ЃЂϿЂЀ ЀЂϺЁЂ ЂІЀϹІϼІА ϵЇЄЂϿϴϾЂ϶ЇВ ІϴЄϹϿϾЇ ϼ
ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЇВ ϵЇϿϴ϶ϾЇ Ѕ ЂϾЄЇϷϿЂϽ ϷЂϿЂ϶ϾЂϽ. ϖЂ ϶ЄϹЀГ ЄϴЅЋϼЅІϾϼ ІЄϴЅЅЏ ЃϿЂЉЂ ЅЂЉЄϴЁϼ϶ЌϹϽЅГ
ВϺЁЂϽ ЅІϹЁЏ 20 Ёϴ ϶ϹЄЉЁϹϽ ϷЄϴЁϼ ЂϸЁЂϷЂ ϼϻ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏЉ ϵϿЂϾЂ϶ ЃЄГЀЂЇϷЂϿАЁЂϽ ЈЂЄЀЏ ϵЏϿϴ
ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁϴ ЀϹІϾϴ ϶ ϶ϼϸϹ ϵЇϾ϶Џ «ϔ» ЃЂϻϸЁϹЄϼЀЅϾЂϷЂ ІϼЃϴ ϾЂЁЊϴ II — ЁϴЋϴϿϴ IV ϶϶. Ё. Б. (ЅЄ.:
Stefan 1973: pl. I).
ϖϼϸϼЀЂ, ЃЂЅϿϹ ЄϴϻЄЇЌϼІϹϿАЁЂϷЂ ϻϹЀϿϹІЄГЅϹЁϼГ 324 Ϸ. Ѕ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ЅІЂЄЂЁЏ Ѕ϶ГІϼϿϼЍϴ
϶Ђϻ϶ϹϿϼ ЁϹϵЂϿАЌЇВ ЃЄϼЅІЄЂϽϾЇ. ϦϹЃϹЄА, ЋІЂϵЏ ЃЂЃϴЅІА ϶ ЉЂϻГϽЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϹ ЃЂЀϹЍϹЁϼϹ 5, ЁЇϺЁЂ
ϵЏϿЂ ЃЄЂϽІϼ ЋϹЄϹϻ ЀϴϿϹЁАϾЇВ ϾЂЀЁϴІϾЇ 6 (ЂϾЂϿЂ 2,5 Ѐ²), ϷϸϹ, ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ, ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿЅГ ЃЄϼ϶ЄϴІЁϼϾ.
ϦϴЀ ϵЏϿ ϶ЅϾЄЏІ ϸЂ϶ЂϿАЁЂ ЀЂЍЁЏϽ ϻϴ϶ϴϿ ЇЃϴ϶ЌϼЉ ϾϴЀЁϹϽ, ЅЄϹϸϼ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏ ЋϴЅІА
ЃЂЄЂϷЂ϶ЂϽ ЃϿϼІЏ Ѕ ЃЄГЀЂЇϷЂϿАЁЏЀ ЂІ϶ϹЄЅІϼϹЀ (15 × 14 × 2,8 ЅЀ) ϸϿГ ЃЂϸЃГІЁϼϾϴ ϸ϶ϹЄϼ. Ϟ БІЂϽ
ϸ϶ϹЄϼ, ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ, ϼЀϹϹІ ЂІЁЂЌϹЁϼϹ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІ ЀϴЅЅϼ϶ЁЂϷЂ ϵЄЂЁϻЂ϶ЂϷЂ ϾЂϿАЊϴ. ϖЁϹЌЁГГ ЅІϹЁϴ 12
ЃЂЀϹЍϹЁϼГ ЃЂϿЇϾЄЇϷϿЂϽ ЈЂЄЀЏ. ϛϴ ϹϷЂ ЃЄϹϸϹϿϴЀϼ, ЃЂ϶ЂЄϴЋϼ϶ϴГ Ͼ ВϷЇ, ЂЁϴ ЃЄЂϸЂϿϺϴϹІЅГ, ЂϵЄϴϻЇГ ЇϻϾϼϽ ϾЂЄϼϸЂЄ 11 (ЌϼЄϼЁЂϽ 1,8 Ѐ) Ѕ ЃЄГЀЂЇϷЂϿАЁЂϽ ЃϿϴІЈЂЄЀЂϽ (0,61 × 0,6 Ѐ) ϶ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЂ-϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂЀ ЇϷϿЇ. ϘЄЇϷϴГ ЃϿϴІЈЂЄЀϴ ЃЂϿЇϾЄЇϷϿЂϽ ЈЂЄЀЏ ЄϴϸϼЇЅЂЀ 1,67 Ѐ ЇϾЄϹЃϿГϿϴ ЅІϹЁЇ ЄГϸЂЀ Ѕ
БІϼЀ ЀϹЅІЂЀ Ѕ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽ ЅІЂЄЂЁЏ.
Ϟ ϶ЂЅІЂϾЇ ЂІ ϶ЉЂϸϴ ϶ ЃЂЀϹЍϹЁϼϹ 5 ЁϴЉЂϸϼІЅГ ЇЋϴЅІЂϾ ϶ЏЄЂ϶ЁϹЁЁЂϽ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІϼ ЅϾϴϿЏ, Ёϴ
ϾЂІЂЄЂЀ ЁϴϽϸϹЁ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІ ЃЄЂϻЄϴЋЁЂϷЂ ЅІϹϾϿГЁЁЂϷЂ ЅІϴϾϴЁϴ IV ϶. Ѕ ϾϴЃϿϹϽ ЅϼЁϹϷЂ ЅІϹϾϿϴ Ёϴ ϵЂϾЂ϶ЂϽ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІϼ (ϞЇЁϼЁϴ 1997: 337, ϾϴІ. 422). ϣЄϼЀϹЄЁЂ ϶ 7 Ѐ ϸϴϿϹϹ Ёϴ ϲϖ ЂІЀϹЋϹЁЂ ϵЂϿАЌЂϹ
ЅϾЂЃϿϹЁϼϹ ϾϴЀЁϹϽ, ЅϾЄЏ϶ϴВЍϹϹ ЃЂϸ ЅЂϵЂϽ, ЅЇϸГ ЃЂ ЃЄЂЅϿϹϺϼ϶ϴϹЀЏЀ Ёϴ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІϼ ІЄϴЅЅϴЀ ЅІϹЁ,
ЃЂЅІЄЂϽϾЇ ЃϿЂЍϴϸАВ ЂϾЂϿЂ 67 Ѐ² (12,7 × 5,3 Ѐ). ϣЂЀϼЀЂ ЂІЀϹЋϹЁЁЏЉ ϼϻЀϹЁϹЁϼϽ ϶ ЃϿϴЁϼЄЂ϶ϾϹ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴ Ѕ϶ГІϼϿϼЍϴ, ЅϾЂЄϹϹ ϶ЅϹϷЂ, ϼЀϹЁЁЂ ІЂϷϸϴ ϵЏϿ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ϹϸϹЁ ЄϹЀЂЁІ ЅІϹЁ ϼ ϶ЏЀЂЅІЂϾ, ϴ ІϴϾϺϹ
ЃЂϿЁЂЅІАВ ЃϹЄϹЅІЄЂϹЁϴ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЂ-϶ЂЅІЂЋЁϴГ ЋϴЅІА ϻϸϴЁϼГ, ЃЂϿЇЋϼ϶ЌϴГ ЂІϸϹϿАЁЏϽ ϶ЉЂϸ Ѕ ϸЂЅІϴІЂЋЁЂ
ЃЂϿЂϷЂϽ ϿϹЅІЁϼЊϹϽ ϼϻ ЋϹІЏЄϹЉ ЅІЇЃϹЁϹϾ. ϥϿϹ϶ϴ ЂІ ЁϹϷЂ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЂ ЁϹϵЂϿАЌЂϹ ϶ЏІГЁЇІЂϹ ЃЂЀϹЍϹЁϼϹ 13 ІЄϴЃϹЊϼϹ϶ϼϸЁЂϽ ЈЂЄЀЏ (ϸϿϼЁЂϽ 2,8 Ѐ), ЂІϾЇϸϴ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸϼІ ЈЂϿϿϼЅ ϞЂЁЅІϴЁЊϼГ II (337–361)
Ѕ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼϹЀ ϼЀЃϹЄϴІЂЄϴ, ϻϴЁЂЅГЍϹϷЂ ЄЇϾЇ Ёϴϸ ЈϼϷЇЄЂϽ ϾЂϿϹЁЂЃЄϹϾϿЂЁϹЁЁЂϷЂ ϶ϴЄ϶ϴЄϴ (Castán,
Fuster 1996: 363, no. 969). ϥЇϸГ ЃЂ ϶ЅϹЀЇ, БІЂ ϵЏϿЂ ЅІЂϽϿЂ ϸϿГ ЂЅϿϴ ϼϿϼ ЀЇϿϴ8, Ђ ЋϹЀ Ѕ϶ϼϸϹІϹϿАЅІ϶ЇВІ ЃЄϹϸЁϴϻЁϴЋϹЁЁЏϹ ϸϿГ ЃЄϼ϶ГϻЏ϶ϴЁϼГ Ϻϼ϶ЂІЁЏЉ ϸ϶ϴ ЅϾ϶ЂϻЁЏЉ ЂІ϶ϹЄЅІϼГ ϶ ЇϷϿЂ